Univ. ge Torenre LiSRARY e () : dy iy Why oe ; , . ‘ ‘ ‘ ig wi ' fi My : ci se in a * ee rer ig i ie: 4 al 1 Sy THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITIt LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL ILISTORY.’) CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., SIR ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., Se.D., F.R.S., AND RICHARD T. FRANCIS, F.Z.S. eee as s+ VOL. ‘V.—NINTH SERIES. —eeeeeeeeeoeoOeEeOeeeaeeeoeeee eee a j LONDON: y / PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY BAILLIERE, PARIS: AND HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO,, DUBLIN, 1920, “Omnes res creat sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitia felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex cconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata ; a veré eruditis et, sapiéntibus, semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Diwnaus. * Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuyre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opénations.”—Brucknur, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. © 0 6 © «//s a\a ee » « The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous ‘branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. V. [NINTH SERIES. ]} NUMBER 25, Page I. Notes on Myriapoda.—XX. Luminous Chilopoda, with Special Reference to Geophilus carpophagus, Leach. By Hitpa K. Brape- Brrxs, M.Sce., M.B., Ch.B., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., and the Rev. 8. GranaM BrapEe-Birxs, M.Sc. (Plates I. & IL.) ........... eee E II. Two new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia. By OLDFIELD HGMAR 2s acs oso 3 RS mgr - pr Bi ees ahoagnacleranecuge 31 III. The Classification of the Fishes of the Family Cichlide.— I. The Tanganyika Genera. By C. Tare Reean, M.A., F.RS. .. 33 IV. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera)—I. Ethiopian Species, By Cuarues P. ALEexanper, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois, S.A . 53 ar, €.0! 0 6 wb a iate Sia a, &) Mee aie mee Re 8) 66 eee A a €CS 6 OES 6 e094. e OM F 8 2 era k & V. A new Crab of the Genus Sesarma from Basra. By W. T. EMER TI ins Sohaannen einer eee met Se SME Be cI a ae 62 VI. The Cirripede Genus Stramentum (Loricula): its History and Structure. By Tuomas H. Wiruers, F.G.S. (Plates ILI. Te Es n'a coin a Uae athak ex daeieinea® sq ec\1 «Kea Eee tie TAO Sa 65 VII. On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by R. Vitalis de Salvaza.—IV. By Rowxianp KE. Turner, F.ZS., F.E.S. ........ 84 VIII. Sur quelques Treching (Coleoptera, Carabide] du British BE eeie Oh MAMMAL Ais atc os oh cab n> chess travers veusd 98 IX. Descriptions and Records of Bees—-LXXXVIII. By T. D. A. wocumnEr., University of Volorado «56.52 56icdisdscceecccrvous 113 X. A new Shrew and Two new Foxes from Asia Minor and Palestine; By OLDFIELD THOMAS . 2.05 .cccvessscncveneseneees 119 iv CONTENTS. Page XT. Descriptions of Two new Frogs from Brazil. By G. A. BoutEnGER, F.R.S., F.Z.S...... re ee ei Gis» 4122 XIL. Protoscolex latus, a new “ Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds, By F. A. BATHER, FBS... . cece ee seceee rene Se ORE cn 124 XIII. On a new Commensal Prawn. By L. A. Borranvarir, |. Oy. es fer Sy ae TS eR | ee ee ae 132 XIV. A Description of the Copepod Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, Van Douwe, and of a new Species of D’ Arcythompsonia, Scott. By Roserr Gurney, M.A. (Plates V.-VIL) ..... pia ot mene : 134 XV. The Generic Positions of “ Mus” nigricauda, Thos., and woosnamt, Schwann. By OLDFIELD THOMAS .....0-ceeee ee eee 140 XVI. A new Japhozous from the Sudan. By Otprrerp Tuomas, 142 XVII. A new Marmoset from the Peruvian Amazons. By Oxp- MIRED, THOMAS -3< cant ateiise i tistele pide t: Siere eet aan ee een or ee ee 144 XVIII. Note on Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. By C. W. Anprews, D.Sce., F.R.S. (British Museum, Natural History)...... 145 XIX. Notes on the Ichnewmonide in the British Museum.—III. On a new Tasmanian Species. By RowLanp E. Turner, F.Z.S., DO TOES eco iave "ous, eplnie c ahacs 0 hetelnselatcke «cette bic Rican teeecai ny oes neat eRe eae 150 XX. A new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Zimnochromis from Lake Tanganyika, By O. Tats Reean, M.A., FBS. ......00.s00004+ 162 NUMBER 26. XXI. Further Notes on the Fabrician Types of Teteromera (Coleoptera) in the Banks Collection. By K. G. Brain, B.Se., HOPES, cgi as & oc Ateus Gib oie, Ra ek a no 9 ohne 0 erie een ie 153 XXII. A Revision of the African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. By C. Tatu Rraan, M.A., PRs saa cane ees 163 XXIII. Notes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asiline. By Grr- TRADED PRICATIDO’. a. cscsictouiel eve ie oobi eta re Serer iNe s isa ee teat ete 169 XXLV. Some Notes on Babirussa. By OLprirty Tuomas ,... 185 XXyVy. A Further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy. By Oup- PEGD, THOMAS isos c5 obo s «npn slo Hineininihdy, hie bi¥ 4 Reni@yainyh * 2 B'8\5 8 vais 188 XXVI. A new Species of Vellinora from Somuliland. By R. C. Wrovug@uron and Major KR. E. CHEESMAN. cee eee eee reece eens 197 CONTENTS, Vv Page XXVITI. Notes on Myriapoda.—XXI. Colobognatha, an Order of Diplopoda (Millipedes) new to Britain, hg ape: by Polyzonium germanicum (Brandt). By the Rev. » GRAHAM Brapx-Birks, ‘M.Se., Lecturer in Zoology and Gaology, S 3.E. Agricultural College, Wye, Kent igre. os) 8 Sei he Vins As hme pee wen es XXVIII. Note on the Freshwater Isopods known as Asedlus aquaticus. By Cuas. Cuttton, M.A., D.Se., M.B., C.M., LL.D., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Professor of Biolozy, Canterbury’ College, New ST A ae eS ROT cities ce scn ole cir act ROCREO t eicrd/acats onatene : XXIX, On anew Tentaculate Cestode. By Frank E. Bepparp, Sa Og et eae as MIMD gd cigidi ng sar nieipies © abe eegAN's 9.8 v8IRS 8 aes Proceedings of the Geological Society... .......ee cc eee eens Jae NUMBER 27. XXX. Notes on the Astide: Sub-division Asiline. By Grr- REECE HC MAEDIO 5 os cunude aaivnies binie ole cia See's OMe. ve on ers y XXXI. On some Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. By R. Butten Newron, F.G.S. | (Plate VIII.) ........0.. 