Na ts atecbensnmcenesre tan ser $33 ia bretert te were att? eierae? Pepziitent at preent th He | eperaepene PEEDDPERLEM DDT Hi pitiae i a Aaiiiiel H the? HH Hit $3208; ae7eey HH thet ttre petieae perenne Dopbaepetteere i n i Hatsaa sl at shRtEthD yin a ttt pier tite pepe aee : t Seperensaynetyey : t ! t it ; ; t t ' 4 perpen gheett daehhitin: Teese FRE? 2RERT 23248 TEDht ti tT the 33 pie tne we aneinniie tinh = = 783i} tatbeaeey ppepyieen trepeaet sate t ? fperhetset? ; ae ee SES Ane: f THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GHOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITIT LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTII’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ ) CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., ARTHUR BE. SHIPLEY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.1L.S. ON a ttn VOL. X.—EIGHTH SERIES. NN a peedee ae (Ss ie ; pa LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND Co., LD.; BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN = AND ASHER, BERLIN. ¥912. “Omnes res creatz sunt divine sapientie et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu dozitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; €x \eeconomia/in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper xstimata ; a yeré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimiea finit.”—Linnaus. *\Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucxner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. Nene eee ones 2 Lhe sylyanspowers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. X. (EIGHTH SERIES.] NUMBER 455. : Page I. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily Pyraustine. By Sir GroreE F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., &. .... 1 II. Descriptions and Records of Bees——XLV. By T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado ...... PPP ORV EE bro eis en 21 III. Preliminary Descriptions of Eleven new Crinoids belonging to the Families Himerometr ide, Mariametride, and Colobometr ide, discovered by the ‘ Siboga’ in the Dutch Hast Indies. By Austin PPMP The, coc os rire © theke: ad elect oh cl suausle Gus bine dSre Wiss pare IV. Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. By OxpFieLp LEILA St AB RAB SA Rie Bain onsale ei orridias V. Small Mammals from South America. By OLpFrELD THomas. 44 VI. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera—XI. By RowLanp 31 41 MiMABAS BED Seg Ee eee oo a foe wees 8 on vie Heieiain o slvlaine ev tak 48 VII. Descriptions of new Harvest-men of the Family Phalango- eee by STAN EE. Ment. (Plated once s secs nhs cence see er ee othe Gare oe DoD og 509 LXIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XI. By RowLanp PEED oR INR Berar aw hase Shag conan gs ceewonas chancaostanarencteralc: a otene recta cohen 538 LXIV. Brief Diagnoses of Eight new Petalia, with a List of the known forms of the Genus. By KNup ANDERSEN .............. 546 LXV. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed to have been dredged in 1841 or 1842. By W.G. RipEwoop............ 550 New Books:—Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History Periodicals.—Records of the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery. Edited by the Director, Brrnarp H. Woop- warp. Vol. I. Part 2.—Distribution and Origin of Life in America. By Roprerr Francis ScuarrFF, Ph.D., B.Sc. 555, 556 NUMBER 60. LXVI. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily Pyraustine. By Sir GeorcE F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., &e. .... 557 mo On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. By D.,M.S. Watson, Se. LXVIII. Two new Races of Mongoose. By OLprretp Tuomas, 588 LXIX. On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore Archi- pelago, South China Sea. By Hrrsert C. Roprnson, C.M.Z.S. .. 589 LXX. Eight new Fishes from Baluchistan. By Dr. Ericu ZUGMAYER, of the Zoological Museum, Munich ................ 595 LXXI. Apherusa jurinei (M.-Edw.). By ALFRED O. WALKER, LED SDL AES 8 8 epee «Oni Seek nee ene CEE ne eae ner anne 600 LXXII. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile System. Pig Clay Ne OMEN GH NES carenistt sia vieis oles si sins soe nbd eNotes 601 LXXIII. Rhynchotal Notes. By W. L. Distant ............ 602 Vill. CONTENTS. Page LXXIV. Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the British Museum. By Sir Gzorecr F. Hampson, Bart................008 609 LXXV. Two new Mongooses from Somaliland. By R. E. DRAKE- Brockman, M.R.C.S., L-R.C. PERZS. 0 es de heats wean 612 LXXVI. On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Burst, M.A., B.Sc., aig Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews. (Plate XIE) «: 618 LXXVII. Notes on some New Zealand Pselaphide in the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the Genus Sagola. By Major. Broun heh. S. (casos pees sesle eke bin tes: (Chee a maEee 621 LXXVIT. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Discocephali. By C. Tarr Rucan, M.A, .... 634 LXXIX. The Caristiide, a Family of Berycomorphous Fishes. VAC. LATE VEGAN, MALS, p% oss ciepise werk eee = Peer teen iets enemies 637 LXXX. New Centronycteris and Ctenomys from S. America. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS |. 3) eprveee a> ele mp mao a win aisisie slat miriaetany 638 LXXXI. A new Cynopterus from Borneo. By KNuD ANDERSEN. 640 LX XXII. Sexual Differences in the Peeciliid Fishes of the Genus Cynolebias. By C, TATE REGAN, M.A. oo... cece ee eee e eens . 641 Indexse s Soe chess ae abate se eslaverenaevarsis eters ek Om erste BR Glens ots wath atavetale PLATES IN VOL. X. Prater I. New Harvest-men of the family Phalangodide. II. Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, K, Haddon. III. Classification of the Pelecypoda. 1V¥. White Porpoise. V. Eteone depressa and Dasybranchus caducus. VI. Annelida Polycheta from the North Sea. VU. Nymphon pixelle, &. WM. Scott. Vit Ix.} X. Fauna of Bromeliacee. Stromatoporoids and EKozoon. zee Stromatoporoids and EKozoon. X11. 4 XIII. Pectoral girdle in the Pipefish. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY [KIGHTH SERIES.] LO soo snaieenccccceas per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circitm vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, divee, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Tie, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia sueco.” N. Parthenii Giannettusi, Eel, 1,, Woeosd; JULY 1912, I.— Descriptions of new Species of Pyralidee of the Subfamily Pyraustine. By Sir Greorce F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S. &e. (Continued from vol. ix. p. 633. ] (4a) Goniorhynchus lasyguialis, sp. n. Fore tibiz of male tufted with long hair on inner side, the first joint of tarsus curved and fringed with long hair on inner side ; fore wing with slight depressed grooves in cell. 6. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish brown ; pectus, base of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing glossy ochreous brown suffused with fuscous; traces of a dark antemedial line; an obscure dark discoidal spot ; postmedial line dark, rather strongly dentate, excurved from costa to vein 4, then oblique ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia greyish ochreous at base followed by a fine dark line. Hind wing brown with a cupreous glcss; a ter- minal series of black ‘points ; cilia greyish ochreous at base followed by a dark line; the underside greyer, an obscure discoidal spot and indistinct maculate postmedial line defined by greyish on outer side. Hab. Paracuay, Sapucay (Foster), 1d type. Lzp.28mm Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. i bo Sir G. F. Hampson on new (7 a) Goniorhynchus octosema, sp. 0. d. Head and thorax yellow ; palpi black, white at base ; lower part of frons black ; shoulders with brown stripes : tibiz with blackish bands at extremities ; abdomen yellow, a black band on third segment, the terminal segments tinged with red-brown, the anal tuft black above and with a black bar before it below. Fore wing golden yellow ; the costal area black-brown from near base to end of cell, expanding into a triangular antemedial patch, a small “round spot in upper part of middle of cell and confluent with a figure-of- eight-shaped discoidal patch, its centre slightly tinged with grey ; antemedial line fine, brown, from cell to inner margin; postmedial line brown, excurved below costa and between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below the discoidal patch and sinuous to inner margin ; a terminal black-brown line expanding somewhat at apex ; cilia black-brown with a fine pale line at base. Hind wing golden yellow ; a brown dis- coidal point ; postmedial line brown, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and oblique to above tornus ; ; aterminal black-brown line except towards tornus; cilia black-brown with fine white lines at base and middle. Hab. Stnearore (Ridley), 1 ¢ type. Exp. 22 mm. (7b) Goniorhynchus marginalis, sp. n. @. Head and thorax yellowish tinged with brown ; palpi black-brown, white at base; frail and antenne pee brown ; fore tibiz black-brown ; abdomen yellowish white. with pair of dorsal brown points on second segment. Fore wing pale yellow, the costal area suffused with brown, the terminal area deep cupreous brown, widening towards costa ; a small brown spot at middle of cell conjoined to the costal area and with a faint line from it to inner margin ; a trian- gular brown discoidal patch conjoined to the costal area ; postmedial line indistinct, nearly straight from costa to vein 2, then retracted to just below angle of cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing pale yellow; a slight discoidal point ; postmedial line indistinct, exeurved between veins 5 and 2; a terminal cupreous-brown band narrowing to a point at tornus. Hab, Peru, La Merced (Watkins & Tomlinson), 1 ? type. Kap. 24 mm. (1 a) Piletosoma holophealis, sp. n. Antenne of male thickened by a ridge of scales at base ; Species of Pyralide. 3 hind tibie fringed with very long hair above, with a tuft of long hair from base below followed by a thick fringe of hair, the medial spurs absent, the terminal outer spur. very long, the first joint of tarsus fringed with very long hair below. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown ; pectus and base of legs whitish ; ventral surface of abdomen white, fuscous towards extremity, the anal tuft and claspers white below, genital tufts ochreous white. Wings uniform dark brown tinged with purplish, a slight pale line at base of cilia. Hab. Stncarore (Ridley), 1 3, 1 9 type; Borneo, Sandakan (Pryer),2 9. Exp. 28 mm. (3a) Botyodes brachytorna, sp. n. Hind wing of male with the termen indented at submedian fold, the tornal area contorted and thickly clothed with rough hair above and below. 6. Head and thorax orange-yellow; palpiwith black points at sides of joints ; antenne ringed with black towards base ; tegulz, shoulders, and patagia with black spots; fore cox with black spots, the femora and tibiz at extremities with black bands, the fore tarsi ringed with black; abdomen yellow, the second segment with subdorsal black spots, the terminal segments with silvery rings and the anal tuft silvery, the ventral surface dark brown at extremity. Fore wing yellow; a subbasal black spot below costa ; small antemedial black spots below costa and cell and above inner margin ; a silvery discoidal bar defined by brown; the terminal area red-brown with a leaden gloss and defined on inner side by a dark brown line which is sinuous to vein 4, then angled inwards to the discoidal bar and again sinuous to inner margin ; a dark brown subterminal shade, a terminal series of black strize, and fine pale line at base of cilia. Hind wing yellow, the terminal area broadly red-brown with a silvery leaden gloss and defined on inner side by a dark brown line; a dark subterminal shade and black terminal line. 2. Hind wing without the silvery gloss on termen and at tornus, the terminal line broken up into black striz, a dark line near base of cilia. Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Pratt), 8 3, 1 2 type, Mt. Kebea (Pratt), 1 3, 2 ?, Mafalu (Pratt),1 9. Hap. 30-32 mm. (4c) Sylepta monoleuca, sp. n. Antenne of male with the tooth on basal joint large, the shaft thickened just beyond it ; fore wing on underside as 4 Sir G. F. Hampson on new with fringes of scales and hair at upper and lower angles of cell. ¢. Head and thorax black-brown, the antennze whitish towards tips, the tarsi whitish ; abdomen fuscous black, the ventral surface white. Fore wing uniform black-brown with a cupreous tinge. Hind wing black-brown with a cupreous tinge; a rather quadrate white spot beyond lower angle of cell. Hab. Durcn N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 ¢ type. Kap. 28 mm. (12a) Sylepta microspilalis, sp. 0. 3d. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous tinged with brown ; palpi white at base ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing ochreous tinged with brown, the costal and terminal areas rather darker; two dark antemedial points in cell and one below the cell with an oblique line from it to inner margin ; a small yellowish discoidal lunule defined by fuscous ; postmedial line dark, minutely dentate and oblique from costa to vein 2, then retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin with a dark point at submedian fold ; cilia fuscous. Hind wing pale ochreous, the apical area tinged with fuscous ; a slight postmedial line bent outwards and minutely dentate between veins 5 and 2. Hab. Sincavore (Ridley), 2 3 type. Hap. 24 mm. (18 a) Sylepta albirivalis, sp. n. 9. Head, thorax, and abdomen cupreous brown, the vertex of head whitish ; abdomen with slight whitish segmental lines; palpi at base, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing cupreous brown ; an indistinct oblique whitish antemedial line slightly defined on outer side by fuscous ; a small white spot in middle of cell and discoidal bar defined by fuscous ; a postmedial white line arising below costa, its outer edge very slightly waved to vein 5, where it is very slightly beat outwards, at vein 2 bent inwards to below end of cell, then slightly excurved. Hind wing cupreous brown ; a slight whitish discoidal Innule defined by fuscous ; postmedial line white faintly defined on inner side by fuscous, very slightly bent outwards at vein 5, at vein 2 bent inwards and almost obsolete to below end of cell, then oblique to above tornus ; cilia whitish with a dark line through them ; the underside greyer. Hab. Dutcu N. Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 2 type. Exp. 28 mm. ee ee (ba | Species of Pyralide. (20 c) Sylepta parvipuncta, sp. n. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown with a greyish tinge ; palpi black, white at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibize with blackish band. Fore wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss ; antemedial line indistinct, whitish defined on outer side by blackish, somewhat oblique from costa to submedian fold ; smali black spots at middle of cell and on discocellulars, the latter with faint whitish marks before and beyond it ; postmedial line whitish defined on inner side by blackish, forming a tridentate white mark from below costa to vein 5, then excurved to vein 2, then bent inwards to below base of cell and more distinct and excurved to inner margin. Hind wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss; a blackish discoidal spot ; postmedial line whitish defined on inner side by blackish, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then inwards to below angle of cell and oblique to above tornus ; cilia with a fine whitish line at base and whitish tips ; the underside whitish with the terminal area suffused with fuscous, the discoidal lunule and postmedial line more distinct. Hab. Stexrra Leone (Clements), 1 ¢ type ; Goutpv Coasr, Kumasi (Whiteside), 1 9. Eup. 24-26 mm. (22a) Sylepta leucographalis, sp. u. 3S. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with greyish ; palpi black, greyish at base and tips; pectus and legs whitish, the fore tibize fuscous at extremities ; abdomen with the basal half grey with fuscous lines, the terminal half fuscous with grey segmental lines, the ventral surface whitish. Fore wing fuscous brown suffused with purple; an antemedial white spot in cell and whitish band from cell to inner margin ; quadrate black spots in middle of cell and on discocellulars with a quadrate white spot between them and smaller spot below the cell ; postmedial line fuscous, incurved and with quadrifid yellowish white patch beyond it from costa to vein 5, bent outwards and slightly defined by white between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and excurved to inner margin, with yellowish white spot beyond it in submedian interspace and small spot above inner margin ; cilia yellowish white from vein 3 to tornus. Hind wing yellowish white ; some diffused fuscous below base of cell; an oblique fuscous band from upper angle of cell to above tornus ; a small dark lunule beyond the cell ; the terminal area fuscous suffused with purple, a postmedial line between veins 5 and 2 slightly 6 Sir G. F. Hampson on new defined by whitish on outer side and retracted at vein 2 ; cilia white at submedian interspace. Hab. Baut (Doherty), 1 3 type. Exp. 30 mm. (32 6) Sylepta tumidipes, sp. un. Mid femora of male greatly dilated. ¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous, the vertex of head, tegule, and patagia with some brown; fore tibize with fuscous band; abdomen with blackish bands on second and penultimate segments and subdorsal streaks on anal segment. Fore wing white tinged with ochreous ; a curved black subbasal line from costa to vein 1, followed by a blackish shade from below costa to inner margin; a strong curved black-brown antemedial line, conjoined at median nervure to an oblique bar in middle of cell ; a pale discoidal bar on a black-brown patch extending to costa ; postmedial line strong, black-brown, incurved from costa to vein 5, ex- curved to vein 2, then bent inwards to the lower edge of the discoidal patch and oblique to inner margin near the ante- medial line ; a terminal black-brown band, broad and with curved inner edge from costa to vein 4, then narrow to vein 2 and expanding’ into a large patch on tornal area confluent with the curve of postmedial line ; cilia brownish with a white line at base and whitish patch above tornus. Hiud wing white tinged with ochreous ; a black discoidal spot with oblique line from it to above inner margin towards tornus ; postmedial line blackish, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2 where it terminates ; a blackish terminal line expanding into patches at apex and in submedian interspace ; cilia with a slight brownish line through them. Ab. 1. Head and thorax yellower with much more black- brown ; abdomen yellower banded dorsally with black-brown and almost wholly black-brown towards extremity ; wings yellower with the dark areas more extensive and tinged with purple ; fore wing with the whole terminal area dark except a bar from costa and small spot below vein 2; hind wing with the whole terminal area dark except a slight pale line beyond the postmedial line towards costa and the excurved medial part. Hab. Simrra Leone (Clements), 2 g type ; Goup Coast, Kumasi (Whiteside), 1 3; 8. Nigeria, Sapele (Sampson), 26. Exp. 26-28 mm. (35 a) Sylepta microdontalis, sp. n. 3. Pale grey-brown : pectus, legs, and ventral surface of Species of Pyralidex. 7 abdomen whitish, the fringe of hair on hind tibiz red-brown on inner side. Fore wing with faint pale point in cell and spot below it before the very indistinct antemedial line ; a small pale spot in end of cell before the slight dark discoidal lunule with pale centre ; postmedial line indistinct, dark, slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 3 with two small dentate white marks before it, then retracted to below end of cell and erect to inner margin ; the costa pale before and just beyond it. Hind wing with indistinct dark discoidal spot followed by a faint pale bar before the postmedial ime, which is very indistinct and diffused, forming a spot beyond lower angle of cell, then retracted to lower angle and oblique to inner margin beyond middle ; cilia with brown line near base and whitish tips ; the underside whitish. 9. Fore wing rather browner ; the point in cell and spot below it more distinct ; no spot before the discoidal lunule, the lower extremity of which is connected with three small dentate pale marks in sinus of postmedia] line, costa not pale ; hind wing with the pale spot beyond the cell more distinct, the postmedial line excurved at median nervules, not forming a spot. Hab. Venezurta, 1 g; Fr. Guians, Cayenne (Schaus), 1 gS type, Maroni R. (Schaus), type 2 in Coll. Schaus. Exp., & 30, 9 28 mm. These may possibly be different species. (38 a) Sylepta leucinalis, sp. n. 9. Head whitish suffused with cupreous brown; palpi with blackish bands at extremities of first and seeond joints ; thorax white slightly tinged with brown, the tegule with fuscous patches at middle; the fore tibize with blackish band ; abdomen white with dorsal black band on third segment, the terminal segments slightly tinged with brown. Fore wing white slightly irrorated with brown ; a black point at base of costa, slight subbasal striga from costa and point above inner margin; antemedial line slight, dark, excurved from below costa to inner margin; small dark annuli in and below middle of cell ; an oblique black discoidal bar with white point in its upper part and some brown suffusion below it ; postmedial line double, dentate, oblique from costa to vein 3, at vein 2 bent inwards to below end of cell and angled outwards above vein 1, the area beyond it suffused with brown from apex to vein 4 and towards tornus; a terminal series of blackish strie ; cilia with dark line through them and dark pcints at tips. Hind wing white slightly irrorated with brown ; two 8 Sir G. F. Hampson on new slight dark discoidal points and brownish shades below and beyond end of cell ; postmedial line double, dentate, with a dark spot on the inner line at discal fold, incurved at sub- median fold ; the apex with brown patch ; a terminal series of blackish strize and a brown line through the cilia. Hab. E. Peru, Pozuzo, 2 3 type. Hap. 30 mm. (40 a) *Sylepta desmialis, sp. n. Hind tibize of male with very thick tufts of hair on upper side. &. Fuscous ; palpi at base, pectus, and ventral surface of abdomen white; legs black and white. Fore wing with sub- basal hyaline point in cell ; quadrate antemedial spots in cell, the latter with a similar spot below it; a lunulate mark just beyond the cell composed of five almost conjoined spots between veins 8 and 8, the two middle ones larger. Hind wing with oblique dark medial line ending above tornus ; a quadrate discoidal hyaline spot with a short dark line on its outer edge; cilia of both wings with a fine white line at base. Hab. S. Nigeria, Lagos (Boag), 1 ¢, Sapele (F. W. Sampson), 3 3 type. Hap. 24 mm. (40 c) Sylepta melanomma, sp. n. ?. Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with dark brown; palpi white with blackish bands at middle and extremity ; pectus and legs ochieous white, the fore tibize with fuscous band at extremity; abdomen ochreous white banded with brown, the terminal segment with blackish patch, the veutral surface white. Fore wing ochreous white ; somewhat obliyue blackish subbasal and antemedial bands, the latter confluent with a spot on its outer side below the cell ; somewhat quadrate blackish spots in end of cell and on discocellulars, confluent on median nervure, and a band from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; the terminal area broadly blackish with a cupreous gloss, an ochreous-white postmedial bar on it from costa to vein 6 ; cilia whitish. Hind wing ochreous white ; a faint diffused dark subbasal band; a blackish discoidal spot.; a dark post- medial band, oblique to vein 3, then bent inwards to lower angle of cell and oblique to above tornus; termimal area blackish with a cupreous gloss, joined at vein 2 by a spur from postmedial band and with an ochreous-white sub- Species of Pyralidee. 9 terminal band on it from vein 4 to near tornus ; cilia white at base, dark at tips. Hab. S. Nicerta, Ilesha (Humfrey), 2 2 type. Exp. 26-28 mm. (44a) Sylepta xylocraspis, sp. n. 9. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow tinged with red-brown; palpi whitish at base ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing orange-yellow, the costa tinged with fulvous, a broad terminal red-brown band ; an indistinct curved brown antemedial line; a small brown spot in middle of cell and larger discoidal spot ; postmedial line brown, strong and obliquely incurved from costa to the terminal band at vein 5, at vein 2 retracted to below end of cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing orange-yellow with a broad brown terminal band; an oblique brown discoidal striga ; postmedial line brown, rather strong, ex- curved between veins 5 and 2; the underside with the terminal band narrower. Hab. Natat, Durban (Innes),22 type. Exp. 32-34 mm. (506) Sylepta holopheaiis, sp. n. g. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark reddish brown ; palpi white at base, black towards tips ; pectus, greater part of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish ; genital tufts ochreous. Fore wing brown with a cupreous gloss ; traces of a dark antemedial line, a slight dark discoidal lunule ; an indistinct dark postmedial line slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing brown with a cupreous gloss ; a faint dark postmedial line, slightly excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and oblique to tornus. _ Hab. Paracuay, Sapucay (Foster), 1 g type. LEzap. 28 min. (50c) Sylepta semilugens, sp. n. ¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow; palpi whitish at base ; pectus and legs whitish, the tore femora at extremity and tibiz above brownish. Fore wing with the basal area fulvous yellow with subbasal black spot on inner margin; a medial pale yellow band with the costal area fulvous and a slight brownish point in middle of cell; the terminal half pale brownish with faint dark discoidal bar 109 Sir G. F. Hampson on new and some yellowish on costa beyond middle. Hind wing with the basal half pale yellow, the terminal half pale brownish. Underside of fore wing with slight fuscous discoidal spot and diffused brownish postmedial band, bent inwards below vein 2; hind wing with slight black subbasal spot in upper part of cell and diffused brownish postmedial band. Hab. W. Arrica, Cameroons (Sjostedt), 1 g type. Exp. 42 mm. (50 d) Sylepta acridentalis, sp. n. g. Yellow; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish ; fore tibize banded with brown, mid tibie streaked with brown. Fore wing with curved, somewhat waved and diffused antemedial line from subcostal nervure to mner margin ; a dark point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ; postmedial line strongly and rather irregularly dentate, oblique, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2 and with diffused dentate band across its sinus. Hind wing with oblique diffused somewhat dentate band from costa beyond middle to tornus, towards which it narrows and with dentate line beyond it between veins 5 and 2; the apical part of costal area suffused with brown. Hab. S.W. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 3 type. Exp. 32 mm. (51 c¢) Sylepta retractalis, sp. n. 3d. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellow, the neck with fulvous ring, the abdomen with faint fulvous-yellow segmental bands ; palpi white at base, fulvous at tips ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibiz yellowish. Fore wing pale yellow, the costa and veins tinged with fulvous ; antemedial line fuscous, oblique; a fuscous dis- coidal bar; postmedial line fuscous, slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell, and oblique to inner margin near antemedial line ; a fuscous terminal line and a fine line through the cilia which are whitish at tips. Hind wing pale yellow; a fuscous discoidal spot; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and oblique to above tornus ; a fuscous terminal line and a line through the cilia which are whitish at tips. Hab. Gouin Coast, Kumasi (Whiteside), 2 g type. Hap. 24 mm. Spectes of Pyralide. MW (52a) Sylepta heliochroa, sp. un. ¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen very pale yellow; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore legs faintly tinged with brown. Fore wing very pale yellow, the costa whitish, the termen with faint dark shade expanding at apex. Hind wing very pale yellow. @. Abdomen dorsally fulvous except at base ; fore wing without trace of the terminal shade. Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Dinawa (Prati), 2 ¢, 2 3 type. Exp. 80 mm. (52 b) Sylepta tetrathyralis, sp. n. dg. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow; palpi with the third joint black ; maxillary palpi black above ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing orange-yellow, the medial area suffused with fulvous except the costal area and inner margin ; the costal edge black ; a hyaline spot from middle of cell to above vein 1 connected with a hyaline point beyond it in cell; a yellow point at upper angle of cell and a hyaline spot beyond lower angle between veius 5 and 2; an indistinct diffused waved sub- terminal line, incurved from vein 6 to below 5. Hind wing orange-yellow ; some fulyous suffusion on basal inner area ; a small dark brown mark on median nervure near base followed by a hyaline patch from middle of cell to submedian fold, then a fulvous-brown patch extending to beyond cell with a hyaline spot on it beyond lower angle, somewhat constricted at middle ; an indistinct, rather diffused, waved fulvous subterminal line. Hab. S.W. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 $ type. zp. 26 mm. (59 a) Sylepta attenualis, sp. un. Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with brown ; ab- domen pale ochreous dorsally tinged with brown and with paired subdorsal black points on third segmeut, in male very elongate and attenuated ; wings thinly scaled. Fore wing elongate and produced at apex ; pale ochreous irrorated with brown especially on costal area to postmedial line ; a subbasal black spot ou inner margin; an oblique sinuous fuscous arte- medial line ; a black poimt in middle of cell and discoidal bar ; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards below veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin; a punctiform black terminal line; cilia whitish 12 Sir G. F. Hampson on new tinged with fuscous. Hind wing pale ochreous irrorated with brown especially on disk; a slight fuscous discoidal bar ; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted and oblique to above tornus; a fine black terminal line, reduced to points in female ; cilia whitish with a slight fuscous line near base. Hab. Br. EK. Arrica, Lagari (Betton), 1 ¢ type, Ndimu (Betton), 1 9, Uganda Ry. Mile 478 (Betton), 1 ?, EH. Quaso (Betton),1 3,19. zp. § 40, 2 34 mm. (60 a) Sylepta glaucalis, sp. n. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown tinged with olive ; palpi fuscous, white at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish ; fore tibize and tarsi banded with fuscous. Fore wing grey-brown tinged with olive ; a slight waved dark antemedial line; an indistinct dark point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ; postmedial line minutely dentate, bent out- wards between veins 6 and 2, then retracted to below angle of cell; aslight dark terminal line and line at base of cilia. Hind wing grey-brown tinged with olive ; a slight oblique dark discoidal striga ; postmedial line bent outwards and minutely dentate between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and sinuous to tornus; a fine dark terminal line and line at base of cilia. Hab. Vunezvueta, Palma Sol, 1 ¢; Paraguay, Sapucay (Foster), 14 8,1 9 type. Kap. 28-30 mm. (70 a) Sylepta glaucosia, sp. n. Sathria cephalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 242 (part.). Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous brown mixed with whitish, the last with the medial segments darker and with slight white segmental lines, the ventral surface white. Fore wing pale glaucous grey, the costa white with a fulvous streak below it ; a fuscous subbasal shade from cell to inner margin followed by a whitish band ; a quadrate semihyaline white spot just beyond the discocellulars. Hind wing pale glaucous grey with the basal area semihyaline white ; cilia white. Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer),1 2 ; GuatEmMata, Zapote (Champion), 1 § , Godman-Salvin Coll.; Panama, La Chorrera (Dolby-Tyler), 1 3 type. Hap. 28-32 mm. (71a) Sylepta diacymals, sp. n. Epicorsia butyrosa, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 212 (part.), nec Butl. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous yellow mixed with ere ~ Species of Pyralidee. 13 white ; palpi black, white in front except at tips; shoulders with black bars with some fulvous above; fore tibize banded with black. Fore wing white tinged with ochreous yellow and faintly irrorated with grey, the costa pure white, except at base which is fulvous ; a faint oblique grey antemedial line; a slight white discoidal striga; postmedial line in- distinct, grey, oblique from vein 8 to discal fold, bent outwards from vein 5 to below 3, then retracted to below angle of cell and obiique and sinuous to inner margin. Hind wing white faintly tinged with ochreous and irrorated with grey; a faint grey discoidal striga; postmedial line indistinct, grey, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and again excurved. Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith), 1 3 type; Gua- TEMALA, San Gerénimo (Champion), 1 ?, Guatemala City (Rodriguez), 1 9 ; Costa Rica, Candelaria Mts. (Underwovd), 1 $, Irazu (Rogers), 1 3; Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), 2 9, Godman-Salvin Coll. Hap. 40-48 mm. (73a) Sylepta pheophlebalis, sp. n. 3. White; palpi, tegule, and prothorax tinged with orange ; fore tibie and tarsi tinged with fuscous. Fore wing with rather diffused brown streaks on the veins, stronger on subcostal and median nervures and veins 8,7,4,1. Hind wing with faint brown streaks on median nervure and veins 5 tol. Underside of fore wing with the costal area and termen tinged with fuscous, a slight discoidal bar; hind wing with the termen narrowly fuscous. Hab, Perv, Rio Colorado (Watkins & Yomlinson), 1 8 type. Hzp. 34 mm. (75 6) Sylepta atrisquamalis, sp. n. ¢ . Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish white ; palpi with black band at base of second joimt and streak above; frons with black bar above ; fore legs black in front except the tarsi. Fore wing yellowish white ; small spots formed of aggregated black scales beyond lower angle of cell below veins 5, 4, 3. Hind wing yellowish white with an irroration of large black scales in, beyond, and below end of cell. Hab. Guro. KE. Arrica, Bueni (Neave), 1 2? type. zp. 32 mm. (76 6) Sylepta brunnescens, sp. n. Hedylepta terricolalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 269 (part.), nec Mésehl, ?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale reddish brown ; palpi 12 Sir G. F. Hampson on new brown, whitish at base; pectus, mid and hind legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing pale reddish brown, the inner half rather paler; traces of a sinuous antemedial line; a faint dark spot in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ; postmedial line indistinct, slightly curved from costa to vein 2, then retracted to ors angle of cell and again excurved ; a fine pale line at base of cilia followed by a dark line. Hind wing pale reddish brown, the basal and inner areas whitish; a slight dark discoidal bar; post- medial line indistinct, dark, slightly sinuous from costa to vein 2, then obsolete ; a fine pale line at base of cilia followed by a dark line; the underside with the postmedial line slightly bent inwards at vein 2 and continued to inner margin. Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Atoyac (Hf. H. Sieh. Les Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Brazir, Rio Janeiro, 1? type. Hap. 30 mm. (86 a) Sylepta prorogata, sp. n. Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white; palpi with blackish bands at extremities of first and second joints ; tegule brownish at base; fore tibize with fuscous band ; abdomen with subdorsal fuscous points on second segment, faint brownish segmental lines, subdorsal black points on penultimate segment and bar on terminal segment, the extremity tinged with orange. Fore wing ochreous white ; basal blackish spots on costa and below cell; a subbasal black striga from costa and point below the cell, with fuscous points beyond them in and below the cell ; antemedial line blackish with spot at costa, oblique to median nervure; two sinuous bars at middle of cell and two at discocellulars ; the veins beyond the cell streaked with blackish; postmedial line slightly waved, angled outwards at vein 5, oblique to vein 2, then excurved, a curved waved line arising from it at vein 5 and joining it again at vein 2; a curved waved subterminal line from costa to vein 2 and patch further from termen in submedian interspace ; a slightly waved terminai line; cilia black at tips. Hind wing ochreous white ; two black striz at discocellulars ; an oblique medial line from cell to vein 1 and an oblique line from lower angle bent inwards to inner margin above tornus; postmedial line angled outwards at veins 6 and 5, then oblique to above tornus, an irregularly waved line beyond it from costa to vein 2; a subterminal Jine from costa to vein 2, slightly exeurved at middle; a terminal Ime; cilia yellow at base and with black line through them. Hab. Surinam, Paramaribo (/llacombe), 1 3 type; Br. a 5 Species of Pyralide. 15 Gutana, Rockstone (Rodway), 1 3,12 ; Brazit, Amazons, Para, 19. Exp. 22-24 mm. (86 c) Sylepta polycymalis, sp. n. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellow; palpi with black spot at end of second joint; frons with black spot above ; tegulz with two brown spots, patagia with three spots ; fore and mid femora at extremity and fore tibice at extremity with black bands ; abdomen with dorsal brown bands. Fore wing pale yellow ; two black points on base of costal area followed by a curved line, then a series of black points; an oblique slightly waved antemedial line, followed by a brown annulus from costa to median nervure and another below the cell; a brown bar from costa to lower angle of cell; a waved post- medial line bent outwards between veins 6and 2, then retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin and with a waved line across its sinus between veins 6 and 2, and an oblique bar from it at vein 2 to tornus; a waved subterminal line from costa to vein 5 connected with termen by a brown patch between veins 6 and 5, some subterminal points on inner half; a strong blackish terminal line; cilia with a blackish line through them. Hind wing pale yellow; ¢ rather diffused sinuous subbasal line from subcostal nervure to inner margin ; an oblique discoidal bar and oblique line from lower angle of cell to tornus ; a waved postmedial line bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then oblique to above tornus, with an irregularly waved line on its inner side from costa to vein 2; a waved subterminal line from costa to vein 2; a strong blackish terminal line expanding into a slight patch at apex ; a brown line through the cilia. Hab. Br. E. Argica, Machakos (Crawshay), 1 ¢ type; Ueanpa, Gondokora (Reynes-Coles), 1 9; Br. C. Arrica, Zomba (Johnston), 1 § ; Gazatann, Chirinda Forest (Mar- shall), 1 3 ; Narat, Victoria district (Gooch), 1 ?, Durban (Leigh), 1 S$. Hap. 26 mm. (88 c) Sylepta strigicincta, sp. n. ¢. Head and thorax orange-yellow; palpi red-brown towards tips; fore and mid legs suffused with red-brown ; abdomen clothed with white scales, the base brown, the extremity fuivous yellow. Fore wing orange-yellow ; slight subbasal brownish spots in cell and above inner margin ; the costa brownish to the excurved dark antemedial line, which is incurved and obsolescent at vein 1; a black discoidal lunule ; postmedial line formed of small fuscous spots in the 16 Sir G. F. Hampson on new interspaces, arising below costa, incurved at vein 7, excurved to vein 2, then bent inwards; a series of dark striz just before termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind wing orange-yellow ; a black discoidal spot; postmedial line rather diffused, fuscous, excurved between veins 5 and 2and slightly below submedian fold; a series of dark striz just before termen; cilia fuscous. Hab. Ecuapvor, Quevedo, 1 ? type. Hap. 34 mm. (92 a) Sylepta sticligramma, sp. n. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange; palpi with black bands ; basal joint of antennee with black point in -front ; vertex of head with black point ; fore tibize aud tarsi banded black and white ; abdomen with two dorsal black bands with white bands before them towards extremity. Fore wing orange; obliquely placed subbasal black spots on costa and inner margin; antemedial black spots at costa, below cell, and inner margin, the costal spot nearer the base; a black discoidal bar; a postmedial series of black points, slightly excurved below vein 7 and bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, ending with a more prominent spot in submedian fold nearer the base ; cilia black with a metallic gloss at tips. Hind wing orange; a postmedial punctiform black line, slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted and with more prominent spot in submedian fold; cilia black at base, silvery grey at tips. Hab. Bananas, Nassau (Bonhote), 1 6,1 2 type; Cusa, Santiago (Schaus),1 6. Exp. @ 26, 9 24 mm. (92 d) Sylepta orthogramma, sp. n. 3d. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange; tegule with medial black spot; fore tibize whitish with blackish band at extremity ; hind tarsi slightly ringed with blackish towards extremity ; abdomen with subdorsal blackish spots on second segment, the terminal half dorsally suffused with fuscous and with two white bands, the ventral surface whitish. Fore wing orange ; an oblique black almost basal line ; a strong black antemedial line, oblique from costa to submedian fold ; a point in middle of cell and discoidal spot; a strong black postmedial line, oblique below discal fold and with cupreous-brown suffusion beyond it between veins 6 and 4, diffused at termen to apex; a black terminal line; cilia fuscous at tips. -Hind wing orange; a slight blackish dis- coidal striga; postmedial line fuscous, oblique from costa to Species of Pyralide. 17 submedian fold towards termen ; a black terminal line; cilia tinged with fuscous at tips. Hab. Cusa, Santiago (Schaus), 1 g type. Exp. 30 mm. (93a) Sylepta planeflava, sp. un. ?. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, the last with the base white ; fore tibiz with fuscous band at extremity, the tarsi ringed with fuscous towards extremity; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing yellow with very faint traces of deeper yellow antemedial line, discoidal bar, and postmedial line oblique below discal fold. Hind wing rather paler yellow. Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt), 1 9 type. Ezp. o4 mm. (93 6) Sylepta holochralis, sp. u. 2. Uniform orange-yellow ; palpi with black spot on first joint ; mid femora at extremity and base of tibiz black. Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Tanga, 1 ? type. Hap. 32 mm, (100 a) Sylepta methyalinalis, sp. n. ¢. Head and thorax black-brown, the vertex of head whitish; palpi banded with whitish; antennz ringed black and white; thorax with some leaden-grey scales ; pectus and legs white, the fore femora and tibiz with black bands at extremities, the mid tibiz brown above; abdomen brown, with white band on second segment and white rings on medial segments, the ventral surface white. Fore wing cupreous brown; the costal area fulvous yellow to post- medial line ; a sinuous dark antemedial line defined by white marks on each side with a small quadrate white spot beyond it in cell; a quadrate hyaline white patch in end of cell; a slight pale discoidal striga ; postmedial line excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and angled outwards on vein 2, with trifid hyaline patch beyond it from costa to vein 5, two spots before it between veins 6 and 5, a patch in its sinus and a patch beyond it extending to termen above tornus, two spots beyond it above and below vein 2 and one before it in submedian interspace; a dark terminal line; cilia chequered white and brown. Hind wing semihyaline white ; the base with slight blackish marks; a blackish discoidal annulus; a fine postmedial line excurved to near termen between veins 5 and 2, then re- tracted and interrupted to near tornus ; a black-brown apical Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 2 18 Sir G. F. Hampson on new patch extending to vein 4 and a spot below vein 2; a fine terminal line; cilia white, chequered with black towards apex. Hab. Br. Gurana, Potaro R. (Kaye), 1 g type. zp. 30 mm. (109 a) Sylepta achromalis, sp. n. 9. Pale brownish ochreous ; palpi fuscous above ; thorax tinged with fulvous ; fore tibiz fuscous at extremities ; pectus, mid and hind legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white ; wings uniform glossy ochreous ; fore wing with faint dark point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule. Hab. S. Leone (Clements), 1 9 type; Nicerta, Sapele (Sampson), 1 9 ; Cameroons (Sjostedt), 19. Hap. 24 mm. (lll a) Sylepta disticta, sp. n. ¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown with a slight purplish-grey gloss ; palpi with the basal joint white ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen except at extremity whitish. Fore wing fuscous brown with a purplish-grey gloss; small white postmedial spots above and below vein 7 ; a punctiform white line at base of cilia. Hind wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss ; a fine white line at base of cilia. Hab. Dutcu N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 3g type. Exp. 32 mm. Genus SYNGROPIA, nov. Type, S. stictica. Palpi upturned, the second joint reaching to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the third short, naked ; frons rounded ; antenne of male ciliated. Fore wing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from below upper angle; 7 from angle, straight and well separated from 8, 9, which are stalked ; 10 approximated to 8, 9 towards base. Hind wing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4, 5 strongly stalked ; 6,7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with 7. Syngropia stictica, sp. n. Notarcha cchmisalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 248 (nec WIk.). Head and thorax yellowish white; fore tibize with blackish band at extremity ; abdomen yellowish white suffused with fulvous except at base and extremity and with subdorsal black spots on second segment. Fore wing yellowish white ; Species of Pyralide. 19 obliquely placed subdorsal blackish spots below costa and above inner margin ; an antemedial bar from below costa to median nervure and a bar above inner margin; postmedial line blackish, forming slight spots at veins, excurved between veins 6 and 3, then incurved ; terminal blackish spots above veins 6 and 3. Hind wing semihyaline yellowish white ; an oblique blackish postmedial bar between veins 6 and 3 and an oblique line from vein 2 to tornus; terminal blackish spots at apex and vein 3. Hab. GuateMata, San Gerdnimo (Champion), 1 ¢,1 2 type, Godman-Salvin Coll. Ezp., 3 22, 2 26 mm. (la) Lygropia pheocraspia, sp. n. Hind wing of male with a tuft of long hair from base of inner margin on underside. 6. Head and shoulders cupreous fuscous ; antenne pale ochreous ; tufts of hair on neck and thorax ochreous ; pectus and legs ochreous white, the tibiz and tarsi suffused with fuscous; abdomen ochreous suffused with fuscous. Fore wing ochreous, the costa fuscous, narrowly on postmedial area, the terminal area fuscous black, its inner edge slightly waved and bent inwards at vein 2; a faint blackish ante- medial line, oblique to just below the cell; a black annulus in middle of cell and an oblique discoidal lunule defined by black and connected by streaks at middle and lower extremity with the black postmedial line which is incurved at discal fold, excurved and minutely waved between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards on vein 2 and with a spot below it; cilia whitish, chequered with blackish at apex and at veins 5 to 2. Hind wing ochreous white; a black discoidal spot ; postmedial line blackish, with a spot at discal fold, excurved and minutely waved between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards and with a spot below vein 2; the terminal area blackish with some ochreous on termen at middle; cilia whitish with a blackish line near base from apex to vein 2. Hab. W. Cotomsia, San Antonio (Palmer), 1 3 type. Exp. 28 mm. (6a) Lygropia pogonodes, sp. n. Hind wing of male with a large tuft of black hair on tornal half of inner margin on upperside. 6. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow. Fore wing orange-yellow ; a small round black discoidal spot ; terminal area faintly clouded with fuscous. Hind wing 20 On new Species of Pyralide. orange-yellow, the terminal area faintly clouded with fuscous to vein 2; the tuft of hair on inner margin deep black. 9. Hind wing without the tuft of black hair on inner margin. ae Hab. N. Nicerta, Baro (Macfie), 1 3 type; TRANsvaAt, White R. (Cooke), 1 2. zp. 30 mm. (6b) Lygropia heliosalis, sp. n. Mid tibie of male dilated, with a fold enclosing a tuft of long hair. 3. Deep orange; fore tibie blackish at extremity. Fore wing with the costa blackish towards apex, the cilia black except at tornus. Hind wing with the termen slightly tinged with black at apex, the cilia black except at tornus. Hab. Arcentina, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner), 1 3 type. Exp. 20 mm. (6c) Lygropia flavivialis, sp. n. 3. Brown; palpi in front, sides of frons, vertex of head, pectus, greater part of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen yellow. Fore wing with eblique yellow medial band broad at costa, narrowing to inner margin. Hind wing with broad yellow band from middle of costa to middle of termen, widest at costa and termen ; cilia yellow with a brown line through them. Hab. Brazit, Sio Paulo (D. Jones), 1 8 type. Exp. 24 mm. (6d) Lygropia chrysozonalis, sp. n. 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a pur- plish gloss ; palpi with white patches at base and in front of second joint, the third joint white ; frons with white patches at sides and orange band above and between antenne ; neck with orange ring; fore tibiz with white band ; tarsi white except at extremity ; ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing black-brown with a purplish gloss ; a very broad oblique orange band from middle of costa, towards which it expands, to terminal third of inner margin. Hind wing black-brown with a purplish gloss; a large wedge-shaped orange patch on costa from middle to just before termen Spee to just below vein 4; a fine white line at base of cilia. Hab. Perv (P. O. Simons), 1 8 type. Exp. 24 mm. [To be continued. ] Descriptions and Records of Bees. 21 II.—Descriptions and Records of Bees —XLV. By T. D. A. Cockere tt, University of Colorado. Bombus lateralis wilmatte, subsp. n. Worker.— Hair of head black or with a little pale on front ; hair of thorax very pale yellow, with a broad black band between wings ; hair of abdomen pale yellow on first dorsal segment, middle half of second, and a small elongate triangle of yellow (sometimes nearly obsolete) on middle of third : the apex of the little triangle points towards the second segment, the yellow of which is emarginate in the middle. Compared with a worker lateralis from Costa Rica (Bruner) our insect averages distinctly smaller (length about 138 mm.); the yellow hair is paler and includes the anterior and posterior parts of thorax above ; the ocelli are distinctly smaller, and the malar space is perhaps a trifle shorter. The brownish wings are the same. Hab. Antigua, Guatemala (type locality), six (W. P. Cockerell) ; Guatemala City, Guatemala, four (W. P. Cockerell). The original B. lateralis, Sm., was described from the mountains of Guatemala, at a higher altitude than the localities of wilmatte. I think it is probable that the difference is only racial, the form from the higher altitudes being more melanic. It isthe Guatemala City form in which the yellow triangle on the third segment is evanescent. Psithyrus guatemalensis, sp. 0. 6 .—Length about 17 mm.; anterior wing 114. Black, with the elongate obconical abdomen ; malar space broader than long; antenne black, the flagellum rather thick, its jomts not in the least arcuate ; ; hair “of head long and black; a little pale on lower part of front, that on top of head behind ocelli entirely very pale ochreous, but that on cheeks black; hair of thorax long and loose, very pale ochreous, a moderate amount of black on posterior middle of mesothorax and middle of scutellum, hair of hind part of pleura (especially a tuft beneath wings) and of metathorax black ; tegule with a rufous spot posteriorly. Wings dusky, strongly reddish. Legs with black hair, that on inner side of tarsi dark red except at base ; hind tibiz slender, convex ; hind basitarsi hardly as broad as tibiz. Abdomen shining, with abundant black hair, but a large pale ochreous tuft at 22 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and each side of first segment, and small yellowish-white tufts on sides of segments 3 to 5 Distinguished from the North-American species by the colours of the pubescence ; also as follows :—Compared with P. tricolor, Franklin, it is rather less robust, and the hair of the abdomen is considerably shorter ; the wings are much redder; malar space shorter (its length perhaps a trifle greater than width of mandibles at base, but in ¢récolor much greater) ; mandibles much more slender; third antennal joint shorter; hair of hind tibiz and basitarsi very much shorter, mostly not longer than half diameter of leg. (The male of the European P. quadricolor, Lep., has even shorter hair on hind basitarsus, but long hair on the tibia. The male of the European P. campestris (Pauz.) has the hair on hind tibia and tarsus practically as in P. guatemalensis.) Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). The first Psithyrus from Central America. Anthophora usticauda, sp. n. 2? .—Length about 104 mm. Black ; tarsi reddish at apex ; eyes green; antenneze black ; clypeus with a rather broad, subapical, transverse, yellow band, interrupted in middle ; labrum densely and strongly punctured, yellow except narrow apical margin and a large spot at each upper corner ; mandibles with a large more or less bilobed yellow mark ; “malar space almost obsolete ; ; hair of face and cheeks white, stained with ochreous on front ; hair of vertex long and black (not going so far forward as anterior ocellus), of occiput ochreous; hair of thorax above mixed pale fulvous and black, at sides and behind a livelier fulvous, without black, but on lower part of pleura white ; " tegule rufo-piceous. Wings smoky, nervures black; ante- rior femora and trochanters with long white hair behind. Hair on outer side of legs fulvous (that of hind tibiz abun- dant, shining), but brush on end of hind basitarsus black ; hair on inner side of middle and hind tibi and basitarsi black ; spurs ferruginous. Abdomen ornamented with appressed, scale-like, rufo-piceous pile, with black hairs inter- mixed; the rufo-fulvous parts include rather narrow apical margin of first segment, broader margin of second, most of third except a narrow longitudinal median band and a large basal area on each side, fourth except a median stripe and a little space at extreme sides, fifth (the colour paler) except a large black median triangle ; beneath, the abdomen has white hair. Records of Bees. 23 Hab. Antigua, Guatemala (type locality), four (W. P. Cockerell) ; Amatitlan, Guatemala, one, Feb. 5, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). The third abdominal segment may be without evident dark basal areas. This is a very red member of the subgenus Micranthophora, and is closely related to the Mexican Antho- phora squammulosa, Dours, differmg by the absence of any border of dark hair to the abdominal segments, the black hair of vertex not mixed with white, the smoky wings, &e. Celioxys sanguinosus, sp. 0. 2 —Length about 11 mm. Black, with the tegulz and legs very bright ferruginous ; venter of abdomen also red, as well as first dorsal segment (except middle of apical margin narrowly), and sides of second and third more or less, the red extending suffusedly and obscurely over a good part of second ; mandibles stout, red, with black apex; lateral margins of labrum broadly red; eyes purplish, their hair very short; sides of face and region about antennze with pure white hair; clypeus finely hairy, but not enough to hide the finely rugose gently convex surface, the lower margin straight and entire; an- tennz entirely black; vertex with large punctures ; cheeks densely covered with white hair ; thorax with the usual hair- bands and spots, the dorsal ones creamy; mesothorax shining, with very large, not very dense punctures ; scutellum with large punctures, closely placed, but a small smooth space in the middle; middle of hind margin of scutellum with a small but conspicuous shining triangular tooth ; axillar spines straight, rather long, with large punctures. Wings dusky toward apex, a fuliginous purplish streak in upper part of marginal cell; recurrent nervures joining second s.m. equally distant from base and apex. Hair on inner side of tarsi shining light yellowish. Abdomen with very narrow, entire, pure white hair-bands; first dorsal segment with scattered strong punctures; second to fifth rather well punctured basally, but beyond that smooth and with few punctures except at sides; last dorsal with small punctures and a feeble keel, the apex rather thick and very obtuse ; last ventral prolonged some distance beyond last dorsal, broad and spoon-shaped, margined with very short dark hair, neither notched at sides nor with a terminal appendage; penultimate ventral segment only moderately produced, sparsely punctured. Hab. Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 24 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and In my table in ‘ Psyche,’ October 1905, this runs to C. tex- ana, Cresson, which, however, has the middle and hind tarsi black, and differs in other ways. The shape of the last dorsal segment resembles that of C. comstockii, Cress., but there is a slight median nodule in the middle of the apical truncation; in other characters the insect is quite unlike comstockit. In Schrottky’s table of Brazilian species it runs to C. ignava, Sm., which has a quite different apex of abdomen. Xenoglossa assimilis (Smith). Quirigua, Guatemala; two males at flowers of Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy, Feb. 12 and 20 (W. P. Cockerell). This is Melissodes assimilis, Smith; it is a Xenoglossa related to X. pruinosa, Say. The maxillary palpi are five- jointed, the fifth joint very short. Agapostemon proscriptus, sp. n. J plus, ? — Bright green, with the size and general appearance of A. radiatus, Say, but differing as follows :—Base of meta- thorax coarsely rugose, without well-defined ridges; broad basal bands of white hair on abdominal segments 2 to 4 more conspicuous; knees (broadly), tibize, aud tarsi ferru- ginous; hair on inner side of hind tarsi orange-fulvous ; second s.m. very broad, broader than high. The mandibles are light yellow basally and rufous apically ; the labrum is dark reddish. Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala, two (W. P. Cockerell). Resembles the little-known A. pulcher, Smith, but the wings are distinctly dusky (somewhat yellowish), and the femora are black except at apex. Both specimens have gathered bright orange pollen. Megachile zermenia, sp. nu. ? —Length about 12 mm. Black, rather long and parallel-sided, general appearance much hke M, lenticula, Vachal; head broad ; eyes purplish ; clypeus short and broad, closely punctured, with a rudi- mentary median ridge, the lower margin gently concave, with a median tubercle; mandibles broad, black, the two apical teeth distinct, the long inner cutting-edge without distinct teeth ; supraclypeal area shining, convex, with scattered distinct punctures ; hair of face creamy white, mixed with black, long black hairs from each side directed toward Records of Bees, 20 middle of clypeus; hair of vertex black, of cheeks white ; antenne black, ordinary ; mesothorax dullish, finely punc- tured, quite closely except posterior middle, with sparse short black hair, and a little pale in front; scutellum with conspicuous black hair ; scutello-mesothoracic suture with a narrow band of dense pale orange tomentum ; postscutellum and metathorax with creamy white hair; pleura with white hair below, but a tuft of black just below wings, contrasting with the dense creamy hair bordering tubercles; tegul piceous. Wings dusky translucent, darker apically, espe- cially beyond end of marginal cell; nervures black. Legs black, with mostly whitish hair, that on inner side of tarsi and inner side of middle tibiz orange-ferruginous ; spurs vellowish white; claws simple; hind basitarsi broad and flat ; abdomen of the parallel-sided type, above dense black, very finely punctured, with very short black hair, some pale hair on first segment, and very tine pale (yellowish) pruinosity on sixth, also extremely narrow apical yellowish hair-bands on the segments, only at sides on first; ventral scopa very bright orange-ferruginous, with some black at sides of third and following segments, black on last segment except at base. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, at flowers of Zeaxmenia vir- gulta, Klatt (W. P. Cockerell, 42). Related to M. mexicana, Cress., and M. zapoteca, Cress. From meaicana it is known by the largely black hair on face and the larger size ; from zapoteca also by the size and the colours of the veutral scopa. I was a little in doubt whether to refer it to M. zapoteca, but after carefully reading Cresson’s description 1 believe it must be distinct. Megachile tuxtla, Cresson. Male from Guatemala City (W. P. Cockerell); female from Antigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockereil). The female has not been described; it is like the male except in the usual sexual characters; clypeus with black hair, but sides of face with white; ventral scopa pale ferru- ginous, becoming white basally, black on apical segment ; abdomen broad, shovel-shaped ; hair on inner side of tarsi very bright orange-ferruginous ; hind basitarsi only mode- rately broadened. In Friese’s table of females of the Mexican region (‘ Das Tierreich,’ 28 Lief.) it runs nearest to M. mewvicana, Cress. At Antigua my wife also took a female M. chrysophila, Ck. 26 Mr. I’, D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and Megachile montezuma, Cresson. Quirigua, Guatemala, one female (W. P. Cockerell). Megachile aurantipennis, sp. un. ? Length about 8 mm.; anterior wing 7. Black, short and broad, the antennz, mandibles, and legs black, spurs dark; head large ; mandibles broad, of the quadridentate type, but the teeth little developed; clypeus convex, shining, densely punctured at sides, sparsely in middle, the lower margin broadly and quite deeply emar- einate, with a median tubercle ; mouth-parts rather short ; cheeks about half as wide as eye ; front, vertex, and cheeks very densely punctured, with largely appressed shining ochreous pubescence, only moderately dense; a little band of the same shining hair extends down anterior orbits, but is overlapped by black hair; mesothorax densely covered with appressed shining ochreous (golden-brown) hair, tubercles densely tufted with pale hair, and a tuft of fulvous hair behind the wings; pleura strongly punctured ; tegule ferruginous, with a basal tuft of short black hair. Wings orange-ferruginous, with ferruginous nervures and unusually large stigma; apical field brownish hyaline, not orange, the apex of marginal cell and beyond fuscous. Hair on inner side of tarsi red ; hind basitarsus broad and flat. Abdomen short and broad, fourth and fifth segments with broad dense apical bands of golden-ochreous hair, and sixth covered with the same; ventral scopa pale golden-ochreous, without black, at base (second segment) with a large V-shaped band of yellowish-white hair. ¢ .—Length about 6 mm. Similar to the female, except in the usnal sexual cha- racters and those now given ; clypeus not emarginate, almost without punctures in middle ; sides of face with conspicuous pale golden-ochreous hair, not overlapped with black ; an- tenne long, ordinary; base of metathorax with a median groove; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings dusky ferruginous instead of clear orange. Anterior legs simple; no coxal spines. First abdominal segment fringed with ochreous hair ; end of abdomen with two short, sharp, black spines, far apart. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one of each sex, at flowers of plant no. 15, Feb. 11, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). The male is the type. Allied to the Mexican M. bidentis, Ckll., but easily sepa- rated by the hair on the mesothorax and the colour of the Records of Bees. . 20 wings. In Friese’s table (‘ Das Tierreich’) the female runs nearest to M. candida, Sm., which is much larger and alto- gether different, or perhaps equally well to the vicinity of M. zapoteca and palmeri, which are even more different, if that is possible. The male runs nearest to M. bidens and tuxtla, much larger species. It is worth while to note that the species of Megachile which I described in 1896 from tropical Mexico are placed in ‘ Das Tierreich’ among the species of the United States, and are quite erroneously stated to come from Utah and New Mexico. I make the male of M. aurantipennis the type, because the separation from the allied didentis is necessarily based on a comparison of males, only this sex of dzdentis being known. By some strange error, the original description of didentis states that the insect is a female; it is, in fact, a male. In male bidentis the fifth and sixth abdominal segments are densely covered with golden-ochreous hair, and the apex has a pair of short triangular teeth or tubercles; in male auraniipennis the fifth is largely dark (the surface showing) at base and the end is bispmose. Male didentis has the wings coloured like female aurantipennis ; male aurantipennis has them much browner, the orange being mixed with fuscous. It is possible, perhaps, that the female described under aurantipennis really belongs to bidentis, but considering the circumstances of capture this is unlikely. No doubt the females of the two will be found to be very much alike, the male aurantipennis having diverged from the common type. Another very close relative is the Brazilian M. microsoma, Ckll. In this (male) the tuft of hair on upper part of sides of metathorax is black and the wings are not reddened. The apex of the abdomen is nearly as in aurantipennis. Megachile (Oligotropus) gualanensis, sp. n. 9 —Length 8-94 mm. Parallel-sided, black (including antenne, mandibles, and legs), with white hair, on clypeus with long coarse black hairs intermixed, and the same (hardly so conspicuous) on scutellum and hindmost part of mesothorax; ventral scopa white, on last segment black with some pale at sides ; the four teeth on apical margin of clypeus rather poorly developed and variable ; tegulz piceous at base, testaceous outwardly. Wings greyish hyaline, nervures piceous. Abdomen with narrow white hair-bands. 6 .—Length 7-8 mm. 23 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and Anterior legs simple; sixth abdominal segment feebly bituberculate, the tubercles very close together. Hab, Gualan, Guatemala, five females, eight males (W. P. Cockerell, 1). ‘The female is the type. In Friese’s table the female runs to M. zaptlana and M. abacula, the male runs to M. abacula and M. bipartita. M. gualanensis is, in fact, very close to M. zaptlana, Cress., but the female has less black hair on head and the wings are not fuliginous on apical costal margin. Otherwise Cresson’s description of zaptlana practically agrees. M. abacula, Cress., differs at once by the fulvo-ochraceous hair on abdomen. Among the United States species, M. gualanensis stands nearest to MW. subewilis, Ckll. The male flagellum is proportionately shorter in gualanensis than in subeailis, and in the female the distance from the top of the eye to the occipital margin is much less in gualanensis than in subexilis. Melissodes raphaelis, Cockerell. Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell}. One female at yellow composite, less robust than types. Six normal males (one at flower no. 7; two, Feb. 11, at flower no 15; one, Feb. 12, at Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy); one male with fulvous hair on head and thorax above, the only dark hairs a few on scutellum; eight variously intermediate males (three, Feb. 11, at flower no. 15; one, Feb. 12, at Lpomea sidefolia). In spite of the great variation all are evidently one species. The lighter-haired male is easily distinguished from MM. -floris, Ckll., by the deep notch on each side of yellow of clypeus, black hair on outer side of hind tibia, and colours of abdomen. Melissodes tepaneca aschenborniana, subsp. u. 6 .—Differs from M. tépaneca, Cresson, by having the fifth abdominal segment with pale hair like the fourth, though the sixth has it black; second segment with black hair between the basal and median band (it is ochreous in tepaneca) ; median band of second segment narrower; hair on hind tarsi shorter ; wings more dusky. It is very like M. masuca, Ckll., from Texas, but smaller, with the second abdominal segment between the bands more closely punc- tured and the eyes differently coloured (light green). The middle and hind tibiz at apex and their tarsi are ferrugi- nous ; labrum, large spot on mandibles, and clypeus yellow, the last with the usual spots, but the yellow not notched ; Records of Bees. ~ 2B flagellum black above, clear ferruginous beneath ; tegule bright ferruginous. The type has the hair of thorax above bright orange-fulvous, and that of abdomen all (except the black) warm reddish; the other specimen has the hair of thorax above pale ochreous and the median bands on second and following abdominal segments white. The hind margins of the abdominal segments are broadly more or less pallid. The middle of the mesothorax is shining, with rather sparse strong punctures. Ha’, Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer. I treat this as a subspecies of M. tepaneca, on account of the geographical proximity of that insect, but by the characters it is actually closer to the Texan M, masuca. Exomalopsis pulchella, Cresson. Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two females ; one has the hair behind ocelli pale ochreous, the other (from flowers of Zewmenia virgulta, Klatt) has hair behind ocelli and on scutellum black, and the stigma and nervures bright ferruginous. Thygater cockerelli (Crawford). Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). One female, at flowers of no. 420. Thygater nigravillosa (Crawford). Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two males, Feb. 20, at flowers of Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy. Leptergatis armata (Smith). Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Twenty females (mostly Feb. 20), four males (two, Feb. 20; one, Feb. 12; one at flowers of Zexrmenia virgulta). It is almost impossible to separate the females of this from Leptergatis toluca (Melissodes toluca, Cresson), but the males are easily separated by the hind legs. Leptergatis toluca (Cresson). Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). One male, Feb. 15, at flowers of Cordia alba, R. & S. 30 Descriptions and Records of Bees Tetrapedia mayarum, sp. Nn. & .—Length nearly 10 mm. Black, with the labrum (except a median basal reddish spot), patch at base of mandibles, and broad lower corners of clypeus pellucid whitish ; hind tarsi clear ferruginous, with their hair entirely orange-ferruginous ; an obscure round red spot on inner side of hind tibiz near apex ; hair of head and thorax scanty, black above, silvery-white on cheeks, sides of face, and lower parts of pleura and metathorax; head shining ; clypeus with strong punctures, dense in middle of sides ; front with extremely fine punctures and an oblique groove on each side; sides of occiput with a sharp elevated margin ; antennee dark, the scape with a hght yellowish-red spot at base, flagellum red beneath ; mesothorax and scu- tellum dull, with a granular appearance; base of metathorax punctured ; tubercles with short dark brown hair ; tegule shining black. Wings dark fuliginous, a little paler apically, nervures fuscous, stigma amber-colour ; second s.m. con- siderably narrowed above, receiving first r. n. about halfway between middle and apex. Legs black (except as stated above), small joints of tarsi obscure reddish ; posterior apex of hind tibiz broadly and thickly covered with red hair like that on tarsus; anteriorly the hind tibia has some white hair near end ; anterior and middle legs with the hair black, partly red on tarsi; anterior tibie smooth and shining on outer side; anterior basitarsi broad and thick; middle basi- tarsi broad and flat, truncate at apex, with an obtuse lobe on inner apical corner; hind cox and trochanters simple ; hind basitarsi very broad and flat, with a triangular process on inner margin a little before middle; spurs dark, simple. Abdomen smooth and shining, dorsally without markings ; apical segment triangular, ending im a pencil of hair; fourth ventral with an undulate margin and its base broadly yellowish white; sixth ventral triangularly produced. ? .—Length about 1] mm. Similar to the male, except for the usual sexual characters ; mandibles ferruginous; labrum black, with a red spot on each side, and fringed with copper-red hairs; face entirely black ; clypeus well punctured; scape suffusedly red at base ; scutellum somewhat bigibbous ; claw-joints all red; hind tarsi only obscure reddish, except apically ; spurs simple; hind femora with a red patch near apex ; hind tibize behind with a curious patch of pure white material near apex, among the black hairs, the same on each side, entangled in pure white very long-plumose hairs ; on inner side of On new Crinoids from the Dutch East Indies. - 31 hind tibiz the hair is red apically ; hind basitarsi with hair black on outer side and behind, on inner side and the broad apical brush red, in front of basal part broadly white ; fifth dorsal abdominal segment with a large cream-coloured spot on each side. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala (IV. P. Cockerell). One of each sex. Related to 7. bunchosie, Friese, but in the female the third ventral segment is like the second (not opaque and strongly punctured), while in the male the clypeus has less pale colour, and there are other differences. There are several more or less related species in South America, none having the same structure in detail as 7. mayarum. T. bombitarsis, Vachal, must belong to this group, and, if so, is not allied to T. maura, as Vachal states. The groups containing maura and bunchosia differ in the spurs and other- wise, and are only superficially similar, Named after the Mayas, who built temples and made remarkable sculptured monuments at Quirigua. The male is the type. At flowers of Pontederia cordata, L., at Quirigua, Feb. 11, 1912, Mrs. Cockerell took females of Tetrapedia calcarata, Cress., and 7. mesta, Cress. Iil.—Preliminary Descriptions of Eleven new Crinoids belonging to the Families Himerometride, Mariametride, and Colobometridee, discovered by the ‘Siboga’ in the Dutch East Indies. By Austin H. Cuark. THE new unstalked crinoids described below will be con- sidered in greater detail and figured in the memoir covering the comatulids in the ‘ Siboga’ reports ; as the very extensive collection brought back by the ‘Siboga’ will require a large amount of study, especially as regards the data bearing on the geographical distribution of these animals and on allied problems, it has seemed advisable to publish descriptions of the new forms discovered in advance of the final report. Family Himerometride. Amphimetra propinqua, sp. n. This species is most closely related to A. producta, but it differs from that form in its longer and more slender cirri, which are composed of much longer segments. 32 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinoids The cirri are VITI-XIII, 24-36 (usually 30-33), 26 mm. to 32 mm. (usually about 30 mm.) long; they are very slender, and taper gradually in the proximal third, being especially slender from that point onward ; all the cirrus segments are approximately subequal in length, about twice as long as broad at the ends, though those in the distal third of the cirrus are slightly carinate, which makes them appear slightly shorter, and those in the proximal half are slightly longer, with slightly expanded ends; in the outermost seg- ments there is a slight indication of dorsal tubercles. The arms vary from ten to thirteen in number, and are from 90 mm. to 120 mm. long. Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 318 ; north-east of the east end of Java; 88 metres. Family Mariametride. Selenemetra tenuicirra, sp. n. This new form is closely related to S. finschii, from which it differs in the structure of its cirri, which are longer and more slender, and are composed of more elongated segments. The cirri are from 55 mm. to 70 mm. long, and are com- posed of 69-78 segments, of which the distal are nearly or quite as long as broad, instead of twice as broad as long or even broader as in S. finschtd, and the more proximal are about twice as long as broad instead of slightly, when at all, longer than broad as in S. finschit, P, is 11 mm. long and is composed of twenty or twenty- one segments, of which the first is short, the following eradually increasing in length and becoming about as long as broad on the fifth or sixth and twice as long as broad distally ; P, is 12 mm. long, with twenty-two segments, and resembles P,; P3is 10 mm. long, with eighteen segments, and resembles P,; P,is 75 mm. long, with thirteen segments, and tapers more in its distal portion than P3; P; is 7 mm. long, with thirteen segments, and is slightly more slender than Py, especially distally ; the distal pinnules are 8 mm. long, with seventeen segments. Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 320; north of the east end of Java; 82 metres. Mariametra tenuipes, sp. n. The centrodorsal resembles that of the other species of the genus ; the dorsal pole is slightly convex, finely tubercular, 1 mm. in diameter. from the Dutch East Indies. . oS The cirri are XXVI, 24-29, 22 mm. long: the first seg- ment is short, the second is about twice as broad as the median length, the third is slightly longer than broad to half again as long as broad, and the sixth to the eighth are about three times as long as their median diameter ; the following gradually decrease in length, so that the last ten or eleven are about as long as the distal diameter or only very slightly longer ; the cirri are exceedingly slender ; the longer proximal segments have slightly prominent ends; slight subterminal dorsal spines are found on the eleventh and following. The arms are about fifteen in number and about 45 mm. long ; together with the division series they resemble those of the other species of the genus. The lateral ornamentation on the ossicles of the [Br series is confined to the lateral third of the dorsal surface; distally it gradually narrows, disappearing at the base of P, ; it consists of very numerous small blunt spines, more or less coalescent, which exhibit a tendency to become arranged in horizontal rows. Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 294 ; off the south coast of l'imor; 73 metres. Mariametra tuberculata, sp. n. This species is nearest to M. delicatissima; but in that form the lateral ornamentation of the division series is merely a slight roughening. The centrodorsal is large, thick discoidal, the dorsal pole slightly convex, 2 mm. in diameter ; the cirrus sockets are arranged in two closely crowded and irregularly alternating rows. The cirri are XXI, 25-27, 20 mm. long; they are long and rather slender with a slight distal taper : the first seg- ment is short, the second slightly longer, the third nearly as long as broad, the fourth slightly longer than broad ; after the tenth the segments slowly decrease in length, so that the last four or five before the penultimate are about as long as broad to about one-third longer than broad; the outer eleven or twelve have a slight distal dorsal carination, which is low and rises very gradually from the dorsal surface, but ends rather abruptly distally. The radials are concealed in the median line, and are only slightly visible in the interradial angles ; the I Br, are very short, almost oblong, five or six times as broad as long; the axillaries are very short, nearly or quite three times as broad as long; the I Br and II1Br series are 2, the latter developed externally ; the sides of the division series are in close Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 3 34 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinotds apposition and are sharply flattened laterally ; the prox'mal edge of the IBr, is everted and slightly scalloped; the anterior edges of the axillary are slightly everted, but smooth; the lateral third of these two ossicles taken to- gether bear a dozen or a dozen and a half prominent well rounded and entirely separated tubercles, some of which may be laterally elongated ; the sides of the ossicles of the I[Br series are similarly, though not so extensively, modified, this modification being bordered interiorly by a more or less marked prominent beaded ridge or row of tubercles, which, however, may be absent. The type specimen has about twenty-six arms, which are 75 mm. long. Type Locality. § Siboga’ Station No. 51; southern portion of Molo Strait ; 69-91 metres. _ Dichrometra tenuicirra, sp. 0. Tn all the details of its general structure this species agrees with D. flagellata, but it is sharply separated from that form by the curious character of its cirri, which are long and slender, with elongate, though spinous, distal segments. The centrodorsal is low hemispherical, with very sloping sides; the dorsal pole is slightly convex, flat, or very slightly concave, 1°5 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged in two or in two and a partial third marginal rows. The cirri (in the type) are XXVIII, 25-28, 20 mm. to 25 mm. long, slender and delicate: the first segment is very short, the second is twice as broad as long, the third is slightly broader than long, the fourth is half again to twice as long as the median diameter, and the fifth is from two to two and one-half times as long as broad; the following to the ninth, tenth, or eleventh (the latter usually a faintly marked transition segment) are similar, but those following are slightly shorter, about half again as long as broad ; the tenth, eleventh or twelfth, and following bear prominent - triangular median spines; the earlier of these spines occur about in the centre of the dorsal line of the segments; their anterior (distal) margin stands out vertically and is from one- third to one-half as long as the recumbent side ; the hypo- thenuse from the apex of the spine to the proximal base is usually straight, but there may be aslight tubercle where it merges with the dorsal surface of the segment ; sometimes it is more or less concave, leading from the dorsal spine to a smaller blunt proximal tubercle; the spines change but little distally ; their bases become shorter and their apices ~ from the Dutch East Indies. . 35 consequently sharper; the longer earlier segments have slightly enlarged distal ends; this character persists to the end of the cirrus, but is less marked on the spinous distal segments. The division series and the arms resemble those of D. flagellata, but are much more slender and delicate ; the division series and first brachials may be well separated or in lateral contact; they are usually not quite in apposition, though possessing straight lateral edges which are slightly swollen, suggesting the lateral processes seen on the proxi- mal ossicles of the species of Stephanometra, though their outer margin is straight instead of convex. The character- istic rugose arm-structure and the low though prominent synarthrial tubercles of D. flagellata are reflected in a delicate and modified form. Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 320; north of the eastern end of Java ; 82 metres. Family Colobometride. Cyllometra gracilis, sp. n. This new species is related to C. manca, but differs markedly in its longer and more slender cirri, which are com- posed of longer segments. The centrodorsal is discoidal, the dorsal pole flat or slightly concave, 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged in one and a partial second marginal row. The cirri are (in the type) XXIII, 25-30 (usually nearer the latter), 21 mm. long: the first segment is short, the second is about twice as long, from one-third to one-half again as broad as long, the third is slightly longer than broad, the fourth and fifth progressively increase in length, and the sixth to the ninth or tenth are the longest, about twice as long as their proximal diameter; the following segments gradually decrease in length, so that the last twelve before the penultimate are subequal, slightly longer than broad; as a whole the cirri are long and unusually slender ; owing to the crowded condition of the cirri on the centrodorsal the first segment is sharply flattened laterally against the first segments of the cirri on either side; the distal dorsal edge of the fourth and following segments is slightly swollen, this after the seventh becoming a trio of dorsal spines, a central, larger, and two smaller, lateral ; the central spine projects more dorsally than do the other two, but does not extend so far distally; all are very small ; on the last twelve or fifteen segments before the penultimate 3% 36 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinoids the lateral spines disappear and the median becomes slightly more prominent, occurring as a small single submedian tubercle directed obliquely forward ; all the dorsal processes are small and inconspicuous. The arms are from twenty-five to thirty in number, and about 50 mm. in leneth ; I[1Br series are always present on some or all of the rays. Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 49a; Sapeh Strait, between Sumbava and Komodo, Sunda Islands ; 69 metres. Decametra mylitta, sp. n. This new form is nearest to 1). mollis from Kurrachi, but the cirri are slightly stouter, the majority of the segments being twice as broad as long or even somewhat broader in- stead of only slightly broader than long as in D. mollis, and the proximal pinnules, while of about the same proportions, are relatively longer and stouter and are composed of some- what shorter segments. The centrodorsal is discoidal, the flat dorsal pole being 1:5 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged in two closely crowded alternating marginal rows. The cirri are XIX, 20-23, 10 mm. or 11 mm, long: the cirrus segments are subequal in length and all short; the first is very short, the second slightly longer, the third and following about twice as broad as long or slightly broader ; the last three before the penultimate increase slightly in length, so that the antepenultimate is about one-third broader than long; the earlier segments have the dorsal surface swollen and distally truncated, so that the dorsal profile of the cirrus is serrate; after the first three segments the dorsal profile becomes straighter, making a considerable angle with the longitudinal axis of the cirrus, and the distal edge be- comes straight, forming a very finely spinous transverse ridge, which, however, is not raised above the general surface of the segments; this transverse ridge becomes gradually more and more marked, at the same time moving more and more toward the centre of the dorsal surface ; on the ninth segment it becomes median and begins to acquire a slightly concave profile, and after the fourteenth it resolves itself into two prominent, entirely distinct, tubercles situated side by side, the distance between their two apices being about equal to the distance from either apex to the outer edge of the segment ; distally these two tubercles gradually approach each other, and gradually move nearer the proximal margin of the segments; on the fourth segment before the from the Dutch East Indies. 37 penultimate the two tubercles fuse into a single transversely elongate tubercle, which gradually becomes less and less elongate and on the antepenultimate appears as a single small rounded tubercle situated near the proximal margin of the segment; when the cirri are viewed from the side no distinct dorsal processes are seen (though the dorsal profile is serrate) until the distal half, when the tubercles appear as low blunt dorsal spines. P, is small and weak, 5 mm. long, with fourteen segments, tapering with moderate rapidity in the proximal half and becoming very slender distally ; the first segment is short, the following gradually increasing in length and becoming about as long as broad on the fourth or filth, and about twice as long as broad distally; the pinnule is slightly prismatic ; P, is 9 mm. long, with seventeen segments, not greatly larger than P, basally, but tapering evenly from the base to the tip and therefore appearing stouter; the first two segments are slightly broader than those following, and are much broader than long ; the third segment is slightly broader than long, the fourth is slightly longer than broad, and the following are about half again as long as broad, becoming twice as long as broad terminally ; the pinnule is rounded prismatic ; the fourth and following segments have slightly produced and spinous distal edges, this character gradually increasing in extent distally and being most marked along the prismatic ridge; P;is6 mm. long, with fourteen seg- ments, and is similar to P, except in size; P, is 5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, and resembles P3; P; is 4°5 mm. long, with fourteen segments, and resembles Py, but the component segments are proportionately shorter ; P, is 4mm. long with fifteen segments, and resembles P;; the following pinnules are similar to P,; the distal pinnules are very slender, 7 mm. long, with twenty-one segments, of which the outer are about twice as long as broad. The ten arms are 75 mm. long. Type Locality. ‘Siboga’” Station No. 99; anchorage off North Ubian, between Borneo and Mindanao; 16-23 metres. Prometra levipinna, sp. n. The centrodorsal is discoidal, with a broad flat circular dorsal pole 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged in a single closely crowded marginal row. The cirri are XIV, 18-23, 13 mm. long: the first seg- ment is very short, the following gradually increasing in length and after the tenth or eleventh becoming about as 38 | Mr. A. H. C'ark on new Crinoids broad as long; the first segment has the distal dorsal edge produced ; on the second and third this becomes a strong transverse ridge, which gradually moves anteriorly, becoming median on the eightli and following, and appearing as a minute median spine in lateral view; this ridge shows no tendency to resolve itself into paired spines or tubercles, nor does it narrow appreciably on the outer segments, appearing as a broad transverse ridge on the antepenultimate ; the opposing spine is small, slender, median, erect, in height equal to about one- quarter of the lateral diameter of the penultimate segment. The arms, which resemble those of the other small species of the eenus, are 40 mm. long. P, is 5°5 mm. long, with fourteen or fifteen segments, moderately slender and somewhat stiffened ; the first segment is short, the following gradually 1 increasing in length, so that the fifth is about as long as broad and the outer very slightly longer than broad ; from the third segment outward the pinnule is rather strongly prismatic, with a prominent rounded ridge running along the centre of the outer surface ; ee is 6° mm. long, with seventeen segments, resembling P,, but slightly more slender basally and tapering more evenly to the tip, and not so strongly prismatic ; P3 is 4-5 mm. long, with fourteen segments, similar to the pre- ceding, but proportionately smaller, and more slender distally ; P, is 3°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, small and chante with the outer segments twice as long as broad; P, is similar, 3 mm. long, with eleven or twelve segments ; P, resembles P; ; the distal pinnules are very slender, 7 mm. long, with from twenty to twenty-two segments ; the outer edges of the segments of the earlier pinnules are perfectly smooth. Type Locality. Saleyer (north of Flores), Prometra minima, sp. n. The centrodorsal is thin discoidal, with a flat finely papillose dorsal pole 1 mm. in diameter, The cirri are X, 10-12, 3mm. to 4 mm. long: the first segment is short, the following gradually increasing in length, so that the fifth or sixth and following are about as long as broad ; the second and following have a finely serrate transverse ridge, which becomes median after the fourth or fifth ; this transverse ridge is low and very narrow, appearing as a very minute sharp spine in lateral view ; on the second, third, and fourth segments the lateral angles of this ridge from the Dutch East Indies. » 33 project beyond the profile of the cirrus as seen in dorsal view, but beyond the fourth segment the ridge becomes narrower, beyond the sixth dividing more or less completely into two transversely oblong sharp ridges or small sharp spines ; the antepenultimate segment possesses a single dorsal spine ; the opposing spine is much larger than the preceding dorsal processes. The radials are just visible beyond the centrodorsal ; the IBr, are very short, about four times as broad as long, the proximal and distal edges parallel, the lateral edges slightly convergent ; there are slight rounded ventrolateral pro- jections ; the axillaries are broadly pentagonal, half again as broad as long, with slight rounded ventrolateral processes resembling those on the IBr,; the synarthrial tubercles are moderately developed. The ten arms are very slender, 35 mm, to 40 mm. long, and resemble those of the other species of the genus ; there is a faintly indicated rounded median carination on the lower oblong brachials. P, is 2 mm. long, with eight or nine segments, nearly as stout basally as P,, but tapering more rapidly and becoming slender and delicate distally; the first segment is short, the following gradually increasing in length and becoming slightly longer than broad on the third and about twice as long as broad distally ; the distal edges of the outer seg- ments are slightly spinous; P, is 3 mm. long, stiff and spine-like, though slender, tapering slowly and evenly from the base to the tip, with eight or nine segments, of which the first is twice as broad as long, the second is nearly as long as broad, the third is nearly twice as long as broad, and the remainder are about three times as long as broad; the pinnule is rather strongly prismatic, and the distal edges of the third and following segments bear long and prominent spines on the prismatic angles; P; is 2 mm. long, with eight segments, of which the distal are considerably elongated, small and slender, slightly stiffened ; P,is 1°25 mm. long, very delicate, and not stiffened, with nine segments, of which the distal are much elongated; P; is similar, but slightly shorter; the distal pinnules are 2°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, of which the second and third are strongly carinate and the outer are very greatly elongated. Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 117; entrance to Kwandang Bay, Celebes; 80 metres. Prometra parva, sp. 0. The cirri are XIV, 14-15, 5°5 mm. long, and resemble 40 On new Crinoids from the Dutch East Indies. those of P. minima; the sixth or seventh and following segments are about as long as broad. The ten arms are 40 mm. long; the lower discoidal brachials are smooth, but those following have rather strongly everted distal ends. P, is 2°3 mm. long, with eleven segments ; it tapers rather rapidly in the first four segments, more gradually from that point onward ; the first segment is short, the second slightly longer, the third slightly broader than long, the fourth slightly longer than broad, the fifth and following about twice as long as broad; P, is from 3°5 mm. to 4°5 mm. long, with eleven segments, evenly tapering, much larger and stouter than the other pinnules, though not greatly enlarged ; the first segment is short, the second half again as broad as long, the third slightly broader than long, the following gradually increasing to the seventh, which, with the following, is twice as long as broad ; the pinnule is rather strongly prismatic and the fourth and following segments have their distal edges produced on the prismatic angles into prominent short stout spines, which increase in prominence distally ; P, is 1°5 mm. long, with eight segments, of which the distal are elongated, small and weak; P, is slightly smaller than P;; the distal pinnules are exceedingly slender, 4 mm. to 4°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, of which the second and third are slightly carinate and the outer are greatly elongated. Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 315 ; anchorage off Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands ; up to 36 metres. Oligometra marginata, sp. n. This new species is most closely related to O. adeone. The dorsal pole of the centrodorsal is papillose. The cirri are XV, 15-16, 7 mm. long: the first segment is short, the following gradually increasing in length, so that the fourth, fifth or sixth, and following are about as long as broad; the third and following segments have a strong transverse ridge near the proximal dorsal margin; this ridge is prominent and high with a finely serrate crest; it lies about one-third of the distance between the proximal and distal margins of the segments; in the proximal half or three-quarters of the cirri the distal dorsal edge of the seg- ments is more or less everted, so that there is the same bidentate appearance characteristic of the cirri of O. adeone ; on the earlier segments this eversion may be nearly as high as the transverse ridge, but it soon decreases in height and On Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 41 disappears entirely in the outer half or quarter of the cirri; the smaller cirri are quite without it. The ten arms are 30 mm. long ; the proximal arm structure is the same as that of O. adeone; tlie ossicles of the [Br series and the first two brachials are broad and are in lateral contact through produced and flange-like ventrolateral borders, the outer edges of which are parallel to the longitudinal axes of the segments which bear them. P, is 5 mm. long, with nine segments, rather slender but considerably stiffened, recalling P, in the more delicate varieties of Stephanometra monacantha ; the first segment is about one-third broader than long, the second half again as long as the proximal width, slightly trapezoidal, the third about three times as long as its proximal diameter, the fourth to the sixth slightly longer, the following rapidly diminishing to the small terminal segment; the second to the fourth segments are slightly constricted centrally ; P,is 4mm. long, with nine segments, similar to P,, but very slightly stouter and with slightly shorter segments ; P; is 2°5 mm. to 3 mm. long, with eight segments, more slender and less stiffened than the preceding; P, is 2 mm. long, small, slender, and weak, with eight or nine segments; the next two pinnules are similar to P,; the following gradually become elongated, the distal pinnules being from 4°5 mm, to 5 mm. in length, with thirteen segments, of which most are from two to three times as long as broad and very slender. Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 305; mid-channel of Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga ; 113 metres. IV.—Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. By OLDFIELD THOMas. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Kertvoula cuprosa, sp. n. A small speckled brown species with short incisors. Size decidedly less than in the related species A. erosa and /anosa. Yur soft and fine (hairs of back 6-6°5 mm. in length), extending on to the forearm, thinly along the pollex and terminal part of the third digit, and down the upper side of the legs on to the feet; proximal part of interfemoral thinly haired, naked distally, the hinder margin with a 42 Mr. O. Thomas on number of fine hairs not forming a fringe ; under surface of legs and interfemoral nearly naked. General colour above dark bistre-brown, the tips of many of the hairs conspicuously contrasted silvery buff, those on the forearms, rump, and hind limbs more ochraceous buff; under surtace duller brown, the bases of the hairs dark slaty, the tips of some of the hairs whitish. Ears of mediwm length, anterior border strongly convex, posterior with a sharp concavity just below the tip. Tragus long, curved outwards, its base with a small lobule exter- nally succeeded above by an emargination. Upper incisors unusually short, their enamel-covered portion but little longer than the projecting part of their root, the inner one bicuspid, its posterior cusp as thick as and half the height of the anterior. Outer incisor also bicuspid, owing to its basal ledge being raised up postero-internally as a second cusp half the height of the main cusp. Middle premolar about two-thirds the height and area of the anterior one. Outer lower incisors tricuspid, the outer cusps half as large as the median one. Middle lower premolar rather smaller than the subequal first and last. Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in the flesh by the collector) :— Forearm 32 mm. ; Head and body *45; tail *45; ear *13°5; tragus on inner edge 5°5; third finger, metacarpal 31, first phalanx 15; lower leg and foot (c. u.) 21. Front of upper canine to back of m? 5:1; front of lower canine to back of m3 5°5. Hab. Bitye, Ja River, S.E. Cameroons. 2000". Type. Adult male. Original number 564. Collected 17th October, 1911, by Mr. G. L. Bates. This well-marked species resembles K. @rosa in colour, but is much smaller, the forearm of that animal being 37 mm. in length. By the characters used in Dobson’s synopsis it comes nearest to K. lanosa, but differs both by size and colour, and, as from every other, by its peculiarly short and deeply bicuspidate upper incisors. At Bitye Mr. Bates also obtained the little A. muscilla and an additional specimen of K. smithii, described by me in 1880. The latter is slightly larger than A. cuprosa and has practically unicuspid outer lower incisors. Colomys bicolor, sp. n. Larger and darker coloured than C. gosling?. Size decidedly greater than in C. gosling?, as shown by . Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 43 skull-dimensions. Coloration similarly conspicuously bicolor, but the line of demarcation slightly lower, so that the dark colour encroaches a little on the forearms, instead of these being wholly in the white area. General colour above between cinnamon and bistre, the back more heavily black- ened than in goslingi. White patch at outer base of ear smaller than in gosling?. Arms and hands white except for a narrow extension of the dorsal colour downwards from the shoulder to the middle of the forearms. Feet greyish flesh- colour. Tail blackish above, whitish below, the difference not conspicuous. Mamme apparently 2—1=6. Skull similar in all essentials to that of C. gosling?, but larger throughout. Nasals longer. Interorbital region nar- rower, its edges more rounded. Brain-case longer and higher. Palatal foramina with the peculiar expansion on the septum, previously described, so developed as to touch, on one side, the outer wall of the foramen, and so isolate com- pletely its posterior end. Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— Head and body 143 mm.; tail 175; hind foot 39; ear 21. Skull: grea‘est length 36 ; condylo-incisive length 32:8 ; nasals 14:2; interorbital breadth 4°5; breadth of brain-case 15:2; palatilar length 16°7; diastema 10-2; palatal foramina 7°3 X3°2 ; upper molar series (worn down and contracted) 5:2. Hab. Bitye, Ja River, 8.W. Cameroons (West Congo drainage area). Alt. 2000’. Type. Old temale. Original number 569. Collected 23rd October, 1911, by Mr. G. L. Bates. The smaller species, C. goslingt, Thos. & Wrought., was found on the Welle River, so that the genus is evidently widely distributed in the Congo area. Epimys eta, Thos. Mr. G. L. Bates has sent from Bitye some further examples of this distinct little species, and these show that the type had by no means attained its full size, especially as regards its skull. The following measurements of a fully adult female are therefore worthy of record :— Head and body 93 mm. ; tail 120; hind foot 18; ear 14°5. Skull: greatest length 26 ; condylo-incisive length 24:2; zygomatic breadth 13°5 ; nasals 8°7; interorbital breadth 4°5 ; breadth of brain-case 12°3 ; palatilar length 11:6; diastema 7°6; palatal foramina 5°2; upper molar series 4°3. 44 Mr. O. Thomas on V.—Small Mammals from South America. By OLDrIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Leontocebus midas egens, subsp. n. General characters of true Guianan midas, but back more strongly suffused with dark buffy, generally throughout, and in all cases across the shoulders. Black of the head less deep and less continued down on to the back, the grizzled buffy of the back going further forward on the nape. Hands, instead of being wholly ‘ ochraceous ”’ or “ ochraceous buff,” only of this colour on the outer half of the wrist, the meta- carpus and digits being decidedly lighter coloured, “ buff” or “cream-buff.”” Feet also rather lighter than in midas, though the difference is less conspicuous. Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— Head and body 229 mm. ; tail 384; hind foot 65 ; ear 40. Skull: greatest length 49°5. Hab. Obidos, Lower Amazons. Type, Adult female. B.M. no. 12.5.11.5. Original number 58. Collected 15th February, 1912, by Fraulein Dr. E. Snethlage ; presented by the Goeldi Museum, Para. Five specimens examined. This Amazonian form of the common yellow-handed marmoset is closely similar to the typical Guianan animal, but may be distinguished by the paler colour of its hands, a difference verified on five examples of egens as compared with ten of midas. Curiously enough, two specimens from the Moon Mountains, the nearest locality in Guiana to Obidos, have hands of an even darker tone than those of British Guiana, and resemble in this respect one from Cayenne which ] have always considered to represent Geoffroy’s rufimanus. Felis pardinoides emerita, subsp. n. General characters of /. pardinotdes, including size, the backward direction of the nape-hairs, and the general colora- tion. But the feet, both fore and hind, instead of being blackened below, as is usual in the majority of cats, are not or scarcely darker below than above, where they are of a uniform “ clay-colour”’ ; the heel alone is blackish, as in the allied forms. White ear-patches larger than in pardinoides small Mammals from South America. 45 and p. andina. Black nuchal stripes strongly marked in the two males, narrow and discontinuous in the female. Skull on the whole with a rather less swollen brain-case than in true pardinoides and in F. p. andina. Postorbital processes directed rather more outwards, less slanted back- wards. Bulle smaller than in pardinoides, only one of the four specimens having them as large as in the type of andina, which in turn has them smaller than in 8.-Brazilian pardinoides, Teeth about as in pardinoides, smaller than in andina. Dimensions of the type (an adult female) :— Head and body 480 mm. ; tail 330 ; hind foot 98. Skull: greatest length 85; condylo-basal length 81:3; zygomatic breadth 5°5 ; interorbital breadth 14°2 ; breadth of brain-case 40; palatal length 31; front of canine to back of p* 23°3; length of p* on outer edge 9 (10'L in @). flab. Northern Venezuela. ‘Type from the ‘* Montes de la Culata,” Merida (alt. 3000 m.); another specimen (melanistic) from Tachira. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 5.7.5. 3. Collected 14th April, 1904, by 8. Briceho. Two males and another female also in collection. The pale colour of the hairy part of the palms and soles of this cat is an unusual character, and I have considered the possibility of its having been artificially produced by the limbs having been dipped in some preservative. But there are four specimens, collected at considerable intervals of time, all with their feet similarly coloured, so that so uniform an alteration seems unlikely. In any case, however, on account of the skull-characters described above and its comparatively large ear-patches, the Merida wild cat would be subspecifi- cally separable from its allies elsewhere. The Grisons of Chili and Argentina. In 1907 * I showed that the name vittatus, which had been commonly used as a ‘ blanket-name”’ for Grisons from all parts of South America, was based on a specimen from Surinam, and was therefore no doubt applicable to one of the larger forms of the genus, like G. a/lamandi and others, and I then gave the specific name of furar to the “ Furado” of S. Brazil and the Argentine, which is not only smaller than the members of the vittatus group, but is distinguished by having no inner cusp on the lower carnassial tooth. * Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) xx. p. 163 (1907). 46 Mr. O. Thomas on Further consideration induces me to think that this latter character might be made the basis of a snbgeneric division of Grison, and that the species without the cusp should form a special subgenus, which might be called Grisonella and have G. furax as its type. In Chili, instead of there being only one form of Grison present, it now appears there are two, a larger and a smaller, the former inhabiting Central Chili and the latter South Chili, whence three specimens have been sent to the British Museum by Messrs. Bullock and Saldanha. The question therefore arises as to which of these animals should bear the specific names cuja and quiqut given to members of this genus by Molina, and also that of “var, chilensis”” assigned by Nehring * in rather a casual way toa skull from “ Chili.” The specimens received from 8S, Chili (Temuco) are marked as being called “ Cuya” by the natives; and since Molina said his ‘ Mustela cuja’’? was of the size of a ferret, which suits the Temuco Grison very well and the large Central Chili one not at all, I propose to identify the cuja as being this animal, whose name would therefore be Grison ((rison- ella) cuja, Mol. And further, Molina’s Mustela quigut can hardly be other- wise than the same animal, for it is said to be a weasel (“donnola”) about 13 inches in length from nose to base of tail, and while a female G. cuja measures 13 and a male 15 inchesin length, the Central Chili species attains not less than 17 inches in the female and up to 24 in the male f. Nehring’s chi/ensis is unquestionably a female of the small species (basilar length of skull 58 mm.). A male skull of this species is 70 mm. in condylo-basal leneth, and a female 64°5. All three Chilian names being therefore applicable to the smaller species of 8. Chili, the question arises as to what the name of the larger Central Chili species should be. Careful comparison, however, shows that this animal cannot be distinguished from the Argentine “ Huron,” which has been hitherto considered the same as the Brazilian G. furax. But the latter is amuch more buffy-coloured animal than * Zool. Jahrb. Syst. i. p. 189 (1886). + Not knowing that a small species of Grison occurred in 8S. Chili, Burmeister (‘ La Plata,’ iii. p. 160) supposed that the Quiqui was the young of the ordinary “ Huron.” But Molina gave a general account of its habits, evidently knowing the species well, while as to the number of its teeth the frequent loss of p' and m2 makes specimens with only twenty-eight teeth by no means rare, small Mammals from South America. — eee: that inhabiting Chili and the Argentine, to which therefore a special subspecific name might be given. I would propose to call it Grison furax melinus, subsp. n. Size as in G. furax, considerably larger than in G. euja. General colour dark greyish, the light ends to the hairs nearly white instead of being buffy as in Surax ; light frontal band cream-buff, this being © buff” or deeper in furae. Dimensions of the type (measured i in flesh) :— Head and body 475 mm.; tail 180; hind foot 60. Skull : condylo-basal length 80°5 ; zygomatic breadth 46*. An older male from the same locality measures 83°5 in condylo-basal length and one from Mar del Plata, Argentine, 84:6. Hab. Chili, between about 30° and 36° S. lat., and Argen- tina from Tucuman to Chubut. Type from Quillota, near Valparaiso. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 1.6.8.1. Original num- ber 191. Collected 5th April, 1901, and presented by John A. Wolffsohn, Esq. The Museum is indebted to Mr. Wolffsohn for four skins and six skulls of this animal. A Second Specimen of Glironia venusta. Through the kindness of Dr. K. Kraepelin, of the Hamburg Maem, the British Museum has been ailllaw ed to acquire by exchange an example of Glironta from Yungas, Bolivia, which had been in the Hamburg Museum for some years, having been purchased from Rolle in 1897. The specimen is an immature male in spirit, and by its help I am enabled to correct some inaccuracies in my original account of Glironia tf and to add some further iiotmation about it. The spirit-specimen shows that the tail is more distichous than appeared on the skin and that the middle line of the underside, instead of being naked only for its terminal three inches, is very thinly hairy from close to the base and becomes practically naked about halfway along. In the skull some at least of the unusual lowness is due to the deteriorated condition of the type, the form of the brain- * Other measurements given by Nehring, Z. ¢. p. 209, + Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (8) ix. p. 289 (1912). 48 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. ease in the fresh specimen not being materially different from that in A/armosa. The tooth-characters are all as described in the type, and it may be noted in addition that the upper milk-secator is narrower than in Marmosa, and has its inner lobe further back, the tip of the lobe being behind the level of the ante- rior main cusp, while it is in front of it in Marmosa. Allowing for the difference in age, I can see no reason to suppose that the Yungas specimen is specifically distinct from that from Pozuzo. VJ.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—1X. By Rowxranp EK. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. On some new Species from the Australian and Austro- Malayan Regions. Family Thynnide. Agriomyia cornuticollis, sp. n. Q. Nigra; pygidio flagelloque testaceo-brunneis, calcariis pallidis ; pronoto subconcavo, angulis anticis tuberculatis, posticis spina erecta armatis. Long. 8 mm. Head very thin and almost flat, more than half as broad again as long, rounded at the posterior angles, more than twice as broad as the thorax. Pronotum broader anteriorly than long, narrowed posteriorly, slightly concave, strongly raised and tuberculate at the anterior angles, armed with an erect acute tubercle on each side close to the posterior angles, the posterior margin arched, the angles acute. Scutellum narrow ; median segment shorter than the pro- notum, broadened posteriorly and obliquely sloped. Shining, the head finely aciculate, thorax and abdomen with a few fine scattered punctures. First dorsal segment broadly depressed at the apex, the raised basal portion broadly and rather shallowly emarginate at the apex. Second dorsal segment with five well-defined transverse carine, including the raised apical margin; pygidium lanceolate. Ventral segments more strongly punctured, the fifth closely and coarsely punctured. Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). This female is easily distinguished by the peculiar form of the pronotum. Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. “49 Genus THynNotuRNERIA, Rohw. Aolothynnus, Turn. Wystman’s Gen. Insect. cv. p. 39 (1910). Turnerella, Rohw. Ent. News, xxi. p. 549 (1910). Thynnoturneria, Rohw. Ent. News, xxi. p. 474 (1910). Eurohwerta, Turn, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. (1911). IT am by no means sure that the name “olothynnus should not be used for this genus. Ashmead in describing the genus Molothynnus took an undescribed species for the type. In my work on the Thynnide I accepted Ashmead’s genus, but treated the species as a nomen nudum. Mr. Rohwer, on the other hand, holds that the description of the genus covers the species also; but I cannot agree with this opinion, as Ashmead evidently did not intend the description for a specific one, and a description to be recognized should be at least intended by the author for a description of aspecies. Insome parallel cases Ashmead has actually marked the species name as MS. Unfortunately A. cerceroides, Sm., selected by me as the type of the genus, does not appear to belong to the same genus as Ashmead’s type. Yet if Ashmead’s specific name is treated as a nomen nudum, A. cerceroides must be treated as the type of the genus. It is bad enough to have to recognize the very insufficient descriptions of some authors as valid, but if we are also to accept what were never intended for descriptions things would be still worse. For the present, pending some decision on the subject, I am using Rohwer’s name, but do not consider that it can stand. The whole confusion is due to a want of editing in Ashmead’s paper, as no editor should publish a description of a genus with an undescribed species taken for the type. Thynnoturneria trimaculata, sp. n. 3. Niger; femoribus, tibiis segmentisque abdominalibus sexto septimoque rufo-ferrugineis ; clypeo apice lateribusque, pronoto marginibus, mesonoto macula elongata, scutello macula, post- scutello, segmentis dorsalibus 1-5 fascia curvata utrinque maculaque bilobata mediali, segmentisque ventralibus 2-5 macula utrinque pallide flavis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate testaceo, Long. 9 mm. Clypeus strongly convex, longer than the greatest breadth, truncate at the apex, with a low and rather indistinct longitudinal carina near the apex. Interantennal pro- minence not well defined ; antennze shorter than the thorax without the median segment, Sa flagellum of about even Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. (Olek. 4 50 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. thickness-throughout. Head and thorax finely and closely punctured, the abdomen more sparsely punctured, pubescence greyish and short. Pronotum broadly emarginate on the anterior margin; scutellum moderately convex; median segment steeply sloped posteriorly, but not truncate. Abdo- men narrow, the segments strongly constricted at the base ; sixth ventral segment with a spine on each side at the apical angles; hypopygium ending in three long slender spines, the median spine nearly twice as long as the lateral ones. Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third by about one-quarter ; first recurrent nervure received by the second cubital cell a little beyond two-thirds from the base, second received by the third cubital cell at about one-tenth from the base; the division of the first cubital cell by the branch nervure represented by a scar only, Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). Thynnoturneria centralis, sp. n. 6. Niger; mandibulis basi, clypeo lateribus, maculis duabus supra antennas, pronoto marginibus, postscutello, mesopleuris macula antice, segmento mediano macula apicali utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus 1-4 macula obliqua utrinque pallide flavis ; mesonoto, scutello, mesopleuris segmentisque abdominalibus 5-7 rufo- ferrugineis; pedibus fusco-ferrugineis, flavo-variegatis; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis, stigmate ferrugineo. Long. 9 mm. Clypeus convex, as long as the greatest breadth, truncate at the apex, connected by a narrow carina with the inter- antennal prominence, which is not strongly raised. Head thin, finely and closely punctured ; antennz as long as the thorax without the median segment, of even thickness throughout. Anterior margin of the pronotum straight, not emarginate. ‘Thorax and abdomen more sparsely punc- tured than the head, the sides of the scutellum smooth and shining. Scutellum rather broadly truncate at the apex, with a depressed transverse line at the base. Median segment rather short, sloped posteriorly, not truncate. Abdominal segments narrower than the thorax, strongly con- stricted at the base; a short spine on each side at the apical angles of the sixth ventral segment ; hypopygium with three spines, the apical one much longer than the lateral, which are short and slight. Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third; first recurrent nervure received at three- fifths from the base of the second cubital cell, second at one-sixth from the base of the third cubital cell. Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier), Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. | oi Zaspilothynnus birot, Turn. Thynnus biroi, Turn. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. p. 117 (1910). ¢. Zaspulothynnus birot, Turn, Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) vii. p. 302 (1911). ¢. Subsp. pratii, subsp. un. 6. Differs from the typical form in the narrower hypo- pygium, and- in the greater development of the yellow markings. Hab. Facfac, S.W. New Guinea. Ex coll. Perkins. The typical form is from N.E. New Guinea. The female is still unknown. Family Psammocharide (olim Pompilide). Pseudagenia camilla, Turn. Pseudagenia camilla, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 312 (1908). 2. This is the Australian representative of P. nasuta, Sm. It differs from the typical form from Celebes in the greater distance between the eyes on the vertex and in the lesser length of the third cubital cell on the radial nervure. Pseudagenia faustina, sp. n. Q. Nigra; antennis aurantiacis; tibiis tarsisque anterioribus fulvis ; alis hyalinis, fusco bivittatis, 6? Niger; gracilis; antennis aurantiacis, apice infuscatis ; tibiis tarsisque anterioribus fulvis ; clypeo apice oculorumque margine interiore angustissime flavis; alis hyalinis fusco leviter bi- -vittatis. Long., 2 ¢,9 mm, 2. Clypeus broadly rounded at the apex. Antenne longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined ; the second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance nearly equal to the length of the second joint of the flagellum ; the posterior ocelli more than half as far again from the eyes as from each other. Front finely rugulose ; vertex, thorax, and median segment opaque; abdomen slightly shining. Posterior margin of the pronotum with a distinct angle in the middle; median segment slender, fully half as long again as broad, with a wide but shallow groove from base to apex, the sides of the groove slightly raised and forming low carine, the sides of the segment sloping, First abdominal segment petiolate, the petiole occupying the basal third of the segment, the apical two-thirds gradually 4% 52 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial ITymenoptera. widened, the apex half as broad as the apex of the second segment. Sixth segment triangular, pubescent. Second abscissa of the radius a little longer than the third, which is twice as -long as the first, the third transverse cubital nervure curved outward. First recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital cell, second close to the middle of the third cubital cell. Cubital nervure reaching about halfway from the third cubital cell to the margin of the wing; submedian cell a little longer than the median ; cubitus of hind wing originating beyond the transverse median nervure. The fuscous band on the basal nervure is irregular, the second fuscous band occupies the basal half of the radial cell, the second and third cubital cells, reaching into the discoidal cell. Posterior tibize smooth; tarsal ungues with one small tooth near the middle, the pulvillus rather small, shorter than the ungues. Hab. Mackay, Queensland; November. Ex coll. Turner. The probable male of this species has the clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex; the antenne stouter and rather shorter than in the female, but still longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the second joint of the flagellum scarcely longer than the third; the eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of the second joint of the flagellum plus half the length of the third joint; the median segment flatter than m the female, the median groove narrow and only on the basal half; the basal segment of the abdomen slender, less than half as wide at the apex as the second segment. The third abscissa of the radius is a little longer than the second; the first recurrent nervure is received close to the middle of the second cubital cell, the second before one-third from the base of the third cubital cell. The sixth ventral segment has the lateral margins elevated, most strongly at the base, and a well-defined median carina. ‘The calearia are whitish. The fuscous fasciz of the fore wings are less extensive than in the female. It is with much doubt that I associate the sexes in this species, there being considerable differences in the neuration and sculpture. Pseudagenia claudia, sp. n. Q@. Nigra; opaca; alis fusco leviter bivittatis ; scapo subtus fusco- testaceo ; tarsis anticis fusco-brunneis, Long. 7 mm. @. Clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex, more than rt Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial L/ymenoptera. | 53 twice as broad as the greatest length. Antenne about as long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined; the frontal prominence at the base of the antenne very slightly developed. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of the second joint of the flagellum plus two-thirds of the third joint; the ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair much further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum very widely arched posteriorly, without an angle in the middle. Median segment slightly convex, with a median groove from the base, becoming less distinct towards the apex, broader at the base than long, narrower at the apex, more opaque than the thorax and with a little short whitish pubescence at the angles. Petiole of the first abdominal segment very short, occupying less than one-quarter of the total length of the segment, which is no longer than the second segment ; sixth dorsal segment punctured sparsely at the base, smooth and narrowly rounded at the apex ; the abdomen opague and slightly pruinose. Second abscissa of the radius distinctly shorter than the third, scarcely longer than the second transverse cubital nervure ; first recurrent nervure received a little before the middle of the second cubital cell, second before one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell. Submedian cell a little longer than the median ; cubitus of the hind wing originating just beyond the transverse median nervure. Cubitus of the fore wing reaching beyond the third cubital cell, more than halfway to the outer margin of the wing. An irregular fuscous band along the basal nervure, another filling the second cubital cell and extending to the base of the radial and apex of the discoidal cell. Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); Mareh and April. Pg Pseudagenia fabia, Sp, 0. 2. Nigra, obscure viridescens; alis subhyalinis, iridescentibus, fusco-bivittatis, fascia basali angusta, apicali lata. Long. 6 mm. ?. Clypeus short, about three times as broad as long, broadly truncate at the apex. Antenne about as long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined ; the second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined. Hyes separated on the vertex by a distance about equal to the combined length of the first and second joints of the 54 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. flagellum ; the front without tubercles above the base of the scape. Pronotum broadly arched posteriorly, without an angle in the middle. Median segment a little longer than the breadth at the base, a little narrowed towards the apex, convex, the median sulcus obsolete at the base, faintly indicated towards the apex. First abdominal segment gradually widened from the base, without a distinct petiole, no longer than the second. Second abscissa of the radius shorter than the third, first transverse cubital strongly oblique, second straight, third curved outward in the middle and as long as the third abscissa of the radius. First re- current nervure received before the middle of the second cubital cell, second beyond the middle of the third cubital cell. Submedian cell a little longer than the median ; cubitus of the hind wing originating far beyond the trans- verse median nervure. Cubitus of the fore wing reaching about haifway from the third cubital cell to the 1 margin of the wing. The fuscous band along the basal nervure is reeular but not broad; the second fuscous band is of almost even breadth, extending from the base of the stigma to the apex of the radial cell and reaching the lower margin of the wing. The whole insect is subopaque and glossed with dull bluish green. Hab. Kuranda, Queensland (Turner) ; November, Allied to P. una, Turn, Family Crabronide. Subfamily Peupeureponinz Psenulus (?) scutellatus, sp. n. @. Nigra, nitida ; mandibulis basi, scapo, scutello fascia apicali, postscutello, pedibus anticis et intermediis, tibiisque posticis basi flavis ; tegulis fusco-testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris. Long. 8 mm. Clypeus covered with shining white pubescence, the apex almost truncate. An elevated carina between the antenne, joining a low arched carina below the base of the antenne ; a distinct groove reaching from the anterior ocellus to the base of the interantennal carina. Flagellum thickened eradually towards the apex, the second joint as long as the first and third combined. Posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum distinctly raised ; the mesonotum very minutely punctured; a trans- verse, deeply punctured groove at the base of the scutellum. Median segment finely punctured and pubescent on the 4 Mr. R. E. Turrier on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 5a sides, a striated transverse groove at the base and a median groove from the base to the apex. Abdomen shining, petiolate ; the basal three-fifths of the first segment linear, the apical two-fifths gradually broadened and slightly swollen, the whole basal segment about twice as long as the posterior femur. Third abscissa of the radius nearly twice as long as the second, but a little shorter than the first; the first recurrent nervure received by the second cubital cell at about one-seventh from the base; the second received by the third cubital cell close to the base, almost interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure. Cubitus of the hind wing originating beyond the transverse median nervure. Hab. Cairns, Q. (R. C. L. Perkins). Related to P. interstitialis, Cam., which occurs in the same locality, but the colour is very different, and the position of the recurrent nervures is also different. Neither species is very nearly related to true Psenulus. AUSTROSTIGMUS, gen, n. Somewhat intermediate between Stigmus and Harpacto- philus ; from the former of which it differs in having the abdomen subsessile, not petiolate, in the smaller stigma, the longer and narrower first cubital cell; from the latter in the slenderer build, in the distinct transverse, angulated pro- notum, the longer front with distinct carine along the imner margins of the eyes, and the recurrent nervure which is received considerably before the apex of the first cubital cell. Type of the genus A. queenslandensis, Turn. Austrostigmus queenslandensis, Turn. Stigmus queenslandensis, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p, 457 (1908). Austrostigmus reticulatus, sp. n. $. Niger; antennis ochraceis; mandibulis, scapo subtus pedi- busque flavis; tegulis testaceis; alia hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis testaceis ; mesonoto reticulato, Long. 4 mm. g. Eyes distinctly divergent towards the clypeus, se- parated at the base of the antennz by a distance equal to about twice the length of the scape; clypeus narrowly produced in the middle and subemarginate on the apical margin, with a median carina from the hase. Flagellum 56 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial ITymenoptera. about twice as long as the scape. A narrow groove with a marginal carina along both the inner and outer margins of the eyes; the front opaque, with a median carina almost reaching the anterior ocellus, the region round the ocelli and the vertex reticulate. Posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum transverse, sharply produced outwards and forwards at the anterior angles ; mesonotum and the upper half of the mesopleure coarsely reticulate; scutellum sparsely punctured, with a transverse row of deep closely set punctures a little before the apex; median segment strongly margined, with two longitudinal carine near the middle from the base to the apex and two oblique carinz on each side, the space between the carinz obliquely striated, the posterior truncation of the segment abrupt and transversely rugulose. Abdomen subsessile, smooth and shining. Second cubital cell subtri- angular, almost pointed on the radial nervure; recurrent nervure received at about five-sixths from the base of the first cubital cell. Cubitus of the bind wing interstitial with the transverse median nervure. Radial cell of the fore wing lanceolate. Hab. Cairns District, Queensland (F. P. Dodd). Easily distinguished from gueenslandensis by the broader face and the coarse sculpture of the mesonotum. This genus is connected with Harpactophilus by H. tri- color, Turn., which has the slender form and the transverse pronotum of the present genus; and with Spilomena by S. australis, Turn. Subfamily Spzzcrvz. Sphex darwiniensis, sp. n. @. Nigra, mandibulis basi, scapo, tegulis, abdomine ‘pedibusque ferrugineis; capite thoraceque albido-pilosis; alis basi flayo- hyalinis, apice late infuscatis. Long. 20 mm. Clypeus truncate at the apex; second joint of the flagellum half as long again as the third. Postscutellum without a sulcus or tubercles; scutellum with a shallow median furrow. Median segment with about twelve trans- verse carinz, those near the base and apex lower and indistinct in the middle. First joint of the anterior tarsi with seven spines on the outer side. Petiole about as long as the third joint of the flagellum. Third abscissa of the radius shorter than the first. The pubescence on the head Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial ITlymenoptera. 5F and thorax is short and rather sparse ; the dorsulum and scutellum bare, smooth and shining ; the pleur indistinctly striated. Hab. Port Darwin (F. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins. This is very near S. rugifer, Kohl, of which it may prove to be a local form. It differs, however, in the colour of tle legs and wings and also in the number of strie on the median segment. I have not seen typical specimens of rugifer. Subfamily Bewsecrv sz. Bembex latifasciata, sp. n. 6. Flayvo-ochraceus ; flagello supra fusco, infra testaceo; vertice, mesonoto lineis tribus, linea mediana apicem haud attingente, scutello basi, segmento mediano basi, segmento dorsali primo apice ef macula parva utrinque, 2-6 basi et apice, basi bilobatis septimoque basi nigris; alis hyalinis, venis basi testaceis, apice fuscis. Long. 15 mm. 6. Labrum not grooved, clypeus strongly convex ; front distinctly carinated between the antennz. Apical joint of the flagellum no longer than the penultimate, rather strongly curved and truncate at the apex; joints 9-11 excavated beneath, the eighth joit with a small spine beneath. Eyes almost parallel on the inner margin. Anterior and inter- mediate femora not dentate ; anterior tarsi not dilated, with seven spines on the outer margin of the basal joint; basal joint of intermediate tarsi not dilated. First ventral seg- ment with a stout, blunt tubercle at the base, second with a compressed prominent tubercle, sixth unarmed; seventh dorsal segment broadly rounded, shallowly subemarginate at the apex. 9. Sixth dorsal segment very narrowly rounded at the apex, black, with a yellow spot on each side; second ventral segment rather closely punctured over the whole surface. Hab. N.W. Australia, Strelley River and Roeburne. Subfamily Nrssonrm. Gorytes perkinsi, sp. n. Q. Nigra; clypeo, fronte sub antennis scapoque flavis; flagello, pronoto, scutello, postscutello, segmento mediano macula basali utrinque, segmentis abdominalibus primo sextoque, dorsalibus tertio, quarto (basi excepta) quintoque, pedibusque aurantiacis ; alis flavo-hyalinis, apice leviter infumatis. Long. 22 mm. 58 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. Clypeus widely emarginate at the apex; eyes distinctly converging towards the clypeus. Antenne slightly thickened towards the apex; the scape short, the second joint of the flagellum as long as the third and fourth combined. Front clothed with short fulvous-brown pubescence, slightly con- cave, with a distinct median sulcus reaching the anterior ocellus. Posterior ocelli a little further from each other than from the eyes. Thorax stout, opaque, sparsely punc- tured; the triangular area at the base of the median segment well defined, smooth and shining, with a deep median sulcus, ‘Tibize stout, spinose ; pulvilli rather large ; basal joint of anterior tarsi with five long spines. Abdomen stout, strongly narrowed to the extremities, a little longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined, opaque, the ventral surface slightly shining and sparsely punctured. Pygidial area gradually narrowed from the base and rather broadly rounded at the apex. Both recurrent nervures received by the second cubital cell, the first before one- quarter from the base, the second at about one-sixth from the apex, the cubital nervure sharply bent upward from the junction of the first recurrent nervure to the base of the second cubital cell; first abscissa of the radius about equal in length to the third, and four times as long as the second ; first transverse cubital nervure abruptly bent outwards very near the cubital nervure, and branching inward at the bend, the branch at first clearly defined and then continued as a faint scar to the base of the stigma. The median segment is striated on the sides near the apex and marked with dull ochraceous. Hab, Cairns, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd), Ex coll. Perkins. This fine species is allied to G. ciliatus, Handl. In colour it resembles species of the genus Adispa, and is as large as small specimens of that genus. Genus Cryremnesrra, Spin. T agree with Ashmead in considering that this genus is sufficiently distinct from Gorytes. Though almost entirely American, the following Australian species should be in- cluded :— 1. C. duboulayz, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 496 (1908) (Gorytes d.). 2. C. sanguinolentus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 497 (1908) (Gorytes s.). 3. C. lucidulus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 498 (1908) (Gorytes 2.). These species, however, differ from typical Clytemnestra and approach Miscothyris, Sm., in having the first recurrent Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 59 nervure received before the apex of the first cubital cell. C. sanguinolentus also has the posterior tibiz serrate near the apex, but not so strongly as in Miscothyris. Subfamily Szezrcopuorrm 2. Zoyphium doddi, sp. n. ¢. Minutus, niger; clypeo, mandibulis, scapo pedibusque flavis ; flagello tegulisque testaceis; alis hyalinis, venis testaceis, stigmate fusco. Long. 4 mm. Mandibles strongly notched beneath ; clypeus very broadly rounded at the apex, short. Inner margins of the eyes parallel. Antenne inserted low down on the sides of the clypeus, nearly as far from each other as from the eyes, short, thickened towards the apex, the apical joint pointed. Front broad, covered with delicate golden pubescence ; posterior ocelli far apart, more than twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Head and thorax opaque ; a deeply punctured transverse groove at the base of the scutellum ; median segment truncate posteriorly, the dorsal surface with indistinct oblique strize at the base; depressed on the median line, with a rather strong carina in the depression ; the surface of the truncation with several more distinct oblique strie. Abdomen shining, closely and minutely punctured, the hypopygium produced into a spine at the apex. First recurrent nervure received by the first cubital cell a little beyond three-quarters from the base, second received by the second cubital cell at two-thirds from the base. Third cubital cell about half as long on the radial neryure as the first; the second pointed on the radial nervure, longer than the third on the cubital nervure. Hab. Cairns, Queensland (/. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins. 9. Unknown. In colour this species recalls Z. frontale, Turn., described from a female, but in that species there are only two cubital cells. So far as I can see, the antenne in the male are only twelve-jointed. This is the case in 7. rufonigrum, Turn., though the figure (P. Z. S. 1908, p. 495) shows only eleven joints, an obscure division in the club being omitted. Z. erythrosoma, Turn., and Sericophorus viridis, Sm., show a similar structure, but in the latter species the club is truncate at the extremity and very thick, not pointed. The reduction in the number of joints seems to be due to the fusion of two joints in the club. In S. viridis the GO Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh joints of the flagellum are flattened beneath and more or less produced into spines as in some species of Bembex ; but the antenne of the male of S. relucens, Sm., resemble those of Zoyphium. The males of Sphodrotes, Kohl, show no such antennal peculiarities and, as I have previously pointed out, that genus is near Acanthostethus, Sm., and cannot be placed very near Sert- cophorus and Zoyphium. The males of Sericophorus appear to be much rarer in collections than the females; and only one species of the genus, S. relucens, Sm., has a wide range, occurring from Cape York to Adelaide, and at least as far west as Hermannsburg in Central Australia. Zoyphium dipteroides, Turn. Sericophorus dipteroides, Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 275 (1907). 9. Zoyphium funebris, Turn. Sericophorus funebris, Turn. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 276 (1907). @. These two species have no appendiculate cell, and therefore cannot be retained in Sericophorus. How far this distinction will prove to be of generic value is doubtful, as it places the very closely allied S. dicolor, Sm.,and Z. erythrosoma, Turn., ‘in different genera. None of the species of Zoyphium described by me have the tooth on each side of the second (first) dorsal segment mentioned by Kohl in his description of the genus. Subfamily Craprovinz. Dasyproctus expectatus, sp. 0. @. Nigra, opaca; mandibulis basi scapoque flavis; pronoto in medio interrupto, callis humeralibus, segmento abdominali se- cundo macula minuta utrinque, tertio quartoque fascia angusta basali utrinque, quintoque macula mediana nigra, aurantiacis; tibiis tarsisque testaceo-brunneis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris. Long. 10 mm. Clypeus covered with short silvery pile, the anterior margin produced in the middle into two short blunt teeth. Eyes separated from each other at the nearest point on the front by a distance equal to about two-thirds of the length of the scape ; ocelli in a very broad triangle, the posterior pair a little nearer-to each other than to the eyes, and about half as far again from the posterior margin of the head as “ee re fee” Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial fTymenoptera. 61 from each other. Head large and broad, thinly covered with short pale fulvous pubescence, the cheeks broad and covered with silvery pubescence above the base of the mandibles. Pronotum depressed in the middle ; the cordate space at the base of the median segment coarsely obliquely striated at the base, coarsely reticulate at the apex, with a deep median sulcus. Abdomen opaque; the basal segment a little longer than the posterior femur, the basal two-fifths forming a narrow petiole, the apical portion gradually widened ; the fifth segment clothed with short, pale, fulvous pubescence. Transverse cubital nervure received close to the middle of the radial cell ; recurrent nervure received beyond two-thirds from the base of the cubital cell. Sides of the median segment with very fine vertical striz. Hab. Sydney (R. C. L. Perkins) ; June 1904. Dasyproctus muiri, sp. n. 9. Nigra; mandibulis basi, scapo, tibiis apice, tarsisque basi flavis ; pronoto, tegulis macula basali, scutello macula obliqua utrinque, mesopleuris maculis duabus parvis, segmentisque dorsalibus 2-4 macula transversa basali flavo-ochraceis; alis hyalinis, cellula radiali margine costali infuscata. Long. 9 mm. Opaque ; clypeus, front, and cheeks clothed with silver pubescence. Clypeus with a low median carina, produced into two small blunt teeth on the middle of the apical margin. Front rather deeply hollowed, with an arched carina aboye, the eyes at the nearest point separated by a distance equal to about one-third of the length of the scape. Head large, the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from each other, and half as far again from the posterior margin of the head as from each other. A short depression along the inner margin of the eyes before the summit. Second joint of the flagellum about twice as long as the first and almost half as long again as the third. Enclosed area at the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated, punctured between the strize, and divided by a median sulcus which is continued to the apex of the segment, the sides finely obliquely striated. First abdominal segment about one-quarter longer than the posterior femur, the narrow petiole almost as long as the gradually broadened apical portion. Transverse cubital nervure received close to the middle of the radial cell; recurrent nervure received beyond two-thirds from the base of the cubital cell. Hab. Amboina (F. Muir). Ex coll. Perkins. 62 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. Very near D. expectatus, but the eyes are nearer together on the front and the first abdominal segment distinctly longer. There are also small colour differences, especially on the legs. Dasyproctus burnettianus, sp. n. @. Nigra, mandibulis, scapo, flagello articulis duobus basalibus, pronoto, callis humeralibus, mesopleuris macula parva, scutello, petiolo macula parva utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus 2-4 fascia interrupta basali, femoribus subtus, tibiis tarsisque flavo- ochraceis; segmentis dorsalibus quinto sextoque totis quartoque apice testaceis; alis sordide hyalinis. Long. 9 mm. Eyes separated on the front by a distance equal to fully half the length of the scape; second joint of the flagellum a little longer than the third and less than twice as long as the first ; the front deeply hollowed, the antennz inserted nearer to the eyes than to each other ; a narrow groove on the inner margin of the eyes near the summit. Head very large; ocelli placed in a very broad triangle, the posterior pair nearly as far from the eyes as from each other, and more than half as far again from the posterior margin of the head as from each other. A deeply punctured transverse groove at the base of the postscutellum and another at the base of the median segment ; the enclosed triangular area at the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated and divided by a suleus which is continued to the apex of the segment. First abdominal segment nearly half as long again as the posterior femur, the narrow petiole occupying a little more than half the length of the segment ; apical segment very narrow, the sides almost parallel. Transverse cubital nervure received a little before the middle of the radial cell, recurrent nervure received a little beyond two- thirds from the base of the cubital cell. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland (R. C. L. Perkins). Differs from D. expectatus in the longer petiole as well as in colour and in the proportion of the joints of the flagellum. I do not think that this is the female of D. conator, Turn., though it is just possible. Dasyproctus agilis, Sm. Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis, Sm. Proc. Linn. Soe., Zool. iii. p. 18 (1858). 2; Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 528 (1908). On new Harvest-men of the Family Phalangodide. 63 Dasyproctus conator, Turn. Crabro (Rhopalum) conator, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 526 (1908). ¢. Dasyproctus idoneus, Turn. Crabro (Rhopalum) idoneus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 527 (1908). od. Crabro (Crossocerus) prosopoides, Turn. Crabro prosopoides, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 528 (1908). ¢ Q. The following Australian species are closely allied to the European Crabro vagus, Linn., and may be placed in the subgenus Solenius, though differing in the sculpture and the absence of constrictions between the abdominal segments from C. interruptus, Lep., the type of the subgenus :— _ . Crabro (Solenius) tridentatus, Sm. Trans, Ent. Soc. London, p. 250 (1868). 9. 2. Crabro (Solenius) cinctus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 531 (1908). @. 3. Crabro (Solenius) bivittatus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 534(1908). 9. 4, Crabro (Solenius) conglobatus, Turn. Proe. Zool. Soc. p. 533 (1908). 26. 5. Crabro (Solenius) tasmanicus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 425 (1856). 9°. 6. Crabro (Solenius) mackayensis, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 532 (1908). 9. 7. Crabro (Solenius) ordinarius, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 532 (1908). od. 8. Crabro (Solenius) neglectus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 249 (1868). In ordinarius, conglobatus, and bivittatus the mandibles are tridentate at the apex, as is usual in Solenius, not bidentate as stated erroneously in the original description. VII.— Descriptions of new Harvest-men of the Family Phalangodide. By Sraniey Hirst. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate I.] Key to the Genera of Phalangodidee which are represented in the British Museum Collection. a. Eyes placed on a single tubercle. a', A long median thorn present on the ocular tubercle. 64 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men a’, Transverse grooves of scutum well defined and four in number. Thorn of ocular tubercle not fur- nished with yranules or processes. a’, Patella of palp quite unarmed. a‘, Palp of moderate length ..... . 6'. Palp very long, especially its femur and patella .......... b?. Patella of palp armed with long spines. a’, Femur of palp armed below with several long spines. Femora of first and second legs quite HMARMEM ioe eile estes s)ekie se 2°, Femur of palp armed both above and below with processes of moderate length. Femora of first and second legs armed with short processes ........ 2, Transverse grooves five when distinct. Central thorn of ocular tubercle nearly always furnished either with oranules or processes. a®, Femur of palp strongly compressed aterallivje: ee eich clei 6°. Femur of palp at most only slightly compressed laterally .......... b. Ocular tubercle without a long central thorn. a’, Abdominal part of scutum provided with a low but conspicuous tumu- lus)in’the middle sen. FS. sic. © 87. Abdominal part of scutaum without tumulus. a>, Fourth leg of both sexes quite UUNAIMICH | 2 rere sine ote ei ee b°. Fourth leg of male furnished ven- trally with stronger spinules than is the case in the female and with a conspicuous process (or processes?) on each side near the distal end of the tibiz (see Ted TB iveey IE) bas eae ois cen ores b, Eyes not placed on a single tubercle, but widely separated from one another and either sessile or each placed on a very slight tumulus. a’. Femur of palp armed below with a single spine or without any ventral spines. Femur of first leg unarmed. No thorn between the eyes ..,..... b°, Femur of palp armed below either with long spines or long processes. Femur of first leg usually armed with long spines. . A thorn often present midway between the eyes. Pseudobiantes, Hirst. Parabiantes, gen. nov. Epedanus, Thorell. Plistobunus, Poc. Baramia, gen. nov. Sitalces, Simon, and | Podoctis, Thorell. Vi wma, gen. nov. Phalangodes, Tellkampf. Zalmoxis, Sor. Hinzuanius, Karsch, and [ Lacurbs, Sir. of the Family Phalangodide. 65 a’, Femora of posterior legs straight SAG MHAEMOG 4 a ars ew ore oases 3 ware Ibalonius, Karsch. b'°, Femora of posterior legs curved and armed ventrally with processes .. Holozoster, Loman. Zalmoxis austerus, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 1, 1 a.) g . Body.—The shape of the body of this new species is very like that of Z. robusta, Soér., as figured by Sérensen, the cephalothoracic part of it being much narrower than and not nearly so high as the abdominal part. Scutum longer than the patella + the tibia of the fourth leg. It has five transverse grooves; the first one, which is well defined and procurved, forms the boundary between the cephalothoracic and abdominal parts of the scutum; the other grooves are not so distinct, the one between the first and second areas of the abdominal part being faint. First abdominal area large, but its length (when measured along the median line) is very much less than that of the cephalo- thoracic part. Except for three or four rather inconspicuous granules on each side of the anterior margin and for one or two lateral granules, the surface of the cephalothoracic part is quite smooth. Numerous granules are present on the first abdominal area and a rather narrow transverse band of them is present on each of the three following areas ; the granules of which these bands are composed are not very regularly arranged, but they are usually about two deep. The last abdominal area has fewer granules on its surface than the other areas, and for the greater part of its width they are arranged in a single series only ; like those of the penultimate area, they are sharply pointed and directed backwards. There is also a Jongitudinal series of granules on each side of the scutum. Ocular tubercle situated near the anterior margin. It is elongated transversely, being considerably wider than long, and has no large processes of any kind on its surface, but is furnished with a number of granules, which are not arranged in a regular manner, Free dorsal segments.—The two anterior of the free dorsal segments each have a single transverse series of granules, similar to that on the last area (posterior margin) of the scutum ; on the third free segment the granules are more numerous and less regular in arrangement and are mostly ranged about two deep. The fourth tree dorsal segment has numerous granules and they are not arranged in series. Ventral surface.—Fourth coxa very much wider than the others. There are a number of distinct granules on the ventral surface of the first coxa, but only obsolete granules Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 9) 66 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men are to be seen on the other coxe. A transverse series of minute granules is present on each of the sternites. On each side of the first sternite there is a slight ridge which com- mences at the spiracle and runs forward for some distance. Chelicera.—Proximal segment short and quite smooth. Second segment moderately stout; dorsally it has only two or three obsolete granules, which carry hairs. Palp not very long. There are two or three very little granules on the dorsal surface of the trochanter, and a conical granule and two processes, one of which is long, are situated on its lower surface. Femur armed with a single long spine on its inner side near the distal end ; ventrally it has three spines (and also a little tooth-like process), the two spines near its proximal end being much the longest. Patella with a long spine on the inner side. Tibia much higher and wider than the other segments of the palp ; it has three spines on each side, the distal one of the outer side being short. Tarsus with two long spines on each side and also with a very short distal spine on each side. Legs short ; the fourth is the longest and stoutest (when they are arranged according to length, their order is as follows: 4, 2, 3,1). The denticles on the ventral surface of the femur of the fourth leg, especially those near the distal end, are larger than those of the rest of its surface. Tibia of fourth leg stoutest nearest the distal end; besides the denticles on its surface, it has a sharply pointed ventral process on each side near the distal end, the outer one being long. Number of tarsal segments 3,7,5,6. Claws of poste- rior legs smooth. Colour blackish brown. Appendages dark brown, but the coxe of the legs are pale above and the tarsi of all the legs, except those of the second pair, are rather pale also. Measurements in mm.—Length of body 4:1, of seutum 3°25. Material_—Two specimens from New Britain (Neu Pom- mern); one of which is an adult male and has the penis extruded. These specimens were collected by Prof. Willey in the year 1897. Remarks.—This new species resembles Z. pygmea, Sor., in having its ocular tubercle placed much nearer to the anterior margin than to the first transverse groove. The shape and granulation of the body are, apparently, quite different to what they are in Z. pygmea, however. Genus VIMA, nov. Cephalothoracie part of scutum only slightly convex. Ocular tubercle low and transverse and much wider than of the Family Phalangodide. 67 long ; on each side of its upper surface a minute and rather inconspicuous granule is present. Abdominal part of scutum furnished with a low whitish rounded eminence in the middle of its surface. Palp armed with spines of the usual Phalan- gogid type. [For their number and arrangement, see the specific description.] Fourth coxa not so very much broader than the third, instead of being very much broader than it, as in the Gonyleptide. Vima insignis, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 2.) Dorsal surface. Sceutum.—Both cephalothoracic and abdo- minal parts slightly convex ; transverse grooves ill defined, except the one which forms the boundary between the two principal parts of the scutum and that which is placed just in front of its posterior margin. [For the structure of the ocular tubercle, see the generic description.] A low rounded eminence, which is sometimes circular, sometimes oval in shape, is situated in the middle of the abdominal part of the scutum. Otherwise the scutum is almost smooth, for it has only a few very minute and inconspicuous granules on its surface, those of the transverse row, which occurs near the posterior margin, being perhaps the most distinct. Free dorsal segments each with a transverse row of minute and in- conspicuous granules, Ventral surface.—First coxa with a process in front, and with a transverse series of rather large granules on its anterior margin below, the outer ones being the largest. A transverse series of obsolete granules is usually present on the surface of each of the remaining coxze and a few granules are also present on the sternites. Chelicera.—On the inner side of the dorsal surface of the proximal segment two minute granules are present, and two or three little granules, which are slightly more distinct, also occur on the outer side. Second segment furnished with several granules on the inner side of its upper surface, but with one or two exceptions they are quite obsolete. Palp armed with long spines. Trochanter with only two minute granules below. Femur armed with an apical spine on its inner side, and with a ventral row of four spines, the two proximal ones being much larger than the other two. Patella with a single spine on its inner side. Tibia with two spines on its inner side, and sometimes it has also an additional little denticle distally ; on its outer side there are three spines and also a minute proximal denticle. Tarsus with two spines on each side and a short apical spine on the ia 68 Mr. 8. Hirst on new [larvest-men inner side also; the apical spine on the outer side is either quite obsolete or absent. Legs long. Their femora are furnished with very minute granules ; femur of first leg without any processes. Patellee of posterior legs with two or three minute granules at the distal end above. Apparently there is no scopula on the tarsi of the posterior legs and their claws are without teeth. Tarsal segments 7, ?, 7, 7. Colour.—Body and appendages brown; the eminence in the centre of the abdominal part of the scutum is white ; segments of scutum also seemingly faintly outlined in white. Patellee and the distal ends of the femora and of the tibie of the legs blackish. Measurements tr mm.—Length of trunk 2°5, of first leg 16°25, of second (?), of third 21, of fourth 31. Material.—F our specimens collected by Rose Lloyd in the Higher Potaro River District, British Guiana. Ibalonius quadrigutiatus, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 3, 3 a.) Scutum convex, and it is a little shorter than the tibia of the third leg. There are three pairs of thorns on its surface. Those of the first pair are long and they are situated at about a third of the length of the scutum from its anterior margin. They are followed at a short distance by the thorns of the second pair, which are quite short. The thorns of the third pair are long; they are placed at some distance in front of the posterior margin and are separated from it by a trans- verse groove. Some distance in front of this last pair of thorns there is a pair of little granules and then a transverse series of about four granules. A similar series is also present on the last area of the scutum. [I think that the first pair of thorns is placed on a part of the surface of the scutum corresponding to the hinder half of the cephalothoracic part, and that the second pair belongs to the first abdominal area ; the last pair of thorns belongs, without doubt, to the fourth abdominal area of the scutum. Owing to the absence of all of the transverse grooves, except the last one, it is difficult to be certain about this, however.] The distance which separates the eyes from one another is about twice that which separates them from the lateral margin. ach eye is placed ona very slight elevation and a little arch-like structure, carrying a little pointed granule on its dorsal surface, joins each of these two elevations to the anterior margin of the scutum. of the Family Phalangodide. 69 A transverse series of little granules is present on each of the anterior free dorsal segments, but they are only distinct on the first one, the granules on the others being obsolete. Ventral surface.—'Uhere are a number of granules and some rather long conical processes on the ventral surface of the first coxa. The second coxa has a transverse row of little granules and also some scattered obsolete granules. A number of obsolete granules also occur on the posterior coxa, but the sternites have not any granules. Chelicera,—Proximal segment quite short (for its shape, see fig. 3). It has a single long pointed process on the inner side below and two long processes on the outer side. There are also one or two conical granules on the dorsal surface. Second segment fairly large and swollen; on its upper surface there are about seven tooth-like processes, and a large tooth-like process and a granule are present below. Palp.—On the upper surface of the coxa of the palp there is a large curved process. The trochanter has a little pointed granule above ; and it hasa long spine and a little tooth-like process below, the former equalling the longest spine of the ventral surface of the femur in length. Two or three little granules occur on the upper surface of the femur and a rather long curved process is also present at its proximal end; below, this segment has 4-5 spines and processes, three of them being long and one or two quite short; a little spine is also present on the inner side near the distal end. Patella armed with two inner and one outer spine; there is also a little granule on its dorsal surface. Tibia and tarsus shaped much as in Hpedanus, but not very wide. Tibia with three inner and two very long outer spines. Tarsus with two spines on each side. Legs long. A couple of conical processes and a granule are present on the ventral surface of the trochanter of the first leg. Femur of first leg unarmed, but it is furnished with numerous minute granules. A very long process is placed on the anterior surtace of the trochanter of the second leg, and there are a few little granules at the proximal of the femur of this leg. Coxa of fourth leg with a rather long conical tubercle or process on its upper surface. Scopula very dense on the last two segments of the posterior tarsi ; claws of posterior legs smooth. Number of tarsal segments 4,10, 5,5; the proximal segment of the tarsus of the second leg is long. Colour (faded?) pale yellow-brown; there are two iri- descent golden spots on each side of the upper surface of the 70 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men trunk, one spot being placed immediately in front of the other; the thorns of the scutum are not darker than its surface. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 3:25, of fourth leg 25. Material.—A single male specimen from Batjan (Dr. W. Kiikentha!). Ibalonius kuekenthah, sp. n. Very closely allied to 7. quadriguttatus, sp. n., but differing in the following details of structure and coloration :— Scutum armed with two pairs of long thorns, which correspond to the first and third pairs of ZL. quadriguttatus, but the second pair of very short thorns, which are present in that species, are absent in J. kuekenthali. A little granule is placed midway between the eyes. A pair of little granules is present on the part of the scutum which apparently corre- sponds to the first abdominal area and there are three trans- verse series, each of four little granules, on the parts of the scutum apparently corresponding to the second, third, and fifth (last) abdominal areas of the scutum. Asin J. quadri- guttatus only the last transverse groove is distinct. Ventral surface-—The granules on coxe 2—4 are more numerous and more distinct in this species than is the case in I, quadriguttatus. Chelicera and palp precisely similar in structure to those of I. quadriguttatus. The femur of the first leg is more coarsely granular than in that species. Number of tarsal segments 4, 12, 3, 5. Colour.—Body pale brown, but its spines are very dark brown. There are no golden spots on the dorsal surface. Chelicera slightly infuscated; the palp pale; legs rather dark brownish. : Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 3°5, of fourth leg 26. Material.—A single male example from Batjan, collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. Remarks.—The body and legs of this species are darker in tint (browner) than is the case in J. guadriguttatus, and there are no golden spots on the scutum ; moreover, the four thorns are much darker than the surface of the scutum. Besides this difference in coloration there are tle slight structural differences noted above. The most striking feature of these two new species of Tbalonius is the absence of the thorn which is usually present Ae snaenartamnbiqenen tev aytn i I . H : 3 } 4 of the Family Phalangodide. 71 between the eyes in this genus, but Dr. J. C. C. Loman * has already commented upon two female specimens of Ibafonius which did not possess this thorn. Podoctis taprobanicus, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 4.) Dorsal surface strongly convex. Scutwm about as long as the metatarsus of the third leg, slightly longer than the patella + the tibia of the third leg, and a little shorter than the patella + the tibia of the fourth. Transverse grooves five in number, the first two meeting one another in the mesial line. A pair of long and sharply pointed thorns, which are stout at the base, are situated near the middle of the fourth abdominai area. On each side of the anterior margin of the scutum a ridge supporting a row of six conical granules is present, and this ridge is joined to the ocular tubercle by a distinct arch, formed by two fused granules. A tooth-like projection is placed on each side of the scutum, close to the lateral margin and some distance behind the anterior margin. Numerous very fine granules, each carry- ing a short hair, also occur on the surface. Towards the middle of the hinder part of the cephalothoracic area there is a pair of slight elevations on which granules similar to those on the rest of the surface are present, one or two of them being slightly enlarged, however ; one or two slightly en- larged granules are also present laterally in this part of the scutum. Besides the minute granules, each of the abdominal areas of the scutum, except the fourth, has a few larger granules, which are arranged in a single transverse row. Ocular tubercle placed slightly nearer the anterior margin of the cephalothoracic area than to the posterior margin. It is very wide at the base ; in the middle there is the usual thorn ; it has a very stout and wide base, which is rounded poste- riorly, but almost vertical in front; the thorn which springs from this tubercular base is straight and fairly long, and as is usual in the genus Podoctis, it is directed forwardly. Each of the two eyes is situated on the side of a small lateral tumulus on the ocular tubercle. Except anteriorly, where it is quite smooth, its surface is furnished with numerous minute granules. Several slightly larger granules can be distinguished, one of them being placed in the middle of the upper surface of the basal portion of the spine and one or two others on each side of it; on each side of the spine itself a slightly enlarged granule is also present. ree dorsal seg- ments 1-3 each furnished with a transverse row of enlarged * ‘Nova Guinea,’ vol. v. p. 4 (19(6). 72 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men granules, those in the middle of the row being slightly larger than the others and conical in shape. Fourth dorsal segment without any especially large granules. Ventral surface.-—Coxe with a number of distinct granules, and each sternite has a single transverse row of granules. Chelicera.—First segment rather short; on its dorsal surface there is a little granule, and ventrally on the outer side this segment has 2-3 conical granules, which are situated at the proximal end. There are 6-7 long conical granules or tubercles on the upper surface of the second segment and they occupy its entire length, but are not very regular in arrangement; two or three of them are larger than the others. Palp stout. Two conical granules, placed close together, are present on the dorsal surface of the coxa. ‘Trochanter ventrally with two sharply pointed projections, the anterior one being comparatively long. Femur with an apical spine on its inner side; ventrally it has a small denticle at the proximal end and also three long spines, which are situated at equal distances from one another. Proximal end of patella narrowed ; this segment has two long inner spines, and on the outer side it has a sharp little denticle and a moderately long spine. Tibia with three spines on each side, the middle one being the longest in both cases; on the outer side there is also a minute apical denticle. Tarsus about as long as the tibin, and furnished with two spines on each side, those of the proximal pair being the longest. Legs 2, 4, 3, 1. With the exception of those of the first pair, which are very much shorter than the others, they are fairly long. Second leg a little longer than the fourth. A rather long upwardly directed process is placed on the dorsal surface of the fourth coxa and a much smaller, but very similar, process occurs on the coxa of the second leg. Tro- chanter of first leg with several granules below, two or three of them being fairly large and conical in shape. Only very minute and inconspicuous granules are present on the dorsal surface of the femur of the first leg, but it has a longitudinal series of spines below, four of which are long, and these long spines alternate with short ones, the latter being five in number, including the two very short ones at the distal end of the row. There are four granules on the lower surface of the trochanter of the second leg, three of them being fairly large and conical. ‘Tarsal segments 4, 8 or 11, 5, 5; the tarsus of one of the legs of the second pair has eight segments, but that of the one on the other side has eleven, so of the Family Phalangodide. 73 that possibly one of them is abnormal. Claws of posterior legs unarmed. Colour.—Body rather dark brown above; on each side of the abdominal part of the scutum there is a pair of little yellow spots, one spot being placed in front of the other; the anterior one is situated on the hinder margin of the first abdominal area, and the other on the second abdominal area. Legs brownish ; the femora, tibiz, and metatarsi of the posterior legs are furnished with minute dark spots; the extreme distal end of the metatarsi and the entire length of the tarsi of all the legs are pale. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 5°25, of scutum 4, of second leg (from base of femur) 18, of fourth leg 16°25. Material.—A single specimen from Punduloya, Ceylon; collected by Mr. E. E. Green. Remarks.—This species resembles P. pictulus, Poc. (from Kandy ?) in not having any spines on the upper surface of the femur of the first leg, but is larger in size and also differs in coloration, in the position and structure of its ocular tubercle, armature of scutum, &e. Podoctis willeyi, sp. n. (Pl. J. figs. 5, 5 a.) Dorsal surface strongly convex. Scutum longer than the tibia of the third leg, but not so long as the tibia of the fourth. Only four transverse grooves are visible on its surface in the adult, and the second and third of them are sometimes indistinct ; the transverse groove which is normally present between the cephalothoracic and abdominal parts of the scutum is indistinct or absent ; in young examples all five transverse grooves can be distinguished, the one between the cephalothoracie and abdominal parts being quite distinct. The first apparent area, therefore, consists of the cephalo- thoracic part + the first abdominal area of the scutum, and is very large, its length exceeding that of the rest of the scutum. ‘wo pairs of long thorns are present on the scutum ; the first pair is situated some distance in front of the first transverse groove, and these thorns are a little shorter and are situated a little further apart than those of the hinder pair; the latter are placed on the penultimate abdominal area. Near the anterior margin on each side there is a ridge, but the granules which are situated on it are quite small in size ; it is joined to the ocular tubercle by an arch- like structure, exactly as in P. taprobanicus, sp.n., and a 74. Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men minute granule is situated on the middle of this arch. Numerous minute granules, bearing short hairs, are present on the surface and on the bases of the large thorns. A transverse series of larger granules is present just in front of the first distinet transverse groove, and a similar row is present on each of the following areas of the scutum, with the exception of the penultimate one. Ocular tubercle situated at quite a short distance from the anterior margin; it is wider than that of P. taprobanicus, its width being about half the length of the scutum, and is low laterally; in the middle there is the usual long thorn, the base of which is very wide, but not nearly so stout as the base of the central thorn of the ocular tubercle of P. taprobanicus. Hach of the Jree dorsal segments has a transverse row of granules similar to those which are present on the abdominal segments of the scutum. Ventral surface furnished with numerous minute granules ; a number of larger conical granules occur on the coxa of the first leg, and other granules which are not so large or distinct are present on the coxa of the second. Chelicera.—Proximal segment of chelicera rather long, but not slender; its length is about equal to that of the second segment (not including the finger); on the inner side it has three rather long tooth-like processes and also one or two granules ; on its ‘outer side there is a series of six long pro- cesses (including the apical one, which is not so strong or so well defined as the others). Second segment considerably stouter than the first ; a little process is present below on its inner side near the proximal end; dorsally this segment is furnished with a number of minute denticles and also with four larger tooth-like tubercles, of which the largest one is placed near the point of attachment of the movable finger and is sometimes divided into two points at its apex. Both the fingers have four teeth on their edge, three of which are laced near the apical end of each finger, and the remaining tooth, which is very large in the case of the movable finger, is placed midway between these three distal teeth and the proximal end of the finger. Note.—This description is based on the chelicera of a specimen which I believe to be a fully adult male. The chelicere of the other specimens are very different in appear- ance, the proximal segment being considerably shorter and armed with fewer lateral processes. I think that these differences are not due to sex in this particular instance, but merely to immaturity. The dentition of the fingers is the same in these specimens as in the adult one. of the Family Phalangodidee. 75 Palp slender, its coxa is armed above with a rather long curved process. ‘T'rochanter ventrally with a rather long process and a short tooth-like process. Femur armed below with three spines, which are practically equal in length; the spine which is usually present in this genus on the inner side of the femur near the apical end is absent in this species. Basal portion of spines of patella, tibia, and tarsus very much shorter than they are in P. pictulus, Poc., P. taprobanicus, sp. n., &c., and the terminal part is generally very long and slender. ‘There are two spines on the inner side of the patella, the one near the proximal end being much shorter than the other; on the outer side there is a single long spine. Three spines occur on the inner side of the tibia, but the one which is placed nearest the proximal end is much shorter than the other two; this segment has two very long spines on its outer side, and their bases are comparatively long for this species, especially that of the proximal spine. Tarsus not quite so strongly flattened ventrally as is usually the case in the genus Podoctis; it has two fine spines or bristles and three shorter bristles on its inner side, and there are two long fine spines or bristles on its outer side. On the upper surface of the femur of the palp there are seyeral granules, two pro- cesses or granules, which are situated close to the proximal end of the segment on its inner side, being more conspicuous than the others. One or two inconspicuous granules are sometimes also present on the upper surface of the patella and tibia. Legs 2, 4,3, 1. First leg very short, the others rather long. On the dorsal surface of the coxa of the fourth leg there is a large upwardly directed process, resembling that which is present in the same position in P. taprobanicus, sp. n., and the coxa of the second leg has a very similar process, butit is much smaller. Ventral surface of trochanter of first leg furnished with 3-4 fairly large conical processes, each of them bearing a fairly long seta. Femur of first leg with only two or three obsolete granules on its upper surface ; below it has a longitudinal series of three conical processes, the first one of which is placed close to the proximal end of the segment ; each of them bears a seta, and they are smaller than the processes of the ventral surface of the trochanter. Tarsal segments 6, 12-14, 5,5. Claws of posterior legs apparently without any teeth. Colour.—Trunk and appendages rather dark brown, but the trochanter of the first leg and the proximal end of its femur are quite pale; the tibia of the first leg has a pale ring, and the femora, tibice, and metatarsi of the other legs 76 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men are each marked near the distal end with a pale ring, but the ring of the femur of the second may be indistinct or absent ; the extreme distal end of the metatarsi and the entire length of the tarsi of all the legs except the second pair are pale. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk of largest specimen 4-25, of scutum 3°5. (A smaller specimen has the scutum 2-75 mm. long and the fourth leg 15°5 mm. in length.) Material.—Four examples collected by Prof. Arthur Willey in New Britain (now known as Neu-Pommern) in the year 1897. I think that one of these specimens is an adult male. Genus BARAMIA, nov. The shape of the femur of the palp is the distinguishing feature of this new genus, which otherwise closely resembles Podoctis, Thor., in structure. Baramia voraz, sp.n. (Pl. I. figs. 6, 6 a, 6 4.) Dorsal surface convex. Scutum about as long as the tibia of the third leg, considerably shorter than the tibia of the fourth and slightly less than half the length of that of the second. ‘Transverse grooves five in number. ‘There are seven conspicuous thorns on the surface (not including the three which are present on the ocular tubercle). The first pair of thorns is situated in the middle of the second abdo- minal area, and they are of considerable length. Those of the second pair are a little longer than those of the first, and they are placed in the middle of the fourth abdominal area of the scutum. There are three thorns on the fifth abdominal area, 2 long one being present in the middle and a compara- tively short one on each side of it. A number of granules, each of which is furnished with a tiny hair, are also present on the surface of the seutum. On each side, near the ante- rior margin, there is a series of about six granules, the two outer ones being the largest; this series is joined to the ocular tubercle by a little arch-like structure, on the summit of which there is a littlegranule. ‘The remaining granules of the cephalothoracic part are not distributed in a very regular manner, but those on the abdominal part of the scutum, although not numerous, are arranged in transverse series ; the series on the last abdominal area is composed of more numerous granules than the others, however. There is also a longitudinal series of granules on each side of the scutum. The ocular tubercle presents much resemblance to that of the species of Podoctis. It is situated quite close to the anterior of the Family Phalangodide. 77 margin of the scutum, and is not very low, but is elongated transversely, its width being about equal to the length of the cephalothoracie part of the scutum. The central thorn is inclined forwards and it is very long, its length considerably exceeding that of the longest of the thorns of the abdominal part of the scutum. Immediately to the inner side of each eye there is a fairly long thorn, but these lateral thorns are very much shorter than the central one. A number of granules similar to those on the surface of the scutum are also present on the ocular tubercle; several of them are placed on the base of the central thorn, and two very slightly larger ones are situated on the posterior surface of the slender portion of the thorn. Free dorsal segments 1-3 each with a transverse series of little granules ; the fourth free dorsal segment is furnished with rather numerous granules. Ventral surface—Numerous granules are present on the cox of the legs, and there is a transverse series of little granules on each of the ventral segments. Chelicera.— Proximal segment long and comparatively slender ; there are a number of granules on its upper surface, most of them being quite minute, but two or three larger pointed granules occur on each side of the upper surface ; ventrally this segment has three or four Jittle granules on its inner side and a longitudinal series of 5-6 elongated granules (or processes) on its outer side. ‘he second segment is considerably stouter than the slender proximal segment and has seven processes, nearly all of which are long and acute, on its dorsal surface ; it has also two conical processes (or granules) on the inner side below. Palp.—tTrochanter provided below with a longitudinal series of four processes. Femur compressed laterally and highest at the proximal end, its height gradually diminishing towards the distal end, which is almost cylindrical; on its dorsal surface this segment has only a series of minute granules, each with a fine hair, but there is a well-developed spine near the distal end on the inner side; below the femur is armed with a longitudinal series of eight spines. Patella with two inner and an outer spine. ‘Tibia and tarsus dis- tinetly flattened below, much as in Epedanus &c. There are three spines on each side of the tibia, the two distal ones on the outer side being very long ; two tooth-like granules are present on the upper surface of this segment. The tarsus has two spines on each side, the proximal one of the outer side being very long. Legs 2,4,3,1. First leg very much shorter than the 73 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men others and the second leg much the longest. A little granule is present on the dorsal surface of the trochanter of the first lee, and this segment has two rather long setiferous processes or spines (and also two or three granules) on its lower surface. Femur of first leg armed with spines both above and below. ‘Tarsal segments 3, 4, 5,?. Claws of posterior legs unarmed. Colour (faded) rather pale, but the dorsal surface is marked with darker specks and little patches. Femora, tibia, and the proximal end of the metatarsi of the legs conspicuously variegated with pale and dark bands. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 2°5, of seutum 2°25, Material—A single adult male from the Baram River, collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. Epedanus orientalis, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 7, 7 a.) Scutum very slightly longer than the tibia of the second leg and as long as the patella + the tibia of the fourth. It has four transverse grooves, the first being strongly procurved. The cephalothoracic part is large, its length being a little greater than that of the abdominal part; it has the three usual tooth-like processes on the anterior margin. Several little granules occur on each side near the anterior margin. There isa pair of fairly long thorns on the second of the abdominal areas of the scutum, and a lateral tooth-like process is sometimes present on each side of the last division. The greater part of the surface of the scutum is smooth, but a longitudinal series of minute granules runs down each side of it and the last area has a transverse series of minute granules; in one specimen the central granule of this trans- verse series is slightly larger than the others. Ocular tubercle situated practically in the middle of the cephalothoracic part of the scutum; the thorn is shorter than the transverse width of the tubercle. Each of the first three of the free dorsal segments has a transverse series of granules, and sometimes the central granule is larger than the others. The last free dorsal segment is devoid of granulation. Ventral surface-—A number of granules are present on the surface of the coxa of the first leg, most of them being very large and conical and arranged in a single transverse row. The second coxa has a transverse series of obsolete granules. There are not any distinct granules on the remaining cox nor on the sternites. Chelicera.—Proximal segment long and almost cylindrical of the Family Phalangodide. 79 for the greater part of its length, but its apical end is dilated. A number of conical granules and processes are present on its dorsal surface, and there are also two or three conical granules on the inner side below ; one of the processes on the outer side of the dorsal surface and one of the two which are present on the dorsal surface of the enlarged distal part of the segment are considerably longer than the others. Second segment greatly swollen and furnished with several tooth-like processes and granules on its dorsal surface, two or three of them being bifid apically ; this segment has also a single tooth-like process below. Palp with the segments normal in shape and armed with long spines. ‘Trochanter with a tooth-like granule and a long pointed process on its dorsal surface ; ventrally this segment has a long pointed process and sometimes also a little granule. Femur with two or three longitudinal series of granules above; on its lower surface it has a row of six spines, the distal one being placed at some distance from the others; there are also two spines on the inner side of the femur at its distal end. Patella armed with two inner and one outer spine. ‘Tibia with three inner and four outer spines. ‘Tarsus with three spines on each side. Legs.—Trochanters of anterior legs furnished with one or two granules below. Femur of first leg unarmed ; femur of fourth leg almost straight. The number of tarsal segments is as follows :—8-9,19, 7,8. The claws of the posterior legs are unarmed. Colour.—Dorsal surface dark brownish and usually marked with blackish reticulate markings. With the exception of the first one the sternites also are rather dark brownish ; but the first sternite and the coxe are much paler in colour. Proximal segment of chelicera rather extensively darkened and the second segment has dark reticulate markings on the sides. Proximal segments of palp extensively infuscated, but the distal segments are either quite pale or only slightly darkened here and there. Legs brownish, but they become paler distally, and the distal ends of their metatarsi and tlie entire length of the tarsi are whitish. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 3, of fourth leg (from base of femur) 13°75. Material_——Three male specimens, collected by Capt. S.S. Flower at Chantaboon, Siam. Epedanus siamensis, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 8.) Scutum a little shorter than the tibia of the second leg and considerably shorter than the patella + the tibia of the 80 Mr. S. Hirst on new Iarvest-men fourth. The transverse grooves are four in number. On each side of the cephalothoracic part there is a semitrans- parent swelling similar to that which is present in the same position in the species of Pseudobiantes. A pair of thorns are placed on the abdominal part, and they are of practically the same size and are situated in the same position as those of EH. ortentalis, sp. n. ‘The lateral tooth-like processes which are sometimes present on the last abdominal area of the scutum of H. ortentalis apparently do not occur in the species now under discussion. ‘There is a longitudinal series of very minute granules on each side of the scutum, and a transverse series of very minute granules is present on its last abdominal area. With the exception of those just mentioned there are very few granules on the surface of the scutum; but a few additional isolated ones are present on the abdominal part. Ocular tubercle situated some distance in front of the middle of the cephalothoracic part. Its thorn is shorter than the transverse width of the tubercle. The first two of the free dorsal segments each have a trans- verse series of very minute granules, and a quite obsolete transverse series may also be present on the third, but there are no granules on the fourth. Ventral surface.—The first coxa has a transverse row of granules, but there are no distinct granules on the other coxe nor are there any on the sternites. Chelicera.— 8. Proximal segment very much shorter than and quite differently shaped to that of EL. orientalis; it has only minute granules on its dorsal surface. Second segment swollen ; its upper surface is furnished with several granules and also with a process bearing three or four little points or granules at the end. This process is placed close to the base of the immovable finger. @. Second segment of chelicera of female specimen not swollen, and the process which is situated on its upper surface near the base of the immovable finger is poorly developed ; the shape and armature of the fingers are also different to what they are in the male. Palp.—Trochanter of palp furnished with two or three conical granules above, and with another slightly larger one below. ‘There is a longitudinal series of conical granules on the upper surface of the femur, and a series of four or five similar granules is also present towards the inner side of the ventral surface. The femur has also two spines on its inner side at the distal end and a row of five spines on the outer side of its ventral surface, the two of them which are placed of the Family Phalangodide. $1 nearest the proximal end of the segment being the longest, whilst the distal one is the shortest. Patella, tibia, and tarsus armed with the same number of spines as in L. ortentalis. Legs.—Femur of first leg unarmed ; femur of fourth almost straight. Number of tarsal segments 8-9, 22-24, 9, 10. Claws of the posterior legs each armed with a single large tooth. Colour.—Body and appendages pale yellowish brown, but the distal ends of the metatarsi and the whole length of the tarsi are whitish. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 3, of fourth leg (from base of femur) 16°5. Material.—A specimen of each sex from Chantaboon, Siam (Capt. 8. S. Flower). The male has its very long penis fully extruded and the tip of the ovipositor of the female is visible when the genital operculum is lifted up. Remarks.—Like H. orientalis, sp. n., this species has a pair of thorns on the second abdominal area of the scutum, but it can easily be distinguished from that species by the presence of the swollen area on each side of the cephalo- thoracic part of the scutum, by the shortness and difference in shape of the proximal segment of the chelicera, by the greater number of tarsal segments, &c, It is also much paler (yellower) than L. orientalis. Note—Dr. C. Fr. Roewer gives the shortness of the median spine as compared with the transverse width of the ocular tubercle as one of the characters distinguishing his two new genera (Hpedunellus and Takaota) from Kpedanus. This character does not seem to be of much importance. In Pseudobiantes japonicus, Hirst, a species which has an ocular tubercle of the same type as the species of Hpedanus, this thorn may be either distinctly longer or slightly shorter than the transverse width of the tubercle. In Epedanus orientalis, sp. n., it is shorter than the width of the tubercle, and yet this species is in all other respects quite a normal member of the genus Hpedanus. The shape of the proximal segment of the chielicera is another character employed by Dr. Roewer to distinguish the two new genera mentioned above, but the shape of this seg- ment is very different in closely allied species of Hpedanus (for instance, in the two new species described above), and this is also the case in the genus Phalangodes. I do not think myself that this character is of generic value. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 6 82 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men Genus PARABIANTES, nov. Scutum with four well-defined transverse grooves. Ocular tubercle elongated transversely, but not very wide; the thorn which is situated in the middle of it is exceedingly long, its length being about twice the transverse width of the tubercle. Palp very long, the femur and the slender part of the patella being especially long; only the tibia and tarsus of this appendage are armed with spines. Femur of first leg unarmed. The ocular tubercle of this genus is built on the same plan as that of Epedanus, Pseudobiantes, &c., but the palp closely resembles that of the species which were formerly referred to the Hinzuanide. Parabiantes longipalpis, sp. n. (PI. 1. figs. 9, 9 a.) Scutum as long as the patella+ the tibia of the first leg and shorter than the tibia of the fourth. It has four well-defined transverse grooves, the one which separates the cephalo- thoracic part from the abdominal part being the deepest. Cephalothoracic part convex and fairly large, its length being equal to the united lengths of the first three abdominal areas of the scutum. First abdominal area longer than any of the other abdominal areas, but its length is less than that of the second and third taken together. There area few granules on either side of the anterior margin, and a longitudinal series of granules is present on each side of the scutum; otherwise its surface is quite smooth. It has no processes or spines except the one which is present in the middle of the ocular tubercle. Ocular tubercle situated slightly in advance of the middle of the cephalothoracic part of the scutum [for the details of its structure, see the generic description]. Free dorsal segments quite smooth, granules being entirely absent. Ventral surface—Each of the coxe of the legs has a single series of granules, but that on the fourth is obsolete [absent on one side]. Sternites quite smooth. Chelicera.—Proximal segment elongated ; it is subcylin- drical for part of its length, but becomes gradually stouter towards the distal end; there are two or three granules on its dorsal surface near the proximal end and one or two obso- lete granules near the distal end. Second segment fairly stout and with several granules on its dorsal surface. Palp very long and only its tibia and tarsus are armed with spines. Its femur is extremely long, its length equalling of the Family Phalangodide. 83 that of the body, and is slender and cylindrical, but the distal end is a little stouter than the rest of the segment ; except for a little conical granule, which is situated on the ventral surface near the proximal end, the femur is quite unarmed. Patella very long; it is unarmed and is slender and cylin- drical almost throughout its length, only the extreme distal end being enlarged. Tibia and tarsus fairly stout ; they are bent in such a manner that the spines of the one segment work against those of the other, as in Hznzuanius &e. Vibia provided with three inner spines, all of which are long, the one which is placed nearest to the distal end being the shortest ; on its outer side it has six spines, some of which are long and others short. Tarsus with three inner spines and four or five outer spines; this segment has also a number of sharply pointed denticles in the middle of its lower surface. Legs 2, 4,3, 1; the trochanters of the anterior legs each have a little granule on their upper surface and three granules on their lower surface; all the other segments of the legs are quite smooth and without either granules or spines. Tarsal segments 11-12, 30-32, 11, 11-13. Claws of the posterior legs unarmed. Colour.— Body and appendages dark brown, but the tibia and tarsus of the palp are pale brown and the distal ends of the metatarsi and the entire length of the tarsi of the legs are quite pale. Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 7, of scutum 5:5, of first leg (from base of femur) 20°25, of second 37, of third 26°5, of fourth 34°5, of femur of palp 7, of patella of palp 4°75. Material—A single adult example of the female sex, collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. No exact locality is given for this specimen, but it is probably either from Borneo or Halmaheira. Hinzuanius parvulus, Hirst. Hinzuanius parvulus, Hirst, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiv. p. 393 (1911). The palp of this curious little species resembles that of Acudorsum albimanum, Loman, very closely in structure, the armature of the femur and the shape of the patella being very similar in these two species and somewhat different to what they are in the other species of Hinzuanius which I have had the opportunity of examining. In H. parvulus the tarsus of the palp is quite as dark as the tibia and there is GF St Miss Kathleen Haddon on no process on the abdominal part of the scutum ; for further characters of this species, see the original description. I am inclined to think that Acudorsum isasynonym of [inzuanius, EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. ' Fig. 1. Zalmoxis austerus, sp. n. Outer view of palp. Fig.1a. Vitto. Fourth leg of male, outer view. Fig. 2. Vima insignis, gen. et sp. n. Palp, outer view. ‘ig. 8. Ibalonius quadriguttatus, sp.n. Chelicera, outer view. Fig.3 a. Ditto. Palp, inner view. Fig. 4, Podoctis taprobanicus, sp.n. Anterior end of body and proximal part of first leg, from the side. Fig. 5. Podoctis willeyi, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view. Fig.5a. Ditto. Trochanter and femur of first leg, from the side. 6. Baramia vorax, gen. et sp.n. Palp and anterior end of body, from the side. Fig. 6a. Ditto. Chelicera, outer view. Fig.6b. Ditto. Trochanter and femur of first leg, from the side. Fig. 7. Epedanus orientalis, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view. %g.7a. Ditto. Palp, outer view. Fig. 8. Epedanus siamensis, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view. ‘1g. 9. Parabiantes longipalpis, gen. et sp.n. Anterior view of ocular tubercle. Fig.9 a. Ditto. Palp, outer view. VIII.—Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. By Kataiteen Happon. [Plate IT. ] Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, sp. n. In the summer of 1911 Mr. F. A. Potts, of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, collected a large number of specimens of Callianassa pugettensis from a stretch of sandy beach at Hammond Bay, near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. A small copepod occurred in vast numbers in the gill-chambers and also all over the body of many of the Callianasse, conspicuous on account of the bright red colour of the egg-sacs. They alternated between a state of quiescence, during which they were attached to the surface of the host, and rapid jerky movements, made when disturbed. The tiny male was attached to the tail of the female in almost every case. On his return home Mr. Potts gave me the copepod for identification, and I found that it belonged to the genus Hersila, Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. 85 Apparently only one species, Hersilia (Clausidium) apodi- Jformis (Philippi), has been recorded, and it occurs in the Adriatic and Mediterranean. Dr. Cerruti, of the Zoological Station at Naples, very kindly sent some parasitic copepods from Callianassa subterranea which tally with the published descriptions of Hersilia apodiformis. On comparing this species with the one from Vancouver Island, I concluded that the latter presented differences which entailed the formation of a new species ; I have hence named it Hersilia vancouverensis. The genus Hersilia may be distinguished from the other genera comprising the family Hersiludz by the following points * ;— , Hersilia.—The mandible consists of two accessory pieces besides the tooth (Pl. II. figs. 2 & 2a). Giardella—The mandible resembles the above, but the maxillipeds of the male have the distal joint in the form of a long curved claw. Hersiliodes—The mandible consists of three accessory pieces besides the tooth. Specific characters of Uersilia (Clausidium) apodiformis (Philippt). Female.—ULength 1°35 mm. Carapace practically covering abdomen. Abdomen rather slender. Antennules depressed, few hairs on anterior margin. Mandibles bearing a tooth with serrated edges and no hairs (fig. 2a). No gap between maxillipeds and first thoracic legs. Fifth thoracic leg slender, no fine hairs (fig. 3a). Infects Callianassa subterranea. Hab. The Adriatic and Mediterranean. Specific characters of Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, spe. (bls EL ne. 1.) Female.—Length 1:6 mm. Carapace only reaches to last thoracic joint. Abdomen long and broad. * E, Canu, 1888. 86 On Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. Antennules bent upwards, numerous hairs on upper edge. Mandibles bearing a tooth with smooth edges and having a row of hairs (Pl. IT. fig. 2). Considerable gap between maxillipeds and first thoracic legs. Fifth thoracic leg broad, with a few fine hairs (fig. 3). Infects Callianassa pugettensis. Hab. Near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. The other appendages of the females of the two species are similar. The males of the two species are alike, except that the antennules are bent as in their respective females and the Vancouver Island form is slightly larger than the one from Naples. Literature. 1839. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. “ Einige zoologische Notizen.” Archiy fiir Naturgesch. Tafel iv. figs. 9-11, p. 128. 1840. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. HH. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, tome ili. pl. xxxvil. fig. 23, p. 417. 1866. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. C. Heller, “ Carcinolog, Beitr. zur Fauna der adriat. Meeres.” Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, Bd. xvi. p. 750. 1874. Clausidium testudo, Kossmann. “ Ueber Clausidium.... &e.” Verhandl. phys.-med. Ges, n, F. Bd. vii. Taf. vi. 1875. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. Claus, ‘ Neue Beitriige z. Kennt. par. Cop.” Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxv. 1, Taf. xxii. 1888. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. Canu, “ Les Copépodes marins du Boul. (1) i.” Bull. Sc. de la Fr. et de la Belg. ili. sér. 1, t. xix. p. 406. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Lettering. an=antennule; an'=antenna; J=lower lip; m=mandible; mr= maxillule; mze’=maxilla; map=:maxilliped; t=tooth of mandible ; tel= telson; th’'—th’=thoracic legs 1-5. Fig. 1, Hersilia vancouverensis, sp. n. Female, with diminutiye male attached to the lower part of the abdomen. Fig. 2. Mandible of Hersiiia vancouverensis. Fig, 2a. Mandible of Hersilia apodiformis (Philippi). Fig. 3. Fifth thoracic leg of Herselia vancouverensis. Tig.3 a. Fifth thoracic leg of Hersilia apodiformis. On Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). 87 IX,.