000: XXXII. On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Anomis, Hiibner (ZLimeopalpa auctorum), a Noctuid of the Family Gono- pteride. By Colonel C. SwixuHor, M.A., F.LS., &¢. * (Plates Be hn oc ent ned ieee nial intel ie asieie gas] etary. caer dea: = XXXIII. The Cirripede Subgenus Seillelepas; its Probable Occurrence in the Jurassic Rocks (S. gaveyt, sp. n.). By THomas oho DETTE OS Pla] es 10228 01 2) ea go y XXXIV. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XL. On new Species in the British Museum. By Row canp E. Turner, F.ZS., FES. . 2 XXXV. Pholidocidaris anceps: a Correction. By F. A. BATHER, REM MNS. aah tea, seta sie et sian; eee GSD mas Oe 6 ce Ace XXXVI. Fossil Arthropods in the Buitish Museum.—I. BS: T. D. A. CockrrELL, University of Colorado ...........0e0008 XXXVII. A new Three-tued Jerboa from China. By ArTuur DE CARLE SOWERBY, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. ...... Pea dec elect pweeats « XXXVIII. Descriptions of a new Gecko and a new Snake from Sumaiza, By G. A.Boutenamr, F.R.8. ......62:ieeciveasoces : ——~ XXXIX. Two new Asiatic Bats of the Genus Tadarida and Dyacopterus. By OLDFIELD THOMAS .,...ccccrsrcserersececs 198 . 200 203 207 209 241 vi CONTENTS. Page XL. New Moths in the Joicey Collection. By Louis B. Provt, Psy ds cid wa tecls nip ieee age eg es cenearesseras Saetewe ne 200 XLI. Odonata collected in Mesopotamia by the late Major R. Brewitt-Taylor, R.A.M.C. By Kxnneru J. Morron, F.ES. (Plate XIV.) ...0.2aiteeeeee bel era eee EES sia cae tes aise 0 SRE 293 XLIL. Four new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops. By OLpFreLp THOMAS (50's 200 suaeghen ek slaaie'slela ce ccescasecene Ge ase ne ees 504 XLII. The Subspecies of Paraverus flavivittis, Peters. By Manrig ASC. Sawion 50: biases Pree eaA © anew e'a dew ea soesveves GOS XLIV. Three new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. By Marvin fis: CO, TAUNBON 6 os en's als Sr ae eee oan ae pasa 312 NUMBER 28, XLV. A List of the Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China, with Descriptions of new Species. By Gitsert J. Arrow, F.Z.S., 1 oe eS Pe SPE ELT) ee ik eo EP: cats REY 821 XLVI. Cicadide from Indo-China. By W. L. Distant ...... 836 XLVIL. New or little-known 7ipulide (Diptera).—II. Ethiopian Species. By Cuartes P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Lilinois, LUBA. 5 S325. 5 set ees see oe ee Ae rier 337 XLVIII. Notes on certain British Freshwater Entomostraca. By RopeaT GURNEY, MAS 6. dastatie a ciwidie e's wees eee OR co 351 XLIX. On Neotropical Bats of the Genus Zpfesicus. By OLv- PIRI, THOMAS ec wa ep hanes cok deh Cao h ene sae er eee 360 L. On the Group of African Zorils represented by Zctonyx libyca. By O_pFikLtp Tuomas and Martin A. C. HINTON ........0 00008 367 LI. Some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. By W. L. Distant, 869 NUMBER 29, LIT. Noteson the Asi/ide: Subdivision Asiline, By Grrrruvk RICABDO! cs kiss au ds ohets teva hake dh kan ea aah ss eee 377 LUI. On some Eastern Xylophilids [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHAMPION, HUZDs. ob cr sdicek La cee Abo Ree ey ee rkietsiata's cn 6s ced mt 393 LIV. A Key for the Ready Identification of the Species of Cephalodiscus. By W.G, Rivkwoon, DSce........66 6. eee eee 407 CONTENTS, vii Page LV. Observations on the Genus Crassicauda. By H. A. Bays, PUM snc 0's 0 oc onan oa kW sini bin'e Sihipimiuietbowia's yim Wawa MMaNOMInGG claln’s we 0:4 00 410 LVI. Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. ByC. Tate ReEGan, ES. Gen cere ree eve ve mke reves vcesen ck hee mEMeubtens s 419 LVII. On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. By G. C. Peremee es. UP 1ate XV. )ais cea tie sraleaie 5 &:9:4.0)0>.« wold Relies eens 425 LVIII. A new Trichocera from Siberia (Diptera Polyneura). By Be W. EDWARDS s oy eee eNee eave ed net eran Vendnesarenese rus 451 NUMBER 30. LIX. Notes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asiline. By Grr- PLU ENC ARID O yo o:s,o(c!e'v o v's Be w elnino civ n Wejelaee nba v2.5 odiwe's s,s 433 LX. Papers on Oriental Carabide.—IV, By H. E. ANDREWEs , 445 LXI. Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—II. By T.D.A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado. (Plate XVI.) .........05. 455 LXII. The Irish Otter. By Martin A.C, HinToN .,........ 464 LXIII. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—III. Ethiopian Species. By Cuarites P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Llinois, ee aaa cig aint aed ete ra 6 ais vi W's aera nied winiwale's igtawinlaiars fee 465 LXIV. New Species of Reithrodon, Abrocoma, and Scapteromys from Argentina. .By OLDFIELD THOMAS .....6..00sseneee Mercer he LXV, Preliminary Descriptions of some new Species and Sub- species of Indo-Malayan Sphingide. By Lord Roruscuip, F.R.S. 479 Proceedings of the Geological Society. ......c.scceeeceeeeeences 483 Index see eee eee ee ree eee ee eee eee oe ee eer eseesereeeereseteereeeee 485 PLATES IN VOL. V. Prater’. EE III, Stramentum pulchellum. IV. Stramentum haworthi. YY. Geophilus carpophagus. Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe). VIL. D’Arcythompsonia scotti, sp. n. VIII. Gastropod and Charophyte remains from Central South Africa. IX, ‘ , re Species of Anomis, Hiibner XI. ; : RAL eS XIII. Stramentum and Scillewlepas. XIV. Genitalia of Crocothemis. XV. Paludestrina jenkinsi. XVI. Fossil Arthropods. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERIES.) a“ per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum. dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi eonchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”” NV. Purthenii Giannetlasi, Wel, 1. No. 25. JANUARY 1920: I. — Notes on Myriapoda.