— Descriptions of Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). By W. Geo Disrann. Pentatomide. Plataspis angolensis, sp. n. Above ochraceous, much suffused and punctured with black, on the scutellum the punctures and suffusions obscurely resemble three discal longitudinal fascie ; head somewhat sparsely blackly punctate, a central black spot on disk and two basal longitudinal spots behind it, the anterior margin centrally subtruncate, obliquely rounded on each side to eyes ; pronotum more thickly punctate, the basal area more suffused with black, on anterior area two black-margined transverse spots; outside the basal angles of scutellum a distinct basal orange-yellow spot; scutellum less blackly marked and punctured on the lateral areas and between the pseudo- longitudinal fasciz on disk; the sternum is subviolaceously opaque ; head beneath and sternal margins ochraceous with scattered black punctures ; legs, rostrum, and abdomen be- neath brighter and darker ochraceous; central fascia to sternum and abdomen, narrow segmental abdominal margins, and a transverse waved fascia to basal segment, black. Of the size and shape of P. horvathi, Hagl., but the an- terior margin of the head not centrally sinuous, but evenly continuous. Long. 10; lat. 9 mm. Hab, Angola (Brit. Mus.). Myrochea inermis, sp. n. Pale ochraceous; head with the margins of the lateral lobes (narrowly) and the margins of the central lobe (broadly ) black ; pronotum with four longitudinal black fascize composed of confluent black punctures, two similar longitudinal black fascize to scutellum ; corium, excluding lateral marginal area, thickly, sometimes almost confluently blackly punctate ; membrane greyish brown; head beneath with a large black spot on each side of base of rostrum, and some black spots at base; pro- and mesonota centrally and sublaterally black ; abdomen beneath with a central segmental series of large transverse black spots and with two longitudinal series of black punctures on each lateral area; legs ochraceous; a subapical annulation and apices to femora, the anterior tibie, §8 Mr. W. L. Distant on bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibiae, and the tarsi, black ; rostrum about reaching the posterior coxee, with its apex black; body oval, somewhat elongate; head rounded anteriorly, the margins moderately laminate and recurved, the lateral lobes a little longer than the central lobe, their apices contiguous; antenne black, with the apices of the joints more or less ochraceous; second joint a little longer than third, fifth longest ; head, pronotum, and scutellum dis- tinctly, somewhat sparsely punctate, corium thickly punctate ; Jateral margins of the pronotum nearly obliquely straight, moderately “laminately recurved ; connexivum exposed from near middle of corium, orange-yellow, with black lines at the incisures. Long. 12 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 6 mm. Hab. Uganda ; between Jinja and Busia or Mbwago’s, K. Busoga (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.). This species in shape and general markings 1s closely allied to MM. distincta, Schout., from which it structurally differs by the lateral angles of the pronotum being subangularly rounded and not acutely produced as in M. distincta, the pronotal lateral margins are more obliquely straight and less sinuate, the colour-markings are much darker, but the pattern is indicated in Schouteden’s species. Caura yalana, sp. n. vy) Body above black with a slight olivaceous tint; narrow lateral margins to head and a spot at apex of central lobe, lateral margins of pronotum, a spot at base of lateral margins to corium, connexivum, and body beneath, stramineous ; apex of scutellum obscurely ochraceous; three spots in transverse series on each side of pro-, meso-, and metasterna, a central longitudinal double series of transverse spots, spiracles and transverse spots attached to them, a more rounded spot between them (two on second segment) to abdomen, bright bluish green; coxze and trochanters stramineous; legs, rostrum, and antenne bluish black ; second joint of antennee distinctly shorter than the third, remaining joints mutilated in type; pronotum thickly punctate, with a slight central longitudinal ridge, the lateral posterior angles rounded, non- prominent ; scutellum transversely wrinkled and. thickly punctate; corlum finely punctate; membrane opaque ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe. Long. 13 mm. ; exp. pronot. ang]. 85 mm. Hab. Brit. E. Africa, Yala River, 8. edge of Kakumga Forest, 4800-5300 feet CS. A. Neave, Biit. Mus.). Ethiopian Ithynchota (Heteroptera). 89 Allied to C. intermedia, Dist., and C.ovata, Karsch, but differing from both in having the third joint of the antenn distinctly longer than the second. Damarius bicolor, sp. n. Indigo-blue ; head, three spots at apex of scutellum, legs, basal abdominal spine, rostrum excluding apex, a central segmental series of spots, apex of abdomen beneath, and first and second joints of antenne, sanguineous ; antenne with the first joint not reaching the apex of head, remaining joints almost subequal in length ; head sparingly punctate, the lateral lobes more or less transversely striate, eyes black; pronotum thickly, somewhat coarsely punctate, about twice as broad as long, the lateral margins sinuate, the posterior angles subprominent; scutellum from beyond basal area centrally longitudinally slightly raised and levigate, on each side of which the punctures are thicker and more confluent ; corium smooth, opaque ; membrane shining black, the apical margin greyish white; rostrum about reaching the posterior coxze; ventral spine reaching the intermediate cox. Long. 16 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 65 mm. Hab. Uganda ; Mabira (C. C. Gowdey, Brit. Mus.). A larger and broader species than D. splendidulus, Fabr., the lateral margins of the pronotum considerably less sinuate ; colour-markings very distinct. Gonopsts neavei, sp. 0. Black ; scutellum, meso- and metasterna, abdomen beneath, and posterior suffusions to prosternum pale testaceous, some- times wholly testaceous; more than basal half of lateral margin to corilum, and the connexivum, ochraceous; legs, a broad central longitudinal fascia, and apex of abdomen beneath, and small spots near spiracles, black; membrane obscure greyish; rostrum either ochraceous suffused with black, or black with ochraceous annulations ; a blackish spot between anterior and intermediate cox ; body very elongate ; antennz black, second joint reaching apex of head, fifth joint slightly longer than fourth and with its apex somewhat obscure castaneous ; head with the lateral lobes long, porrect, coarsely punctate, their apices acute but well separated from each other ; pronotum with the lateral angles longly, acutely, transversely produced, before which the surface is obliquely depressed to head and the lateral margins serrate, the posterior half rugulose ; scutellum a little shorter than head 90 On Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). and pronotum together, transversely wrinkled and sparsely punctate, more thickly so on the posterior half; corium thickly punctate; membrane only slightly passing lie basal inargin of the posterior abdominal segment; rostrum reaching the anterior coxe; head beneath ochraceous, with the lateral lobes black; apices of the prosternal lateral spines black ; sternum more or less distinctly punctate. Long. 17$ mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm. Hab. Uganda, ee Mbale Dist., S. of Mt. Elgon, 3700-8900 feet (s. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.). Allied to G. maura, Dist.: pronotal lateral angles longer aud more acute; apex of scutellum less rounded and subacute ; antenne black, not ochraceous; apices of the lateral lobes to the head more acute, porrect, and more widely separated. Reduviide. Cleontes ugandensts, sp. n. Ochraceous ; head, antenne, rostrum, legs, basal and apical areas of abdomen beneath connected by two longi- tudinal series of spots, anterior lobe of pronotum, apical half and interior lateral area of membrane, inner margin of corium, apical area of connexivum both above and beneath, sublateral fascia to sternum, and the area between inter mediate and posterior coxze, black ; cox, trochanters, apices of inter- mediate femora, two broad annulations to posterior femora, and nearly basal half and apex of posterior tibiz, ochraceous ; head laterally longly pilose; pronotum posteriorly longlyand broadly produced, completely concealing the scutellum, its apex truncate; abdomen broadly ampliate, the connexivum somewhat strongly recurved, its margins strongly sinuate, its apex truncate. Long. 173-18 mm.; lat. pronot. angl. 44 mm. Hab. Uganda; between Jinga and Busia, EK. Busoga (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.) ; Mabira (C.C. Gowdey, Brit. Mus.). Allied to C. genitus, Dist., but a much larger species ; pronotum more posteriorly produced, with its apex trun- cate, not rounded; connexivum more produced, its apex obliquely truncate and its apical area black ; colour-differences distinct. * On the General Classification of the Pelecypoda. OF X.—A Discussion of the General Classification of the Pelecypoda. By M.Cotitry Marcu, M.Sc., Geological Department, Manchester University. { Plate III. j Tue Pelecypoda, like all other animals possessing skeletons, ean be classified from the standpoint of their hard or soft parts. The ideal method, where both are taken into con- sideration, is only available to the paleontologist when the soft parts leave some trace on the hard. In the case of the Lamellibranchs, the modern classifi- cations are based on the gills or the teeth. Dall, writing in support of a general hinge classification, said, that as the gills leave no impression on the shell, a gill classification must necessarily exclude all fossil forms, and so do away with the possibility of forming a phylogenetic classification. It might also be argued that the evolution of gills is not of sufficient taxonomic importance for the division of orders and suborders. It is generally acceded that the pelecypod gill is homogenetic, being evolved from a type in which there was a main rachis giving off hollow and partially flattened leaflets. This type is held to have been developed in the earliest Pelecypoda. The object of specialization in gills and gill-chambers is twofold, to secure the maximum respiratory surface and a separation of the incoming and outgoing currents. These ends have been secured in the Pelecypoda by specialization along one line only, that is by elongation of the leaflets and the upgrowth of the free ends. The junction of these upturned ends has procured the division of the respiratory chamber. Ridewood has shown that in the connections between the opposite sides of the leaflets ciliary junctions preceded organic. These stages in gill development, then, are of great interest as showing the evolution of the gill, but are useless taxonomically, for they were followed by all lines diverging from the common ancestal stock. They form only trans- verse divisions across the general classification and can no more be used to subdivide the group than can the articulation of the femur with two or three bones of the pelvis in the Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria be taken as breaking those groups up into orders and suborders. Moreover, in general evolution the gills are singularly unaffected by any change in environment or habit such as 92 Mr. M. C. March on the leads to the development of new species or genera. Their broad changes must be looked upon as being purely intrinsic and as common to the whole group as such. On the other hand, the primitive Pelecypod ancestor is conceived to have been hingeless. The evolution of the hinges must therefore have taken place entirely within the group. Its development was due to the necessity for securing rapid and accurate closing of the shell, as was pointed out by Dall. Such an end might be assured in many ways not of necessity related to each other, as the hinge has no ancestral form common to the whole group. So that the development of the hinge apparatus should be of taxonomic value, as similarity of development would show a close relationship between subdivisions, and not merely a common membership in the group. The fact that the variations are extrinsic leads to the occurrence of heterogeneric hom«o- morphy, but such cases should be distinguishable by the study of ontogeny and phylogeny. Modern Classifications based on the Hinge. A. NEUMEYER. Neumeyer was the first, after Martini, to classify the Pelecypoda on the characters of the hinge ; ; he recognized six orders, founded on distinct teeth characters. 1. Cryptodonta. Including forms without teeth or with folds which involved the whole thickness of the valve and which were often continuous with the radial ribs. . Taxodonta. Including forms where, in the simplest cases, the teeth were perpendicular ‘to the hinge-line, but which might become more or less oblique peripher ally. 3. Heterodonta, Including the most highly specialized of the Lamelli- branchs in which the teeth were distinguishable into cardinals and laterals. 4. Schizodonta. Including those forms which possess one bifurcated tooth in the left valv« e, fitting into two divergent lamell in the right valve. 5. Desmodonta. Including forms very similar to the Heterodonta in anatomy, but with an internal hgament, and teeth not homo- logous. 6. Dysodonta, Containing those Heteromyarians and Monomyarians that have partially or totally reduced teeth. bo B. FIscHEer. Tischer added a seventh order to Neumeyer’s six :— Isodonta, included by Neumeyer in the Desmodonta, contains those forms which have their teeth symmetrically arranged about an internal ligament. General Classtjication of the Pelecypoda. 93 C. GROBBEN. Grobben used the hinge in conjunction with other anatomical characters as the basis of his classification. He recognized three sub- classes :— 1. Protobranchia, equivalent to the Protobranchia of Pelseneer. 2. Desmodonta, equivalent to Neumeyer’s order of that name. 3. Ambonodonta: (1) Eutaxodonta (Arcide). (2) Heterodonta (sensu Neumeyer). (8) Schizodonta (sensu Neumeyer). (4) Anisomyarians (sersw Lamarck). Do DALu: Dall’s orders are three in number: Prionodesmacea, Teleodesmacea, and Anomalodesmacea. The Prionodesmacea are described as having hinges which “are the product of evolution applied to the development of (among other things) teeth to the hinge-margin, or of amorphous teeth” (14, p. 452). This, as an isolated quotation, might seem to show that he considered the transverse direction of the Prionodesmacean teeth to be secondary. Quotations from his earlier paper of 1889 will, however, show that in his conception this transverse direction of the teeth was primary. 1. (13, p. 452.) “ Attention has been already called to the fact that there can be but three fundamental types of hinge ; which may be called anodont, prionodont, and orthodont, the latter term being used to indicate the forms in which the cardinal margin has become longitudinally plicate.” 2. (13, p. 447.) There are three fundamental types of hinge :— (1) The simple edentulous margin. {Anodont. ] (2) The hinge in which the teeth are developed transverse to the cardinal margin. [ Prionodont. } (8) The hinge in which the direction of the teeth is parallel to the margin. [Orthodont. ] I am disposed to think that the time relations of the different hinges are those of the order in which I have cited them. The Teleodesmacea include those forms in which the prionodont and orthodont types are combined, the latter being superimposed on the former either by a fusion of the transverse teeth or by the subsequent development of longitudinal teeth. The Anomalodesmacea contain those Pelecypoda in which the dorsal margin is without a distinct hinge-plate, the armature of the hinge being “feeble, often obsolete, or absent.” Dall’s three orders, therefore, were made for those Lamellibranchs which have teeth— (1) transverse to the hinge-margin ; (2) parallel to the hinge-margin ; (8) so pegpnerale as to show no definite affinity to the other twa orders. 4 Mr. M. C. March on the The last worker on the hinge from a taxonomic point of view was Bernard. His main work on the subject is found in four papers in the Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, two in the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ and one in the Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool. This last paper was the first half of a synopsis of his work, and summed up his views on the Taxodonts and Anisomyarians [Dysodonta, Bernard], and included a sketch of the relationships of the modern and Paleozoic forms. He died the year of the publication of this first part, and the second part is not recorded as having been published, although he frequently refers to it in the first part. Con- sequently he was unable to publish a classification, although the bulk of the material for it was already published, and he never gave his final views on the relationships of the Taxo- donts and Anisomyarians [Dysodonta, Bernard] to the Heterodonts. For this reason it is necessary to give a short summary of his work, which leads to the adoption of a classification which, although agreeing largely with Dall’s in general grouping, yet differs from it fundamentally in the bases of the classes. Bernard’s main work was confirmed by Munier-Chalmas, and, with the exception of one minor point, by Fischer. The most important points of Bernard’s work are :— 1. The tracing of the ontogenetic development of the taxodont teeth in the Taxodonta proper and also in the Anisomyarians. 2. The tracing of the origin of the taxodont dentition. (This was in part done also by Dall, though he did not grasp the bearing of his work.) 3. The discovery of the existence of an embryonic “dentition ” in the Taxodonta equivalent to that found in some Heterodonts. 4. The tracing of the development of the heterodont hinge. The Development of Pleurodont | Taxodont and Dysodont | Teeth. The taxodont dentition was taken by workers previous to Bernard to differ essentially from the heterodont (Teleo- desmecean, Dall) hinge, in having the teeth developed in a direction essentially perpendicular to the hinge-line instead of parallel to it. Bernard clearly demonstrated that in the prodissoconch stages, and sometimes continuing into disso- conch stages, there is an embryonic “ dentition ” consisting Ct General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 9: of alternating ridges and folds, called by him “ crenulations.” This band is separated into anterior and posterior portions by the primary ligamental pit. In Osérea, however, the anterior row is wanting, and the ligamental pit lies at the anterior edge of the shell. Subsequent to the development of the crenulations the true teeth make their appearance. These arise, not perpendicular to the hinge-line but as long ridges parallel to it. They may retain this position through- out life, as in Cucullea crassatina. Usually, however, the interior end becomes sharply curved and the external part atrophies, leaving the usual taxodont teeth (figs. 1, 2, and 3). Fig. I. Ly Young Cucullea crassatina, showing the recurving of the primitive lamelle to form taxodont teeth. (After Bernard.) L,=primary ligamental teeth. The great importance of this is twofold :-— Firstly. It refutes the theory that the early embryonic dentition seen in certain Heterodonts, and which arises perpendicular to the hinge-line, represents an early taxodont condition, and for that reason necessi- tates the descent of the Heterodonts from Taxo- donts as seen in modern forms. Secondly. It does away with the radical difference between the heterodont and taxodont teeth. The Origin of the Pleurodont Dentition. Amongst the Anisomyarians (figs. 4 & 5) the teeth show a still earlier stage than in the Nuculide and their allies. Here they rise before the development of the cardinal plateau as lateral folds alternating with the external ribs. These internal ribs may occur where the outer test is smooth. In forms where the test thickens greatly a transition can be 95 Mr. M. C. March on the traced from a period when these internal ribs alternate with the external ribs, and a time when they are entirely independent of them. The cardinal plateau is a subsequent development to the first-formed teeth and arises on them. Fig. 2. L L, Cc muni T= F oe UE Development of Pectwneulus obovatus. (After Bernard.) 1 & 2, right valve; 3-7, left valve. IL,=primary ligamental pit ; C=band of crenulations. Where these first-formed teeth remain as internal ribs they are called “ dysodont,’ when they are developed on the plateau, or take their place on it, they become true taxodont teeth, and as such become capable of growth into the usual General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 6 taxodont form. Dall noticed the same origin for the Anisomyarian teeth; but he read it as excluding them from any connection with the Taxodonta, whose teeth he Cc Young stages of Arca. (After Bernard.) C=band of crenulations; L,=primary ligamental pit; L=ligament, Fig. 4. Atl Lig PI PI Avicula microptera (after Bernard), showing the dysodont teeth, which anteriorly show a tendency to produce cardinals, conceived as arising perpendicular to the hinge-line, Con- firming the fact that the dysodont stage precedes tie taxo= dont, Bernard cites the case of the development of those young Ann, & Mag, N, Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, x. 7 98 Mr. M. C. March on the Arcidz which grow slowly and have a thin test. Here the transition hetw een dysodont and taxodont teeth is clearly seen. The Monomyarians develop rudimentary dysodont Fig. 5. Tecten varius, showing the first dysodont teeth. (After Bernard.) eS] a | DS — oS PIL « Al Plicatula ramosa, showing the development of I, II, and III. (After Bernard.) teeth, which show extraordinary variation. Bernard con- cludes from these facts that they are degenerate. An important fact brought out by Bernard is the order of General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 99 development of teeth in the Taxodonta. The later teeth in the Taxodonta appear ventrally except :— (a) In the case of the Pectunculide, where the third tooth in the left valve appears dorsally to the first and second teeth. This may possibly be a case of de- generation, Bernard, however, does not suggest this (3% pe6h).. (Me..6.) (6) In Nucula (3, p. 166) two teeth appear dorsally, which Bernard takes as being developed in their normal order. He comments, however, on their irregularity, In the case of the Monomyarians the irregularity in the development of the dysodont teeth is taken by him as postulating degeneration, so that these dorsal teeth might possibly be degenerate. In both these cases the other teeth develop ventrally. (c) In the Pectinide and Spondylide, and also in Mytilus, the teeth develop dorsally, So far the points established by Bernard are :— (1) That the Taxodonta (2, e. Prionodesmacea— Naiadacea) have an embryonic dentition which is also seen in some Heterodonta (7. e, Teleodesmacea + Anomalo- desmacea + Naiadacea). (2) That the true taxodont dentition develops parallel to the hinge and that its position perpendicular to the cardinal line is due to rotation. (3) That the dysodont dentition of the Anisomyarians is an early stage in the development of the taxodont and is originally formed from internal ribs, alter- nating with external ribs when these are present. The Development of the Heterodont Dentition. The last great point brought out by Bernard is the development of the heterodont teeth. These may or may not show the embryonic crenulations. In either case the true teeth are developed on a common plan. The teeth, lateral or cardinal, are developed from laminie running parallel to the edge of the cardinal plateau. Those of the right valve lie ventral to those of the left valve. They are numbered I, II, III, IV, V, VI, from ventral to dorsal, those of the left valve being denoted by the even numbers, and those of the right valve by the odd numbers. As before, there are two sets of these teeth, one lying anterior, and the other posterior, to the ligament-pit. 7 100 Mr. M. C. March on the Anterior to the ligament :— LAI, LA III, LA V, for the right valve. LA II, LA IV, LA VI, for the left valve. Posterior to the hgament :— LPI, LP III, LP.V, for the right valve. LP II, LP IV, LP VI, for the left valve. The posterior ends of these lamellze bend round so as to lie more or less perpendicular to the hinge-line, and may become differentiated from the anterior part. The posterior portions form the cardinals, the anterior portions form the lateral teeth or remain as undifferentiated lamelle. The posterior lamellz are unaltered except in the case of Condylo- cardia (fig. 7). The anterior cardinals may become bifurcated forming anterior portions. CA2 LAZ LP IT EPS Condyli cardia crassicosta (after Bernard), showing the occurrence of posterior cardinals. 1. Left valve. 2. Right valve. The reduction of the heterodont hinge to a scheme, and the cursory comparison of that scheme with the actual adult heterodont hinge, makes the conception seem too simple to be really possible. It is only by carefully following out Bernard’s papers, and by the comparison of his descriptions of the adult shells with the actual specimens that it becomes clear that the hinges do develop on that plan. In actual practice V appears rarely, and VI very rarely. General Classification of the Pelecypoda. LOM LP=lateral posterior lamella. LA =lateral anterior lamella. CA =anterior cardinal. a=anterior portion of an anterior cardinal. b= posterior portion of an anterior cardinal. Left valve. Right valve. LE VI lict. LA VI LAV) ligt. LP V Ss Se A. LP IV ligt. LAIV =a LA TIT ligt. LP TU LP II ligt. LAI fayrewss LAI ligt. LPI LP VI ligt. CAG LA VI mee LAV CAD5ligt. LPV B. LPIV ligt. CA4 LAIV\ epee ae os) ye ae LA II CA 3 ligt, LPI LP Il ligt. CA2 LA IE mi aae eT ICE Gear ae a LAT CAL ligt, LPI cos eemreeci LAUL3a 86 ligt. LPI Laat sah: PAT CAI digt, LPI Diagrams showing the relation of the teeth according to Bernard. A. Stage showing primary lamella only. B. Stage showing development of anterior cardinals and laterals. C. Stage showing bifurcation of the anterior cardinals. Bernard provisionally divided the Heterodonta into two classes. He did not hold these classes to be strictly natural ones, but he made them for the sake of convenience. Subdivisions of the Heterodonta. A. The Cyrina type, where the CA I is present, and CA II is divided into 2a and 20. B. The Lucina type, where the first cardinal is undeveloped and the second cardinal is consequently simple. Families in Bernard’s Orders and Suborders. Heterodonta. PLIODONTA. Mactride: Mactra, Schizodesma, Lutraria, Merope, Schizothcrus, Kastonia, Raeta. Scrobicularide: Cumingia, Semele, Scroebicularia. 102 Mr. M. C. March on the Mesodesmatide : Paphia (= Mesodesma), Anapa. Cardiliide: Cardilia, Anatinide: Anatina, Thracia. Cuspidarude : Cuspidaria. Cyrenide: Corbicula, Iphigenia, Cyrena, Spherium, Cyrenoida, Velonta. Rangide: Rangia. Veneride : Cytherea, Venus, Tapes, Circe, Macrocallista, . Dosina, Glaucomya. Cyprinide: Cyprina, Pygocardia, Cypricardia, Corallio- doa. Isocardiide : Taqueria, Modiolaria. Petricolide : Petricola. Erycinide : Lascea; Kellya, Bornea, Scacchia, Montacuta. Kelliellide: Lutetia, Kelliella. Chamide: Chama, Echinochama, Gyropleura, Monopleura, Capratina. Rudiste: Valletia, Radiolites. Diceratide : Diceras, Heterodiceras. OLIGODONTA. Lucinide: Lucina, Fimbria, Diplodonta, Axinus, Felania, Ungulina. Astartide: Astarte. Condylocardiide : Condylocardia. Cardiide: Cardium, Hemicardium, Pterocardium, Pro- sodacna. Donacide: Donax. Corbulide: Corbula, Mya, Sphenia, Tugonia. Tellinide : Tellina. Solenide. Paneopeide. Pholadide : Pholas. Dreissenside : Dreissensia. * Trigontide ; Trigonia. Pleurodonta. TAXODONTA: Nuculide : Nucula. Arcide: Arca, Cucullea, Pectunculide : Pectunculus. Ledide: Leda, Yoldia, Malletia. DYSODONTA. Mytilide: Mytilus, Modiola, Modiolaria, Crenella, Litho- domus, Hochstetteria. Aviculide: Avicula. Pectinide: Pecten, Lima. Spondylide : Spondylus, Plicatula. Anomiide: Placunanomia. Ostreide: Ostrea. * Possibly may belong to the Pliodonta. General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 103 Bernard’s Classification. Bernard’s discovery of the discontinuity of the embryonic and adult dentitions of the Taxodonta, and his working out of the development of the definitive teeth, overthrew the hypothesis that the crenulations observable in certain Hete- rodonta postulated the descent of the latter from the former. On the other hand, he regarded the Heterodonta as being derived from an early taxodont (7. e. dysodont) ancestry by the specialization of the lateral lamella—that is to say, he considered these lamelle to be homologous in both groups, for he says :— “ Pour comparer la charniére des Hétérodontes & celle des Taxodontes, il sera nécessaire de s’adresser, non pas aux formes adultes mais aux formes embryoniques .. . Une dent des Taxodontes sera homologue non pas & une quelconque des dents Hétérodontes adultes mais a l’une de leurs lamelles primitives qui se recourbent ... pourra donner naissance, suivant les cas 4 1, 2, ou 3 dents définitives.” In his work Bernard clearly states that the Taxodonta and Anisomyaria form one group, the latter showing clearly the evolution of taxodont teeth from internal ribs. This is also shown by the Arcas in the former group. The Aniso- myaria show the beginning of the taxodont dentition, but not its full development. The Monomyarian dentition he shows to be degenerate—indeed, Ostrea never passes through a taxodont stage. The absence of a well-developed taxodont stage may of course be due either to want of phylogenetic development or to a similar degeneration. Into this point Bernard does not go. The evidence of the Monomyaria and the specialized habit of the Anisomyaria generally point to its non-development being due to degeneration. That this loss of later specialization threw more and more work on to earlier stages is shown by Ostrea, which, never passing through a taxodont stage, has embryonic crenulations persisting late. As the Taxodonta and Anisomyaria are included in one order, that order cannot very well be called Taxodonta. A name which seems suitable is Pleurodonta, as it refers to the definite proof of the evolution of the taxodont teeth from internal ribs. As to the names of the two suborders, Taxo- donta is perfectly suitable ; but the name Anisomyaria cannot very well stand, as it seems to show an order in a general classification based on the considerations of the hinge, divided off because of its muscular characters. For the 104 Mr. M. C. March on the teeth of this suborder Bernard retains the name dysodont, therefore it might be called the Dysodonta. The second order Bernard called Heterodonta. Its two main subdivisions he based on the fact that in one type cardinal 1 is not differentiated from lamella 1, and therefore Development of Lucina neglecta. (After Bernard.) cardinal 2 is undivided. In the other type cardinal 1 is present and cardinal 2 is divided. These two suborders might perhaps be called Pliodonta and Oligodonta (figs. 8 & 9), in reference to their diagnostic characters. The former suborder is again divided into four classes :— 1. Containing those forms which are typical of the sub- order (figs. 10 & 11). 2. Containing those forms in which CA ] is either quite undeveloped or not strongly developed (fig. 12). 3. Containing those forms in which the ligament is either entirely or nearly internal and where CA] is un- developed (figs. 13 & 14). 4. Containing Chama and its allies (fig. 15), General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 105 There are two apparent objections to Bernard’s con- clusions. The first is Noettling’s (17, p. 87), who, in criti- cizing Bernard’s statement that the dorsal primary lamelle of the Heterodonta appear later than the ventral ones, says :—‘‘ The view that the dorsal primary lamellz are older than the ventral ones is... supported by the fact that the Bivalves grow in a ventral direction—in other words, the ventral portions of a bivalve shell are younger than the Fig. 9. D LP I LAT LAT LAT 4b LPI > Cardium. dorsal ones ; it would be certainly strange if the opposite took place with regard to the hinge, where the ventral parts would be the older and the dorsal parts the younger ones— that is to say, the hinge would grow just in the opposite direction to the remainder of the shell.’ This certainly would be strange, but Dr. Noettling overlooks three facts :—- Firstly. That, as is shown by the growth-lines, the teeth are formed entirely by secondary thickening which may take place at any point. 106 Mr. M: C. March on the Secondly. The'growth-lines in the umbonal region of the shell show that the earliest formed part of the plateau is due to internal thickening. The first growth-line bends down, then up, cutting the edge of the young shell. If the plateau were formed by downgrowth of the external part the growth-lines would run towards the umbonal region as they do in the underpart of the plateau. If, then, as seems probable from the structure of the shell, the plateau is due to secondary thickening, it cannot be possible to speak of teeth as being dorsal or ventral with regard to each other Fig. 10. Development of Cytherea deshayesiana. (After Bernard.) when they are formed by thickenings on its upper surface. They can only be more or less internal or external with regard to each other. Thirdly. According to Bernard’s hypothesis, the lamelle are derived from radial internal ribs, which, except for inter- calation (which only occurs in later shell-development), remain constant in number and normally develop simul- taneously. Such ribs cannot be regarded as dorsal or ventral with regard to each other. General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 107 Fig. 11. LAT Ppag., Ae 35 Cyrena. Fig. 12. 2e 3b LP I A os oe LAT 2a A Levicardium with reduced teeth, 108 Mr. M. ©. March on the Fig. 18. LP LPL Development of Mactra solida. (After Bernard.) Fig. 14. Ligt- Lutraria. General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 109 Those ribs would then be developed which were of greatest importance to the shell—they might be those nearest to the hinge-line or those furthest from it. The second apparent objection is the alteration of a ventral succession in the Taxodonta and some Dysodonta to a dorsal one in the remaining Dysodonta and all the Heterodonta if, as seems probable, they have a common origin. This objec- tion has already been partially answered, where it was stated that those ribs which were most important would develop first. The change in order of development, then, may merely mean a change in the relative importance of the upper and lower ribs, This may reasonably be accounted for on the LPI 4 LPT Pane Left. Right. Chama lazarus. (After Bernard.) firmly established principle that those parts of an organism most highly developed in the adult tend to appear first in ontogeny. In the early shells, the Paleoconchs, the shells were thin and would be likely to break under the strain of the ligament. The most external, that is the uppermost ribs, which are more than mere valleys between the external ribs, and, moreover, need not be associated with external ribs, would be extremely likely to be useful as helping to strengthen that part of the shell. Being more developed they would appear sooner than the less important ventral ones. After the appearance of the cardinal plateau, or even after the general thickening of the shell, this use would be subordinated to the use of guiding the shell to ensure rapid and accurate closing. This would be better accomplished by ventral ribs, which would then develop first. Noettling reasons from diagrams 12, numbers 2 and 3 (see text-fig. 10), of Bernard’s work on Heterodonts, that lamella ILI, which is shown as curved round, is more differentiated ‘BOOBUIVUY 4 ‘BaovATOLO T “ce “ “ “ ‘BOOBUTT[AT, Upquy«oydvudg 6e “VITOUVAG OJOAT “ oe ‘ROOVTATY Vpqeyloroyyneyy ‘nadBtysCQ epquytoydeutg “cc “é “ “ce “ce “ee Mr. M. C. March on the “ROOVULJOO a “BoOBTAT VpqVyLoroyyNoyyy ‘eluoydisojapy Booutmsoporemouy “ “ce “ “ “‘BIUOPOSTAT, - “RpPlpour -9 et} UL pepnypout af “BILOPOE[ay, RodBUUSapUOpooTay, oc 6c“ “ “c “ce 6e “BIUOPOXBT, BIIVUISA POTOL “e]UO POST 5 “By UOposA(y af “ “ “"BJUOPOST uf “ “ “ByUOpOZIyOg is ‘BIUOPOSA(T VOOBUISOPOUOTI “Sprluoywuy ‘Mpuyrpcey ‘eprieprdsn() ‘BPTYVULSa pOse J] ‘BPINIIGo.1IG ‘RpPIUpOR Soa ‘aeprpnon Ny PLE ‘eplMounjooe gf “RPlacqys() “A pIMOwy ‘apyApuods “PlUlyoo *BPTULO f BVpPllNotTAy “ee pryA “poomapryr 110 ‘VINOGOITG “VW WOIStAl(T "eJUOPOIEOPFT “[] Lopig ‘VINOGOXV], “| doptoqng ‘VINOGOSA( "W Lopacoqng "eJUOpOINe[g ‘[ epg Ayn "PADUA Tt ton of the Pelecypoda. General Classificat ‘goov[ APY VpqeyloLol NOG] ‘poov[AUqug ys “ “ *BaOVUTT]A TL, e “BadBPL[OUd Us “BaoBA TY WL “ “e 7 “cc “ oc “ “ “ “e manny Aiuquyg epgeysoydeatg ““ “ ‘Booerparey epqeyojydeadg “c ‘noon aqua 1 i ibe “TURY ul “ oc “ “ ‘RIMOPOZIYOR BOOVUIsepOUOI | "BJ UOPOd|a TL, ee ‘BI UOpOUeyyS V "ByULOPose J, os “BLO pOUITIS VW "RYUOPOI|A T, 2} LO pOUdsOl(T ‘BLUOPOTIAG) ““ “e “cc “ 4“ ee ‘eIMOpOMAcOLYY BUOPoOs|ay, ‘By MOpoUssor(y “e “By MO pPooy— J, “ee “‘BJUOPOUISOL(T Ke ‘epruoydery] BI UOpoUEDsOl(T “BWOPO9]A J, “ “BILOPOMISOL(Y VooRMIsepod]a], ‘RPUMOS IT, cee Pea) “BPSsudSslal(T ‘eplovuo(y “eeprtnqtoy) SASRUUEN Spipsodd. ACMA iS “Vpr[[oyessVay) Raves) ‘BptrprvooyApuos) Se neh} ‘eplurony Spl} IVysSV “KpYyRIgd(T “anysTPUYy “eprexeyy) ‘apraydg “BP ULM ‘epraroAany hed gibh lcs ‘epupivonds ‘eepruetd() ‘VINOGODITO “E] WOISTAT a Mr. M. C. March on the than lamella I, which is merely a straight ridge. Surely here he is confusing the appearance of teeth and lamelle. The curving of IIT is the first stage in the development of 3aand 36. LamellaI might appear before lamella III, and yet CA 3 be developed before 1. Indeed, CA 1 may never develop. Also the early appearance of I causes II in the left valve to appear more or less curved, and this enjoins the same fate on III in the right valve. As a matter of fact, this reading of these diagrams supports the assumed change in order of development by showing that, although the first lamella to develop is the most internal, yet the earliest formed teeth appear more externally. Order I. PLEURODONTA. Pelecypoda in which the prodissoconch stage always shows an embryonic dentition in the form of crenulations, which may or may not continue into the dissoconch stage. The true teeth normally develop as lateral folds at the periphery. The cases in which they do not may be taken as due to acceleration in development. The succession of teeth is normally from external (dorsal) to internal (ventral). The cardinal plateau develops after the first-formed teeth, which may or may not be traceable from internal ribs. The teeth when developing before the plateau are dysodont, when developing on the plateau they are taxodont. The teeth tend to become curved, so as to he perpendicular to the hinge-line internally. Peripherally they tend to atrophy. Suborder A. DysoDONTA. Pleurodonta in which the teeth definitely arise as continua- tions of internal ribs. They are reduced in number and may become taxodont in nature or degenerate. The succession may be external (dorsal). Suborder B. TAXODONTA. Pleurodonta in which the origin of teeth from internal ribs is normally not evident. The teeth are numerous and become perpendicular to the hinge-line. The succession is internal (ventral), except where not more than two teeth arise externally (dorsally). General Classtfication of the Pelecypoda. 113 Order Il. HETERODONTA. Pelecypoda in which the prodissoconch normally shows no embryonic crenulations. The teeth develop from lateral lamelle. The succession is external (dorsal). The first- formed lamella is in the right valve. Each valve contains lamellz in front of and behind the ligament. The anterior Jamellee may develop posteriorly into cardinal teeth and anteriorly into lateral teeth. Posterior cardinals are deve- loped in one case only. Division A. PLIODONTA. Heterodonta in which CA1 is developed and CA2 is _ subdivided into anterior and posterior portions. Division B. OLIGODONTA. Heterodonta in which CA 1 does not develop and CA 2 remains undivided. Conclusion. The comparison and contrasts between these three classifi- cations stand out clearly. To Neumeyer, the first to really tackle the problem of the hinge as a basis for classification, is due the honour of having divided the hinges into types. Three only of these divisions survive, two of these only as of subordinal value (Taxodonta and Dysodonta), the third (Heterodonta) as an order; but to him is due the general basis for such a classification. Dall kept these types of Neumeyer’s, but reduced them to the rank of divisions in his orders. He created three new orders, founding them, as did Neumeyer, on the characters of the adult shell, and, as was shown by Bernard’s later work, erroneously. Bernard’s work was essentially that of an embryologist. His two orders and their suborders were founded on the study of individual development. Having worked out the main lines of his classification in this way, he compared it with Neumeyer’s work on the Palzoconchs of the Paleozoic period, and found that the results of his work were borne out by these earlier researches. Neither of these workers claimed that his work was ideal phylogenetically ; each fully realized the importance of the consideration of other organs in tracing out the relationships of members of the group. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 8 1{4 Mr. M. C. March on the Neumeyer’s seven orders bear no distinct relationship to the orders established by those who followed the differentia- tion of the gills. Dall’s first order, Prionodesmacea, corre- sponds to the Protobranchia and Eleutherobranchia of Ridewood, except that Ostrea and Pinna are removed by the latter, on account of their gills, nto the Synaptorhabda, which is equivalent to the Anomalodesmacea and Teleodesmacea of Dall, with the exception of the above-mentioned families. Bernard’s Pleurodonta includes the members of the Proto- branchia and Eleutherorhabda, together with the Ostreid and the Pinnide placed in it, and without the Cardiniidie and Trigontide. His Heterodonta agrees with the Synapto- rhabda with these two families removed and the Trigoniidee and Cardiniide added. Grobben’s classification appears to be untenable for three reasons :— A. He separates the Desmodonta from the Heterodonta, placing them in a different order, although they are essentially similar in both the gills and the hinge. B. He separates the Arcide from the other Taxodonta, placing them in the same order as the Heterodonta, although they differ in development and history. C. In spite of the same difficulty, he places the Aniso- myarians with the Heterodonta. As Dall’s orders have been shown to have been foundel on a misconception of the value of the teeth, the only important compariscns are between Bernard’s and Ridewood’s - classifications. One of the differences between these classifications is the inclusion in the first of Bernard’s orders of the first two of Ridewood’s orders. Bernard’s reasons for putting the Taxodonta and Dysodonta together are :— 1. They have a similar prodissoconch with embryonic crenulations. 2. The early dissoconch stages are similar in regard to the development of the teeth and cardinal plateau. The differences in their later development justifies their separation into suborders. Ridewood’s reason for separating them is that the gills in one case are simple protobranchs and in the other they are recurved. Ridewood himself derives the filibranch type General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 115 from the protobraich, so that the difference is merely one of degree of development, while Bernard’s comparisons imply a relationship of origin and development for the prodisso- conch and early dissoconch stages. The reasons for the association of these two sections of the Pelecypoda seem to be stronger than the reason for their separation. Of course it can be urged against Bernard’s order that in the Pectinidz, Spondylidze, and Plicatulide the order of development of the teeth is towards the exterior (@. e. the dorsal side), but a foreshadowing of this may be seen in the Nuculide and Pectunculide. The separation of Ostrea and Pinna from Avicula on account of the gills is opposed to the results of the researches of Jackson on the Aviculide and their allies, and of Bernard on the development of the hinge and the general characters of the shell. The inclusion of the Trigonacea in the Heterodonta, which is another difference, as the Heterodonta are practi- cally equivalent to the Synaptorhabda, is another point of difference. This position of this family resolves itself into the question of whether the teeth or the gills are taken as being the more important for classification. The arguments on this point were given at the beginning of this paper. A third and more important point of difference is ths inclusion by Ridewood of the Arcide with the Trigoniidze and Mytilidz in the subgroup Mytilacea. This arrangement is opposed to the results of both phylogeny and ontogeny. The types of hinge which these families possess were distinct at any rate in Ordovician times. In general basis Bernard’s classification is sounder than Ridewood’s, because it is possible to include in it fossil forms and also because it is not based on the degree of development of a common character. Where the two disagree in detail Bernard’s views are supported by other workers and by phylogeny and ontogeny. Moreover, Bernard’s conclusions are the result of the detailed study of ontogeny. Literature. (1) Barranpr, J. ‘Systéme Silurien du centre dela Bohéme,’ vol. vi. Acéphales. 1882. . (2) Bernarp, F. “ Premiére note sur la développement et la morpho- logie de la coquille chez les Lamellibranches (Hétérodontes),” Bull. Soc. géol. de France, (3) t. xxiii. 1895, p. 104. “ Deuxiéme note &c. (Taxodontes),” ib. t. xxiv. p. 412. 1895. “Troisiéme note &c, (Anisomyaires),” ib, t. xxiy. p. 412. S* 1896. 116 On the General Classification of the Pelecypoda. (5) BernarD, F, “Quatriéme note &c.,” Bull. Soc. géol. de France, (8) t. xxv. p. 559. (6) “ Recherches sur la coquille des Lamellibranches,’”’ Ann. des Sci. nat., Zool. t. viii. p. 1. 1898. (7) ““ Etudes comparatives sur la coquille des Lamellibranches : Condylocardia &c.,” Journ. de Conch, 1898, no. 3. (8) “ Etudes &c.: Les Genres Philobrya et Hochstetteria,” ib. no. 1. 1897. (9) - “Anatomie de Chlamydoconcha orcutti,” Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. t.i. 1897. (10) . “Sur la prodissoconque &c.,” C. R. Acad. Sc. t. exxiv. 1897. (11) ——. ‘Sur le développement des dents &e.,” ib. t. exxv. 1897. (12) ‘Eléments de Paléontologie.” 1895. (13) Dati, W. H. “On the Hinge of Pelecypoda and its Development,” Amer. Journ. Sci. (8) vol. xxxvili. 1889. (14) “‘ Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.—Part IIL. A new Classification of the Pelecypoda,” Trans. Wagn. Free Inst. of Sci. Philadelphia. 1895. (15) Fiscurr,H. ‘ Résumé des travaux de M. F. Bernard sur le développement de la coquille des Pélécypodes,”’ Journ. de Conch. no. 4, xlv. 1897. (16) Jackson, R. T. “Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda: the Aviculide and their Allies,” Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. 1890. (17) Norerriine, F. “Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda,” Pal. Ind. new series, vol. 1. 1889. (18) PELSENEER, P. ‘Contributions 4 la étude des Lamellibranches.’ 1891. (19) Ripewoop, W.G. “ On the Structure of the Gills of the Lamelli- branchia,” Phil. Trans. B, vol. exev. p. 147. 1905. (20) WoopwarpD, B. B. “On a proposed new Classification of the Pelecypoda,” Nat. Sci. vol. viii. no. 50, p. 239. 1896. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. A. 1. Left valve of Meretrix. Right ,, ws . Left valve of Mactra. aught. 5 . Left valve of Lucina. . Right ,, ie . Left valve of Pecten. Right ,, es Left valve of Pectunculus. . Right ,, B Cc 1D}. E DP ro Phebe ” LA=anterior lamella. LP= posterior lamella. 1, 2a, 26, &c.=cardinal teeth. A=anterior dysodont tooth. P=posterior dysodont tooth. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. Bt X1.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. —No. XXXITJ. By Prof. M‘Inroso, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &e. [Plates IV. & V.] . On a White Porpoise. On the Spawning of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.). On Eteone depressa, Mgrn., var., a Species not hitherto found in Britain. . On Nereis zonata, Mern., in Britain. . On the British Capiteliid@e (Halelminthide). . On the Capitellide procured by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’ oe od On 1. On a White Porpoise. For nearly a fortnight amateur fishermen who used the hand-lines at night were surprised to see about the beginning of August a whitish porpoise, or, as some thought, a Beluga, disporting itself in St. Andrews Bay, and it was also ob- served by the salmon fishermen early in the morning. It was never in company with its neighbours, but was always solitary. On the mornmg of the 10th August it was entangled in the salmon stake-nets off Kinkell Ness, about two miles from St. Andrews. When brought to the Laboratory it was found to be a young female measuring 34 inches in length (Pl. 1V.) and was of a dull yellowish white all over like that of Beluga, though when care- fully examined a faint longitudinal band occurred along the upper Jateral region on each side. In front of the eye, again, a curved band of a blackish hue passed from the vertex forward, made a bold sweep forward, and then curved backward to the angle of the mouth. ‘The shape of the entire patch was somewhat crescentic, the dark pigment being toned off at the margin. The eyes had the normal pigment, and thus differed from those of an albino. Though it is rare to find any noteworthy change in the blackish pigment of the dorsum of the porpoise, variations occasionally occur in the hue of the latero-ventral and the ventral surface in the form of pale or greyish pigment or dull streaks. Again, in a foetal porpoise about 6 inches in length (18th November, 1911) the anterior region of the head, the vertex to a line with the perpendicular from the anterior base of the flipper was dark, and the entire dorso- lateral region to the taii was of a dull grey hue. ‘The under surface aud the ventro-lateral regions were pale. The flippers, dorsal fin, and the caudal Hukes were blackish, the pigment on the latter being densest ventrally. In another 118 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the foetus between 16 and 17 inches in length (6th February) the pigment outlined in the early example had become of a deep black hue—fading at the edges to the pale tint of the ventro-lateral region. Thus in the white form traces of embryonic hues have been retained. Variations in colour are known in other Cetaceans, such as the humpback whales, schools of which have the belly nearly white, others with a marbled under surface, and a third series with the bellies entirely dark*. Similar variations are noted by the old authors, by Prof. Collett + and Mr. Lillie {, amongst the rorquals (Balenoptera musculus, B. sibbaldii, and B. borealis). In remarking on three variations—viz., dark and two lghter-coloured phases— Mr. Lydekker § is inclined to think these are not due to race but to age. So far as observed, however, the common cetaceans of Britain do not appear to lend much support to this view, or to the statement that the dark-tailed rorquals specially feed on herrings and pilchards and the lighter- coloured forms on crustaceans. 2. On the Spawning of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.). The hake is by no means a common fish on the eastern shores of Scotland, indeed Parnell || states that “ it is seldom met with on the east coast of Scotland. About two years ago, a single specimen was taken in a stake-net at Mussel- burgh and sent to the Edimburgh market, where it appeared to be unknown.” Couch 4, again, thought it one of the. commonest fishes round the British Islands, though this refers chiefly to the southern shores, and that its spawning- season “is the early months of the year, although this is liable to variation, as, indeed, is the case with most fishes, so that in the cold season of 1837 the spawning of hakes was not accomplished until August.” Day adds nothing to the knowledge of its spawning. Kingsley and Conn allude to the egg from the American coast and give a figure. M‘Intosh and Masterman ** observe ‘that Dr. Raffaele, at Naples, ‘‘ mentions that ripe specimens occur in January,” and they appear to continue till May ++. “In British waters the spawning-period seems to extend from January io July inclusive, Mr. Cunningham having found one perfectly ripe * Morch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 191i, part iii. p. 663. + Ibid. 1886, pp. 209-251, $ Ibid. 1910, p. 783. § Ibid. 1911, p. 424. || ‘Fishes of the Forth,’ p. 851 (1887). q ‘Fishes of the Brit. Islands,’ vol. ii. pp. 99 & 100. ** © British Marine. Food-Fishes,’ p. 274 (1897). tt ‘Le uovo galleggianti, &c.’ p. 37 (1888), Taf. 1. figs. 28, 29, and Taf. 3. fig. 1 (larva). Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. bag on July 6th at Plymouth, “while Mr. Holt procured another with nearly ripe ovaries at the end of June off the west of Ireland.” Prof. Herdman, again, found spawning hake south of the Isle of Man on April 5th. In Scandinavia the spawning-season is in the middle of July, though the authors appear to attach weight to the statement of the fishermen that there is only a single small bank of sand and shingle im the Cattegat where the hake spawns *. Raffaele described the newly hatched larva and Mr. Holt the young from 1} to 1} inches, whilst, lately, an able Danish observer, Dr. Johs Schmidt +, from his unique Opportunities in the Danish research steamer ‘ Thor,’ has been able to fill in the post-larval stages from 4} mm., and the young to 31 mm., and thus complete the life-history. Amongst the marked features distinguishing the post-larval hake between 7 and 15 mm. are the plump form of the body, the occurrence of three post-anal pigment bars, the last only on the tail itself and not on the caudal fin, and the less elongated pelvic fins—when contrasted with the lings and torsk, while the older stages are marbled (Schmidt). No spawning hake having been procured in the trawling expeditions of former years or since in Scottish waters, it was interesting that on the 4th July, 1911, a female hake 30 inches long was caught in the salmon stake-nets off the East Rocks, St. Andrews, the fish having apparently been swimming freely in the water. Its ovaries were well- developed and portions were ripe, the transparent eggs with a clear oil-globule readily issuing from the reproductive aperture and floating freely in a vessel of sea-water. The eggs measured about °8915 mm., and the oil-globules :2286 mm. ‘These eggs are somewhat less than those described by Raffaele from southern examples. The hake would thus appear to agree with the cod in having its spawning-period prolonged over a week or two. 3. On Eteone depressa, Mygrn.t{, var., a Species not hitherto found in Britain. An Eieone collected at Scarborough by Dr. Irving and Mr. Arnold Watson during an excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Marine Biology Committee appears to differ from any hitherto found in Britain, aud I am indebted * ‘Scand. Fishes,’ Fries, Ekstrém, and Sundevall, 2nd edit. (Smitt), 1893, pp. 518 & 519. + ‘Meddelelser fra Kommiss. Havunders,’ Kiébenhayn, 1907, Serie Fiskeri, Bd. ii. pp. 4-7, pl. v. figs. 1-13. t Nordiska Hafs-Annul, p. 103, tab. xv.f.36; Annul, Polych. p, 149. 120 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the to Mr. Arnold Watson for the opportunity of describing it and for his notes and sketches of it when alive. The annelid was found between tide-marks, and when alive was whitish or cream-coloured, but in sea-water with 25 per cent. of formalin it passed through lemon-yellow to a dark brown, the tints being darker in some parts than in others, whilst a few points remained cream-coloured. The head (Pl. V. fig. 1) is somewhat conical, with a smoothly rounded anterior border, from the sides of which spring the four subulate tentacles which taper distally and are nearly equal in length. Behind these the snout is con- stricted, then gradually widens till near the posterior border, when a slight constriction again occurs, thus giving a characteristic outline to the prostomium, the posterior border -of which is carried backward in the middle line. Just in front of the central point is a minute boss, the presence of which at once attracted Mr. Watson’s attention, and which, though in a different position, simulates the unpaired tentacle of Eulalia. On each side and a little in front of the boss is a comparatively small eye, quite distinct at first, but which gradually faded in the ‘preservative fluid, as, indeed, happens to other species of the genus. The peristomium bears two tentacular cirri of similar shape to the tentacles and scarcely longer. The body i is about 32 inches long and about 5}, of an inch wide (Watson) in life, cand it is flattened both dorsally and ventrally, the latter surface being distinguished by a broad median depressed band and a short lateral area in each | segment. On the dorsum, again, a similar effect is produced by the slight elevations at the outer border of each segment, though the median section is slightly convex and of the colour formerly mentioned. It tapers a little toward the snout, and much more gradually toward the tail, which ends in two lobate or spathulate cirri (Pl. V. fig. 2). The segments throughout are well- marked, and in the preservative fluid (24 per cent. formalin in sea-water and then alcohol) a curious increase of the pigment has occurred, with pale segment-junctions. The dorsal and the ventral cirri are dark like the ventral surface, but the setigerous processes remain pale; such of course, though interesting, is the effect of the preservative fluid, and must not be confounded with its original pallor. The feet form an even series along each side, the typical foot (Pl. V. fig. 3) having dorsally an ovate-rotundate lamella, which varies a little in the posterior region—that 1s, becomes more elongate and therefore more conical. The Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 121 cirrophore supporting it anteriorly is short and broad, the base of the cirrus being constricted in the posterior segments as it approaches it, whereas in the anterior segments the low broad cone formed by the cirrus shows this less prominently. The distal extremity forms a blunt cone. This cirrus, as in one or two other species of the genus, is proportionally large in a lateral view of the foot, its crrophore occupying about half the vertical diameter of the foot, and it extends distally much beyond the other divisions. The setigerous process is bluntly conical, the tip being double, with a bite in the middle, and the bristle-tuft is supported by a pale spine, the tip of which does not project beyond the surface, though it almost touches it. The bristles (Pl. V. figs. 4 & 5) are translucent, with a distal curvature of the shaft, and form a broad fan anteriorly, with the convexity of the shaft directed upward. The terminal piece is perhaps slightly longer than in Eteone picta, and forms a translucent tapering serrated blade. The shaft is dilated at its termination above the curvature, and carries a long tapering spur, the point of which curves toward the serrated or upper border of the terminal blade ; and on the same side (that is, with the serrated edge of the blade to the left) is a shorter spur and a series of diminishing serrations on the free edge below it. The bristle thus differs from that of Eteone picta, especially in the proportionally longer hook at the end of the shaft and the more coarsely spinous edge below the base of the larger process. In E. picla the large hook is shorter, stronger, and more boldly curved, and the lateral hook smaller. In £. arctica the great hook is likewise shorter and stouter. In . lentiyera the comparatively small though stout main hook is only a little larger than the secondary. In @. spetsbergensis the secondary hook is long and sharp and runs parallel to the larger hook, which is more or less straight. In the posterior region of the body both spines are well developed, and some have a tendency to curve at the tip. In E. pusilla the disproportion between the two hooks or spines is great, the smaller, however, being slender and sharp. In some small spines abut on the larger toward the dorsal edge of the terminal blade—that is, the side opposite the serrated edge. ‘The blade, moreover, is perhaps more distinctly bellied inferiorly. The ventral cirrus anteriorly has the shape of a truncated cone, the tip of which projects beyond the setigerous lobe. In the posterior third this cirrus diminishes in bulk and its tip is nearly in a line with the setigerous process, its ventral outline presenting a swelling or hump, apparevtly an indica- 137, Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the tion of its approach to the fused cirrophore. Toward the tip of the tail, again, both the setigerous lobe and the ventral cirrus have diminished in bulk, the latter especially being longer and more slender, and its tip often projects beyond that of the setigerous Icbe, the bristles in which are fewer and shorter. This form generally resembles teone depressa, Malmgren, and especially in the structure of the feet and bristies, but it differs in the presence of the “boss” or rudimentary tentacle at the posterior border of the prostomium. If the various authors who have examined it, however, had only seen spirit-preparations, it is possible that it may have been overlooked. Hitherto it has been found, amongst other places, at Bellsund, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Nova Zembla, and the Murman Sea. In his brief note on the species Théel * states that the head differs from Malmgren’s outline, and he gives a corrected figure. Fauvel+, another able investigator of the Annelids, considers that this species may be identical with Htione spetsbergensis, Malmgren, but, as indicated in the preceding remarks, there are reasons for keeping them separate. 4. On Nereis zonata, Wgrn., in Britain. Nereis zonata, Malmgren, is a form which, though not uncommon in northern waters, as in the cruise of the ‘Valorous,’ appears to be rare in Britain. Malmgren received it from Greenland and Spitzbergen.: and Marenzeller and others from North European and North Asiatic regions. The head resembles that of Nereis pelagica in regard to general shape, but the eyes are some- what larger and the tentacles and tentacular cirri are longer and more slender. A dark band of pigment runs in the line of the eyes, and a band of white passes forward between them. The body has a distinctive coloration, viz. a pale reddish-brown hue in spirit, though Malmgren adds yellowish or bluish to the reddish brown. ‘The arctic examples from the ‘ Valorous’ were distinctly banded transversely, a feature very evident in young specimens. It is terminated poste- riorly by slightly longer cirri than in N. pelagica, though much reliance need not be put on this feature. The maxille of the proboscis have the same number of teeth, those of N. pelayica perhaps being usually more distinct, and the tip, * Annél. N. Zemble, p. 32, pl. i. figs. 19 & 20. + Annél. Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Duc D’Orleans), p. 27, pl. i. fic. 6 (1911). Gatiy Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 123 if anything, is more slender. The paragnathi generally are finer than in UN. pelagica, and I. is absent in the present examples and in those procured by the ‘ Valorous’ in Green- land, and at most is represented by a single horny point, as in Marenzeller’s specimens. The groups in II. are some- what smaller individually, aud apparently less numerous than in N. pelagica. I11. forms a longer transverse band of more minute denticles, and group 1V. is composed of more acute paragnathi in a double curve, the inner formed of smaller denticles. V.is absent, as in N. pelagica, and V1. forms a group of smaller denticles than in N. pelagica on the eleva- tions at each side. This group is very variable in N. pela- gica, occasionally only a single large denticle being present on each side, and in all cases the paragnathi are larger. VII. and VIII. form the basal row in extrusion, and no groups differ from the homologous parts in N. pelagica more than these. VII. shows the two largest paragnathi in the series constituting a basal band in extrusion, and which (band) differs from that of N. pe/agica in the isolation of the larger distal and the minuteness of the proximal denticles. In N. pelagica the large distal paragnathi are much more numerous and less regularly arranged, and the proximal smaller denticles are likewise in greater numbers. Side by side the contrast between the two is noteworthy. In glancing along the feet of the two forms the rounded and blunt condition of the tips of the processes in N. pela- gica distinguish it, for in N. zonata the lobes are much more acute,and Malmgren’s figures originally indicated this clearly. The examples were procured in Lambay Deep, Irish Sea, and I have to thank Mr. Southern for the opportunity of examining them. Nereis zonata, Malmgren, var. persica, Fauvel, occurs in the Persian Gulf, and has lately been carefully described by Prof. Fauvel* both in the ordinary and epitokous conditions. The author also states that he considers Nereis procera of Ehlers to be the same species, and so with Nereis pulsatoria of Grube. He concludes that Heteronereis grandifolia 3, Malmgren (Heteronereis assimilis, Rathke), is the epitokous condition of Nereis zonata. WN. zonata appears to have a very wide distribution both off the Atlantic and Pacific shores. The epitokous forms of Nereis pelayica are distinguished from those of N. zonata by the coloration, the latter having * Archiv. Zool. Expér. vol. xlvi. p. 382, pls. xix. & xx. (April 1911), 124 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the light transverse bands which are not present in the former, an‘ the paragnathi of groups I.and VI. In N. pelagica the lobes of the feet are evenly rounded, whilst in N. zonata they are triangular and run out to a broad point. Ditlevsen *, who has recently written on the subject, further notes that in N. pelagica the short terminal processes of the bristles are shorter and more curved than in WN. zonata. The author disagrees with Michaelsen’s view that Heteronereis arctica of (Hrsted is the female epitokous form of N. zonata, and therefore thinks that the title N. conata should stand. Moreover, whilst N. pelagica is generally a littoral species, N. zonata is procured by the dredge. 5. On the British Capitellide (Halelminthide). No notice of these occurs under the ‘ Annelides” cf Dr. Johnston’s ‘ Catalogue of Worms in the British Museum,’ but, following Clitellio in the Order Scoloces, under the littoral family of the Tribe Lumbricina, 1s a species termed Valla ciliata, which refers to Capitella capitata, and, indeed, the author in a footnote states that De Quatrefages would place the genus probably amongst the Ariciidz in the errant Annelids. In this arrangement Dr. Johnston probably followed Grube in his ‘Familien der Anneliden’ (1851). De Quatrefages, again (1865), placed the Capitellide between the Maldanide (his Clyméniens) and the Areni- colide—as a group of uncertain position; his three chief genera being Capitella, Notomastus, and Dasybranchus. Without going further into detail, the monumental work of Dr. Hugo Eisig, published in 1887, cleared up all ambiguities, and placed the group on a satisfactory basis in respect to structure, physiology, systematic position, and distribution. In text as well as in plates the high standard of this treatise is an honour to the Zoological Station of Naples and to the author. Only three species of this family—viz., Notomastus lateri- ceus, Sars, Capitella capitata, Pabr., and Dasybranchus—occur in Britain. The former (Notomastus latericeus) is widely distributed from Shetland to the Channel Islands, whilst abroad it is almost cosmopolitan. Its bright red colour makes it a conspicuous feature on the West Sands at St. Andrews after storms, and it is by no means a minute form, for it ranges from 6-10 inches in length. The head consists of two rings and is conical aud sharp-pointed, * ‘Danmark-Eksped. Grénlands,’ 1906-8, Bd. v. p. 419, pl. xxviii. fig. 6, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 125 and it can be retracted so as to leave only the margin of the buccal segment in front. At its base on each side are two groups of brownish grains marking the nuchal organs. The second or buccal segment is biannulate, devoid of bristles, and the mouth opens on its ventral sur face as a proportion- ally large aperture. The body is a little tapered in front of the larger anterior region, remaining of nearly equal diameter for a considerable distance, and then tapering gradually to the tail, which ends in a slightly upturned vent with two papillee beneath. The anterior region comprehends the buecal and eleven bristled segments, ‘each of which is two- ringed and more or less tessellated on the surface. The succeeding region differs in appearance, having, as a rule, longer segments with prominent tori for the hooks. Each segment anteriorly shows a double median dorsal elevation and two long lateral ridges which pass to the ventral surface. Posteriorly, again, the four tori are more nearly equal in size and more widely separated, two being dorsal and two ventro-lateral in position, the two median elevations of the dorsum having disappeared; and toward the tip of the tail the four prominent tori give the body a quadrangular aspect on section. The anterior segments have a ‘deep transverse furrow which divides them into two halves. Laterally this furrow bends backward at each bristle-tuft—making, as it were, a small setigerous process,—the bristles issuing quite at its posterior border. The two upper tufts of bristles are wholly dorsal, and thus those of opposite sides approach each other more nearly than the ventral. The bristles have simple straight shafts, which begin to taper at the slight bend marking the commencement of the somewhat narrow wing. Though the tip is acute yet the whole bristle is elastic and strong. De St. Joseph states that their bases rest on a large gland. At the twelfth bristled segment a double process carrying hooks appears in the mid-dorsal line, and this continues to the twentieth segment of the region without much change. Thereafter the two processes have a tendency to disappear, so that at the thirtieth segment no trace occurs, the arrange- ment resolving itself posteriorly into a dorsal and a ventral pair of tori, the former rounded and short, the latter more elongated. The tori of this (second) region are furnished with minute elongated hooks, having a slender shaft narrowed at its commencement and again toward the neck, the tip ending in a sharp main fang, whilst, in lateral view, the crown has two spikes above it. 126 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the The differences in the muscular and other tissues of the anterior and posterior regions sufficiently explain the fact that, as a rule, only the anterior region is tosseé on shore by storms. In the first segment of the second region, and in the following six to eleven, are the openings for the issue of the genital elements on papille on the ventral surface. The second species, Capitella capitata, Fabr., has a similar distribution round the British shores to the foregoing, and is likewise almost cosmopolitan. Its length is from 3-5 inches, and the anterior region has nine or ten segments. The head is an elongated cone with two minute lateral papillz (nuchal organs). The mouth opens as a puckered orifice on the ventral surface of the peristomial segment. The body increases in breadth from the snout backward to the sixth or seventh, and then slightly diminishes to the four- teenth, behind which the body is somewhat narrower, though this distinction is often obliterated. It diminishes posteriorly and ends in a button-shaped process often with a dimple in the centre; but reproduction of this region is so common that it is seldom a complete example is procured. The body is rounded anteriorly, and when preserved has a tendency to a quadrangular condition posteriorly, the ventral surface being flattened and generally grooved anteriorly, the groove in the larger examples being specially marked at the eighth and ninth segments. On the lateral region of the body at the junction of the seventh bristled segment with that following in the female is a vertically elongated papilla with a deep fissure (genital opening) in its centre. On the ventral surface of the ninth bristled segment is the depression at the end of the furrow leading into the aperture. The copulatory apparatus in the male (ninth and tenth segments) has four bundles of strong spines—a pair to each segment. About the middle of the ninth segment, and apparently immediately in front of the papilla, is the anterior series of ten spines, five on each side, the outer being the smaller. The concavity of the curve of each spine, like the point of the hook at its tip, is directed outward and backward, the convexity looking toward the convexity of the adjoining series. A space occurs between them and the posterior pair, the points of which are directed forward, and just appear, under pressure, at the edge of the ciliated sexual aperture. These spines are four in number, the two inner being larger than the outer, and they are directed forward and inward. The anterior region (behind the peristomium) consists of Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 127 seven segments, each almost symmetrically divided by four rows of eolden bristles with a double curve and winged tips. At the ninth segment hooks take the place of the “bristles, and the winged “forms have two minute spines above the main fang in lateral view, and this arrangement continues to the posterior end, though the caudal hooks are smaller. - Fragments apparently of the anterior third of a form near Dasybranchus were dredged by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in 80-100 fathoms in muddy sand in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland, in 1867. In what seems to be an anterior fragment the ventral ridges for tbe hooks extend round the edges of the flattened body to the dorsal surface, where they cease. No hooks could be found dorsally, and! therein it differs from Dasybranchus. The dorsal surface is rounded and lobed, and the walls are so attenuate that in certain fragments the muddy contents and the orange hue of the gut-wall shine through. The ventral surface possesses thick walls and is flattened in front, with a median ridge, which is absent from the posterior fragments, which are only ridged transversely. The hooks are minute, have a very short main fang with two teeth above it (in lateral view). The ventral longitudinal muscles are greatly developed. 6. On the Capitellide procured by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’ Dasybranchus caducus, Grube? Dredged in the ‘ Por- eupine’ Expedition of 1870, in the Bay of Tunis. Some of the fragments are about 4 inches in length and 6-8 mm. in diameter. It is distinctly tapered anteriorly, gradually enlarges toward the middle, and again probably tapers posteriorly, but as the specimen is incomplete this is conjectural. The head forms a short, blunt cone, which, in the pre- paration, is partly withdrawn into the peristomial serment, which is marked dorsally by a somewhat regular series of longitudinal strie over aneminence. Ventrally the proboscis is extruded as a short cylinder with a corrugated and slightly glistening surface. In the preparation the peri- stomial segment forms a blunt cone, and, besides the eminence, a differentiation of the longitudinal strix a little in front of the middle dorsally and the presence of a ransverse depression may indicate a sensory organ. Whilst this segment is undivided ventrally, a deep furrow dorsally cuts off a posterior belt. Such may be an indication of the arrangement of the succeeding rings. The segment following 128 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the the foregoing has the type of the thirteen which constitute the region, viz. 18 two-ringed, the middle sulcus having a broad papilla on each side dorsally directed backward, and bearing a tuft of bristles (Pl. V. fig. 8), which have a long, slightly curved shaft ending in a finely tapered tip with wings. The hooks occupy a ventro-lateral position not far removed from the dorsal arch, and thus in a ventral view they escape notice. They occupy a similar position with regard to the median suleus of the segment, viz. project on a flattened papilla or process behind it. Each hook (Pl. V. fig. 9) has a shghtly curved shaft tapered a little inferiorly, gradually enlarging to the commencement of the wing, then narrowing to the throat, from which the main fang comes off at a little more than a right angle, and with two teeth on the crown above. The wings are fairly broad, and are rounded distally beyond the fang. ‘Behind the last bristle-bundle a change in the segments is inaugurated, for whilst they remain 2-ringed the dorsal papilla for the bristles disappears, and a lateral groove is gradually formed dorsally a little below the line of the bristles, this groove being rendered more distinct by a prominent papilla which marks the second ring of the segment laterally, and indicates the line of hooks “below it. The mid-ventral line now presents a groove which continues for fully an inch backward. Instead of the bristles dorsally - a line of hooks—indicated at first by a slight inflection of the median groove of the segment—takes their place. Ventrally a long band of hooks is present on each side, and by-and-by meet in the middle line, so that this region of the body is mainly concerned with movements in the tunnel in the mud or sand. About the sixtieth armed segment the rows of hooks have arranged themselves on a long pad on each side dorsally, separated in the middle line by a considerable interval ; whilst on the ventral surface the rows appear to meet in the middle line, so that a continuous series stretches from side to side, a slight inflection of the line in front and behind in the centre indicating the seat of separation in front. Behind the foregoing region (sixtieth foot) the body in the preparation undergoes considerable dilatation dorsally, and the ventral line of hooks ends on each side laterally in a pale elevated ridge which terminates abruptly superiorly, a pale striated region occurring between it and the com- mencement of the dorsal rows, which are still separated by a considerable interval. They are recognized by the opaque elevation in front and behind. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 129 Moreover, in every segment in the more posterior region an aperture exists about the upper end of the ventral row of hooks, and out of this a small branchia projects. Some are included until pressure is made on the body, and then they are distinct. These apertures are at a higher level, for instance, than those of the ‘ Challenger’ form, Station 233 B, which are at each edge of the flattened ventral surface and have an elongated glandular fillet above them. The position of the branchiz thus corresponds with the description and figure of Claparéede* from specimens procured at Port Vendres. In the intestine of the middle region are many ovoid masses of mud as in Chefopterus. These consisted for the most part of very fine amorphous mud of a pale brown colour, with a few sand-particles, a few minute fragments of sponge- spicules, but very few traces of softer tissue. The specimen appeared to be a female with small ova in the perivisceral cavity. In an example from Concarneau, De St. Joseph ¢ found the branchiz covered with Rhabdostyla arenicole, Fabre Domergue. A fragment of the middle region of what appears to be a Dasybranchus was dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870, off Cape Sagres, in 45 fathoms. ‘The hooks agree with those of J). caducus. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PuaTe IV. Photograph of the white porpoise by A. W. Brown. PLATE V.{ Fig, 1. Enlarged view of the head and anterior region of Eteone depressa, Malmgren, from the dorsum. Fig. 2. Similar view of the tip of the tail after preservation, supplemented by a sketch by Mr. Arnold Watson. Fig. 3. Lateral view of a foot from the anterior third of the body. Xx about 60 diam. Fig. 4. eae of the same species after preservation. X Zeiss oc. 2, obj. F. Fig. 5, Another bristle turned so as to show the serrations at the tip of the shaft. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. C. * Glanures Zoot. p. 56, pl. viii. fig. 8, * Ann. Sc. Nat. 8° sér. v, p. 391. ¢ I have to thank the Carnegie Trust for artistic aid with this Plate. Ann, & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8, Vol, x, d 130 On a new Elephant Shrew from Zanzibar. Fig. 6. Head and anterior region of Dasybranchus caducus, Grube, the prostomium being withdrawn. Enlarged under a lens. Fig. 7. Segments from the middle of the body of the foregoing showing the branchigze. Similarly enlarged. Fig. 8. Boe from the anterior region of the same. X Zeiss oc. 2, oO Fig. 9. Hook of the foregoing. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. F. XII.—A new Elephant Shrew from the Island of Zanzibar. By Guy DOoLLMAN. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Rhynchocyon adersi, sp. n. Closely allied to Rhynchocyon peterst, Boc., but con- siderably darkex in colour, especially on the anterior part of the body. Size of body much as in peters?. General colour of upper surface conspicuously different from that of petersi; snout rufous, the colour deepening on the sides of the face and forehead to a maroon tint. Crest on head deep chocolate- maroon, this colour extending back down the mid line to join with the black of the hind-quarters; shoulders and anterior portion of flanks dark maroon. Hind-quarters and posterior back deep black, the black wash extending considerably | further forwards on the flanks than in peters?, giving the whole animal a much darker and more sombre appearance. Backs of hands and feet rufous orange ; metatarsal area tinted with dark brownish black. Ventral surface of body darker than in peters’,the general rufous tint deeper and less orange. ‘l'ail similar in length but with a much shorter white area at the tip, measuring only some 48 mm. in length, while in the type specimen of peters¢ this white area is fully 60 mm. long. General colour of dorsal surface of tail rufous orange, considerably darker than in peters? and without such a well-marked dark dorsal line on the basal portion. Skull like that of peters¢ in general form. Dimensions of the type (measured from dry skin) :— Head and body 300 mm.; tail 240; hind foot 72*; ear 26. Skull: greatest length 69; basal length 59; zygomatic breadth 36°6 ; palatal length 35°5 ; width of palate (inside wm) 12°2; length of maxillary tooth-row, from front of first premolar to back of last molar, 23°2. * Approximate, On a new Palm-Civet from Timor. 131 Hab. Island of Zanzibar. Type. Old male. B.M. no. 12.1.6.1. Collected and presented to the British Museum by Mr. W. M. Aders. In addition to the type Mr. Aders sent home another individual of this interesting insectivore, quite similar in colour and general proportions. Through the kindness of Dr, A. F. de Seabra, of the Museu Bocage, I have been able to compare these Zanzibar individuals with the type specimen of Bocage’s peterst. It was at once apparent that the true peters? agreed, not with the island specimens, but with those from the mainland ; and examination of the label and history of the specimen showed that it originally came from Hast Africa, Zanzibar being used in the original description for the whole district and not for the island. It thus becomes necessary to give a name to the island species, which I am pleased to call after the collector and donor, Mr, Aders. XIIL—On a new Palm-Civet from Timor. By Ernst SCHWARZ. Tuis new Paradowurus is closely allied to P. hermaphroditus sambanus, which is connected by it with the other Malay representatives of the genus, lL haye named it in honour of its discoverer, Mr. C. B. Haniel. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hanieli, subsp, n. Nearly allied to P. hermaphroditus sumbanus, but dis- tinguished from it by its superior size, shorter and softer fur, and different colour. Fur moderately long, very rich and soft, Colour (of type). Back light olive-brown, with a distinct black line down the middle of the back, and on each side of it a row of black spots. (Hairs of back brownish grey at base, then strawy yellow with black tip.) | Crown, ears, muzzle, cheeks, limbs, and tail, except its basal fourth, black. Nape strongly suffused with grey, markedly contrasted with the colour ot the back ; sides of neck with a strong suffusion of creamy buff. Face-markings exactly asin P.h. sumbanus. Shoulders and thighs indistinctly spotted. Underside of body brownish buff. In some specimens the hairs of the back have a more pale or more golden-yellow subterminal band, thus producing a * 132 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial more greyish or a more golden-yellow general effect. The dorsal lines tend to disappear in some individuals. Skull much as in P.h. sumbanus but much larger. Zygo- matic arches very wide and intertemporal constriction well-marked, but short as in that form. Nasals U-shaped, very broad. Bulle small, much smaller than in swmbanus, inflated between carotic canal and foramen lacerum posterius. Sagittal crest in males very high. Teeth similar to those of P.h. sumbanus but a little larger. P, with a well-developed anterior tubercle (parastyle) and narrow postero-internal ledge. Type. Zoological Museum, Munich ; original no. 90; skin and skeleton of old male. Collected by C. B. Haniel on August Sth, 1911. Type locality. Baung, Amarassie, Timor. Specimens examined. Ten from various localities: Ofu, Baung, Noimina; all in Timor, Dimensions of the type (taken on the flat skin) :— Head and body 590 mm.; tail (without hairs) 450. Skull: basilar length 96; condylo-basilar length 100; greatest breadth 65°3 ; mastoid breadth 37; nasals 24 x 11:2 ; intertemporal constriction 12:1; width of brain-case 37:5 ; palatilar length 44 ; palate, greatest breadth (including teeth) 37; least breadth (between canines and incisors) 11; breadth of rostrum across roots of canines 20°5 ; foramina incisiva 5; front of p, to back of m, 33; py, length on outer edge 8°4, breadth 7, greatest diameter 9°7. The Timor Palm-Civet is readily distinguished by the greyish hue on the neck and the black head. From P. h. sumbanus it differs in the characters indicated above; P. h. setosus of Ceram is larger, more yellowish in coloration, and has much larger bulle and more complex teeth. XIV.—On a Terrestrial Amphipod from Kew Gardens. By W. T. Catan, D.Sc. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) SPECIMENS of the Amphipod described below have been sent to the Natural History Museum by Mr. A. W. Hill, Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ‘They were found in the ‘ Tropical Pits,” and about a dozen specimens, including adults of both sexes, have been collected at various _ times. ' Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 133 Terrestrial species of Amphipoda belonging to the family Talitride are known from various parts of the world, and have been found in hothouses in Europe, but not hitherto, so far as I know, in this country. Since the reference of the species to the genus Talitrus depends upon the characters of the males, it may be worth while to note that the sex of these was definitely ascertained by observation of the genital papille on the last thoracic . somite. Talitrus hortulanus, sp. n. Adult male.—Total length 8 mm. Length of head along dorsal edge less than that of first two free somites together. First cowval plate rather broadly rounded below; fifth more than half as long again as fourth, its anterior lobe truncated below. First three abdominal pleural plates with posterior corners pointed and slightly produced. yes round, of moderate size. Antennules extending well beyond middle of last segment of antennal peduncle ; first three segments increasing succes- sively in length ; flagellum of seven or eight segments besides a minute terminal one. Antenne: peduncle equal or nearly so to the length of head and first two free somites together ; flagellum half as long again. Mawillipeds: outer plates with distal edge directed obliquely inwards and broadly rounded (not bluntly pointed as in T. sylvaticus) ; palp with a minute fourth segment, obscurely defined. First gnathopods: carpus about 2} times as long as wide and 2 longer than propodus; propodus more than three times as long as wide, hardly narrowed distally, 2} times as long as dactylus. Second gnathopods very long and slender ; basis distinctly shorter than three following segments together; merus with lower margin evenly rounded, without projecting lobe or area of shagreened cuticle ; carpus nearly twice as long as merus, five times as long as its width in the middie, with a small shagreened lobe close to distal end of lower edge; propodus a little longer than carpus, about five times as long as wide, with articulation of dactylus at about one-fifth of its length from distal end. Pereopods ot first and second pairs subequal in length ; third pair a little longer than second, basis ovate, with hind margin gently convex; fifth pair longer than fourth, basis 134 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial nearly as broad as long, hind margin with low and widely spaced serrations. Pleopods: all three pairs biramous, with the rami not distinctly segmented. Peduncle of the first pair about six times as long as broad, with a pair of coupling-spines on inner edge; exopod half as long as the peduncle, endopod a little more, each bearing a few feathered sete. Peduncle of second pair as long as that of the first, but much stouter, its width about one-fourth of its length, bearing a pair of coupling-spines; rami slightly shorter and stouter than those of first pair. Peduncle of third pair two-thirds as long as that of second and about three times as long as wide, with a single coupling-spine and sete on outer and inner edges; rami short and broad, the endopod half as long as the peduncle, the exopod a little less. Uropods: last pair more than half as long as telson, with a spine on each segment. Telson curved dorsally, with an apical pair of long spines on either side of a short median fissure. Adult female.—Total length 9°5 mm. Hardly differing in general characters from the male; peduncle of antenne slightly but distinctly more slender ; second gnathopod with propodus slightly stouter, a little more than four times as long as wide. One specimen carried six eggs in the brood-cavity. Remarks —Among the accepted species of the genus Talitrus (Stebbing, ‘ Tierreich,’ Gammaridea, 1906, p. 524) the form here described will find its place, on account of the relative length of the antennules, near 7’. sylvaticus, Haswell (New Scuth Wales, Victoria, and ‘Tasmania), and 7’. al/uaudt, Chevreux (Seychelles, Madagascar, and hothouses in France). From 7. sylvaticus, as recently redescribed by Sayce (Proce. R. Soc. Victoria, xxii. 1909, p. 30), and as represented by two specimens in the British Museum, it is separated by the form ot the basis of the third perseopod, which, in the species named, is characteristically narrowed below, with the hind margin straight or slightly concave. 7’. a//uaudt, as described by Chevreux (Mém. Soe. zool. France, 1901, p. 389), has the telson remarkably large and spinous. The most im- portant distinctive characters of the new form, however, are those of the second gnathopod, which in both the species named is much shorter and stouter, with the propodus not more than three times as long as wide, and with a projecting shagreened lobe on the under side of both merus and carpus. ‘There are other characters, such as the relative length of the Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 135 antenne and the form of the outer plates of the maxillipeds, which help to confirm the distinctness of the Kew species from both the others. At the same time it should be noted that comparison of the earlier accounts of Talttrus sylvaticus gives the impression that this species is more than usually variable, or else that more than one species has been included under that name. Haswell’s earlier figures (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. iv. 1879, pl. vil. fig. 1) show the second gnathopods as very slender, with the propodus four times as long as wide in the male. In the later figure by Haswell (op. cat. x. 1885, pl. x. fig. 1), as in those given by ‘Thomson (Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1892 (1893), pl. iv.) and by Sayce, the proportions are very different. A still more puzzling discrepancy exists between published accounts of the pleopods. Thomson (¢. c. p. 61) states that he failed to find any trace of the third pair. Sayce (¢. ¢. p- 32) confirms this: “no vestige of a third pair is to be found.” Chevreux (¢. ¢c. p. 392), on the other hand, de- scribing specimens of 7. sylvaticus sent to him by Prof. Chilton, states that the pleopods of the third pair * resemble those of the first two pairs in being biramous, although they are of smaller size. In two specimens from Port Jackson, received from the Australian Museum many years ago as T. sylvaticus, I tind the third pleopods to be represented by smail vestiges much like those figured by Chevreux in the case of 7. alluaudi. These vestiges are so small and, from their position, so hard to see, that they may possibly have been overlooked both by Thomson and by Sayce. It is hardly possible, however, that Chevreux can have been deceived on this point, to which he gave special attention in comparing the species with 7. alluaud?. Mr. A. O. Walker, who has been good enough to examine specimens of the Kew Talitrus for me, has called my attention to the resemblance of its elongated second gnathopods to those figured by Spence Bate in TYalorchestia (?) africana (Cat. Amphip. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 15, pl. ii. fig. 6). The resemblance is considerable, and since the holotype is a female, it is quite possible that Bates’s species really belongs to the genus Tulitrus. Even in its present mutilated and fragile condition, however, the specimen shows some characters which forbid its association with the Kew species. The * M. Chevreux writes “ uropodes de la troisiéme paire,” but from the context it is quite clear that he is referring to the pleopods. 136 Dr. W. T. Calman oa a Terrestrial dorsal outline of the head is shorter than that of the first free somite; the anterior lobe of the fifth coxal plate is more rounded below; the basis of the last pair of legs has a different outline, with the hinder margin less convex and more strongly serrated; the outer plate of the maxillipeds is bluntly pointed and the terminal segment of the palp is larger and sharply defined ; the merus of the second gnatho- pods has a prominent lobe on the under side, and the carpus is, at all events, much less slender than in the species here described. The genus Talitroides was proposed by Bonnier (in Willem, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xli. 1898, p. 208) for an unnamed species found in a conservatory at Ghent. To this species Stebbing afterwards gave the name 7. bonntert Talitrus hortulanus, sp.n. Adult male, X 10. (‘Tierreich,’ Gammaridea, 1906, p. p27). It has not, I think, been pointed out that Bonnier’s description contains nothing inconsistent with the supposition that he had before him specimens of Talitrus alluaudi. So far as I know, the only other species of terrestrial Amphipod recorded as found living under artificial conditions in Europe is Orchestia senni, recently described by Menzel (Rey. suisse Zool. xix. 1911, p. 438, figs. 4-9) from the botanic garden at Basel. As only the female is described, the species may possibly be referable to Talitrus, and may even not differ very greatly from 7. alluwaudi; it is certainly distinct from the species described here. 13a Amphipod from Kew Gardens. Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 2.—Talitrus hortulanus ¢. First gnathopod, Fig. 3.—Ditto. Second gnathopod. Fig. 4.—Ditto. Basis of third pereeopod. Fig. 5.—Ditto. Fifth pereeopod. Fig. 6.—Ditto. Third Sed Fig. 7—Ditto. Telson. 138 ' Mr. G. A. Boulenger on XV.—Descriptions of Three new African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tilapia, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Tilapia kafuensis. Depth of body 24 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head 12 times as long as broad ; snout rounded, with straight upper profile, slightly broader than long, a little shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 5} times in length of head, 2 interorbital width, a little less than pree- orbital depth ; mouth rather large, 4 width of head, extending to between nostril and eye; teeth in 8 series, 110 in outer series of upper jaw; 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part a little greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers moderate, 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVII 13; last spine longest, 2? length of head ; longest soft ray 2 length of head. Anal IIL 11; third spine not quite 4 length of head. Pectoral slightly longer than head, reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching between vent and anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 33 # ; lateral lines 34;. Dark brown above, whitish beneath ; a black opercular spot and three ill-defined black spots on the side below upper lateral line; soft dorsal and anal fins with round light spots between the rays. Total length 360 mm. A single specimen from the Kafue River, N.W. Rhodesia, presented by Mr. T. Codrington. Distinguished from 7. mossambica by the presence of four series of scales on the cheek and more numerous gill-rakers. Tilapia eduardiana. Depth cf body equal to length of head, 23 to 2} times in total length. Head nearly twice as long as broad ; snout rounded, with straight or convex upper profile, much broader than long (14 to 13), $ to 3 postocular part cf head; eye 33 to 32 times in length of head, 14 to 14 times in interorbital width, much longer than prxorbital depth; mouth moderate, 3 to 2 width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; teeth in 3 series, 66 to 88 in outer series of upper jaw; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part 3 to 2 diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 20 to 23 on lower part new African Cichlid Fishes. 139 of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI-XVII 11-13; spines sub- equal from the fifth or sixth, ? to not quite 3 length of head ; longest soft rays 4 to 2 length of head. Anal III 9-10; third spine longer than longest dorsal, 4 or a little more than 3 length of head. Pectoral 1 to 13 times as long as head, reaching beyond vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent or origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle aslongasdeep. Scales 31-32 =5*; lateral lines 332. Dark brown above, with or without very indistinct darker cross- bars, yellowish beneath ; a black opercular spot ; fins brown or blackish, uniform or with oblique streaks on the soft dorsal. Total length 180 mm. Several specimens from the south-eastern slope of Mt. Ruwenzori, altitude 3200 feet, collected by Mr. R. B. Woosnam on the Ruwenzori Expedition. I had first referred this fish to Tilapia nilotica, from which it differs in the longer caudal peduncle, the truncate caudal fin, and the longer anal spines. Tilapia macrochir. Depth of body 1? to 21 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head 13 to 14 times as long as broad ; upper profile descending in a strong curve, often very abrupt in front ; snout rounded, sometimes with concave upper profile, a little broader than long, shorter than postocular part of head; eye 4 to 5} times in length of head, ? to 2 inter- orbital width, equal to or a little less than preeorbital depth ; mouth rather small, $ to width of head, extending to be- tween nostril and eye ; teeth in 5 to 8 series, 70 to 100 in outer series of upper jaw; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part not greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers moderate, 21 to 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI (rarely XV) 12-13; last spine longest, 4 to length of head; longest soft ray # to 1 length of head. Anal III 9-10; third spine 4 to 4 length of head. Pectoral 1g to 1} (143 in young) length of head, reaching beyond vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent or anal. Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 29-31 2% ; lateral lines 13-15 * = Olive-brown above, golden-yellow beneath, sometimes with rather indistinct darker longitudinal streaks following _ the series of scales ; a blackish opercular spot ; head and anterior part of body usually with small brown or blackish spots ; young with 7 to 10 narrower vertical dark bars ; qalto 140 ’ Mr. G. A. Boulenger on dorsal fin with more or less dark and light longitudinal streaks. Total length 340 mm. Several specimens from the Victoria Falls, Zambesi, presented by Mr. T. Codrington, and from Lake Bangwelu, presented by Mr. F. H. Melland. Nearly allied to 7’. andersonit, Casteln. ; distinguished by the longer pectoral fin. XVI.—Descriptions of new African Batrachians preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Pyxicephalus macrotympanum. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane, close to the inner borders of the latter. Head feebly depressed, much broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as the orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region concave ; nostril a little nearer the eye than the end of the snout ; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, larger than the eye. Fingers extremely short, blunt, first and second equal; toes short, blunt, half webbed; sub- articular tubercles small; a large, compressed, very pro- minent but not sharp-edged inner metatarsal tubercle, its length equalling that of the inner toe. Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching the tympanum ; tibia two-fifths the length of head and body. Skin smooth. Pale greyish brown above, with dark brown dots, and a dark brown band extending from the end of the snout, through the nostril and eye, to the groin, where it breaks up into spots, and expanding into a large blotch below the eye and on the temple ; a brown line borders the upper lip; lower lip with large brown blotches ; lower parts white, with a few brown dots on the throat. From snout to vent 55 mm. A single female specimen from Gallaland, west of the Juba River, from the collection of Dr. Donaldson Smith. Had been referred to Rana (Pyzicephalus) ornata, Peters, in P, Z. S. 1895, p. 540; differs from that species in the broader head with more rounded snout and broader inter- orbital region, and in the larger tympanum. new Africin Batrachians. 141 Phrynobatrachus franciset. Tongue with a conical papilla in the middle. Habit ranoid. Head moderate; snout short, rounded, projecting, without canthus ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum feebly distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. First finger not extending quite so far as second ; toes two-thirds webbed ; tips of fingers and tces obtusely pointed; subarticular tubercles small; two small, rounded metatarsal tubercles and a small conical tubercle in the middle of the tarsus, ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the end of the snout ; tibia half the length of head and body. Head and back with small smooth warts and short glandular ridges, limbs and lower parts smooth. Brown above, with a dark brown band between the eyes, two pairs of large dark brown spots on the back, separated by an interrupted yellow vertebral line, and dark cross-bars on the limbs; white beneath. From snout to vent 15 mm. A single specimen from the Zaria Province of Northern Nigeria, presented by Mr. A. C. Francis. Hylambates verrucosus. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. Head a little broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded ; inter- orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, free ; toes barely one-fourth webbed ; disks rather large, as large as the tympanum; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval, not compressed. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the shoulder and the eye; tibia two-fifths length of head and body. Skin with small smooth warts above, granulate on the belly and under the thighs. Dark purplish brown above and beneath; axil and groin with a large orange spot; thighs and lower surface of tibia and tarsus barred black and orange. From snout to vent 58 mm, A single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe, Uganda, presented by Dr. C. Christy. Hylambates christyt. Vomerine teeth in two small groups just behind the level of the choanze. Head much broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis 142 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of obtuse; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, three-fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather short, with a rudiment of web; toes half webbed; disks rather large, but much smaller than the tympanum ; inner metatarsal tubercle large, compressed, about two-thirds the length of the inner toe. ‘The tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia nearly half length of head and body. Skin smooth above; a fine glandular fold running from the eye downwards to the middle of the side. Purplish brown above, with rather indistinct dark cross-bands on the limbs; glandular lateral fold and a transverse line above the vent yellowish, dark-edged beneath ; two or three dark brown ocellar spots edged with yellowish on the lumbar region ; lower parts white. From snout to vent 53 mm. A single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe, Uganda, presented by Dr. C. Christy. XVII.—A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia, By Grrrrupe Ricarpo. [Continued frem vol. ix. p. 594. ] Deromyia, Philippi. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv. p. 705 (1865). Diogmites, Loew, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. x. p. 21 nota (1866). This genus has been as yet confined to the American continent, but the species described below appears to belong to the genus, which is distinguished by the closed fourth posterior cell of wing before it reaches the margin, by the absence of a style to antenne, by the comparatively long first two joints of antenne, and by the wide head. ‘The face has no tubercle and the moustache is almost confined to the oral opening. My new genus Neosaropogon is distinguished from it by the fourth posterior cell of wing being open or only narrower at border. Deromyia australis, sp. 0. Type {(?) and two other females from Stannary Hills, N. Queensland, circa 8000 feet (Dr. 7. L. Bancroft), 1909. An Asilus-looking species, with hyaline wings, blackish abdomen, reddish-yellow antenne and legs. Length of type 18 mm., others 16 mm. the Asilidee of Australasia. 148 Head wider than thorax. Face covered with pale golden tomentum, flat, raised at oral opening almost as a tubercle, on which the pale yellow bristles forming the moustache are placed. Palpi reddish yellow, with long pale yellow hairs. Proboscislong. Beard white. Antenne reddish yellow: the first two joints with thick black hairs; the second slightly the longest ; the third club-shaped, hardly longer than the first two joints together. Forehead darker than face, with six long black bristles on the ocelligerous tubercle. Hind part of head with bristle- like yellow hairs. Thorax greenish grey, with greyish-yellow tomentum, with three black bristles above the transverse suture at sides and numerous ones beyond ;_breast-sides paler in colour; prothorax well developed; scutedlum armed with two black bristles. Abdomen blackish, with narrow dull reddish posterior borders to segments ; sides of dorsum yellowish, grey tomentum on anterior borders and at sides of segments; pubescence very scanty, short, yellowish ; ovipositor prominent below. Legs reddish yellow ; hind tarsi and apices of tibiz black ; femora devoid of bristles, tibize and tarsi with strong yellow ones. Wings hyaline, greyish at apex; veins brown, the small transverse vein situated just beyond the middle of discal cell; the first posterior cell slightly narrower at border, the fourth closed far from border; anal cell very much narrowed at border, but open. Saropocon, Loew. Linn, Ent. ii. p. 489 (1847). For species from New Zealand see Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxii. p. 18 (1900), et p. 195 (1901). The species as yet recorded from the Australasian Region are confined to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, V1Z. :— Saropogon sergius, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 347 [ Dasypogon] (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 477 [Dasypogon| (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 73 [ Lasiopogon | (1909).—Dasypogon festinans, § , Walker, Dipt. Saund. 1. p. 92 (1851), et List Dipt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 405 (1854). Saropogon viduus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 854 et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 483 [Drsypogon (1849) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 19 (1901). Saropogon discus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 358 (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p- 488 { Dasypogon | (1854) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p- 19 (1901).—Saropogon hudsoni, Hutton, /. c. p. 20. Saropogon suavis, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, n. ser. iv. p. 827 | Dasypogon] (1857) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 182 [ Dasypogon | (1857). —Dasypogon yamaras, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 346 (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 486 (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 73 [ Lastopogon | (1909). 144 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of Saropogon limbinervis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 5, p. 71 [ Dasypogon| (1855) ; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vi. p. 222 (1898). Saropogon antipodus, Schiner, Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 166 (1868) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 20 (1901). Saropogon semirufus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) viii. p. 414 (1878). Saropogon chathamensis, Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 20 (1901). Saropogon clarkii, Hutton, /. ce. p. 19. Saropogon extenuatus, Hutton, /. ¢. p. 21. Saropogon fugiens, Hutton, /. ¢. p. 20. Saropogon fascipes, Hutton, /. c. xxxiv. p. 195 (1901). Saropogon proximus, Hutton, J. ce. xxxiii. p. 19 (1901). Note.—Saropogon aphidus, Wlk., from unknown locality. Type appears to be lost. Saropogon sergius, Walker. Dasypogon festinans, 3, Walker. Type (3) from New South Wales (presented by Haslar Hospital), in bad preservation. A reddish species, with reddish-yellow legs and antenne. Length 15 mm. Face covered with golden-yeliow tomentum. Moustache of pale yellow bristles. Pa/pi ferruginous, with yellowish hairs. Antenne reddish yellow; the first two joints with yellowish hairs and bristles, the third about one and a half times as long as the first two joints together. Forehead blackish, a broad black stripe extending to base of antenne. Hind part of head with a thick fringe of yellow bristly hairs. Thorax (denuded) reddish brown, with black stripes. Scutellum reddish brown. Abdomen reddish brown, the first segment black; two black lateral stripes begin on the second and extend to posterior border of third segment. Genital organs prominent. Underside reddish yellow, shining. Legs reddish yellow. Wings (broken) ; Walker describes them as “colourless, with a slight tawny tinge on the fore part ; wing ribs and veins black ”’ ; the small trans- verse vein beyond the middle of discal cell; the transverse vein closing the discal cell joins the fourth vein just below the fork. Dasypogon festinans, a male type from unknown locality, is identical with this type. From the description of Dasypogon nitidus, Macq., from Tasmania, it is possibly the same species as this. Saropogon viduus, Walker. Type (¢) and others from New Zealand. A wholly black species, with clear wings, clouded at apex. the Asilide of Australasia. 145 Length 12-14 mm. Face black, covered with grey tomentum. Moustache of long black bristles. Palpt black, with black hairs. An- fenne with many black hairs on the first two joints; the third joint bare, not much longer than the first two joints together. Forehead with black hairs. Thorax brownish black, with grey tomentose stripes; sides and breast black, with grey tomentum, which is more silvery white on the sides of breast. Scutellum with some grey tomentum. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, small silyery white spots appear on the sides usually from the second segment onwards. Legs black, with black bristles and hairs. Wings large, veins brown, apex tinged brown, small transverse vein beyond the middle of discal cell. The co-type of Saropogon clarkii in Brit. Mus. Coll. is almost identical with the above type and specimens, also from New Zealand; the only difference apparent is the position of the small transverse vein of wing, which in Hutton’s co-type is at or below the middle of discal cell and is clouded with brown, fore border tinged brown, not ex- tending beyond the first submarginal cell. Abdomen more blue-black, with the white tomentose spots at side more apparent, Saropogon discus, Walker. Saropogon hudsont, Hutton. Type (¢) and another from New Zealand, and a co-type of Saropogon hudsoni. A black robust species with a broad black abdomen, red at apex. Legs red, tarsi blackish. Wings clear, Length 12 mm. Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum. Moustache of pale yellow bristles. Palpi black, with pale hairs. An- tenne black, the first two joints with black hairs and bristles, the third joint nearly once and a half as long as the first two joints together, the usual style present. Forehead blackish, with some long black hairs at sides. Hind part of head with black bristly hairs. Thorax blackish, with some tawny tomentum and indistinct black stripes; sides and breast with greyish tomentum. Scutellum black, covered with tawny tomentum. Abdomen black, sides and apex bright testaceous, the fifth and sixth segments being so on their posterior borders, and the last two segments entirely so. Underside reddish yellow. Legs reddish yellow ; the tarsi Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 10 146 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of black ; coxee blackish, with grey tomentum. Wings hyaline, very faintly greyish at apex ; veins brown ; small transverse vein just beyond the middle of discal cell; anal cell very narrow at border. The co-type of Saropogon hudsoni, presented to the British Museum by the late Capt. F. W. Hutton, is identical with the Walker type. He records his species from Mount Peel, Nelson. Saropogon suavis, Walker. Dasypogon gamaras, Walker. Type (¢) from Australia. A small, slender, reddish species, with a general resem- blance to a Leptogaster species. Length 1] mm. Face covered with golden-yellow tomentum. Moustache of pale yellow bristles. Palpi ferruginous, with yellowish hairs. dntenne (third joint destroyed) : Walker describes them as ‘ tawny, the third joint nearly linear, black above.’ Forehead blackish, covered with some golden-yellow tomen- tum. Thorax (denuded) reddish. Scutellum similar. Ad- domen wholly reddish, slender. Legs reddish, middle and posterior femora and apices of posterior tibiz black. Wings tinged yellow, veins brown, fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed at opening, the small transverse vein just beyond the middle of discal cell. Though the third joint of antenne is wanting, there is little doubt this species is a true Saropogon. Dasypogon gamaras, a male type from unknown region, is identical, but a little larger, measuring 14 mm., and stouter ; there is a tinge of black on the second and third segments of abdomen. Dasypogon analis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 369 (1849). —Type seen by me in Paris Museum may possibly be identical with this species. Head of type is gone. A small species with yellow abdomen. Wings clear, tinged yellow and slightly clouded on cross-veins; all posterior cells open. In Walker’s types none of the black markings mentioned by Macquart are present. Saropogon limbinervis, Macquart. This species is placed in this genus by Bigot, who had Macquart’s type before him. the Asilidee of Australasia. 147 It is described as black, the fifth segment of abdomen testaceous. Legs black. Wings with veins shaded brown. Length 6 lines. ¢. Saropogon antipodus, Schiner. Described as brown-red. Face golden yellow. Antenne black-brown. Thorax with golden-yellow stripe and spots, scutellum and breast-sides golden yellow. Addomen shining reddish, the first two segments partly black. Legs bright rusty yellow, femora with black stripe, tarsi brownish. Wings tinged very pale brownish yellow, with brown veins 5 the second posterior cell very narrow at base, the fourth narrowed a little at opening. Length 6 lines. Auckland. One female. Saropogon semirufus, Bigot. From Australia. A species described as red and black. Face with a shining black stripe. Abdomen blackish, red at sides and apex. Antenne fawn-coloured. Wings pale brown. Length 12 mm. Saropogon clarkii, Hutton. Co-type (3) in Brit. Mus. Coll., presented by Capt. F. W. Hutton, from New Zealand. A large black species. Face brownish, with whitish-grey tomentum. Moustache black, composed of stout bristles. Forehead with bristly black hairs. Thorax with two grey tomentose narrow stripes; shoulders grey tomentose and scutellum the same. Abdomen blue-black, shining ; genital organs black, with black pubescence. Legs wholly black. Wings hyaline, tinged brown on the fore border at base and where the second vein has its origin. Length 16 mm. Saropogon fugiens, Hutton. Co-type ( ¢) presented by Capt. F. W. Hutton, from New Zealand; males and females from same locality (Hudson, Cochrane). A blue-black species with golden tomentum on face, on sides and dorsum of thorax, and on scutellum. Legs reddish, the femora blackish above; tibiz black at apices, largely so Koss 148 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of on the posterior pair. Wangs hyaline or clouded brown, small transverse vein just beyond the middle of discal cell. Abdomen blue-black, shining; in some of the specimens a reddish line at sides is visible; genital organs in male black, with black pubescence ; in female a circlet of spines at apex of abdomen. Length of co-type 12 mm. AcNEPHALUM, Macquart. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 167 (1838). One species is recorded from Australia. A, punctipenne, Macq. Suppl. 5, p.71 (1854), unknown to me. ‘The type of 4. coon, Walker, from unknown locality, is not to be found in the Brit. Mus. Coll. Microstyium, Macquart. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 142 (1838). One species, M. testaceum, Macq. [ Dasypogon] Suppl. 1, p. 188 (1844), is recorded from Australia. Unknown to me, and not in the Paris Museum. It is described as testaceous; the abdomen black, apex testaceous. Legs black, the femora testaceous. Wings yellow, the fourth posterior cell closed. Length 12 lines. Puewius, Walker. Dipt. Saund, i. p. 110 (1851). This genus was formed for one species. Phellus glaucus, Walker. Dipt. Saund. i. p. 110, pl. iv. fig. 6 (1851) ; id., List Dipt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 903 (1854); Froggatt, Australian Insects, p. 300, pl. xxviii. fig. 12 (1907). Type (2?) and another from West Australia. Two males from Swan River, W. Australia. Froggatt states that it is found in the interior of W. Australia. This genus is not identical with Phoneus, Macq., or Obelophorus, Schiner, as suggested by this latter author, but is probably nearly related to the latter genus peculiar to Chili, from which it is distinguished by the short stout prolongation on the middle tibiz. The face is covered with hairs, the forehead broad, the ovipositor of female long, the abdomen hairy, the antenne with a long third joint, The the Asilidee of Australasia. 149 wing With an appendix and the first posterior cell narrowed at opening, the fourth and anal cell closed. The legs are stout and hairy, more especially the hind tarsi and apex of hind tibiz; the curious prolongation of middle tibiz is short, armed with very stout short spines on outer border, and on inner border with thick hairs. Coputa, Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 374 (1849). This genus, formed by the author for C. limbipennis from New South Wales, is allied to his genus Brachyrrhopola, to which his second species of Codula belongs, but it is at once distinguished by the absence of the curved spine on fore tibiz, the moustache is composed of fewer hairs and con- fined to the oral opening, and the abdomen is stouter and shorter. With Macquart’s second species and one placed by Bigot in this genus transferred to Brachyrrhopola, only Macquart’s typical species and one nearly allied to it remain in the genus. Codula limbipennis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 374, pl. vii. fig. 2 (1849). Codula vespiformis, Thoms., Eugen. Resa, Diptera, p. 464 (1869). Codula limbipennis, Macquart. Type ¢ seen in Paris Museum by me, from E. Australia. A species with a stout club-shaped abdomen, black and yellow in colouring. Wings deep brown on fore border. Face black, covered with bright yellow tomentum, leaving a black stripe in the middle. Moustache composed of five or six long yellow bristly hairs. Pal/pi black, with black pubescence. Antenne long, the third joint twice as long as the first two together, yellow. Thorax black with dull yellowish tomentum, two bright orange spots above the shoulders. Abdomen black, with bright orange tomentum beginning from the posterior border of the third segment, the fourth entirely black in the centre, the other segments wholly covered with the bright orange tomentum; under- side black, with two orange-coloured segmentations only. Legs black, knees and hind tibiz yellow. Wings clear, deep brown on the fore border, extending through both basal cells, then in a straight line to the apex, bordered by the third vein, not extending beyond its first forked branch, Macquart’s description is as follows :— Thorax black. Abdomen red. Legs black; tibie red. 150 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of Wings brown on external border. Length 5 lines @. Palpi with black hairs. Beard black. Face with yellow tomentum: a black denuded space under the antenne ; moustache black. Forehead black. Antennz fawn-coloured, the third joint brown at apex. Thorax dull with some grey tomentum, the shoulder spot fawn-coloured ; sides shining. Abdomen: the first, second, and anterior border of third segment black, the remainder bright fawn-coloured ; the fourth with a large blackish transverse dorsal spot, the seventh very small, black ; underside wholly shining black. Femora fawn-coloured at apices; anterior and intermediate tibize black, at base fawn-coloured ; posterior pair fawn- coloured. Anterior and intermediate tarsi black, posterior pair fawn-coloured. Wings hyaline, with a wide brown fore border; base of the second submarginal cell very narrow. From east coast of New South Wales. Codula vespiformis, Thomson. One male from Burpengary, Queensland, in Brit. Mus. Coll. Thomson described his type, a male from Sydney, as related to C. limbipennis, Macquart, but easily distinguished by the colour of abdomen. Face golden yellow with a short black median stripe, raised at oral opening, which is covered by the moustache composed of yellow bristles. Antenne reddish yellow; the third joint long cylindrical, notched on upper border, no style apparent. Forehead black, shining, with some grey and black hairs. Thorax biack, with golden yellow tomen- tose spots on prothorax, shoulders, and two spots on lower border the same colour ; one stout fulvous spine-like bristle at side of thorax above base of wing. Scutel/lwm black, with horizontal golden-yellow tomentose stripes. Abdomen club- shaped, black, reddish golden tomentose on posterior border of second segment as a narrow band, a similar but wider band on posterior border of third segment, a very narrow one on posterior border of fourth, and fifth and sixth wholly reddish golden except at the sides ; underside wholly black ; on sides of first segment appears a small black bristle. Legs reddish yellow ; femora with exception of apices black, apices of fore tibie and the tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, fore border deep brown, reaching the discal cell and almost filling up the basal cells, on apical half it does not extend beyond the third vein; all cells open, the fourth posterior and anal cells narrowed at border. Length of specimen 15 mm. the Asilide of Australasia. 151 Batuyrocon, Loew. Progr. Realschule, Meseritz, 1851, p. 13 (1851). This genus was formed by Loew for his species B. asili- formis from Australia, and Schiner added B. brachypterus, Macq., besides other species from Chili. The genus belongs to the group of Dasypogonine with no spine on fore tibize and is distinguished by the rather short wings with the fourth posterior cell closed and the first widely open, the vein closing the fourth posterior cell is nearly on a line with the one closing the discal cell; the face has a distinct tubercle, with the moustache reaching the antennz, which haye a style-like bristle on the end of the third joint. It appears to be distinguished from Stenopogon by the broader face. The statement in Schiner’s table that the wings in this genus in proportion are long and narrow, is somewhat mis- leading, so far as concerns its relationship to the other Australian genera of Dasypogonine, from which it is clearly distinguished by the rather short narrow wings, often not reaching far beyond half the length of the abdomen. The following described and one new species, all from Australia, now belong to this genus. The differences between some of the species are very small and probably with the advent of fresh material some will hardly be maintained as distinct. Bathypogon brachypterus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 160, pl. iii. fig. 3 | Dasypogon] (1838); id., Suppl. ii. p. 50 [Dasypogon] (1847) ; Rond. Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (8) ii. p. 105 [Astylum |] (1850).—Proctacanthus postica, Walker, List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, p. 655 (1855). Bathygogon aoris, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 321 [Dasypogon] ae cerus] (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 480 [Dasypogon| (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 100 [Ancylorrhynchus| (1909].—Bathypogon asili- formis, Loew, Progr. Realschule, Meseritz, 1851, 31 (1851). ? Aszlus mutillatus, Walker, List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, p. 789 (1855). Bathypogon pedanus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 320 | Dasypodon] (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 [Dasypogon] (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 102 [ Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). " Bathypogon testaceovittatus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. v. p. 70, pl. 11. fig. 1 [ Dasypogon] (1855) ; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (5) vil. p. 221 (1878). Bathypogon maculipes, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (5) viil. p. 483 (1878). Bathypogon nigrinus, sp. n. Pgh ibis red Gas aaersre Anes ists one 8 aise so s+ 2. Tabi binelesis Pewee teen ede oe eA 3. 2. Femora red and black; bristles on legs and thorax Chiceily: white onc. se cc: srere. 5 sss» brachypterus, Macq. 152 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of Femora red and black; bristles on legs and thorax chiefly, black fee cmener her len > nigrinus, Sp. N. Femora black ; bristles on legs white, on thorax black >.. } else Bree ere Per ee sais pe: pedanus, W1k. 3. Bristles on legs and thorax chiefly white .... aoris, WIk. Bathypogon brachypterus, Macquart. Proctacanthus postica, Walker. This species is erroneously placed in Kertesz’s catalogne under Astylum, a genus formed by Rondani for a species from Venezuela with no terminal bristle or style to the third joint of antenne. Type (¢) from New S. Wales seen by me in Paris Museum, 12. 4. 11. In Brit. Mus. Coll.: type of Proctacanthus postica, Walker, from Melbourne (Mr. Baby’s coll.), a female from New S. Wales (Saunders coll.), and another from Mackay, Queens- land (G. Turner) (1894). In Mr. French’s coll. a female from Victoria. Macquart’s description is as follows :— Black. Abdomen ashy grey below. Femora and tibiz red below. Length 8 lines. 9. Face and forehead yellowish grey ; moustache reaching to the base of antenne, yellowish white ; the upper hairs black. Beard and hairs of palpi white. Hind part of head with yellow hairs. Antenne black. Thorax black; stripes on side and scutellum with grey tomentum. Abdomen black, with scattered small yellow hairs; sides and belly ashy grey. Legs: femora and tibie red; with a black stripe above, which is wider on the posterior ones; posterior legs black ; tarsi black, with yellow hairs, which are also present on the tibie. Wings rather short, slightly yellowish ; brownish at the apex; the fourth posterior cell closed, with a very oblique posterior vein, the posterior vein of fork of third vein longer than the anterior one. New South Wales. The antenne have a short terminal style. Moustache black above, then yellow. In the specimens before me there are no black hairs on upper part of moustache. The small eross-vein of wing is situated slightly beyond the middle of the discal cell. Length of specimens 18-20 mm. Walker’s type is probably a specimen of this species; the type is in very bad preservation. EC co the Asilidee of Australasia. 1 Ou Bathypogon aoris, Walker. Bathypogon asiliformis, Loew. ? Asilus mutillatus, Walker. Type female from Adelaide (Ent. Club), other females and males from Mackay, Queensland (G. Turner) (1894), and Burpengary, Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1904. Distinguished from Bathypogon brachypterus by the wholly blackish femora, and by the blackish tibiz, bristles on legs chiefly yellowish, the small cross-vein of wing is situated about the middle of the discal cell. Two of the females and one male from Queensland have the femora largely reddish as in B. brachypterus, but the tibiz remain blackish ; perhaps eventually the two species may be merged in one. Length 17-26 mm. The type of Asilus mutillatus, Walker, from Australia, abdomen missing, is evidently a species of this genus, apparently similar to B. aoris, with the exception of the small cross-vein of wing, which is distinctly below the middle of the discal cell. Loew suggested that his species B. asiliformis might be identical with Dasypogon plumbeus, Fabr. (Ent. Syst. iv. p. 382; id. Syst. Antl. p. 165 ; Wiedem. Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p- 4138 [Asilus |; see Kertesz’s Cat. for further refs.), but that the description of this last is too poor to serve for recognition of the species, and further concluded Dasypogon bebius, Walker (List Dipt. 11. p. 333), placed in the same group as Dasypogon plumbeus by Walker, might be identical; this last type is apparently destroyed, not being in the Brit. Mus. Coll. From Loew’s description his species is evidently identical with B. aoris. The Fabrician and Walker species might well be deleted from list. Bathypogon pedanus, Walker. Type (?) and another from Swan River, W. Australia (Ent. Club). Distinguished from B. brachypterus by the wholly black femora, and from B. aoris by the pale reddish tibiz ; the posterior pair are darker. Thorax black, with very distinct whitish-grey sides ; shoulders red. Length 18 mm. Bathypogon testaceoviitatus, Macq., said by him to be 154 Miss G. Ricardo—A Levision of allied to Bathypogon aoris, Walker, was placed by Bigot in this genus, probably correctly, judging from the figure of wing given by Macquart; it is described by him as having the sides of thorax and abdomen testaceous. If the figure of the wing is correct this species is distinguished by the rounded angle of the anterior branch of the fourth vein emitted from the discal cell. Bathypogon maculipes, Bigot, from Australia, measuring 22 mm., is described as having the anterior and intermediate femora black, but reddish in the middle, and the posterior pair with an elongated reddish spot. The anterior tibice with a similar smaller reddish spot, the bristles of tibize whitish. Neither of these species is known to me. Bathypogon nigrinus, sp. n. Type (¢) and a series of males and one female from Burpengary, S. Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft). A species very similar to B. brachypterus, Macq., but distinguished by the black (not yellow) bristles on the legs (yellow bristles are only present on the fore tarsi) and by the paler indistinct red of the fore tibize, which are covered with short white pubescence, and by the first two joints of antenne being red, not black. Length 16-18 mm. Face reddish, with some little grey tomentum, at the sides of the face and below the antenne appearing grey, being covered with a silvery white and grey tomentum; the tubercle large, taking up most of the face; moustache reaching its whole length, formed of strong black bristles, with a few white ones below. Palpi black, with yellowish- white hairs. Beard white. Antenne black; the first two joints red, with yellowish-white long hairs; the first joint twice the length of the second, the third broad, with a style- like ending. Forehead black, with yellowish-grey tomentum, which is silvery-white above antennz ; pubescence of black hairs, at vertex very stout, black, spine-lke bristles; round head white hairs. Thorax brownish, with two median and side black stripes, posteriorly covered with silvery- grey tomentum, which also covers the sides. Scutellum black, bordered with same-coloured tomentum and with black bristles. Sides of thorax with long black bristles. Abdomen black, covered with short white. hairs and with black bristles at the segmentations ; sides covered with grey the Asilidee of Australasia. 155 tomentum; underside blackish. Legs armed with bristles, which are black, on the fore tarsi some yellow ones; cox red, with white tomentum and long white hairs and one black bristle below; femora black above, with white pubes- cence, below red, with long white hairs; tibiz yellowish red on the outside, black on the inside, with white pubescence ; underside of fore tarsi with yellow pubescence ; tarsi reddish, covered with white pubescence. Wings hyaline, brownish at apex and on posterior border; the small transverse vein oblique, about the middle of the discal cell; the fourth posterior cell and the anal closed; the transverse veins closing the discal and fourth posterior cell are not quite in a straight line. Halteres reddish yellow. Strenopocon, Loew. Linn. Ent. ii. p. 453 (1847). The genus is distinguished by the very narrow face, with a keel-shaped tubercle, the face becoming narrower still at antenne, the moustache reaching nearly to the antenne. Wings with the first posterior cell more or less narrower at border, the fourth closed or open. In the Australian species the front posterior cell is hardly narrower at border. The following species are recorded from Australia :— Stenopogon poses Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, p. 194, pl. vii. fig. (1844), et Suppl. 2, p. 50[ Dasypogon | (1846) _—Dasy ypogon ees, Macq,., J. c. Suppl. 4, p. 368, pl. vi. fig. 6 (1849), Dasypogon digentia, Ga alker, List Dipt. pt. tes Ts 316 (1849), et part vi. Suppl. 2, p- 480 (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 101 [-Ancylorrhynchus| ( 1909), Dasypogon lanatus, 2, Walker, UZ. e. p. 317, et part vi. Suppl a p- 486 (1854) ; Kertesz, l. ¢. [Ane ylorrhynchus] (1909). Dasy ypogon thalpius, 3, Walker, 2. c. p. 317, et part vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 (1854) ; Kertesz, J. ec. { Ancylorrhynchus | (1909). Dasypogon agave, Walker, l. c. p. 317, et pt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 480 (1854). Stenopogon fraternus, Bigot, Ann. Soc, Ent. France, (5) viii. p. 421 (1878). Stenopogon nicoteles, ¢, Walker, List Dipt. pt. ii. p. 320 (1849), et pt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 [Dasypogon] (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 102 [ Ancylor rhynchus] (1909). Stenopogon elongatus, Macq. Dasypogon flavifacies, 2 , Macq. Dasypogon digentia, 3, Walker. Daspogon lanatus, 9, Walker. Dasypoyon thalpius, 3, Walker. Dasypogon agave, 3, Walker. Stenopogon fraternus, Bigot. 158 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of Macquart’s types both seen by me in Paris Museum, 12. 4. 11. 8S. elongatus, 8 9, from New South Wales; D, flavifacies, a female (not a male) from Tasmania. In Brit. Mus. Coll. :— Type of D. digentia, a male from New South Wales. Haslar Hospital. Type of D. lanatus, a male from Van Diemen’s Land (J. Brynce). Type of D. thalpius, a male from Perth, W. Australia (G. Clifton). Type of D. agave, a male from Swan River, W. Australia. Also a series of males and females from S. Australia, Tas- mania, Queensland, and W. Australia. Macquart’s description is as follows :— Elongated, black. Abdomen narrow, the apex testaceous. Moustache golden. Antenne black. Legs testaceous. Length 9 lines. ¢ 2. Palpi black, with black hairs. Face black ; moustache and beard golden yellow, the first reaching the antennez. Forehead black, with black hairs. Antenne black ; the first joint a little elongated, with black hairs below. Thorax black, with black hairs; sides with greyish-yellow tomentum and whitish hairs. Abdomen narrow, 6 lines long, black, with whitish tomentum and long whitish hairs below; genital organs a little swollen, testaceous; the anterior half of the last two segments testaceous. Legs with black bristles and whitish hairs ; anterior femora black, testaceous at the apex, posterior ones black, the posterior half below testaceous ; tibiz black at apex; anterior tibiz with no spines; tarsi black. Wings clear, a little yellowish; apex slightly brownish. From New South Wales. Coll. M. Fairmaire and M. Bigot. One specimen in the coll. of Marquis Spinola comes from Sydney Island, Oceania. Macquart further remarks, in the second Supplement, that the species which appears common in Tasmania affords him several subforms. One female differs from the type by the entire black abdomen, ovipositor, and femora; another has the femora entirely testaceous ; in the males the abdomen is black and the genital organs blackish testaceous. These remarks are fully borne out by an examination of Walker’s type and others in the Brit. Mus. Coll. D. digentia has the abdomen entirely black. In some specimens the testaceous colouring, if present, is confined to the last seg- ment. The bristles on the legs are often fulvous instead of the Asilidee of Australasia. 157 black or partly so. Macquart’s type of D. flavifacies has the abdomen and femora entirely black. Length of specimens, males from 17-23 mm., females from 20-25 mm. Stenopogon fraternus from the description is no doubt the same as S. elongatus. Stenopogon nicoteles, Walker. Type (¢) from Swan River, West Australia (Dr. Richard- son). A small black species allied to S. elongatus, but the moustache is silvery white below, with black hairs above. Face black, covered with silvery-white tomentum. Thorax black, with grey tomentose stripes. Abdomen black, covered with brownish tomentum. Legs black, the tibie pale reddish yellow, the posterior pair almost wholly blackish ; bristles on legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline; small trans- verse vein below the middle of discal cell. Length 144 mm. PsILOZONA, gen. nov. Formed for two species from Queensland. Blue-black shining species. Fore and middle tibiz and tarsi fringed with hairs, the tarsi broad. Wings with the fourth and anal cells closed, the veins closing the fourth posterior and discal cell almost parallel. Face shining, broad, somewhat raised above oral opening; the moustache composed of strong bristles, not confined to the oral opening, but not extending up the face; the forehead broad, shining, with hairs at sides. Head broader than it is high, excised in centre. Fore tibize have no curved spine. Antenne with a distinct style. Psilozona albitarsis, sp. nu. One male type and two females (type 1903) from Towns- ville, Queensland (F. P. Dodd), 1904 and 1903. A blue-black species, with brownish wings. The male with white-haired fore tarsi and the base and apex of abdomen white-haired. Female with abdomen bare, long, and pointed at apex, the fore tibiz with black hairs. Length, ¢ 17, 2? 23 mm. 3. face black, shining, with whitish tomentum at the 158 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of sides. Moustache composed of numerous strong black bristles, with some yellowish ones below, not extending to the sides, which have soft whitish pubescence. Palpi black, clothed with coarse, white, fairly long hairs, and with some stout black bristles at the apices. Proboscis slightly longer. Beard of thick white pubescence. Antenne black, the third joint reddish yellow, the first two joints with black hairs, the third bare, with a distinct style, longer than the first two joints together and broader. Forehead black, with grey pubescence. Hind part of head with whitish hairs. Thorax black, with spare greyish pubescence on the dorsum; the shoulders covered with ashy-grey tomentum; two stripes of grey tomentum apparent ; sides whitish, with white pubes- cence ; breast-sides black, with a broad horizontal whitish stripe and white pubescence; one long black bristle on side of thorax beyond the transverse suture and three shorter ones below on the breast-sides just above the suture. Scu- tellum black, with long whitish pubescence. Abdomen bluish, shining, the first three segments with whitish pubes- cence, fourth and fifth with very short, chiefly black pubes- cence, sixth and seventh with bristly yellowish hairs; anus with similar hairs; sides of abdomen with white hairs, except on the fourth and fifth segments, where it is short and black. Legs black, slender, the middle and anterior tibize and tarsi with thick fringes of black hairs, replaced on the fore tarsi by white hairs, which cover the tarsi on upper sides and are very noticeable. Hind tibiz and tarsi armed with some short black bristles. Wings hyaline, brown on basal half, extending to the apex of first basal cell, and to the base of the discal cell, filling most of the anal cell, leaving the axillary to be almost hyaline; veins brown, the fourth poste- rior and anal cell closed, the transverse veins closing discal and fourth posterior cells almost parallel, the fourth at base not pedunculated, the small transverse vein situated beyond the middle of discal cell. Female similar. Abdomen longer and pointed, the pubes- cence much less and shorter, white on the first two segments, then black; the first segment is blackish, the next three purplish, the remaining ones blue, metallic, shining ; sides with short white hairs, intermixed with black on the first three segments, then black and shorter. Legs: the pubes- cence is wholly black. Face with the sides more widely covered with hght tomentum, which is golden yellow; the hairs on first two joints of antenne are yellow below, the hairs on palpi yellowish. Wings more wholly brown, only the Asilidee of Australasia. 1a9 the apex and centres of fourth and fifth cells and axillary lobe being hyaline. Psilozona nigritarsis, sp. n. Three males from Townsville, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd), 1903. A species very similar to P. albitarsis, but distinguished by the pale wings, the absence of white hairs on the fore tarsi, and by the presence of four black bristles on the breast- side just above the transverse suture in the type only. The moustache has more yellow hairs and fewer black bristles, the colouring on sides of face is golden yellow; the hairs on palpi, on lower part of the first two antennal joints, com- posing the beard, and round head are yellowish. Thorax not quite so pubescent. Abdomen with whitish pubescence only at base and a little short, scattered, white pubescence on the apex. The pubescence on fore legs less thick. Length 18 mm. Damatis, Fabr. Syst. Antl. p. 147 (1805). Only one species is recorded from Australia :— Damalis fuscipennis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, p. 222 (1844). This must be nearly allied to Damalis pandens, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, iv. p. 104 [ Discocephala| (1860), from Celebes, the type in the Brit. Mus. Coll.; but that of Damalis lugens, W\k., from New Guinea, is not to be found. Doleschall recorded one species, Damalis erythrophthalmus, from Amboina. ANCYLORRHYNCuUS, Latreille. Fam. Régn. Anim. p. 490 (1825). Xiphocera, Macq., Suites 4 Buffon, i. p. 279 (1884). See Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 100, for other synonyms. This genus has not been recorded from Australia itself. All the Walker species placed in it in Kertesz’s Cat. belong to other genera ; v. d. Wulp records one species from the Island of Waigou, X. complacita, and Doleschall one from Amboina, X. rufithoraz. 160 _ Bibliographical Notices. Heteroprocon, Loew. Linn. Ent. ii. p. 488 (1847). Dasypogon bebius, Walker, is recorded from Australia. The type is not to be found in the Brit. Mus. Coll. It probably does not belong to this genus, in which it is placed in Kertesz’s Cat.; but, as stated above, Loew suggests it may be a Bathypogon species. The following Walker species from unknown localities also placed here by Kertesz do not belong to this genus, having curved spines on fore tibize, and the fourth posterior cell is closed, in line with the transverse vein closing discal cell ; they appear to belong to a genus near Deromyia :--- @gon, animetus, cerretanus, copreus, silanus, politus. Generi- cally similar are carvilius under Oligopogon in Kertesz’s Cat., and volcatius under Isopogon; they do not appear to be from Australia. Dasypogon fossius, Walker, from unknown locality, is exactly similar to specimens labelled the same from S. Africa, and is evidently a South-African species; it has spines on the fore tibiz. [To be continued. | BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. A Revision of the Ichneumonidee, based on the Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Part I. Tribes Ophionides and Metopiides. By Craupe Mortry, F.Z.8., F.E.S.. London: Printed by Order of the Trustees of the british Museum. 8yvo, 1912. Pp. xi, 88. Coloured plate. Lirrtz was done to elucidate the collection of Ichneumonide in the British Museum since it was arranged by Frederick Smith in 1860 until Mr. Morley recently took up the work, and the present small volume is published as a first instalment. It includes a list, gene- rally with comments and often with full descriptions, of 198 species of Ophionides and 33 Metopiides, and 5 genera and about 70 species are described as new. ‘The coloured plate is an admirably enlarged diagram of the common and widely distributed Ophion luteus, L., illustrating its structure and neuration. WELK Geological Society. 161 Records of the Indian Museum. (A Journal of Indian Zoology.) Vol. iv.no.x. Issued March 30th, 1912. Annotated Catalogue of Oriental Culicids. Supplement. By E. Brunertr. Calcutta, 1912, Pp. 403-516. Mr. Brunerri’s “‘ Annotated Catalogue of Oriental Culicide” was published in 1907 in the ‘ Records of the Indian Museum,’ i. pp. 247-377 ; and a vast amount of fresh material has now accumu- lated, which is exhaustively discussed and criticized in the present Supplement. The “ Additions to the List of Literature” (pp. 411— 413) alone contain 57 items, many of these being works of primary importance. Itis impossible for us to do more here than direct the attention of dipterists to this most important publication. Wak. K. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. May Ist, 1912.—Dr. Aubrey Strahan, F.R.S., President, in the Chair, The following communication was read :—— ‘TInsect-Remains from the Midland and South-Eastern Coal- fields.’ By Herbert Bolton, F.R.S.E., F.G.8S., Director of the Bristol Museum. The writer describes a series of three insect-wings obtained by Dr. L. Moysey, F.G.S., from the Shipley Clay-pit near Ilkeston (Derbyshire), and a blattoid wing, and three fragments from the borings of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Ltd., in East Kent. The first series of insect-wings occur in greyish-brown ironstone nodules, which lie in bands in a yellow clay about 30 or 40 feet below the Top Hard Coal. The East Kent insect-remains occur in core shales, the horizon of which is not yet determined. The wings obtained by Dr. Moysey are not referable to any known families. Three new families are formed to contain them, one of which is nearly related to the Dictyoneuride with some suggestion of the family Heliolide. A second new family is allied Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. at 162 "Geological Society. to the Heliolide, and the third new family to the Homoiopteride, or, as the writer believes, near to the Lithomantide. The East Kent insect-remains contain one wing, referable to the genus Soomylacris (Httoblattina), a species of which is already known from the Forest of Dean Coalfield. The finding of two species of the same genus in coalfields so widely separated as those of the Forest of Dean and East Kent is not without interest, in view of the generally-accepted belief in the former continuity of the Coal Measures across the South of England. June 5th, 1912.—Prof. W. W. Watts, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following communications were read :— 1. ‘The Further Evidence of Borings as to the Range of the South-Eastern Coalfield and of the Paleozoic Floor, and as to the Thickness of the Overlying Strata.” By Hon. Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S. In this paper the Author gives an outline of the history of the experimental borings made in order to verify Godwin-Austen’s theory concerning ‘the Axis of Artois,’ which led to the discovery of the South-Eastern Coalfield. The first of these was at Netherfield(1872- 75) near Battle (Sussex). Here the borehole, ending in Oxford Clay at a depth of 1905 feet below the surface, showed that the Paleozoic floor is buried under so great a thickness of rock that it was advisable to look farther north for a site for further experiments. The second boring (1886-92), under the Shakespeare Cliff, Dover, on the site of the Channel Tunnel works, resulted in the discovery of the Coal Measures belonging to the Pennant or Middle Series of the Bristol and South Wales Coalfields, at a depth ‘of 1100 feet below O.D. ‘This affords a practical basis for further exploration. The extension of the coalfield to a distance of 8 miles north of Dover was proved by the boring (1897-99) at Ropersole, where the same Pennant Series occurred at 1180 feet below O.D., and its extension in the intervening area about 5 miles to the west of Dover by a boring under the direction of M. Breton at Ellinge (1901-1902), where the coalfield was struck at 1286 feet below O.D. In these three borings the strata of the Coal Measures are practically horizontal, a fact which, in the opinion of the Author, implies that they form the bottom of a syncline with its long axis passing from Dover in a north-westerly direction parallel to the scarp of the North Downs. The boring at Brabourne (1897-98), under the direction of Mr. Brady and the late Mr. Etheridge, gave the next fixed point in the enquiry. It established the fact that, at the base of the North Downs, the Paleozoic floor consists of highly inclined strata (in the opinion of the Author, of Devonian age) at 1789 feet below O.D. Geological Society. 163 These are covered by Dolomitic Conglomerate and Triassic marls, the section being identical with that of the Mendip Hills in Somerset. It therefore marks the position in Kent of the Pembroke-Mendip anticline which forms the southern boundary of the Coalfields of Bristol and of South Wales. It follows that the south-western boundary of the South-Eastern Coalfield is to be looked for at a sufficient distance east of Brabourne to allow of the presence of the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Giit, as shown approxi- mately on the map. These results, laid by the Author before the Royal Coal Commission in 1903, led to further experiments under his direction. The first of these, at Waldershare (1904-1907), proved the existence of the Coal Measures at 1069 feet below O.D., in two distinct groups, the upper belonging to the Pennant Series as before with an average dip of 10°, and the lower with an average dip of 20°, belonging to the Lower Group of Coal Measures of Somerset, Gloucester, and South Wales. The second at Fredville (1905-1907), 3 miles north- east of Waldershare, reached the Paleozoic floor at 11092 feet, and entered the same lower series of valuable coal-seams, dipping at an angle of 17° (Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, vol. lv, 1907, pp. 456— 57). Further experiments have been carried on north and east of Dover, but their results are not yet available for scientific purposes. Thus a valuable coalfield has been proved over a large area, with its eastern and western boundaries as yet undetermined, as shown on the map. Two further experimental borings to the north and west, carried out under the Author’s direction in 1910-11, led to most unexpected results. Hitherto the Coal Measures were either horizontal, or dipping in the normal fashion without signs of faulting, and there was every reason to believe that the Coal-Measure trough would be struck, on the first site, at Chilham, about 3 miles south-west of Canterbury. Instead, however, of Coal Measures, Upper Silurian shales with Monograptus priodon formed the Paleozoic floor at 1072 feet below O.D. In the second, at Bobbing near Sittingbourne, hard Silurian grits and shales occurred at 1070 feet below O.D. In both borings the Silurian rocks are nearly vertical, and bear marks of crushing. The northern boundary of the South-Eastern Coalfield is therefore to be sought in the district between Fredville and Chilham, and probably nearer to the former locality than to the latter. The Silurian portion of the buried Paleozoic floor is then traced westwards through Cliffe, on the Thames below Gravesend, to Ware in Hertfordshire, and northwards through Essex to Harwich, Sutton, and Culford (Bury St. Edmunds). To the south of this the Devonian rocks occupy the area of London, and extend as far as the district of Croydon. The varying thickness of the overlying rocks is also dealt with, and details are given of three sections, at Ropersole, Chilham, and Bobbing, in the hope that they may be useful to other explorers. 164 Miscellaneous. 2. ‘Shelly Clay dredged from the Dogger Bank.” By John Walker Stather, F.G.S. The Dogger Bank fishermen frequently get in their nets a tough peaty material, which they call ‘ moorlog.’ In a paper published in the ‘ Essex Naturalist,’ April and July, 1909, this ‘ moorlog’ was described by Mr. H. Whitehead and Mr. H. H. Goodchild, with a report on the plant-remains by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., and_ Mrs. Eleanor Reid. In looking over some recently dredged ‘ moorlog’ brought in by a Hull trawler, the Author noticed that, adhering to the specimens of ‘ moorlog,’ was a dark silty clay, full of marine shells. These specimens of *moorlog, with the associated shelly clay, were dredged in lat. 55° 24’ N., and long. 3° 10’ E., at a depth of 20 fathoms. A collection of these shells was submitted to Mr. Clement Reid, who stated that they are ail assignable to very shallow-waier species, and probably flourished just beneath low-water level. This and other evidence seems to show that the ‘ moorlog’ in this part of the North Sea rests upon a bed of shelly silt, and the shells in the silt together with the ‘ moorlog’ point to great changes of level in the North Sea Basin. . MISCELLANEOUS. EprrortaLt Nore. Ir is with great regret that we have to announce the retirement of Dr, Génrner from the co-editorship of the ‘ Annals,’ owing to failing sight. For over thirty years Dr. Giinther’s valued assistance has always been freely given, and the present writer in particular owes him a deep debt of gratitude for his unfailing kindness and help. All readers of the ‘ Annals’ will join in wishing him happiness in his retirement from the multifarious duties of an ardnous scientific life, of which the last to be given up was the Editorship of the ‘ Annals.’ W. Francis, THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [KIGHTH SERIES.] No. 56. AUGUST 1912. XVIII.— Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the North Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board Vessel ‘ (roldseeker.—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigalionide. By WitiiaAM Sat, M.A., B.Sc., Gatty Marine Labora- tory, St. Andrews. [Plate VI.]. THE families included in the following report are Amphi- nomide, Aphroditide, Polynoide, and Sigalionide., The Amphinomide are but sparsely represented by a single species, while the Aphroditide show representatives of two genera out of the three that are accounted British. The Polynoide are represented by nineteen species, and the Sigalionide by four. The distribution of several species has been extended. Aphrodita echidna, de Quatrefages, and Evarne atlantica, M‘Intosh, are recorded for the first time from the North Sea (Moray Firth), while Huphrosyne borealis, irstedt, Hucranta villosa, Malmgren, and Antinvé elegans, Théel, are new to British waters, if under that term be included the Faroé Channel. Canon Norman (1890, p. 345), discussing the limits of the British Marine Area and the Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association in 1887 to define these limits (Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1888, p. 95), gives as his opinion that the fauna of the “cold area” or Faroé Channel is arctic in character, and should therefore not be Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 12 166 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta regarded as British. The British Association Committee defined the British Marine Area as consisting of a shallow- water district bounded by the 100-fathom line and a British Atlantic-slope district, or deep-water district, extending off our western and northern shores from the 100-fathom line to the 1000-fathom line, 7. e. to the boundary of the continental plateau. This arrangement includes the ‘cold area” or Faroé Channel in British waters. Canon Norman’s recom- mendation to exclude this part from the British Marine Area seems based on natural grounds. It is well known that many forms occvr on the ridge between the Jaroé and Shetland Islands which are not found in adjacent and deeper waters or to the south. In the present Report, the Faroé Channel will be found to have yielded annelids, e. g. Hunoa tritont, M‘Intosh, and Euphrosyne borealis, Girstedt, which are not recorded from the North Sea. ‘These forms may therefore be regarded as arctic, and, if so, should be excluded from the British marine fauna. Lists of synonyms have not been given. They can be got from Professor M‘Intosh’s monograph (1900) under the heads of the various species, and they occupy a considerable amount of space. I have to thank Prof. D’Arey W. Thompson for his courtesy in handing over the collection for examination and for pro- viding a list of stations. I have also had the advantage of a typical series of slides of each group from Prof. M‘Intosh’s collection. Family Amphinomide. Subfamily Lupzrosyyinz. Genus EUPHROSYNE, Savigny, 1820. Euphrosyne borealis, Girstedt, 1843. Two specimens of this form were dredged along with Eunoa tritoni, M‘1., Nephthys ceca, O. ¥. M., and Serpulids in the Faroé Channel in 545-788 m. during the month of June. These are the sole representatives of the genus Euphrosyne and of the family Amphinomide. Their searcity is not surprising, for these forms prefera littoral habitat. Of the two species of Huphrosyne obtained by the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition, one, 1. capensis, Kinberg, was found between tide-marks, and the other, /. borealis, in 85 fathoms. The present species would appear to have a preference for deeper water. : from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 167 The strikingly characteristic appearance of J. borealis is due to the projection of the dorsal bristles beyond the branchie. The latter are clearly 2- or 3-lobed, and none of them show the quadripartite condition in the mid-dorsal line mentioned by M‘Intosh (1885, p. 6). One of the specimens is mature, the body-cavity containing numerous ova. Diatoms were found in the alimentary canal, Family Aphroditide. Genus ArpHropiTa, Linnzeus, 1735. Aphrodita aculeata, Linn., 1765. Nine specimens of this annelid were dredged in Loch Aber at a depth of 148m. They are small in size, the largest being little more than 30 mm. long. None of the specimens is ripe. The gut-contents consisted of diatoms, minute alge, fragments of various minerals and of echinoderm spines, sponge-spicules, fragments of crustaceans, and bristles of other annelids. Aphrodita echidna, de Quatrefages ?, 1865. One small specimen, 6 mm. long, occurred in a haul taken in 24 fathoms 3 miles west of ‘larbet Ness (Moray Firth). The number of segments is only about 20. M‘Intosh (1885, p. 36) records A. echidna from the Strait of Magellan on two occasions. De Quatrefages (1865, p. 197) gives its habitat as South America. Treadwell (1903, p- 1157) found it in over 200 fathoms in Hawaii. The present record is the first from the North Sea, and shows the distribution of this annelid to be cosmopolitan. It has, however, yet to be recorded from the western seas of Britain. Treadwell remarks that the ventral sete are gradually narrowed from the base to the tip, which he notes as pro- truding beyond the pilose patch, as in the bristle of Zphione spinosa, Kinberg. In the present specimen the pilose patch projects beyond the tip of the bristle, and is itself drawn out into a fine curved point. The delicate colourless dorsal setx described by Treadwell are not present. The dorsal felt has much débris entangled in it, but the elytra are quite tree from any deposit. A parasitic Lowosoma occurred on the dorsum. 12% 168 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polychaeta Genus La&rmMaTonice, Kinberg, 1354. Letmatonice filicornis, Kinberg, 1865. This species has been found on the western shores of the British Isles and on the eastern coasts of North America. It has been shown to inhabit the Faroé Channel and to extend along the coasts of Norway, and it has been recorded from Guernsey. All the localities from which the present speci- mens have been taken are to the north of the Shetland Islands. JL. filicornis has therefore still to be recorded from the North Sea south of the Pentland Firth. In no example is the number of segments more than 30. Marenzeller (1902, p. 5) gives as the number 32, “ with 3 smaller ones.” The palpi are in every case much longer than the median tentacle. In no case are the palpi and median tentacle equal, as Kinberg asserted. The palpi in many cases extend to the tip of the extruded proboscis. ‘They taper gently and regu- larly toa point, except for a dilated portion near the tip. They are clearly spinose, the sharp spines becoming smaller near the tip of the organ. Many ot the present examples are small, from 5 mm. upwards in length, and these have sometimes pale bristles and spines. ‘The smallest forms were taken in May, and were probably spawned in the previous season, most likely during late autumn or winter. One specimen, taken in September, had ova. Family Polynoide. Genus Lepiponotus, Leach, 1816, char. emend. M‘Intosh, 1900. Lepidonotus squamatus, Linneus, 1766. This annelid was found in company with Aphrodita acu- leata, Lagisca floccosa, Savigny, Halosydna gelatinosa, M. Sars, Gattyana cirrosa, Pallas, Hvarne impar, Johnston, Nephthyds, Glycerids, Terebellids, Glycinde nordmanni, Mgrn., and other annelids at different times. It is commonly distributed around these shores, and it extends from between tide-marks to deeper water than that from which any of the present specimens have been dredged. The average length of the specimens is 28 mm., and the segments number 25. Professor M‘Intosh (1900, p. 279) says it is probable that from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 169 the spawning-period is in June and July; yet none of the specimens captured in July are ripe, nor are there any young forms in the collection, though several examples were taken in August. Of the other British species of this genus, LZ. clava, Mon- tagu, no examples were found. Genus GATTYANA (Nychia, Malmgren, 1865), M‘Intosh, 1897. Gattyana cirrosa, Pallas, 1766. Fauvel points out (1911, p. 9) that the Lepidonotus scabra of CErstedt, which M'‘Intosh includes as a synonym of Gattyana cirrosa, is the same species as Hunoa nodosa, Sars —as Prof. M‘Intosh said many years previously,—and should therefore be omitted from the list of synonyms of Gattyana cirrosa and included among those of Hunoa nodosa. The total haul of the species is four specimens, the largest of which is 25 mm. long. ‘lwo of the specimens measure only 4 mm. in length, and these were taken in December and in shallower water than the other and larger specimens. The setigerous segments are 34-386 in number. The scales are of the British type, showing none of the charac- teristics of the more northern forms. ‘l'heir surface is covered with minute spines and the cilia are prominent. According to Malmgren and Théel (1879, p. 7), @. cirrosa attains its largest development and occurs most frequently in arctic waters. M‘Intosh mentions a form 47 mm. long trom St. Andrews. Ditlevson (1911, p. 412, Nychia cirrosa) has recorded this annelid from Danmarks Havn and Stormbugt, but he gives no measurements. Genus Eunoa, Malmgren, 1865. Eunoa nodosa, Sars, 1860. The representation of this species is very small, for only two fragments were found at Station 16 (62° N., 6° 12’ W.) at a depth of 120 m. This state of affairs is only to be expected ; Huwnoa nodosa occurs off these shores only rarely and in deep water. The fragments measure a little over 20 mm. each in length, one of them being an anterior, the other a posterior part of the annelid. Several scales are present, and these correspond to the descriptions of them. They are tough, reniform in outline, and decorated with at least nine larger tubercles, several of which are spinose at the tips. 170 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta The dorsal and ventral bristles have been fully described, Fauvel (1911, p. 8) says there is little difference in length between the dorsal and ventral bristles when allowance is made for the place of origin of the dorsal bristles, but in the present cases the ventral bristles project far enough beyond the dorsal to emphasize their greater length, Tlie relatively shorter dorsal bristles of Eunoa nodosa serve to distinguish that species from Eunoa wrstedti, Malmgren. Of the different anterior appendages only one of the palps is present. It shows six rows of papillz, conical in shape and bent over at the tips, in preservation. According to M‘Intosh, these papilla become larger towards the extremity of the palp. Any increase in size in the distal papillee as compared with the proximal is very small, and is negligible in the present specimen. Eunoa tritoni, M‘Intosh, 1898. The complete specimens of this species measure 20 and 30 mm. long respectively, but several fragments indicate much larger forms. The largest fragment is 14 mm. broad with the sete, and 25 mm. long, The head (Pl. VI. fig. 1) is broader than long, and is deeply incised anteriorly in the middle line. The lateral eminences each end in two small peaks, and bear the large eyes, which are four in number and situated laterally. The median tentacle is absent; the lateral tentacles taper rapidly to a point, and for the proximal two-thirds of their length are covered with cilia closely resembling those of the tenta- cular cirri. The palps are large and are provided with rows of very small clavate or conical papille; they are almost twice as long as the lateral tentacles. The tentacular cirri are thickly covered with long cilia which are knobbed at the tips. There is a slight expansion of the cirrus below its filiform tip. The dorsal markings correspond to those of 2. nodosa, with the exception of the papilla, which are found in LE. nodosa internal to the scale-bearing tubercles. These are absent in Hunoa triton, The scales are reniform in outline and have a thick fringe of cilia on the outer edge. Inside this fringe is a set of elongated tubercles divided at the tips, and along the poste- rior border and easily seen by the naked eye are several capstau-shaped tubercles. The latter are always more than six innumber, but are never so numerous as the corresponding structures in Eunoa nodosa. Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. 171 According to Professor M‘Intosh (1900, p. 297) the cilia along the outer edge of the scale end in probe-points, the majority of which are shown in his text-figure to have pointed tips. In the present specimens the free ends of the cilia show rather a blunted or rounded condition. The surface of the scale is covered with small tubercles. The bristles are of two types only. The dorsal sete are long, end bluntly, and are spinous for nearly their complete length. The ventral sete are graceful ; the naked terminal region is large and hooked, and is tapered gradually until it curves to a fine point. ‘The ventral line of this region is slightly convex, differing thus from the same part of the ventral bristle of L. nodosa. The bristles of the first foot partake of the same characters as the bristles of the succeeding segments, the ventral being relatively more slender. One of the posterior dorsal cirri of one specimen has a bifid tip, which condition is no doubt an abnormality. This species seems to be found only in deep and cold water. All records of it so far confine it to the Faroé Channel. Genus Lacisca, Malmgren, 1865. Lagisca floccosa, Savigny, 1820. This annelid is obtainable at all points off British shores, and in some parts is very common. In the present collec- tion fragments are more numerous than complete specimens. Nevertheless it is easily possible to establish the fact that, of the total number of complete specimens and fragments, GO per cent. are of the variety mentioned by M/‘Intosh (1900, p. 302). The characteristic serving to distinguish the variety from the normal specimen of L. floccosa is the con- dition of the tip of the dorsal bristle. Ordinarily the dorsal bristle has asharply pointed tip ; the variety shows a blunted and shortened tip. In several of the examples a form of dorsal bristle intermediate between that of the normal and that of the variety occurs. ‘The tip of the bristle is in this case not so elongated as in the normal form or so blunted as in the variety. Its shape is quite distinct from that men- tioned by M‘Intosh and figured (1900, p. 302, pl. xxxviil. fig. 3) by him from a specimen obtained by the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition (1869-70). It is unfortunate that none of the specimens or fragments possess a single scale. It may have been possible to correlate variation in the dorsal bristles with variation in the shape, number of tubercles, or coloration of the scales. 172 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta Among the present examples there is a considerable diversity of colour. Several forms are almost black in general appearance, while others are of a pale pink colour. These differences occur indiscriminately among normal forms and examples of the variety, and are probably due to the length of time the annelid has been in the preserving fluid (formalin). Though it is conjectured that the breeding-season of L. floccosa is in the winter, none of the specimens taken in November have ova. The “parasitic granular growth” mentioned by M‘Intosh is always present, especially on the dorsal bristles. Lagisca elisabethe, M‘Intosh, 1900. Of this species only one anterior fragment, 7 mm. long, occurred. It was taken in the same haul as Hunoa nodosa. It has hitherto been recorded only from St. Andrews. The markings of the head described by M‘Intosh (1900, p- 303) are not found in their entirety in the specimen. The pale band occurring posteriorly and defined by the collar is absent, while the median band of the same shade is indistinct. The median tentacle is of the same length as the dorsal tentacular cirrus and has a filiform tip and cilia, long and clavate, like those of the tentacular cirri. Its base is expanded and fits closely between the lateral peaked parts of the head. The palps are sparsely supplied with minute papillee and have massive bases and elongated filiform tips. In the present specimen the tentacular cirri are relatively larger than they are shown to be in the drawing of the head of this species in Prof. M‘Intosh’s monograph (1900, pl. xxvii. tig. 3). The same remark applies to the tips of the cirri, lateral tentacles, and palps. The markings on the dorsum of the fragment are indis- tinguishable. When, however, the feet, cirri, and sete are examined, there can be no hesitation in identifying the specimen as a tragment of Lagisca elisabethe, M‘I. The dorsal cirri have two kinds of cilia, the shorter and proximally placed, and the larger with expanded tips. The dorsal setee occur in a mass, are pale and slightly curved, while the ventral have fairly long shafts with characteristic terminations. The present form corresponds to the Lagisca elisabethe of M‘Intosh (1900, p. 303) and to the Polynoé aspera of Hansen, described by Théel (1879, p.10). It differs from both in the condition of the palps. These, in the form from St. Andrews, from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 173 have ‘a dense series of minute papilla with enlarged tips.” The palps of Théel’s more northern form are quite naked, while those of the present form, from more northern waters also, have only a few papilla. Unfortunately no scales are present. A larger supply of material would have made it possible to determine whether Polynoé aspera and Lagisca elisabethe were identical. It may well be that they are the same form, for the points of difference between them are small and com- paratively unimportant. Genus ACANTHICOLEPIS, Norman, MS. (Dasylepis, Mgrn., 1867). Acanthicolepis asperrima, Sars, 1860. The occurrence of this annelid in the collection considerably extends its habitat. It has hitherto been found in British waters only in the Firth of Clyde; the present examples are all from the area to the north of the Shetland Islands. This uncommon annelid inhabits both our shallower waters and the deeper and colder seas of the north. It is common in the Norwegian fiords. The complete specimens measure respectively 28 mm. and 20 mm. in length. All the scales have been lost and none of the forms has a complete set of head-appendages. Obser- vation shows that the palps are covered for their whole length by papille arranged lengthwise in at least four rows. M'‘Intosh (1900, p. 312) remarks that the palps are only partly papillose, being mostly smooth. ‘The papille are conical in shape and bent over at the tips. The bristles, especially the ventral, are reminiscent of Eunoa tritoni. The animal is a striking one, and its appear- ance justifies its specific name. Genus HArmMoruo: (Kinberg, 1857), char. emend. M‘Intosh, 1900. Harmothoé imbricata, Linn., 1767. Of this common form only two examples were found on the same day at adjacent points in Shetland. The larger is only 20 mm. in length. It is remarkable that so ubiquitous an annelid should be so sparsely represented in the present collection. The contents of the gut consisted of diatoms, fragments of silica and other minerals, sponge-spicules, foraminifera, spines 174 Mr. 'W. Small on Annelida Polycheta of small echinoderms, bristles of Nephthys ceca, and remnants of other annelids. Harmothoé antilopis, M‘Intosh, 1876, Only two fragments, each about 13 mm. long, were obtained ; one is an anterior, the other a posterior part of the annelid. This form ranges over a wide area, but always occurs in small numbers. Usually no more than a single specimen is taken in any one haul. Identification of the fragments was not easy because of the bad state of preservation of the material. ‘The anterior fragment is devoid of head-appendages. The posterior pair of eyes is visible from the dorsum, and the peaks of the head are rounded in front. The sete, however, are those of H. antilopis, and the scales, a few of which are present on the posterior fragment, correspond to description. Neither of the fragments has ova, though they were taken during the suppesed spawning-season of the species. Farmothoé (Polynoé) setosissima, Savigny, 1820. This species seems to be an especially irritable one, for no complete specimens are present. One of the largest frag- ments is 33 mm. long. The species is both a littoral and a deep-water form. Brown is the characteristic colour of the annelid, and it is found not only on the dorsum but on the tentacles &c. ‘The dorsal cirri are also occasionally coloured brown. ‘The close- set silky bristles give the animal a characteristic appearance. Genus Evarne, Malmgren, 1865. Evarne impar, Jolnstone, 1839. The smallest examples of this species were taken in December. The complete specimens measure 8 mm. in length. None of them are ripe, though smaller examples (6 mm.) have been found with ova at the same time of the ear. Malmgren (1865, p. 71) mentions 35 as the number of segments, and St. Joseph (1888, p. 162, Harmothoé impar) gives 38, including the buccal and anal segments. ‘The number seems to be very variable, While the head agrees generally with the published descriptions of it, the peaks of the lateral eminences are more prominent, the palps are larger and taper more gradually, from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 175 the lateral tentacles have more massive bases, and the filiform tips of the cirri and tentacles are longer than shown in M‘Intosh’s figure of the head of H. impar (1900, p!. xxvii. fig. 13). The papille of the palps are so minute as to require a careful search. No scales are present. All the examples are of the typical British form. Evarne impar, Jolust., var. A nearly complete specimen of 25 seginents and of 16 mm. length and 6 mm. breadth from tip to tip of the sete was taken in 35 fath. off Tod Head. It is evidently a variety of E.impar. It is a softer and smaller form, and shows on the dorsum none of the characteristic brown markings. The dorsum is pink in colour. The shape of the body is similar to that of H. ¢mpar. All the scales have been lost. The head is slightly broader in proportion to its length than that of #. impar. There are no eyes. The lateral eminences are broader in front, but the peaks are the same in both forms. The median tentacle has the same massive base, brown colour, and filiform tip, though there is no apparent dilatation below the tip. In other points, as, for example, the lateral tentacles, the palps, and their papille, both forms agree. The tentacular cirri are absent. Compared with the breadth of the body, the length of the bristles of the variety is less than that of the same structures in Evarne impar, while the dorsal bristles of the variety are larger in comparison with the ventral than in the normal specimens. In shape the dorsal bristles (Pl. VI. fig. 2) resemble those of Evarne kerquelensis, M‘Intosh (1885, p. 97, pl. vi. a, fig. 12), though they are less curved and less attenuated towards the tip. The tip is longer and more pointed than that of L. ¢m- par, but the transverse rows of spines and the lateral spines are similar. The tip is most like that of L. kerguelensis, or, again, it may be said to be intermediate in shape between that of HL. dmpar and that of Z. atlantica, M‘Intosh. The superior ventral bristles resemble those of ZH. impar. The median and inferior ventral bristles are more numerous and show either no secondary process or only a small trace of it, recalling thus the ventral bristle of H. atlantica. Many varieties of H. impar have been described. The present one is probably akin to that mentioned by M‘Intosh (1900, p. 357) as procured by the ‘ Porcupine’ in 1870. Specimens without eyes have likewise been obtained. 176 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta Evarne johnstont, M‘Intosh, 1876. This species has previously been obtained only from the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Ireland. The present record is the first of it from the seas to the north of the Shetlands, where it was obtained in 862 m. The haul consists of one fragment of a few anterior segments. M‘Intosh gives the length of his examples as 9 mm. ‘The dorsum shows a distinctive deep brown colour and the proboscis is characteristically tinted. Contrary to the usual condition, it is not extruded. The body, however, is ruptured. The eyes are moderately large and of a brown colour; only the posterior pair is visible from above. No scales are present. ‘he bristles are characteristic and are alone sufficient to identify the annelid. The present example may be a variety, for the eyes are not the ‘‘ minute black points”’ described by M‘Intosh (1900, p- 350). At the same time his figure of the head of /. john- stont (1900, pl. xxvil. fig. 7) shows the eyes large enough to be those of the present specimen and too large for his description of them. Evarne atlantica, M‘Intosh, 1897. An anterior fragment of this annelid, which was first brought to light by the Royal Irish Academy’s Expedition (1896), was taken in 24 fathoms in the Moray Firth in the same haul which yielded Aphrodita echidna. Both pairs of eyes are yery conspicuous from the dorsum. Brown and pink are the characteristic tints of the dorsal region. The scale-bearing tubercles and the lateral borders of the segments which do not bear scales are outlined in dark brown. Internal to these markings there are, on each segment, patches of a paler brown colour, and along the mid- dorsal line bars of dark brown on a band of pink, which passes along the whole length of the fragment, mark the posterior border of each segment. The dorsal coloration thus differs from that of the original specimen (M‘Intosh, 1900, p. 363). The feet and ventral surface are pink in colour and the bristles are pale yellow. The scales, which are unknown, cannot be described because of their complete absence. Prof. M‘Intosh thinks that they approach those of 1. normani. from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 177 Genus ANTINO#, Kinberg, 1857. Antinoé sarsi, Malmgren, 1868. Only one anterior fragment of 6 mm. length was taken. It occurred in the same haul as Evarne johnston?. Further investigation may prove some kind of a relationship to exist between the two forms. They have occurred together in different collections. Théel (1879, p. 18) gives Antinoé sarsi (Kinberg), Malm- gren (excluding Malmgren’s “ nondum adult” form from Spitsbergen), as a synonym of his Polynoé badia, which is, however, more likely to be the same form as Anttnoé elegans (below). Antinoé elegans, Théel, 1879. Théel (1879, pp. 20-22, pl. i. figs. 13-16) instituted the genus Bylgia and the species elegans for one annelid procured in the Sea of Kara at a depth of 34m. Levinsen (1883, p- 88) mentions this form (bylgia elegans). No further records of it have been found. The present examples are a single specimen from 61° 27’ N., 1° 47’ W., and one complete specimen and several fragments from 60° 36' N., 4° 46’ W., at depths of 1240 m. and 1030 m. respectively. It is worthy of note that in both hauls Hunoa tritont, M‘I., was included. Théel characterized the genus Bylgia thus :—‘‘ Lobus cephalicus antice 7m prominentias non productus. Antenne e parte anteriore lobi cephalici productee. Tentaculum nullum. Elytra paria 15, totum dorsum tegentia, in segmentis Semsenion( ay 4.6%.) 9 42723; 26,29, 32.” Untortunately no elytra are zn situ, but it is easy to establish the fact that Théel’s numbers of the elytra-bearing segments correspond exactly to those of the present specimens. The broadest part of the body is from the middle of its length forward to the seventh segment. The anterior seg- ments decrease little in breadth; the posterior half of the body tapers distinctly towards the last segment. According to 'héel the body is everywhere of the same breadth; that may be so in large specimens. ‘The setigerous segments number 37. Théel’s specimen measured 59 mm. without and 74 mm, with the proboscis. ‘The complete specimen of the present collection measures only 46 mm. in length, and none of the fragments indicate a form as large as 59 mm. Only one of the specimens—and that a doubtful Antinoé 178 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polychaeta elegans, because of its small number of segments (16), lack of setze, and bad preservation—shows the violet-brown colour of the dorsum, the deep violet-over-grey of the proboscis, and the violet palps mentioned in the original description. The majority of the examples are brown-coloured on the dorsum, resembling Théel’s Polynoé badia (1879, p. 18). The ventral surface and the feet are a uniform grey-white and the bristles are golden yellow. Théel regarded the genus By/gia as diverging from other polynoids after the manner of Kinberg’s family Iphionea, because of the absence of a median tentacle, but as being removed from the genus /phione because of important anato- mical differences. Examination of the present specimens would seem to show that Théel’s Bylgia is very closely related to the other polynoids and that his diagnosis of the genus 1s a mistaken one. The head is as broad as it is long, the greatest breadth being in front of the transverse middle line. It is divided by a median incision, which narrows posteriorly and_ passes backwards a little beyond the level of the anterior pair of eyes. There are thus the usual two lateral eminences, and these are pear-shaped and produced anteriorly into two very distinct peaks which are not produced forward into the an- tenne. These peaks were not observed by Théel. Levinsen (1883, pp. 88, 195) has apparently not examined the annelid ; at any rate, he mentions the absence of projecting peaks as a diagnostic characteristic of Bylgia elegans. All the present examples having heads, five in number, show the condition described above. The anterior eyes are the larger and are well removed from the front of the head and placed near its lateral border on the highest parts of the eminences. The posterior eyes are more closely set together than the anterior and are situated near the nuchal border of the head. ‘The space between the peaks is filled with the massive rounded base of the median tentacle. ‘This base is present in every specimen, but no example of the tentacle. Having their origin below the peaks are the two lateral tentacles. These hane a strong basal portion, are conical in shape, and uni- formly tapered toa point. Théel avers that their bases are partly united to form one, but in the present examples the base of the median tentacle is interposed. The palps are remarkably large—larger than Théel’s drawing indicates— and are supplied with minute papillee which escaped Théel’s observation. They have no filiform prolongation of the tip. The tentacular cirri have all been lost. The head resembles from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 179 on the whole that of Polyno badia; indeed, the two forms are closely united in many points. The proboscis has nine terminal papilla on either side— the same number and of the same shape as in Lepidonotus. The four teeth alternate, are sharply pointed, and have a plain biting-edge supported by a ridge. Théel remarks that the feet and bristles of Bylgia elegans resemble those of Antinoé (Polynoé) sars¢ and the dorsal bristles those of Melenis lovent, Malmgren. The ventral bristles are whip-like, being slender and drawn out into a long fine tip. The lower part of this bristle is decorated with spines, which are shield-shaped, point steeply upwards, and are arranged in longitudinal rows. Above these, clothing the tip of the bristle, is an investment of very fine hair-like spines, and below them, where the bristle is thickest, the spines are smaller and more closely set together. As figured by Théel, other ventral bristles are terminated in a slender and slightly bent-over tip, but none of these were observed. The transverse rows of spines of the dorsal bristles are closely set together; the tip is small and pointed, but not acutely. The elytra are glabrous and the outer and posterior edge has minute ciliform papillee, as in Polynoé badia. It will now be apparent that Théel’s diagnosis of the genus By/gia is wrong, in that it supposes the absence of anterior peaks on the cephtlic lobe and of a tentacle (median), and the forward production of the anterior part of the head to form the antennee or lateral tentacles. When all points have been considered, if seems best to refer Bylgia elegans to the genus Antinoé. ‘The resemblances between the present form and Anéinoé spp. are numerous and cover practically all the features of generic importance. Théel himself remarked that, in aspect, structure of the feet, bristles, and number of scales, his By/gia elegans closely resembled Antinoé (Polynoé) sarst. The numbers of seti- gerous segments in the two forms are nearly alike; the structure of the head, disposition of the eyes and median tentacle, the condition of the palps and proboscideal papillee correspond, The resemblance between the sete, especially the ventral, is striking. While due consideration has been given to the opinions of different authors, e. g. Hansen (1882, p- 1) and Harvey Gibson (1886, p. 842), regarding the value of setal characters in specific or generic separation of forms (cf. M‘Intosh, 1874, p. 371), it is impossible from the struc- ture of the setee alone to place Antinoé elegans in any known 180 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta species of Antinoé or in the genus Harmothoé or Polynoé so long as Antiénoé remains a genus apart from Harmothoé, however closely the former may approach the latter. While Théel’s description of Polynoé badia and varieties (1879, pp. 18-20) may apply to these forms, it is curious that the inferior ventral bristle which is diagnostic of Antinoé elegans and is figured by Théel (1879, pl. 1. fig. 16) is present in every specimen. Again, a certain aspect of the superior ventral bristle resembles Théel’s figure of a ventral bristle of a young specimen of Polynoé badia, one of whose synonyms is given by Théel as Antinoé sarsv. It is most probable that Théel’s Polynoé badia and Bylgia elegans are one and the same form. Again, researches into the differences in structure between young, intermediate, and adult forms may alone be conclusive. Genus Mauuarenta, M‘Intosh, 1876. Malmgrenia castanea, M‘I., 1876. Three very small fragments of this annelid were taken in the same haul as contained the fragments of Hvarne johnstoni and Antinoé sarst. J. castanea has been recorded from all round these shores. The head appears to be broader in front than behind and the anterior eyes are more widely separated from each other than usual. Stress cannot be laid on these points because of the searcity of material, but it is remarkable that the only two anterior fragments present these appearances. Genus Hatosypna, Kinberg, 1857. Halosydna gelatinosa, M. Sars, 1860. The only complete specimen is a comparatively small one of 20 mm. in length. One specimen has no eyes; in another the pairs of eyes are so close together as to touch. The enlargement of the median tentacle below the filiform tip is prominent, and the same remark holds for the tentacular cirri, which are almost as long as the median tentacles. A semi- lunar membrane extends from the first body-segment forward over part of the head. The palps are massive and trans- versely striated. St. Joseph (1888, p. 155) gives the number of segments of a H. gelatinosa as 45. ‘he number in the present example is only 17. from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 181 A ripe specimen was taken in December. The repro- ductive elements are contained within a membrane, as noted by St. Joseph and represented by Claparéde (1870) in Hermadion fragile. A ripe male occurs in a haul taken in April. The alimentary canal contains remnants of small crustaceans and other organic débris. Genus PoLynoii, Savigny, 1820, Polynoé scolopendrina, Sav., 1820. One fragment of 12 segments was taken in 120 m. at Station 16 in the same haul as contained Hunoa nodosa and Lagisca elisabethe, The eyes are large and the anterior and posterior pairs are very close together, Their proximity is probably due to antero-posterior shrinkage of the head, which thus appears broader than long. The present example belongs to the smaller southern type, but is not of the variety of brevipalpa of St. Joseph (1888, p. 183). More examples of P. scolopendrina may be found when terebellid &c. tubes are examined, Genus Evucranta, Malmgren, 1865. Eucranta villosa, Mern., 1865. This species is represented by one fragment of 16 segments in a fair state of preservation, It was dredged at 61° 39'N,, 4° 45’ W., at a depth of 620 m. It was first discovered and named by Malmgren (1865, pp- 79-80, pl. x. figs. 9-9d). It has been recorded within recent years by Ditlevson (1911, p. 416, Harmothoé villos1) from 76° 35’ N., 18° 26’ W., at a depth of 150 m. Fauvel makes no mention of this species in his Report on the Polychet Annelids of the Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Due d’Orleans), ‘The species seems to be confined to northern waters, It was obtained in Barents Sea (between Spitz- bergen and Nova Zembla) by the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition, 1872-1874 (Marenzeller, 1877), but the Dutch ‘ William Barents’ Expedition of 1878-1879 failed to find it in the same locality (d’Urban, 1880, p, 253), Hansen (1882, p. 44, Polynoé villosa) records it from the southern limit of the “cold area” (off Christiansund) in 763 m.on a clay bottom. It was found only once in the three summers of the Norwegian Expedition, 1876-1878, It is, like Acanthicolepis asperrtma, characteristic of the Norwegian fiords. Ann. & Mag, N, Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 13 182 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polychata The head-parts are unfortunately incomplete. The rela- tion between the length and breadth of the head in the present specimen corresponds to Malmgren’s drawing. ‘The eyes are large; the anterior pair are placed well back on the head and close to its lateral edge, and are larger than the posterior pair, which are placed laterally in front of the nuchal border of the head. The tentacles are wanting. Théel (1879, p. 23) has completed the descriptions of Malm- eren and Sars (1873, p. 4) by describing the median tentacle. The one tentacular cirrus and the palps agree entirely with the published descriptions. No seales and no dorsal cirri are present. The tubercle which, according to Malmgren, takes the place of the dorsal cirrus on the segments which do not bear scales is not apparent. ‘The ventral cirrus is sparingly supplied with short clavate cilia. Ditlevson, whose material consisted of a fragment of 9 seements, bases the identification of his specimen on the appearance of the bristles, and remarks that his examination of the bristles shows them to agree exactly with the descrip- tion and figures of Malmgren. The spines on the dorsal bristles of the present example are more prominent than shown by Malmgren’s drawing, and the dorsal bristles themselves, especially the superior, are more curved. Malmgren’s artist likewise has not given sufficient prominence to the spines of the superior and infe- rior ventral bristles, nor does the drawing of the inferior ventral bristle show that the spines increase in length and prominence towards the apex of the bristle. The dorsal bristles (twelfth foot) are gracefully curved (Pl. VI. fig. 3); the spines become larger towards the tip and attain their maximum size a short distance from it. The transverse rows of spines almost pass across the complete breadth of the bristle, recalling the condition in Evarne impar. Indeed, the dorsal bristle of Hucranta villosa closely resembles that of Hvarne impar but for the tip, which in Eueranta is rounded and blunt. ‘he bristles are covered with a brown granular mass. ‘The inferior dorsal sete are more curved and slender and have longer spines than the superior. The bifid condition of the tip of the superior ventral bristle (fig. 4) is not common ; it occurs in Hupolynoé occidentalis, M‘Intosh, and in Lupolynoé anticostiensis, M‘Intosh, both of which are Canadian forms. ‘The bristle itself is slender and tapers gracefully. The lateral spines are large and slightly recurved and are almost equalled in length by the transverse From the North Sea and adjacent parts. 183 rows of spines. The latter are also recurved. The spines decrease in number and size towards the tip, and the bifid portion of the bristle is entirely naked. ‘This part is slightly swollen immediately below the bifurcation. The inferior ventral bristles (fig. 5) are more massive than the superior. Their outline recalls the hastate bristles of Aricia. The spines are confined to the thicker lower portion of the bristle, leaving a large smooth tip the edges of which are not so straight and uniformly converging as shown by Malmgren. Trautzsch (1889, pp. 139 & 143) gives as references to Harmothoé villosa, Levinsen (1883, pp. 36, 193) and Malm- gren (1865, pp. 79-80), and to Hucranta villosa, Malmgren (1865, pp. 79-80). The references to Malmgren are identical, while Levinsen, as Trautzsch remarks, does not mention the genus Hucranta, but refers to what is undoubtedly the same form as Harmothoé villosa, and himself gives the same reference to Malmgren. Yet Trautzsch mentions the two names, 7, villosa and H. villosa, in places apart in the text and in a table of dredgings as if they were distinct species. His drawing of a ventral bristle of H. villosa (1889, pl. vii, fig. 16) does not resemble either Malmgren’s original drawing of a ventral bristle of Hucranta villosa or the appearance of the same in the fragment of the annelid under discussion, Family Sigalionide. Genus STHENELAIS, Kinberg, 1857. Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833), Kinberg, 1857, One incomplete specimen of 17 mm. length was dredged from a depth of 5 fath. in Quey Firth, Shetland. It is remarkable that the representation of this form, which ranges from Norway along the western shores of Europe to South Africa, should be so small, The specimen presents no points of difference from the typical British form except in coloration. The head is not of a crimson hue nor are the few scales present on the dorsum marked with grey or brown, Sthenelais zetlandica, M‘Intosh, 1876. Two small fragments, one anterior, the other posterior, were found in Shetland waters. The head is injured, and therefore its structure cannot be 13* 184 On Annelida Polycheta from the North Sea. described. M‘Intosh’s specimens were similarly deficient (1900, p. 414). The palps appear to be long, slender, and tapering, like those of Sthenelais limicola, Ehlers. The posterior end of the annelid is slender and has apparently two caudal cirri. An examination of the complete head will determine whether this form shall remain in the genus Sthenelais. Sthenelais limicola, Ehlers, 1864. One specimen was taken along with numerous examples of Ophiodromus fleauosus, Della Chiaje, in 56°48! N., 1°19’ E., in 94m. It is a deep-water form, ranging from 30 to over 400 fathoms, and is never found between tide-marks. The body is small and incomplete. All the scales have been lost, and the head is in a bad state of preservation. Sthenelats jefreysit, M‘Intosh, 1876. Specimens of this annelid were taken from the seas to the north of the Shetland Islands. It has been recorded only from the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Ireland, and has still to be found in the North Sea. It would seem to prefer a deep-water habitat. The largest of the specimens (incomplete) are about 35 mm. in length. The body is long and narrow, and tapers gently towards the posterior end. No eyes are visible in any of the specimens. ‘The proboscis has ten irregularly conical terminal papilla dorsally and ventrally. Bibliography. CLaPaREDE. 1870. Suppl. aux Annél. de Naples. Dittevson. 1911. ‘Annelids from the Danmark Expedition (1906- 08).’ Copenhagen. D’Ursan. 1880. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., October 1880. Favuvet. 1911. Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Duc d’Orleans) : “ Anné- lides Polychétes.” Hansen. 1882. ‘Norske Nordhays-Expedition, 1876-78.’ Vol. vii Annelida, Christiania. Harvey Gisson. 1886. L. M. B.C. Report, No.1. Proceedings Lit. and Phil. Soe. Liverpool, vol. xl., Appendix. Levinsen. 1883. ‘“Systematisk-geografisk Oversigt over de nordiske Annulata, Gephyrea, Chetognathi, og Balanoglossi,” Vidensk. Meddel. fra den Naturh. Foren. i Kjébenhayn, 1882-83. MatMGreNn. 1865. ‘ Nordiska Hafs-Annulater.’ Stockholm. MARENZELLER. 1877. ‘ Die Coelenteraten, Echinodermen, und Wirmen der k.-k. 6sterreichisch-ungarischen Nordpol Expedition.’ ——. 1902. ‘Siidjapanische Annel.’ iii. Wien. On new Batrachians from the Andes. 185 M‘Intosa. 1874. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. part vii. “On British Annelida.” —. 1885. ‘Challenger’ Reports, Zoology, vol. xii. “ Annelida Polycheta.” —. J]900. ‘Monograph of British Annelida.—Part II. Polycheta.’ Ray Society. Norman. 1890. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1899. DE QUATREFAGES. 1865, ‘ Histoire des Annelés,’ vol. i. Sars, G.O. 1873. Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. xix. ‘“ Bidrag til Kunsdab om Christianiafjordens Fauna.—III. Annelida.” (From MSS. of M. Sars.) Sr. Josepu. 1888. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. vii. t. 5. THEEL. 1879. “Annélides Polychétes des Mers de la Nouvelle- Zemble,” Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band xvi. No. 3. Stockholm. Travutzscu. 1889. Archiv f. Naturg. 55. “Zur Kenntnis der Poly- noiden yon Spitzbergen.” TREADWELL. 1903. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xxiii. part 3. “ Polychatous Annelids of the Hawaiian Islands.” EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Fig. 1. Head of Eunoa tritont, M‘Intosh. Enlarged. Fig. 2. Tip of dorsal bristle of Hvarne tmpar, Johnst., var. Zeiss obj. D, oc. 2. Fig. 3. Mid dorsal bristle of Eucranta villosa, Mgrn. Zeiss obj. D, oc. 2. Fig. 4. Superior ventral bristle of ditto. Zeiss obj. D, oe. 2. Fig. 5. Inferior ventral bristle of ditto. Zeiss obj. F, oc. 2. XIX.— Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes of South America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Fyla melanopleura. Tongue circular, entire and slightly free behind. Vomerine teeth in two groups or short transverse series between the rather large choanze. Head moderate, broader than long ; snout short, rounded, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region oblique, concave ; nostril equally distant from the eye and from the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two- thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers one-fourth webbed, disks smaller than the tympanum; male with a projecting rudiment of pollex ; toes three-fourths webbed ; subarticular tubercles moderately prominent; a feeble tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip 186 - Mr. G. A. Boulenger on of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body. Skin smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate. Greyish or reddish brown above, sides blackish; the back may be spotted or dotted with brown, the sides dotted with white; upper lip white; limbs with irregular dark cross- bands ; lower parts dirty white, sometimes speckled with dark brown. Male with a subgular vocal sac. From snout to vent 50 mm. Several specimens from Huancabamba, E. Peru, above 3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. Phyllomedusa loris. Tongue cordiform, slightly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two small groups between the choanze. Snout as long as the orbit, vertically truncate at the end; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region oblique ; eyes directed obliquely forwards; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a slight rudiment of web, first shorter than second ; toes webbed at the base, first and second equal; disks of fingers as large as the tympanum, of toes a little smaller; subarticular tubercles moderately prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle small, elliptic. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout; tibia 4 the length of head and body. Skin smooth, granulate on the belly and under the thighs; paro- toids feebly developed; heel with a small triangular dermal appendage. Lilac above (in spirit) with a few dark dots ; humerus, four inner fingers, thigh, except a narrow lilac streak, inner toes, and lower parts yellow. From snout to vent 46 mm. A single specimen from El Topo, R. Pastaza, H. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. Bufo leptoscelis. Crown with bony ridges, including a parietal obliquely directed inwards ; snout truncate, slightly projecting; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, three-fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather long and slender, obtuse, first longer than second ; toes barely half webbed, obtuse, with single subarticular tubercles; two small meta- tarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body. Upper parts with small conical new Batrachians from the Andes. 187 tubercles, more crowded and spinose on the sides ; parotoids very prominent, subtriangular, two-thirds the length of the head. Uniform pale brown above, the parotoids darker ; yellowish beneath, belly dotted with brown. From snout to vent 55 mm. A single specimen from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, 6500 feet, from the collection of the late Mr. G. Ockenden. Hylodes ockendeni. Tongue oval, entire or indistinctly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups just behind the level of the choanz. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit, with moderately strong, curved canthus and very oblique, concave loreal region ; nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space hardly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very indis- tinct, not half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad disks; first finger not extending as far as second; scarcely a rudiment of web between the toes; subarticular tubercles well developed but small; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye, or between the eyeand the nostril; tibia half the length of head and body. Skin smooth. Pale pinkish brown above, with small scattered black spots, with or without a large brown blotch, or three brown blotches on the back ; a narrow light vertebral line may be present ; a dark bar between the eyes, and an oblique black streak in front of and behind the eye; two or three oblique brown bars on the tibia ; lower parts white. From snout to vent 34 mm. Three specimens from La Union, Rio Huacamayo, Cara- baya, S.E. Peru, 2000 feet, from the collection of the late Mr. G. Ockenden. Hylodes ventrimarmoratus. Tongue large, subcircular, entire. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups behind the level of the choane. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit, with very feeble, curved canthus and very oblique, concave loreal region; nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very indistinct, not half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad disks; first finger not extending as far as second ; toes free; subarticular tubercles small, feebly 188 — Mr. G. A. Boulenger on prominent; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia half the length of head and body. Upper parts rugose with small warts, lower parts smooth. Grey above, with blackish symmetrical markings, forming a large X on the back, and a subtriangular blotch between the eyes ; upper lip with dark bars radiating from the eye; limbs with dark cross-bands, the front of the thighs with black and white bars, the back of the thighs black, with or without large white spots; throat and lower surface of thighs yellowish, belly and flanks white with large black spots and marblings. Total length 37 mm. A single adult specimen from Chanchamayo, E. Peru, 2600 feet, from the collection of Mr. C. Schunke, and an adult and two very young from El Topo, R. Pastaza, KE. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer, Hylodes teniatus. Tongue oval, nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups behind the level of the choanea. Snout rounded, as long as orbit, with strong, nearly straight canthus and oblique, concave loreal region ; nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one-third the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes rather short, the tips dilated into large, broad disks ; first finger not extending as far as second; a slight rudiment of web between the toes; subarticular tubercles well developed ; asmall oval inner and a very small rounded outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articu- Jation reaches the tip of the snout; tibia nearly two-thirds the length of head and body. Skin smooth, the belly very indistinctly granulate. Brown above, darker on the sides ; a blackish, light-edged streak on each side of the back, from the eye to above the groin, gradually converging towards its fellow; a dark brown streak, with a fine median light line, from the tip of the snout to the sacral region; a dark streak from the upper eyelid to the scapular region; a canthal streak and two bars below the eye blackish; limbs with oblique dark cross-bands, heel whitish ; white beneath, throat speckled with brown. : From snout to vent 27 mm. A single specimen from Noananoa, Rio San Juan, Choco, S.W. Colombia, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. new Batrachians from the Andes. 189 Hylodes palmeri. Tongue oval, nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two feeble oblique groups behind the level of the choane. Snout rounded, as long as orbit, with moderately strong, nearly straight canthus and oblique, concave loreal region; nostril near the tip of the snout ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one-third diameter of eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad disks ; first finger not extending as far as second ; toes quite free; subarticular tubercles well-developed but small; a small, oval inner and a very small, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout ; tibia three-fifths the length of head and body. Skin smooth, belly feebly granulate. Greyish olive above, with small dark brown dots anda A-shaped dark marking on the anterior part of the back; upper lip with dark vertical bars; a dark streak below the canthus rostralis; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts dirty white, throat marbled with grey, belly with grey vermiculations. Two specimens from Pueblo Rico, Choco, 8.W. Colombia, 5200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. Hylodes margaritifer. Tongue oval, indistinctly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two small rounded groups behind the level of the choane. Snout truncate, very prominent, as long as orbit, with strong, curved canthus and oblique, concave loreal region; nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, one-fourth diameter of eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large disks, those of the fingers broader and truncate ; first finger considerably shorter than second; toes quite free; sub- articular tubercles moderate; two feebly prominent meta- tarsal tubercles, inner oval, outer round. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout ; tibia three-fifths the length of head and body. Skin smooth, with scattered tubercles, which are subconical on the head and back, and larger, white, pearl-like on the throat and belly ; a larger, conical tubercle on the upper eyelid and another on the heel. Yellowish above and beneath, above with dark brown symmetrical markings and the tubercles crimson. From snout to vent 15 mm. Two specimens from El Topo, R. Pastaza, K. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. 190 On new Batrachians from the Andes. Edalorhina nasuta. Vomerine teeth in two feeble oblique series behind the level of the choane. Head much depressed; snout pointed, ending in a pointed dermal appendage which is at least half as long as the eye, canthus rostralis strong; loreal region very oblique, concave ; nostril nearer end of snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very indistinct, smaller than the eye. First and second fingers equal; toes with a slight rudiment of web; sub- articular tubercles strong; two small metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the tympanum. Upper eyelid with conical tubercles ; a strong fold behind the eye, descending cbliquely to the middle of the side ; a curved ridge between the eyes and a D-shaped one on the scapular region. Grey or pale brown above, with darker markings; a broad black band behind the eye, expanding into a large black blotch covering the side of the belly and the pubic region ; lumbar region orange, with a large oval black spot; throat and middle of belly white ; lower surface of limbs marbled black and white. From snout to vent 38 mm. Three specimens from Huancabamba, Ei. Peru, above 3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. Hylizalus chocoensis. Very closely allied to H. bocagii, Espada, but tympanum scarcely distinct and hind limbs longer, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout and the tibia measuring a little more than half the length of head and body. Blackish grey above, with a rather indistinct grey streak along each side of the back and a fine grey vertebral line ; upper lip with a row of small white spots; a white spot on the upper surface of the arm, near its base ; a black bar across the thigh and another across the tibia; lower parts white, with a few blackish spots or marblings. From snout to vent 26 mm. A single specimen from Noananoa, Rio San Juan, Choco, S.W. Colombia, about 100 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. flylixalus collaris. Tongue entire or indistinctly nicked. Headas in H. bocagit, but tympanum very indistinct or quite hidden. First and second fingers equal; toes half webbed, the web produced as On new or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 191 a narrow fringe to the terminal disks; two metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia half length of head and body, or less. Dark grey to blackish brown above, with more or less distinct darker symmetrical markings on the back and cross-bands on the limbs ; a light streak sometimes present on the side, ending in the groin; lower parts yellowish white, with a dark brown bar across the throat, or entirely dark brown or blackish. From snout to vent 35 mm. Several specimens from Merida, 5200 feet, and Rio Albireggas, 11,300 feet, Venezuela, from the collection of Mr. 8. Bricefio. XX.—LNew or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. By E. Bererotu, C.M.Z.S. THE Entomological Research Committee of the British Colonial Office having submitted to me fcr examination a number of Heteropterous Hemiptera sent in by the Committee’s collectors from various parts of Africa, I have found among them some new or insufficiently known species, which are described or commented upon in this paper. Fam. Coptosomatide. Ceratocoris dama, sp. n. Late ovatus, valde convexus, niger, supra versicoloriter ceruleo- et aurichalceo- et cupreo-resplendens, maculis callosis parvis irregu- laribus flayis remote conspersus, capite subtus flavo, fascia intra- oculari basali intus angustata et abbreviata, excavatione an- tennali ac cornubus maris nigris, dimidio externo horum dense confluenter flayo-variegato, pectore cinereo, opaco, lateribus pro- pleurarum late subnitidulis, fusco- et flavo-variegatis, vitta media angusta curvata anteriore propleurarum nitida fusca; mesosterno medio nitido, nigro, acetabulis omnibus flavis, limbo lato ventris intra spiracula extenso flavyo, in segmentis quattuor mediis macu- lam majusculam subquadratam nigram inter spiracula et latera ‘Includente, spiraculis, linea transversa impressa pone hxc mar- gineque ipso laterali ventris nigris, hoc ad apicem segmentorum interrupto, segmento ultimo ventrali medio flavo. Caput breve et latissimum, apici pronoti zeque latum, medio declive, longitu- dine sua media fere triplo et dimidio latius, supra sat remote punctulatum, subtus subleve, pro articulo primo antennarum recipiendo late excavatum, superne preter maculas parvas con- spersas vitta mox intra marginem externum jugorum secundum 192 - Dr. E. Bergroth on new or marginem internum cornuum maris ultra medium eorum con- tinuata et maculis tribus transversis majusculis basalibus flavis (una inter ocellos, una utrinque extra eos) signatum, jugis lineam inter angulos anticos oculorum fictam haud attingentibus, oculis minusculis parum prominulis rufis, ocellis ab oculis quam inter se triplo longius remotis; rostro flavo-testaceo, articulo tertio basin versus et quarto apicem versus nigrescentibus, articulis duobus primis antennarum flavis, primo angulum anticum oculi attingente, secundo primo nonnihil breviore, apicem versus nigri- cante (ceteri articuli desunt). Pronotum medio capite medio plus quam duplo et dimidio longius et hoc quarta parte latius, longitudine sua media duabus tertiis partibus latius, apice quam ad humeros paullo angustius, sat dense punctulatum et preeterea latera versus transversim rugosum, maculis callulosis flavis quam in scutello minoribus et remotioribus, sed prope latera majoribus et magis condensatis, macula transversa irregulari apicali media et macula rotundata pone hance etiam majoribus, margine apicali biangulato-sinuato, medio pone spatium interocellare recto, deinde usque ad angulos apicales late oblique truncato, marginibus late- ralibus anticis fortius rotundatis, valde declivibus, marginibus lateralibus posticis anticis paullo longioribus, angulis basalibus rotundatis sed haud deletis, margine basali levissime sinuato. Scutellum sat dense punctulatum, ad basin maculis duabus callosis flavis majoribus prope angulos basales pronoti notatum, abdomine paullo latius, margine inferiore flavo, utrinque anguste nigro-marginato. Pectus in partibus opacis remote vermiculato- striolatum et remote minutissime nigro-punctulatum, mesosterno medio transversim strigoso. Corium, maculis callesis flavis exceptis, dense fortiter punctatum. Abdomen subtus sub- alutaceum, vix punctulatum, modice dense argenteo-sericeum, Fig. 1. . to} pilositate e latere inspecta multo magis perspicua, spiraculis magnis, a lateribus quam a margine postico segmentorum magis remotis, suturis ventralibus latera non attingentibus. Pedes flavi, femoribus maculis parvis fuscis adspersis et apice inferius fusco- notatis, subtus molliter albo-pilosis, apicem versus sulcatis et inferius subcristatis, tibiis albo-setulosis, supra in dimidio basali infuscatis. Long., ¢ 14 mm., cum corn. capit. 20 mm. Mas: Caput (vide fig. 1) utrinque in cornu longum deplanatum little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 193 horizontale apice leviter reflexum prolongatum, his cornubus pronoto medio subzque longis, subparallelis, late distantibus, extus nonnihil pone apicem in lobum acutum triangularem re- flexum dilatatis, margine interno cornuum reflexo; juga com- muniter triangulariter producta, apice angulum obtusiusculum formantia; scutellum apice e postice visum obtusangulariter sinuatum ; operculum fovee intralateralis segmenti sexti ven- tralis oblique transversum, dense brevissime fusco-tomentosum, margine ejus antico subrecto, postico rotundato; segmentum genitale ultimo ventrali medio longius, nigrum, margine labiali quinque-sinuato, sinubus tribus mediis obsolete disjunctis, sub- confluentibus, margine apicali subrecto, angulis apicalibus rotun- datis, appendice magna media deplanata medium segmenti attingente, flava. SouTHERN Nicerta: Akwete (J. J. Simpson). A species extremely remarkable by the structure of the head, which is broader and (apart from the horns) very much shorter than in the five other known species of the genus. Fam. Pentatomida. Euryaspts marshalli, sp. n Dilutissime testacea, pronoto, scutello corioque albidis, supra parce irregulariter nigro-punctata, partes has nigras exhibens: capitis vittulam inferiorem anteocularem supra tuberculum antenniferum, marginem lateralem, orbitam oculorum, margines dimidii basalis tyli vittasque tres basales, mediam brevem, laterales intra ocellos currentes et hos longe superantes, antice oblique extrorsum vergentes et marginem lateralem attingentes, pronoti marginem apicalem, lineam punctatam utrinque circum areas cicatricales maculamque minusculam partem posticam bharum linearum tan- gentem, scutelli foveam rotundam ad angulos basales maculam- que irregularem anteapicalem, segmentorum connexivi fasciam latam basalem angulosque imos apicales, segmentorum ventris maculas majusculam ad angulos basales et minutam ad angulos apicales spiraculaque cum annulo ea cingente; pronotum inter angulos laterales maculis quinque diffusis subconfluentibus sepe minus distinctis in seriem transversam ordinatis notatum; seg- menta dorsi abdominis medio late ferrugineo- vel fusco-fasciata ; segmentum genitale maris medio et lobi genitales basales late- ralesque femine fusco-maculata; rostrum et antenn testacea, annulo harum angusto apicali articuli primi secundique, annulo angusto basali articuli secundi tertiique, dimidio apicali articuli tertii, parte plus quam dimidia apicali articuli quarti parteque lata media articuli quinti nigris; pedes testacei, apice tarsorum fusco; membrana et ale vitrea. Caput subeque longum ae latum ( ¢) aut longitudine paullo latius (2), ante sinum ante- ocularem profundum parallelum, apice late rotundatum, oculis 194. * Dr. EK. Bergroth on new or magnis, eminentibus, vertice oculo uno circiter duplo latiore, rostro basin segmenti tertii ventris subattingente, articulo secundo tertio breviore, antennis crassiusculis, articulo secundo tertio multo breviore, hoc et quarto zeque longis, quinto quarto paullo longiore. Pronotum lateribus rectum (¢) vel levissime sub- rotundatum (Q). Scutellum corio paullo longius, punctura ante medium prope latera in maculam oblongam spe coacervata. Pleure parce irregulariter nigro-punctulate, area evaporativa metapleurz in mesopleuram late usque ad angulum ejus late- ralem anticum extensa. Corium margine apicali leniter rotun- datum, punctura ad angulum apicalem plus minusve confluente. Connexiyum crebre concoloriter punctulatum, angulis apicalibus segmentorum leniter prominulis. Venter medio levi excepto parce subtiliter concoloriter punctulatus, segmento genitali maris apice arcuato-sinuato. Long., ¢ 9mm., 9 J1 mm. NyasaLanD (Dr, B. Davey). A strikingly distinct species, more allied to H. signoret?, Stal, from Senegal, than to any other described form. Named after Mr. Guy A. Kk. Marshall, whose five years’ investigations of mimicry and warning colours in South- African insects (Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1902 2, pp. 287-584, with 15 plates) have so considerably increased our knowledge of this subject. Fam. Coreide. Plectropoda cruciata, Dall. Ucanpa (C. C. Gowdey). The East-African specimens differ from the typical West- African form in being darker, with the corium and clavus uniformly fuscous ; the structural characters are identical. Fam. Pyrrhocoride. Ceneus gowdey?, sp. n. Oblongo-ovalis, rufescenti-testaceus, capite, margine laterali pro- thoracis epipleuraque corii rufis, margine basali superiore capitis, impressione fere tota aream elevatam pronoti circumscribente (solum lateribus postice breviter rufo-interrupta), limbo basali scutelli, vitta lata brevi basali clavi pectoreque nigris, membrana sordide rufo-testacea, abdomine fulvo, bucculis, margine apicali pronoti et prosterni inter oculos, limbo postico pleuraram acetabu- lisque eburneis, pedibus fuscis, femoribus (basi excepta) rufis. Caput vertice alutaceum et ibidem linea impressa longitudinali preeditum, rostro fusco, medium segmenti secundi ventris attin- gente, articulo primo antennarum Fusco, capite paullo longiore, little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 195 apicem versus incrassato, prope basin intus breviter setuloso, secundo primo distincte breviore, nigro (articuli ultimi desunt). Corium et clavus fusco-punctulata, punctis partis basalis exocorii in vittam angustam congestis, limbo externo corii rufo-punctato. Femora antica subtus in margine anteriore dimidii apicalis denticulis duobus armata. Long., 2, 12 mm. UcanpbA: Masaka (C. C. Gowdey). Allied to C. carnifex, Fabr., but much larger and differently coloured. Fam. Myodochide. Letheus simpsoni, sp. n. Oblongus, angustus, subnitidus, niger, vena cubitali corii post medium macula minuta oblongula subcallosa lutea et vena radiali nonnihil ante apicem maculis talibus duabus minus distinctis notatis, membrana fusca, venis pallescentibus, antennis, rostro pedibusque piceis, tiblis et tarsis obscure sordide testaceis. Caput paullo transversum, crebre minute punctulatum, margine basali leve, rostro coxas posticas subattingente, articulo primo antennarum plus quam dimidio apicem capitis superante, secundo primo sesqui longiore, tertio primo parum longiore (art. quartus deest). Pronotum longitudine tertia parte latius, latitudine apicali dimidio longius et apice quam basi duplo angustius, usque ad margines laterales haud explanatos ante medium leviter rotun- datos transyersim nonnihil convexum, sat fortiter haud dense punctatum, ante medium area transversa levi medio punctis longitudinaliter interrupta preditum. Scutellum et pleure sat dense punctata. Hemelytra apicem abdominis attingentia, clavo regulariter triseriatim percurrenter punctato, corio modice dense punctulato, vena transversa venas tres exteriores membranz conjungente interdum incompleta. Abdomen subtus haud nisi quam subtilissime punctulatum. Femora antica inermia. Arti- culus primus tarsorum posticorum duobus ultimis unitis vix magis quam dimidio longior. Long., ¢, 6 mm. SOUTHERN NIGERIA: Badagri (J. J. Simpson). A narrow species, very distinct in several characters from the hitherto known African forms. Fam. Reduviide. Subfam. Zezrmz. Rhinccoris nitidulus, Fabr. A specimen from Uganda, found by Mr. Gowdey, differs 196 . Dr. E. Bergroth on new or from the typical West-African form by having the middle and hind femora broadly annulated with red immediately before the apex. It shows no structural differences, Rhinocoris neavei, sp. n. Ochreo-testaceus, corio ferrugineo-testaceo, pedibus rufo-castaneis, capite cum antennis rostroque, lobo antico marginibusque laterali- bus posticis pronoti, scutello, macula denudata propleure et mesopleure, fascia basali segmentorum connexivisupra et subtus, suturis et macula transversa denudata intralaterali segmentorum ventris, coxis, annulo lato medio femorum, tibiis apicem versus, tarsis, segmento genitali feminz maculaque oblonga laterali segmenti genitalis maris nigris, parte anteoculari superiore capitis, pronoto, medio scutelli, pectore (densissime), ventre (limbo laterali excepto) corioque ochreo-sericeis. Caput erecte albo-pilosum, gula preeterea dense minute albo-squamulosa ; rostro glabro, articulo primo secundo paullo breviore, articulo primo antennarum pronoto paullo longiore, secundo primo triplo breviore. Pronotum leve, angulis apicalibus oblique truncatulis, lateralibus leviter prominulis, late rotundatis, lobo antico postice alte subconice bituberculato, pube sericea antice densissima, medio in vittas fasciasque congesta, postice deficiente, pube lobi postici minus densa. Hemelytra apicem abdominis leviter ( @ ) aut sat longe (¢) superantia, membrana fusco-zenea. Seg- mentum genitale maris apice medio in lobulum nigricantem obtusum sed lateribus acute denticulatum productum, stylis geni- talibus gracilibus, apicem versus haud incrassatis. Long., ¢ 17:5-]9 mm., 9 22 mm, NYASALAND: Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 feet, and N.W. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Florence Bay and Karonga, 1650 feet (S. A. eave). Allied to Rh. erythrocnemis, Germ., but larger and quite differently coloured on the under side, with more elevated tubercles on the anterior pronotal lobe and the male genital segment differently constructed. The colour is quite constant. Phonolibes tricolor, sp. n. Riuber, lurido-testaceo-tomentosus, antennis (basi excepta), rostro, lobo antico pronoti, scutello, pectore (excepta parte posteriore propleurse), maculis duabus transversis apicalibus late distantibus segmentorum yentris (sexto excepto), segmento genitali pedibus- que nigris, membrana cerulea. Antenne validiuscule, articulo primo capite paullulo breviore, secundo primo angustiore et triplo previore, tertio incrassato (saltem in mare), primo tertia parte breviore. Pronotum fortius convexo-declive, lobo postico antico triplo longiore, medio longitudinaliter anguste canaliculato. little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 197 Hemelytra apicem abdominis paullum superantia, corio (limbo laterali excepto) dense et crasse reticulato. Long., ¢, 16 mm. Ucanpna: Sunga Masaka (C. C. Gowdey). A large species, easily recognized from all others. Phonolibes bimaculatus, Dist. Distant has omitted the principal character of this species : the non-reticulated corium, which has a single oblique trans- verse vein in the mesocorium. The antennz are broken in the female specimen before me; in the male the third joint is incrassated (as in Ph. tricolor, Bergr.), and I suppose that this is a secondary male sexual character, Of this species I have also seen a brachypterous specimen in which the hemelytra are convergent, only twice the length of the scutellum, and with the membrane quite rudimentary. _NYASALAND: between Mlanji and Zomba, 2000-3000 feet (S. A. Neave) ; N.E. Raopesta: Fort Jameson, 3800 feet (S. A. Neave). Subfam. Repvvim», Edocla precoz, sp. n. Forma aptera: Nigra, parce anguste albo-squamulosa, apice spins lateralis lobi postici pronoti spinzeque scutellaris, macula trans- versa laterali-apicali segmentorum connexivi supra et subtus maculisque dorsi abdominis in series duas approximatas longitu- dinales ordinatis luteis, squamulis dorsi abdominis hic et illic, presertim in segmento secundo, densioribus et aurescentibus, capite et thorace granulatis. Caput ante oculos fortiter declive, jugis inter antennas in processus duos contiguos apice brevissime liberos porrectis, ocellis nullis, articulo primo antennarum parti postoculari capitis cum oculo subeque longo, secundo primo fere duplo longiore, szpe pallescente, rostro parce breviter albo- setuloso. Pronotum abdomine plus quam duplo angustius, angulis apicalibus rotundatis, lobo antico valde convexo, inermi sed presertim postice fortiter sculpto, lobo postico antico multo breviore et humiliore sed paullulo latiore, spinis duabus discoid- alibus et utrinque spina laterali oblique sursum et paullo retror- sum directa armato. Scutellum apice spina valida suberecta apice recurva armatum. Rudimenta hemelytrorum basin abdominis attingentia, subtriangularia, apice truncata. Abdomen late ovale, segmentis ventralibus latera versus concretis, secundo basin versus carinato, sexto (2) medio duobus pravedentibus mnitis longiore, medio transversim pliato-elevato, segmeutis Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 14 198 - Dr. E. Bergroth on new or bi genitalibus nigro-setulosis. Pedes picei, fossa spongiosa tibiarum anteriorum minus quam trientem apicalem occupante. Long., 9, 11°5-13 mm. Forma alata ignota. NyYASALAND: S.E. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Fort Maguire and Fort Johnston (S. A. Neave); N.E. Ritopasta: between Fort Jameson and Lundazi, 4000 feet (S. A. Neave). Allied to ZF. bisbisignata, Stal, but smaller and differently coloured, with the first antennal joint shorter. Edocla pilosula, Dist. Abdomen ad angulos apicales segmentorum, ultimo excepto, spina armatum, his spinis in segmento primo validis, in segmentis sequentibus longitudine sensim decrescentibus. Forma aptera (Q): Lobus posticus pronoti antico duplo brevior et multo humilior. Mesonotum lateribus spinula erecta parva, metanotum ibidem spinula erecta majore armatum, Hemelytra et ale nulla. Long. 6-7 mm. * NYASALAND: Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 feet (S. A. Neave). Distant has omitted the principal character of the species, the spinous abdominal margin, by which it differs from all other species of the genus. Mr. Champion has kindly examined the type, and informs me that the abdomen is spinous also in the winged form. Subfam. Prrarocurrei 2. Petalochirus pugil, sp. n. Elongato-ovatus, parce pilosus, capite superiore, pronoto scutelloque ochraceis, hemelytris fuscis, connexivo fusco-nigro, capitis maculise duabus oblongis anterioribus postice confluentibus, impressione transversa interoculari, vitta retrorsum angustata inter ocellos et basin lateribusque postocularibus, pronoti vitta media antice abbreviata sublateralique subcurvata lobi antici ac vitta media angusta antice abbreviata, maculis quattuor antemedianis (exte- rioribus minoribus) basique anteriore spine lateralis lobi postici, scutelli disco spinaque laterali nigris, maculis numerosis hem- elytrorum squalide albidis, macula transversa obliqua apicem mesocorii occupante fuliginosa, fascia vel macula transversa prope basin segmentorum connexivi (in segmentis duobus ultimis femine solum ad marginem lateralem distinctis) fulva, maculis duabus denudatis horum segmentorum, altera ante, altera mox pone medium sita, nigris, spinis angulorum apicalium seg- mentorum piceis, apice late pallide flavidis; subtus cum rostro little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 138 niger, preeter pilos suberectos pubescentia adpressa auro-sericea haud densa presertim latera versus indutus, bucculis, spinis pro- sternalibus, vittis tribus anterioribus (externis postice plerumque conjunctis) et macula postica mesopleurarum, vitta sublaterali metapleurarum, limbo acetabulorum omnium, vitta angusta (d ) vel latiuscula irregulari e maculis composita ( 2 ) ventris, maculis oblongis lateralibus BETS prope basin segmentorum positis spira- culisque ochraceis ; antenne et pedes testacea vel fusco-testacea, articulo secundo illarum apice nigro, coxis nigris, apice cum trochanteribus ochraceis, tibiis anticis fusco- et testaceo-varie- gatis. Caput inerme, tylo basi inter antennas latiuscule tumido, sed haud carinato-elevato, oculis fortiter prominulis, sed magni- tudine mediocribus, spatio interoculari superiore oculo fere duplo latiore, spatio inter bucculas et oculos diametro horum maximo (e latere viso) subzeque longo, rostro piloso, articulo primo an- tennarum capite nonnihil longiore, secundo primo #? longiore. Pronotum linea longitudinali media impressa preditum, lobo antico inermi, utrinque carinis tribus obtusis obliquis instructo, angulis apicalibus extus levissime obtuse prominulis, angulis lateralibus lobi postici spina valida acuta sursum et extrorsum directa armatis. Scutellum paullo pone medium laterum spina brevi vel tuberculo spiniformi et apice spina longa suberecta leviter curvata armatum, postscutello etiam in spinam semi- erectam producto. Metasternum e margine postico paullo ultra medium levissime carinatum. Hemelytra basin ( ) vel medium (¢) segmenti ultimi dorsalis paullum superantia. Abdomen ad angulos apicales segmentorum, ultimo excepto, spina semierecta armatum, ventre transversim strigoso, inter spiracula et mar- ginem lateralem carina instructum, hac carina pone segmentum tertium vel quartum evanescente, sutura inter segmenta duo prima crenato-carinulata. Pedes breviusculi, femoribus anticis apicem capitis vix attingentibus, in dimidio basali paullo latiori- bus, basin versus leviter curvatis, fovea apicali superiore pro tarsis recipiendis tibiarum anticarum lata, longitudine sua solum duplo angustiore, fossa spongiosa tibiarum anticarum lata, tarsis duplo breviore, femoribus posticis medium segmenti quinti (¢ ) vel basin segmenti sexti ( ¢ ) ventris attingentibus. Long., §g 13 mm., 2 17°5 mm. Mas: tibi antic intus modice, extus fortius rotundato-dilatate ; venter medio per segmenta quinque prima carinatus ; segmentum genitale primum elongato-triangulare, medium secundi haud attingens ; styli genitales depressiusculi, nigri, apicem versus sensim angustati. Femina: tibie antice intus modice, extus valde rotundato-dilatate, parte dilatata interiore apicem versus sensim fortius angustata ; venter medio per segmenta duo prima carinatus. NYASALAND: Chiromo, 400 feet, and Ruo Valley, 1000- 2000 feet (S. A. Neave). Very similar and closely allied to P. vwitt’ventris, Bergr., 14* 200 ' Dr. E. Bergroth on new or but the head and pronotum are differently coloured and scarcely sericeous, the base of the tylus between the an- tennze is broader, not carinate, the eyes are smaller, the ante- rior pronotal lobe is much more distinctly sculptured, the posterior lobe less depressed, the metasternum is more shortly. and less distinctly carinate, the legs are shorter and not annulated, the fore femora broader in their basal half, the fore tibize much more dilated, particularly on the inner side, and the dilated part is differently shaped, their superior apical fovea (for the reception of the tarsi) is much broader, their spongy pit shorter and broader, the female venter is carinated only on the two basal segments, the first male genital segment is much more elongate, and the male genital styles are black. In P. vittiventris the upper interocular space is only one- third broader than an eye, the distance between the eyes and the buccule is distinctly shorter than the greatest diameter of the eye (seen from the side) ; the two denudated spots of the connexival segments are more or less pale, and therefore much less conspicuous than in pugtl; the fore femora pass the apex of the head by one-third their length or more, and are not or scarcely broader in their basal half; the upper apical impression of the fore tibiee is very narrow, their spongy pit narrow and only one-third shorter than the tarsi ; the hind femora reach the apex of the abdomen ; the venter is carinated in both sexes from its base to the apex of tlie fifth segment ; the first male genital segment is equilaterally subtriangular, and the genital styles are luteous. P. vittiventris, Bergr., and pugil, Bergr., form a distinct section of the genus, intermediate in a way between the typical Petalochiri and the subgenus Platychiria, H.-Sch. Tragelaphodes bergrothi, Bredd. Mas: segmentum ultimum dorsale abdominis penultimo duplo et dimidio longius, basi quam apice fere quinquies latius, marginibus lateralibus rectis, apicem versus sinuatis, spinis apicalibus longi- usculis, retrorsum porrectis ; segmentum genitale e supero visum ultra latera segmenti dorsalis ultimi late prominens, duplicatum, primo supra partem intermediam secundi usque ad medium ejus rotundato-producto, secundo apice medio subrecto, solum latera versus leviter rotundato, stylis genitalibus oblongo-triangularibus, apice late truncatis et per totam latitudinem contiguis. Femina: segmentum ultimum dorsale abdominis penultimo subeeque ~ longum, basi quam apice late truncato duplo latius, marginibus lateralibus leviter rotundatis, spinis apicalibus brevibus. little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 201 NyYASALAND: S.E. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Fort Maguire and Fort Johnston; Chiromo, 400 feet; between Fort Mangoche and Chikala Boma, about 4000 feet (S.A. Neave). This species was originally described from a single specimen from Dar-es-Salaam. The two known species of the curious genus 7ragelaphodes, Bergr., are possibly always apterous; at least, no winged specimen has yet turned up. Fam. Nabida. Reduviolus corixipennis, sp. n. Oblongus, testaceus, capite subtus et lateribus vittaque ejus lata Superiore ac vitta lata postice angustata scutelli nigris, parte superiore anteantennali capitis, pronoto, hemelytris, pectore abdomineque fusco-variegatis. Caput breviuscule testaceo-pilo- sum, pilis paucis longis erectis intermixtis, rostro et antennis etiam pilosulis, articulo primo harum spatio inter basin ejus et ocellum subeque longo, infuscato, mox ante apicem nigrum annulo testaceo signato, articulo secundo primo circiter dimidio longiore, capiti et etiam pronoto sine collari szeque longo, testaceo, mox ante apicem annulo nigro notato, articulis duobus ultimis infuscatis, tertio secundo subeque longo, basi et apice testaceo, quarto tertio paullo breviore. Pronotum (forme macropterz) longitudine saltem quinta parte latius, breviter erecte pilosulum, vitta angusta percurrente fusca notatum, collari preeterea utrinque vittis duabus fuscis signato, lobo antico lateribus fusco-nigro, disco ejus medio infuscato vel lituris obliquis fuscis plus minusve confluentibus notato, lobo postico fere horizontali, concoloriter punctato, maculis fuscis transversim quadrisubseriatis signato. Scutellum parce erecte pilosum. Mesosternum medio nigrum. Acetabula posteriora subimpicta. Sulcus orificialis oblique retrorsum directus, leniter curvatus. Area evaporativa meta- pleuram totam occupans, margine antico et postico hujus parallelis. Hemelytra apicem abdominis aliquantum superantia, corio et clavo fasciolis numerosis fuscis signatis, subadpresse testaceo- pilosis, margine costali corii basin versus densius et longius fimbriato ; membrana testacea, venis fuscis predita et inter has presertim basin versus dense conflnenter fusco-variegata, cellulis tribus basalibus basi late confluentibus, venis duabus eas sepa- rantibus nempe ante medium cellularum subito abruptis. Ale apicem abdominis paullum superantes, cinereo-infumate. Abdo- men pronoto paullulo latius, subtus testaceo-sericeum, segmentis connexivi postice fuscis, margine eorum laterali pone medium nigro, ventre fusco, margine laterali (angulis apicalibus seg- mentorum exceptis), spiraculis vittisque duabus angustis irregu- laribus utrinque intra hee testaceis, maculis denudatis nigris 202 On new or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. intralateralibus in segmento primo et tribus ultimis utrinque una, in segmentis secundo et tertio utrinque tribus, quarum duabus ad marginem basalem sitis, macula segmenti sexti longe pone medium ad ipsum marginem lateralem posita, segmento primo ad latera segmento secundo et metapleure subzeque longo (hamo copulatorio maris infra delineato), Pedes testacei, pilosi, femoribus annulis compluribus fuscis interdum interruptis cinctis, anticis pronoto paullulo longioribus et latitudine sua subbasali fere quadruplo longioribus, tibiis anterioribus annulis tribus fuscis (paullo pone basin, medio apiceque) notatis, lenissime curvatis, subtus minute spinulosis, tibiis posticis paullo pone basin et apice annulo fusco- nigro et inter hos annulis compluribus dilute fuscis ornatis, apice articulorum tarsorum omnium fusco, articulis duobus ultimis tarsorum posticorum seque longis. Long., d 8-8°5 mm., 2 9 mm.; cum hemelytr., ¢ 9-9°5 mm., 2 10 mm. NYASALAND: between Mlanji and Zomba, 2000-3000 feet (S. A. Neave). Belongs to the subgenus Aptus, and is allied to R. hotten- tottus, Reut., but it is scarcely ‘ oblongo-ovatus”’; the pro- notum is broader, its posterior lobe almost horizontal, not *¢ convexo-declivis,” and without the sublateral fuscous Fig. 2. a b c Left copulatory hook of Reduviolus corixipennis, Bergy., seen from the outside (a), from below (4), and obliquely from the inside (ce). vitta; the hemelytra are considerably longer and the legs differently coloured, with the second joint of the hind tarsi longer; there are also some colour-differences in the antenne and other parts of the body. The markings of the hemelytra remind one of the genus Cortwa. To this species belong the specimens recorded from Kilimandjaro by Poppius (in Sjéstedt, Kiliman.-Meru Exp. xii. p. 59) under the name RA, hottentottus, Reut. Mr. F. W. Edwards on Lygistorrhina urichi. — 203 N.B.—The copulatory hooks of the male give very good specific characters in this genus, and many of them have been figured by Reuter in various papers and by Champion in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’? They are often fairly well visible from the side of the abdomen; but in some species, as in the above-described corivipennis, they are of a rather complicated structure and must be detached from the body (which can be easily done without injuring the abdo- men) and examined from different sides. XXI.—Lygistorrhina urichi, a new Mycetophilid from Trinidad. By F. W. Epwarps, B.A., F.E.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE writer has received for examination from Mr. H. Scott, ot Cambridge, a small series of a very peculiar and interesting Mycetophilid, described below. The species is undoubtedly congeneric with Williston’s Proboleus singularis from St. Vincent, but, for reasons which will appear, the writer does not consider that Prodoleus can be retained as a distinct genus from Skuse’s Lygistorrhina. The latter was described (in the female sex only) as possessing three ocelli, the median one being minute. In Proboleus (described from males only) the ocelli were described as apparently absent, the remaining characters of P. singularis being almost exactly like those of L. insignis. Fortunately in Mr. Scott’s series both sexes are represented, and a careful examination showed that while in the male ocelli seem to be absent, in the female a pair of large ones is present in the same position as in Lygistorrhina. The loss of the ocelli in the male is no doubt due to the much greater development of the eyes, which are quite. twice the size of those of the female. The chief (supposed) distinction between these two genera is thus proved to be non-existent, and Proboleus therefore becomes a synonym of Lygistorrhina. There are, however, some slight differences which can hardly be considered of generic value: (1) In Z. uricht the median ocellus is apparently wanting ; (2) in thetwo West-Indian species the mediastinal vein (sc) reaches the costa, while in the Australian L. énsignis it does not ; (3) Lygistorrhina has two small spurs to the middle tibie, Proboleus only one. 204 Mr. O. Thomas on a new Lygistorrhina urichi*, sp. 0. 3g. Head (including antennze) black, antenne scarcely longer than head; proboscis brownish. Yhorax uniformly shining black. Abdomen very long and thin, swollen apically ; black, with well-marked yellow apical bands on the first five segments. Legs: front coxe with the base fuscous, the apex and trochanters yellowish; mid and hind coxe and trochanters shining black; fore and mid femora and tibize yellowish ; hind femora swollen, yellow, with the apical two-fifths black ; hind tibie yellow, apical fifth black, swollen on the apical half, a close-set row of stiff hairs along the whole of the upper surface ; fore and mid tarsi brownish black, hind tarsi black, appearing thickened through being clothed with short very dense hair. Wangs almost hyaline ; a distinct brown blotch at the apex, darker in colour towards the costa; venation exactly as figured by Williston for P. singularis. LHalteres yellow. Length 5-6 mm. 9. Resembles the male, but the eyes are much smaller and the front much broader; abdomen much shorter and rather stouter, and the yellow bands less distinct; apical half or rather more of hind femora brownish black. Length 3°5 mm. Hab. Trinidad. “Swept by F. W. Urich and Hugh Scott from grass, bushes, &c., on either side of a small stream below a waterfall at Diego Martin, 22. i111. 1912, between 8 and 10.30 A.M. The day was sunny, but the flies were swept from shady places.” (Note by H. Scott.) Number of specimens, 7 ¢,1 9. Type presented to the British Museum by Mr. H. Scott. XXII.—A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. By OLpFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) A FEW years ago, by the kindness of the authorities of the Lisbon Museum, the British Museum obtained an example of a peculiar Vespertilionine bat which had been received from Angola, and whose systematic position seemed by no means readily determinable. * Named, by request of Mr. Scott, in honour of F. W. Urich, Govern- ment Entomologist in Trinidad. Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. 205 I have now been able to make a careful study of this specimen, and have come to the conclusion that it represents a new genus, which may be called CisTuGo, gen. nov. (Vespertilionide). Allied to Myotis, but with differently proportioned teeth and with glands in the wings. Skull essentially as in Myotis, but the brain-case not specially vaulted and the muzzle rather less pinched in laterally. Dental formula as in A/yotts. Incisiors of the same essential structure as in Myotis, but shorter. Janines similar. Small premolars subequal, minute, not half as large as the incisors, short, stumpy, quite without the similarity to a minute canine shown at least by the anterior one in J/yotis, their tips barely rising to the level of the cingulum of the canine, the two closely pressed together and just filling the space between the canine and the large premolar. Large premolar with an unusually well- developed antero- internal cusp, as high as the large inner cusp of the molars. Lower incisors as in Myotis; canines proportionally short, barely rising as high as the posterior premolar ; premolars all with. their antero-posterior less than their transverse diameter, the two small ones closely crowded together between the canine and posterior premolar, General external characters as in the smaller species of Myotis. 'Tragus of medium length, differing from that of most species of Myotis by being broader slightly above its base than at the base, its inner and outer edges both slightly convex. Wings with peculiar thickened glands in them on the outer side of the forearms distally ; three present on the left side and two on the right in the single specimen, but the situation of the third one is perceptible in the right wing, so that the normal number is probably three ; the glands them- selves about 3-3°5 mm. in length by 1-1-5 in breadth, more sharply outlined than the corresponding glands in Pizonye ; also situated closer to the forearm than in that genus, less in the centre of the wing. Ty pe:— Cistugo seabre, sp. n. General appearance that of a Pipistrellus, say P. kuhlit, to which there is a considerable resemblance in size and colour. Hars of average size, their anterior margin convex at base, then nearly straight to the tip, which is narrowly 206 _ Miss F. M. Scott on a Species of rounded ; outer edge angularly concave above, convex below. Tragus pointed, its inner and outer edges both slightly con- vex, a rounded lobe at its outer base. Wings from the base of the toes. No post-calcareal lobule. Tip of tail projecting. General colour dull drab, the bases of the hairs everywhere slaty, the tips above drab, below whitish. Membranes brown, with whitish edges, the light-coloured reticulations conspicuous. Skull and teeth as described above. Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-specimen) :— Forearm 52°5 mm. Head and body 40 mm.; tail 40 ; ear 12; tragus on inner edge 5; third finger, metacarpal 31°5, first phalanx 10°7, second phalanx 9°7; lower leg and foot (c. u.) 18°2. Skull: greatest length 13:2; basi-sinual length 10:1 ; breadth of brain-case 6°6; front of canine to back of m® 4-6. Hab. Mossamedes. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6.1.3.3. Presented by the Lisbon Museum. This interesting little bat, which I have named in honour of Senhor A. F. de Seabra, C.M.Z.S., of the Lisbon Museum, is distinguishable from Myotis by the presence of glands in its wings, by the reduced proportions of its anterior premolars, and the large antero-internal cusp on p*. Its general appear- ance is rather that of a Pdpistrellus than a Myotis. X XITI.— On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific. By Fiora M. Scorr, M.A., University College, Dundee. [Plate VII.] THE genus Vymphon, and indeed all the Nymphonide, are of rare occurrence in the Pacific. The total number of Pycnogonida recorded there is not yet very large, and the Nymphons included are relatively very few. From the South Pacific two deep-water forms were brought home by the ‘Challenger,’ viz. Nymphon longicollum, Hoek, and Nymphon procerum, Hoek. Ortmann describes one well- defined species, Nymphon japonicum, from Japan; and from the China Sea a more doubtful one, Nymphon longiceps, has been described by Grube. ‘Two are recorded from Australia— N. longicova, Hoek, and N. equidigitatum, Haswell. If we then exclude those found from the Straits of Magellan south- Nymphon from the North Pacific. 207 wards, which are, more strictly speaking, Antarctic or Subantarctic, the species of ,Nymphon from the Pacific are six in number. It is therefore of interest that another should be added to this short list; more especially as it comes from a region— the west coast of North America—where, though many genera of Pycnogonida have been found, no single Nymphon has been recorded. Nymphon pizxelle, sp.n. (PI. VIL.) About ten specimens were collected by Miss H. L. M. Pixell, B.Sc., at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, in the summer of 1911. In life, its colour is salmon-pink. The body is slender, with well-developed, widely separate, lateral processes. Segmentation is distinct, and from the middle of each segment springs the lateral process (fig. 1). The head and proboscis are equal in length to trunk, The neck is slender, cylindrical, expanded in front and marked by a slight median groove. ‘lhe ocular tubercle (figs. 2 & 3) is very high and conical, slightly depressed anteriorly, directed slightly backwards; near the base are four well- developed lenses. Beneath it ventrally on neck are developed body-processes from which the ovigerous legs arise (fig. 6). The proboscis is cylindrical and very slightly shorter than the cephalic segment. Distinctly articulated with the last body-segment and directed slightly upwards is the abdomen (fig. 2). The length of the body is 8 mm., and of the trunk alone 4 mm. The chelifers are slender, with the hand longer than the scape, and slightly curved. ‘The chele are long and narrow (fig. 10). The palm is about equal in length to the fingers. The immovable finger bears an even row of very powerful curved teeth. The movable finger is likewise armed with teeth, which are double the number of those of the immovable finger, and are straight and lanceolate. Seta are few and scattered. The palps have the normal five joints and are slender ; except on the fourth and fifth joints, setee are almost absent. The first joint is very short ; the others are in the proportion euitets = 11» 11 (tig. 9): The ovigers are ten-jointed, and arise, as aforesaid, from two processes in the ventral surface of the neck. The first three joints are short and stout, with no sete; together they 208 Ou a Nymphon from the North Pacific. are less than the length of the fourth joint. The proportion of this andthe remaining joints is as fil oe Swe Gee): 88 iio. The fifth joint is more slender than the fourth, and is markedly swollen at the distal extremity ; and on tie swelling are numerous hairs. The sixth joint is straight, with few sete. ‘The next four joints, in addition to scattered sete, bear an even row of toothed spines numbering about 18,12, 14, 13. The claw is powerful, with 15-17 small teeth on its inner edge (figs. 2, 7, and 8). The legs are very long, attaining a length of 83 mm, Together the first and third cox are shorter than the second. The proportion of the remaining joints is as follows:— IG SIZORI2ZO 256 G28. ‘The setee increase in number distally, the last three joints being closely covered. In addition there is on the inner surface of each an even row of lanceolate larger sete (fig. 5). The claw is powerful and one-third the length of the pro- podus. Accessory claws are well developed. ‘The relative Jengths of claw and accessory claws (in the same terms as above leg measurements) are as "92 :°25 (fig. 4). In one specimen only were egg-masses seen: the eggs are very small (fig. 11). In a large genus like Nymphon, where species are in the main characterized by differences in the relative size, or in the degree of development, of the several parts, or where one part may be enlarged and another diminished with little apparent order or connection, there is very little ground for assumption as to the actual kinship between one species and another. Among our Atlantic species, itis perhaps N. longi- tarse that this new species most resembles in general pro- portions both of limbs and body. On the other hand, the slender and graceful chele and chelifers more closely resemble those, for instance, of N.macrum, trom which, how- ever, this species is easily distinguished by other characters, such as those of the neck, the palp, the length of the tarsus, and the form of the ocular tubercle. In its assemblage of. characters the present species could not, 1 think, be mistaken for any species yet described. Co-types of the species have been presented by Miss Pixell to the British Museum (Natural History). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL. Fig. 1. Nymphon pivelle ; dorsal view. Fig. 2. Profile view. Fig. 3. Ocular tubercle. Fig. 4, Terminal joints of leg. A Revision of the Genus Corydoras, 209 Fig. 5. Spines on terminal joints of leg. Fig. 6. Dorsal view ; walking-legs removed. Fig. 7. Terminal joints of ovigerous leg. Fig. 8. Spine of oviger. Fig. 9» Palp: Fig. 10. Chela. Fig. 11. Oviger with egg-mass. XXIV.—A Revision of the South-American Siluroid Fishes of the Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). By C. Tate REGAN, M.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE Callichthyid fishes with the occipital process extending to the plate at the base of the dorsal fin-spine may be divided into two genera—Corydoras, Lacep., 1803, with 6 to 8 soft rays in the dorsal and the base of the fin about equal to its distance from the adipose fin, and Brochis, Cope, 1871, with 9 to 11 soft rays in the dorsal fin, which is more extended, its base considerably more than its distance from the adipose fin. In his recent list of Neotropical fishes Eigenmann recognizes the genus Osteogaster, Cope, including therein two species which have the humeral shields somewhat larger than usual. One of these is a Corydoras, viz. C. eques, Steind., which is closely related to C. nattereri and still more closely to C. macrosteus, described below as new; the other is of a very different type, and should, in my opinion, be placed in the genus Brochis ; it is B. splendens, Casteln. ‘There are so many species of Corydoras unrepresented in the British Museum collection and of uncertain position that I find it difficult to make a satisfactory key to the species. Synopsis of the Species, I. Interorbital width 3 the length of head or less; snout more than 4 the length of head. Scutes in upper lateral series 23.. ..........0005 1. trettlit. Scutes in upper lateral series 26 or 27............ 2. kronet. IL. Interorbital width 2 the length of head or more. A. A series of spots along the side and a second series on the back. 1. Diameter of eye 6 or 7 in length of head.. 3. -micracanthus. 2. Diameter of eye 4 or 5 in length of head. Pend 32m thelengthe ss sis cvod dass hase de 5 ws 4, microcephalus, Head 32 to'd3 in, the ledgth ...2.degeen een. 5. paleatus. 3. Diameter of eye 3f in length of head.,.. 6. garbet. 210 - Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision B. Spots smaller and more numerous. 1. Operculum 3 as broad as deep .......... 7. agassizit. 2. Operculum more than § as broad as deep. a. Dorsal spine shorter than longest soft rays. 8-13. multimaculatus, julii, elegans, trilineatus, punctatus, raimundi. b. Dorsal spine rarely a little shorter than first soft ray. Dorsal spine longer than head .................. 14. armatus. Dorsal spine a little shorter than head............ 15. polystictus, Dorsal] spine as long as head ..............++00-- 16. melanistius. C. A black arrow-shaped spot at base of caudal fin. 17. hastatus. D. Dark undulating longitudinal stripes...... 18. undulatus. E. A dark lateral band ; fins immaculate. 1. Depth of suborbital not more than its distance from upper lip. a. Depth of body 3} to 33 in the length .. 19. melanotenia. b. Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length. Snout not shorter than postorbital part of head ; edge of dorsal fin somewhat convex.......... 20. @neus. Snout shorter than postorbital part of head; edge Gf dorsal yanestraloht 2 ene cle cic aos eae 21. natterert. 2. Depth of suborbital twice its distance from the upper lip. 22. macrosteus. 8. Suborbital extending from eye to upper lip. 3. eques. 1. Corydoras treitlii. Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 478. Depth of body equal to or a little more than length of head, which is 2} to 3 in the length. Snout 14 to 13, diameter of eye 44 to 5, interorbital width 3 to 32 in the length of head. Barbels reaching gill-operiing. Dorsal 18 ; adipose fin preceded by 4 or 5 median scutes. Anal I 7. Pectoral spinea littleshorter than that of dorsal. Scutes 23/21. Brownish above, yellowish below ; a dark grey lateral stripe ; caudal usually with dark upper and lower margins, rarely with a few spots on the middle rays. R. Parnahyba. Total length 66 mm. 2. Corydoras kronei. Ribeiro, A Layoura, xi. no. 5, 1907, p. 189, fig.; Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1910, p. 61. Corydoras eigenmanni, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. i. 1907, p- 35. Depth of body about equal to length of head, 34 to 4 in of the Genus Corydoras. 2TE the length. Snout more than } the length of head; diameter of eye 6 in length of head, interorbital width 3. Suborbital narrow ; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening ; males with bristles on sides of snout. Dorsal I 7-8; spine about 3 length of head ; soft rays decreasing from first, the fourth or fifth as long as spine ; base equal to or less than distance from adipose fin. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine extending a little beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 26-27/22-23 ; humeral shields wide apart, each separated by 2 scutes from base of pelvic fin. Dark blotches at bases of dorsal and adipose fins alternate and are connected with a series of blotches on the side, which may unite to form a hand; head spotted or reticulated ; dorsal and caudal with series of spots on rays ; lower fins with or without spots. 1-4 (co-types of C. eigen- Near Santos. R. von Ihering. manni). 45-60 mm, 3. Corydoras micracanthus, sp. n. Depth of body 3 to 34 in the length, length of head 4. Diameter of eye 6 or 7 in Jength of head; snout as long as postorbital part of head or interorbital width. Suborbital narrow; barbels nearly or quite reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 8 ; spine 3 the length of head ; fin small, rounded, its base less than its distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 1 or 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral spine not reaching base of pelvictin. Scutes 25/22; humeral shields widely separated below, each separated by 2 scutes from base of pelvic fin. Yellow, with a series of 3 to 6 dark brownish or purplish spots along the side and a second series on the back ; dorsal dusky anteriorly, sometimes with spots on rays; caudal barred ; lower fins immaculate. 1-8 (types). 35-50 mm. Salta, Argentina. Borelli. 9-10, - - Steinbach. 4, Corydoras microcephalus, sp. n. Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 33. Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of head ; diameter of eye 4} in the length of head, interorbital width 24. Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-openine. Dorsal I 6-7; spine 2 to 2 the length of head; first and second rays longest, the edge of fin slightly convex; base about equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 1 or 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral spine ex- tending to base of pelvics. Scutes 22-23/20 ; humeral shields 212 _ Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision not in contact below, each separated by 14 scutes from base of pelvic fin, A lateral series of 4 or 5 dark oblong spots, the third below the adipose fin ; a similar series of spots on the back ; dorsal dusky anteriorly and usually with spots on the rays ; caudal usually barred with series of spots ; lower fins immaculate or anal sometimes with a spot. 1-4 (types). 50 mm. La Plata. Doria. 5. Corydoras paleatus. Callichthys paleatus, Jenyns, Zool. ‘ Beagle,’ Fish. p. 113 (1842). Corydoras marmoratus, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, 1879, p. 26, pl. v. fig. 1. Corydoras paleatus, Eigenm. & Eigenm. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. 1. 1890, HL p. 471 ? Corydoras aurofrenatus, Kigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1903, p. 507; Eigenm. & Ward, Ann. Carnegie Mus. iy. 1907, pl. xxxviili. fig. 4. Corydoras ehrhardti, Steind. Anz. Akad, Wien, 1910, p. 60. ? Corydoras meridionalis, R. von Ihering, Rey. Mus. Paulist. viii. 1911, p. 381. ? Corydoras natterert triseriatus, von Ihering, é. ec. p, 386, ? Corydoras flaveolus, von Ihering, ¢. ¢. p. 387. Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length, length of head 3% to 34. Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of head ; diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head, inter- orbital width 2 to 24. Suborbital narrow; barbel rarely reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7-8 ; spine 2 to as long as head; soft rays decreasing from first, which is longer than spine; base nearly equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 or 3 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine extending to or beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 22— 24/20-22; humeral shields not in contact below, each sepa- rated from base of pelvic fin by one scute. ‘Three oblong dark spots along middle of side, respectively below the dorsal and adipose fins and on the caudal peduncle, connected with less definite spots on the back; both series of spots may unite to form longitudinal bands; dorsal dusky anteriorly and with spots on the rays; caudal barred; lower fins each with a single spot ; sometimes some or all the fins immaculate. La Plata; Rio Grande do Sul; Sta. Catharina. 1 (one of the types). 35 mm. Cambridge Mus. 2-3. 70 mm. Buenos Ayres. White. 4-6. 60 mm. Parana. Salmin. 7-9. 25 mm. R. Grande do Sul. —_—-von Ihering. 10-1]. Dried. Cordova, 12 (co-type of C. ehrhardti). Joinville, Steindachner, of the Genus Corydoras. 213 6. Corydoras garbet. R. yon [hering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. viii. 1910, p. 383 (1911). Depth of body 22 in the length, length of head 3. Snout 2 in length of head, interorbital widih a little more than 2, diameter of eye 34. Barbels reaching gill-opening. Dorsal spine shorter than that of pectoral; base of dorsal longer than distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 1 or 2 median scutes. A series of 5 spots along the side and 4 along the back; dorsal blackish anteriorly ; caudal with 4 cross-bars. Length 50 mm. Rio San Francisco, 7. Corydoras agasstzit. ? Corydoras ambiacus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 280. Corydoras agassizit, Steind, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, lxxiy. 1877, p. 138, pl. xii. fig. 2. ? Corydoras punctatus, Kigenm. & Eigenm. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. i. 1890, p. 472. Depth of body 2} to 23 in the length, length of head 34. Snout nearly $ length of head; diameter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow, separated by a broad naked space from upper lip; barbels reaching gill-opening ; operculum twice as deep as broad. Dorsal [7; spine 2 length of head; soft rays decreasing from first, which is longer than spine ; edge of fin slightly concave ; base equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 3 median scutes. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine extending beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 23/21; humeral shields not in contact below, each separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin, Sides with small brown spots; a yellowish lateral band bearing 3 longitudinal series of spots ; dorsal blackish ante- riorly and with series of spots on the rays; caudal barred with series of spots; anal spotted; pelvics and anal immaculate, Amazon. Total length 60 mm. 1, 25 mm, R, Jurua. Bach, This specimen is too small for description, but shows the characteristic deep snout and narrow operculum. 8, Corydoras multimaculatus. Steind. Anz, Akad. Wien, 1907, p. 291. Depth of body 22 to more than 24 in the length, length of Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 15 214 . Mr.C. T. Regan—A Reviseon head 3. Snout 12 to nearly 2 in the length of head, diameter of eye 5, interorbital width 2. Barbels reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 8 ; height of fin 12 to 1} in depth of body ; base equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Scutes 22/20. Head, body, and fins with numerous small dark spots. Rio Preto, Bahia. Total length 44 mm. 9. Corydoras julii. Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 480. S Depth of body 24 to 22 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. Snout 2 in length of head, diameter of eye 4, interorbital width 2. Barbels not reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 8; spine a little shorter than that of pectoral, which is as long as head; 3 median scutes before adipose fin. Anal 16. Scutes 21/20. Head, upper 3 of body, dorsal and caudal fins with numerous small dark spots, those on the caudal forming 7 to 10 trans- verse series. A lateral series of larger spots and a large black spot on upper part of dorsal fin. R. Parahim. Total length 52 mm. 10. Corydoras elegans. Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, lxxiv. 1876, p.471; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Oce. Pap. Calif. Acad. 1. 1890, p. 469. Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 3} to 4. Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of head ; diameter of eye 3} to 34 in the length of héad, inter- orbital width 2. Suborbital narrow ; barbel extending to gill-opening; breadth of operculum more than 3 its depth. Dorsal I 7; spine as long as or a little shorter than head ; rays decreasing from first or second, which are longer than spine; free edge straight or slightly convex; base about equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 or 3 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine as long as head, extending beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 22-23/20; humeral shields not in contact, each separated by 1 or 13 scutes from base of pelvic fin. Yellowish; 3 series of brownish spots along middle of side; above them a brown band tapering posteriorly and a narrow band on each side of back ; dorsal blackish superiorly ; other fins immaculate. Amazon (Cudajas and Teffé). 1-6. 40-50 mm, - Cudajas. . Mus, Comp. Zool. of the Genus Corydoras. 215 11. Corydoras trilineatus. Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 281, pl. vi. fig. 2. ? Corydoras acutus, Cope, . c. Very closely related to C. elegans, but with a larger eye, its diameter + the length of head in a specimen of 49 mm. A yellowish lateral band with brownish margin above and below and blackish median line; dorsal rays blackish supe- riorly ; caudal barred; anal spotted. Ambyiacu R. According to Kigenmann this species is the same as C, agassizit, but it has the shorter snout and broader operculum of C. elegans. 12. Corydoras punctatus. Cataphractus punctatus, Bloch, Ausl, Fisch. pl. eeelxxvii. fig. 2 (1794). A species resembling C. elegans and C. trilineatus in form and in coloration, the dorsal fin blackish superiorly and some spots along the middle of the side; caudal barred. Surinam, 13. Corydoras raimundt. Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1907, p. 84. Depth of body 3 to 4 in the length, length of head 34 to 3}. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in the length of head, interorbital width 2, length of snout 2. Dorsall 8. AnalI6. Pectoral fin usually a little shorter than head. Scutes 23-25/22-23. 3 longitudinal series of greyish-violet spots on the body ; a blackish band across middle of dorsal fin; caudal with cross-bars. Rio Parnahyba near Victoria, 14. Corydoras armatus. Callichthys armatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 230, fig. ? Corydoras amphibelus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 282. Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 33, Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 31 in the length of head ; interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow, its depth less than 3 diameter of eye; barbel not reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7-8; spine as long as depth of body below it; soft rays decreasing from first, which is a little shorter than spine; base equal to or a little more than distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 4 or 5 median scutes. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine as long as or [oe 216 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision longer than head, extending to or beyond middle of pelvics. Scutes 22—23/20 ; humeral shields not in contact below, each separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin. Sides with small dark spots, strongest anteriorly, and forming longitu- dinal series above and below the lateral line ; traces of spots on dorsal rays; other fins immaculate. R. Amazon. 1-2 (types). 60 mm. Xebevros. 3-4. 55 mm. Huallagas. ” 5-8. 30-35 mm. R. Jurua. Bach. Higgins. According to Cope’s description C. amphibelus seems to differ from CO. armatus only in the barred caudal fin. 15. Corydoras polystictus, sp. n. Depth of body 24 to 23 in the length, length of head 8% to 34. Snout strongly decurved, a little longer than diameter of eye, which is 3 in the length of head; interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7; spine nearly as long as head; soft rays de- creasing from first, which is as long as or a little longer than spine ; base more than distance from adipose fin, which 1s preceded by 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral spine as long as head, extending to middle of pelvics. Scutes 21— 22/19-20. Longitudinal series of small dark spots on sides of body and on rays of dorsal fin ; other fins immaculate. 1-2 (types). 85 mm. Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Ternetz. 16. Corydoras melanistius, sp. 0. Callichthys punctatus (non Bloch), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 229 (1864). Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33. Snout nearly 4 length of head; diameter of eye 34 in the length of head, interorbital width 2 to 21. Suborbital narrow, its depth about } diameter of eye; barbel not reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7; spine as long as head ; soft rays decreasing from first, which is as long as spine ; base a little more than distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 4 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine as long as or longer than head, extending to or beyond middle of pelvics. Scutes 21-23/19-20; humeral shields not in contact below, each separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin. 3 or 4 series of small dark spots on side; dorsal fin blackish, the colour extending on to the back below it ; other fins pale, immaculate. 1-2 (types). 50 mm, Essequibo, Ehrhardt. of the Genus Corydoras. 217 17. Corydoras hastatus. Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) i. 1888, p. 166, and Oce. Pap. Calif. Acad. i. 1890, p. 474. Depth of body 2? in the length, length of head33. Diam- eter of eye 34 in length of head and 2 in interorbital width. Barbels not extending beyond eye. Dorsal I 7-8; spine nearly as long as head. Anal 7-8. Pectoral spine a little longer than dorsal spine. Scutes 22/2U; humeral shields not incontact below. Light brown; a jet-black lateral band ending at base of caudal in a large arrow-shaped spot, bordered posteriorly with white and again with a narrow blackish margin ; minute black points on body and fins. Amazon at Villa Bella. Corydoras australis, Higenm. & Ward (Ann. Carnegie Mus. iv. 1907, p. 123), from Paraguay, is said to be very closely related to hastatus, and perhaps identical with it ; it has the same caudal spot, but the lateral band is represented by an indistinct dusky line. 18. Corydoras undulatus, sp. n. Corydoras microps (non Higenm, & Kennedy), Eigenm. & Ward, Ann. Carnegie Mus. iv. 1907, p. 123, pl. xxxviil. figs. 2, 3. Depth of body 24 to 24 in the length, length of head 34 to 4. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in length of head, interorbital width 13 to 13. Snout nearly as long as postorbital part of head ; preorbital narrow; barbel nearly or quite reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate a little longer than broad. Dorsal I 7-8 ; spine 2 length of head ; second and third soft rays longest, fifth as long as spine ; base of fin longer than distance from adipose, which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. Anal I 7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine extending to base of pelvics. Scutes =>; humeral shields not in contact below, on each side separated by a single scute from base of pelvics. Yellowish, with dark purplish spots tending to run together, forming undulating longitudinal bands ; fins with or without series of spots. La Plata. 1 (type). 55 mm. La Plata. Wolterstorff. 2-3. 35 mm. is Arnold, 19. Corydoras melanotenia, sp. n. Depth of body 34 to 33 in the length, length of head 34 to 33. Diameter of eye 5 in the length of head, interorbital 218 * Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision width 21 to 2}. Snout 3 the length of head; suborbital a little narrower than diameter of eye ; barbel nearly or quite reaching gill-opening. Dorsal 17; spine about 3 length of head ; 3 or 4 rays longer than spine ; edge of fin slightly convex; base nearly equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. AnalI 6. Pec- toral spine extending to base of pelvic. Scutes 34; humeral shields widely separated below, and each separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin. Brownish above, yellowish below ; a broad blackish lateral band; fins immaculate. Colombia. 1-2 (types). 50 mm. Honda. Leighton. From C. @neus of the same size they differ in the more elongate form, smaller head, longer snout, narrower inter- orbital region, and more numerous scutes. 20. Corydoras ceneus. Hoplosoma eneum, Gill, Ann, Lye. N. York, vi. 1858, p. 403. Corydoras microps, Eigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1903, p. 606. . Be venezuelanus, R, von Ihering, Rey. Mus, Paulist. viii. 1911, p- 385. Depth of body 24 to 3 in the length, length of head 33 to 32. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in length of head, interorbital width 2. Snout as long as or longer than postorbital part of head ; suborbital not very narrow, in the adult its depth about equals the diameter of eye or its distance from upper lip; barbels usually extending to gill-opening. Dorsal 17-8; spine 2 to 2 the length of head; first or second soft rays longest, 2 to 6 rays longer than spine, free edge slightly convex; base about equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 3 to 5 median scutes. Anal I 6-7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine extending to or beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 55; humeral shields not in contact below, on each side separated by a single scute from base of pelvic fins. Brownish above, yellowish below; a blackish lateral band broadening anteriorly into a blotch, which may join others on oceiput and at base of dorsal fin ; fins immaculate. Trinidad to La Plata. 1-3. 70 mm. Granada. Higgins, 4-5, 50-60 mm. Trinidad. Guppy. 6-8. 40 mm. Hart. 9. 60 mm. Urucum, Matto Grosso. Borelli. 10-11. 40-50 mm. Carandasinho, Matte Grosso. * 12. 70 mm. Sara, Bolivia, Steinbach, of the Genus Corydoras. 219 21. Corydoras natierert. Steind. Sitzungsh, Akad. Wien, lxxiv. 1877, p. 143, pl. xi. fig. 1. Corydoras juquie, R. von Ihering, Rey. Mus. Paulist. i. 1907, p. 37. Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 33 to 34. Diameter of eye 34 to 4 in the length of head, inter- orbital width 2} to 24. Snout blunt, shorter than postorbital part of head; suborbital narrow, less than diameter of eye ; barbels just reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate longer than broad. Dorsal 17; spine 3 to # the length of head ; free edge of fin straight, the rays decreasing from the first ; 1, 2, or 3 longer than spine; base about equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 to 4 median scutes. Anal I 5-7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine : : > : 21-23 reaching anterior part or middle of pelvics. Scutes 35 5 humeral shields not in contact below, on each side separated by one scute from base of pelvics. A dark lateral band broadening forwards; a dark spot below anterior part of dorsal fin ; fins immaculate. Eastern Brazil. 1-2. 50-55 mm. Rio Janeiro. R. von Ihering. 3-4 (co-types of C. juquie). R. Juquia, 8. Paulo. 3 50-55 mm. 22. Corydoras macrosteus, sp. n. Y ) Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 32 to 34, Diameter of eye 6 in length of head, interorbital width 2. Snout 4 the length of head or less ; suborbital deep, 14 the diameter of eye and twice its distance from the upper lip ; barbels reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate longer than broad ; process with concave edges. Dorsal I 7; spine $ the length of head or less ; fin rounded, with 5 or 6 rays longer than spine; base less than distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. Anal I 6. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral spine reaching base of pelvics. Scutes =; humeral shields not in contact, on each side separated by one scute from base of pelvic fins. Brownish above, yellowish below ; a broad dark lateral band tapering backwards ; fins dusky. San Paulo, Brazil. 1-4 (types). 60 mm. Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo, R, von Ihering. 220 Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on the Classification 23. Corydoras eques. Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, Ixxiy. 1877, p. 140, pl. xii. fig. 3: Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33. Diani- eter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 24. Snout as long as postorbital part of head; suborbital very deep, reaching upper lip; barbel reaching gill-opening. Dorsal 17; spine nearly as long as head ; free edge of fin convex, with 2 rays longer than spine; 3 median scutes before adipose fin. Anal I 7. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral spine reaching middle of pelvics. Scutes 7=*; humeral shields large, reaching base of pelvics and meeting below. Brownish above, yellowish below, with a broad blackish lateral band tapering backwards; fins immaculate. Amazons (Teffé and Cudajas). XXV.—Some Considerations in regard to the Classification of the Order Thysanoptera. By RicHARD 8. BAGNALL, ¥.L.S., F.E.S., Hope Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford. SINCE my papers on the Urothripide were published *, I have come to the conclusion that in retaining that family as a family of the suborder Tubulifera unnecessary difficulties will be created. I have already shown that whereas Uro- thrips superficially resembles the Tubulifera very closely, it really differs from true Tubulifera more strongly in its structure than do the members of the suborder Terebrantia ; or, in other words, the two suborders Tubulifera and Tere- brantia are more closely related to each other than Urothrips to either. JI am now convinced that the only course one can reasonably take is to erect a new suborder for the reception of the family Urothripide, for which I propose the name POLYSTIGMATA, suggested by the character that appears to me to be of the greatest taxonomic value. | It will be well to briefly diagnose the three suborders. * Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1909, vii. pp. 125-136, pl. iii., & Mém. 1° Congrés International d’Entomologie, 1910, pp. 283-288, of the Order Thysanoptera. 221 Order THYSANOPTERA. I. Eleven pairs of stigmata present; hind pair of core most widely separated; palpi single-jointed. (Species bearing a close general resemblance to the Tubulifera ; ocelli and wings absent ; antennse 7-jointed, joints broad and strongly characteristic; spiracular openings large and protected externally by specialized dorso- lateral papille ; ninth abdominal segment elongated, longer than the preceding ; intermediate terminal hairs obsolete.) Suborder Potystiamarva, mihi. Containing the family Urothripide, Bagnall, II. Not more than four pairs of stigmata present ; intermediate pair of coxe most widely separated ; palpi never less than 2-jointed. 1, Female without an ovipositor; last abdominal segment tubular in both sexes (ninth abdominal segment not exceptionally elongated, and intermediate terminal hairs present; antenne composed of eight more or less strongly elongated and slender joints *, certain of which bear one or more sense-cones). Lower and upper wings, when present, similar in structure, with only one median longitudinal vein, which is only partially developed, sometimes obsolete, and never reaches the tip of wing. Suborder Tusutirera, Haliday. Containing the diagnosed families Phlwothripide, Haliday, and Idolothripide, Bagnall. 2, Female with a saw-like ovipositor; last abdominal segment usually conical, that of male unlike the females and usually bluntly rounded. Fore wing with at least one longitudinal vein reaching from base to tip of wing. (The structure of the wings, palpi, antenne, and ovipositor affords good characters for tabulating the families. ) Suborder TerEBRANTIA, Haliday. Containing the diagnosed families Molothripide, Haliday, and Thripide, Haliday. When Uzel monographed the Thysanoptera in 1895 the ultra- uropean species were unworked. Since then the North-American forms have received a good deal of attention, whilst material from tropical and subtropical regions is being received and dealt with. As a natural consequence, highly specialized forms and groups of species that cannot be regarded as members of the previously diagnosed families have been discovered, though the tendency with workers in the order has been to regard the three families Phlceo- thripide, Molothripide, and Thripide as fixed and to fit new and specialized genera into one or the other. To eliminate difficulties as far as possible, I think it very desirable to make certain divisions and subdivisions to receive certain genera and groups, but shall be able to write more on this matter when I have had the opportunity of * A few species possess 7-jointed antennze, undoubtedly derived by tha fusion of the seventh and eighth joints. 222 Miss 8. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking working out certain anomalous material now in my possession. In the meantime I would recommend that the following specialized genera be regarded as the types of distinct divisions, which we may, for the moment, regard as families :— TEREBRANTIA. Heterothrips, Hood (nec Buffa) (THriprpz), on account of the structure and segmentation of the antenne, the character of the sensoria, and the tarsal appendages. HETEROTHRIPID#, mihi, Panchetothrips, Bagnall (THRip1D4), on account of the structure of the head, the abdomen, last abdominal segment and ovipositor in female, and venation of fore wings. PANCHZTOTHRIPID&, mihi. Ceratothrips, Reuter, chiefly on account of the 6-jointed antenne, which possess only a single-jointed style, the reduction in the antennal joints not being caused by fusion. CERATOTHRIPID&, mihi. TUBULIFERA. Ecacanthothrips, Bagnall (PHLG@OTHRIPID#), chiefly on account of the specialized antennal sense-cones congregated (in the form of numerous fingers) on the third antennal joint. EcCACANTHOTHRIPIDA, mihi. XXVI.—Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical Medicine—No.1V. Blood-sucking Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. By Sopnuta L. M. Summers, M.A., B.Sc., Carnegie Student of Aberdeen University. Dr. G. L. StRANGMAN has recently presented to the School a collection of blood-sucking flies collected by himself in Port Darwin and its neighbourhood, in the northern territory of the Government of South Australia. It includes eighteen species, and as very little seems to be known of the blood- sucking Diptera of this part of the world, it seems advisable in describing several of the new forms to put the names of all the species on record. All the identifications have been confirmed from the collections in the British Museum (Natural History) and may therefore be regarded as authentic. I take this opportunity of renewing my acknowledgments to Messrs. E. E. Austen and F. W. Edwards for their kindness in giving me access to the collections in their charge. Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 223 Family Culicide. Subfamily Cuzrervz. Section CULICINI. 1. Teniorhynchus brevicellulus, Theob. This species exhibits a considerable range cf variety in colour. 2. Mansonioides uniformis (Theob.). 3. Stegomyta fasciata, Fabr. 4, Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse). These four species appear to be common. 5. Mucidus alternans, Westwood. Section ANOPHELINI. 6. Anopheles (Myzorhynchus) bancroftii, Giles. Appears to be common. I leave the name, as these specimens are not in the best condition, but for my own part I am convinced there is no difference between this species and A. barbirostris, V. de Wulp. ‘The spots in the fringe are not merely variable in this and other species of the subgenus, but also they depend to some extent on the angle from which the light is reflected. 7. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) annulipes, Walker. This specimen has been compared with those in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and differs only in having scales on all the abdominal terga. Scales are extremely scanty on the first tergum, slightly more numerous on the second, still more numerous on the third, and fairly abundant on all the rest. If the artificial classification of Theobald were adopted this specimen would be included in the “genus” Neocellia. ‘There seems good reason to suppose that in the subgenns Nyssorhynchus, using the term in a wide sense, to include all the forms catalogued by Theobald under Nyssorhynchus, Neocellia, and Cellia, the amount of the scaling on the abdomen is often a fluctuating and inconstant character. 224 Miss 8S. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking Family Tabanide. Subfamily Tapayiwz. 8. Tabanus brevivitta, Walker. 9. Tabanus serus, Walker. 10. Tabanus cinerascens, Kine. These three species seem to be common. 11. Tabanus sp. prox. serus, Walker. Three females which have been stewed in their own juice, and are consequently too much discoloured for description, resemble 7’, serus very closely, but differ: (1) the antenne are entirely black, while in Z. serus only the tips are biack ; (2) the front is much narrower and the frontal callus is of quite a different shape. 12. Tabanus elestéem, sp. n. 13. Tabanus badius, sp. n. 14. Tabanus anellosus, sp. n. Subfamily Paneourw. 15. Silvius strangmant, sp. v. 16. Silvius mansoni, sp. n. 17. Silvius alcockt, sp. n. Family Muscide. Subfamily Szomuoxerm, 18. Lyperosia exigua, Meijere. This seems to be the first record of any species of Lyperosia from Australia. According to Dr. Strangman, it is known locally as the buffalo-fly. DIAGNOSES OF THE NEw SPECIES. Tabanus elestéem, sp. n. Smallish species, length 12 mm. Two females. Face and palps hoary, covered with long white hairs; palps a little more than half the length of the proboscis, which is black and rather slender for a Zabanus. Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 225 Antenne dark rusty brown, the first two segments covered with short black bristles; basal angle of the third well pronounced. Front wide, maximum breadth one-sixth that of the head, sides slightly convergent anteriorly, grey with some sparse hairs. Frontal callus in two parts, namely a large tumid shiny plug filling the whole front just above the antenne, and a short somewhat ill-defined streak above. Eyes quite bare. The denuded scutum is dark rusty brown inclining to black; seutellum reddish brown. Legs: first pair black, except the proximal two-thirds of the tibize, which are reddish brown; the other two pairs are reddish yellow, except the tarsi and tip of the tibize, which are dark brown. Wings hyaline, with a long dark brown spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein; the root of the veins is light brown, the rest dark brown. ‘The upper branch of the third longitudinal vein is angulated, a short blind branch running inwards from the angle. Halteres reddish brown. The abdomen (which is badly rubbed) appears dorsally to be seven-striped—three light stripes alternating with four black ; the middle stripe, which is whitish, is strikingly distinct, the two dorso-lateral light stripes are not so distinct, Tabanus badius, sp. n. Also a smallish species, length 11 mm. Four females. Face grey, with long white hairs ; palps about nine-tenths the length of the proboscis, light brown frosted with white ; proboscis black, rather slender for a Tabanus. Antenne brown, black at the tip ; first two segments with stout black hairs. Front uniformly narrow (sides parallel), about one-ninth the breadth of the head, dirty yellow with numerous short black hairs. Frontal cal/us shiny black, racquet-shaped with the handle slender and not always well defined. yes quite bare. Scutum and ea at black, with a greyish dust and scattered golden and black hairs. Legs: first pair black, except the proximal half to two- ‘hinds of tibia which are reddish brown; second and third pairs reddish brown, tarsi black. Wings hyaline, with a long very light brown spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein; veins dark brown, Halteres reddish brown, 226 Miss S. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking Abdomen reddish brown; distal segments darker, with scattered hairs, of which many are black and a few golden. This species can be readily distinguished from T’ elestéem by the parallel-sided and much narrower front, by the shape of the frontal callus, by the very much longer palps, and by the nearly uniformly coloured abdomen. Tabanus anellosus, sp. 0. Small species, length 9 mm, Five females. Face grey, with long white hairs. Padps reddish yellow, slender, about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which is black and remarkably slender. Antenne reddish brown, the rings of the third segment black, and the basal tooth acuminate. Front uniformly narrow, one-ninth the breadth of the head, dirty yellow; frontal callus elongate triangular, shiny black. Eyes quite bare. Scutum and scutellum black, with grey dust and scattered hairs, black and a few golden. Legs: femora and tarsi of all the legs black ; tibiee of the first pair black with red base, tibize of the second and third pairs reddish brown with black tip. Wings hyaline, with a long brown mark at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres dark brown. Abdomen: the first three segments of a reddish-brown colour, the second having a small black median triangle ; the remaining segments black. At the hinder edge of each segment is a row of golden hairs, which on the black segments form distinct fine cross-bands. Silvius mansoni, sp. n. Length 11:6-13 mm. Four females. Face grey, with long white or yellowish-white hairs; pa/ps a little more than three-quarters the length of the proboscis, extremely slender, reddish brown with black abruptly truncate tip ; proboscis black, long and slender, Antenne reddish brown, third segment broadly triangular at base and then becoming very slender. Front wide, about one-sixth the width of head, slightly convergent anteriorly, dirty yellow. Wrontal callus shiny black, divided into two parts—the upper elongate triangular, almost racquet-shaped, prolonged to the ocelli which are very distinct ; the lower a large shiny black plug. yes quite bare. ® Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. py y 6 Scutum and scutellum black dusted with grey, with curved golden hairs. Legs reddish brown, tarsi dark brown. Spines on the hind tibize small but conspicuous in a specimen cleared and mounted in Canada balsam. Spurs on the middle tibia long and stout. Wings hyaline, with a long pale yellow spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein, subcostal vein very pale yellow ; other veins dark brown. Aalteres reddish brown. Abdomen reddish brown, with black and golden hairs; the last two or three segments dark brown or black. I have much pleasure in naming this species after Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., &c. Silvius alcockt, sp. n. Small species, length 9 mm. Two females. Face grey, with long grey hairs ; palps light brown, slender, about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which is black, long, and slender. Antenne black; third segment with a distinct Tabanus- like basal angle. Front uniformly wide, about one-sixth the breadth of the head, grey. Frontal callus a rather narrow stripe, neither prominent nor shiny, squarely dilated above the root of the antenne and somewhat triangularly dilated higher up. Ocelli distinct but not prominent. Eyes quite bare. Scutum (denuded) with three dark brown stripes, of which the median one is the broadest ; scutelluwm black. Legs black, the tibize and tarsi of the second pair perhaps not quite so dark as other parts; spurs on the hind tibie strong and conspicuous, reddish brown. Wings hyaline, with a very dark brown, almost black, spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres very dark brown. Abdomen reddish brown to warm sepia, the anterior segments lighter than the others. The extreme hind margin of every segment is lighter and is clad with whitish hairs, so that the whole abdomen appears narrowly cross-banded. Silvius strangmant, sp. n. Small species, length 9 mm. Two females. Face dark grey, with dark grey hairs. alps very slender, about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, truncate tips, reddish brown. Prodoscis black, long and slender. 228 Mr. O. Thomas on Antenne reddish brown; third segment broadly triangular at the base. Front uniformly wide, about one-sixth the breadth of the head. Frontal callus black, tumid and very shiny, consisting of two separate parts—namely, a large trapezium completely filling the space above the base of the antennz, and a smaller somewhat oval patch higher up. Ocelld large and very prominent. yes quite bare. Scutum and scutellum (denuded) dark. Legs reddish brown, tibiz and tarsi of first pair black. Spurs on hind tibie small, reddish brown. Wings hyaline, with a long light-brown spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres dark brown. Abdomen very distinctly cross-banded—the after edge of every segment being light brown ; the rest of the segment being purplish brown in the case of the first two segments, blackish brown in the case of the other segments. This species is very similar to §. alcocki in size and general appearance. It can be distinguished from the latter, however, by having no angle on the third segment of the antenne, The colour of the legs is different and the spines on the hind tibiz are not so distinct. The abdomen in this species is darker in colour and more distinctly banded. XXVII.— Two new Species of Nasua. By Oxprietp Tuomas. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Nasua candace, sp. 0. Allied to N. dorsalis, but the black dorsal line scarcely defined. Size about as in N. nasua, though the teeth are smaller. General colour above tawny ochraceous, a median darker area, 2-8 in. in breadth, extending from the nape to the base of the tail, but not forming a sharply defined black dorsal line as in dorsalis. Aloug this area the hairs are cream-buff basally, with tawny or ochraceous tips and black subterminal rings. Under surface brown, the tips of the hairs buffy, throat and chest cream-buff. Muzzle brown. Ears thickly hairy, blackish with white edges. Forearms pale buffy to the metacarpus; digits dark brown, Hind limbs smoky brown, some of the hairs, especially on the metatarsus, pale buffy. Tail heavily haired, completely ringed with black and pale buffy, about 7-8 rings present. new Species of Nasua. 229 Skull very like that of N. naswa in size and the proportions of the muzzle. Nasal opening not showing evidence of a specially lengthened snout, as is the case in N. vittata. Palatal foramina oblong, pointed behind. Canines less broadened at the base than in male N. nasua. Molars conspicuously smaller than in that animal, as small as in N. montana and quichua. Dimensions of the type (measured in the skin) :-— Head and body 750 mm.; tail 470; hind foot 90; ear 31. Skull: greatest length 130 ; condylo-basal length (c.) 122 ; zygomatic breadth 64 ; interorbital breadth 25°7 ; breadth of brain-case 43 ; breadth of muzzle behind canines 18°5 ; palatal length 80; front of canine to back of m’* 46:3 ; breadth of canine at base 8; length of molar series 18°6 ; m', length 6:4, breadth 6:1. Hab. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 73.4, 23.5. Collected by Mr. J. K. Salmon. This Nasua has been many years in the Museum collection under the provisional name of N. dorsalis, but it may be distinguished from that animal by the greater length and diffusion of the darker dorsal area, which does not form a defined black line, and by the pale buffy forearms, these being dark rufous in the alliedform, From all the members of the N. nasuwa group it is separable by its much smaller teeth. N. dorsalis is a native of Peru and Ecuador, and the present species is a more northern representative of it. Nasua manium, sp. X. N. nasua group, Premaxille short. Posterior back blackish. Size about as in N. nasua. General colour above dark grizzled tawny, the posterior back black mesially. Under surface brown, dull whitish on throat, chest, axille, and inguinal region. Head greyish brown, without defined markings. Ears dark with light edges, a well-defined whitish streak on the sides of the neck below them. Arms and legs grizzled tawny, hands and feet dark brown, Tail rather short, black, with six lighter rings, which are narrow and more or less incomplete above, especially terminally. Skull agreeing in size with that of N. nasua, but the nasal opening and premaxille are short, and the anterior palatine foramina are short, broad, and rounded, quite Ann. & Mag, N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 16 230 On a new Desert-Lark. different from the narrowed foramina of the other species. Canines less broad at their bases than in N. nasua. Molars large, m! with a well-developed internal cusp. Dimensions of the type :-— Hind foot (dry) 90 mm. Skull: greatest length 130; condylo-basal length 120 ; zygomatic breadth 62; length of nasals in middle line 36 ; interorbital breadth 27 ; breadth of brain-case 47 ; palatal length 77; palatal foramina 5; front of canine to back of m? 46; length of molar series 21°3; m!', length 7:7, breadth 6°8. Hab. Balzar Mts., N.W. of Guayaquil, Western Ecuador. Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 80.5.6.78. Collected by Mr. lingworth. This is the representative of N. nasua in the coast country to the west of the Andes. The little N. olivacea is also found in Ecuador, as is the intermediate sized N. qguichua, Thos. XX VIII.—Description of a new Desert-Lark from the Central Western Sahara. By Ernst Harter. Tuer mountains and stony desert-tracts of the northern Sahara are inhabited by sand-coloured Desert-Larks which are now generally looked upon as races of Ammomanes deserti. Thus in the Algerian Sahara a reddish subspecies, Ammomanes deserti algeriensis, is common in suitable places. On the expedition to In Salah I found the latter as far south as about 30 kilometres north of El Golea, but after that it ceased entirely, and did not occur again until we came to the banks of the waterless Oued Saret, where it suddenly was in evidence again, but ina conspicuously different form, which I propose to name Ammomanes deserti mya, subsp. n., after the River or Oued Mya, in the system of which we only found this bird. This form does not much differ in colour from A. d. alge- riensis, though it is generally less reddish, especially on the rump, and the tail-feathers are more blackish on the inner webs; but it differs considerably in size: wing of males 107- 111, of females 97-101 mm., 7. e. about 6-7 mm. longer than in A. d. algeriensis ; tail about 74-765 mim. The bill On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 231 is much longer and thicker and generally of a brighter yellow. The song is also different from that of the smaller northern form, and will be described elsewhere. Type of Ammomanes deserti mya: , no. 200. Oued Mya, 7. iv. 1912. In the Tring Museum. XXIX.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica —X VII. By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S. Geometridz. Subfam. Bosrury2z, Semiothisa lydia, sp. n. 9. Body brownish grey, with some darker irrorations on abdomen, Wings greyish white, almost obscured by grey striz, and some scattered black irrorations ; lines grey- brown; medial line coarse, wavily dentate ; postmedial fine, lunular dentate, closely followed by a broad dull shade of the same colour, reaching termen, but slightly mottled with ground-colour on termen at middle of outer margins. Fore wings ; a fine antemedial line angled on subcostal; a dark streak on discocellular; some white mottlings at apex. Hind wings: a black discal point. Wings below whiter, mottled with grey-brown striz; the veins yellow-brown ; the lines dark brown ; the postmedial lunular and the shade following it narrower; on fore wings the white ground- colour is partly shaded with yellowish. Outer margin of fore wing sinuous, of hind wing bluntly angled, Expanse 26 mm. Hab. Tuis, Sixola, Semiothisa delia, sp. n. Q?. Very similar to S. lydia, Schs.; the outer margin of fore wing more deeply sinuous, of hind wing more sharply angled; ground-colour whiter, the markings all dark brownish slate-colour ; the hind wings with medial line much broader, suffusing with strize to near base. Underneath the same difference in colour is noticeable, and the veins are dark brown, not yellow-brown. Expanse 28 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio, 232 ; Mr. W. Schaus on Apicia flexils, sp. n. ¢. Palpi and frons brown. Vertex grey. Collar grey, mottled with fuscous. Thorax and abdomen whitish buff, the latter irrorated with black dorsally. Wings whitish buff to outer line, then tinged with lilacine brown, thinly irrorated with black scales, partly connected by dark striz, chiefly on hind wings; black discal points. Fore wings: antemedial line very fine and indistinct, outangled, marked by a darker point on subcostal ; outer line from apex to middle of inner margin lilacine white, finely wavy, preceded by a dull green shade and some black in places ; subterminal fuscous points between veins 3 and 4, and 5 and 6. Hind wings: a post- medial line near cell like outer line of fore wing ; a faint subterminal lilacine line, preceded by a dull green shade. Wings below dull whitish; a subterminal broad brownish shade suffusing with greyish termen at apices and at tornus of fore wing. Fore wings heavily striated with brown ; traces of a fuscous outer line; a black line on discocellular. Hind wings: some stria on costal half; a black discal point. Eixpanse 27 mm. Hab, Carillo, Puriscal. Pyvrinia rufinarta, sp. n. 3. Head purple-brown. Collar grey, irrorated with purple-brown. Thorax and wings reddish brown. Abdomen orange-brown. Wings with darker strize; outer margins glossed with lilacine slate ; outer line dark reddish brown, slightly wavy, outwardly shaded with slate. Fore wings: costa whitish grey, spotted with black, broadest on basal half; areddish-brown medial line, angled at end of cell and inwardly shaded with slate; a black point on discocellular ; the outer line expanding on costa. Wings below orange, striated with dark red. Fore wings: a medial purplish blotch at end of cell and one from cell to inner margin; the shading following outer line bifurcating at vein 3 to tornus. Hind wings: the outer line purplish; the termen shaded with red. Eixpanse 28 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, San Mateo. Metanema striolata, sp. n. dg. Antenne pectinated. Head, collar, and thorax dull greyish brown. Abdomen brighter brown. Wings light Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 233 brown, with long darker brown strize ; fuscous discal points ; lines fine, dark brown. Fore wings: “antemedial line faintly angled on subcostal and submedian ; ; a faint postmedial brownish shade, outcurved beyond cell; outer line subter- minal, followed by a white point on costa, angled at vein 7, slightly sinuous. Hind wings: the subterminal line slightly sinuous. Underneath whitish buff, irrorated with grey- brown ; the subterminal line fine, straighter; the discal points minute. Expanse 31 mm. ¢@. The lines darker, outwardly shaded with fuscous, especially the subterminal. The outer margins more sharply angled at vein 4. Expanse 29 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Somewhat like Andsoperas atropunctaria, Wlk., but brown, and the outer line much nearer termen. Microgonia amicaria, sp. n. ¢. Head and thorax brown. Abdomen above grey-brown, Fore wings: base brown, limited by the antemedial fuscous line, which forms three ures marked by grey points on median and submedian, by some dark grey shading on inner margin, and is preceded by some fine whitish lines on extreme costa ; medial space fuscous brown; a black point at end of cell, faintly edged with dark grey ; a postmedial outbent whitish line on costa to vein 7, then an inbent series of whitish points on veins connected by an indistinct lunular fuscous line; a large light brown and’ whitish subterminal spot on costa, crossed by black strize and outwardly edged with white; a subterminal, fine, interrupted, dentate, fuscous line. Hind wings brown, the basal half shaded with fuscous ; the postmedial line with the points less distinct ; some black striz on outer half and traces of subterminal line. Wings below pale brownish grey, with fine black strie and irrora- tions ; black discal points ; a postmedial fuscous line, followed by a broad brown shade not reaching termen. @. Thorax and wings richer brown, the lines more distinct, heavier, grey; the subterminal fuscous, partly shaded with grey. Fore wings: a large round grey spot at end of cell containing a black point ; the medial space only slightly darker; the subterminal costal spot more heavily edged with white ; ; some scattered white irrorations. Hind wings: grey and whitish irrorations near lines and along inner margin; a small round grey discal spot containing a black point. Wings below as in male, the termen whiter. Expanse, ¢ 51, 2 50 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. 