— XX. Luminous Chilopoda, with Special Reference to Geophilus carpophagus, Leach. By Hizpa K. Brape-Birks, M.Sce., M.B., Ch.B., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., and the Rev. 8S. Granam Brave-Birks, M.Sc. [Plates I. & TI.] In two previous papers, (1) and (2), we have referred to the subject of light-production in centipedes ; we are now able to discuss the phenomenon from first-hand observation, but, at the same time, we think it advisable to begin our con- sideration of this engrossing subject by a review indicating the main lines of previous knowledge concerning it. Especially does this course seem advisable when we re- member how little has beeu written in English about phosphorescent centipedes. I. Review. The four classes unnaturally, but conveniently, grouped under the name “* Myriapoda” are: (i.) Diplopoda [ =mille- pedes ], (ii.) Chilopoda [| =centipedes], (iii.) Pauropoda, and (iv.) Symphyla. With a case or two where millepedes Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 1 2 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— have been recorded as Juminons we are not now concerned, and pauropods aud symphyles are not known to produce light. Among the centipedes, which have some affinities with insects, only one great group—the Geophilomorpha— is known to exhibit the phenomenon with which the present study deals. The elongate body of a Geophilomerph (fig. 1) consists of a head and a large number of sulsimilar segments, each but the last of which bears a pair of walking-legs. Each leg-bearing segment is more or less fattened dorsally, ventrally, and laterally, the dorsal and ventral surfaces Fig. 1. Geophilus carpophagus, Leach, g I 5:0, collected at Darwen, Lancashire, July 1919. B. »X co I, K. B.-B. ad nat. del. being subequal and wider than the lateral surfaces. The legs arise from the external margins of the ventral surface, and the stigmata, or breathing-pores, are found on the lateral surfaces. The integument of each segment is supported by aseries of chitinous plates, some of which have been used by M. Henry W. Brélemann (3), the eminent French myriapodologist, for purposes of classification. Characteristically the ventral surface possesses one median unpaired plate (the sternite), and the dorsal surface has two unpaired plates (a posterior tergite and an anterior pre- tergite). In front of the sternite is a pair of plates (the presternal plates), which in certain cases meet and fuse in Notes on Myriapoda. 3 the middle line to form a single presternite. In addition to the plates already mentioned, there is a series of varying number and arrangement, which forms the eupleurium. For purposes of comparison, Brélemann has numbered the rows of these plates in the following way :— The row which includes the stigmata-bearing plate is desiguated by the number 1; the episternal row, the row nearest to the sternite, is 2; 3 is the row next below 1; 4 is next to 2 and consequently just above the legs, 5 is the row between 3 and 4, ‘Then, since each row is theoretically composed of three sclerites, each plate is indicated by an index-letter : the anterior sclerite is designated by the index a, the middle one by #, and the posterior one by y (fig. 2). Thalthybius microcephalus, Integumentary sclerites displayed. st 55., sternite of the fifty-fifth trunl-segment; pst., presternite ; tg, ter- gite; pty, pretergite; the other lettering is explained in the text. This animal has a complete eupleurium, consisting of five rows with every element represented. J. W. Smith & 8S. G. B.-B. phot.-del. [After Brélemann, (3) p. 313, fig. 1.] Brélemann (3) points out that in all Geophilomorphs row 1 is constant, except that in some cases the sclerites are independent, while in others (Oryinz) the presclerite « may be fused with the stigmatiferous sclerite 8. Row 2 is equally constant ; only a single case is known (Trematorya) where the presclerite is lacking. Only rarely are they complete, more often one or other of the three rows is incomplete and is only represented by two sclerites or even only by a single one, or again one of the rows may even be completely wanting. The sternite is often pierced by a number of minute circular perforations, which are collectively known as the 18 4 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— pore-field. Similar openings are sometimes visible on the episternal plates before and behind the legs (2 8 and 2). Internally Geophilomorphs present the characteristic features of the arthropod body, little but the integumentary glands calling for special notice here. These glands: are not easy to study and our knowledge of them is, as yet, imper- fect. Verhoeff (12), pp. 33 et seqq., has dealt with them in a passage which we have translated as follows :— *Sternal glands occur in most Geophilids*, but there is great variety in their arrangement. Sometimes, and most frequently, they are present as isolated glands, sometimes they are found in loose clusters, sometimes in dense groups. In the last case their openings form a pore-field, which generally lies in the middle of the sternite and is sometimes surrounded by a chitinous border. When the pores and glands are arranged in a deuse group, scattered glands often occur too. ‘The loose clusters are not infrequently found in pairs posteriorly, and often in two pairs in the four corners as well. Nor is the distribution of the sternal glands by any means always the same on all the ventral plates of one species ; much more usually a great difference is noticeable between the anterio-posterior parts and the middle. Some- times only the most anterior of the sternal plates have gland- groups (Schendyla, as a rule), and less usually only those of the posterior end of the body have them. More frequently it happens that a band-like group of glands is found on the anterior segments at the posterior edges of the ventral plates (Geophilus, i in some cases), and in ee instances there isa division of the glands into two parts in the case of the plates of the mid-trunk, and perhaps in those of the posterior segments too. ‘The isolated glands of the ventral plate empty independently to the. outside. These cells are distinctly elongate and have the nucleus in the region of the inner end, ‘Their contraction is caused by muscle-fibres (plate v. fig. 9, fm.t), which are placed around the isolated glauds and may ramify and exhibit transverse striations (Duboseq). The glandular fluid is of very varying colour: in Himantarium gabrielis it is rose-red, so that if ‘anything irritates an individual of this species it becomes covered on the ventral surface with a row of rose-red droplets. In other Geophilids, e.g. Chelechelyne, the fluid is more watery and clear. Moreover, it is these ventral glands which cause the phosphorescence of certain Geophilids, but it has, of * I, e,, Geophilomorphs, similarly, in some other places in this review. + This is repreduced as our fig. 3, g. v. Notes on Myriapota. 5 course, not yet been decided whether the fluid itself or light- bacteria cause the luminosity. Certainly this much is established, that forms which have been taken luminescent like Scolioplanes crassipes only exhibit this property excep- tionally. The luminescence is not of long duration and, according to Duboseq, is particularly noticeable in spring.” In the closing section of the same work, Verhoeff (12) deals with the subject of luminosity itself. He mentions the following species as luminous forms, with a reservation concerning the certainty of correct diagnosis of the species of Geophilus included in the list :— Scolioplanes crassipes (C. L. Koch). Geophilus electricus (l.). G. longicornis, Leach. Orphneus brevilabiatus (Newport). Stigmatogaster subterrancus (Shaw). Orya barbarica (Gervais). Verhoeff, whose remarks we had better consider briefly here, then reviews some of the observations and suggestions of the earlier workers and adds a few of his own, One opinion of Dubois, that the iuminous substance is to be found in the epithelial cells of the alimentary canal, and that of Macé, that it occurs in anal and coxo-pleural glands, he negatives. He mentions that Gazagnaire, who, he says, pointed out the suitability of Orya barbarica for an enquiry into light-production, saw on the sternite and pro- and meta- coxa a viscous yellowish mass coming out of the glands and spreading over this region with the emission of a blue-green light. Pressure increased the flow. Next he states that Gazagnaire and Dubois show that both the sexes are lumi- nous in Orya and Scolioplanes, aud, since all the specimens of Orya investigated by Gazagnaire exhibited luminosity, Verhoeff concludes that either all Orya are luminous or that, at least, luminosity occurs in all individuals at some special time. Verhoeff has made some investigations himself regarding Scolioplanes, and he considers it proved that these are by no means always luminous. Verhoeff had never observed Geophilus longicornis luminous. He speaks of Dubois’ experience of Scolivplanes crassipes im fields near Heidelberg. Luminous material was transferred to the fingers and the light emitted was so bright that printing or figures could be made out 10 paces away; the luminous tracks left behind by Scolioplanes consisted of little irregular masses covered by a sticky substance. Dubois’ statement that the luminous material was only discharged from the 6 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— posterior end of the body is taken by Verhoeff to be an erroneous observation. From the fact that Dubois did not find all Scolioplanes luminous, Verhoeff thought that the best explanation would be that the sternal glands were infested with luminous bacteria. He adds that Dubois asserted that Scolioplanes illuminated the whole body with the exception of the head, but the anterior and posterior parts of the trunk most strongly and persistently. In a more weakly luminous condition there was a correspondence between the light and the situation and extent of the Fig. 3. Chatechelyne vesuviana, Gland-group of one of the pore-fields of the ventral plates seen in section. ey, gland-cell; fm, muscle-fibre. J. W. Smith & 8. G. B,-B. phot.-del. (From Verhoeff, (12) pl. v. fig. 9, with some lettering omitted, after Duboseq, | alimentary canal. In mentioning a subsequent assertion of Dubois that Scolioplanes cau illuminate without any appreciable * giving up of a secretion and the same author’s query as to whether the luminosity of the whole middle line of the body would be pronounced if the luminous substance arose from skin-glands, Verhoeff points out that a distri- bution of glands over aimost all the sternites would be * “ohne irgend eig Secret abzugeben.” Notes on Myriapoda. 7 closely parallel to the alimentary canal and might, on lighting, look as though the luminosity came from the gut. He suggests that if the luminosity occurs within the glands or their reservoirs, without excretion, then the fairly thin chitinous exoskeleton would let the light shine through it. Verhoeff accompanies his description of this phenomenon with two text-figures of the sternal glands which occur in most Geophilomorphs (figs. 4 and 5), and refers the reader Chetechelyne vesuviana. Fig. 4.—Sternal gland-group as figured by Verhoeff, (12) p. 312, after Duboseq. ¢, the disk which opens on to the pore-field ; a, anterior ; p, posterior clements; /, suspensory attachment. J. W.Smith & 8. G. B.-B. phot.-del. Fig. 5.--An isolated cell from the gland-group, x 900, as figured by Verhoeff, (12) p. 312, after Duboseq. xy, nucleus of the cell; r, cell-network ; na, nucleus of the gland-alveolus ; fm, muscle-fibre. J. W. Smith & 8. G. B.-B. phot.