234 Mr. W. Schaus ov Oxydia obtusaria, sp. n. $. Palpi and head brown. Collar and thorax yellow- buff. Abdomen and wings buff-grey, faintly tinged with lilacine and with scattered black irrorations. Fore wings: a fine brown antemedial line, outcurved in cell ; outer line dark brown, more heavily marked except on costa, angled just below vein 7, and inbent to inner margin beyond middle, followed by a dentate fuscous shade from veins 7-2 ; a black point at end of cell, Hind wings: a medial fuscous line. Wings below darker, browner, more thickly irrorated with black ; black discal points; a broad postmedial pale reddish- brown shade and faint traces of the lines. Expanse 48 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Poas. Allied to O. platypterata, Gn., but the faleate apex short and blunt; it is a variable species in colour, and the outer line is sometimes followed by whitish spots at veins 2 and 3. Certima annaria, sp. 1. g. Body light brown, the collar and thorax darker, mottled with lighter scales. Wings light brown, palest on medial space, striated with reddish brown to outer spots and on termen with fuscous brown. Fore wings: antemedial black and grey points on veins, followed by a dull olive-brown shade; a postmedial reddish-brown dentate lunular line, inbent, so the medial paler space is very narrow on inner margin; an outer réw of black and grey points on veins, slightly inset on veins 5, 2, and submedian, connected by a dull greyish-brown shade; cilia with small dark brown spots at veins. Hind wings: a reddish-brown medial line; the outer spots outcurved, also connected by a broad dull greyish-brown shade ; cilia tipped with grey. Wings below yellowish, with a few dark strie; dark streaks on disco- cellular; a broad subterminal dark purplish-brown fascia, expanding to termen between veins 4 and 5 on fore wing and vein 4 to fold on hind wing. Expanse 36 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Isochromodes bellona, sp. n. ?. Body light brown ; a black dorsal tuft at base of abdo- men. Wings light brown, with a few scattered black strize and irrorations ; black discal points ; cilia with black spots, the largest at veins 2 and 3. Fore wings: antemedial small fleterocera from Costa Rica. Jae dark brewn spots on veins, the one on submedian a little larger and preceded by some grey scales; a postmedial reddish-brown shade, linear from vein 3 to inner margin ; an outer row of small black spots, close to postmedial from vein 3, followed from below vein 4 by a dark grey and black shade; a black spot at apex; a subterminal black spot below vein 3 and a terminal wavy black mark from just above 4 to vein 2. Hind wings: inner margin medially shaded with reddish brown, followed by irregular black markings to anal angle. Wings below butf, with a few dark lirorations ; black discal points; the outer spots in a straighter line and followed by a broad fuscous shade. lixpanse 26 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Near J. brumosa, Dogn. Therina stlanaria, sp. n. ?. Palpi, body, and fore wings slate-grey. Head yellowish. Fore wings: a black point on discocellular; a tine whitish outer line from below costa, outcurved and inbent to near middle of inner margin, interrupted and consisting partly of whitish striz, increasing on inner margin; a small white spot striated with grey near apex. Hind wings light silky grey. Expanse 33 mm. Hab. Poas. Therina? perpectinata, sp. n. 3g. Antenne with exceptionally long pectinations finely ciliated. Head and thorax olive-black ; some reddish-brown scales on vertex. Fore wings silky olive-brown; a black point at end of cell; a fine outer black line, vertical on costa, then slightly outcurved; a small subterminal yellow spot between veins 7 and 8. Hind wings dark silky grey; a minute black point on discocellular. Underneath dark silky grey, with black discal points. Hixpanse 40 mm. Hab. Ojo de Agua, Macrolyrcea sceva, sp. ne $. Body and wings dark olive, the wings shaded with silky grey except between medial and outer lines. Fore wing: a fine wavy subbasal line, dark olive; antemedial dark olive, outbent on costa, angled in cell, inbent and slightly 236 Mr. W. Schaus on wavy; medial line angled beyond cell, suffusing with the dark olive postmedial space, which is limited by a slightly sinuous, fine, lilacine line ; an elongated pale buff space, striated with olive-brown on costa, preceding the outer line ; a dark olive shade on outer margin from vein 5 to termen above tornus. Hind wings: the medial dark shade very narrow ; the postmedial line nearly straight, barely visible ; some scattered fuscous striae on outer half. Wings below olive-brown, thickly striated with buff-grey ; the fore wing with costa whitish; the termen broadly clear dark olive-brown, and a straight subterminal white line; a dark streak on discocellular ; hind wings with scattered black irrorations and a very indistinct outer line, nearly straight. Expanse 46 mm. 9. Body and wings buff-brown, the latter with darker shades and strize; antemedial line lunular on costa. Expanse 50 mm. Hab. Poas. Near MW. nondina, Dr. ; differs in colour, in the absence of black discal points, and in having the medial and outer lines closer together. J/. nondina has the postmedial line on hind wings distinet and sinuous both above and below. Alcis herse, sp. n. g. Palpi and frons black mottled with grey. Vertex grey; a black line between antenne. Collar, thorax, and abdomen light grey, thinly irrorated with black ; a transverse black line at base of abdomen and pale buff segmental lines. Wings white, with a few dark irrorations. Fore wings: costa, base, and termen shaded with grey ; dark striz on costa and fuscous spots at origin of lines; a fine subbasal shade ; a fine black antemedial line, inbent below cell, pre- ceded by a curved greyish shade; a greyish spot at end of cell, edged by a fine fuscous line; a fine medial line, out- curved around discocellular; postmedial fine, remote on costa, vertical at first, bluntly outcurved across vein 5, then sinuous and incurved, approximating medial line from veins 4 to 3, and from fold to inner margin, followed throughout by a brownish shade ; subterminal white, finely lunular; dark marginal points on interspaces and a fine terminal black line. Hind wings: a black line at base; medial line fine, black, sinuous, heaviest on inner margin 3 a semilunar outlined spot at end of cell ; postmedial fine, wavy to below vein 6, then barely incurved, followed by a brownish shade ; subterminal wavy, lunular. Wings below white. Fore wings: costa FTeterocera from Costa Rica. 237 heavily striated with black; a fuscous streak on disco- cellular ; termen fusccus, narrowest at tornus, mottled with white eee veins 3 aad 4, Hind wings: a fine medial line from costa to discocellular ; a narrow “marginal fuscous shade from apex to near vein 4. Expanse 31 mm. flab. Avangarez. Sometimes the antemedial and postmedial lines on fore wings expand on inner margin into fuscous blotches. Alcis aglauros, sp. n. 3. Head, collar, and thorax dull brownish grey; a few brown irrorations on collar. Abdomen paler, with dark segmental lines. Fore wings pale brown, tinged with lilacine in cell and with whitish medially below cell and just beyond cell: some scattered dark irrorations and black striz on costa; a faint subbasal fuscous shade: antemedial fine, black, angled on subcostal, then slightly inbent, marked by a small black spot on median ; a fine medial line, crossing a large greyish spot at end of cell and marked by dark points on median, vein 2, and submedian ; postmedial fine, black, somewhat incurved on costa, bluntly angled across vein 5, then inbent, wavy; subterminal whitish, wavily dentate, preceded by a fuscous shade above and below vein 5, and there followed by dark streaks to termen; dark terminal points on interspaces connected by a lunular line, Hind wings whitish at base, otherwise pale brown ; medial line fine, black, downbent towards inner margin; an oval dark line on discocellular ; postmedial bluntly angled at vein 6, then incurved ; subterminal more deeply dentate. Wings below pale brownish. Fore wings: a large fuscous spot at end of cell, and a similar subapical patch trom below vein 5 to vein 9; traces of postmedial beyond cell ; terminal points on interspaces. The hind wings immaculate. ixpanse 35 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Alcis pandrosos, sp. n. 6. Head and collar grey; thorax whiter grey, with a few dark irrorations ; abdomen grey, with whitish segmental bands. Fore wings grey-white, thinly scaled, with a few pale greyish strig and darker irrorations; terminal third shaded with pale greyish brown ; costa pale brown, with dark striz and fuscous spots at origin of lines; a faint sub- basal, straight, brownish shade ; antemedial line fine, black, 238 Mr. W. Schaus on minutely wavy and nearly vertical, preceded by a faint brownish shade; a large greyish spot over discocellular ; postmedial line fine, fuscous brown, minutely wavy, vertical from costa to vein 5, then inbent, preceded from vein 2 to inner margin by a fuscous shade ; fuscous streaks above and below vein 5 to near termen; a subterminal dentate whitish line, suffusing with a terminal whitish shade between veins 7 and 8; marginal small dark spots on interspaces. Hind wings: basal half whiter, with a few fuscous irrorations above and below cell; a medial brownish line, irrorated with black, geminate, followed by an oval line on discocellular ; the post- medial fine, black, angled at discal fold, then incurved ; the outer half brownish; a whitish line near postmedial; the subterminal white, more deeply dentate than on fore wing. Wings below dirty white ; a broad marginal fuscous shade, not quite reacliing termen ; a fuscous spot at end of cell on fore wing. Expanse 36 mm. Hab, Sixola, Tuis, Juan Vinas, Guapiles. Nesalcis leca, sp. n. &. Head olive-brown; a dark brown shade between antenne. Thorax brownish grey. Abdomen brownish white; a fuscous line at base of abdomen and brownish segmental lines, interrupted dorsally. Wings dirty white, thinly irrorated with dark brown ; an outer, slightly curved, fuscous-brown Junular line, outwardly toothed on veins; the veins pale orange-brown, interrupted before the subterminal, which is whitish, lunular; a faint brownish shade follows both the postmedial and subterminal ; terminal fuscous-brown spots on interspaces; a small fuscous spot on discocellular. Fore wings: a fine fuscous antemedial line; a faint post- medial lunular dentate line, suffusing with outer line just below vein 2. Hind wings: a fine brown medial. line. Underneath whitish; faint discal points; the outer line visible through wings; costa of fore wings yellowish striated with brown. Expanse 35 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Avangarez. Smaller and less brilliantly coloured than N. erewsaria, Schs.=regularis, Dogn. Leucula cachtaria, sp. n. 3. Head black, thinly sealed with white. Body and wings Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 239 white, the latter thinly scaled. Fore wings: the edge of costa at base black; a fine medial smoky line, angled on subcostal and inbent to near base of inner margin; a_ black spot at end of cell; outer line from costa near apex to inner margin beyond middle. Hind wings: a smoky medial line followed by a black point on discocellular below vein 6 ; a subterminal smoky spot below vein 6 and one on inner margin. Fore wings below with a postmedial small black spot on costa. Expanse 24 mm. Hab. Cachi, Juan Vinas. Nipteria fronsaria, sp. n. 3. Palpi dark brown. F rons deep yellow ; vertex, collar, and patagia whitish grey. ‘lhorax and abdomen dark grey. Wings thinly scaled greyish white; veins brownish grey ; discocellulars finely darker. Fore wings: an outer dark grey line from costa before apex to inner margin beyond middle, more heavily marked towards costa ; the costal margin more heavily scaled and whitish; cilia white, tipped with dark grey. Hind wings: a faint darker postmedial line. Underneath white, the veins more heavily marked, especially on hind wings; the outer line well marked. Expanse 24 mm. Hab. Guapiles. Nipteria mitellaria, sp. n. ?. Palpidark grey. Headand collar yellow ; someorange- brown shading on vertex and collar behind. ‘lhorax, abdo- men, and wings grey, the wings thinly scaled. Fore wings: a darker grey medial shade, inbent on inner margin; a similar postmedial shade, slightly angled at vein 5; a darker grey line on discocellular, Hind wings: a subterminal darker grey line. Expanse 31 mm. Hab. 'Tuis. Astyochia lachesis, sp. n. $. Palpi dark brown. Head, collar, and patagia yellow. Thorax and abdomen greyish buff. Wings whitish grey ; veins, lines, discal spots, and some terminal strice fuscous grey ; cilia white, shaded with grey at veins. Fore wings: antemedial inbent from subcostal; subcostal and median 240 Mr. E. BE. Austen on a new darker from near base to just beyond antemedial ; outer line outcurved, irregular. Hind wings: discal spot large ; outer line outcurved ; the termen of both wings rather more heavily scaled. Underneath whiter, the lines duller. ixpanse 27 mm. Hab, Tuis. [To be continued. | XXX.-— A new Species of Tabanus from German East Africa, in the British Museum (Natural History). By Ernest KE. Austen. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Tabanus trianguliger, sp. n. ?.—Length (22 specimens) 13°6 to 16 mm. ; width of head 5 to 5°6 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°8 to 1 mm.; length of wing 12 to 13°4 mm. Dusky species (dorsal surface of abdomen in rubbed speci- mens more or less cinnamon-rufous), with upper surface of body bearing conspicuous, light-grey markings ; front mode- rately broad and of uniform width; dorsum of thorax longitudinally striped with grey ; dorsum of abdomen bearing three longitudinal series of large, smoke-grey or drab grey triangles, so that the ground-colour is reduced to a minimum ; wings faintly tinged with drab, almost hyaline; femora pale (greyish fawn-coloured or greyish ochraceous buff), inner surfaces of front pair more or less dark brown. Head: subcallus pale cream-coloured pollinose ; face, jowls, and basioccipital region whitish pollinose and clothed with white hair; occiput light grey pollinose ; front smoke- grey, clothed with short, yellowish hair, but with a darker, black-haired patch on vertex, and a similar patch in the middle ; front (estimated by eye) about four times as long as its breadth at lower extremity, inner margins of eyes bordering it parallel or only very slightly convergent below ; frontal callus rather large, dark brown, not very shining, roughly quadrate in shape but with its angles (at least the upper pair) rounded off; traces of a second, similarly coloured, elongate (more or less elliptical) callus are usually distinguishable in the centre of the median dark patch ; proximal joint of palpi greyish cream-buff, clothed with ° Species of Tabanus. 241 white hair, terminal jot cream-buff, acuminate, moderately swollen at base, thickly clothed on outer side with appressed, glistening silvery-white hairs, usually mixed with some minute black hairs; first and second joints of antenne greyish ochraceous-buff, clothed with glistening silvery- white hairs (the upper distal angles clothed with minute black hairs), expanded portion of third joint cinnamon- rufous or ochraceous-rufous, often more or less brownish or dark brown towards distal extremity, relatively short, annulate portion of third joint clove-brown, relatively long. Thorax: dorsum dark brown (in rubbed specimens appearing more or less slate-grey), marked with five light-grey, partly yellowish-, partly whitish-haired longitudinal stripes ; ante- rior and lateral borders of dorsum also grey; outer surface of each postalar callus, and a narrow area immediately in front of this above base of wing, clothed with white hair ; median dorsal grey stripe very narrow, starting on front margin but terminating before reaching prescutellar groove ; admedian dorsal grey stripes broad and entire, starting on front margin and meeting at tip of scutellum, which their distal extremities encircle; lateral grey stripe on each side short, extending only from outer extremity of transverse suture to postalar callus ; dark stripes between grey stripes clothed with blackish hair ; distal extremity of scutellum cinnamon-rufous or ferruginous ; swelling in depression at each end of transverse suture drab-grey ; pleure and pectus light grey, clothed with whitish hair, upper portion of mesopleurze drab-grey, clothed partly with whitish, partly with blackish or black hair. Abdomen: tergite of first segment with a large drab grey patch on each side, and on hind margin in middle line witha small, somewhat triangular or transversely elongate spot, similarly coloured and clothed with yellowish hair; in the centre of the segment is a dark brown blotch (somewhat greyish in front, where it projects from beneath the scutellum) extending to the hind margin ; the distal edge of this blotch is indented by the median light spot or triangle already described, and its sides are concave ; each of the lateral drab-grey patches bears an oblique streak or patch of minute black hairs, extending outwards towards the posterior angle; tergites of second ta fifth segments inclusive each bearing three large drab-grey triangles, arranged in a transverse row (thus forming also three longitudinal series), resting on the hind margin, where they are usually though not always connected, and extending to the front margin ; the outer triangles are right-angled or obtuse-angled, the right angles or obtuse angles being the DADE ee On a new Species of Tabanus. inner ones on the hind margins of the segments ; those of the median series are acute-angled, though their apices are truncate and,in the case of the median triangles on the second and third segments, usually elongate; the sides of the median triangles on the second and third segments are also more or less concave ; lateral margins of second and following segments, which cut off the outer angles of the outer series of triangles, drab-grey or buff; tergite of sixth segment with more or less distinct traces of the three triangles seen on preceding segments ; basal angles of tergite of second segment drab-grey ; basal angles of tergite of first segment, and lateral margins of this and of the five following tergites, clothed with whitish hair; all drab-grey triangles clothed with minute, appressed, yellowish hairs ; intervening dark brown or mummy-brown markings clothed with minute, appressed, black hairs; tergite of seventh segment clove- brown (its sides and hind border buff), clothed with black hairs, which at each lateral extremity are usually mixed with yellowish hairs ; venter greyish salmon-coloured, when viewed obliquely from behind usually with traces of a narrow, dark, interrupted, median, longitudinal stripe, ventral scute of penultimate segment mouse-grey, that of terminal segment slate-grey, hind margins of ventral scutes of second to sixth segments inclusive cream-coloured; ventral scutes of second to sixth segments inclusive clothed with appressed yellowish hairs, which in centre of ventral scute of sixth segment are mixed with longer black hairs, a few. longer black hairs sometimes also present in centre of ventral scute of fifth segment ; ventral scute of seventh (terminal) segment clothed as usual with coarse, erect, black hairs. Wings: veins dark brown ; stigma pale and inconspicuous, usually faintly raw-umber- cofoured. Squame : alar pair of same colour as wing-membrane, but more opaque, their borders mouse-grey ; thoracic pair cream-buff, their borders somewhat deeper in colour. Halteres: knobs yellowish cream-coloured, more or less buff or orange-buff towards base, stalks buff or cream-buff. Legs: coxe grey, clothed with white hair; femora and tibize clothed with white or silvery-white hair, except nner surfaces of front femora and distal extremities of front tibiz, which are clothed with black hair; tibiz buff or ochraceous-buff, distal extremities of front pair, to a greater extent on inner than on outer surface, dark brown, front pair also narrowly mouse-grey at extreme base; front tarsi clove-brown, second, third, and fourth joints somewhat expanded ; middle tarsi dark brown ; hind On a new Species of Oligoneuria. 243 tarsi mummy-brown, last joint and tips of the three pre- ceding joints dark brown. German East Africa: type and eight other specimens (para-types) from a water-hole in the Usangu District, 26.xi.1910, and two additional specimens from the Uhehe District, 3000 to 38500 ft., 22-27.x1.1910 (S. A. Neave: presented by the Entomological Research Committee). In addition to the foregoing the following material, in possession of the Entomological Research Committee and also collected by Mr. 8S. A. Neave, has been studied: one para-type from the Usangu District, and ten other specimens from the Uhehe District—remaining data in each case as before. In the shape of its frontal callus and upper frontal callus, as also in that of the terminal joint of its palpi, Zabanus trianguliger shows some affinity to 7. pallidifacies, Surcouf, which hitherto has been found only in the (British) East Africa Protectorate. Apart, however, from its very different facies, due to the development of the grey abdominal markings into a triple series of broad triangles, as described above, 7. trianguliger is distinguishable from 1’. pallidi- facies by, among other characters, its front being distinctly narrower, and by the inner margins of the eyes bordering it being more regularly parallel, instead of somewhat divergent above. From 7. distinctus, Ricardo, T. trian- guliger, apart from its abdominal markings, may be dis- tinguished at once by its broader front, and differently shaped (less elongate) frontal callus. From the variatus- form of T. teniola, Pal. de Beauv., the new species, apart from the greater development of its abdominal triangles, is distinguishable by the shape of its frontal callus and of the third joint of its antenne, as also by its pale femora. It is scarcely necessary to add that in the foregoing comparisons the female sex 1s alone considered. XXXI.—On a new Species of Oligoneuria (Ephemeridee) from British East Africa. By Rev. A. E. Eaton. Oligoneuria dobbsi, sp. n. Adult (dried) 9? .—Wings transparent light blackish grey, with a faint dull violet-purple gloss and intense sepia-brown longitudinal neuration; the cross-veinlets not bordered 244 On a new Species of Oligoneuria, (cf. text-figure). These are numerous (about 30) and straight in the marginal area, but are mostly concealed in the dried insect so far as the subcosta is overlain in the longitudinal Neuration of Oligoneuria dobbsi, sp. n. furrow in front of the ridge crested by the radius (3) ; the next three open areas contain respectively about 15, 7, and 5 cross-veinlets, of which many are obsolescent posteriorly, and are too delicate to be shown in the figure. The two subfiliform tails terminating the narrow membrane incurrent along the posterior edge of the mesonotum or scutellum from the roots of the fore wings seem long enough to reach the base of the third abdominal segment. Head, body, fore legs, and the stout portions of the hinder legs pitch-brown ; head opaque; thorax and dorsum lucid ; venter pallid; tabescent hind tibie and tarsi impure whitish. Abdomen tapering posteriorly ; segments nos. 6,7, and 8 longer than those anterior to them, of which the poste- rior lateral angles (if not rectangular) are produced into only yery short, inconspicuous, tooth-like points ; but in segments nos. 8 and 9 the points produced are spiniform. Setz broken off when captured. Egg-masses lutescent, pale. Subanal lamina of the tenth segment narrow, shrunken troughwise in the dried insect, and produced on each side posteriorly into a broad-based, short, subulate spine. Length of body about 20, of fore wing 25 mm. Prep. Etn.; wings in Ca. balsam, mounted without pres- sure, detached from the pinned type-specimen (Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Hab. Sotik Post (alt. 6000 feet), Lumbwa District, British East Africa: one adult fly, captured at night in a house half a mile from the river Nyangoris, 22. viii. 1911 (C. MZ. Dobbs). ci On new Species of Ipide and Platypodide. 245: XXXIT.—Some new Species of Ipide and Platypodide in the British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.E.S. TuE first two species described are from specimens received through Mr. Guy Marshall from Mr. Urich, and found on cacao-plants in Trinidad. The only other specimens of X. urichi in the British Museum are two received in 1905 from Angola (Portuguese West Africa), and reported as damaging the cacao-plants there, but whether to a serious extent is not stated. Amphicranus theobroma, sp. n. Oblongus, nitidus, glaber, piceo-brunneus; prothorace lateribus subrecto, a triente antico in apicem constricto, supra ad apicem oblique rotundatim declivi, asperato; summo antico tuberculo minuto ornato; elytris vix conspicue punctatis, post medium oblique excavatis, ad apicem breviter productis, anguste divari- catis, margine excavationis utrinque dentibus tribus ornato, tertio majore prope apicem, exstructo. Long. 2°35, lat. 0°9 mm. Hab, Trinidad. Near to A. collaris, Bldf., but smaller, with all the abdo- minal segments similarly coloured and with a prominent single tubercle on the centre of the prothoracic anterior edge, which is bisinuate, with the base truncate; the exposed portion of the mesonotum above the scutellum strongly punctured ; anterior tibiz very strongly toothed on the outer edge and having the inner edge sinuous and hairy; femoral lobe large. Nyleborus urichi, sp. n. Oblongus, prothorace semielliptico, gibbo, summo apice medio granulis prominulis notato, dorso postice punctato; elytris a basi ad medium valde nitidis, eque pulvinato-convexis, dense striato- punctatis, et interstitiis irregulariter punctatis: sed a medio ad apicem opacis, subtilissime granulatis, interstitiis tuberculis pilisque ornatis. Long. 3°0 mm. Hab. Trinidad. Head ferrugineous, retracted, slightly convex, and evenly rugulose-punctate, with a straight transverse row of pale yellow hairs anteriorly; eyes oblong and emarginate, with Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. ay 246 . Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson on new coarse facets ; antennz pale ferrugineous; prothorax ferru- gineous and shiny on the posterior half, gibbose and semi- elliptical, slightly longer than broad, base truncate, with posterior angles acute, anteriorly rugose, with 4-6 prominent tubercles on the extreme anterior margin, the rugosity decreasing to the middle, the posterior half shiny and punc- tate, and the whole surface slightly pubescent. Hlytra the same breadth as the prothorax and one-half longer, the poste- rior half parallel-sided and thence decreasing to form a somewhat acuminate apex, longitudinally arched from base to apex, with the basal third ferrugineous and shiny ; punc- tate-striate, with the interstices irregularly punctured and piliferous; the apical portion dark and opaque, the inter- stices becoming tuberculate in the centre, with a double row of pale hairs, the remainder of the surface being very finely shagreened ; a slight simuosity and depression of the inter- stices near the suture is evident towards the apex; the under surface of the body uniformly coloured, except the abdominal segments, which are slightly darker, sparsely hairy, and coarsely punctured ; the anterior coxze contiguous, and the legs the same colour as the prothorax. This species 1s near X. capucinus, Kichh., but differs in being narrower and longer, with punctate striz on the elytra, the sides of which are not rounded from base to apex, &c. Xyleborus arquatus, sp. n. Oblongus, subnitidus, thorace semielliptico, anterius rugis trans- versis scabro, posterius subtiliter punctulato, lineola media basali dense hirta; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis uniseriatim punctulatis, lateribus subparallelis. Long. 2°5 mm. Hab. Ceylon. Compact in shape, with pale ferrugineous head and elytra pitchy black ; head convex in front, the surface minutely and uniformly shagreened, sparsely hairy towards the front, with a row of pale hairs over the mouth; eyes transverse, black and emarginate ; antenne the same colour as the head ; prothorax a dirty yellow, semielliptical, and as broad as long, with sides and posterior angles rounded, rugose, but not tuberculate, slightly hairy, obsoletely asperate behind, gibbose, with a small tuft of yellowish bairs at the centre of the base ; scutellum small and dark-coloured; elytra one-half as loug again as the prothorax, with subparallel sides, and obtusely rounded at the apex, slightly rounded at the basal angles, longitudinally arched from base to apex, striate-punctate, Species of Tpide: and Platypodide. 247 with rows of longish hairs ; interstices with uniseriate rows of punctures and shorter hairs; under surface dark, slightly hairy, and sparsely punctured ; legs paler than the body, the anterior tibiz long and narrow, enlarged towards the apex, with a few strong te th on the outer edge. This insect has been received from Mr. E. Green, who reports it as a troublesome pest on the camphor-trees in Ceylon, where it is found both on the living and dead branches. Xyleborus niger, sp. n. Oblongus, niger, nitidus, pilis fulvescentibus parce adspersis, thorace gibbo, semielliptico, dorso antice exasperato, posterius subtiliter punctato; elytris latitudine thoracis et illo vix duplo longioribus, subtilissime lineato-punctatis, interstitiis uuiseriatim punctatis, apice a medio excavato-retuso, punctato, excavationis fundo nitido, lineato-punctato; sutura vix elevata et piliferis tuber- culis ornata, interstitiis uniseriatim punctatis, 3° et 4° tuberculis ornatis, margine apicali integro. Long. vix 6 mm. Hab. Ruby Mines, Burmabh. Head black, sparsely covered with piliferous punctures, the hairs very long, especially centrally ; there is a transverse fringe of long yellow hairs over the mouth, and anteriorly a central small shining depression with a slight longitudinal carina posteriorly, the general surface shagreened ; prothorax semielliptical, shiny black, rugose-asperate in front, inter- spersed with longish hairs, gibbous, with scattered piliferous punctures behind and a medial posterior group of pale hairs ; scutellum triangular and polished. Elytra nearly twice as long as the prothorax, with sub- parallel sides and excavate from the middle, punctate-striate, the punctures being large, round, and shallow ; the inter- stices before the declivity are smooth, with small uuniseriate piliferous punctures down the centre; at the commencement of the declivity each interstice has a sharp tooth, with one or two longish hairs close to it ; interstices 3 and 4 also have a few teeth distributed along them towards the apex; the sutural striz have a single row of small tubercles after the commencement of the declivity. This species belongs to Kichhoff’s division ** of the genus Xyleborus, but is larger than any described by that author. AXyleborus sphenos, sp. 0. Elongatus, subcylindricus, brunneo-testaceus, subnitidus, antice pes 248 ~ Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson on new rugulosus, postice parce subtilissime punctulatus ; elytris supra subtilissime striato-punctatis, interstitiis ante declivitatem non tuberculatis, apice acuminatis, singulo lateribus seriatim tuber- culato, sutura immuni, Long. 2 mm. Hab. Uganda. Head, prothorax, antenn, and legs testaceous ; elytra dark; the eyes deeply and broadly emarginate ; prothorax blantly rounded anteriorly and decreasing in breadth towards the base, rugose in front, but shiny and smooth behind ; elytra very faintly striate-punctate and gradually narrowing to the acute apex, which is lengthened by two blunt broad processes, being continuations of the second elytral inter- stices; the declivity (commencing from the apical third of the elytra) has the first two strize toothed at the commence- ment and then tuberculate to the apex, and the edge of the declivity is provided with numerous teeth, increasing in size towards the apex. In one very pale (immature) specimen the only dark portions are the eyes and the elytral declivity. These insects were sent me with the specimens of X. in- dustrius, but I am not certain as to whether they were captured at the same time. Xyleborus industrius, sp. n. Elongatus, cylindricus, pallide villosus, thorace testaceo, antice imbricato exasperato, postice punctato ; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis subtiliter uniseriatim punctulatis, apice a parte tertio abrupte excavato-truncato, ambitu calloso dentibus pluribus minimis ornato, fundo ipso irregulariter punctato, sutura vix elevata, tuberculis pilisque ornata, Long. 33 mm. Hab. Uganda. . Head and thorax testaceous ; elytra dark except basally and laterally ; head asperate, with scattered pale pubescence ; eyes very deeply and broadly emarginate ; prothorax oblong- cylindrical and slightly longer than broad, anteriorly rough- ened and hairy, the posterior part thickly covered with pili- ferous punctures; scutellum pale but well defined; elytra punctate-striate with very short hairs, the interstices having a single row of punctures with long hairs; after the declivity the hairs are continued only along the sutural striz to the apex; the apical third of the elytra is somewhat abruptly truncate, forming a shiny very slight excavation with large shallow irregularly placed punctures, the margin Spectres of Ipidee and Platypodide. 249 oeing edged with numerous small tubercles (two rather larger ones near the apex) and long pale hairs; the sutural striz have a single row of tubercles extending to the apex, of which one or two near the apex are larger than the others. Judging from Dr. Hagedorn’s description, this species is somewhat similar to his X. jisheri, but differs in size, colour, arrangement of the tubercles, want of the suture between the pronotum and prosternum, Xe. Although here treated as a separate species from X. sphenas, I am of opinion that when more material comes to hand this insect will prove to be the female of the former, Crossotarsus fragmentus, sp. U. Brunneus, fronte plana, profunde punctata, medio fossulata; pro- thorace quadrato, parce irregulariter punctato, sulco brevi haud profundo; elytris lineato-punctatis, lineig ad basin impressis, interstitiis planis tenuiter lineato-punctatis, apice declivi, convexo, striato, interstitiis elevatis, seriato-tuberculatis et pilosis, margine externo utroque postice profunde emarginato, apice triplice emarginato, Long. 5°5 mm. Hab. Singapore. Shiny brown, front flat, deeply punctured and sparsely hairy, with a small indentation in the centre and a dark median line at the top; prothorax with graduated punctua- tion, becoming coarser laterally, median, line slight and scarcely reaching the base, with no groups of punctures ; elytra with faintly punctured lines, the interstices shiny to the declivity and then contracted and bearing series of pili- ferous tubercles, the base of the third interstice having a small group of punctures. This handsome insect belongs to the Crossotarsi sub- depressi, and seems nearly allied to C. terminatus, Chap, and C. venustus g as described by Mr. Blandford (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xv., April 1895). The elytral sculpture is somewhat complex, as will be seen from the figure (fig. 1, p. 250) of the apical half of the elytra, there being a deep lateral emargination on each elytron posteriorly and a triple emargination common to both elytra at the extremity ; the interstices 1-3 cease a short distance before the apex, where the surface becomes smooth and shiny. Crossotarsus fractus, sp. 0. C. fragmento similis, sed differt magnitudine et apicis elytrorum excisione minus profunda. Long. 4°3 mm. 250) Mr. G. Lewis on Hab. Borneo : Kuching, Sarawak. This species also belongs to the Crossotarst subdepressi, and only differs from C. fragmentus in size and in the elytra being less excised at the apex (fig. 2). Pigs. Fig. 1.—Crossotarsus fragmentus, sp. 0, Fig. 2.— Crossotarsus fractus, sp. n. XXXIII.—On new Species of Histeridz and Notices of others. By G. Lewis, F.L.S. Tur last paper on this family by me was published in July 1911; the present is the thirty-cighth of the series. In all the papers, when referring to the genera Trypaneus and Trypeticus I have wrongly assigned the masculine forms to the female and the female to the male. Marseul and other writers have committed the same error. In 1853, when Marseul first began the study of the group he described the sexes as species, and although warned by Monsieur A. Sallé, who had seen the insects in their natural habitat, he was not convinced of the truth of the matter. The doubt having arisen as to the sexes of Trypaneus and its ally Trypeticus, specimens were sent to Dr. Sharp for his opinion, and he, having dissected them, reported that the sexes have hitherto been reversed by describers. In order to Tee 4th" *? os new Species of Histeride. 251 make this doubly certain, other specimens were sent to Mr. F. Muir in Honolulu, who has examined them thoroughly ; his results are given in the following note and drawings :— “ The large 7rypaneus thoracicus (marked ¢ ) is a temale ; the spermatheca is globular, large, and chitinized. I then opened up the 7. ensifer and Trypeticus marked ?, and found them both to be males. 1 have therefore not opened the specimens marked g. They are both of the Histerid type, but very feebly chitinized. Trypaneus is much larger, and the last abdominal segment (hidden beneath pygidium) is simple, while in Trypeticus the last abdominal segment is complex, with a pair of lateral struts and a large median plate (all chitinized invaginations of the last segment and not phallic). Cm 2 is very long in these two forms, and the wdeagus can be drawn into the abdomen a long way, and one is apt to destroy it if one tries to only take off the last segment of abdomen. “Trypeticus fagi (figs. 1 & 2).—The last abdominal segment hes under the pygidium, the lateral edges being extended forward into the abdomen as two small struts (d) ; imme- diately within the segment is the usual ‘cloaca, with the anal opening on the dorsal face, and the ventral aspect ex- tending into the abdomen as the second connecting membrane (cm 2) which connects the base of the edeagus to the body- wall. In this case this membrane is of great length and allows the edeagus to be withdrawn into or thrust out of the abdomen to a great extent. From each side of the base of the connecting membrane there is a long, thin, chitinized strut running forward into the abdomen ; from the ventral edge of the ‘ cloaca,’ between these two struts, there are two thin semi-membranous plates: the upper one (c) is some- what spindle-shaped in outline, and slightly more chitinized along the margin than in the middle ; the ventral one is angular (6), and also more chitinized on the margin than in the middle. The two plates and the lateral struts have similar origin, viz. by the mvagination of the base of the second connecting membrane ; a section through the struts near their base shows them to be hollow, with chitinized walls, and the plates consist of two membranes closely applied together. The lateral lobes are long and slender, semi- chitinized except at the tips, the chitinization extending a little way down the cylindrical basal piece. The median lobe is long, slender, and cylindrical, and very slightly chiti- nized, with the median orifice at the apex. The basal piece is about one and a half times the length of the lateral lobes, 25? Mr. G. Lewis on Fig. 4. e cylindrical and membranous, without any sharp line of demarcation at junction with the connecting membrane ; there appears to be no specialized internal sac. “Trynaneus ensifer (fig. 3).—The last abdominal segment, which is hidden under the pygidium, is of a simple nature, without any struts; the second connecting membrane, which is very long, joins directly on to the ventral plate, and sends out no struts or plates into the abdomen. ‘The basal piece is cylindrical (dp), about two and a half times the length of the lateral lobes, membranous, with two lines more highly chitinized extending from the base of the lateral lobes to end of basal piece; the lateral lobes (dl) are sub- cylindrical, more highly chitinized than the basal piece except new Species of Histeridee. 253 Ue eipomaded Le vetiuddaibeseutig ti siiseM TOE TRAST AT chal PON We Mea TN SE Fig. 1—Last abdominal segment and edeagus of Trypetieus fagi viewed from below. /d=last dorsal plate ; dv=last ventral plate ; cm2= second connecting membrane ; aey=deagus ; e7=ejaculatory duct; a and d=struts; 6 and c=plates. 2 Fig. 2.—Bdeagus of Trypeticus fagi, Lew. Fig. 3.—Aideagus of Trypaneus ensifer, Mars. Fig. 4.—Receptaculum seminis of 7rypaneus thoracicus, Fabr., 2. at the tips; the median lobe is cylindrical, membranous, with median orifice at apex; the ejaculatory duct within the edeagus is slightly enlarged and its surface bears ‘ herring-bone’ striations. “Trypaneus thoracicus (fig. 4).—The receptaculum seminis (spermatheca) is large, irregular flask-shape.” List of Species. Hololepta umbratilis. | Plesius acutidens. baulnyi, Mars. Platylister habitus. —— vagata. Eb isia exortiva, Lew. cayata. Hister quadrimaculatus, Z. curta, Mars. Pachycrerus baconi. Teretriosoma paratum, Pelorurus fraudator. stebbingi, Lew. densistriatus. cristatum, Lew., 9. Discoscelis curvata, Hololepta umbratilis, sp. n. Oblonga, subdepressa, nigra, nitida ; fronte bistriata, striis brevibus ; pronoto lateribus anguste punctato ; elytris striis 1 brevi, 2 in- terrupta ; propygidio parce, in medio tenuiter punctato; pygidio vix dense punctato ; tibiis anticis 4-dentatis, L. 10 mill. (absque mandibulis). 254 Mr. G. Lewis on Oblong, depressed, black and shining; forehead with two short transverse strie ; the thorax has a narrow band of lateral punctures sparsely set and not quite on the edge, the lateral stria passes the basal angle and also the anterior angle, the male has no emargination or fovea ; the elytra, strie, subhumeral rather wide and shortened before and behind, first dorsal basal and about one-quarter of the elytral length, second broken not far from the base; the propygidinm is wholly punctured, but somewhat sparingly, and the points on the disc are smaller than those on the sides ; the pygidium is somewhat densely punctured and the points are again smaller on the median area, the apex is narrowly smooth ; the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate, the two apical teeth have a common base. The form of this species is distinctly oblong and like Hololepta caracasica, Mars., and Lioderma pervalidum, Blais. ; it has the dise of the propygidium punctate, a characteristic seldom seen in either genus. Hab, Argentina. Hololepta baulnyi, Mars. Marseul (Mon. p. 399, 1857) described the female of this species ; the male has no carinaon the mentum, the anterior thoracic angle is feebly notched, and the fossette is deep and oval and near, but not in, the angle. Hololepta vagata, sp. n. Oblongo-ovalis, depressa, nigra, nitida; pronoto lateribus parce punctulato; elytris striis 2 dorsalibus brevissimis, 1* appendicu- lata; propygidio toto sparsim punctulato ; pygidio dense punc- tato. L. 7 mm. (absque mandibulis). Oblong-oval, depressed, black and shining ; the forehead feebly impressed and without stria, mentum of the male is not carinate, mandibles slightly swollen in the middle, the vertex of the head has two small fovez (doubtful as to being constant) ; the thorax, lateral margin with a band of rather fine punctures not densely set, anterior angle minutely notched, with a rather deep circular fossette close to the edge ; the elytra, the outer basal stria has a short and straight apical appendage ; the propygidium has scattered punctures, but at no point are the punctures close together, and the median area is almost free of them, apically there are two shallow impressions ; the pygidium is closely punctate ; the Pee hesathcs atee takers 2 Gee dtr new Species of Histeride. 255 prosternum is slightly constricted before the coxz ; anterior tibie 4-dentate. This species differs chiefly from cavata in the mentum not being distinctly carinate in the male, in the form of the thoracic fovea, and in the punctuation of the propygidium. Hab, Sukabumi (2000 feet), West Java. Hololepta cavata, sp. n. Oblongo-ovalis, depressa, nigra, nitida; pronoto lateribus sparsim punctulato; elytris striis 2 dorsalibus brevissimis, 1* appendicu- lata; propygidio circum punctato ; pygidio dense punctato. L. 8-83 mill. (absque mandibulis). Oblong-oval, depressed, black and shining; the head, - surface with microscopic punctures, without striz, forehead impressed, the mentum is very feebly carinate in the male ; the thorax has a few lateral punctures chiefly in the anterior area, the anterior angle is not notched nor emarginate, but close behind the angle there is a shallow fovea almost circular in outline; the elytra has two basal strie well- marked, the first having a short appendage ; the propygidium has an external circle of punctures, the lateral points are the largest, but apically there are two clusters joining together, aad here the punctures are most dense ; the pygidium is densely punctate; the prosternum is slightly constricted before the cox ; the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate. The general characters of this small species are similar to those of baulnyi, but the thoracic fossette in the male is different in form and position. Hab. Ruby Mines, Burmah (Doherty). Note.—Clean and bright specimens of Hololepta curta, Mars., Hister curvatus, Er., and Scapomegas auritus, Mars., are distinctly bluish, although they have all been described as black. Teretriosoma paratum, sp. 0. Subcylindricum, cyaneum, nitidum, undique dense et fortiter punctatum, pedibus piceis ; elytris transversim basi impressis ; prosterno grosse punctato; mesosterno haud marginato, antice in medio obtuse arcuato; a metasterno leviter distincto; pro- pygidio dense punctulato. L, 22 mill. Cylindrical, blue, shining, above rather densely and rather coarsely punctate ; legs obscurely brown; the head closely 256 Mr. G. Lewis on punctate, with an obsolete smooth spot on the vertex; the thorax is closely punctate outwardly and scarcely less so on the disc, marginal stria complete; the elytra are similarly punctate, with a transverse impression near the base; the pygidia, the punctuation is slightly finer than that of the elytra, the carina on the pygidium is well marked ; the pro- sternum punctate, punctures smaller and less close anteriorly ; the mesosternum is immarginate anteriorly and the meta- sternal suture is fine but visible, surface punctate; the metasternum is somewhat irregularly punctured, and the first abdominal segment is evenly punctate; the scape of the antenne in ¢ is furnished with flavous hair. This species is much less robust and smaller than festivum, Lew. (which measures 34 mm.), and the surface punctuation is coarser and more dense, especially noticeable on the thoracic disc and on the scutellar region. The metasternal suture is not visible in festivwm. Both species agree in the form of the mesosternum, anteriorly it is arched in outline, not acuminate. Hab, Iatahy, Province of Goyas. Four examples. Teretriosoma stebbingi, Lew. Ann. N. Hist. vin. p. 380 (1901). ©. cristatum, Lew. 1. c. p. 381. After examining a series of the species, I find that the characters I relied on as being specific are sexual. I took the long palish hair on the scape of the antenna for a masculine character ; the male has a pilosity, but it is much less conspicuous. Dr. Sharp has kindly made dissections of this species. Plesius acutidens, sp. n. Oblongus, niger, nitidus; fronte distincte bistriata; pronoto stria marginali antice interrupta ; propygidio margine antice anguste levi, postice haud dense punctato; pygidio subconyexo parum transverso; prosterno haud striato, L. 10 mm. Oblong, black and shining; forehead bistriate, surface with some fine punctures, mandibles sparsely punctulate, with a small but acute tooth on the inner edge; the thorax, marginal stria interrupted behind the head; the elytra, inner subhumeral stria shortened before and behind, outer very short and median, first dorsal apical and shortened before the middle 2-38 apical very short, punctiform or new Species of Histeride. 257 obsolete; the propygidium has a narrow smooth margin anteriorly, otherwise it is punctate but not densely; the pygidium is very feebly convex and not very closely punc- tured ; the prosternum is without striz ; the mesosternum, stria interrupted behind the emargination ; the femora are smooth. The thoracic and dorsal striz are almost similar to those of ellipticus, Mars. ; but acutidens differs in being oblong, the mandibles with a small acute tooth only, and the pygidium is very slightly convex and not very closely punctate. I have not seen an example of ellipticus with the first dorsal stria complete, as figured by Marseul, but his species is well-known and specimens are in most collections. P. ellip- ticus has the “ pygidium bombé, densement ponctué.” Hab. Isle of Batian (Doherty). Platylister habitus, sp. n. Ovatus, parum convexus, niger, nitidus; fronte concaya; pronoto stria laterali haud interrupta; elytris striis 1-2 integris, 3 in medio interrupta; propygidio transversim puuctato; pygidio margine haud elevato; mesosterno stria integra; tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. L. 44-6 miil. Oval, rather convex above, black and shining ; forehead concave, stria fine, complete and nearly straight anteriorly ; the thorax, marginal stria complete, parallel to the sides, slightly bent inwards at the basal angle; scutellar fovea clear but shaliow ; the elytra, first stria complete, second very slightly shortened at the base where the interstice is widest, third widely interrupted in the middle, apical portion longest but varying in length ; the propygidium is irregularly transversely punctured in the middle; the pygidium is similarly punctate at the base and in the middle, but posteriorly the points are smaller and fewer, there is no rim ; the prosternal keel is a little narrowed before the coxe ; the mesosternum, marginal stria complete, fine and close to the edge at the emargination but leaving it laterally; the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate. The form of the pygidium and of the mesosternal stria are good distinguishing characters for this species. P. platy- pygus, Mars., is seemingly similar, but the forehead of habitus is not concave nor punctate, and the stria is feeble, not strong. Hab. Paumomu River, New Guinea (Loria). In the Genoa Museum and in my own collection. 258 Mr. G. Lewis on Eblisia exortiva, Lew. Ann. Mus. Genova, vi. p. 636 (1888). This species appears as an Jdister in my catalogue of 1905, but as the tarsal grooves are not curved, it 1s well to place it in /blista until further revision of the genus is made. Fister quadrimaculatus, L. Herr H. Bickhardt has furnished this species with a twentieth name, one suggested by its superficial coloration. Not long since four other names were given on similar trivial characters, and | think that the multiplication of names of this kind is much to be deprecated. Pachycrerus baconi, sp. n. Oblongus, parum convexus, niger, nitidus; fronte punctata, stria integra; pronoto stria laterali antice interrupta; elytris striis 1-3 integris, 4-5 suturalique brevibus, margine apicali punctato ; prosterno angustato bistriato, striis paralJelis; mesosterno stria arcuata; pygidio vix dense punctato ; tibiis anticis 5-dentatis. L, 22-3 mill. Oblong, rather convex, black and shining ; the forehead feebly convex, distinctly and somewhat closely punctured, stria complete and rather fine; the thorax punctured like the head except in the scutellar region where the points are finer, lateral stria rather near the edge and it ceases behind the eye ; the elytra, apical margin punctate, dorsal strie 1-3 complete, 4 dimidiate, 5 short not reaching the apex nor the middle of the disc, sutural shortened at the apex and reaching the disc, subhumeral very short and basal ; the propygidium and pygidium are rather closely punctured, the latter is not smooth at the apex ; the prosternum, the keel is narrow and the lateral strize parallel; the mesosternum is obtusely acuminate anteriorly and the stria arched not marginal; the anterior tibiz are 5-dentate. This species is very similar to P. verulami, Lew.; it is a little smaller and slightly narrower. Both have a narrow prosternal keel and the mesosternal stria of each is of similar outline. The punctuation of the head, thorax, and pygidium is very distinct in bacont and the thoracic stria is similar in both species, but the lateral margin is widest in verulamit. Hab. Errer River, Abyssinia. Eight examples. new Species of Histeride. 259 Pelorurus fraudator, sp. n. Breviter ovalis, supra depressus, nigro-zneus, nitidus, elytris viridi-ceruleis, pygidio rufo; fronte depressa, punctulata, lateribus marginata; pronoto lateribus punctato; elytris striis 1-4 integris geminatis, 5 suturalique simplicibus; propygidio parce punctato ; pygidio convexo, tenuissime punctulato ; meso- sterno bisinuato marginato ; tiblis anticis 6-denticulatis. L, 43-54 mill. This species is very similar to glaucopterus, Mars., from Natal, but the thorax has a wide antescutellar space smooth, the inner subhumeral stria is somewhat irregular and broken anteriorly, the fifth dorsal stria is single, with a short apical appendage parallel to it but not joined. There are only ten species of this genus known and they all appear to be local and restricted in their distribution. The measurements given for this and densistriatus show that specimens vary much in size. Hab. Beira (A. P. Sheppard); Matopos (Guy A. K. Marshall). Pelorurus densistriatus, sp. n. Breviter ovalis, supra depressus, niger, subopacus, pygidio apice obscure rufo; fronte punctulata; pronoto lateribus sat fortiter punctato, disco levi; elytris striis 1—5 dorsalibus geminatis interstitiis striatis, suturali in medio furcata; pygidio apice utrinque compresso, punctato; prosterno lobo antico grosse punctato; tibiis auticis denticulatis, L, 3—4 mill. Oval, somewhat short, depressed above, black and a little opaque ; the head, forehead impressed, surface punctulate and margined laterally ; the thorax punctured at the sides, disc smooth, scutellar puncture bilinear, being divided in the middle, marginal stria complete, posterior rim punctured opposite the second and third dorsal striz ; the elytra, dorsal strie 1-5 geminate but not very distinctly joined at the base, the outer pairs have interstitial striz which render the true striz jess apparent ; the sutural stria is not gemi- nate, but it has a short branch on the discal area obliquely pointing outwards, the suture itself is finely marginate; the propygidium has punctures of varying sizes, which are largest and more close on the anterior half; the pygidium, the anterior portion is slightly convex and smooth, and from the middle of this area runs a smooth carina to the apical margin, on each side of the carina the pygidium is com- pressed, the surface distinctly punctured and obscurely red ; 260 _ On new Species of Histeride. the prosternum, anterior lobe densely and coarsely punc- tured, keel with smaller and variously sized points less closely set, striz widen out posteriorly (in one example the strie are obliterated between the coxe); the mesosternum is pointed like the keel, the marginal and the transverse strie are crenate; the metasternum has a median furrow and a cluster of large punctures on each side at its base; the anterior tibiz are denticulate. The fureation or branch in the sutural stria is remarkable and also the fine marginal stria along the suture; it is not the ordinary sutural stria and the form of the pygidium is exceptional. Hab. Harrar, Abyssinia (G. Christensen). Discoscelis curvata, sp. 0. Oblongo-ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida; fronte tenuiter impressa, stria inconspicua; pronoto impunctato, stria marginali post oculos interrupta; elytris striis subhumerali interna basi abbreviata, 1-4 integris, 4 incurvata,. 5 abbreviata, suturali dimidiata ; propygidio vix grosse punctato ; prosterno bistriato ; mesosterno tenuissime marginato; tibiis valde dilatatis. L. 67 mill. Oblong-oval, convex, black and shining; the head im- punctate, slightly impressed in front, frontal stria very fine, almost obsolete ; the thorax, surface smooth, lateral stria near the edge, continuing at the base as far as the first dorsal stria, anteriorly it is interrupted behind the eyes, but it is continued as a straight line behind the head, sentellar puncture small and shallow; the elytra, the inner sub- humeral stria is a little shortened at the base, outer humeral is broken behind the middle, the dorsal strie 1-3 are complete, 2 markedly turning inwards at the base, the fourth stria is complete and like the second turns in at the base and continues along it nearly to the suture, 5 apical and rather short, sutural apical and almost dimidiate ; the propygidium is somewhat coarsely punctured, punctures somewhat irregular and not closely set, the points of the pygidium are smaller; the prosternum is histriate, striz widening out between the cox and are near together anteriorly ; the mesosternum has a fine marginal stria which is straight anteriorly and not easily seen, behind the marginal stria is an arched stria clearly marked and common to it and the metasternum ; the tibize are widely dilated. I have assigned this species to Discoscelis, notwithstanding its large size. Hab. Mar de Hespanha, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Notes on Guiana Birds. 261 XXXIV.—WNofes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Brazourne, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., and Cartes Cuuss, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Zoological Department, British Museum. In the preparation of the List of the Birds of South America we have been allowed access to the very fine coilection of British Guiana birds in the possession of Mr. F. V. McConnell, and in examining some of the species noticed the items mentioned below. We have also to thank the Hon. Walter Rothschild for the loan of specimens which has helped us in the elucidation of some of the more difficult points. We find that Rhamphastos aragari, Linn., is not appli- eable to the Guiana bird, as the author attributes it to the Brazilian species: cfr. Syst. Nat. i. p. 104 (1758) (Brazil), ex Marcgrave. R. atricollis, P. L.S. Miller, Syst. Nat., Suppl. p. 83 (1776), was also founded on the Brazilian form, ex Buffon. Wied appears to be the first author to recognize the true Pteroglossus aracari (Linn.), cfr. Beitr. Nature. Bras. iv. p- 283 (1881) ; and P. wiedii, Sturm, must be allocated as a synonym of P. aracari (Linn.). The habitat of this species is Eastern Brazil, from Para to Rio de Janeiro. The Guiana bird therefore requires a name, for which we propose Pteroglossus roraime, nom. nov. pro Pteroglossus aragari, auctorum (nec Linn.). This species is most nearly allied to P. aracari (Linn.), from Eastern Brazil, but is distinguished by the broad black longitudinal band on the ridge of the culmen and the citron- yellow colour on the breast and abdomen, instead of the narrow black band on the culmen and the sulphur-yellow of the underparts, as in the Brazilian form. The following notes have been compiled on a large number of examples of the Thryothorus coraya group of Wrens, which indicates four different races, or subspecies. T. coraya (Gmel.) was founded on Daubenton’s plate, which bird was supposed to have come from Cayenne. Ridgway Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 18 262 Notes on Gutana Birds. accepted birds from British Guiana as typical, and named the French Guiana form 7. oyapocensis. Berlepsch, arguing that Cayenne was in French Guiana, concluded that Ridgway had named the wrong bird, and restricting 7’. coraya to the French Guiana (=Cayenne) form, named the British Guiana bird 7. ridgwayi. Reference to Daubenton’s plate, however, proves Ridgway to be right, as, notwithstanding the locality “ Cayenne,” the French Guiana birds do not agree with Daubenton’s figure ; but British Guiana specimens collected at Roraima are almost identical in every detail; consequently we should select Roraima, British Guiana, as the type locality of T. coraya (Gmel.), notwithstanding the locality being given as Cayenne. The series from Roraima would therefore be known as Thryothorus coraya coraya. A series of examples from Bartica Grove, British Guiana, however, differ from T. coraya coraya in the deeper chestnut colour of the back and the darker and duller fulvous on the chest and abdomen. This form we propose to name Thryothorus coraya berlepschi, subsp. n. The French Guiana birds must be called Thryothorus oyapocensis oyapocensis. We consider this form to be specifically distinct from T. coraya. Subspecies of this race, however, are existent, as a series from Ituribisci differ from 7. oyapocensis oyapo- censis in the darker coloration of the head, deeper chestnut of the back, and the more tawny colour of the abdomen. We propose, therefore, to separate this form under the name of Thryothorus oyapocensis ituribisciensis, subsp. n. We may remark also that we have examined a good series, both male and female, of the Bush-Shrike from British Guiana, which has been erroneously called Thamnophilus major by many authors, but we find it to be identical with 7. borbe, Pelzeln. »o Bibliographical Notice. 263 XXXV.—Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the Lower Niger. By G. A. Bouuenerr, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Pelmatochromis arnold. Depth of body 2} to 22 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head 12 to 1? times as long as broad; snout rounded, with concave upper profile, much broader than long, as long as the eye, which is 3} times in length of head, 1} to 14 times in interorbital width, and slightly exceeds preorbital depth ; mouth moderate, extending to between nostril and eye; teeth small, in 3 series, 60 to 70 in outer series of upper jaw; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part equal to diameter of eye. Giull-rakers short, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XV-XVI 10-11, spines gradually increasing in length to the last, which measures nearly 4 length of head; median soft rays produced into filaments, as long as or a little longer than head. Anal III 8-9; third spine as long as or slightly longer than longest dorsal. Pectoral # to # length of head, not reaching origin of anal. Ventral produced into a fila- ment, extending beyond origin of anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 28 5, ; lateral lines 5. Brownish or dark olive, with five indistinct dark bars and six large, blackish, round spots on each side, the first being the opercular spot; fins greyish, soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with small blackish spots. Total length 90 mm. Three specimens from the Lower Niger, presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. Paul Arnold, of Hamburg. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological Series. Vol. 1V. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H. Maxweti-Lerroy and C. C. Guosu, Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. Pp. 130, pls. ix., and 13 figures in the text. May 1912. Price Rs. 3. Tue Eri silkmoth is one of the closely allied species belonging to the genus Philosamia of Grote, of which P. cynthia, Drury, from Java, is typical. The present species, P. lwnula of Walker, feeds on the castor-oil plant, and is largely reared for its silk in various parts of India. As the cocoon is open at the end, there is no occasion to 264 : Miscellaneous. destroy the insect to obtain the silk, as is necessary in the case of the mulberry silkworm. The Eri silkworm is a much larger insect, ‘4 and belongs, not to the family Bombycide, like the mulberry silk- 4 worm, Bombyx mori, but to the Saturniidse, or Emperor Moths (one | species of which is found in Britain), and is not very distantly | allied to Attacus atlas, the largest known moth, which, like the Eri, is also an Indian species. | The present monograph gives us the full history of the Eri silk- | moth in all its stages, illustrated, with elaborate instructions for 1 i rearing and for preparing the silk. It concludes with chapters on the castor-oil plant and on the Eri silk industry. We may add that the Eri silkmoth is very closely allied to the Ailanthus silk- 4 moth, the cultivation of which Dr. Alexander Wallace attempted to | introduce into England some years ago, with a moderate amount of BUCCESS. W.. Be MISCELLANEOUS. A Review of South-African Land-Mollusca belonging to the Family Zonitide. By Lt.-Colonel H. H. Gopwiy-Avsren, F.R.S. &e. Tr was at first contemplated publishing the third and concluding , part dealing with species of the Peltatine in the summer of this . year. This has been found impossible, owing to insufficient data . relating to two species—corneus and poeppigi—and the doubtful identification of the shells of species dissected ; this could not be settled until the types of these species had been seen. These are | fortunately in the museum at Stettin. Dr. Heinrich Dohrn, to lj whom I recently wrote, has courteously promised assistance, but, owing to the collections in his charge being packed up pending transfer to new buildings, they cannot be got at until next winter. Besides this, further spirit-specimens of some species are wanted from Natal; these Mr. H. C. Burnup will endeavour to obtain, but he tells me they cannot be secured until the right season comes round, viz. midsummer, so that very little more can be done in this family until we have entered on 1913. Errata in Dr. Arnbiick-Christie-Linde’s paper in the ‘Annals’ for June 1912. 5 Page 610, line 24, for the number of premolars read the number | of upper premolars. Page 611, line 9; jor, a. LC) © (PP read F Fh I, I, (C) Fs En) oo 1 I, M,. ee == to THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [EIGHTH SERIES.] No. 57. SEPTEMBER 1912. XXXVI.—The Classification of the Blenniotd Fishes. By C. Tate Reaan, M.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE Blennioids may be defined as Percomorphous Teleosts with the pelvic fins jugular or mental, each of a spine and four soft rays or still further reduced, with the dorsal and anal rays typically corresponding in number to the vertebra, each basal bone attached to its own neural or hemal spine (rays more numerous in Ophidiiformes), with well-developed wings of the parasphenoid ascending in front of the prootics, and with all or most of the ribs inserted on strong para- pophyses. The limits and contents of the group are indicated in the following scheme :— by sbyat Order PERCOMORPHI. Suborder BLENNIOIDEA. 1. Blenniiformes; Blenniidee, Anarrhichadide, Congrogadidz, Notograptidee, 2. Cliniformes: Clinidee, Dactyloscopidee, Xiphidiontide, Sticheida, Pholididee, Lumpenide, Microdesmide, Ptilichthyidew, Zoarcide, Scytalinidee, Rhodichthyide. 3. Ophidiiformes : Brotulidee, Ophidiide, Fierasferidze, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 19 266 Mr. C. T. Regan on the The principal genera usually regarded as Blennioid and now excluded from the group are Putaecus, Acanthoclinus, and Gadopsis. Pataecus proves to be a Scorpeenoid related to Gnathan- acanthus (cf. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891, p. 701). Acanthoclinus is related to Plesiops, differing especially in the absence of a subocular shelf, the increased number of vertebra and of dorsal and anal spines, the more advanced pelvic fins with fewer rays, the smaller scales, and the additional lateral lines. The pelvic fin of Plesiops has a spine and four soft rays, the first long, thick, and bifid, the third and fourth small and slender; that of Acanthoclinus differs only in the absence of the two inner rays. Acantho- clinus indicus, Day, 1888, has large scales and only one lateral line ; I propose for it the new generic name Acantho- plestops. Gadopsis has the pelvic fins jugular, reduced to a small spine and a bifid ray; the crowding of the posterior dorsal and anal rays, the intervention of the prootic between para- sphenoid and alisphenoid, the three anal spines, &c. are against Blennioid relationships; this genus is a Percoid of isolated ae PS; position. Division 1. BLENNIIFORMES. Hach basal bone of the dorsal and anal fins attached to its own neural or hemal spine. Suborbital ring stout, rigid ; preorbital expanded inwards and firmly united with the lateral ethmoid ; postorbital similarly expanded and solidly united to a lateral expansion of the frontal. Family 1. Blenniide. Body naked. Spinous and soft-rayed portions of the dorsal fin subequal; 1 or 2 anal spines; caudal free, with about 13 principal rays; pelvies jugular, each of a small spine and 2 to 4 simple rays. Mouth not protractile ; max- illary almost or quite excluded from the gape; Jaws with a single series of slender close-set teeth, resembling the teeth of a comb, within which curved canines may be developed ; palate usually toothless, Palatines separated by the vomer ; pterygoid connecting palatine with quadrate. _ Parietals separated by the supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles wide apart; skull more or less contracted and compressed imme- diately behind the postorbital expansions of the frontals ; sphenotic remote from the orbit. Post-temporal forked ; two post-cleithra on each side ; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid ae ee Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 267 in contact, narrow, especially the latter, which is not deve- loped below the base of the pectoral fin ; radials elongate, 4 in number (fig. 1, A) ; pelvic bones short, firmly attached at the cleithral symphysis. Principal genera: Ophioblennius, Blennius, Salarias, Andamia, Chasmodes, Petroscirtes, Xiphasia, from tropical and temperate seas, In Ophioblennius webbii I find that the comb-like outer series of teeth is developed, although very small; this genus differs from other Blenniidee in the presence of symphysial canines and of more than one lateral canine in the lower jaw. Xiphasia has the head, mouth, teeth, gill-openings, &e. of Petroscirtes, but differs from that genus in the very long tail and greatly increased number of fin-rays and vertebre. Fig. 1. Pectoral arch of A, Blennius bufo and B. Anarrhichas lupus. ptte, post-temporal ; sel, supra-cleithrum ; cl, cleithrum ; pel, post= ' cleithrum ; se, hypercoracoid ; cor, hypocoracoid ; r, radials. Family 2. Anarrhichadide *. Body naked or with vestigial scales, Dorsal fin formed * Since this paper was written Dr. Gill has issued a memoir entitled * Notes on the Structure and Habits of the Wolffishes” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxix. 1911, pp. 157-187, pls. xvii.-xxyili.)—a valuable account of the fishes of this family. 19 268 : Mr. C. T. Regan on the entirely of flexible spines ; caudal with about 13 principal rays ; pelvics absent. Mouth not protractile; preemaxil- laries fixed; maxillary entering the gape; jaws with conical canines anteriorly ; strong molar teeth at the sides of the lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines; pterygoid con- necting palatine with quadrate. Parietals separated by the supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles separate. Post-temporal simple, the lower fork represented by a ligament; no post- cleithra; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well developed, widely separated by cartilage; radials plate-like, not elongate (fig. 1, B). Anarrhichas and Anarrhichthys, with a few species, are large fishes of the noithern seas. In Anarrhichas lupus I count 77 vertebree (26451), and in the eel-shaped Anar- rhichthys, with about 250 dorsal rays, there are probably about 250 vertebre. L. A. Adams (Bull. Univ. Kansas, 1908, pp. 331-355, pls. xxv.-xxxvi.) has given a detailed description of the skull of Anarrhichthys. Anarrhichas is very similar, and both show considerable resemblanee to Blennius in cranial structure. Family 3. Congrogadide, Body covered with small scales. Caudal of 9 or 10 rays, joined to the dorsal and anal ; all the fin-rays articulated, or the first of the dorsal spinous ; pelvics, if present, jugular, 1- or 2-rayed, appearing as a pair of filaments. Mouth pro- tractile, with strongly developed lips; maxillary excluded from the gape ; jaws with a single series of conical or some- what compressed teeth ; palate usually toothless, Palatines separated by the vomer ; pterygoid unconnected with palatine or mesopterygoid, curved backwards above the quadrate (fig. 2, B). Parietals separated by the supraoccipital; ex- occipital condyles almost contiguous. Post-temporal forked ; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid in contact, rather narrow ; radials small, hourglass-shaped. Synopsis of the Genera, I, No dorsal spine; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus ; 6 branchiostegals ; lateral line incomplete ; no pelvic fins. 1, Congrogadus. it, First dorsal ray a short spine; gill-membranes joined to the isthmus; 4 branchiostegals, Lateral line incomplete ; pelvic fins present........ 2. Blennodesmus. Lateral line complete; no pelvic fins..,........... 3. Halophis, Three lateral lines ; pelvic fins present ,........... 4, Halidesmus. Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 269 Congrogadus (including Hrertchthys) comprises three species from Japan, the Hast Indies, and Northern Australia. Blennodesmus scapularis, Giinth., from Rockhampton, Fig. 2. sy iit 778 ‘ 74 top i — ‘ST, Meee Lop SY ane Cc ar Jaws, suspensorium, and opercular bones of A. Brotula jayakari, B. Congrogadus subducens, and C. Zoarces viviparus. pmo, premaxillary ; mr, maxillary ; sm, supra-maxillary ; den, dentary ; ar, articulare ; an, angulare ; pal, palatine ; pt, pterygoid ; ms, meso- pterygoid ; mt, metapterygoid ; Am, hyomandibular ; sy, symplectic ; q, quadrate ; pop, preeoperculum ; op, operculum ; sop, suboperculum ; op, interoperculum. Haliophis maculatus, Riipp., from the Red Sea, and Ha/i- desmus scapularis, Giinth., from Port Elizabeth, resemble each other in the presence of a spot or ocellus above the 270 Mr. C. T. Regan on the pectoral fin, as is indicated by the specific names; all are small littoral forms. I have examined the skeleton of Congrogadus subducens, and I have ascertained that Halidesmus agrees with it in the structure of the pterygoid. Family 4. Notograptide. Body covered with small scales. Vertical fins confluent ; each Coe and tinal ray, except the last two, which are branched, a slender pointed spine to which a distal filament is attached posteriorly ; caudal of 11 branched rays ; pelvics small, jugular, l-rayed, appearing as a pair of simple fila- ments. Mouth not protractile; a short mental barbel; maxillary excluded from the gape, reduced to a slender rod ; broad bands of small pointed teeth in the jaws and on the palatines, which nearly meet in the middle line below the toothless vomer ; pterygoid connecting palatine with quad- rate. Parietals meeting above the supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles wide apart. Post-temporal forked; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well developed, in contact ; radials hourglass- shaped. This family includes but a single species, Notograptus guttatus, Giinth., represented in the British Museum by three examplés from Cape York and Bowen. Division 2. CLINIFORMES. Each basal bone of the dorsal and anal fins attached to its own neural or hemal spine. Suborbital ring laminar, = ee movable. LExoceipital condyles wide apart. Family 1. Clinide. Body usually scaly. Dorsal with spinous portion more extended than the soft, or with all the rays spinous; 1 or 2 anal spines; caudal free, with about 13 principal rays ; pectorals broad-based ; pelvics jugular; of a spine and 3 or 4 simple articulated rays, 2 or 8 of which are usually thickened, closely articulated and free distally. Gill-membranes united, free from isthmus. Mouth protractile; conical or villiform teeth in jaws and often on vomer and palatines. Suborbitals not stout; preorbital a lamina with a small pit on its upper edge articulating with a small facet on the lateral ethmoid ; postorbital a lamina adherent by its upper edge to the skull. Postorbital part of skull of nearly equal width throughout ; Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 271 parietals separated by supraoccipital ; a basisphenoid ; para- sphenoid meeting alisphenoids ; exoccipital condyles wide apart. Post-temporal forked; 2 post-cleithra on each side ; 4 flattened radials inserted on hypercoracoid and hypo- coracoid, which are in contact and well-developed, the latter continued forward below the base of the pectoral. Pelvic bones erect lamin that meet above and enclose a chamber between them. Vertebree 34 to 57 (10-22 + 24—35) or more; precaudals with parapophyses from the sixth or seventh to the last. The principal genera are: Heterostichus, Clinus, Gobio- chinus, Sticharium, Emnion, Neoclinus, Emblemaria, Cristiceps, Exerpes, Auchenopterus, Tripterygium, Lepidoblennius, from tropical and temperate seas. Family 2. Dactyloscopide. Body scaly; a single lateral line. Dorsal with the spinous portion less extended than the soft; anal long, preceded by 2 spines ; caudal free, with 10 or 11 principal rays ; pectorals broad-based, somewhat procurrent below ; pelvies jugular, each of a small spine and 3 simple articulated rays. Mouth protractile ; jaws with bands of cardiform or villiform teeth ; palate toothless. Operculum fringed ; gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Head-skeleton as in the Clinidz, except that there is no basisphenoid; parasphenoid meeting frontals. Pectoral arch as in the Clinidx, except that the hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid are separated and the two lower radials are inserted on the cleithrum (fig. 3, 1) ; pelvic bones formed exactly as in the Clinidee. Four genera: Gillellus, Dactyloscopus, Dactylagnus, aud Myxodagnus, from the coasts of tropical America. In Dactyloscopus tridigitatus I count 46 vertebrae (12 + 34) ; there are 10 pairs of ribs, the last 7 inserted on parapophyses. Family 3. Xiphidiontide. Body covered with small scales; 3 or 4 lateral lines with numerous vertical branches. Vertical fins confluent; dorsal formed of spines only; anal long; caudal with 15 branched rays; pectorals small; pelvics absent. Mouth small, scarcely protractile ; Jaws with conical or villiform teeth and with anterior canines ; palate toothless. Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. Head-skeleton as in the Clinide, except that there is no basisphenoid ; parasphenoid meeting 272 Mr. C. T. Regan on the frontals. Pectoral arch much as in the Dactyloscopide, except that the coraeoids and radials are smaller (fig. 3, 2). Fig. 3. Bones at base of pectoral fin of 1. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus and 2. Xt- phidion chirus, Pectoral arch of 3. Zoarces viviparus and 4. Brotula jayakari, Lettering as in fig. 1; pv, pelvis. NXiphidion comprises a few species, eel-shaped shore-fishes of the North Pacific. In Xiphidion chirus I count 76 vertebrae (24 +952); para- pophyses are developed on the preecaudals from the fourth, Family 4. Sticheide. Body ustally scaly. Caudal either free or united with the dorsal and anal, usually with 15 principal rays. Pelvic fins, when present, jugular, with the soft rays normally branched. Parietals separated by supraoccipital ; no basi- sphenoid ; parasphenoid meeting frontals. Preeorbital with an inner shelf attached anteriorly to the posterior face of lateral ethmoid ; suborbitals well ossified ; exoccipital con- dyles above the basioccipital, with articulating surfaces looking downwards and backwards ; centrum of first vertebra. ' Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 273 concave anteriorly; normal parapophyses on most of the precaudal vertebra. Post-temporal forked; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well-developed, in contact or scarcely separated ; radials sometimes hourglass-shaped, but usually rather short and squarish, inserted on the coracoids. Pelvic bones slender, elongate, not expanded vertically. The numerous genera may be arranged thus :— I. Dorsal with a posterior soft-rayed portion. Dietyosoma, Eulophias, Neozoarces, Cebedichthys, &c. II. Dorsal fin of spines only. Chirolophus, Stathmonotus, Anoplarchus, Opistho- centrus, Plagiogrammus, Sticheus, Dinogunnellus, Cryptacanthodes, &e. Ail are inhabitants of Arctic or northern seas. Family 5. Pholidide. Closely related to the Sticheide, differing in that the precaudal parapophyses are united to form closed hemal arches. The body is elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales; there is no lateral line. ‘The vertical fins are confluent ; the dorsal is long and low, of 75 to 100 short spines ; the anal, preceded by 1 or 2 spines, is about half as long as the dorsal; the pectorals are rather small, placed low, and the pelvics, when present, are formed each of a spine and one small soft ray. The mouth is rather small, oblique, with conical or villiform teeth in the jaws and sometimes on the palate ; the gill-membranes are united, free from the isthmus. Pholis, Apodichthys, &c., small shore-fishes of Arctic and northern seas. Family 6. Lumpenide. Differs from the Stichzeide especially in that the preorbital is represented by the inner shelf only, the suborbitals are not ossified, and the anterior surface of the first vertebra is convex, fitting into the single concavity formed by the basi- occipital and by thie laterally placed exoccipital condyles. The body is very elongate, little compressed, covered with small scales; the lateral line is indistinct or absent. The caudal, of 13 principal rays, is free ; the dorsal is long, of 55 to 75 slender spines ; the anal, preceded by 2 or 3 spines, is more than half as long as the dorsal; the pectorals are well developed and each pelvic is formed of a spine and 3 or 4 branched rays. ‘The head is longer, the eyes larger, and the mouth less oblique than in the Xiphidiontide or Pholidide ; 274 ' Mr. C. T. Regan on the small conical teeth are present in the jaws and sometimes on the palate; the gill-openings are rather wide, the gill- membranes being joined to the isthmus below the pre- operculum. In Lumpenus lampetriformis there are 81 vertebra (28+ 53); the skull has the interorbital region narrower and the postorbital part shorter and flatter above than in Chiroluphus, Dictyosoma, Pholis, &e. It is doubtful whether more than one genus is really definable: Lumpenus, Reinh., with a few species from Arctic and northern seas. Family 7. Microdesmide. Body elongate, covered with small scales ; no lateral line. Vertical fins confluent ; dorsal long, anteriorly of slender spines, posteriorly of soft rays; anal without spines; caudal of 15 principal rays; pelvics subthoracic, of a small spine and 1 or 2 soft rays. Mouth small, not protractile, terminal, oblique, with the lower jaw prominent ; teeth in the jaws only ; eyes small; suborbitals apparently not ossified ; gill- openings small oblique slits in front of the lower part of the pectorals. Three species, from the Pacific coast of Tropical America, have been referred to two genera, Microdesmus and Cerdale. In Microdesmus dipus, Giinth., I find that each pelvic fin consists of a small spine and 2 soft rays, the outer simple, . the inner bifid distally ; in some features this species recalls the Sticheid Cebedichthys. Family 8. Ptilichthyide. Ptilichthys goodei, Bean, from the North Pacific, has the naked body extremely elongate, tapering posteriorly, without caudal fin; the anterior part of the dorsal fin is formed of short isolated spines, and the soft dorsal and anal are many- rayed ; there are no pelvic fins. There is a broad mental barbel ; the mouth is terminal, non-protractile; the teeth form a single series in the jaws; the gill-membranes are united but free from the isthmus, and the gill-openings are restricted from above. According to Gilbert* the post- temporal is not forked, but is a very slender bony rod; the coracoids are well-developed and are not separated by carti- lage ; the radials-are large, hourglass-shaped, one on the * Gilbert, in Jord. & Everm. Fish. N. Amer. iii. pp. 2451-2452 (1898). Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 275 hypercoracoid and three on the hypocoracoid. If, as is probable, the fin-rays correspond to the myotomes, the vertebrae number about 235. Family 9. Zoarcide. There are no spinous fin-rays, except sometimes a few posterior rays of the dorsal, the ventral fins are confluent and the pelvic fins, when present, are small, jugular. The mouth is non-protractile, the suborbitals are delicate, attached as in the Clinidz, and the gill-membranes are joined to the isthmus. The width of the gill-openings is extraordinarily variable; in Melanostigma they are small foramina, in Lycodapus and Bothrocara they extend forward to below the eye; other genera are intermediate. I have examined the skeleton in Zoarces and Lycodes. The skull is flattish above, with the frontals narrowed between and expanded behind the orbits; the parietals are jlo-- 7, i $1 ie OjI0-- iN é & | oa Skull of Zoarces viviparus from above, from the side, and from behind. n, nasal; eth, mesethmoid; Jeth, lateral ethmoid; v, vomer; psp, para- sphenoid; asp, alisphenoid; f, frontal; p, parietal; soc, supra- occipital; eoc, exoccipital; boc, basioccipital; pro, prootic; spo, sphenotic ; pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; ope, opisthotic. separated by the supraoccipital, which has a feeble crest or none; the exoccipital condyles are widely separated and the wing of the parasphenoid meets a descending process of the frontal ; the opisthotic is small, the pterotic elongate, and the sphenotic not very prominent. These features are shown in the figures of the skull of Zoarces viviparus (fig. 4), from 276 | Mr. C. T. Regan on the which Lycodes frigidus differs chiefly in the greater length of the narrow orbital portion of the frontals. The jaws, suspensorium, and opercles (fig. 2, C) are much as in the Sticheide, as is the pectoral arch except for the separation of the coracoids by cartilage (fig. 3, 3). The vertebre are numerous, 112 (24+88) in Zoarces and 102 (22+80) in Lycodes ; strong transverse processes are present on the preecaudals from the first to the last ; the ribs are slender. A variety of forms, chiefly from Arctic and northern seas, but with Antarctic representatives olso. The principal genera are: Zoarces, Lycodes, Embryx, Lyco- dopsis, Aprodon, Lycenchelys, Lycodonus, Lyconema, Melano- stigma, Gymnelis, Bothrocara, Lycodapus, Phucocetes, Iluo- cetes, Platea, Maynea. Lycodapus, Gilbert, includes small deep-sea fishes of the North Pacific, and has been made the type of a distinct family and placed near the Fierasferide. But the head and mouth recall those of Lycodopsts or Bothrocara, the gill- membranes join the isthmus between the rami of the lower jaw (at least in L. fierasfer), and the dorsal and anal rays correspond in number to the myotomes. Two other aberrant genera, Scytalina and Rhodichthys, are closely related to the Zoarcide, but may for the present be regarded as the types of separate families. Family 10. Scytalinide. Scytalina cerdale is a small eel-like fish known ouly from specimens obtained on the shores of Waadda Island, in the Straits of Juan de Fuca, where it lives in the wet shingle. The very small eyes placed far forward and the tumid cheeks give it a physiognomy unlike that of the Zoarcide ; the gill- membranes are united, but not joined to the isthmus; the pectoral fins are small and the pelvics absent. The skull is much more depressed than that of Zoarces or Lycodes, the | frontals gradually increase in breadth backwards, and the union of the parasphenoid and frontals is very elongate, almost as in the Symbranchide. The parietals, occipital and otic bones are much as in Zoarces ; the suspensorium, opercles, and pectoral arch are also as in Zoarces, except that the very small coracoids are in contact; the vertebre number 69 (22+47); strong transverse processes are present on the precaudals from the third to the last. Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 277 Family 11. Rhodichthyida. Rhodichthys regina is known to me only from Collett’s description and figures* of the type, 297 mm. in total length, from the depths of the North Atlantic ; it is a very remarkable fish, naked, translucent, and bright red in colour; - it agrees with the Zoarcide in the restricted gill-openings, the jugular position of the pelvic fins, and the correspondence between the fin-rays and the myotomes. ‘The vent is placed at the throat and each pelvic fin is a long bifid filament, characters which indicate that this fish should probably rank as the type of a separate family. Division 3. OPHIDITFORMES. Dorsal and anal basalia outnumbering the corresponding neural or hemal spines. Suborbital ring, when ossified, as in the Cliniformes, Operculum V-shaped. No spinous fin-rays. Exoccipital condyles meeting above the basioccipita]l ; ante- rior face of first centrum convex, fitting the slight concavity of the basioccipital, The three families have also the following characters in common :— Pelvic fins, when present, jugular or mental, close to- gether, each of 1 or 2 filamentous rays. ‘Teeth cardiform or villiform, in bands in the jaws and usually on the vomer and palatines ; premaxillaries with short ascending processes ; maxillaries well developed, expanded behind. Palatine with a maxillary process; pterygoid normally connected with palatine and quadrate; hyomandibular very broad; oper- culum V-shaped, the upper fork usually forming a sharp spine ; suboperculum large; 6 to 8 branchiostegals. Cranium elongate, with the postorbital portion longer than the orbito- rostral and the parasphenoid united with the frontals in front of the pro-otics and alisphenoids ; ethmoid keeled, Post- temporal more or less distinctly forked ; coracoids weakly ossified; pectoral radials 4, moderate. First two vertebree short ; third with a sessile rib, which is expanded to support the air- bladder. Family 1. Brotulide, The pelvic fins, when present, are jugular and the vent is remote from the head, Asarule the long dorsal and anal * Norwegian N, Atlantic Exped. Fish. p, 153, pl. v. (1880), 278 Mr. OC. T. Regan on the fins are confluent with the reduced caudal, but the latter may be well-developed and free (Dinematichthys) or may be absent. The gill-openings are wide, with the gill-membranes separate and free from the isthmus (except in Dermatopsis). The mouth is usually protractile. This family includes the blind cave-fishes of Cuba (Stygi- cola and Lucifuga) as well as a number of marine forms, some of those inhabiting the depths of the sea being extraordinarily aberrant (Tauredophidium, Aphyonus, Typhlonus, Acan- thonus, &c.). Many have been described by Giinther (‘Challenger’ Deep-sea Fishes), and Goode and Bean (‘ Oceanic Ichthyology’) give a useful synopsis of the genera. I have examined the skeleton of Brotula jayakari, and 1 have already figured the skull (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi. 19038, p. 461). The parietals are separated by the supra- occipital, the latter forms with the exoccipitals a strong median crest which does not project above the level of the upper surface of the skull, the opisthotic is not enlarged, the basioccipital and pro-otic form a rather prominent auditory bulla. The structure of the jaws, the hyo-palatine and opercular bones (tig. 2, A), and the pectoral arch (fig. 3, 4) is shown by the figures ; the lower fork of the post-temporal is directly attached to the cpisthotic, and the hypercoracoid and hypo- coracoid are separated by cartilage. In Brotula jayakari there are 55 vertebre (15+40) ; the first two vertebrae are short and bear sessile epipleurals; the third, fourth, and fifth bear sessile ribs, the first two pairs being expanded; from the sixth to the fifteenth the ribs are borne by strong transverse parapophyses. Emery has figured the suspensorium of Ptertdium atrum *, but I find that his figure is incorrect and that the pterygoid, mesopterygoid, and metapterygoid are exactly as in Brotula ; he has overlooked the suture between pterygoid and meso- pterygoid, and has mistaken the anterior part of the meta- pterygoid for the latter bone. Family 2. Ophidiide. Differ from the preceding externally in the anterior position of the pelvic fins, inserted between the rami of the lower jaw ; behind them the gill-membranes are attached to the isthmus. I have examined the skeleton of Genypterus blacodes, which differs from that of Brotula especially in the * Fauna u. Flora d, Golf. v. Neapel, ii. (1880). Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 279 ankylosis of the pterygoid and mesopterygoid, and the prolongation forwards of the cleithra within the isthmus as a pair of slender processes, with the pelvic bones attached at their extremities. The lower fork of the post-temporal is shortened and attached to the opisthotie by a ligament, and the coracoids are incontact. There are 72 vertebra (20+ 52) : the first five are as in Brotula, except that only the first rib is expanded; the anterior six pairs of parapophyses (on vertebrae 6-11) are strong and broad, much as in Merluccius, the rest are normal. Principal genera: Ophidium, Otophidium, Lepophidium, Ginypterus, trom tropical and temperate seas, some in- habiting deep water. Derepodichthys, Gilbert, from the North Pacific, has the mouth non-protractile, the body naked, and the gill-openings more restricted than the others ; it may not pertain to this family and may prove to be related to the Zoarcide. Family 3. Fierasferide. Differ externally from the Brotulide in that the anal fin extends further forward and the vent is placed at the throat, caudal and pelvic fins aie absent *, and the mouth is non- protractile. The cranium shows many striking resemblances io that of Brotuda, but differs in that the parietals meet above the supraoccipital, the occipital crest is weak, and the ex- occij itals do not take part in its formation, and the enlarged opisthotic reaches the basicecipital, sharing with that bone and the pro-otic in the formation of the auditory bulla f. The lower fork of the post-temporal is reduced to a little knob; otherwise the pectoral arch is as in Genypterus. In Fierasfer acus (fide Kimery) the yertebree number 125 to 144, of which 17 or 18 are precaudal ; in FP. dentatus there are 26 pizcaudal vertebre ; the first rib is more strongly expanded in the former species than in the latter, Seeing that the Fierasferide had always been placed near the Optidiidee, and that Emery’s anatomical researches con- firmed this view as to their systematic position, it is not * Lat one time thought that a reduced homocercal fin was present in some Fiera-feride, as in the Brotulidz ; but on looking into the matter I find that whenever a caudal fin appears to be present it is due to regeneration after the end of the tail has been broken off. + These features were first described by Emery (Faun. u. Flora d, Golf. vy. Neap. ii. 1880), and I am able to confirm the accuracy of his account of the head-skeleton, after preparing and examining that of F, acus. 280 ; Mr. O. Thomas on easy to understand Boulenger’s transference of the family to the Heteromi, with which they have practically nothing in common. There are two genera, Fierasfer and Jordanicus, widely distributed in tropical and temperate seas, XXXVII.—Two new West-African Mammals. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Munqos phentcurus, sp. n. P , A small species with the terminal pencil of the tail rich reddish. General appearance that of the members of the gracilis group of the genus, apart from the red tail-tip. Colour most nearly approaching that of a pale Lake Zuai specimen of M, gracilis, far paler than the West-African M. melanurus. General colour of back approaching ‘‘clay-colour,” paler and more buffy on the shoulders, more rufous on the posterior back. Head as usual greyer than back, but still with a buffy tone in it, Sides grizzled buffy. Under surface uniform buff, the throat more * cream-buff.””. Hands and feet dull buffy, rather darker than “ cream-buff,” ‘Tail coarsely grizzled with black and buffy above, uniform ochraceous buff below; the full terminal pencil deep tawny rufous. Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— Head and body 330 mm,; tail 289; hind foot 61; ear 28. Skull: condylo-basal length 68:3 ; zygomatic breadth 33°5 ; palatal length 35-4; greatest diameter of p* 7°7. Hab. Panyam, Bauchi Province, N. Nigeria. Alt. 4000’. Type. Old male. B.M, no. 12, 7.9.2. Collected 12th February, 1912, and presented by the late Rev. G. T. Fox. The only other known mungoose with a red tail-tip is M, sanguineus, Riippell, of Kordofan, which is considerably smaller (hind foot 50-54 mm.), 1s lighter coloured throughout, and has the under surface white instead of buffy. In Mr. Wroughton’s monograph of this group he assigned to MM. sanguineus an example from Suakin with the tail-tip “ half chocolate-brown and half black,” but the conspicuous and evidently natural red tail-tip of the N. Nigerian species Jeads me to think that sanguineus has also a really red tail- tip and that the Suakin specimen is merely one of the ordinary = ig ar ee af. lh ge Aone new West-African Mammals. 281 gracilis type with a more or less bleached tail-tip. Examples of the true Kordofan sanguineus would be valuable accessions to the British Museum collection. The type of the present handsome and distinct species was obtained by Mr. Fox shortly before his death, and was forwarded to the Museum by his brother Mr. J. C. Fox. Kerivoula phalena, sp. n. A small pale brown species with subequal incisors. Size as in the smallest members of the genus. Fur long, soft, and fine; hairs of back about 7 mm. in length. General colour above uniform pale reddish brown—like ‘f Mars-brown ” of Ridgway, but much paler; the hairs of this colour all through, except that on the posterior back they have incon- spicuously darker bases. Extreme tips of some of the rump- hairs silvery buff. Under surface similar but rather paler, and with more blackish at the bases of the hairs. Membranes and wings almost naked, the base and edge of the inter- femoral with thinly scattered hairs, not forming a fringe, the upper surface of the legs thinly hairy, the feet well haired. Ears with inner margin strongly convex, a distinct con- cavity below the tip. Tragus slender, straight, a well- marked projection at its outer base, succeeded above by an emargination, above which there is again a projecting point, forming the broadest part of the tragus; in front of the middle of the base there isa wart clothed with long hairs, forming a loose tuft; a particularly prominent tragoid pro- jection present facing the tragus on the inner side of the outer base of the ear. Skull very light and delicate, with narrow brain-case. Upper incisors subequal in length, the outer rather shorter, and practically unicuspid, a small secondary cusp at the extreme posterior base of the inner one and at the internal base of the outer. First and second lower incisors tricuspid, third with a single large rounded cusp with minute anterior and posterior secondary cusps. Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in the flesh) :— Forearm 29°5 mm. (28 mm. in the male). Head and body *33; tail *40; ear *13; third finger, metacarpus 29°5, first phalanx 12'5; lower leg and foot 18-8. Skull: greatest length 12:1; basi-sinual length 9-1; zygomatic breadth 7:1; breadth of brain-case 6:1; front of upper canine to back of m? 5:1. fab. Bibianaha, inland of Denkwa, Gold Coast. Alt. 720’. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 20 282 - Mr. N. Colgan on Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12. 6.20.3. Original number 224. Collected 24th April, 1912, and presented by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell. Male and female skins, female and young in spirit examined, This delicate little Kerivoula belongs to Dobson’s second group of the genus, and would seem to be allied to K. lanosa and smithiz, but is markedly smaller than either. Perhaps its nearest relative is the Kamerun K. muscilla, Thos., which is, however, distinguishable by its more inflated brain-case and its interfemoral fringe. XXXVIII.—Sel/-evisceration in the Asteroidea. By NATHANIEL CoLgAN, M.R.I.A. In the considerable body of extant literature which deals with the subject of autotomy, or self-mutilation, I can find no instance on record of self-evisceration in the Asteroid section of the Echinodermata, although the existence of that curious propensity or infirmity in the Holothuroid division is well known to every student of the phylum. The following notes of observations made three years ago on some living speci- mens of the common Cribella oculata of Pennant—Henricia sanguinolenta, O. F. Miller—are accordingly published here in the belief that they may contain something new and may stimulate to further research. On the 17th April, 1909, L took at low tide from the shore near Bullock, Dublin Bay, two living specimens of this species. ‘The larger of the two was quite regular in form, with a spread of arms measuring 4 inches, the smaller, with a spread of 83 inches, had a sixth supernumerary arm from the upper surface of which protruded a monstrous wart placed midway between the disk and the tip of the arm. In the hope that these specimens might deposit ova and so enable me to study the early stages in the development of the species, they were placed in sea-water, each in a separate dish, just deep enough to permit of the animals being fully immersed. Four days later, on the 21st April, on examining the smaller specimen with the abnormal sixth ray, I was astonished to find that it had completely eviscerated itself. The paired dendroid pyloric ceca, closely resembling those of Asterias rubens as figured by Miller and Troschel, hung in festoons from the tip of each of the five normal rays, Se/f-evisceration in the “A steroidea. 