-del. to his plate v. figs. 6, 7, & 9 (this last is our fig. 3), while in a footnote, adding a remark that the cause of luminosity is unknown, he mentions bacteria again as a possible cause, and also quotes Gadeau de Kerville’s opinion that an ex- clusively chemico-physical incidence may be a more or less sufficient explanation. He also points out that it is not at all clear why one species illuminates and others nearly related do not. We must next direct attention to a paper by Gazagnaire (10), with which Verhoeff does not appear to have been 8 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— familiar when he wrote his work on Chilopoda (12). Gazag- naire, who mentions the publications of a number of earlier authors asks two questions: Among Geophilide which produce light, is it possible to determine more or less precisely a special time at which luminosity occurs? Can we discover something of a physiological process in connec- tion with its production ? Gazagnaire dwells upon the difficulty of the whole subject, and tabulates a number of observations to show that Geophlomorphs have been seen in a lighting condition by various European observers between the end of September and the first fortnight of November, and on the strength of these observations he concludes that ‘‘ among the photogenic Geophilide, the property of emitting light only manifests itself at a definite period of their existence, a period which, for our European species, can be limited between the end of September and the first fortnight of November.” Gazagnaire goes on to comment upon the fact that luminous centipedes have often been noticed two or more near together, and when these have been determined they have seldom been found to be all of one sex. He states that Geophilide, like other Chilopods, generally have an antipathy for one another, but he suggests that at the breeding-season this love of isolation breaks down and numbers of individuals gather together at the time when the genital organs become functional, and, as phosphorescence shows itself at the same time, it is natural to conclude that “ the property of emitting light among the photogenic Geophi- lide is intimately cannected with the genital function.” Dealing with the researches of Fabre in a passage we have translated as follows, Gazagnaire says :— “The demonstration of this conclusion becomes more evident still if we make an appeal to the data which we possess concerning the probable mode of fertilization in these animals. We owe them to Fabre, our great ento- mologist. “For two whole years Fabre followed up his researches on Geophilidie. He never verified coitus. I do not know that anyone since has been more successful than he. The discharge of spermatophores, discovered by Fabre, seems to comfirm the fact that among Geophilidz there is no coitus, which is contrary to the belief of G. Newport, expressed in 1840. At the end of September, on examining some Geo- philus convolvens* kept in captivity, Fabre noticed, in the * (We do not know this specific name,— JZ. K. B-B., 8. G. B.-B.) Notes on Myriapoda. 9 passages made by these animals through the soil in which they lived, some very little systems of network formed of cobweb-like filaments and arranged at a distance from one another. At the centre of each was hung a spherical globule, white, of the size of a small pin-head. This globule was nothing else but a spermatophore. For a month and a half spermatophores are deposited by the males in the same way. What becomes of these spermatophores? How do they effect fertilization? Fabre tells us the ‘complete absence of copulatory organs, the protective sperm-capsule, the spermatic nets, all make me believe that the male deposits the spermatophores furtively on nets stretched in the sub- terranean passages and that it is there that the female, guided by her instinct and urged on by her burden, comes to seek the element complementary to her ovules,’ “There is no cot/us: that is pretty certain if the infor- mation given by Fabre be taken for granted. But in the question which interests us, this. fact, in spite of its great import, is only of secondary significance. Whether there is or is not coitus is of no importance to us ; but what does concern us is the date of the deposition of the spermatophore, which is very probably the date of fertilization too, since in the ordinary air the spermatophores, being very delicate microscopic corpuscles, are condemned to almost certain destruction in a very short time. Excessive humidity cracks them, drying shrivels and hardens them, arachnids to whom they are a great delicacy devour them very quickly. “ Now the date of the deposition of the spermatophores coincides exactly with that of the appearance of luminosity in phosphorescent Geophilide. “Fabre, as a matter of fact, has proved that the de- position of the spermatophores of Geophilus convolvens (which is not a phosphorescent species) goes on from the end of September to the 12th of November, and the obser- vations which we have cited concerning the capture of photogenic Geophilidz record as extreme dates 25 September (G. Newport) and 14 November (Maille). «The proof afforded by this last coincidence establishes a conviction, and within the limits of present observations I believe I have the right to conclude that among phos- phorescent European Geophilide the appearance of luminosity is not only intimately connected with genital activity, but seems to correspond exactly with the date of the deposition of the spermatophores (very probably also with fertilization)—that is to say, from the end of September to the first fortnight of November.” 10 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— Gazagnaire goes on to state that there may be exceptions of his rule, and quotes J. V. Audouin’s capture of luminous Geophilus electricus in August. He admits two hypotheses in such cases: either the reconciliation of the sexes has taken place earlier, owing to the occurrence of certain acci- dental conditions, local, atmospheric ; or the date given is the precise date of reconciliation of the sexes in those species, and, in that case, we find ourselves faced with a simple generic or specific difference in the date when the genital organs become functional, a difference of little importance which has been proved often enough in other groups. He thinks that if we accept only these two hypotheses, then the history of phosphorescent Geophilide as known in Gazagnaire’s time would not allow us to suppose that in these animals luminosity could go on under the same conditions as in certain other arthropods of the class Insecta—for example, in the Lampyres and Photophores,—nor that the egg, young, and adult, throughout their respective existences, rejoiced in the property of giving light, as the insects just mentioned do in each of the life-stages referred to. Gazagnaire also adds some comparisons with the phos- phorescent Lumbricide. According to the evidence before him, worms found phosphorescent are provided with a well- developed clitellum,.a fact indicating sexual maturity. This association of circumstances presents to his mind some important parallels to the case of luminous Chilopoda. We have seen a French contemporaneous account (5) of some researches of Dubois, to which Verhoeff (12) was evidently referring in the summary on luminosity to which we have. already drawn attention, but Dubois evidently made several observations for which Verhoeff did not find a place in his account of the phenomenon. Dubois (5) stated that when one of his centipedes (Scolioplanes crassipes) was seized it discharged all the luminous substance it contained, but could be made luminous again some time later by mechani- cal stimulation or by raising the temperature. He confused the contents of the epithelial cells of the intestine with small grantles (to which he attributed luminosity) in a discharge from the terminal part of the digestive tract. He speaks of these as the same characteristic birefringent granules, which he says are to be found in the luminous tissues of Pyro- phores and Lampyrids, He also states that the physio- logical process is, in its root-essentials, the same in “myriapods” and Coleoptera, for, in both cases, the discharge of a cell sets free photogenic products. He adds Notes on Myriapoda. 11 that the physiological process is here independent of the organ. In the case of another piece of research (6) on luminosity, - Dubois raises several points of special interest to us in the present study. He shows that in Hippopodius gleba, a transparent animal of the Hydrozoan family of the Poly- phyide, the ectoderm in certain places becomes milky and opaque on mechanical stimulation, owing to the immediate production of a multitude of granules deposited in the protoplasm of the ectodermal cells, a production accompanied at night by the emission of light. The chemical composition of these granules is very complex, they are neither fat nor ammonium urate. Dubois considered that each of these granules contained a little vacuole at its centre. In the luminous cells these granules (vacuolids) were seen to have very complex movements, and their absolute independence in the midst of the plasma was such that it might be supposed to be due, he thought, to parasitic micro-organisms; but the attempts of Dubois at culture in various media met with no success, and he concluded that micro-organisms were not the cause in this case. Dubois (8) in a much later paper, not considered b Verhoeff (12) in the summaries to which we have already referred, tells us that Orya barbarica was seen in a luminous state for the first time in 1888 in North Africa, that Gazag- naire found that a phosphorescent substance was excreted by pores opening upon the sternal and episternal plates, that this substance was a viscous fluid, yellowish with an odour sui generis, insoluble in alcohol, drying rapidly in air. Dubois himself found that a luminous fluid was excreted by the ventral surface of the body in Scolioplanes crassipes. Dubois says that in Orya barbarica the luminous substance is found in unicellular, pyriform, hypodermic glauds, 0 08- 0°10 mm. x 0°05-0°06 mm. In stained sections he saw “‘ gouttelettes ” in the granular glandular protoplasm; these ‘* gouttelettes ” were round to ovoid in shape and were also observed in the secretion—they were not fat, but exhibited the histo-chemical characters of protoplasm or condensed albuminoids. In the centre of each of these “‘ gouttelettes,” immediately after their contact with air, Dubois saw a very refringent spot ; these corpuscles, which he states occur in all luminous organs, then had the form to which he gave the name of vacuolid (see also 7). The refringent point became the centre of a crystal or group of crystals. Dubois stated that both air and water are necessary for luminesceuce, 12 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— and he concluded that it was not merely oxidation in progress that produced the light ; he found that the secretion stopped glowing if dried and began glowing again on the addition of water. The secretion was acid, and so the hypothesis of - Radzizewski, which explained animal luminosity as a slow oxidation in an alkaline medium, is shown, Dubois says, to be incorrect. Dubois considered that the oxygen permitted the respiration of the protoplasmic corpuscles passing from a colloidal to a crystalline condition—that is, from life to death; hydrated protoplasm is needed for the proper activity of this respiration, and water is necessary for crystallisation to take place under conditions favourable to the emission of light. Oxygen serves to produce the crystallisable sub- stance and water allows of photogenic crystallisation. These, he maintains, are two successive states of one and the same substance, modified by oxygen and water. ‘This substance he terms luciferin. Dahlgren (4), passing the work on luminous centipedes in review, mentions some of the researches we have already noted. He also records (4¢) that Thomas found a species of Geophilus being attacked