283° while a sixth mass of ceca issued from the wart-like pro- tuberance halfway down the upper surface of the super- numerary sixth ray. Each of the five normal rays was. ruptured for a length of 5 mm. on the upper surface close to the tip, and from these small slits protruded the whole caeal contents of the ray still paired by their basal connection. The animal thus eviscerated was in a lively condition. It moved across the dish with its tube feet in active motion and the dermal branchie exserted, and when turned over on its back was able to quickly resume its normal position. The rays had become flattened and in places even concave by the withdrawal of the ceca. This individual lived for three days after the rejection of its cseca, and on the 22nd April, the day after this rejection, a mass of orange gonads was seen to issue from the ruptured tip of one of the arms, Though changed from time to time, the water in which this specimen was kept became rather stale at intervals, as it did with the. other specimens dealt with in these notes. The actual process of self-evisceration, which I had no opportunity of observing in this six-rayed individual, I was enabled to watch closely in the larger and normally five-rayed specimen taken on the same day, the 17th April. At 11 a.m. on the 23rd April the first sign of extrusion was noticed. A small lump of tawny ceca made its appearance on the upper surface and near the tip of one of the arms. Three- quarters of an hour later tlis extrusion was completely withdrawn and no trace of rupture could be made out on examining the tip of the arm with a hand lens. No further extrusion took place that day, but at 8 A.M. on the following day, 24th April, a mass of czeca as large as a pea was observed at the extremity of one ray and a much smaller mass at the tip of a second and adjacent ray. Half an hour later the smaller mass was found to have doubled in size and at 10 A.M. a fairly large extrusion appeared at the end of a third ray, adjacent to those already iuptured. Nearly two hours later, at 11.45 A.M., measurements were taken of the ceca extruded from the three contiguous rays, when the lengths were found to be 4, 8, and 11 millimetres respectively. About this time swellings and pale bands and blotches were seen to travel very slowly along the ruptured arms and to come and go on different parts of the disk, suggestive of the’ slowly propagated swellings which precede self-evisceration in certain Holothurians. : Further measurements of the extruded ceca made at 12.45 p.m. the same day gave lengths of 4, 10, and 16 millimetres, and about the same time orange-coloured gonads 20* 284 Mr. N. Colgan on were seen to issue in the normal way from the oviduct in the. angle between two adjacentarms. At 1 P.M. the pale blotch on one of the arms was seen to accompany the swelling, which slowly travelled along the arm towards the ruptured extremity, and a further extrusion occurred as soon as the swelling and its accompanying pale blotch had reached the point of rupture. About the same time the tip of the fourth ray became ruptured and a portion of the ceeca was extruded at the moment when a slowly travelling swelling had reached the tip. At four minutes to 7 P.M. on the same day a pro- minent swelling was seen to have travelled along the fifth ray almost to the tip, and watching this narrowly the beginning of a protrusion of the ceca, which ultimately reached to a length of 4 mm., was seen to take place at the moment when the swelling reached the extremity of the arm. While the extrusion was being slowly effected—it occupied fully four minutes—the unattached sucker feet near the tip of the ray were seen to be in vigorous spasmodic action, and the swelling proceeded to travel backwards along the ray to- wards the disk. The propagation along the rays of these swellings or waves of inflation was very slowly effected, the average of several observations giving a rate of 6 mm., or, say, a quarter of an inch per minute. By 8 p.M. on the 24th April one pair of ceeca was found to be fully extruded from an arm of this second specimen of Cribella. It was detached and placed in spirit and the following day the animal was treated with chloral and then preserved in spirit so as to show the unequal extrusion of the ceca from the tips of the otherarms. In this case no gonads were observed to have been extruded from the ruptured arm- tips, as they probably would have been had the process of self-evisceration been suffered to proceed. In October 1909, further observations were made on a third individual of this species, a regular 5-rayed specimen 21 inches in diameter over all, which I had dredged in 10 fathoms off Bullock on the 25th of the month. On the morning of the 29th, four days after the capture, slight swellings and constrictions were noticed on some of the arms, and on the 3lst two distinct knots or abrupt swellings appeared on one of them. For ten days these swellings continued to appear and to pass in very slowly propagated waves along the arms without any rupture being effected. Finally, at 8.30 a.m. on the 11th November, a minute rupture of the integument was observed on the upper surface of one of the arms near its tip, and from this breach a small Self-evisceration in the Asleroidea. 285 mass of the caca was protruded. By the 14th November this mass had grown toa length of 6 mm., and two other arms showed protrusions of about 3 mm. in diameter; by the 17th the protrusions from all three arms had grown in size ; and, finally, at 9 P.M. on the 18th, the two remaining arms were ruptured and showed small protrusions. This individual died the next day before self-evisceration had proceeded very far. Is the peculiar form of self-evisceration here described purposeful or morbid? Is it in any way useful to the individual or to the species, or is it to be regarded as purely pathological? These are the questions suggested by the observations just recorded, and it must be confessed that it is not possible in the present state of our knowledge to do more than hint at an answer. The fact that the operation was seen to be effected by three distinct individuals of the same species would warrant at least the suspicion that it may be purposeful, and this suspicion gains a certain strength from the many observations already on record of the occur- rence of an analogous operation in another section of the Echinodermata, the Holothuroid section. The manner, too, in which the effect is produced in Cribella, not by a cata- strophic rupture, but by a long-continued series of muscular efforts, all tending towards the same end, may fairly be taken as further strengthening the inference of purpose, while the extrusion of the sexual products along with the viscera suggests, at all events, the nature of that purpose. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that the word “ purpose ”’ here is not meant to imply any volitional action in the human sense. It merely denotes action helpful in repro- duction and dissemination of the species; and the suggestion that autotomy, or self-mutilation, in the Asteroidea may be purposeful in this sense is not a novel one. On the other hand, it may be urged in opposition to this hypothesis of purposeful self-evisceration that the unnatural conditions under which the living specimens were kept were such as to inevitably induce a morbid state of the organism. Exposed as they were to strong light for considerable periods while barely covered with water, which from time to time became mure or less foul as compared with their native element, the animals must necessarily have grown sickly, so that the long-drawn-out muscular efforts which finally effected the extrusion of the viscera may have been merely symptoms of the approaching death of the organism. Ob- viously, further study of the life-history of Cribella and of 286 Mr. W. Schaus on other species of the Asteroidea. is necessary before one can venture with any degree of assurance to answer the questions raised by the observations recorded in these notes. For assistance in consulting the scattered and by no means readily accessible literature of autotomy and self-evisceration, JT am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Bather of the British Museum of Natural History, and of Mr. A. R. Nichols of the National Museum, Dublin. XXXIX.— New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. —XVI. By W. Scuaus, F.Z.5. [Continued from p. 240. } Subfam. Grouerrivz. PROUTOSCIA, gen. nov. g. Antenne serrate and densely ciliate. Palpi short ; second joint thickly sealed, third slender. Femora and tibize dilated, the hind tibiz with large tufts of long hairs; ventral tufts at end of abdomen. Fore wings broad ; outer margin rounded, slightly incurved above tornus; vein 2 from just beyond middle of cell; 3 and 4 apart; 6 from cell; 7 from end of areole ; 8, 9, 10 stalked from end of areole ; 11 from middle of areole. Hind wings broad, excised and lobed at anal angle; median approximated to inner margin; vein 2 apparently absent; 3 from near angle; 4 from angle; 5 from middle of discocellular, downbent towards angle; 6 from upper angle; 7 from cell ; underneath with long tufts about anal angle, upturned hairy scales along vein 4, and down- turned scales along vein 6; an oblique ridge of hairy scales between veins 6 and 7. In the female the neuration is normal, and the tufts are absent ; the anal angle is slightly produced. Proutoscia mirifica, sp. n. &. Frons buff-white with black points. Vertex white shaded with lilacine grey behind. Collar and thorax mottled lilacine and whitish, with a few dark irrorations. Abdomen above lilacine grey ; two dorsal and an interrupted lateral reddish-brown line. Wings: base and margins pale lilacine grey. Fore wings: dise of wing with a large semihyaline pale yellow space pointed towards base of cell, its hind edge FTeterocera from Costa Rica. 287. curved to near inner margin postmedially, its fore edge following subcostal, and interrupted on vein 6 by a pro- jecting brown shade, its outer edge parallel with outer margin; this space is edged with reddish brown, and is followed from vein 2-7 by a narrower reddish-brown shade ; an oblique brown line at base of costa ; an elongated yellow spot edged with reddish below cell at base; a brown, sinuous antemedial line from cell to submedian below which it is deeply inbent ; a subterminal fine dark purplish line from costa, curved before apex, and slightly inbent below vein 3. Hind wings: a subbasal yellow spot partly edged with reddish ; a large semihyaline yellow space, angled towards base, upturned towards costa, constricted postmedially, and not expanding towards apex, edged with reddish brown; a reddish-brown postmedial line, and a yellow, reddish-edged spot below vein 7 ; the subterminal purple line sinuous to termen at vein 6; termen shaded with reddish brown from apex to vein 6; termen from 6-5 shaded with black. Wings below yellowish white, simply showing the semihyaline spaces. Expanse 40 mm. The female differs in having the terminal opaque space on fore wings broader; the semihyaline space on hind wings outbent towards middle of outer margin, and has five rounded projections ; the subterminal line continues to inner margin, and there is no black shading near anal angle. Expanse 42 mm. Hab, Sixola. Oospila peralta, sp. n. 3. Palpi dark brown. Frons rubbed. Vertex green; a white line between antennee. Body and wings deep green. Abdomen: three suffusing oval tufts on segments 2-4 dorsally, dark brown irrorated with white and silver; smaller brown dorsal tufts on following segments. Wings: faint traces of an outer and subterminal darker shade; terminal white spots extending on cilia which are otherwise fuscous brown tipped with white. Fore wings: costa finely yellow, with a few brown irrorations; a faint darker antemedial shade; a black discal point. Hind wings: a small white discal spot. Wings below greenish white ; the costa of fore wing more broadly yellowish, Expanse 26 mm. Hab. Peralta. Near O. restricta, Warr, 288; Mr. W. Schaus on Blechroma epaphras, sp. n. 3. Palpi black, edged below and above with white. Trons white mottled with brown; vertex and body above green ; some brown mottlings on thorax; abdomen with four small white dorsal spots, and faint whitish segmental lines on following segments. Wings green with some scattered darker green spots; cilia whitish green, with small fuscous spots at veins. Fore wings: costa finely creamy white striated with fuscous grey ; some antemedial smoky spots forming an inbent line; four fuscous spots about discocellular ; an outer lunular smoky shade, slightly inset between veins 5 and 6. Hind wings ; a fuscous spot at base ; a fine antemedial line and smoky spot on inner margin ; the outer smoky shade nearer termen from vein 4 to inner margin. Wings below greenish white; the costa of fore wings with dark strie and spots; some small spots in cell, and larger spots at end of cell and beyond it ; the outer line well marked on costa. Expanse 28 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Carillo. Tachyphyle oleaster, sp. n. 3. Frons green; vertex white. Thorax, abdomen, and wings dull green, the wings tinged with brown; minute black discal points ; a greenish-white line from near apex of fore wing to middle of inner margin of hind wing. Fore wings: the costa brighter green; a faint whitish-green medial line; cilia rather long, silky green. Wings below whitish olive ; the whitish lines indistinct ; the apex of fore wing tipped with black; minute black discal points. The female has no black tip to apex of fore wing below. Expanse, g 21 mm., ? 80 mm. Hab. La Florida, Sixola, Tuis, Guapiles. Tachyphyle hamata, sp. n. 3. Palpi white. Vertex white. Collar and thorax green ; abdomen above paler green. Wings green. Fore wings: the apex falcate ; the cuter margin incurved ; some brownish strize in cell and below it, forming a faint antemedial line extending to submedian ; a fine fuscous line on discocellular; outer space to termen shaded with brown, crossed by a broad dark purplish-brown shade, outwardly tinged with lilacine ; this shade extends across middle of hind wings. Fore wings below dull dark green, the hind wings greenish white; a ast etek ee Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 289 broad dull purplish-green shade from apex of fore wing to middle of inner margin of hind wing. Expanse 32 mm, Hab. Vuis. Racheospila acutularia, sp. n. 6. Palpi brownish fringed with white below. Head and body green; a white line between antenne; three dorsal white spots on abdomen, the first and third edged with dark red. Wings green ; a terminal reddish-brown line, cut by fine buff lines on veins ; cilia pale buff, darker-tipped, and with faint reddish shades at veins; minute black discal points; lines whitish, very fine ; antemedial very indistinct ; postmedial straight on fore wings, slightly angled on hind wings. Apex otf fore wings acute, the costa white, shaded brown at base. Expanse 25 mm. Hab. Tuis. Belongs to Sect. I. Racheospila ageénoria, sp. n. 6. Palpi brown fringed with white below, the second joint long, the third minute. Frons dark green with lateral white points below; a white line between antenna edged behind with brown. ‘Thorax and abdomen above green ; a small white spot edged with roseate brown dorsally at base ; traces of segmental white lines and two points; in the female there are three dorsal spots of about the same size. Wings green; a terminal red line; cilia white tipped with greyish, and with narrow brownish shades at veins ; an outer wavy lunular white line; black discal points. Fore wings: the costa finely white shaded with brown at base; an antemedial white line faintly wavy and outbent from costa. Jind wings: the antemedial white line slightly wavy, indistinct. Expanse 22 mm. Hlab. Juan Vina, Tuis. Belongs to Sect. 1. Allied to R. livaria, Gn., but dis- tinguished by the green frons and more wavy lines. Racheospila dorsilinea, sp. n. 3. Palpi whitish tipped with reddish brown. Head reddish brown crossed by a white line between antennez, and one near palpi. Body above green; a white dorsal line on thorax behind and on abdomen. Wings pale green finely 290 © Mr. W. Schaus on irrorated with darker green; a very fine terminal brownish- red line ; cilia creamy white ; minute black discal points. Fore wings: costa white shaded with brownish red at base ; a fine white antemedial line, slightly outcurved; a fine white outer line, parallel with termen. Hind wings: a fine white outer line, slightly curved. Underneath greenish white, the costa of fore wing tinged with pale brown, and with dark red at base. Expanse 25 mm. Hab, Poas. Belongs to Sect. I. d. Racheospila nympharia, sp. n. 3d. Frons greyish brown edged with green in front. Vertex and body green; three dorsal white spots on abdomen faintly edged with reddish, the basal spot smallest. Wings green ; a very fine terminal pale brownish line, sometimes absent ; cilia buff-white, with faint.darker shades at veins; minute black discal points; antemedial and postmedial lines fine, white, the antemedial outcurved, the postmedial straight on fore wings, faintly wavy on hind wings. The female has the frons darker brown, and the white line on vertex edged with reddish brown. Expanse, ¢ 27 mm., 2? 30 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio, Tuis. Belongs to Sect. I. d. Racheospila strigaria, sp. n. ?. Frons brown. Vertex green ; a white line between antenne. Body green, with traces of paler green segmental lines on abdomen. Wings green crossed by whitish striz ; cilia green ; costa of fore wings finely white. Wings below whitish green; some fuscous shading at base of costa, and similar faint irrorations above median on fore wings. Expanse 29 mm. Tab. Turrialba. Belongs to Sect. I. h. Racheospila concinnaria, sp. n. 3g. Palpi white shaded with light brown. Frons light brown crossed by a white line near palpi; vertex white. Body above green; a dorsal white line on abdomen. Wings pale green; antemedial and outer lunular white lines, the latter outbent between veins 3 and45; minute black discal Heterocera from Costa Rica. ; 29 points ; terminal minute white points; cilia white tipped with pale greyish brown. Expanse, ¢ 15 mm., 2 19 mm. Hab. Sixola, Guapiles, Juan Vinas, Avangarez. Belongs to Sect. 11. Racheospila interlucens, sp. n. 3. Palpireddish brown fringed with white. Frons reddish brown crossed by a white horizontal line; vertex white, edged with reddish brown behind. Collar and thorax green. Abdomen above purple with short white segmental lines dorsally. Wings green; an outer row of short purple streaks on veins ; a fine terminal roseate brown line; cilia roseate. white, with. faint darker shades at veins. Fore wings: antemedial small purple spots on subcostal, median, and “submedian ; costa white shaded with brown at base, aa edged behind by a faint yellowish line; a purple discal point, Hind wings: a large semi-oval purple spet on inner margin, edged with a broad yellowish shade on discal side. Underneath greenish white. Expanse 27 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. Rtacheospila porcius, sp. n. Palpi purplish fringed with white below. Frons purplish. ertex green edged with white behind. Collar and patagia green. ‘Thorax and abdomen above roseate brown, partly irrorated with black ; two white dorsal spots. Wings green ; discal spots rather lar ge, lilacine brown. Fore wings: costa creamy white ; inner “and outer lines paler green, edged on medial side with darker green, the former slightly outbent, the latter faintly outcurved and barely lunular, suffusing at vein 2 with roseate brown blotch on inner margin, which 1s downcurved to tornus, and upbent as a line on termen ; a similar large spot on outer margin from just above vein 4 to vein 8, its inner edge rounded ; both spots edged with purple- ‘brown and then nar rowly with oran ge- yellow ; ; termen green from below to above vein 4. Hind wings: termen from apex to near vein 4, and from 2 to inner margin broadly lilacine brown, edged as spots on fore wings, but connected by a fine terminal purple line; a narrow purplish streak from anal blotch along inner margin, not reaching base. Expanse 29 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Near R. fallax, Warr., but spots all larger. 292 Mr. W. ‘Schaus on Leptolopha marginata, sp. n. ¢. Palpi buff-white. Frons reddish brown ; a white line between antenne. Body above green; abdomen with yellowish-white dorsal line, and lateral white segmental lines. Wings green with some scattered darker green irrorations ; termen pale greenish yellow inwardly edged by a fine yellow- brown line; cilia greenish yellow. Fore wings: costa greenish yellow; a black discal point. Hind wings: a whitish-yellow streak across end of cell. Wings below greenish white. Expanse 24 mm. Hab. 'Tuis. Between L. flavolimes, Warr., and permagna, Warr. Subfam. Acrpazimv Zz. Anisodes aquila, sp. n. ?. Body olive-buff, the last three segments of abdomen above bright magenta. Fore wings yellow-buff, finely inrorated with purplish brown; an indistinct dark ante- medial line, angled in cell, and marked by purplish points on subcostal, in cell, on median, and on submedian ; a fine purplish-red outer line from vein 7, straight and inbent to inner margin, followed by a slightly fuscous shade ; sub- terminal purple-brown points on veins; a fine terminal magenta line, and similar points on interspaces. Hind wings similar, the irrorations partly replaced by purplish strie, the outer line not reaching costa. Wings below similar, but duller ; purplish discal shades; the outer line broader, purplish ; the fore wing below cell shaded with purplish. Expanse 43 mm. Hab, Poas. Anisodes erastus, sp. n. @. Head fuscous grey. Collar, thorax, and abdomen pale brownish red. Wings yellow thickly irrorated with brown- red, the lines fine, fuscous grey. Fore wings : costa fuscous grey; antemedial slightly outcurved; a streak on disco- cellular ; veins from cell greyish; postmedial slightly out- curved, vertical from vein 2 ; outer line oblique from vein 8 to vein 6, then lunular; a subterminal greyish line from costa to termen at vein 4. Hind wings: medial space and veins beyond greyish ; a black point on discocellular ; post- medial slightly curved ; outer line straight from costa to Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 293 vein 6, then lunular and closer to termen. Wings below luteous tinged with roseate ; lines faintly marked. Expanse 22 mm. Hab. Sixola. Anitsodes peplumaria, sp. n. ?. Palpi purplish fringed with pale buff. Head, collar, thorax, base, and tip of abdomen yellow irrorated with red ; abdomen otherwise dorsally fuscous tinged with lilacine. Wings fuscous tinged with lilacine. Fore wings: base yellow irrorated with red, its outer edge inbent from end of cell to inner margin at antemedial line, which is fine, fuscous, and slightly outcurved ; an outbent fuscous line at base ; a medial line on costa, beyond which are some yellowish irrorations ; postmedial fine, black, lunular, deeply out- curved and barely visible on dark ground-colour ; outer line fine, lunular, oblique to vein 4, then inbent, followed by yellow to termen, but cut by dark veins, and greatly reduced before apex by a broad fuscous line from costa to termen at vein 4. Hind wings: base and termen from below vein 4 to anal angle yellow irrorated with red; a black discal point ; traces of a postmedial and subterminal black line; a few black scales postmedially below vein 3. Wings below purplish; the yellow spaces on termen whiter; the base suffused with roseate yellow. Expanse 24 mm, Hab. Sixola. Anisodes scriptilinea, sp. n. 9. Frons lilacine brown, Vertex, collar, thorax, and base of abdomen deep yellow irrorated with red; abdomen otherwise lilacine white irrorated with yellow and reddish brown. Wings yellow, the lines purplish. Fore wings thinly irrorated with red, rather more thickly on basal half ; a basal line ; antemedial line outbent on costa, then vertical, preceded by a short line in cell; a lilacine grey line on discocellular edged with purple, and a spot above it on costa; postmedial fine, outcurved, straight and slightly outbent from vein 2, below discocellular, to inner margin; outer line outbent, wavy, lunular, and incurved from vein 4; a heavy straight line from costa before apex to termen at vein 4; a terminal lunular line, veins finely greyish. Hind wings more heavily irrorated with red, except on medial space which is lilacine grey, and encloses a small 994 Mr. W. Schaus on yellow, red, and black discal spot; antemedial line wavy postmedi ial outbent between veins 4 and 3 ; outer line Feliene to vein 4, then lunular and atibterminall + a fine line from costa to termen at vein 4; the veins on iouae half fuscous grey. Wings below tinged with red; the lines fine, faintly indicated. Expanse 24 mm. Hab. Sixola. Anisodes silas, sp. n. 3d. Palpi whitish buff edged above at base with magenta. Head, body, and wings pale yellow; terminal half of abdomen whiter, and with a few dark red hairs. Wings irrorated with reddish-brown points connected by ochreous- yellow shades, forming short stria. Fore wings: two dark superposed points on costa beyond base; black points on subcostal, in cell, on median and submedian, connected by a fine ochreous- yellow antemedial lunular line, inbent from subcostal ; a white point circled with purple-brown at end of cell, fllie ed by an oblique dark line, faintly lunular, from costa to middle of inner margin ; a fine outer lunular line marked by dark points on veins; a fine subterminal lunular shade, the lunules outwardly filled with clearer yellow; terminal dark points on interspaces. Hind wings: a fine antemedial wavy line; a dark transverse shade from costa beyond middle to middle of inner margin, crossing the discocellular spot which is white, broken into three parts by some dark shading; outer and subterminal line, also terminal spots, as on fore wing. Underneath whitish yellow, the lines as above, purplish ; a similar faint shade on fore wing along median and between veins 3 and 4 to subterminal. Expanse 36 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Poas. Anisodes sopater, sp. n. ¢. Body above roseate brown, the third and fourth segments of abdomen dorsally purplish ; underneath luteous. Wings roseate brown ; minute subterminal black points on veins; fine terminal ‘points on interspaces ; a very faint postmedial smoky shade. Fore wings: a white point on discocellular. Hind wings: a white point edged with black on discocellular. Fore wings below roseate Da fine whitish line on discocellular ; a fine darker outer line. Hind wings below yellowish white, the costa tinged with roseate; a fine roseate outer line. Expanse 29 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. ? Heterocera from Costa Rica. 295 Anisodes tertullus, sp. n. ?. Palpi and head fuscous brown. Body and wings deep yellow thickly irrorated with red; a dorsal line on abdomen, and lines on wings fuscous. Fore wings: costa fuscous; a fine antemedial line, slightly curved ; a line on discocellular ; postmedial slightly outbent to vein 4, angled and inbent to below discocellular, then downturned ; subterminal fine, lunular ; veins tinged with fuscous brown, irrorated with yellowish ; cilia purplish. Hind wings: a small white spot at end of cell, dark-edged; postmedial straight from costa to vein 4, angled and upturned and outbent to middle of inner margin; subterminal fine, lunular. Wings below roseate yellow, the lines faintly indicated. Expanse 30 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Antsodes timotheus, sp. n. ?. Palpi whitish buff, the second joint streaked above with purple-red. Frons whitish, edged with dark brown above. Vertex, collar, thorax, and wings lilacine buff with brownish strize ; a fuscous line on collar in front. Wings: lines dull olive-green irrorated with black ; outer line lunular, outcurved ; traces of subterminal dull greenish shades, veins terminally so shaded; terminal black points. Fore wings: costal margin dark olive, with fuscous-brown irrorations ; antemedial line outeurved to below cell, then outbent; an oblique narrow oval line at end of cell ; postmedial sinuous, nearly vertical ; two small subterminal black spots between veins 4and 6. Hind wings: a black point at base; ante- medial lunular, outangled near inner margin; an oval black spot containing a white point on discocellular ; medial line fine; outer line a continuation of medial line on fore wing. Wings below yellowish white; fore wings with lines and striz purplish red; hind wings with faint traces of outer line and a few strize on costa; terminal points reddish, Expanse 27 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles. Very near A. spissata, Warr, Anisodes transecta, sp. n. ¢ . Body above olive-grey ; abdomen pale buff terminally and with a lateral purple-red streak about middle. Wings whitish buff, shaded and striated with light brown. Fore wings: costal margin olive-grey, lrorated with fuscous; a 296 Mr. W. Schaus on reddish-brown line from base along median and close above vein 4 to termen, crossed by a similar line from costa near apex to middle of inner margin, both partly shaded with dark grey; a curved antemedial line in cell and a short line from cell, inset ; a reddish-brown annular spot at end of cell con- taining lilacine scales; an outer, wavy, reddish-brown line from vein 8 to just below 4, and a similar point on vein 3; termen mottled with dark grey and red-brown from line at vein 4 to near 6; olive-grey shading and reddish irrorations from vein 4 to tornus; terminal dark points. Hind wings: a fuscous basal streak ; a fine red-brown antemedial line and broader medial line, suffusing below costa, diverging on inner margin, the latter followed by olive-grey shading and a silvery-white point on discocellular; outer line fine, reddish brown from vein 6 to inner margin; termen broadly fuscous grey from near vein 4 to inner margin. Underneath whitish yellow, with few strie ; the lines fuscous, less distinct ; the outer line punctiform. Iixpanse 37 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Antsodes trophinus, sp. n. 9. Body and wings deep yellow, irrorated with red ; a black dorsal patch, irrorated with white near base of abdo- men; lines fine, black ; a subterminal deeply lunular dentate line; an interrupted terminal red line; a fine black and red line on discocellulars ; some black mottling on cilia at veins. Fore wings: antemedial line twice outcurved to submedian ; a lunular postmedial line, incurved below vein 3 and thick- ened on veins. Hind wings: subterminal line irregular, angled at vein 4. Wings below yellow, shaded with red ; the subterminal line well marked. Expanse 33 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Anisodes tychicus, sp. n. @. Palpi buff, edged with purple above. Frons purple. Vertex fuscous. Collar and thorax red. Abdomen above © red at base, otherwise purplish ; underneath luteous. Wings reddish orange, thickly striated with red; a faint sub- terminal lunular line, marked by dark points on veins ; terminal purplish points on interspaces. Fore wings: costa and inner margin dull purplish brown; antemedial line slightly outbent, dark red; a white point at end of cell, closely followed by a broad medial reddish shade, interrupted Heterocera from Costa Rica. 297 by a dull greyish-brown shade just below cell, this shade extending on veins 3 and 4 to termen. Hind wings: a fine subbasal line ; a large white spot at end of cell, followed by a transverse dark shade ; veins 3, 4, 6, and 7 heavily shaded with dull greyish brown. Wings below pale yellowish, shaded with roseate purple; medial shade and subterminal line well marked; discocellular spots dull white, on fore wing linear, Expanse 33 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Anisodes vineotincta, sp. n. 2. Body above brownish red, underneath yellowish buff, the legs partly dull roseate. Wings dull brownish red, with scattered white striz; veins fuscous; subterminal white points on veins. Fore wings: a round white spot at end of cell, edged with fuscous. Hind wings: a large round white discal spot, edged with fuscous and containing an interrupted fuscous ring, within which the white is tinged with yellow. Wings below thinly sealed, whitish buff, tinged with roseate ; a postmedial sinuous red line; an indistinct fine red sub- terminal line ; termen with reddish striz. Expanse 35 mm, Hab. Juan Vinas, San José. Heterephyra directilinea, sp. n. ?. Body and wings brown, thickly irrorated with reddish, the lines purplish red. Fore wings: the antemedial line outcurved on costa and slightly outbent, very distinct ; post- medial line straight, distinct; outer line finer, twice out- curved; a minute white discal point, dark-edged. Hind wings: a white discal spot, dark-edged; postmedial line straight ; outer line wavy. Wings below yellowish, tinged with pale roseate brown; black streaks on discocellular ; postmedial line straight, fuscous; outer line dentate, wavy, without the pronounced curves of upper side. Expanse 35 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Closely allied to H/. ladrilla, Dogn. Heterephyra johannis, sp. 0. $. PalpiSeddish brown, fringed below with pale buff. Frons below dark brown, shading to black above and on vertex. Collar, thorax, abdomen, and wings brown, tinged Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 21 298 Mr. W. Schaus on with red and finely irrorated with fuscous. Fore wings: the costa darker shaded; lines fine, fuscous; antemedial slightly angled on median; postmedial vertical to vein 4, inbent to vein 2, and vertical to inner margin; outer line finely wavily lunular, inbent at vein 3 and vertical below it; a small white discal spot. Hind wings: a black discal point, edged with grey; postmedial bluntly angled at vein 4 ; outer line curved, finely wavy, indistinct. Wings below roseate brown, with faint traces of postmedial and outer lines. Expanse 32 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Allied to H. fuscicosta, Warr., but differently coloured. Dichromatopodia masinissa, sp. 0. 3. Head, thorax, and wings reddish brown, finely irrorated with buff ; discal spots small, whitish and fuscous grey ; a fine outer buff line, faintly curved ; a medial fuscous shade. Fore wings: a fine buff antemedial line, angled on subcostal. Wings below pale reddish brown ; a medial dark line; a fine purplish-red outer line. Abdomen fuscous brown. Expanse 26 mm. The female has the base and outer margin tinged with dark purple, and some fuscous shading following outer line. Hab, Juan Vinas, Cartago. - Dichromatopodia micipsa, sp. n. 3. Body and wings reddish brown, irrorated with greyish buff; veins slightly yellowish; discal spots small, mottled grey and black ; an outer nearly straight buff line, inwardly edged with slightly darker brown. Fore wings: an ante- medial buff line, angled on subcostal, then straight to inner margin. Wings below luteous, shaded with pale red; cilia purplish ; a faint reddish outer line. Hixpanse 25 mm. flab. Juan Vinas. Very similar to D. miniata, Dr., which has a white line on discocellular. Dichromatopodia orbona, sp. n. @. Body and wings purplish brown. Fore wings: costa dark-shaded ; a fine antemedial purple-red line, inwardly edged with dark grey, outwardly oblique from costa; a small white spot on discocellular; outer line heavily marked, Heterocera from Costa Rica. 299 fuscous brown, outwardly edged with ochreous grey, from costa near apex to middle of inner margin on hind wings; the ochreous-grey shade on hind wing is followed by a fine black line. Wings below dull roseate, the outer line less conspicuous. Expanse 24 mm. Hab. Tuis. Subfam. Larenrimz. Cambogia citriarta, sp. n. 9. Head and collar orange-brown ; a white line between antenne. ‘Thorax and abdomen yellow, spotted with orange- brown. Wings bright yellow, crossed by broken orange- brown lines; the small discal spots distinct on a clear yellow shade preceding the postmedial fascia, which is broad, tinged with dull lilacine grey, and striated with yellow, its inner edge slightly curved, its outer edge on fore wing incurved beyond cell and below vein 2; this fascia is followed by a narrow clear yellow shade; the lines on outer space are darker yellow, edged with orange-brown, and irregularly confluent, Hind wings: the outer edge of postmedial fascia expands between veins 2 and 4, Wings below pale yellow, the markings purplish. Fore wings: an antemedial shade; postmedial shade broad, outlined as above, followed by a fine line and heavier subterminal line; terminal points between the veins. Hind wings: the postmedial shade narrow; a subterminal line ; discal spots on both wings. Expanse 21-23 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. Intermediate between C. odatis, Dr., and C. numeria, Dr. Hammaptera caribbea, sp. n. ?. Body and fore wings pale green. Fore wings: sub- basal fascia consisting of three black lines on a greenish- brown ground ; antemedial space clear, with faint, traces of a line and dark spot on costa ; medial fascia consisting of four black lines on greenish brown; a dark line on disco- cellular ; postmedial geminate, irregular, somewhat incurved opposite cell, followed by two outer lines, the inner one more heavily marked, indentate between veins 6 and 5, outcurved and punctiform on veins and fold ; another line suffuses with the brown shadings preceding the subterminal lunular whitish line, these shadings being blacker and heavier above and below vein 5 and at vein 7; terminal geminate black 21 300 Mr. W. Schaus on points at veins. Hind wings dull brownish grey, the outer margin darkest. Wings below yellowish white ; black discal poitts; three wavy postmedial lines; the outer margins broadly black ; cilia greenish yellow, spotted with black on fore wings. Eixpanse 32 mm, Hab. Sixola, Banana River, Alajuela. ‘The male has anal fold to near base filled with long creamy tufts. Hammaptera furtaria, sp. n. g. Body greenish mottled with brown ; black segmental lines on abdomen, edged beliind with grey. Fore wings to outer line dark green; subbasal, medial, and postmedial fascie dark brown, edged and crossed by still darker lines, starting from three black lines on costa, the medial and post- medial suffusing shortly below cell; a narrower antemedial fascia marked by two lines; outer line white, strongly marked, slightly incurved between veins 6 and 4, then lunular, projecting somewhat between 4 and 3, inwardly shaded with dark green and outwardly edged by a green line from costa to vein 6 and between veins 4 and 83; terminal space broadly light green, crossed by some darker lunular lines, and with fuscous-brown shadings on costa, from vein 3 to tornus, and above vein 4, the latter having its anterior edge oblique and shaded with reddish brown. Hind wings slate-colour, without fovea or long hairs in fold. Wings below fuscous ; black discal points. Fore wings: an outer white fascia from costa to vein 4, angled and less distinct, but expanding and better marked on inner margin; apex white ; a terminal white spot between veins 3 and 4. Hind wings: a narrow outer whitish line. Expanse 38 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio. THammaptera herbosaria, sp. n. 3. Palpi green, mottled with fuscous. Head and body green, collar with a transverse fuscous shade; _ patagia heavily shaded with fuscous brown; abdomen with trans- verse black shades, most distinct on three basal segments. Fore wings bright green; asubbasal dark green fascia, some- what constricted below cell, edged by fine black lines and crossed by two fine dark brown lines; antemedial space crossed by a geminate dark green line, and a fine single line before medial fascia, which is similar to subbasal, but its Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 301 outer edge is lunular below cell and touches the inversely lunular postmedial on vein 2, on fold, and not quite on sub- median ; postmedial fuscous brown, geminate, wavy, and outcurved beyond cell ; a fuscous line edged with pale green on discocellular; postmedial followed by a fine indistinct dark green line ; a geminate outer line, the inner portion heavily shaded with black from costa to vein 4, and on veins otheiwise; a lunular subterminal pale green line, preceded by fine geminate lines and outwardly partly edged with black; a terminal black line; cilia green, spotted with fuscous green. Hind wings dark slate-colour; the fovea above anal angle whitish, shaded with roseate buff; a terminal black line and pale points at veins; cilia brown, tipped with grey. Wings below whitish, finely irrorated with black ; black discal lines. Fore wings: an antemedial small black spot on costa; postmedial and outer fuscous lines angled at vein 4 and not reaching inner margin, which is broadly clear white; termen broadly fuscous, a whitish shade at apex and terminally between veins 3 and 4. Hind wings: fine post- medial and outer black lines ; a broad marginal black shade, partly mottled with white terminally. Expanse 35 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Hammaptera linusaria, sp. n. 6. Palpi light brown, joints tipped with white. Head and abdomen cream-colour, the latter with fine pale brown transverse lines. Thorax grey ; patagia streaked with black. Fore wings white, irrorated with brown; medial space brown; termen shaded with brown; a subbasal brownish line, edged with black irrorations ; a fine brownish antemedial line, preceded and followed by a less distinct line; the medial space inwardly edged by a wavy black line and outwardly by angled black lines on veins, also crossed by black lines, suffusing below black discocellular line, forming spots to inner margin; a subterminal lunular white line, preceded by black spots above and below vein 5; terminal geminate black spots at veins. Hind wings whitish, the termen rather broadly dark grey. Wings below whitish, the outer margin broadly fuscous grey ; fine discal streaks, more pro- nounced on fore wing. Expanse 24 mm. Hab. Esperanza, Tuis, Banana River, Avangarez. The description is taken from a specimen with medial space heavily marked, some specimens having it mueh greyer, with 302 Mr. W. Schaus on only its margins darker; this is especially the case in the females. The species is very similar to H. tenera, Warr., but differs below. Coremia apollosaria, sp. n. *g. Body brownish grey ; abdomen with transverse dark brown shades and whitish segmental lines. Fore wings erey 3 base and medial space light reddish brown, the termen shaded with grey-brown; basal space edged by a darker line ; two fine antemedial lines ; the medial space crossed by fine darker lines before and beyond the black point on disco- cellular, the last line vertical from costa to vein 4, outangled, and slightly inbent ; postmedial space whitish, with geminate black points on veins ; apex greyish, with an oblique terminal fuscous shade below it. Hind wings whitish; a minute point on discocellular ; postmedial lines very faint ; some grey-brown shading at anal angle. Wings below greyish, with faint traces of lines; minute discal points and some scattered irrorations on hind wings. Expanse 24 mm. The female has the medial space broader and deep reddish brown. Hab. Poas, Turrialba. Coremia discataria, sp. n. 3. Body slate-grey ; abdomen with paler segmental lines. Fore wings slate-grey; a medial and a postmedial broad brownish fascia, suffusing below a large pale patch at end of cell and crossed by indistinct fuscous lines, the outer edge of postmedial finely paler grey, sinuous; a subbasal curved brownish line and traces of a finer antemedial; traces of a subterminal lunular whitish line, preceded by brownish shadings, all very indistinct ; traces of an interrupted ter- minal fuscous line. Hind wings grey; three sinuous, fine, medial fuscous lines, and traces of other lines on inner margin close to anal angle. Wings below greyish; black discal points; three fine postmedial fuscous lines. Hind wings thinly irrorated with fuscous and reddish brown. Expanse 26 mm. Hab, Poas, ‘Turrialba. Coremia lucasaria, sp. n. 3. Body brown; some black irrorations on abdomen. : : Tore wings: basal and outer thirds yellow-brown ; medial FHeterocera from Costa Rica. 303 space fuscous brown; basal space crossed by indistinct darker lines; medial space broad on costa, narrower below vein 4 and cell, its inner edge outcurved, shaded with white on costa, its outer edge serrate, vertical to vein 4, projecting, slightly inbent, with darker streaks on veins 2—4 and some white shading on costa ; veins on postmedial space irrorated with fuscous and whitish; subterminal black spots from veins 4—8, partly edged with white ; an interrupted terminal black line. Hind wings grey-brown ; a broad medial shade, slightly darker. Wings below greyish ; outer third of fore wing and entire hind wing irrorated with reddish ; minute black discal points. Expanse 23 mm. Hab. Turrialba. Coremia zenasaria, sp. n. 3. Head, collar, and thorax greyish brown. Abdomen dark grey, mottled with black and crossed by pale segmental lines. Fore wings grey-brown, rather browner on medial space; a black discal point; lines fine, fuscous, slightly outcurved; a basal, two subbasal, two antemedial, three medial, three postmedial ; the outer medial and inner post- medial somewhat lunular; a fuscous spot on postmedial above vein +, not always present; two lunular dark grey outer lines marked with black points on veins ; subterminal whitish, more distinct from veins 4—8, and inwardly shaded with black; an interrupted terminal black line. Hind wings greyish ; a black point on discocellular anteriorly ; three fine medial and two subterminal fuscous lines. Wings below grey ; hind wings and costa of fore wings shaded with lilacine brown ; black discal points; the lines faintly marked ; the outer postmedial line most distinct. Expanse 20 mm. Hab. Turrialba. Anapalta artemas, sp. n. g.+ Head and collar brown. Thorax brown; patagia mottled black and grey. Abdomen brown, with black dorsal spots. Fore wings dark brown; a subbasal lunular black line; a broad antemedial whitish fascia, irrorated with light brown; medial and postmedial space with some lighter brown irrorations ; two medial black lines and two postmedial lunular lines, black on costa, otherwise fuscous brown, and followed on costa to below vein 7 by a_brownish-white shade, less so on inner margin ; outer space lighter brown, 304 Mr. W. Schaus on with a faint subterminal pale lunular line, preceded by a black shade at vein 6; an interrupted terminal dark brown line. Hind wings greyish, with traces of two lunular dentate postmedial lines, closer together on inner margin ; a terminal fuscous line. Fore wings below fuscous grey; the outer margin and hind wings brownish white; black discal points ; the two postmedial lines finely lunular dentate; two con- verging lines from costa before apex of fore wing. Expanse 26 mm. Hab. Poas. This species shows considerable variation, especially in the intensity of the antemedial fascia. Perizoma pudens, sp. n. Palpi and body black-brown, except terminal half of abdomen, which is light grey. Fore wings light silky grey ; basal fourth dark brown, crossed by two fine black lines, starting from indistinct fuscous-grey spots on costa ; a faint fuscous spot at end of cell; a postmedial and a smaller sub- terminal dark brown spot on costa; a faint postmedial darker shade and some dark points on veins; termen irregularly and faintly shaded with brown; cilia fuscous grey. Hind wings whitish grey. Expanse 17 mm. flab. Turrialba, Poas. Near P. fallax, Warr. Pertzoma tetrica, sp. n. 3. Palpi and frons black-brown, vertex paler, shaded with grey behind. Collar and three terminal segments of abdo- men whitish grey; abdomen otherwise and thorax black- brown. Fore wings: basal third fuscous brown, crossed by three fine wavy black lines, the outer two edged with grey on costa; outer two-thirds pale grey shaded with fuscous grey at end of cell, terminally, and broadly on inner margin from postmedial line to tornus; a quadrate dark brown postmedial spot on costa, from which are two fine and interrupted dark lines, slightly incurved, and macular on inner margin; a subterminal broad fuscous-brown shade from costa to near vein 6; a terminal black line interrupted by pale spots on veins; cilia grey partly shaded with black. Hind wings dark silky grey-brown; the dark postmedial line of underside partly visible. Wiaings below dark silky Heterocera from Costa Rica, 305 grey; black discal spots. Hind wings: the postmedial fuscous line angled below vein 4. Expanse 13 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Eriopygidia myrtusarta, sp. n. @. Palpi brownish ringed with white. Head whitish buff, possibly faded green. Collar and thorax dark green. Abdomen orange-yellow. Fore wings sage-green, lines black-brown, thick ; an irregular subbasal line ; antemedial outeurved from subcostal to fuld, preceded on costa by a short line; medial broad on costa, oblique and angled near discocellular and suffusing with the inbent postmedial, the two lines diverging to vein 2, from which to inner margin they are connected by dark brown lines forming four green spots between them ; a costal spot between medial and post- medial, from which a darker green shade extends to and on discocellular ; an outer line, replaced from between veins 7 and 6 to between 5 and 4, and also from below vein 3 to below 2, by a pale brownish shade; a dentate bluish-green subterminal shade partly shaded outwardly with black- brown ; cilia with large black spots at veins. Hind wings orange, the base and inner margin clouded with fuscous, and similar subterminal clusters of scales; the spots on cilia smaller, not reaching apex. Underneath pale olive-brown ; fine dark discal streaks; faint traces of a darker postmedial shade, and a subapical shade on fore wings. Expanse 38 mm. Hab. Poas. Near EL. narangilla, Dogn. Psaliodes demasaria, sp. n. S$. Palpi grey. Head brown. Collar, thorax, and abdomen brown mottled with white. Fore wings chocolate- brown, darkest between medial and postmedial lines and on outer margin; an antemedial white fascia, crossed by a brown line and expanding on inner margin to medial line, which is lunular, the lunules incurved, preceded by a small white spot on costa; an oblique fuscous streak on disco- cellular; postmedial white, irregularly outbent from costa, sharply inturned at vein 3 to cell, expanding on inner margin, where itis crossed by a brown line, and followed on costa by an inbent white line to vein 6 ; subterminal white markings on costa, between veins 4 and 2, and at tornus; base of 306 Mr. W. Schaus on cilia black spotted with buff, terminally paler. Hind wings greyish brown; cilia spotted at base with dark brown. Fore wings below. greyish brown, darker shaded apically ; white points on costa, and similar irrorations on termen; post- medial whitish shadings below costa; an outer lunular velvety brown line edged with white outwardly. Hind wings below brownish thickly mottled and irrorated with white ; a round yellowish spot at end of cell partly edged with dark brown; a deeply lunular dark brown outer line from costa to vein 3 ; apostmedial dark brown spot on inner margin. Kxpanse 18 mm. flab. Volcano Turrialba. Psaliodes claudiaria, sp. n. Palpi, head, and thorax brown; the abdomen paler, with dark transverse shades posteriorly, edged dorsally by white segmental lines. Fore wings brown; a darker inbent sub- basal line, faintly edged with white outwardly; a medial white line, slightly inbent, edged with dark brown, more broadly outwardly ; a postmedial white line, also edged with dark brown and followed by a whitish line outbent above vein 5 to apex; this outbent line edged by a fuscous shade, which is irregularly outbent below vein 5 to termen at vein 3 ; the terminal space from vein 3 to apex shaded with grey- brown ; a terminal fuscous line; cilia yellowish spotted with fuscous. Hind wings whitish, the termen faintly shaded with brown; a terminal dark line; cilia yellow. Hind wings below white striated with grey-brown; the veins partly yellow; a dark discal point; a postmedial curved brown line, inangled at vein 3. Eixpanse 18 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas. Psaliodes crispata, sp. n. do. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax brown. Abdomen silvery grey at base with brownish irrorations; dorsum shaded with dark brown terminally. Fore wings: base brown, becoming darker before antemedial line, which is white, inset from median to inner margin ; space to medial line dark brown, thinly irrorated with pale brown and shaded with white along subcostal; medial line broad, white, its edges incurved and crossed from subcostal by a fine wavy brown line; space to postmedial dark brown, its outer edge deeply lunular; postmedial white, the space beyond pale Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 307 brown, mottled with white towards apex and crossed near postmedial by whitish Iunules ; a broad terminal dark brown space from vein 7-4, inwardly edged with whitish, and dark marginal lunules below 4 and below 3; cilia dark brown spotted with yellowish. Hind wings whitish grey; cilia pale yellowish with dark spots at veins. Fore wings below greyish, with traces of whitish lines; a vermilion streak above subcostal from base to medial line, then below sub- costal and along vein 8 to apex. Hind wings below whitish striated with brown ; a dark brown line on discocellular; a daik outer dentate line, inset at vein 3. Expanse 19 mm. Hab. Poas. Psaliodes infulata, sp. n. 9. Palpi and frons brown. Vertex, collar, and thorax yellowish buff, the collar and patagia anteriorly shaded with dark brown. Abdomen light brown with pale segmental lines. Fore wings: base yellowish buff mottled with brown, shading to dark brown at antemedial line, which is white, vertical, indentate on submedian ; space following yellowish buff mottled with brown; medial and postmedial lines white inversely lunular edged with dark brown, the space between them filled in with irregular dark brown blotches at end of cell, and from vein 2 to inner margin, otherwise lighter brown shaded with yellowish buff; postmedial line followed by a straight yellowish-white shade; outer space brown, paler shaded; a terminal dark brown space, very broad between veins 4 and 6, narrowing to apex, and similar lunules below vein 4 to tornus ; cilia yellowish spotted with fuscous brown. Hind wings whitish grey, shaded with pale brown on outer half. Fore wings below fuscous grey, the costa shaded with orange. Hind wings below yellowish white, striated with grey, chiefly at base and on outer third ; a brown discal spot and sinuous postmedial line. Hixpanse 23 mm. Hab. Cachi. Psaliodes interstrata, sp. n. ?. Palpi and frons light brown. Vertex white. Collar and thorax whitish buff shaded with brown. Abdomen pale browa with whitish segmental lines, edged with dark brown. Fore wings white striated with brown except on lines, which are rather broad and with nearly straight edges; antemedial line inbent, inwardly edged with dark brown; medial line 308 Mr. W. Schaus on inbent, the space to postmedial line dark brown from costa to médian, and from vein 2 to inner margin; postmedial line inbent below vein 4, its outer edge suffusing somewhat with ground-colour ; some terminal dark brown shading, chiefly above vein 4 to apex; cilia yellowish white spotted with dark brown. Hind wings white, the termen shaded with pale brown. Fore wings below fuscous grey ; a white medial spot across cell, and one above inner margin; the postmedial line and subterminal markings white, distinct. Hind wings below white striated with brownish grey; a dark streak on discocellular ; a fine dark postmedial line, slightly sinuous. Expanse 21 mm. fab, Poas. Psaliodes philetus, sp. n. 9. Palpi brown. Head, collar, and thorax olive-brown, with paler mottlings ; a dark brown spot on patagia. Abdo- men whitish buff, finely irrorated with brown. Fore wings olive-brown ; the lines white, divided by a fine dark brown line; the antemedial sinuous, the medial and postmedial inversely lunular ; a fuscous-brown streak on discocellular, and dark brown shade beyond it; a subterminal lunular dark brown line, almost touching postmedial between veins 4 and 6, and outwardly shaded with dull fuscous brown to termen; some yellowish strize on costa and outer space ; cilia alternately black and yellow. Hind wings whitish, outwardly shaded with brown; a faint fuscous medial line ; cilia yellow, with fine fuscous streaks at veins. Hind wings below yellowish white striated with greyish brown ; a black discal spot followed by a fuscous-brown line, broad on inner margin and barely reaching costa. Expanse 27 mm. Hab. Poas, 'Vurrialba. Near P. aurantivena, Warr. Psaliodes simplex, sp. n. g. Palpi dark brown fringed above with white. Head, collar, patagia, and abdomen purplish grey; thorax dark reddish brown. Fore wings purplish grey, with a few scattered whitish irrorations; a fine subbasal dark brown vertical line; inner and outer lines fine, yellowish white, broadly edged on medial side with dark reddish brown, the inner line faintly inbent, the outer line vertical on costa, outangled on vein 6, where a faint brown shade extends to apex, and parallel with outer margin from vein 6 to inner Lleterocera from Costa Rica. 309 margin; terminal yellowish points at veins ; cilia fuscous on basal half, outwardly white spotted with fuscous. Hind wings dull roseate, terminally shaded with lilacine grey ; a straight brownish outer line ; cilia fuscous grey partly tipped with white. Fore wings below roseate brown; traces of inner and outer lines; costa and termen fuscous grey; a fuscous line on discocellular. Hind wings below roseate brown, the termen shaded with fuscous grey ; a black line on discocellular ; a broad yellowish outer line edged with dark reddish brown. Expanse 18 mm. Hab. Carillo. Near P. cronia, Dr., and P. acutangula, Warr. Psaliodes sutum, sp. 0. 2. Palpi whitish outwardly shaded with roseate brown. Head and collar whitish divided by a purplish line. Thorax and abdomen purplish brown, the latter with slate-colour segmental lines. Fore wings brown faintly tinged with purple; a broad inner fascia, dull greyish, shaded with ochreous brown on costa, edged by white lines, and crossed by a faint similar line, its inner edge angled in cell, its outer edge straight and inbent ; a fuscous shade on discocellular ; a faint postmedial darker brown line, irrorated with grey, outeurved beyond cell, dentate from vein 3 to inner margin, the space beyond it broadly clearer brown crossed by a faint darker line; cilia dark brown, irregularly tipped with white. Hind wings white, the termen shaded with roseate brown; a black discal point. Wings below roseate brown. Fore wings: a black streak on discocellular, Hind wings: a black discal point broadly edged with white; a lunular postmedial whitish line. Expanse 20 mm. Hab. Poas. Allied to P. bicolor, Prout. Subfam. (!yvocurourz. Dolichoneura ertphyle, sp. n. ¢. Palpi and head fuscous brown. Thorax slate-grey. Abdomen brownish slate} dorsal white points. Wings slate- grey; a terminal fine black line ; cilia light brown. Fore wings: an antemedial pale brown line, broadest in cell and on costa; a pale brown wavy outer line, shaded on either 310 On Heterocera from Costa Rica. side with buff, slightly incurved opposite cell and below vein 2; terminal space shaded with buff except at apex; a dentate lunular subterminal greyish shade. Hind wings: an antemedial and a postmedial light brown line; an irregular and faintly marked subterminal greyish line. Wings below dark grey. Expanse 35 mm. Hab. Tuis. Dolichoneura squalida, sp. n. @. Palpi and head dark brown. Body and wings slate- grey ; white dorsal points on abdomen. Fore wings: ante- medial geminate whitish spots on inner margin; a white discal point; an outer light brown lunular line, angled at vein 6, preceded by a narrow light grey shade, the space beyond to termen being ochreous grey except on costa to subterminal which is slate-grey ; an interrupted subterminal lunular dentate slate-grey line partly shaded with whitish rey. Hind wings: asubbasal geminate whitish line, closely followed by the white discal point; a pale brown lunular outer line edged with ochreous grey, somewhat interrupted, and chiefly noticeable on inner margin; faint subterminal whitish spots ; cilia dark olive-brown. Wings below dark grey. Expanse 35 mm. Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles. This may possibly be the female of D. ertphyle, Schs., in spite of their dissimilarity. Phellinodes gratiosa, sp. 1. g. Head brown. Collar and thorax mottled grey and white. Abdomen dark grey irrorated with white. Fore wings grey mottled with dark grey and fuscous, the inner margin tinged with brown; costal and outer margins mottled with white except at apex which is occupied by a large dark brown spot inwardly edged by a curved black line and con- taining some fuscous striw ; a small black spot on disco-— cellular. Hind wings black, slightly mottled with grey on inner margin; a broad white space from base to well beyond cell. Fore wings below: costal margin broadly brownish grey striated with fuscous; a small postmedial white spot ; the apical spot more broadly edged with black; a narrow white shade from base above median, expanding between veins 2 and 4 to termen, and terminally irrorated and spotted Descriptions and Records of Bees. 311 with black; inner margin broadly fuscous grey. Hind wings below white mottled with fuscous brown, forming a well- marked subterminal shade ; discocellular shaded with fuscous 5 cilia black spotted with white from vein 4 to apex. Expanse 38 mm. Hab, Tuis. Belongs to Sect. II. XL.-—Descriptions and Records of Bees —XULVI. By T. D. A. CockrreExt, University of Colorado. Trigona ziegleri mayarum, subsp. n. Worker.—Agrees with Friese’s short account of 7. ziegleri, except that the hair of the thorax is pale ferruginous, and the head is distinctly wider, fully 2} mm. The size also is a little greater, length fully6 mm. Friese states that the hind tibize of ziegleri are black at apex, in mayarum about the apical half is black, and the hind basitarsi are black on outer side. Among the species known to me, 7. mayarum comes closest to T. jaty, Sm. ; but the latter is much smaller, with the pleura mainly dark, and the yellow lateral face- marks forming a much more acute angle above. Other characters of mayarum are: mandibles with a little tooth at inner corner, but otherwise unarmed ; scape very broadly yellow in front; flagellum clear ferruginous beneath, rufo-piceous above; yellow supraclypeal mark an equilateral triangle; front dullish with fine short reddish hair, but smooth and shining below the ocelli; tegulz apricot-colour ; wings with a faint orange tint; abdomen apricot-colour, shining. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockereil). I expect that when this can be actually compared with T. ziegleri it will be found to be a distinct species. An allied but larger species is the Brazilian 7. manni, Ckll. Trigona jatiformis, sp. n. Worker.—Length 43 mm. Smooth and shining; head and thorax black with pale markings; abdomen clear ferruginous, with a rather narrow black or blackish band along hind margin of first dorsal segment; labrum honey-colour; mandibles edentate, pallid (pellucid whitish) basally, rufous apically ; 312 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and clypeus yellow, slightly suffused with reddish; triangular supraclypeal mark and lateral marks pale yellow, the latter elongate, pointed above on orbital margin above level of antenne, but with the inner margin reddish and not sharply defined ; scape pale reddish yellow, black above at apex ; flagellum dark ; mesothorax nude, shining black, with yellow lateral margins; axille yellow; hind margin of scutellum yellowish white; tubercles cream-colour ; tegul pellucid rufo-testaceous ; wings hyaline, faintly dusky, stigma and nervures reddish ; legs ferruginous ; hind tibiz with apex broadly, and hind margin except at base, black ; hind basi- tarsus with a large black patch ; face and front with fine short pale hair, not at all dense. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, = type locality, four workers (W. P. Cockerell) ; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, one, Jan. 28, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). Looks exactly like 7. jaty, Smith, but differs at once by the abdomen, which is broad instead of almost linear. Smith’s description of 7. jaty refers to the male, but I have workers with the same narrow abdomen. The new species also differs from jaty by the dark flagellum and other small characters. Trigona jaty, Smith. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 1912 (W. P. Cockerell) ; Quirigua, Guatemala, two on “ common yellow Composite,” one at flowers of Zeamenia virgulta, Klatt, one Feb. 11, on plant no. 15 (W. P. Cockerell). Trigona mellaria, Smith. Gualan, Guatemala, one Feb. 23, at flowers of Calopogonium ceruleum, Desv., Feb. 23 (W. P. Cockerell); Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell, 7). Trigona stigma, Smith. Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell). New to Central America. Trigona nigerrima, Cresson. Quirigua, Guatemala, sixteen (W. P. Cockerell). Taken at sap, and at flowers of Pontederia cordata, L. (Feb. 11), Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy (Feb. 20), and Centrosema plumieri, Benth. (Feb. 13). This is smaller than T. silvestriana, Vachal. Is it possible that the “ silvestriana” reported by Vachal from British Honduras was nigerrima ? Records of Bees. 313 Trigona argyrea, sp. Ni. Worker.—Length slightly over 3 mm. Black, including antenne and legs, but abdomen (which is short and rather broad) shining dark sepia-brown; head large; face up to antenne flattened, densely covered with short, ap- pressed, brilliantly silver hair; mandibles edentate, black with the apical margin rufous; cheeks small ; front shining, the upper part with rather large sparse punctures, as they appear under alens, but the microscope shows that they are the bases of black bristles ; vertex with black hair ; posterior ocelli very close to occipital margin ; thorax narrower than head, without light markings, the dorsum shining, with black hair, the mesothorax also with very short strongly plumose pale hairs ; pleura with pale hair; sides of metathorax minutely pale- tomentose; hair of legs largely black, but white hair on underside of middle trochanters and basal half of their femora (hind legs broken off in type) ; wings dusky, nervures and stigma dark sepia; tegule rufo-piceous; underside of abdomen pale ochreous. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell). The specimen is labelled “nest in clay bank,” where it was taken along with a couple of 7. cupira, Smith. This may be compared with 7. hyalinata, Lep., and T. tubiba, Smith ; differing from both by its very silvery face, from hyalinata also by the smaller size, and from tubiba by the shining front and mesothorax (these parts in ¢ubiba are absolutely dull). 7. argentata, Lep., has silvery hair on face, but the wings are clear, Trigona zexmenie, sp. 0. Worker.—Length 74 to 9 mm. Robust, abdomen parallel-sided, not quiteso broad as thorax ; head and thorax dull black, but the clypeus and supraclypeal area shining and strongly punctured ; labrum ferruginous, more or less bigibbous ; mandibles rufo-piceous, edentate, the broad apical margin sharply marked off and ornamented with elongate punctures ; malar space rather large ; no light face- marks ; front duil and densely granular, as also are the meso- thorax and scutellum; antenne black, with the scape red at base and extreme apex, and flagellum dark reddish beneath ; hair of head and thorax above scanty and black, longest on scutellum; edge of mesothorax above tegulz with a narrow dull yellow stripe; hair of pleura mostly black, partly pale below; tegulz piceous or rufo-piceous. Wings dusky, witha & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 22 314 attr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and strong reddish tint; stigma and nervures testaceous. Legs black, the small joints of tarsi dark red; abdomen dull but not dark reddish fulvous, the segments more or less dusky, though narrowly, at apex. The face is very broad. Hab. Quirigua, = type locality, eight; one at flowers of Zeamenia virgulta, Klatt, two at flowers of common yellow Composite, three (Feb. 21) at blue flowers of a species of Labiate (W. P. Cockerell); Gualan, Guatemala, one at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer, one (Feb. 18) without flower record (W. P. Cockerell). A relatively large species, looking a little like Melipona mandacaia, Smith, but the resemblance is merely superficial. It should rather be compared with Trigona fulviventris, Guér., which is considerably smaller and has a shining abdomen. The two agree in the dense white tomentum on cheeks. Trigona fulviventris, Guérin. Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—Puerto Barrios, six, Jan. 28; Quirigua, five, two at Zexmenia virgulta, Kiatt, one (Feb. 20) at IJpomw@a quinquefolia, Grisebach, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia cordata, L.; Ama- titlan, February, one ; Guatemala City, one. Trigona cupira, Smith. Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :— Amatitlan, one; Puerto Barrios, one, Jan. 28; Guatemala City, three (I also have three from Guatemala City collected by Mr. J. Rodriguez) ; Antigua, one ; Gualan, twelve, all but one at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer ; Quirigua, sixteen, two at nest in clay bank, five (eb. 12 and 20) at flowers of Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy. Trigona amalthea, Olivier. Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—Gualan, two, Feb. 22-23, at flowers of Calopogonium ceruleum, Desv.; Puerto Barrios, one; Quirigua, five, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia cordata, li., one at flowers of common yellow Composite. Trigona frontalis flavocincta, Cockerell, var. a. Quirigua, Guatemala, a variety with lateral thirds of clypeus black or nearly, bases of first and second abdominal segments usually creamy white, the hind margin of first segment very broadly dark ; nine workers, one at nest in Records of Bees. 315 clay bank, six at sap, others at flowers of plant no. 7 (W. P. Cockerell). Melipona fulvipes, Guérin. Gualan, Guatemala, one male, Feb. 18 (W. P. Cockerell). Near to M. ligata, but the male differs. Mrs. Cockerell took workers of M. fulvipes at Quirigua, eleven specimens ; three (Feb. 20) at flowers of Solanum, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia cordata. Melipona solani, sp. n. Worker.—Length about 10 mm. Black, with the general build and structure of M. fucvipes ; face without light markings, except the faintest possible reddish median line on the dull minutely granular clypeus ; labrum ferruginous, minutely punctured; antenne dark, scape rufo-piceous, flagellum reddish at end; hairof head and thorax above abundant, mixed dark fuscous and ferruginous, of sides of thorax rich ferruginous, beneath whitish ; mesothorax and scutellum shining, the latter testaceous ; tegulze clear amber- red ; wings dusky, very red, especially toward base ; stigma and nervures ferruginous ; much of middle, and nearly all of hind femora, bright red ; apical tarsal joints and end of lobe of hind basitarsus red; hair of legs partly black and partly red, the short appressed hair on inner surface of hind tibiz with a purple lustre in certain lights; abdomen black with black hair, hind margins of the segments very narrowly obscure reddish (this is wholly wanting on the fifth), and the second and third with a fringe of pale golden-brown hair ; venter ferruginous suffused with darker, and with glittering cream-coloured hair, Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one at flowers of Solanum, Feb. 20, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). Allied to M. fulvipes, but easily known by the lack of yellow bands on the abdomen and of yellow face-markings. Augochlora gemmella, sp. n. ? .—Length about 6 mm. Very brilliant shining blue, more green on thorax, varying to nearly all blue-green; in the type the face, vertex, and cheeks are peacock-green, the front blue ; thorax blue-green with purple shades, but the scutellum and postscutellum very green, contrasting with the blue metathorax ; abdomen blue with purple lights, dorsum of second segment distinctly green; on the legs the blue colour extends to the femora 22* 316 Mr. 'T’. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and and anterior and middle tibiz; labrum black, mandibles with the apical half rufous; clypeus not much produced, strongly but sparsely punctured, its lower margin rather broadly black ; antennz black, scape rufous at extreme base ; front minutely granular ; cheeks with rather abundant white hair; mesothorax very brilliant, with extremely minute punctures, sparse in middle, becoming dense only at sides ; anterior angles of prothorax prominent, greater (but not very much greater) than right angles; hair of thorax scanty and pale; area of metathorax semilunar, with fine plice - which cover little more than the basal half; apical trunca- tion not distinctly defined above ; tegulze pale rufo-testaceous, with a blue spot. Wings slightly dusky, nervures and the large stigma dark sepia; third s.m. twice as long as second ; first r.n. joing second t.-c. on entering basal corner of third s.m.; hind spur with three spines, two very long ; hair on inner side of hind basitarsus shining mouse-grey. Abdomen broad, shining, very brilliant, the lnear hind margins of the segments reddish; no vibrisse; much hair on ventral surface of abdomen. The specimens have col- lected an abundance of white pollen on the hind femora and the under surface of the abdomen. Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, six females (W. P. Cockerell). Three collected Feb. 13, 1912, at flowers of Centrosema plumieri, Bentham. One at flowers of Zexmenia virgulta, Klatt. Two at plant no. 60. Quite distinct from all other Guatemalan species by the small size and brilliant colours. It belongs to Vachal’s group sericei, and in his table runs to the much larger and otherwise different Augochlora tonsilis (Halictus tonsilis, Vachal), except for the long spines on the hind spur. There is quite a close resemblance to A. cyaneoviridis, Ashm., from St. Vincent; but Ashmead’s species has the area of metathorax covered with fine striz, the wings browner, the head narrower, and the mesothorax rugulose with dense punctures. Augochlora amatitlana, sp. n. ¢ .—Length about 10 mm., anterior wings about 7. Head and thorax bright blue-green with purple tints, the purple mainly in the form of two suffused longitudinal bands on mesothorax and two spots on scutellum ; middle of face golden green; metathorax and postscutellum of the same colour, not so blue as scutellum ; a small golden triangle at upper end of metathoracic truncation; head broad above, eyes deeply emarginate, almost without hair ; clypeus strongly Records of Bees. o17 produced, shining, rather sparsely punctured, with a little median golden stripe, and the lower margin rather broadly testaceous ; labrum brown, pointed below ; antennz black, with a red spot at extreme apex, flagellum very long; front densely granular; mesothorax and scutellum densely granular- punctate; postscutellum large, with indications of longi- tudinal fluting ; area of metathorax large but poorly defined, the middle and base densely wrinkled ; posterior truncation sharply defined only at sides below ; tegulz red-brown, with a large green spot and pallid margin. Wings orange-tinted, not dark ; the nervures and rather small stigma ferruginous ; second s.m. broad, its sides parallel ; first r. n. joining second t.-c.; femora and tibiz green, hind tibie black behind ; tarsi ferruginous; hind legs long and slender ; spurs light ferruginous. Abdomen brilliantly shining, but finely and rather conspicuously punctured, disc of first segments with punctures all over; general colour of abdomen brilliant coppery shading to golden, the middle of the segments (especially the second) reddest, the hind margins broadly pale greenish ; thin pale pubescence, especially at sides, but no bands or vibrisse; underside of abdomen dark green, the third segment broadly emarginate at apex, and the middle beyond the third broadly excavated or hollowed. Hab. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). A magnificent species, presumably one of the sericei, but the female is unknown. It seems to be nearest to A. aurora, Smith, in which the abdomen is yellowish green and the thorax dark blue-green. It does not agree with anything in Vachal’s tables. Cenohalictus wilmatte, sp. 0. ¢-—Length about 10 mm., anterior wings nearly 83. Eyes with short scanty hair; pubescence very conspicu- ously plumose ; eyes deeply emarginate; head broad, eyes converging below; clypeus much produced, shining blue- green, with scattered strong punctures, lower margin rather broadly dull whitish, the actual edge ferruginous ; labrum transverse, rufo-fuscous, the base whitish, the apex angular and fringed with long golden hairs; mandibles black ; malar space about twice as broad as long; supraclypeal area with a golden patch in middle ; front dark green, very hairy; hair of head and thorax below sordid white, of vertex and dorsum of thorax dull fulvous; cheeks brilliantly purple- blue; thorax dark purple-blue, the pleura richly coloured, the mesothorax and scutellum blackish except at sides, the 318 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and middle of mesothorax slightly greenish; metathorax very dark green or greenish black ; mesothorax and scutellum densely granular-punctate, almost rugose ; anterior corners of prothorax not at all prominent ; area of metathorax poorly defined, coarsely rugose-wrinkled at base and middle; pos- terior truncation quadrate, sharply defined only below, over- lapped at apex by the golden-tinted tip of basal area ; tegulz rufo-fuscous, with pallid margins and a bluish spot. Wings ample, somewhat dusky, conspicuously so at apex; nervures and stigma ferruginous; second s m. large ; first r. n. joining second t.-c. Legs with pale hair, orange-tinted on inner side of tarsi; femora and tibiz mainly metallic blue, hind tibize lack behind ; tarsi more or less ferruginous, especially the hind ones. Abdomen closely and finely punctured but shining, golden green, the disc of first segment and base and sides of second faintly flushed with coppery ; hind margins of segments suffusedly and rather obscurely blackish ; venter of abdomen formed as in Augochlora amatitlana ; antenne Jong and black. Hab. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 5, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). This certainly must be quite closely related to Augochlora amatitlana, having essentially the same structure and general type of coloration. In detail, however, A. amatitlana is very differently coloured. The eyes of A. “amatitlana are practi- cally hairless, but with the compound microscope | find a very few short hairs. It is a question whether A. amatitlana should not stand as Cenohalictus amatitlanus; but, on the other hand, it is possible that actual comparison with the type of Cenohalictus (from Ecuador) would show that neither of the insects now described should really be referred to it. Certainly they have not the long hair of the eyes of C, trichiophthalmus, Cameron. If, however, we redefined Cenohalictus as Augochlora of the sericei group with hair on the eyes, we have four species : C. trichiophthalmus, Cam.; C. chetops, Vachal; C, amatitlanus, Ckll.; C. wilmatte, Ck]. The species of Vachal and Cameron are considerably smaller than those from Guatemala, being only about 8 mm. long. Dialictus onustulus, sp. 0. 2 —Length fully 55 mm. Head and thorax olive-green ; clypeus smooth with sparse large punctures, the lower half black, the upper half crimson and green ; supraclypeal area tinged with brassy ; mandibles red at apex; front dull and densely granular; antennz Records of Bees. 319 black, the flagellum stout ; mesothorax dullish, with minute not very dense punctures ; area of metathorax rugose, hardly plicate ; tegule small, rufo-piceous. Wings hyaline, faintly dusky, stigma and nervures brownish testaceous ; first r. n. joining second s.m. more than a third from base. Legs black, with pale hair. Abdomen black with a distinct eneous tint, the hind margins of the segments so slightly and narrowly reddish that the fact is hardly noticeable ; no bands, but rather abundant pale hair. The following characters are microscopical: face and front minutely tessellate, sides of front as densely punctured as is possible ; sides of meso- thorax (also minutely tessellate) with punctures about as far apart as the diameter of one; middle of mesothorax with punctures about or nearly twice as far apart; tegule with minute piliferous punctures only ; area of metathorax with irregular basal plicre ; abdomen with extremely fine piliferous punctures, sparse but not absent on disc of first segment ; third segment with much beautifully plumose hair ; hind spur with four long teeth. The type carries much yellow pollen. Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Except for the larger size, this agrees fairly well with the description of D. costaricensis, Crawford, but the tegule are no larger, and the punctures of the mesothorax are not closer, than in D. occidentalis, Crawford, from the United States. The insect is nearest to D. occidentalis, from which it is known by the brassy or greenish-tinted abdomen and somewhat dusky wings. E.womalopsis callura, sp. n. 3 .—Length 6-6} mm. Black, shining ; head broad ; face and front with shining white hair; labrum with much white hair; cheeks with white hair, except the uppermost part, where it is black ; occiput with much black hair; sides of vertex smooth and shining ; ocelli in a very slightly curved line; no light face- markings ; clypeus and supraclypeal area smooth and flat, with very few minute and feeble punctures; mandibles black ; scape black ; flagellum normal, black above, bright yellowish ferruginous below ; mesothorax with rather small but strong and close punctures, except the posterior disc, which is impunctate ; hair of thorax black, but a large white tuft on lowermost part of pleura; tegule black. Wings hyaline, suffused with orange, the apical margin broadly pale greyish ; stigma and nervures bright apricot-colour, stigma 320 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on new large ; second s.m. rather large, receiving first r. n. near beginning of its last third. Legs black, the small joints of tarsi ferruginous ; hair of legs mainly black, but partly reddish on middle and anterior tarsi, and some pale glittering hair on anterior side of hind tibiz and a little on base of basitarsus. Abdomen shining, finely punctured ; first two segments appearing dark, with hair partly black, though broadly pale ochrecus at base and sides of first segment, and red at base of second ; third and following segments densely covered with appressed shining red-orange hair. Hab. Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Three at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana. Nearest to E.. otomita, Cresson, but colours of abdomen different, wings not yellowish fuscous, stigma not brown, &c. XLI—Three new Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. By Guy A. K. MARSHALL. Azya trinitatis, sp.n. (Fig. 1.) Parva, subeyaneo-nigra; abdomine, pedibus, ore, epistoma rufo- flavis; supra setulis parvis erectis griseis undique equaliter vestita. Black, with a slight dark blue reflection; the abdomen, legs, mouth-parts, and epistome reddish yellow. The entire upper surface densely and evenly clothed with very fine, Azya trinitatis, Mshl. short, erect, grey hairs, and without any patch or patches of dark hairs. The elytra closely, evenly, and distinctly pune- tate throughout ; the punctation of the thorax shallower. Length 2°75 mm. Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. 321 TRINIDAD: Cedros, April 1911 (F. W. Urich). Type in the British Museum. Described from five specimens received by the Entomo- logical Research Committee from Mr. F. W. Urich, Ento- mologist to the Board of Agriculture, Trinidad. Mr. Urich states that the species is of economic importance, as both the adults and larve attack the coconut scale (Aspidiotus destructor), upon which they operate as a very serviceable check. This species may be readily distinguished from all the previously described species of Azya by its small size and by the complete absence of any of the characteristic patches of dark hairs. Azya nana, sp. n. Parva, cyanea, nitida; abdomine, pedibus, ore rufo-flavis ; supra setulis griseis subreclinatis vestita, elytris ante medium macula circulari communi setulis fuscis brevioribus suberectis obsita ornatis. ; Dark blue, shining ; the abdomen, legs, and mouth-parts reddish yellow. The upper surface is densely clothed with fine subrecumbent grey hairs, which are rather longer than those of A. trinitatis, and on the elytra there is, before the middle, a common circular patch of rather shorter suberect dark hairs; the front margin of the patch does not quite reach the scutellum, and its hind margin is just behind the middle. The punctation is very similar to that of < Bato Be ae 260 leads * 2 5 cc yotd eee eee 19 Width: of head... 0: aerre tan eer 18 1210 ERE e rice eee ewer che oe 56 Bore limb |; 7 JUS ic whence oe es asians 43 ind limb! 3333 ae ee len ene 60 Pails 55 0h 2 a ee 185 A single specimen from Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 3600 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis. Head short ; snout subtruncate. Frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals forming a short suture ; frontal not longer than broad, but slightly longer than the frontonasal or the frontoparietals ; interparietal nearly as broad as the parietals ; no occipitals ; a small loreal ; seven upper labials, third very long; five lower labials ; chin-shields very large, one antericr and three pairs, the first two pairs in contact on the median line. Gular scales squarish, in 7 transverse series ; collar formed of 7 shields. Dorsal scales in 24 longitudinal and 33 transverse series; ventrals a little longer than broad, in 8 longitudinal and 18 transverse series. Four preanals, median pair the larger. The hind limb reaches the wrist, the fore limb between the ear and the eye; scales on limbs smooth. 14 femoral pores on each side. Brown above, mottled with black ; an interrupted yellowish streak on each side, from above the eye to the tail ; below it a black streak, broken up into spots towards the middle of the body ; lower parts white. mm ieade . eet fei str pet SOE oa ie Be 12 (Width oF heady 24448 «283450 eee 10 From end of snout to fore limb........ 22 a bs VGilie oceooobcbee 65 Hore limDi casa so che te hate es ere 15 422 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on A single specimen from El Topo, Rio Pastaza, H. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. Leptognathus palmeri. Body. slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals nearly half as long as the preefrontals ; frontal slightly broader than long, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout and than the parietals ; nasal divided ; loreal a little deeper than long, bordering the eye, with a preccular above it ; two post- oculars; temporals 2+3; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial-; three pairs of chin-shields, anterior longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals enlarged but longer than broad. Ventrals 187; anal entire ; subcaudals 120. Reddish brown, with broad blackish-brown annuli, edged with yellowish, on the anterior part of the body ; further down these annuli are gradually replaced by pairs of large alternating spots which approximate on the vertebral line but are widely separated on the belly; head blackish brown, with yellowish-white bars on the labial shields and a few light dots on the loreal and temporal regions. Total length 950 ; tail 310 mm. A single maie specimen from El Topo, Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. Allied to Z. alternans, Fisch. Distinguished by the shorter frontal, the divided nasal, and the absence of a lower pre- ocular. Distinguished from ZL. boliviana, Werner, from Bolivia, by the shorter frontal and the presence of two. super- posed anterior temporals. * Leptognathus polylepis. Body slender, rather strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals nearly half as long as the prefrontals ; frontal as long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; nasal divided ; loreal as long as deep, bordering the eye, with a preocular above it; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; three pairs of chin-shields, anterior a little longer than broad. new Reptiles from the Andes. 4233 Scales in 19 rows, vertebrals not enlarged. Ventrals 199 ; anal entire ; subeaudals 94. Black, with narrow, whitish, black-spotted cross-bars above, widening or bifurcating on the sides; a few whitish spots on the upper lip, behind the eye; belly lineolate with white. Total length 950 ; tail 240 mm. A single female specimen from Huancabamba, E. Peru, above 3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. Allied to L. alternans, Fisch. Distinguished from all the species of the genus by the number of rows of scales. Lachesis pleuroxanthus, Head short, cordiform ; snout turned up at the end, with sharp canthus. NRostral a little deeper than broad; nasal divided; upper head-scales small, feebly imbricate, smooth on snout and vertex, feebly keeled on occiput, larger and more decidedly keeled on temples; supraocular large, sepa- rated from its fellow by 8 series of scales; internasals sepa- rated by a pair of apicals; two or three series of scales between the eye and the third and fourth upper Jabials ; loreal pit separated from the upper labials; latter 7. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 23 rows. Ventrals 144; anal entire ; sub- eaudals 49 pairs. ‘Tail not prehensile. Greyish above, bright yellow on the sides, which bear A-shaped dark grey markings, some of which meet on the back, each branch terminating in a black spot; a dark streak, light-edged above, from the eye to the angle of the mouth; sides and lower surface of head bright yellow, without spots; belly closely mottled with blackish, with a series of large black spots on each side. Total length 350; tail 55 mm. A single female specimen from Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza, EK. Ecuador, 3600 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. Closely allied to LZ. microphthalmus, Cope. Distinguished by the larger eye, the shorter body, and the feebly keeled scales. Lachesis chloromelas. Snout rounded, with sharp canthus. Rostral as deep as broad; nasal divided; upper head-scales keeled; a large supraocular ; 5 or 6 longitudinal series of scales between the supraoculars ; small frontal and parietal shields sometimes present ; two series of scales between the eye and the third and fourth upper labials; temporal scales strongly keeled ; 424 Mr. H. Scott on 7 upper labials, second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 or 25 rows. Ven- trals 178-187; anal entire; subcaudals 41 (?) -63 (2), partly single, partly in pairs. ‘Tail prehensile. Yellowish green above, speckled with black, with large black irregular spots, some of which may form cross-bars; the spots very large on the top of the head, separated by narrow lines of the ground-colour forming symmetrical markings ; a broad black band on each side from the eye to the angle of the mouth ;. lower parts greenish yellow, speckled or spotted with black ; end of tail bright yellow. Total length 740; tail 110 mm. Three specimens from Huancabamba, E. Peru, above 3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. Closely allied to L. peruvianus, Blgr.; distinguished by the rounded snout without raised canthus, the presence of two series of scales between the eye and the labials, and the very different coloration. LV.-——A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Bromeliacee. By Huen Scorr, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S., F.E.S., Curator in Entomology in the University of Cambridge. Including Descriptions of new Insects by W. L. Distant, F.E.S., and the late R. Suetrorp, M.A., F.LS. (Plate X.] Tne fauna inhabiting the spaces between the bases of leaves of Monocotyledonous plants in the tropics offers for investigation a fascinating field, in which that of the Bromeliacez is pre-eminent in its interest. The curious funnel-like form and closely fitting leaf-bases of these plants, adapting them for the holding of water and organic detritus, their distribution throughout the richest parts of the Neotropical Region, their vast numbers of individuals and frequent epiphytic habit, all lead to the expectation that they may contain a rich and interesting series of animal forms. In a recent article* on “les Broméliacées épiphytes * C. R. Ac. Sci., tome cliii. no. 20, 1911, p. 960: this article also contains interesting remarks on the means by which Bromeliacezee may have become peopled by their fauna, &c. the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 425 comme milieu biologique,’ Monsieur C. Picado has likened the Bromeliaceze and their contents taken as a whole to “un grand marécage fractionné, étendu dans toute l’Améri- que intertropicale.’” The bromeliad marshes, he writes, are very different from terrestrial marshes, owing to their arboreal situation, restricted area, conditions of lighting, &c. ; they are supplied not only with rain-water, but also with water condensed daily from the atmosphere, and so they may continue to contain water even at seasons when terres- trial marshes are dried up; substances do not undergo a real putrefaction in Bromeliacez *, but the water in them is exceptionally pure. Dr. Ohaus also mentions (Stettin. ent. Zeit. 1900, p. 211) that the water in bromeliads does not disappear even in the dry season, and even in places where sometimes rain does not fall for months. From this it can be seen that the fauna is likely to be largely amphibious or aquatic in nature. Professor P. P. Calvert, who has given much time to the . study of the bromeliad fauna in Costa Rica, has published several articles on the subject, dealing particularly with the bromeliadicolous Odonate larvee. Previously to his researches nothing was known of the early stages of the remarkable dragonflies of the genus JMecistogaster, the larve of which are among the most interesting of the bromeliad dwellers. In one paper he states that various forms of animal life are found in the Bromeliacez in many localities, 7. ¢. at very different elevations and consequently under very different climatic conditions: ‘cockroaches, earwigs, katydid-lke insects, larvze of beetles, of moths, of flies and of mosquitos, Ct a a , snails, earthworms, scorpions, both true and false, centipedes, and even snakes of poisonous repute are common bromeliadicol which we met in our examinations’’+. In another article is given a long list{ of the creatures found in a single clump of Bromeliaceze near Juan Vifias, a list which includes Odonate larve, a scorpion and a pseudoscorpion, Phalangids, Coleoptera and Coleopterous larvee of many kinds (including Hydrophilidz, Elateride, a Lampyrid, an Endomychid, a weevil, &c.), Lepidopterous and Dipterous larve, two Heteropterous bugs, an earwig, an * See a second article by Picado, C, R. Ac. Sci., tome cliv. no, 9, 1912, p. 607. i + From ‘Old Penn,’ Weekly Review of the University of Penn- sylvania, ix. no. 6, pp. 165-170 (1910): an extract is given by Champion in Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 1911, p. 17. { Ent. News Philad. xxii. 1911, pp. 402-11: the list referred to above is quoted in extenso in Ent. Rec. xxiv. 1912, p. 76. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 29 (426 Mr. H. Seott on ant, &c. In another place in the same paper (p. 407) spiders, slugs, and planarians are mentioned as being found in Bromeliacez ; and (on p. 411) Morton is cited as writing (in htt.) that Fritz Muller once sent him cases of caddis-fly larvee found in epiphytic bromeliads in the primeeval forests of Southern Brazil. To quote again the work* of Dr. Ohaus: in Brazil he found that large Bromeliacee, growing both on trees and on steep rock-faces, were rich hunting-grounds, containing beetles (particularly Tenebrionide), many kinds of spiders, myriapods, Peripatus, and numbers of Blattide. In the water in the bromeliads he frequently found tree-frogs, which deposit their spawn there; and he considers this not an exceptional but a normal habit, persisted in even when terrestrial pieces of water are quite close at hand. In a later record + of South American travel he records finding a dung-beetle, Aphengium seminudum, Bates, usually several specimens together, in large Bromeliacee. These lists are summarized to show the extent of the bromeliad fauna, and for the sake of comparison with the results of my bromeliad- collecting in the West Indies, given below. My own interest in the matter was roused by my experiences in the Seychelles Islands during the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition of 1908-9. Some of the most interesting species of beetles were found there between leaf- bases of certain endemic species of palms and Pandanus, notably a true water-beetle (Dytiscid) in the latter. In the paper describing my experiences a short account { 1s given of this form of collecting, with a list of the creatures found in leaf-bases of palms and Pandanus: a list which includes earthworms, planarians, snails, woodlice, a scorpion, Lepidopterous and Dipterous larvae, Coleoptera and Coleo- pterous larve of very different forms, earwigs, and a very peculiar flattened form of cockroach described by Bolivar as a new genus (Hololeptoblatta: a find in Pandanus very interesting in connection with the discovery of the interesting new bromeliadicolous cockroach described below). Thus in the tropics of both hemispheres, and in other plants besides Bromeliacese, an interesting and largely aquatic or amphibious fauna dwells between the bases of the leaves. Nor does this exhaust the list of curious situations in which aquatic insects have been found in plants. In * Stettin. ent. Zeit. 1900, pp. 211, 212. + Op. eit. 1909, p. 26. } Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zool. vol. xiv. 1910, p. 24. the Fauna of Bromeliaceze. 427 Trinidad I was informed that many Culicid larve are some- times found in the water that collects in the strange inflo- rescences of Heliconie (wild Musacee) ; and in the Sandwich Islands Dr. Perkins found that nymphs of some dragonflies exist and complete their development in the water accumu- lated in the leaves of lilies growing on dry land *, Therefore, during a short visit to Trinidad and Dominica in March of this year, I determined to try to see something of the bromeliad fauna. I was only able to examine Brome- liaceze for this purpose on three occasions, in a single locality in Trinidad and in two localities in Dominica. A_ brief account of these investigations will be given, followed by descriptions of four new species of bromeliadicolous insects. I. Trintpap.—The locality was the actual summit of the highest mountain in the island, El Tucuché, 3100 feet, in the northern range of hills. My visit was made on March 20th, in company with Mr. F. W. Urich, Government Ento- mologist, and Mr. W. G. Freeman, Assistant Director of Agriculture, to both of whom I am greatly indebted for much kindness and help. Having left Port of Spain at daybreak and travelled by rail to St. Joseph, formerly the capital, we then drove northwards into the mountains up the Maracas valley as far as the road is passable for vehicles. We then climbed the steep side of the valley-head through cacao-plantations till we arrived at a gap or saddle between two peaks high in the hills. Pushing our way through a dense bed of Heliconie, the broad banana-like leaves of which reached some way over our heads, we crossed the gap and emerged on to the track leading to the mountain-top. From. this point we followed the track to the summit, mounting gradually for about 4 miles through a dense tropical forest of extreme beauty. In the higher part espe- cially was an indescribable luxuriance of vegetation, very noticeable being many graceful palms of several kinds (Euterpe, Bactris, Geonoma, &c.), an extraordinary wealth of ferns, Lycopodiacez, climbing and epiphytic Aroids, lianes, and epiphytic Bromeliaceze often with gaudily-coloured inflorescences, not to mention the many kinds of Dicotyle- donous trees. Immediately below the summit the forest becomes somewhat stunted, and trunks and branches of trees wear a shaggy clothing of thick moss. At the actual summit a small area is cleared and a little wooden camping-house has been built. On the way through the forest we had been * See Sharp, ‘Cambridge Natural History,’ vol. v. pp, 425-6, 29% 428 Mr. H. Scott on delayed by heavy rain, and at the summit found ourselves in a chilly driving ‘cloud, the difference of temperature between this place and ‘the lowlands being so great that one gladly sought the shelter of the house. Later the cloud rolled off, disclosing a magnificent view, southward over the low- lying level central part of the island, and northward over those peaks and forests and that beautiful northern coast which form the subject of one of the most charming chapters in Kingsley’s ‘ At Last.’ In contrast with the climatic conditions on the mountain, the country in the lowlands was extremely parched, the dry season being at its height, and a severe drought, such as had not been experienced for years, prevailing in addition. But in the mountain-forests moisture is perennial, and the water between the bromeliad leaves would never dry up—an important fact with reference to the amphibious and aquatic nature of the bromeliad fauna. During the hour spent on the summit we collected a sample of this fauna. One or two plants of a species of Tillandsia were taken by Mr. Urich from two or three feet above the ground (it being very difficult to get at specimens perched in lofty trees) and brought into the house, where the leaves were stripped off one by one, from outside inwards. In the water and humus between their bases were found the following :— Two specimens of a small frog; a millipede; crustaceans (Isopoda); Odonate larvee, about which I shall say nothing, as they are being further investigated by Mr. Urich ; an earwig, determined by Dr. Burr as an immature Psalid, perhaps Psalis americana; numbers of a new species of cockroach, Homalopteryx scotti (described below by Shelford), adults of both sexes and young in several stages; large numbers of a Coleopterous larva, either of or allied to the genus Helodes (mentioned again below) ; a series of a new Dytiscid beetle, Aglymbus bromeliarum (described below) ; several of a new Hydrophilid, Cyclonotum urichi (described below) ; four specimens of a species of Trichopteryx (deter- mination of the genus due to Mr. H. Britten); a single specimen of a Thysanopteron, determined by Mr. R. S. Bagnall as a species of Hupathithrips Bagu.*; and, lastly, a number of a new Hemipteron, Microvelia insignis Distant (described below). Of these the Dytiscid (Aglymbus), the Microvelia, the Odonate larvee, and the Helodine larve are purely aquatic = Heterothrips Buffa (nec Hood),=Polyommatothrips Bufta (teste Bagnall). the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 429 insects. The finding of the Aglymbdus is specially interesting in connection with the previous discovery, already referred to above, of a tree-inhabiting species of the allied genus Copelatus in the Old-World tropics—i. e. Copelatus panda- norum, which lives in the water between leaf-bases of Pan- danus in the perennially moist mountain-forests of the Seychelles. Beyond these two species I am unaware that any Dytiscid has been found inhabiting trees. The larve of Helodine are aquatic, e. gy. those of Helodes minuta live beneath stones submerged in streams; and Microvelia belongs to a group the members of which run on the surface of fresh water. As to the Hydrophilid, the members of the genus Cyclonotum might be described as subaquatic, most of them appearing to live in decaying vegetable refuse which often contains much moisture. Shelford has called attention (below) to an adaptation of the new cockroach (Homalo- pteryx) for an amphibious existence. In this connection nothing can be said at present with regard to the Tricho- pteryx or the Eupathithrips; but the facts just summarized, in conjunction with the presence of the frogs, show the aquatic or amphibious nature of the bromeliadicolous fauna. It may be asked if the truly aquatic insects show any special adaptation for living im the Bromeliacez as compared with their congeners which inhabit waters on the ground. The Aglymbus is more flattened dorso-ventrally than its con- geners, this being perhaps an adaptation for living in the narrow spaces between the leaf-bases (Copelatus pandanorum is also flattened). Iam unaware of any special adaptation in the Microvelia. The Helodine larve are less flattened than those of Helodes minuta, which live under stones; and Prof. Carpenter considers the bromeliadicolous larve the less specialized of the two (see below). In a letter to me Mr. Urich writes :—“ If these beetles [the Aglymbus] are confined to higher elevations and must live at the tops of our highest hills, then they are entirely confined to Bromelia-water, as the tops of several hills of the Northern Range appear to have no other water ” within a mile of the summit by road, or, vertically, above 2500 feet *. Mr. Urich refers to the fact that, although there is extremely abundant moisture on the mountain-tops, yet there are no pools or streams, and the only water in which truly aquatic insects such as Dytiscide could live is that which collects between leaf-bases, in inflorescences, &c. The same state- ment applies to the highest parts of the Seychelles forests ; * My. Urich adds that he has seen frogs similar to those found by us in the same kind of bromeliad at similar elevations on other peaks. 