by ants. The centipede was throwing out masses of slimy light material which adhered to the ants. Up to the time of our own thirteenth paper (2) we were not familiar with living luminous centipedes, and in our last paragraph on the subject of luminosity we spoke of our familiarity with Geophilus carpophagus, Leach, in South Lancashire, mentioning that we had never noticed it luminous there. In Kent it is commonly luminous. We thereupon concluded that the phenomenon was hardly likely to be in any way essential to the well-being of the animals, but that it seemed more likely to be due to conditions of nutrition and environment, a view which seemed to be supported by the fact that Keut observers who had kept some luminous centipedes in captivity found that their powers of exhibiting phosphorescence upon stimulation gradually declined, and generally disappeared ijn the course of three days. From the foregoing accounts of observations and opinions it will be seen that chaos must reign in the reader’s mind after perusing the literature. The next section of this paper, which deals with our own observations, is intended to gather together the main threads of our knowledge of the subject, and to indicate the lines upon which subsequent research should proceed. As early as 1862, Phipson published a book (11) on * Phosphorescence,’ in which a short chapter is devoted to Notes on Myriapoda. 13 luminous centipedes (see also Pl. I. fig. 6 and explanation of same). This book gives a very useful summary of many interesting points relating to the subject. All who have a comprehensive interest in the problems of the production of light by animals will find in the papers of a modern writer, Prof. Dahlgren (4), very valuable summaries of many of the results of a long line of observers. Prof. Dahlgren touches upon luminosity in the plant-world, and surveys its production in many of the systematic subdivisions of the animal kingdom. But from a consideration of that section of Prof. Dahlgren’s third paper (4c), which deals with the power of lighting in the animals with which our present study is especially concerned, we realise at once how much the problems met with here have baffled earlier investigators. Il. Our recent INVESTIGATIONS. Introduction. On the 22nd of April, 1919, we were walking together on hills near our own home in Darwen, Lancashire, when we casually collected several Geophilidzealiveand took themhome. | They proved to be Geophilus carpophagus, Leach (fig. 1), and were luminous when stimulated in the dark. With this discovery a new era begins for us in our study of luminous centipedes. We had already experimented with some lumi- nous specimens sent to us alive by members of the Dartford Naturalists’ Field Club, and had learned from their hints and our own experience that it was possible to keep these animals alive in jars if a good supply of fresh damp soil be provided for them; moreover, the power to luminesce is retained in captivity over a long period. But with a wealth of material at our doors we were able to carry on our research with much greater confidence. In Norfolk, during a holiday in May and June, 1919, we obtained one specimen of G. carpophagus between the trunk and bark of felled timber in Mr. Witton’s wood-yard, Heacham. This was luminous upon stimulation. The Misses Cox of Heacham and Mr. Witton were familiar with the occurrence of luminous centipedes locally, where they seem to be known as “‘ glow-worms.” Subsequently, at a joint field-meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee and the Burnley Natural History Society on 26 July, 1919, Mr. W. G. Clutten, one of the Vice-Presidents of the latter organization, took one specimen of G. carpophagus at Extwistle, near Burnley, and 14 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— this animal was luminous on stimulation later, The same geutleman has since sent us an example from another Lancashire locality captured on the 9th of August, 1919, in the parish of Northtown, about two miles from Padiham and four from Burnley. We have not been successful in seeing luminescence in Lancashire or Norfolk under natural conditions. Apparatus. With living material almost at the very door of our own laboratory in Darwen, a problem of first importance was the invention of apparatus for the examination of these animals alive under the microscope. Eventually we hit upon the plan of hinging together two sheets of glass each 15 mm. thick, some 81 mm. broad, and some 107 mm. long (=34" x 44''=photographic quarter-plate), by means of a stout piece of adhesive tape (Pl. I. fig. 7). Such a glass-holder will rest splendidly upon any ordinary microscope-stage. To secure a vigorous adult specimen of G. carpophagus in the holder it is only necessary to open the apparatus to its full extent and allow the animal to walk on one of the sheets and to close the other down upon it gently. The glass is sufficiently heavy to hold such a specimen without injuring it at all. Smaller specimens need a holder of smaller dimensions, and with larger species heavier glass could be used with advantage. If one wishes to examine the ventral surface of an animal in the holder, since this apparatus is symmetrical above and below, it is easy to turn it upside down and examine under direct light applied by means of a bull’s-eye condenser (PI. I. fig. 8). For experi- ments concerning the secretions of the glands the same holder can be used apart from the microscope, but some form of artificial stimulation is necessary. We have generally found that the current from an induction-coil is the best available. ‘lo apply this stimulation electrodes are needed inside the holder in contact with the animal’s body, and for this purpose we have found two strips of tin-foil, a centimetre or more in width and about 10 centimetres long, very con- venient. ‘lo apply the electrodes the animal is placed on one side of the open holder, as previously described, and the two electrodes are laid upon its back so that their ends will protrude beyond the closed edges of the sheets of the holder *, the upper sheet of the holder is then gently * As a matter of fact, the electrodes can be attached to the upper plate of the holder, some time preyjously, by means of an adhesive, but Notes on Myriapoda. 