430 Mr. H. Scott on they are saturated with moisture, but there are no pools, and though swift mountzin-streams are numerous at lower levels, they are not present on the peaks; so that on those peaks the only water in which aquatic insects can exist is that which accumulates in hollow leaves, pitchers of Ne- penthes, leaf-bases of Pandanus, &c. In speaking of the hily-dwelling Odonate larvee referred to above Dr. Sharp states that the Sandwich Islands are extremely poor in stagnant waters; in large areas of forest the only water that Odonata can find for their larve to live in may be small accumulations in plants. II. Dominica.—In this island I made two excursions, on both of which I was accompanied and guided by Mr. Jones, Assistant at the Botanic Station at Koseau, who aided me in collecting, and to whom I am greatly indebted for his kindness. On March 29th we rode to a point above the freshwater lake, whence a view is obtained in two directions— westward down the valleys towards Roseau and the leeward coast, and eastward down on to the windward coast. Iam uncertain of the elevation, but it is in the neighbourhood of 3000 feet, probably over. ‘Two or three plants of an un- determined bromeliad, growing just low enough to Be reached, were taken from trees growing at the roadside edge of the luxuriant forest. These contained numbers of Helodine larve very similar to, or perhaps identical with, those found in Trinidad ; three specimens of asmal]l Staphy- linid beetle, which Mr. Champion tells me is a new species of Stamnoderus near to S. optatus Sharp; one worn specimen of a Barid weevil, possibly a species of Nicentrus Casey (teste Champion) ; one (wingless) specimen of a Microvelia, determined by Mr. Distant as identical with the new species (M. insignis) found in Trinidad Bromeliacee; and some Chironomid larvee. On March 80th we visited a piece of virgin forest at an elevation somewhat over 1000 feet in the mountains behind Roseau. Here, in a single epiphytic bromeliad, numbers of the Helodine larvee were again met with: in my journal I wrote that Hydrophilide and a Trichopteryx were also seen, but these are not now forthcoming and were perhaps lost mm the hurry of departure ; and a single specimen was captured of a cockroach, determined by Mr. Shelford as a well-known species, Hpilampra conspersa Burm. Some, at any rate, of the species of Epilampra are amphibious, and in the specimen before me the spiracular tubes can be seen projecting from the Fauna of Bromeliacez. 431 beneath the antepenultimate abdominal tergite as clearly as they can in the new Homalopteryz *. Nore on tHe Hetopine Larvz.—Professor G. H. Car- penter has kindly determined these larvee, of which such numbers occurred in the Bromeliacez, as being either members of or closely related to the genus Helodes. No imago to which they could belong was found. They are long and narrow, not tapering much towards the posterior extremity, flattened dorso-ventrally, with filamentous an- tennz nearly as long as their bodies, and a group of rectal gills. Prof. Carpenter writes (in litt.) that they are closely hike the larve of Helodes minuta, but on the whole less specialized, being less flattened dorso-ventrally. He and Miss MacDowell have recently published (Quart. J. Micr. Sci., vol. lvii. part 4, 1912, p. 373) a very interesting paper in which the mouth-parts of the larva of Helodes minuta are described and figured. I have made preparations of the mouth-parts of two of the bromeliadicolous larve, and on a cursory examination find them much like those of H. minuta in general structure, though differing in detail (especially in the form of the labrum, which is strongly emarginate) ; the hypopharynx and maxillule appear much as they do in pl. xxxv. fig. 11 of the paper just cited. DeEscrIPTIONS oF NEW SPECIES. Blattide. 1. Homalopteryx scotti, sp.n. (Pl. X. figs. 1 & 2.) ¢. Head and antenne rufo-castaneous ; vertex of head freely exposed, smooth, impunctate; eyes widely remote, their distance apart and that of the antennal sockets equal ; ocelli distinct, closer together than the eyes. Pronotum trapezoidal, anteriorly and posteriorly subtruncate, impunc- tate, nitid, castaneous, broadly bordered laterally with ochreous, a narrow line of the same colour on the anterior border, extreme outer lateral margins castaneous. Scutellum not visible. Tegmina ovate, semicorneous, not extending beyond the middle of the antepenultimate segment of the abdomen, impunctate, strongly overlapping, marginal area * See Shelford, below, under the description of Homalopteryx scotti; also his papers in ‘ Zoologist,’ vol. xi. 1907, p. 221, and ‘ Records of the Indian Museum,’ yol. iii. part 2, 1909, p. 129. "432 Mr. H. Scott on broad, costals regular, discoidal sectors oblique ; castaneous, laterally bordered with ochreous, the band diminishing from before backwards ; extreme outer margin of mediastinal area castaneous, mediastinal vein piceous; radial vein ridged on the under surface of the tegmina. Wings flavo- testaceous, equal in length to tegmina; costals irregular ; 11 ulnar rami, 4 being incomplete. The abdomen above yellow-brown, the disc dark, posterior angles of distal tergites dentately produced ; beneath castaneous. Supra-anal lamina subbilobate, barely exceeding the subgenital lamina, which is narrow, produced, slightly asymmetrical (Pl. X. fig. 2), and with two small slender styles. Cerci short, pointed, piceous, the two apical joints ochreous. Legs rufo-casta- neous ; femora strongly armed, front femora with three to four spines on the anterior margin beneath ; formula of apical spines ?, 4,15; no genicular spines on front femora. Tibia triseriately spined on their outer aspect. Tarsi short, with large pulvilli and arolia; metatarsi quite unarmed beneath ; posterior metatarsus rather shorter than the suc- ceeding joints. 9. Resembles the ¢, but is larger, the ochreous margins of the pronotum and tegmina translucent ; the tegmina and wings are shorter and the abdomen is dark castaneous in colour both above and beneath ; supra-anal lamina slightly more produced, and subgenital lamina ample, produced, with sinuate margins. Larve dark castaneous, variegated with rufous in some specimens; lateral margins of the thoracic tergites trans- lucent ochreous. Measurements (3 and 9 types).—Total length (fd) 28, (2) 3885 mm.; length of tegmina (¢) 16, (2) 19 mm. ; greatest ionedeh of abdomen’ (3) 14, (9) 19 mm; pro- notum (¢@) 8x12, (9 ) 9°5 x 142 mm. Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. 111. 1912; from leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,2 6,4 9, 7 larve. Type (3) and one paratype (2) presented to British Museum, and one paratype (2) to the Hope Museum, Oxford; remaining paratypes and larve in Cambridge University Museum. A certain amount of water collects in the spaces between the leaf-bases, and the cockroaches must therefore lead a more or less aquatic life; the spiracular tubes which in both sexes are clearly visible, projecting from beneath the antepenultimate abdominal tergite, show that this species is as well adapted for an aquatic existence as those Oriental the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 433 forms of Epilampra and Rhicnoda described by me*. It is quite possible that a new genus will have to be erected eventually for this species, since in the free exposure of the vertex of the head it differs from typical Homalopteryz ; but at present it may be allowed to restin that genus. Hitherto Homalopteryx was represented in the New World by but a single species, H. capucina Brunn., from Venezuela, the type of the genus.—R. Suerorp f. CoLEOPTERA, 2. Aglymbus bromeliarum, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 3.) 3. Depressus, ovatus, subopacus, persubtilissime reticulatus, cor- pore supra subtusque omnino nigro, palpis antennisque pedibusque piceo-rufis; capite subtilissime punctato et breviter longitudinaliter striolato, antice utrinque impresso; prothorace tote tenuiter longitudinaliter striolato, ante angulos posteriores leviter curvatim impresso ; elytris omnino dense longitudinaliter striolatis, striis 6 tenuibus, parte anteriore strie suturalis tenuissima, interdum obsoleta, stria submarginali nulla; tibiis anticis ad basin attenu- atis, curvatis, intus leviter emarginatis; tarsorum anticorum mediorumque articulis 1-3 dilatatis. @. Striolis longitudinalibus in capite et in parte media prothoracis fere obsoletis; tibiis anticis simplicibus, tarsis haud dilatatis. Long. corp. (¢ 2) 5-6 mm. Depressed, ovate, body entirely black above and beneath, with mouth-parts reddish, and palps, antennz, and legs pitchy red ; subopaque, the entire surface extremely finely reticulate {. Head extremely finely punctured, with short fine longitudinal striole in addition to the punctures, these striole, however, much fewer or nearly absent in ? ; on either side in front is a marked impression bearing several larger punctures, and there are also one or two larger punc- tures behind and nearer to the eye than this impression ; in some specimens a vague median impression on the back of the head is present. Prothorax entirely covered with short fine longitudinal striole in the g; in 9 these striole are more strongly marked at the sides and are present along the * See footnote on p. 4381. + These specimens were examined and the description made by Mr. Shelford about three weeks before his death. He gave his assent in a letter to my publishing the description in this paper.—H. Scorv. + This fine reticulation of the entire surface of the chitin is not to be confounded with the sculpture of striolz described below. 434 Mr. H. Scott on anterior and posterior margins, but become obsolete in the median part of the disc. A median longitudinal impression, abbreviated before and behind, is sometimes present on the disc, and the base has a slight impression on either side about halfway between the middle and the posterior angle. A series of punctures extends across the thorax immediately behind the front margin; it continues as an impressed series along each side, in the front part running parallel to the lateral margin, but behind curving inwards away from the side and approaching the basal impression. Scute/lum smooth. Elytra entirely and closely covered with very numerous fine striole, elongate and rather irregular in direction, appearing to form a network of elongate meshes, though few, if any, of the striole are actually connected with one another; each elytron has six very fine striz on the disc, reaching almost to the base, though striz 1 and 3 are extremely fine in front, stria 1 (the sutural stria) being sometimes obsolete in its anterior portion ; strize 2, 4, 6 are a little more strongly marked and finely punctured ; striz 5 and 6 are closer together than the others are to one another ; the striz do not quite reach the apex, 2 and 4 are a little shorter than ], 3, and 5, and 6 is the shortest of all; the apical portion of the elytron beyond the ends of the striz bears some punctures; there is no submarginal stria, but a series of punctures, rather difficult to see, close to the margin. Metasternum without striole or punctures. Hind cove and abdominal segments 1 and 2 with numerous fine striole, segments 8-6 smooth. Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iil. 1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,4 3,5 @. Type () and one paratype (¢) presented to British Museum; remaining paratypes in Cambridge University Museum. A sculpture of longitudinal striole on the upper surface is very characteristic of the genus dglymbus. Most of the previously known species have only the striole and no striz on the elytra, but A. bromeliarum has both striz and striole. In this one character it resembles the two Abyssinian species (A. gestrot Sharp and A. brevicornis Sharp) more than it does the South American species ; but they only have four strize on each elytron, while it has six. In fact, A. bromeli- arum is unlike any of the other species of the genus. Several of the South American species which I have seen in Dr. Sharp’s collection are very different; in addition to being devoid of elytral strive, they are narrower and much the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 435 less flattened, and the striole are much coarser and stronger. In A. bromeliarum both striole and strive are very fine indeed, forming a remarkable and beautiful sculpture ; a rather similar type of elytral sculpture is to be seen in Copelatus incogniius Sharp (Biol. Centr.-Am., Col. i. 2, p. 38), though that insect is absolutely different in other respects. Aglymbus closely resembles Copelatus, but is distinguished therefrom by the absence of coxal lines. Seven species were enumerated in Dr. Sharp’s monograph ‘On Dytiscide ’” (p. 596), five from South America and two from Abyssinia. He stated (op. cit. p. 893) that they are “ excessively rare.” Van den Branden, in his Catalogue of Dytiscidz published in 1885, three years after Dr. Sharp’s monograph, only gives the same seven species (Ann. Soe. ent. Belgique, xxix. p- 87), and, although I have searched, I have found no record of any species being added to the original seven up till now. It is just possible that an Aglymbus might be described as a Copelatus ; but though I have looked up the descriptions of many species of Copelatus published since Dr. Sharp’s monograph, I have found none in the least resembling Aglymbus bromeliarum. Possibly further investi- gation of the fauna of Bromeliacez will add to our knowledge of the rare genus Aglymbus.—H. Scorv. 3. Cyclonotum urichi, sp. n. Oblongo-ovale, convexum, nitidum, corpore supra subtusque nigro, antennis palpisque flavescentibus, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis ; capite conspicue lato, subtiliter crebre punctulato, ad marginem anteriorem persubtilissime reticulato ; prothorace subtiliter crebre punctulato ; elytris dense parum fortius punctulatis, punctorum seriebus nullis, stria suturali postice tenuissima, dimidio anteriore omnino obsoleta; tarsis intermediis et posticis brevibus, hirsutis, articulo basali incrassato. Long. corp. ca. 4 mm. Oblong-oval but not elongate, rather less convex than some members of the genus. Head very broad and short, scarcely narrowing in front of the eyes except for the rounding off of the angles, with the front margin straight ; closely and finely punctured ; towards the anterior margin very finely reticulate, this portion appearing dull, while the rest of the head and all the remainder of the upper surface are strongly shining. Thorax closely and finely punctured. Scutellum very finely punctured. lytra very closely punc- tured (if anything a little more closely than the thorax), the 136 Mr. H. Scott on punctures fine but slightly stronger than those on the head and thorax. There are no traces of seriate punctuation. The sutural stria is visible as a very fine line in the posterior part of the elytron, but in the anterior half is quite absent. Wing examined in one specimen and found to be 54 mm. long, the elytron being 3 mm. long. Middle and hind f¢ibie © short, narrowed at base, with fine short spines on the ante- rior margin, a number of very short spines on the under surface near the apex, and two long strong spines on the inner side at the apex. Middle and hind ¢arsi considerably shorter than the tibiz, hirsute, with the basal joint incrassate and considerably longer than the second. Being not quite satisfied as to the generic position of this insect, I add the following characters :—Eyes not emarginate in front; mentum broader than long, strongly impressed and concave in front (the concave part shining, the posterior part appearing very finely rugose-punctate) ; maxillary palpi short, second joint incrassate, terminal jot slightly longer than penultimate ; labial palpi short, with basal joint short and transverse, second joint somewhat incrassate, with sete at its apex, terminal joint narrower and a little shorter than second ; antenne 9-jointed, basal joint elongate and about equal to joints 2-6 together, joint 2 nearly as stout as basal joint, joint 3 slender ; joints 4, 5, 6 very short and trans- verse ; joints 7-9 forming a loose club; prosternum not longitudinally carinate in middle, not very short (longer in proportion than that of some members of the genus, e. g. C. orbiculare) ; mesosternum forming a somewhat elongate elevated lamina (much longer than in C. orbiculare and some other species), stretching back to meet the front of the metasternum, which is elevated medially but not produced far forward between the middle cox: the produced part narrows in front and there is a depression where meso- and metasternum meet. Basal abdominal segment without a carina. Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii. 1912; from between leaf-bases of Ti//andsia sp., 5 specimens. Type presented to British Museum; paratypes in Cam- bridge University Museum, This species is dedicated to Mr. F. W. Urich, Government Entomologist of Trinidad. The very short broad head, oblong-oval form, and short, hairy, tapering tarsi give this insect a most distinct appear- ance. The tarsi somewhat resemble those of Phenonotum, but C. urichi is distinguished from that genus by the abso- the Fauna of Bromeliaceze. 437 lutely different structure of meso- and metasterna and by the presence of a sutural stria on the posterior part of the elytra. Its prosternum is longer than in those species of Cyclonotum with which I have compared it; the raised mesosternal lamina is much more elongated and does not fit nearly so closely to the front of the metasternum, there being a depression at the point of meeting. The Central American Cyclonotum posticatum Sharp also differs from its congeners in having the mesosternal lamina much elongated, but in that species the lamina is differently formed and fits much more closely to the front of the metasternum than it does in C. uricht. The oblong-oval form of the body slightly recalls Dactylosternum, but C. urichi ditters widely from that genus in the structure of its underside and in the entire absence of seriate punctuation on the elytra. Altogether it seems best to retain it as a very aberrant Cyclonotum.— He. Scorv: HEMIPTERA. 4, Microvelia insignis, sp.n. (Pl. X. figs. 4 & 5.) Winged form.— Head and pronotum black; hemelytra black, with rather more than basal third greyish white and a small spot at apex dusky grey; body beneath black ; an- tennz, rostrum, cox, and legs pale ochraceous, extreme apices of the femora infuscate, apices of the tarsi black ; an- tenne with the first and second joints robust, first distinctly longer than second, third and fourth slender, a little the longest, and almost subequal in length; head with a central longitudinal subcarinate line; pronotum with the lateral augles obtusely prominent; hemelytra with the veins distinct and slightly ochraceous on the basal white area. Apterous form.—Body above black, about basal half of connexivum very pale ochraceous, the first two abdominal segments obscure greyish. Long. 2 mm. Localities. Vrimidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 Teer 20. mi. 1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp., 1 winged and 6 wingless specimens. Dominica, from above freshwater lake, about 3000 feet, 29. iii. 1912; leaf-bases of undetermined bromeliad, 1 specimen (wingless). Type (winged specimen) presented to British Museum ; apterous specimens in Cambridge University Museum. A very distinct species by the structure of the antennz 438 Mr. W. L. Distant on and the prominent coloration of the hemelytra—W. L. Distant. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fig. 1. Homalopteryxr scotti, sp. n. (Shelford), g. x 13. Fig. 2. Ditto. Apex of abdomen from beneath, showing subgenital lamina, cerci, and styles. x 3. Fig. 3. Aglymbus br omeliar um; sp.n. (Scott), d. x 10. Tg. 4. Microvelia insignis, sp. n. (Distant), winged form. X 16. Fig. 5. Ditto, apterous form. _ x 15. LVI.—Descriptions of some new Homoptera. By W. L. Distant. Fam. Cicadide. Macrotristria occidentalis, sp. n. ?. Head and pronotum piceous, more or less ochraceously pilose, ocelli red ; pronotum with the basal margin and an elongate spot on lateral margins behind eyes pale ochra- ceous ; mesonotum castaneous, the disk more or less piceous, two central obconical piceous spots, margined with castaneous on anterior margin, extending over about half the disk, lateral margins longly greyishly pilose and also ereyishly pilose between the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen above black, greyishly pilose, the poste- rior segmental margins ochraceous ; body beneath ochra- ceous, greyishly pilose and pubescent, a small castaneous spot on each side of the last ventral segment ; face with the central suleation and transverse ridges castaneous ; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with the venation black, the costal and greater part of the postcostal membranes and the claval vein ochraceous, basal cell and a basal longitudinal streak above it black, the whole venation of the apical areas broadly infuscated, posterior margin of the clavus mostly black ; wings with the venation either ochraceous or black ; front of head with the lateral areas obliquely carinate, the lateral areas of vertex also carinate; pronotum with a central, longitudinal, subcruciform carination ; rostrum reaching the bases of the posterior coxe ; face moderately globose, the transverse carinations strong and distinct. Long., excl. tegm., ? , 30 mm. ; exp, tegm. 92 mm. some new Homoptera. 439 Hab. West Australia, Southern Cross (H. Brown, Brit. Mus.). I have only seen the female sex of this species, which may be placed near M. hillieri, Dist. Terpnosia crowfooti, sp. 0. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale olivaceous green ; head with anterior marginal lines to front, lateral margins to vertex, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum with two central curved longitudinal lines, the outer fissure, a trans- verse spot near lateral angles, and two small, central, con- tiguous spots near base black; mesonotum with a central straight longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short inwardly curved line, a curved fasciate line on each lateral area, two spots in front of the basal cruciform elevation, and the anterior angles of the same black ; abdomen pale brownish ochraceous, shortly palely pilose, the central area darker, with a series of large segmental spots on each lateral area and smaller spots on lateral margins piceous, apical segment covered with greyish-white pile; head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula pale greenish ochraceous ; tibiz, tarsi, and rostrum brownish ochraceous; abdomen beneath thickly covered with greyish pile; tegmina and wings hyaline, unspotted, both with the venation and the first with the costal membrane piceous ; opercula in ¢ not extending beyond base of abdomen, their lateral and apical margins convex; tympanal coverings less than half the length -of tympanal orifices, small and rudimentary. Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 24 mm.; exp. tegm. 58 mm. Hab. Badamtam, near Darjeeling (4. R. Crowfoot, Brit. Mus.). By the completely unspotted tegmina and the rudimentary tympanal coverings this species is allied to 7. madhava, Dist., from which it differs by the more elongate tegmina and totally different markings &e, Gudaba maculata, sp. n. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum ochraceous ; head with the apex and two longitudinal fascize to front, area of the ocelli, and an oblique fascia before each eye black ; pronotum with two central longitudinal fascie, a spot behind each eye, and the lateral fissure black; mesonotum with a central longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short oblique 440 Mr. W. L. Distant on linear fascia, a sublateral fascia (sometimes much broken), two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation, and the anterior angles of same black ; abdomen brownish ochra- ceous, in gf a small black basal spot and the apical area castaneous, in ? a central black spot on the first three segments and a series of small lateral marginal spots ; body beneath and legs brownish ochraceous in ¢, the apices of the femora distinctly black, and the apical area of the abdomen piceous or black; in the ¢ the underside of the body and legs is virescent ; tegmina and wings hyaline, venation brownish ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with a sublateral series of marginal fuscous spots placed on the lateral veins to apical areas ; head as long as breadth between eyes ; pronotum with the lateral angles angulated ; abdomen considerably longer than space between head and base of cruciform elevation, second and third ventral segments furnished with a tubercle near each lateral margin, the posterior tubercle very small; tympanal coverings very much shorter and narrower than the tympanal orifices ; opercula short, oblique, not passing the base of abdomen ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe ; wings with five apical areas. Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 9, 13 mm.; exp. tegm. 33-34 mm. Hab. 8, Sikhim (Bingham); ¢, Dehra Dun (N. C. Chatterjee, Brit. Mus.). Allied to the Burmese species G. marginata, Dist., and constituting the first species described from India proper. Urabunana verna, sp. n. ?. Body virescent or greenish ochraceous ; head with a black line on each side of front and a large irregular black spot on each side of vertex before the eyes; pronotum more ochraceous in hue, with the anterior and posterior margins and a central longitudinai fascia, widened posteriorly, pale virescent, near base this fascia contains a small quadrate black spot; mesonotum with four anterior black obconical spots, the two central smallest ; abdomen above with a central black macular fascia reaching the penultimate segment, where it is narrowest; face centrally black ; apex of rostrum black; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with the veins infuscated, the costal and __postcostal membranes pale virescent ; lateral margins of the pronotum nearly straight, slightly ampliated at posterior angles; tegmina a little arched towards apex of radial area and sinuate at the junction of costal and postcostal membranes ; some new Homoptera. 441 wings with four apical areas; tegmina with eight apical areas, Long., excl. tegm., 2, 14 mm.; exp. tegm. 30 mm. Hab. Australia; Byron Bay, N. S. Wales (Ross, Brit. Mus.). Fam. Jasside. Petalocephala bombayensis, sp. . Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs very pale virescent or greenish ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline, tale-like, the clavus and basal third of costal area pale virescent or greenish ochraceons, inner area of clavus more or Jess castaneous ; ; lateral margins of vertex and pronotum, and a small central spot on anterior and posterior margins of pronotum, castaneous; vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, lateral margins almost straight for a little before eyes and then subangularly rounded fi apex, centrally medially carivate ; pronotum centrally, finely, longitudinally impressed, more or less distinctly transversely “wrinkled ; face strongly flattened from in front of eyes to anterior margin ; posterior tibiz outwardly strongly spinose, Long., 2,9 mm. Hab. Bombay (Brit. Mus.). In general coloration allied to P. nigrilinea, Walk., but differing in the larger vertex of head, which is about as long as breadth between eyes, Petalocephala perakensis, sp. n. Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs greenish ochraceous ; lateral and anterior margins and a slightly curved transverse fascia near basal margin of vertex, and lateral margins (narrowly) and basal margin (broadly) to pronotum castaneous; tegmina castaneous; face with the anterior margin and two short angulate fasciz on anterior area castaneous; lateral margins of sternum castaneous; vertex distinctly shorter than breadth between eyes, the lateral margins perpendicularly continued for a short space in front of eyes, and then obliquely continued to apex, centrally very finely longitudinally carinate; pronotum with the lateral margins nearly straight; clavus and costal membrane to tegmina very finely granulose, the venation on apical third very coarse and distinct; posterior tibiz outwardly strongly spinose. Long. 9 mm. Ann. & Mag, N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x, 30 “449 Mx WOLSDistantion Hab. Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Doherty, Brit. Mus.). _ Allied to P. conspicua, Dist., but differing by the shorter vertex, the lateral margins of which are perpendicular for a short distance in front cof eyes, different markings to face, &e, LEDROTYPA, gen. nov. Vertex of head flat, the margins moderately laminately reflexed, about as long as pronotum and scutellum together, the anterior margin broadly rounded, the lateral margins slightly sinuate before eyes, ocelli near base, nearer to eyes than to each other, eyes posteriorly elongate ; face concave, moderately convex on the apical area; pronotum short, deflected from base, scarcely longer than scutellum, distinetly foveate before each lateral margin, anterior margin centrally truncate, posterior margin angularly concave before base of scutellum ; scutellum broader than long, posteriorly deflected from base, the apex acute ; tegmina with the veins prominent ; posterior tibia four-cornered, curved, armed with numerous spines, the outer edge slightly expanded, and_ strongly spinous. Type, L. spatulata, Dist. In the enumeration of the Indian species this genus may follow Petalocephala. Ledrotypa spatulata, sp. n. ?. Somewhat uniformly dull ochraceous ; a short black fascia between and outside the anterior and intermediate coxee ; vertex of head very finely and obscurely punctate, its posterior margin levigate; pronotum with the disk very finely transversely striate, foveate on each side a little behind anterior margin, very obscurely centrally longitudinally impressed ; scutellum with a transverse impressed line before apex ; posterior tibice a little curved, with numerous some- what remote fine spines on outer margin. Long., incl. tegm., 11 mm. Hab. ‘“‘ Himalayas” (Brit. Mus.); Bhogaon, Purneah ? Distr., N. Bengal (Paiva, Ind. and Brit. Muss.). Ledrotypa greeni, sp. n. Body and legs brownish ochraceous; (abdomen muti- lated) ; tegmina pale ochraceous, the veins darker and with piceous markings which consist of two long subcostal linear streaks, four similar streaks (three short and one long) on subapical area, the lowermost streak followed by one or two some new Lamoptera. 443 small rounded piceous spots ; vertex of head very finely and obscurely punctate, the apex a little more angulate than in the preceding species, traversed by two central, longitudinal, somewhat obscure impressions; pronotum very obscurely transversely striate ; tegmina with the veins subprominent ; wings hyaline, with the veins ochraceous, Length, incl. tegm., 11 mm. Hab. Ceylon (Green), This description is based on a somewhat mutilated speci- men sent to me by Mr. Green. It is to be readily separated from L. spatulata by the less concavely sinuate lateral margins of the vertex and by the piceous markings to the tegmina. AMBERBAKIA, gen. Nov. Vertex of head not so long as pronotum and scutellum together, but a little longer than pronotum, the lateral margins gradually narrowed from in front of eyes to apex, which is subangulate; ocelli near lateral margins a little in front of eyes; head beneath very foliaceous, face widened and thickened between the antenn, thence anteriorly elon- gately much narrowed and centrally sulcate, and posteriorly less narrowed to clypeus; pronotum a little shorter than vertex, its lateral margius straight, anterior margin straight but obliquely recurved behind eyes, posterior margin con- cavely sinuate ; scutellum almost as long as pronotum ; legs moderately slender, posterior tibiz moderately curved, very long, and outwardly somewhat closely longly spinose ; tegmina broad, costal and apical margins rounded, clavus broad, with transverse veins on its basal area, two elongate discoidal areas, and a series of transverse veins before apical area defining longitudinal apical cellular areas. Type, A, specularia, Walk, Amberbakia specularia. Petalocephala specularia, Walk, Journ. Linn, Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 307 (1869). Lateral areas of face at region of antenne distinctly foveate. Hab. New Guinea, Amberbakia bispecularis. Petalocephala bispecularis, Walk, Journ, Linn, Soc, Lond., Zool. x. p- 307 (1869). 50* 444 Mr. W. L. Distant on Lateral areas of face at region of antenne entire, not foveate. Hab. Mysol. Penthimia mudonensis, sp. 0. Body above castaneous ; vertex of head with the anterior and basal margins, a central longitudinal line, and the eyes black; scutellum with three acle aceous spots, one near middle of each lateral margin and the third apical ; margins of clavus narrowly black; more than apical third of tegmen dull ochraceous, tessellated with black cellular rings varying in size, prominent of which are spots in frontal margin of the apical area continued up tie lateral margin of tesmen ; ; at extreme apex the colour is greyish, semiopaque, with a blackish spot in the apical cells ; body beneath castaneous ; face, cheeks, clypeus, disk of sternum, suffusions to femora, and transverse central basal spots to abdomen beneath black ; vertex of head convexly rounded in front, in length nearly half the breadth between eyes ; pronotum convex, wrinkled transversely ; posterior tibize longly strongly pilose. Long. 55 mm. Hab. Tenasserim; Mudon-Amherst Distr. (Annandale, Ind. Mus.). A distinct species by the three pale spots to the scutellum, the large tessellate apical area to the tegmina, the shoit vertex, &c. Penthimia nitida, sp. n. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and tegmina (excluding apical area) shining black, apical area of tegmen greyishly sub- hyaline, outwardly and inwardly ochraceous, more or less extending upward to the opaque black area ; body beneath black, the legs ochraceous, anterior femora basally suffused with black ; ead rounded in front, the anterior margin somewhat acutely reflexed; pronotum moderately convex, slightly wrinkled, and sparingly coarsely punctate ; scutellum opaquely black, thickly finely punctate; tegmina (excluding apical area) coarsely punctate; posterior legs suffused with black, posterior tibize strongly spinose, the tarsi ochraceous. Long. 4 mm. Hab. Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). A species to be recognized by the strongly punctured upper surface ; it may be placed near P. erebus, Dist. some new HHoimoptera. 445 Vulturnus ornatus, sp. 0. Vertex pale ochraceous, finely speckled with brownish ; pronotum very pale castaneous, thickly blackly reticulate, the posterior margin and a central transverse fascia greyish white ; scutellum ochraceous, with black reticulations, which are more dense near basal margin and less so on lateral areas ; body beneath (including face) and legs black ; basal margin of head beneath between eyes, anterior and inter- mediate tibiz and tarsi, minute spots to posterior tibiz, bases and apices of posterior tarsi, and a lateral marginal spot to metasternum ochraceous ; tegmina ochraceous, finely blackly reticulate, clavus with a discal black patch enclosing about four small white spots, its apex also whitish; a large central, longitudinal, costal white spot, which contains two small black spots and is followed by a larger black spot, and a cluster of subapical white spots ; vertex a little broader than long, with an indistinct central longitudinal carination. Long., incl. tegm., 4 mm. Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green). Vulturnus speciosus, sp. 0. Vertex ochraceous; a black submarginal apical line not reaching eyes, and with three testaceous discal spots, the central one transverse, the other two shorter and oblique ; eyes black; pronotum ochraceous or very pale castaneous, thickly blackly reticulate, the posterior margin and a central transverse fascia greyish white ; scutellum piceous, with four greyish-white spots, two before apex and two near basal margin ; body beneath (including face) and legs black ; basal margin of head beneath containing a few minute dark spots and anterior and intermediate tibiz and tarsi ochraceous ; tegmina ochraceous, finely, thickly, blackly reticulate, a small black patch in clavus containing about three white spots, some white spots on claval suture, a small white spot on disk of tegmen, three whitish spots on costal margin, and a small cluster of subapical white spots; vertex slightly longer and a little more narrowed anteriorly than in V, or- natus, with a central dark incised line extending from base about halfway to apex. Loug., incl. tegm., 35 mm. Hab, Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green). Haranga borneensis, sp. n. Black, more or less finely punctate; membrane bronzy “446 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of brown, with the apex and some obscure spots greyish } body beneath and legs black or piceous; eyes piceous ; pronotum distinctly transversely wrinkled ; scutellum reaching apex of clavus, somewhat obliquely depressed at basal area, punctate, wrinkled, the apical area longitudinally ridged; corium somewhat thickly punctate; face strongly compressed be- hind eyes; spinules to the posterior tibiz long aud prominent. Long. 9 mm. Hab. Borneo ; Kuching (Hewitt, Brit. Mus.). Allied to the Indian species H. orientalis, Walk., from which it differs by the considerably more acute apex of the face, more strongly wrinkled pronotum, &c. Vangama? tuberculata. Prolepta? tuberculatu, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 815 (1858). This species, described by Walker in the Fulgoridee, really belongs to the Jassidse, and can apparently be included in my genus Vangama (Faun, B. I., Rhynch. iv. p. 260). Hab. N. China. Ledropsis singalensis, 1. nom. Ledropsis maculata, Dist. Faun, B. Ind., Rhynch. iv. p. 181 (1907), nom, proce. LVII.—On the Structure of Stromatoporotds and of Kozoon. By R. KirKPATRICK. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plates XI. & XIT.] In last month’s ‘ Annals’ I published a paper proving that Stromatoporoids and Hozoon were Foraminifera. It was there pointed out that they had a calcareous chambered skeleton, with the walls of the chambers penetrated by tubuli, and that there were present in the canals hoops and rings similar to those of recent Perforate Foraminifera. Further, I figured a coiled Foraminiferan shell in one of the chambers of Hozoon, So far my evidence was not much in advance of that already given by Dawson and Carpenter. 1 had done nothing to unravel the bewildering complexity and confusion presented by the skeletal arrangement nor to explain how Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. AAT these Eozoic and Paleozoic Foraminifera were related to those of later ages. I hope in this brief preliminary com- munication to show that a great advance has been made and that it is now possible clearly to recognize the plan of growth and organization, and to indicate with some degree of proba- bility the relationships existing between the ancient and modern forms. In my last paper I had stated that the stellate patterns or astrorhize@’’ so often found on the surface of Stromato- poroids could be accounted for by assuming that the outer ends of several mural tubuli became united to form one large orifice ; but I soon discovered the incorrectness of this view, and at the same time suspected that the clue to the Stromato- poroid problem was to be sought in the astrorhizze. While examining a broken fragment of Stromatopora I carefully mapped out the exposed chambers as seen on a tangential surface, and here and there made out several series showing a concentric arrangement in relation to an astrorhiza. Then it occurred to me that we bad hitherto viewed Stromato- poroids from a wrong aspect, viz. the vertical, whereas the horizontal or tangential aspect was the one which revealed the mode of growth. The coiled series of alternating chambers reminded me of (Orbitolites, and soon it became clear that astrorhize were the central and circumambient chambers of a spiral system, and that the multiple systems must have arisen by budding in some way. Prof. F. Roemer * had spoken of certain Stromatoporas from the Eifel with surface tubercles each having a hole at its summit leading down to the orifice of a small specimen of Spirorbis omphalodes. He surmised that the little creature prevented the growth of the Stromatopora layers, and so kept up its communication with the outside world. The Spirorbis was probably nothing but the central and circumambient chamber of a Foraminiferan. This particular éumados might in a sense be compared with that of the temple of Apollo at Delphi in being the centre of the Stromatoporoid and the hub of its universe. Curiously enough, G. Lindstrém makes a similar observa- tion about a Syirorbis saving itself from death by keeping open a passage of communication fF. The whole plan of Stromatoporoid organization now became delightfully obvious. A polished slab of any Stromatopora revealed clearly the numerous systems of spirally arranged * Geol. Mag. 1880, vol. vii. p. 345. + K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1870, vel. ix. no. 6, p. 8. 448 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of chambers, each system grouped round its central and circum- ambient chamber. Young specimens of Labechia conferta showed in the earliest stage a thin disk formed of forty or fifty spiral coils. Later the gradually ascending spiral led to the formation of a solid cone standing on its apex, and still later to the great hemispherical masses commonly met with. Se j Orbitolites complanata, Lamarck, showing central and cireumambient chamber and succeeding spirals divided into segments. X 39. my) . . . . c (From Carpenter, ‘ Challenger’ Report on Orbitolites, pl. vi. fig. 2.) rare Fig. 2. Labechia conferta. Silurian, Gothland. Young specimens: side view and view of under surface ; spiral growth indicated. Natural size. The extension in the horizontal plane partly takes place by the formation of a central chamber in the course of some particular coil, but mainly by the widening out of the spiral Stromatoporotds and of Kozoon. 449 systems already in existence. The formation of a new lamina is due to the budding upwards from an original central or “ interpolated central” chamber, the bud becoming the centre of a new spiral. The peripheral series of chambers may become cyclical. In Orbitolites there is often a change from a spiral to a cyclical plan. The small central chamber has a narrow straight neck, whence originates the circumambient chamber, and the latter continues the spiral and gives off radial offshoots. The sarcode following the cireumambient chamber becomes seg- mented, owing to the formation of radial vertical partitions, and the outer walls increase in thickness. Clathrodictyon striatellum, VOrb. Wenlock. a, interpolated central chamber. x 30. A varying degree of complexity is brought about by the pressure of neighbouring spiral systems on each other and by the curving of successive lamine. Hach lamina represents so many vertically produced buds, each with its system of spirals, and each latilamina marks a season of growth. A vertical section of an Actinostroma cuts through so many coils, each coil being in relation to a central chamber. Some- times a central chamber produces a wart or tubercle. The branched forms (/diostroma, Stachyodes) lave only vertical budding along one axis, 450 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of One group of the Stromatoporoids, the Labechiide, appear to have a somewhat different type of central chamber from that of the rest, and the succeeding chambers are thinner- walled and more vesicular. The sharp longitudinal ridges of Beatricea have each a little spiral system beneath the edge. To sum up: Stromatoporoids are adherent colony-forming Perforate Foraminifera, each unit in one group of Stromato- poroids consisting of a central and circumambient chamber followed by spiral series .of simple rather thick-walled chambers, witi the walls perforated by pores and tubuli ; i the growth is like that of the Imperforate genus Orbi- toides (which has only vertical radial partitions, and not horizontal ones in addition, as in Orbitolites). In another group—the ‘Labech iida—tt 1e central chamber and immediately succeeding growth somewhat reminds one of the Globigerina type. The Stromatoporoids are found in Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian strata. Eozoon. A vertical section of Zozoon shows an alternating series of wavy bands varying in appearance according to the varying mineral changes it has undergone. Commonly one finds white zones of calcite and yellowish translucent zones of olivine, which last may have undergone further changes into green serpentine, The white zones of dolomite or secondary calcite constitute the “supplementary skeleton,” and are seen to be abundantly traversed by branching sy stems of canals. The yellowish or greenish zones are occupied by horizontal rouleaux of minute Nummulitid shells standing vertically, 2. e. on their edges, and closely pressed against one another. Sometimes the pelipheral edges of neighbouring shells overlap, and there may be here and there an appearance of a continuous spiral, but in reality the arrangement is like that of a rouleau of coins or flat disk-like beads strung on a string. Hach shell has a funnel-like umbilicus through which the main stolon passes, and around which each coiled shell grows. In addition, minute shells appear to be budded off promiscuously from other stolon-like offshoots than the main central one. Each rouleau forms a common supplemental chamber, which communicates with its neighbours through circular orifices in diaphragms. Hach coiled shell (or coin of a rouleau) has radiating septa and rows of pores in its thin primary wall. Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. 451 Aceordingly ozoon canadense is a colonial Perforate Foraminiferan, each unit being a coiled shell of the Nummu- litidtype. There are noalar prolongations asin Nummutlites *. Classification of Stromatoporotds. The current classification, that of Nicholson, is based on the theory that Stromatoporoids are Hydrozoa, ‘and naturally needs revision. My work is not sufficiently advanced to enable me to make any other than a few general remarks. ‘The first point to notice is that these ancient Foraminifera are all colonial forms which frequently form massive blocks. Murchison and Lindstrém mention the thick strata, the pillars, and huge balls composed mainly of Stromatopora discoidea to be found at Gothland, and Dupont calls atten- tion to the fact that these organisms enter largely into the formation of the Devonian limestones of Belgium. The Stromatoporoids and ozoon were, in fact, reef-forming Foraminifera. These colonies of Foraminifera represent a simpler type than is found at present, wlien most of the Foraminifera exist as separate individuals, though it isnot improbable that some of the larger modern Foraminifera may be true colonies, and not merely individuals which have grown by extension of single segments in vertical and horizontal directions. I believe Hozoon to be the ancestor of the Nummulitidee and the Stromatoporoids to be the predecessors of some of the spirilline, rotalian, and acervuline Rotaliide. In fitting these primitive colonial Foraminifera into Brady’s system they should be placed at the head of their respective families, viz. Eozoonine in the Nummulitide, and Stromato- porinee and Labechiinze in the Rotaliide. ‘The colonial habit is not of the first importance from the systematic point of view. It is the unit which gives the clue to the affinities. Certainly the unit of Hozoon is a Nummulitid and that of Stromatopera Rotalian. In Beatricea 1 see central globular Globigerina-like chambers, but the general mode of growth suggests the acervuline type common among the Rotaliide. Eozoon. Geological and Biological Implications. I find that Eozoonal specimens from N.W. Scotland, from Connemara, and from Central Europe (Prof. Giimbel) are * It may be pointed out, alar prolongations are only present in some subfamilies of N ummulitidee, and not in all, 452 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of certainly genuine Foraminifera and not mineral pseudomorphs. Professors King and Rowney remark sarcastically * :— ‘¢Hozonal rocks, we are certain, will turn out to be much more common than may be conveniently admitted.” I would say, in reply, the more the better, for then geologists will be able to map out the Archeean seas with more precision. I shall be asked, and in a tone of irony, whether I have found any evidence of organic structure in the bombs from Monte Somma. I have found abundant evidence. I can see plainly in places the coils of little Nummulites and the regularly arranged pores on the surface of the broad edges of coils. I propose to name this species, following the usual prece- dent, Hozoon vesuvit, sp. n. These topographical names will help geological carto- graphers to draw their maps. The Eozonal limestones lying over the fundamental gneiss apparently have had an almost world-wide distribution. Evi- dently the throat of Monte Somma was very deep. I see no difficulty in imagining an eruption tearing off fragments of Archeean limestone. They would be hurled up with planetary velocity and some of them deposited on ledges on the inner face of the already formed crater. The interior of a white- hot meteor may be intensely cold with the cold of interstellar space, Curiously enough, the surface of Hozoon vesuvit is incrusted with a MJelobesia and also what looks like a Cheilo- stomatous Polyzoon. ‘The latter, of course, is certainly not Archean. Evidently the crater of Monte Somma was beneath the sea at one time, so that the bomb became overgrown with marine organisms of relatively recent date. Now we know for certain that the Lower Laurentian limestones of Canada are marine deposits formed from the skeletons of animals and plants, does not this fact give some support to the view that the bands of gneiss between which the limestone is sandwiched may be of sedimentary origin, metamorphosed by both local and regional agencies? It itis not altogether presumptuous for one who is devoid of expert knowledge + to express an opinion concerning a_ problem * “On Eozoon canadense,” Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. x. 1869, . 12. + Though devoid of expert knowledge, I have viewed several hundred square miles of Archeean country from the summit of Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks. This region is very similar to that of the Original Laurentian on the other side of the St. Lawrence. There are the same gneisses and limestones, and Mount Marcy itself is an intrusive tooth of gabbro. Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon, 453 about which the greatest experts differ, viz. the problem of the aqueous or igneous origin of many of the metamorphic rocks, I would state my belief in the aqueous origin in some cases. At the same time I recall the sandwiched layers of Miocene coral-reef and lavas in the Baixo Island near Porto Santo, which might in some respects be compared to Archean Foraminiferal reefs and layers of rock (gneiss) of possibie igneous origin. Whether it is possible or not for lava to become metamorpiiosed so as to resemble gneiss is apparently not definitely known. The biological implications are of the deepest interest. The ancestor of Hozoon must have lived immeasurable ages before the appearance of its highly organized descendant. We may imagine that ancestor to have been a naked mass of sarcode, from the periphery of which reticulate pseudopods radiated out. This animal would have been more entitled to the poetic name of Dawn Animal than its descendant, which had travelled some distance along the road since the first glimmer of life’s dawn. The real dawn rays (of animal lite) were, may one say, the pseudopods of a shell-less Rhizopod (like the freshwater Lieberkiihnia). In the next stage towards Hozoon we have to imagine knots 5 on a stolon each forming the centre of a coil, and, lastly, the formation round pseudopods of a highly elabcrate secondary skeleton, enclosing the rouleau of coiled shells. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my colleague Mr. W. D. Lang, who has taken the greatest trouble in furnishing me with abundant material from among thie treasures under his charge. Finally, I would express my deep regret that, owing to great pressure of work, I have been able to set forth this important communication only in a very disjointed fashion. APPENDIX. Note 1.—In my paper in the September ‘ Annals’ I failed to do justice to Sir W. Dawson, the only investigator who definitely stated that Stromatoporoids and Hozoon were Foraminifera, I only noticed his remarks in ‘ The Dawn of Life,’ where he supposes Stromatoporoids to be a connecting- link between Sponges and Foraminifera. But in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxv. pp. 48-66 (not seen by me at the 454 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of time) he distinctly records his opinion that they are Forami- nifera, and even gives fairly good reasons for his faith ; but he failed to convince his successors, . Note 2.—Recently I have examined a thick section of a specimen in my own possession labelled ‘ Havosites, Wen- Jock.” I find that it is certainly not a Monticuliporoid. Accordingly I withdraw the statement I made to the effect that the genus Favosites comes within the Monticulipora group (7. e. siliceous sponges with supplementary calcareous skeletons). Note 3.—In the ‘Annals’ for Sept. 1912 I also stated that Hozoon was allied to Beatricea, At that time I held the same views on Hozoon as Carpenter, and regarded the spaces formed by the secondary skeleton as huge vesicular chambers. Of course a space bounded by secondary skeleton and containing a rouleau of Nummulitid shells is in no way to be compared with one of the chambers of Beatricea with its thin curved roof of primary skeleton, Note 4.—Both Stromatoporoids and Hozoon have laminated structure, and the weathered edges show the layers, which, however, have an entirely different origin, The edges of Stromatoporoids are those of horizontal coils of spiral chambers, but the edges seen in /ozoon are mainly those of the supplementary skeleton. The structures in Hozoon really corresponding to the edges of the layers of Stromato- poroids are the margins of the upright-standing Nummulitid shells arranged in horizontal rouleaux, Note 5.—Hozoon must have grown in shallow seas and may have formed fringing reefs to continents, At the present day coral-reefs are distributed within the tropie and sub-tropic belt; but in the earliest times probably the waters of the globe were practically isothermal, just as ina kettle of water over the fire, the bottom of the kettle representing the thin consolidated crust of the earth, When the internal heat was withdrawn owing to thickening of the crust, the outside meteorological influences would set up the various isothermal zones at present existing, | Seeing that we now know definitely that Archean lime- stones were of organic origin, it does not seem unreasonable to assume that the bands of gneiss below and above them Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. 455 were sedimentary deposits. Possibly future geologists will be comparing the successions of strata in Eozoic cretaceous rocks with those of the Mesozoic cretaceous series. Note 6.—Amidst the hurry of preparations for my departure on a fourth expedition to Porto Santo Island to work out the Monticulipora problem ab ovo, I omitted to mention that I had found three Coralline algee on a block of Eozoon cana- dense, viz. (1) an incrusting pluristromatic Melobesia, (2) a jointed Corallina with terete internodes, and (3) a Pentcillus- like form with broad basal internodes and elongated tufted terminal internodes. I propose to name the first provisionally Melobesia canadensis, the second Corallina teretiformis, and the third LKopentcillus aurore. We may now be certain that Hozoon canadense lived in the Coralline zone. I hope that on my return in October the authorities will permit me to describe and figure the members of the Hozoic fauna referred to in this paper, viz. . canadense, E. vesuvit, E. bavaricum, E. scoticum, aud EF. erinense. The Hozoon problem is mainly a Foraminiferal one. Some of those who have attacked it have evidently had no know- ledge of Foraminifera, I hope the present paper will have the effect of breaking through the crust of petrological preju- dice which for nearly fifty years has misled the scientific world with regard to an important question, Note 7.—The difference in construction between Hozoon and the Stromatoporoids is due to the laying down of a secondary skeletal deposit by the former. A typical Stromato- pora may be compared to an inverted laminated pyramid in which the succeeding layers rapidly spread out widely in the horizontal plane, so that the pyramid does not topple over sideways. In Hozoon, on the other hand, the coils succeeding the first flat disk remain small, being unable to spread out owing to deposition of secondary skeleton, Soon the little pile or tower of disks leans or topples over, and the disks now form horizontal rouleaux of vertically arranged disks, 7. e. of disks standing on their edges, The Stromatoporoids form horizontal laminze made up of disks or coils lying on their flat surfaces, and being un- hampered by secondary deposits the coils may grow to a very large size. The original cause of the formation of the supplementary skeleton in Hozoon probably lay in the greater abundance of lime-salts in certain areas of the Eozoic seas, leading to deposition of thick secondary deposits outside the primary shells, 456 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of Note 8.—The discovery of the primitive colonial Fora- minifera will probably shed much light on the origin of dimorphism (see J. J. Lister, Phil: Trans. 1895, vol. 186, p. 401, and F. W. Winter, ‘ Protistenkunde,’ vol. x. 1907, p.- 1). The colonial habit gave way to the individual one possibly owing either to the breaking off of the buds or to premature blocking up of the main gemmiparous stclon by calcareous deposit. In either case injury or damming up might lead to endogenous division. The vegetatively formed megalospherie shell would then have become a gamont producing isogametes. Conjugating isogametes would form a young microspheric agameont, which, by « agamogony, would form agametes, each of the latter becoming a young megalo- spheric gamont. Winter writes (/. ¢. p. 106) :—“halte ich es fiir hézhst wahrscheinlich, dass Dichromasie und Dimorphismus derselben allen Thalamophoren zukommt.” I think this condition has arisen owing to the repression of the original primitive colonial habit giving rise to a simple sexual phase, the latter recurring to a vegetative phase. In the text of this paper I pointed out that in addition to the large buds formed on the main axial stolon there were often little buds formed on any part of a coiled shell. I think these little buds are almost certainly megalospheric, but I am not at present certain. Note 9.—The great prevalence of an organism at a certain epoch followed by its almost total disappearance constitutes a very strange phenomenon in evolution, About the Hocene epoch, for “instance, the Nummulites flourished amazingly and carpeted sea- oot over vast areas along a great belt extending across the Hurasian continent oni Spain to the north- paat corner of Asia. Nummulites were mostly heavy benthos organisms living in shallow seas, the latter probably covering rising areas, At the very summit of a Himalayan peak 19,000 teet above sea-level we find an Kocene sea-floor composed mainly of Nummulites, the sea-bottom having been gradually elevated by lateral thrust. (ligures of this lime- stone are given in the Natural History Museum Guide to the Coral Gallery.) During the Cretaceous epoch and over hundreds of millions of square miles of ocean at the present day a surface- or plankton-Foraminiferan, viz. (rlobigerina, has largely contributed to the formation of thick deposits of Globigerina-ooze. Note 10.—It seems to be legitimately within the limits of the subject of this paper to consider why a primitive Rhizopod Stromatoporoids and of Bozoon. 457 like Hozoon should have a calcareous skeleton and why other Rhizopoda should have a’siliceous one, I think we must go back to the cooling mineral magma, which would vary greatly in character over different areas and which would form shallower or deeper troughs. Probably at first, before diffusion produced more or less uniformity, seas filling those troughs would vary in composition, Rocks are classitied as acid or basic according to the percentaye of silicie acid present in them, and similarly a classification based on mineral constituents might have been extended to primitive seas (just as doctors classify mineral waters). Sareode living in seas with a high percentage of silica and a small one of calcium salts would become saturated with the former mineral. Apparently silica forms a more intimate union with protoplasm than carbonate of lime does, an, though isotropic when thus united, seems to impress some of its mineral characters on that protoplasm, as witness the beautiful symmetry of Radiolaiia and of Hexactinellid spicules *, Acanthin of Radiolaria seems to be halfway between silica-saturated protoplasm and silica of the skeleton. Organisms with skeletons of silica, probably on aczount of their want of flexibility, have only travelled a short distance along the path of evolution. The calcareous animal organisms, on the other hand, have deposited their skeletal material in masses (acicula, dorsal pillar, limb-girdles, &e.) which have served as points d’appui tor contractile protoplasm, and thus they have been enabled to come into relation with a varied environment, Consequently the path of evolution from the Dawn Animal to human civilization has been along the calcarcous way, * For some time past I have thought that possibly sponges are tri- phyletic and that there were at least three ancestral olynthuses (and not one olynthus), viz. a shallow-water calcareous, a shallow-water pre-Demo- sponge, and a deeper water Hexactinellid olynthus, all three originating from colonial Volvoa-like Flagellates or Choanoflagellates. In all three a free-swimming phase would be followed by a fixed one brought about by the increasing disproportion between weight and carrying capacity. On coming to rest the little organism would form a disk with an inferior layer of granular cells and a superior layer of flagellate cells. The increasing growth of the lower nutritive layer would soon cause it to encompass the upper motile layer, which would sink into it and an olynthus would be formed. The Choanoflagellate pre-Mexactinellid was highly vacuolated and its delicate reticulate strands would be best sustained by a type of spicule having three axes crossing a common centre at right angles, like building scaffolding, and the loose-textured protoplasmic network would permit of the formation of large flagellated chambers, (I would add that I hold this homoiousion heresy very lightly.) ; ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x, By! 458 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of Note 11.—The umbilicus of each Nummulitid shell or coil _of Lozoon corresponds to the astrorhiza of Stromatoporoids. The umbilicus is funnel-shaped, being broad at the proximal end and reduced to a small pore at the distal. ‘To obtain in .Eozoon the same appearance as is seen on the surface of Stromatopora it is necessary to cut a vertical section in the plane of the flat surfaces of the Nummulitid shells. In Evzoon each coil would be found to be small and surrounded by a zone of supplementary deposit. The dark radial streaks of the astrorhize of Stromatoporoids are probably the expres- sion of the thick masses of sarcode (? with iron) in the grooves between surface-tubercles of the coils of chambers. Note 12.—Possibly the little “ buds” seen on the Nummu- litid shells of Hozoon may result from a process of agamogony. See the beautiful figures of Peneroplhs pertusus in F. W. Winter’s remarkable study of the Thalamophoren (‘ Pro- tistenkunde,’ x. 1907, p. 1, pl. i. fig. 1). Probably thin sections of Hozoon will reveal some very interesting facts. Note 183.—The rouleaux of Nummulitid shells are serpentine in a double sense. ‘The existence in Hozoon of bands of dolomite or secondary calcite alternating with bands of olivine or serpentine results, I think, from the following causes :—The supplementary skeleton (calcite or dolomite) originally formed masses of pure calcite with very little protoplasm in it, but the coils of shells were full of proto- plasm containing metallic compounds, There would be a great difference in the molecular changes and affinities in the primary and secondary skeletons, and in the former the silica would much more easily combine with the iron-magnesian compounds to form olivine. ‘The reasonableness of this theory is shown by the fact that the canal-system permeating the secondary skeleton is wonderfully preserved in olivine and can be etched out by dissolving the calcite. Eozoon may be regarded as a marvellous nature-print by Nature hersel*, and one beside which the most refined products of human art are clumsy, for the finest details of the structure of the skeleton have been preserved. During each “process” the parts have been changed molecule by molecule. It is true the resulting work of “art” has been woefully damaged in the case of Hozoon vesuvii, E. bavaricum, &e. by later rough treatment, such as heat, pressure, and crumpling. In £, vesuvii the extra baking has converted the olivine into a serpentine almost resembling tha granular Cornish 5 co) . * kind, but the original Nummulitid pattern is still obvious. Stromatoporoids and of ozoon. 459 In the presence of examples of Zozoon canadense with all the details of their structure so perfectly preserved it is amazing to think that they lived at a time so distant that even the Cambrian epoch with its highly organized fauna does not seem very remote. Note 14.—In each colony of Hozoon the horizontal rouleaux iadiate outwards from a dense vertical central sheaf composed of strings of small Nummuiitid shells without secondary skeleton or with only very little. At a time when I was deluded by theories of pressure and by serpentine zgnes fatuz, I had thought that this dense central conical column or sheaf, seen in vertical sections through the centre, was produced by a crushing-in force. Tne resemblance between Hezoon and, say, Stromatopora concentrica is now seen to be very close. Hach may be compared to a huge hemispherical mushroom with a very small stem. In Hozvon the main body is composed of small disks limited in size owing to secondary deposit. In Stroma- topora the usually larger coils or disks are not thus limited. Avain, in its plume-l:ke upward and outward growth the Dawn Animal may be coinpared to a fountain. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate XI, . Stromatopora hiipschii, Barg. Devonian, Teignmouth. (P. 6328.) Polished slab. ‘Tangential view, showing spiral systems. Nat. size. . Hematostroma episcopate, Nich. (P. 5690) Polished slab. Tangential view, showing spiral systems and central chambers. Nat. size, Fig. 3. Actinostroma heblornense, Nich. Mid-Devyonian, Teignmouth, A spiral system. xX 6. Fig, 4. Labechia conferta, Lonsdale. Very young specimes, showing thin disk with coils. x 2. y a — ay S 5 bo PuaTeE XIi, Fig. 5, Eozoon canadense, Dawson, Vertical section, showing alternating light layers of calcite (supplementary skeleton) and dark layers (which contain piles of Nummultid shells), Nat. size. Fig. 6. Evzoon canadense. Layers of coiled Nummulitid shells. The calcareous supplementary skeleton has been dissolved by acid. The shells he in rouleaux in the green areas (olivine and serpentine) boui.ded by the supplementary skeleton. x 25. Fiy, 7. Eozoon canadense, A single apparently broken-oif Nummulitid shell, showing funicular umbilicus. x 190, 469 Libliographical Notice. Figs. 8 4, 8B. Lozoon canadense. Vertical sections, showing Nummu- litid shells mostly laid open, but partly (in fig. 8 B) showing thin outer walls and pores. a@ (in fig. 8a), stolon uniting four shells and passing through infundibulum in each shell. Fiy. 9, Eozoon canadense. Vertical section at and near sur face, showins supplementary canal-system ramifying in supplementary skeleton and pseudopodia (in olivine) forming a branching network outside the specimen; at base five large Nummu- litid shells, with their surfaces g ‘round down, so that the shells are opened. «12. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. Recent Foreign ant Colonial Natural History Pertodicals. (1) Annales Scientifiques de Un versité de Jassy. Tome vii. ome Fascicule. Juillet 1912. (2) Smithsonian Institution, US. Nat. Mus. Bulletin 76. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and Adjacent Waters. © By Wautrer Kenrick Fisner, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Stanford University, California, Part L. Phanerogamia and Spinulosa. Washington, 1911. (3) Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Vol. xiii. POs (4) Records of the Indian Museum, (A Journal of Indian Zivlo sy.) Vol. vii. part 3. July 1912. (1) InctupEs a very varied assortment of papers on mineralogy, ceca: cave-fauna, Protozoa, parasites of Trichoptera, &c. (2) An exceedingly elaborate publication, of which it is stated that “The region covered by the present report embraces the western coast of North America from the thirty-second parallel of latitude to Point Barrow on the Arctic Ocean, all of Bering Sea, the coast of Asia from Kast Cape to Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. It thus includes all the waters north of a line drawn from the southern end of Sakhalin to the southern boundary of the United States. .... ‘In the preparation of this report six thousand nine hundred and twenty-seven specimens have been listed, and many more examined ” belonging to seven principal collections. This report runs to 419 quarto pages, and is illustrated by 122 excellent plates. (3) Includes papers on the mammals of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region ; the collapse of recent beds at Staunton, Virginia; remarks on the fossil turtles accredited to the Judith River formation ; and on the systematic value of Rana chinensis, Osbeck. (4) Includes a series of short papers on Gordius, Chelonia, Oligo- cheeta, Symbiotica, a freshwater Medusa, a new Thrips, Crinoids, Earthworms, Apus, &c., and on malaria mortality, Lb. PEE CRN NARS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [EIGHTH SERIES. ] No. 59. NOVEMBER 1912. LVIII.—Notes on the Apidee (Hymenoptera) in the Collection of the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species. By Georrrey Meape-Watpo, M.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) I. Subfamily Meeacurzrvz. Tue following notes were made during a recent rearrange- ment and expansion of the bees of this subfamily. A considerable number of types have, of necessity, come under notice during this work, and the fact that many of the species have been either iguored or misunderstood by other workers has made the present appear a good oppor- tunity in which to make an effort to facilitate the identifi- cation of these species by means either of keys or notes on synonymy. The species which appear to be least understood are those described by the late Frederick Smith, and to these special attention has been paid. Much valuable information has already been published on the British Museum collection of bees, notably by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in his paper “Notes on some Bees in the British Museum” (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 809, 1905), and by A. Ducke (Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. p. 362, 1910). Friese’s valuable monograph of the subfamily (‘ Das Tierreich,’ 28 Lieferung) has been of great assistance. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 32 462 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on As Prof. Cockerell rightly remarks (/. ¢. p. 309), Smith’s ‘descriptions, though good for the time when they were written, are inadequate for modern requirements, since the number of described species has so vastly increased. The types of ali the new species here described are in the British Museum. My best thanks are due to Professor Poulton, F.R.S., for the loan of Wallace’s Malayan Megachile described by F. Smith, the types of which are in the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum. Eriapes, Spin. Eriades rugifrons, Smith. This species was described as Chelostoma rugifrons (Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 220, 1854) from Georgia, U.S.A. In his description Smith makes no mention of the clypeus, which is very similar to that of Megachile subgenus Eu- megachile : i.e., very short, much broader than long, broadly emarginate, and laterally provided with blunt tubercles. The length given (5 lines) is an underestimate, the correct length is 13 mm. The insect has a superficial resemblance to E. grandis, Mor,, the form of the clypeus being very similar. Ostia, Panz. There are but few types of this genus in the British Museum collection. Smith described three species from the Angara River, Siberia, which may be separated as follows :— 1, ee entirely black, robust insect. L.11 mm. epheppiata. Legs partially ferruginous, more slender insects, 2. 2. ( Legs ferruginous (cox and trochanters black), thorax clothed with fulvous pubescence, | abdominal tergites with lateral fasciz of J pale pubescence, scopa palefulvous. L.9mm. rubripes. | Tarsi ferruginous, thorax clothed with black pubescence, abdominal tergites with lateral | fascia of rich golden pubescence, scopa \e golden. L183 mm. 2.3.) i002 id. beswees rufitarsis. O. ephippiata is a Melanosmia, Schmied., very near O. pilicornis, Sm., but with the abdomen wholly black- haired. The vertex and thorax are clothed with ochraceous pubescence (teste Smith’s original description), not reddish yellow (rotgelb) as stated by Friese (‘ Das Tierreich,’ Lief. 28, p. 180). the Apidee in the British Museum. 463 Osmia rubripes is very near O., rufohirta, Lep., and be- longs to the subgenus Acanthosmia, Thoms. Osmia laboriosa, Sm., from Yarkand, somewhat resembles O. rufigastra, Lep., from Algeria, but differs in having the scape, mandibles, and anterior margin of the clypeus reddish, whereas in O. rufigastra all these parts are black. Cockerell (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 333, 1905) writes a note on the species. The black markings on the abdomen give the insect a very distinct appearance. The North American species are satisfactorily dealt with by Cockerell. Osmia jucunda, Smith. Osmia jueunda, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. 1. p. 159. no. 36 (1853). @. Osmia vidua, Gerst. Stettin, ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 345. no. 9 (1869). dQ. Smith’s type of O. jucunda from Albania agrees perfectly with specimens determined by Friese in the Edward Saunders collection. Gerstaecker described his species from Sicily. Osmia apicata, Smith. Osmia apicata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 140. no, 87 (1853). @. Sia macroglossa, Gerst. Stettin. ent. Zeit, xxx. p. 349. no. 12 (1869). Cj ue Smith’s type of O. apicata agrees perfectly with specimens in the Edward Saunders collection determined as O. macro- glossa by Friese, and with a specimen from Corfu determined by Schmiedeknecht. In his ‘Apidze Europz,’ Schmiede- knecht suggests that they are co-specific, but does not synonymise them, being unable to determine O. apicata satisfactorily from the description. Lirnvurcvs, Latr. Lithurgus rotundipennis. Megachile rotundipennis, W. F. Kirby, Monograph of Christmas Island, p. 87 (1900). This species from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (C. W. Andrews), is a typical Lithurgus. Lithurgus scabrosus. Megachile scabrosus, Smith, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. iii, p. 134. no, 2 (1853). Type n the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford. In the British Museum there are specimens from 464 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on Rarotonga (Wyatt-Gill), Celebes (Ida Pfeiffer), and Am- ‘ boyna (Ff. Muir). Mreacui te, Latr. Megachile albopicta, Smith. Megachile albopicta, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 154 (1853). Megachile flabellipes, Pérez, Espéces Nouy. Melliféres Barbarie, p. 23 (1895). go @. Both described from Algeria, and evidently co-specific. M. flabellipes has the scopa rather more golden than M. albopicta, but the latter is probably a rather faded specimen. Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh. Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 453, pl xv. f. 9 (1896). ¢. The male of this species from Pundaloya, Ceylon (E. FE. Green), is the type. The species is recorded as ‘ M. cey- lonica’’? in the Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. vol. i. p. 482: through an oversight, as it 1s correctly named in the key to the species (J. c. p. 472). The insect from Tenasserim described as the female of MW. ceylonensis can have no affinity with it, and is totally different in appearance, so that the description of the male given in the ‘ Fauna of India,’ Hymenoptera, vol.i., is misleading, since no mention is made of the most conspicuous character in the coloration of the abdomen. A new name is thus necessary for this sex :— Megachile caroli, nom. nov. Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymenoptera, vol. i. p- 482 (1897). The species is quite adequately described (J. c.). Megachile stulta, Bingh. Megachile stulta, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymenoptera, vol. i. p. 476 (1897). 3 Q. This is certainly a composite species, and the female must be considered the type of MJegachile stulta, Bingh. The specimen marked by Bingham as his type of the male from Bangalore, S. India, agrees very well with a specimen from Dehra Dun, United Provinces, determined by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins as MM. schauinslandi, Alfken, described from the Apide in the British Museum. 465 Honolulu (Entom. Nachrichten, xxiv. p. 340 (1898), ¢?). It would not be advisable, however, to synonymise these two species without examining the type of J. schauinslandi. In addition to this, the male of Alfken’s species is as yet undescribed, The description given by Bingham of the insect he con- sidered to be the male of M. stulta in no way agrees with the specimen itself, and is misleading. From the description (d.c.) one would expect to find a black insect, the abdomen covered with ferruginous-red pubescence, more sparse than in the female, in which the abdomen is altogether covered with a ferruginous-red pile. In colour the male belongs to the danata group, and has the first abdominal segment alone with any considenable clothing of ferruginous “pubescence, although segments 2 and 3 ‘hear narrow fasciz; in the terminal segments the fasciz of ferruginous pubescence give way to white. Megachile bellula, Bingh. Bingham describes both sexes of this species (Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. i. p. 476, 1897). In the Museum there are two specimens labelled as “ M. bellula, Bingh., 3,” one of which is designated as the type. The species is certainly composite, the true male of M. bellula being the insect so labelled by Bingham, but noé described. The name must be retained for the female, which becomes the type. The other male, labelled as type ¢ of M. bellula and described (U. c.), must be renamed Megachile (Eumegachile) binghami, nom. nov. Megachile bellula, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. i. p. 476, fig. 158 (1897). o. Hab. Rangoon, Burma, vi. 1887 (type) (nec 2); Yé Valley and Amherst, Tenasserim (Lingham Coll.). This species is adequately described (/. ¢.). The sixth abdominal segment is provided with a distinct longitudinal carina, which is well shown in the text-figure. There is also a series of five females from various localities in Tenasserim of an insect which is doubtless the true female of M. binghami. 9. Head and thorax black, abdomen entirely clothed with rich reddish-brown pubescence, scopa reddish brown. Legs black, posterior tarsi reddish on the inner side. Head with thick, black pubescence, pleuree with whitish pubescence of varying thickness. Wings fusco-hyaline. Clypeus very 466 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on short, broad, shallowly emarginate, with a slight Iongitudi- nal carina. Mandibles arched, 4-toothed. Posterior tibiz ‘ very coarsely punctured. Metatarsus iil. cylindrical, only half as broad as tibiz. Length 15 mm. The species can be separated from M. bellula, which is a Megachile sens. str., as fellows :— M., (Eumegachile) binghami, 9. M. bellula, 9. Face without white pubescence. Face with white pubescence. Wings fusco-hyaline. Wings hyaline. Metatarsus iii. cylindrical, half as | Metatarsus iii. as broad as tibie. broad as tibiz. The following characters serve to separate the males :— M. (Eumegachile) bingham, 3. M. bellula, 3. Anterior tarsi simple. Anterior tarsi dilated. Thorax clothed with dark pubes- | Thorax clothed with pale, golden- cence. brown pubescence. Abdomen entirely clothed with | Abdominal segments with fulvous fulvous pubescence. apical fasciz. Abdominal segment 6 notched, | Abdominal segment 6 simple, with- with longitudinal carina. out longitudinal carina. Megachile luculenta, Bingh. Megachile luculenta, Bingh. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. p. 249 (1890). Q. Hab. Tavoy, x. 1889 (type); Runjit Valley, Sikkim, v. 1894; Salween Valley, Upper Tenasserim, vii. 1892 and iv. 1893 (Bingham Coll.) ; Bhutan (G. C. Dudgeon). It is necessary to revive this name, which has been made a synonym of M. mystacea, F. It is evident that Bingham has wrongly identified the Fabrician species (type in Banks Coil.) from Australia, though later he quite correctly remarks (Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 183, 1909) that M. mystacea has nothing to do with the African M. (Eumegachile) ruji- ventris, Guéer. M. luculenta is a considerably larger species, being 20 mm. in length, whereas M. mystacea is only 15 mm. Megachile ornata, Smith, Megachile ornata, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 183 (1855). Megachile miniata, Bingh. Journ, Bomb. Soc. x. p. 199, fig. 6 (1896). Smith did not know the locality of this species at the time he described it, but has written in ‘ Sumatra” in the the Apide in the British Museum. 467 Museum copy of the catalogue at a later date. Bingham’s type of miniata from Deli, Sumatra, agrees perfectly with it. Megachile bicaniculata, Cam. Megachile bicaniculata, Cam. Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 35 (1901). Megachile caniculata, Cam. MS. The type of M. bicaniculata is from the Malay Peninsula (3000 ft.), that of M. caniculata from Kuching (Sarawak). It is possible Cameron discovered that they were the same species, since no description of M. caniculata appears to have been published. Megachile semivestita, Smith. Chalicodoma semivestita, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 148. no, 6 (1853). ¢. Megachile determinata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 69. no. 26 (1879). 9. These are sexes of the same species, though described from such widely separated places as India and Java. A male from Java (Horsfield Coll.) agrees in every detail with the type. Megachile architecta, Smith. Megachile architecta, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 46. no. 6 (1857). 4 Megachile tarea, Cam. Journ. Straits Asiat. Soc. xxxvil. p. 124 (1902). These two species are from the same type locality (Sarawak, Borneo). A comparison of Smith’s type from the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum with Cameron’s type in the British Museum proves them to be identical. Megachile atrata, Smith. Megachile atrata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 182. no, 112 (1853). 9. Megachile fulvipennis, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 68. no. 22 (1879). 2 Megachile viriplaca, Cam. Journ. Str. Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 119 (1902). ¢ Megachile shelfordi, Cam. Journ. Str. Asiat. Soc. xxxvil. p. 124 (1902). @. Widely distributed through the Malay Archipelago. The type (atrata) is from the Philippine Islands ; Nicobars (fulvipennis) ; Borneo, Sarawak (Shelford) (viripiaca and 468 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on shelfordi) ; Sumatra; Kota Raja, Achin, Puloweh (Wallace, _Meade-Waldo); 'Tenasserim, Mergui (Bingham); Java (Horsjield) ; Singapore (H. N. Ridley). Megachile dimidiata, Smith. Megachile dimidiata, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 174. no. 88 (1853). Q. Megachile velutina, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 180, no. 105 (1853). 9. M. dimidiata (type in British Museum) has the pollen- brush deep fulvous in the centre and black laterally, not entirely black as Smith states; in his description of M. velutina he describes it correctly. Bingham (Fauna Brit. India, i. p. 472) separates the two species on the colour of the antennz and legs, which he says are fulvous red in M. dimidiata and black in M. velutina, although the original descriptions of both species distinetly state that the legs are fulvous, and specimens determined by Bingham himself as M. velutina have red antenne and fulvous legs. The type of JZ. velutina was in the collection of the late J. 8. Baly. Megachile rotundiceps, Smith, ? . This species, described from Mt. Ophir (type in the Hope Department), belongs to the subgenus Kumegachile. The scopa is silver-white except sternite 5 (at the apex) and 6, where it is black. Megachile terminalis, Smith, ?. As Friese rightly says, this species is hke M. ornata, Smith, but differs in having the scopa black. Other differences, noticeable on comparing the types of the two species, are to be found in the considerably darker wings of M. terminalis and its slenderer form. Megachile placida, Smith, g. Described from Gilolo. The species has a slender, forward- curving spine on each of the anterior coxe. Type in Hope Department. Megachile laboriosa, Smith, 3. This species has a short tubercle on each anterior coxa. Type in Hope Department. the Apidee in the British Museum. 469 Megachile lateritia, Smith, and Megachile albobasalis, Smith. These two species are extremely nearly related; they differ as follows :— M. lateritia. (Type in Hope Department.) No pale hair on median segment. Seopa deep foxy red, contrasting strongly with the brick-red clothing of the tergites. M. lateritia was described M. albobasalis. (Type in B.M.) Median segment clothed with white hair. Pubescence on tergites and scopa of the same shade of ferrugi- nous. from Aru and M. albobasalis from Murray Island, Torres Straits; there is also a speci- men labelled as coming from Aru, but it is possibly an error. Megachile tertia, D. T. Megachile sener, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p. 92 (1865). Megachile albiceps, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. ii. p. 248 (1903). Friese is correct in suggesting that these are the same species. An examination of Smith’s type shows that there is white pubescence on the prothorax, though this is not mentioned in bis description. Key to some African Species of Megachile described by F. Smith. 1. ( Clypeus normal, truncate, 1-2 as broad as long (subgenus Megachile)............ 2. Cypeus apically emarginate, the sides of the emargination produced to form two teeth (subgen. Amegachile). Black ; truncation of median segment and abd, tergite 1 white-haired ; abdomen apically with ferruginous pubescence ; scopa pale yellow, apically ferruginous ; wings fus- cous. L.15 mm. (Zulu.) nasalis. (= volkmanni, Fr.) 2. ( Abdomen entirely clothed with ferrugi- nous-red_ pubescence, vertex clothed with dark hairs, scopa pale ferruginous. iL, to mm: » (Sdutht Africas.) Jo... e'. | Abdomen otherwise clothed .......... 3. (Thorax and abdomen black, all the seg- ments with lateral patches of white | pubescence, scopa golden fulvous, ante- rior wings fuscous. L.16. (Natal.).. Thorax black, with ochraceous or rufous pubescence ; abdomen with fulvous or _ grey pubescence ., ‘ Sa a ee ie imitata. d consanguined. 470 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on 4 Abdomen basally red, apically black ; wings clear hyaline. L.12 mm. (Natal.) .. basalis. i Wings fusco-hyaline .........+.es0000: 5 5. (Thorax with dense rufous pubescence ; abdomen covered with grey pubescence, densest on apical margin of segments, scopa whitish. L. 13mm, (Gambia.). discolor. (=fiilleborni, Fr.) ochraceous pubescence, abdomen and scopastilhyius (13), Sie ds eels a). enelaioens 6. Metatarsus iii. flattened, abdominal tergites with broad apical fascie. L. 13 mm. 2 (Cape of Good Hope.) occ. ..000 ree « eurymera. | Metatarsus ii. linear, fulvous pubescence | more sparse towards apex. L. 16 mm. \ K@ape of Goad Hopes) oo asieactacie = clack dorsata. The above species are not included in Friese’s table of African Megachile (‘ Die Binen Afrikas,’ p. 327 e¢ seq.), and though included in ‘ Das Tierreich,’ Lief. 28, p. 274 et seq., it seems that a further short table taken from the actual types is not superfluous. Of the species not tabulated by Friese in his African monograph, A/. maculata and MM. perplexa are omitted here, as it has not been possible to identify the types, which were in the collection of the late W. W. Saunders. 4 pune somewhat sparsely clothed with f 6. ( | Megachile fervida, Smith. Osmia fervida, Sm, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 142 (1853). Megachile intricata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 61. no. 1 Gs79). dQ. Smith marked the male of M. intricata as his type, and it agrees in every respect with his Osmia fervida. There are no females of the latter species, but a female of M. intricata is certainly Megachile sens. str. Megachile (Eumegachile) paucipunctulata, W. F. Kirby. Megachile paucipunctulata, Kirby, Bull. Liverpool Museum, vol. iii- p. 21 (1900). Q. Megachile (Eumegachile) sokotrana, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. iii. p. 287 (1903). @. An examination of Kirby’s type proves that Kohl was correct in placing the species in this subgenus. Megachile discolor, Swith. Megachile discolor, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 157 (1858)- 2. = Megachile fiilleborni, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym, Dipt. Bd. iii. p. 281 (1903). dQ. the Apide in the British Museum. 471 This species is widely spread in Africa. Smith redescribed it from the Gambia. There are other specimens from Zun- geru, N. Nigeria, iv. 1910 (J. W. Scott-Macfie) ; near Johannesburg, Transvaal (A. J. Cholmley) ; Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. dA. K. Marshall) ; various localities in N.E. Rhodesia (S. A. Neave) ; N. Rhodesia, Sinapunga, 13. . 1911 (Stlverlock Coll.); and Nyasaland, Karonga (S. A. Neave). Megachile (Amegachile) fimbriata, Smith. Smith’s type of this species from the Gambia agrees well in all points of structure with a male of M. ce@rulea, Friese, determined by Friese himself, from Nyasaland. M. fimbriata has the abdomen clothed with fulvous pubescence ; possibly M. cerulea may prove to be a subspecies. Megachile (Amegachile) bituberculata, Rits. Megachile bituberculata, Rits. Tijdschr. vy. Entom. xxiii. Versl. p. xevii (1880). Megachile tuberculata, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 63. no. 8 (1879). Q. [Nee Smith, 1857.] Megachile (Amegachile) sjéstedti, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. i. p. 72 (1901). 2. A specimen from Ilesha, S. Nigeria, 4. 11.1910 (J. J. Simpson), determined by Dr. Friese, agrees with Smith’s type of M. tuderculata in the British Museum. Megachile (Amegachile) nasalis, Smith. Megachile nasalis, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 61. no. 2 (1879). su Megachile (Amegachile) volkmanni, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. iv. p- 299 (1904). Smith’s type from Zululand, in the British Museum, belongs to Friese’s subgenus Amegachile, Other specimens in the collection are from N.E. Rhodesia, Fort Jameson, 3800 feet, September 1910 (S. A. Neave), presented by the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical Africa); S.E. Congo Free State, Lufira River, Katanga, 3500 feet, 27. viii. 07 (S. A. Neave) ; and Lake Shirwa, Zomba, B.C.A. (R. Newstead). Megachile ethiops, Smith. Megachile ethiops, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 166. no, 68 (1853). Lithurgus ethiops, Friese, Die Bienen Afrikas, p. 322 (1910), TAT Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on This species is not a Lithurgus, as recorded by Friese in ‘Die Bienen Afrikas, p. 322. It resembles the European ‘M. muraria superficially. The clypeus is somewhat of the Chalicodoma type and is crenulated apically. Megachile habropodoides, sp. u. ®. Nigra, hirsuta; capite, pleuris, abdominis segmentis 1—4 nigro-, segmentis 5 et 6 fulvo-ferrugineo-hirsutis; pronoto, mesonoto, scutelloque flavo-cinereo-hirsutis ; scopa fulvo-ferruginea ; clypeo subtruneato, apice duobus tuberculis minutis munito ; mandibulis robustis, 4-dentatis ; alis hyalinis. Long. 15 mm. ’ 6. Similis sed clypeo flayo-cinereo-hirsuto, prosterno spatioque postoculari griseo pubescentibus ; mandibulis apice ferrugineis, elongatis ; tarsis anterioribus albidis, dilatatis, albo-tomentosis ; coxa i, tuberculo subacuto instructa. 9. Black; head, pleurz, abdominal tergites 1-4, and legs for the most part covered with long black hair; pro- notum, mesonotum, and scutellum clothed with a dense cinereous pile; abdominal tergites 5 and 6 covered with long ferruginous hairs; intermediate and posterior tarsi covered within by dark ferruginous hair. Scopa ferruginous red. Calcaria ferruginous. Wings hyaline. Clypeus sub- truncate, broader than long, armed with two small tubercles at apex; mandibles massive, 4-toothed. The whole insect somewhat finely and evenly punctured. Metatarsus 111. normal, about as long as tibia. Length 15 mm. g. Similar to the female, but with the face and clypeus covered with a long, dense, cinereous pile ; postocellar region and prosternum clothed with thin white pubescence. Clypeus black at base, apically ferrugimous, somewhat swollen. Anterior tarsi ivory-white, dilated, and fringed with long white hair, anterior coxz provided with stout blunt tubercles. Abdominal segment 7 bidentate. BOT ey oD NO TOr Hab. Khamba Jong, Sikkim, 15,000-16,000 feet, 15-30. vii. 1903. Collected by H. T. Walton on the Tibet Expe- dition (1903-4). The colouring and general robust facies of this insect strongly recall Bombus and Anthophora. the Apidew in the British Museum, 473 Megachile (Eumegachile) neavei, sp. n. Q. Nigra; facie nigro-, genis infra, thorace omnino, abdominis segmento primo omnino, segmento secundo lateribus albido-hirtis ; segmentis 2 et 3 sparsim, 4-6 dense ferrugineo-tomentosis ; scopa aureo-brunnea, basi pallidiore; clypeo basi tuberculo mediano lato instructo ; mandibulis forcipatis; metatarsis angustis; alis fuscis. Long. 16 mm. 9. Black; the face densely and vertex sparsely covered with dark pubescence ; the cheeks below, the whole thorax, first abdominal tergite wholly, and second abdominal tergite apico-laterally clothed with white pubescence; the rest of the abdomen covered with ferruginous-red pubescence, that on segments 2 and 3 much sparser; legs dark ferruginous, tarsi inclining to black, intermediate and posterior tarsi with rutous pubescence on the inner side. Scopa golden brown, paler at the base. Wings dark brown. Clypeus very short, with a broad tubercle in the centre ; mandibles arched, bidentate at apex. Punctured, mandibles and abdomen finely, clypeus, head, and thorax closely and somewhat coarsely. Metatarsus ii. slender, shorter than and about half as broad as tibia. Length 16 mm. 6. Similar to the female in general appearance, but with apex of clypeus and interantennal space covered with white pilosity, coxa i. with a short slender spine, abdominal seg- ment 6 impressed at apex (as in M. chrysorrhea). 229,38 86. Hab. Lower Luangwa River, N.E. Rhodesia, Sept. 1910 (S. A. Neave), type 2; Ngoa, Nyasaland, 21. x. 1910 (Dr. J. E. 8S. Old), 3 2; Fort Jameson, 3800 feet, Oct. 1910, and Luangwa to Petauke, Sept. 1910, N.E. Rhodesia (S. A. Neave), 3 3. This species comes nearest to M. cornigera, Fr., but differs in having the mandibles 3-toothed (in cornigera they are 5-6-toothed) and abdominal segment 1 and part of 2 white-, not black-haired. Megachile battorensis, sp. n. 2. M. (Lumegachile) rufipedis similis, sed non Humegachile. Capite thoraceque antice fusco-, postscutello, segmento mediano, pleuris, abdominisque segmento primo basi pallide flavo-hirtis ; segmentis abdominis 1 apice, 2 et 3 omnino ferrugineo-tomentosis, 4-6 474 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on sparsim nigro-hirtis; scopa ferruginea, apice obscuriore, nigra; . pedibus brunneis, plus minusve flavo-pilosis; alis flavo-hyalinis, apice fuscis; tegulis ferrugineis. Clypeo truncato, plano, crasse punctato; mandibulis robustis, rugoso-striatis. Long. 20 mm. Similar to M. rufipes, F., differing as follows :— M. ( Eumegachile) rufipes, F. | M. battorensis, sp. 0. Clypeus extremely short, with | Clypeus normal, rather broader | | | | median tubercle; mandibles arched, | than long; no carina; mandibles slender. (Subgenus Eumegachile.) | stout, not arched. (Subgenus Me- gachile.) Legs brown. Legs red. Length 20 mm. Hab. Battor, Gold Coast, Oct. 1911 (H. T. Palmer), 1 2, type; Uganda Protectorate, between Seziwa R. and Kam- pala, 3500-3750 feet, Aug. 1911 (S.A. Neave), 3 9; En- tebbe, Uganda, Aug. 1911 (C. C. Gowdey), 1 2. Presented by the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical Africa). In Megachile sens. str. the most nearly allied species appear to be M. stephanelli, Friese, also from W. Africa, and M. kigonserana, Friese, from German East Africa. M. stephanelli has the scopa fuscous at base and grey at apex, and the wings smoky, while in M. kigonserana the thorax is wholly black-haired and the wings are hyaline. Megachile (Amegachile) frederici, sp. n. Q. Nigra, nitida; mandibulis (apice excepto), antennis basi, pedibus tegulisque rufis ; facie argenteo-brunneo-, genis, pleuris sparsim, segmento mediano, abdominisque segmento primo lateribus albido-pilosis; scopa nigra, basi pallida; metatarsus iil. intus aureo-hirtis; clypeo apice emarginato; mandibulis robustis, apice 4-dentatis; alis plerumque czeruleo-micantibus, basi extremo hyalinis. Long. 15 mm. g. Shining black; mandibles (except the apex), scape, flagellum beneath, tegule, and legs red; the face about the insertion of the antennez clothed with silvery-brown pubes- cence, interspersed with a few black hairs; the pleure sparsely, median segment and abdominal tergite 1 densely clothed on the sides with white pubescence; scopa black, sternite 1 medially clothed with pale hair. Wings with a bluish effulgence, the extreme base hyaline. Clypeus about as broad as long, emarginate at apex, the Pay el ee at LAER IGE DP GON SNE SS SRST i el CEN OTN OT a the Apidee in the British Museum. 475 sides of the emargination produced to form two tubercles ; mandibles massive, 4-toothed. Whole insect somewhat sparsely and evenly punctured, metatarsus i. broader than tibiz. Length 15 mm. ¢. Similar to female, but smaller. Face and clypeus clothed with pale hair. First joint of anterior tarsi dilated, anterior cox armed with spines, 229,16. Gambia (F. Smith Coll.), 3 2 (type); Zungeru, N. Ni- geria (Dr. W. Morrison), 2. Most nearly allied to M. bituberculata, Rits.,=sjdstedti, Fr., but at once separated from that species by the red legs and black ventral scopa. The species bore a MS. label * cyanipennis, Guér.,” im F. Smith’s Coll., and it certainly bears a superficial resemblance to that species. Key to the Australian Species of Megachile described by F. Smith, oe: 1. (Clypeus very short, 5-4 times as broad as long, more or less armed with tu- bercles at apex. Scopa pale, black species with pale pubescence........ 2. Subg. Eumegachile, Clypeus normal, 1-2 times as broad as long; variously coloured insects .... 5. Subg. Megachile. 2. ( Clypeus truncate, the apex armed with | _asmall tubercle or tubercles........ 5. 2 Clypeus with a broad, medio-apical, sub- | quadrate lobe, or else porrect, with the apex semicircular; wings fusco-hya- MHC Saas oatae vies Oe ee 4, . { Apex of clypeus with small lateral tu- bercles; head very massive; wings fuscous; abd. tergite 1 with white pubescence; scopa pale testaceous, L. 21mm. (Champion Bay.)...... monstrosa. Clypeus with a small medio-apical tubercle ; head normal; wings fusco- hyaline ; abd. tergites 1 and 2 with white pubescence ; scopa pale yellow. L,18.mm>, (Adetaide.)*” 5227 >. semiluctuosa. 4, ( Apex of clypeus with a broad, medio- apical, subquadrate lobe; face covered with dense golden pubescence; abd. tergite 6 with silver-grey pubescence, L,13mm. (“New Holland.”) .... aurtfrons. Clypeus porrect, the apex semicircular ; face sparsely clothed with grey hairs; abd. tergite 6 with golden pubescence. L.12 mm. (Champion Bay.) ...... nasuta. 3 oo = , a * 476 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on 5. ( Abdomen unicolorous ; scopa bright ful- | = VOUS: oie ilar cose (0 se)le nla ini lpelelie fete oelegs } Median segment and abdomen basally ‘\ with white pubescence. L, 14-15 mm. | Abdomen otherwise coloured ; scopa | ‘pale; wwangs hyaline, 7.) genes s ns 6. ( Abdomen covered with bright fulvous | pubescence; wings fuscous. IL, 16 Jip mmoy (Asstralia)OO0kG Fatale oot ‘\ Abdomen black, with violet iridescence ; | wings fusco-hyaline. L. 14 mm. le, A Richmond UR iver.) jsp pcegayiaesaistere 7. {Wings dark fuscous; scopa black. (Champion Bay))o..c .wen,.cctiee Wings not dark fuscous ; scopa white.. 8. ( Wings wholly dark fusco-hyaline, abd. | tergite 3black. (‘New Holland.”).. < Wings with basal half hyaline, fuscous | apically; abd. tergite 3 laterally with | white pubescence. (Champion Bay.) 9. ( Abdominal tergites with apical fasciz of DUDESCCHCE Tyee alae elves eee erie | Abdominal tergites 1-3 with apico-lateral J marks of pale pubescence ; abd. ter- gites 5 and 6 with golden-yellow or | fulvous pubescence. jst ckire oe or Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 black, 3-6 | ferruginous, L.10mm. (Queensland.) 10. ( Face sparsely clothed with white pubes- cence; slender insects ............ f Face clothed with golden pubescence ; a | robust insect. L. 13 mm. (Cham- { PION DAY.) Te myekyseieetes mire cieka 11. (Apex of clypeus simple. L. 113 mm. (Tasmania, eee eee cere eee Apex of clypeus with a small tubercle or tubercles .-. woriepiicit: abn cat 12, ( Apex of clypeus with 2 small tubercles ; | abd. tergite 4 with narrow whitish- | yellow fascize. L.11 mm, (Adelaide.) \ Apex of clypeus with a small median | tubercle; no fascia on abd. tergite 4. | L.10mm. (Western Australia.) 13. (Sides of face sparsely covered with white pubescence, abdominal fasciz narrow ; smaller, more slender insects........ - Whole face (including clypeus) covered | with dense ochraceous or fulvous pubescence, abdominal fascize broader ; \ | fmoreobust msectse cere remeron 14. (Face densely covered with fulvous pubescence ; abd. tergite 5 partly and 6 wholly covered with fulyous pubes- } cence. L. 12} mm. (Western Aus- * otralia.)q.