15 lowered and the animal is secured with the two electrodes in contact with its body. The current can then be applied by laying contact wires from the induction-coil one upon each electrode of the holder and completing the cireuit in a dark- room by means of a switch or push. A slight modification of this arrangement makes it possible to observe controlled luminosity under the microscope (PI. I. fig. 8). For photographic records of luminosity we have adopted a different method. In this case, in order to obviate the possibility of a photographic record of stray electric sparks, it is safest to use pressure alone to stimulate light-produc- tion. It is necessary to carry out the experiment in a photographie dark-room. ‘The lower glass plate of the ordinary holder is replaced by a piece of photographic film with the sensitized surface placed downwards (outwards), so that no contact action upon the prepared surface of the film can be initiated by the secretions of the centipede’s body. The upper glass plate of the holder is replaced by a dull metal sheet. The animal is then allowed to crawl upon the back of the photographic film and upon it is laid the metal plate. Pressure upon the metal sheet stimulates luminosity, which is photographically recorded on the film (Pl. II. fig. 13). The animal should be killed immediately by dropping it into methylated spirit. In taking microphotographs of the ventral surface of these centipedes to show such features as the pore-field and the integumentary glands the holder is again employed upon the stage of the microscope, but it is well to weigh evenly the uppermost plate as an additional precaution against slight body-movements. In such cases the movement of walking appendages may be neglected (PI. I. fig. 9). In the estimation of the intensity of light we have not attempted any very delicate measurement. In some early experiments we were entirely guided by the eye, and taking the initial intensity as our standard we gave it the arbitrary designation 10, Later we found that a luminous powder used by clockmakers when mounted in Canada balsam served a useful purpose ; we estimated the initial luminosity of a stimulated centipede to be about 100 times brighter, and with this assumption, taking the luminosity of the test-slide of clockmaker’s powder as one unit of brightness, we were able the apparatus is often easier to manipulate when the electrodes are free, and this because difficulty is generally experienced in keeping the animal in its proper position until it is secured by gently lowering the upper plate upon it. 16 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— to gauge the fall of intensity more exactly. With further refinements much greater accuracy might be attained by such a method. Stimulation. In the case of G. carpophagus we have found that the following stimulations will cause the production of light :— (i.) Handling. (ii.) Pressure. (iii.) Sudden immersion in water. (iv.) Electric current from an induction-coil. Most of these foregoing stimulations were seen iu deter- mining other points. Probably special experiments would reveal many other ways of stimulating the production of light by these animals. (v.) Exposure in a glass tube to coal-gas passing through the tube. In this case the centipede was only momentarily luminous, (vi.) Altack by ants. Here a centipede which did not appear to be luminous when handled became so when ants were placed with it in the same tube. (vii.) On meeting another individual. Two centipedes, neither of which exhibited any luminosity ov handling separately, were placed one by one in the same tube. Upon the introduction of the latter specimen there was a luminous display arising from one or both individuals. Reference has already been made in our thirteenth paper (2) to the methods of stimulating luminosity in Kent centipedes by local workers. (vill.) By crushing after death. It is convenient to add here that on one occasion when a part of the body of an individual, recently killed, was crushed in the dark phosphorescence was produced. The centipede had been killed in alcohol and the alimentary canal had been removed subsequently before the experiment. Notes on Myriapoda. 17 L cation. Our first enquiry must be: What is the exact seat of luminosity in G, carpophagus ? In some of our earlier experiments we found that an excretion on to the ventral surface of the body caused the light in this species, and the examination of specimens ventrally under the microscope showed that opaque rounded masses of material were often present under the pore-field and under the surfaces of the plates known as 28 and 2y¥ (fig. 2). We know now that these white rounded masses are groups of pyriform and probably unicellular glands intimately associated with the production of light (PI. L. fig. 9 and PI. IL. fig. 11). When we stimulated specimens provided with these elands i in a holder under the microscope in the dark, so that we could observe the production of light by the animal, we found that soon after the application of the stimulus there was a sudden rush of light filling in the grooves behind the sternite and around the outer edges of the plates 28 and 2y, and also filling in the grooves between these plates and the sternite itself (PI. I. fig. 10). When the centipedes were ex- amined subsequently i in direct light, it was found that the *“ white glands” of the stimulated segments had disappeared either entirely or almost entirely (PI. fh fies. Pi & 12). Thus, luminosity in Geophilus carpophagus és entirely ventral in incidence and is accompanied by the discharge of the “white glands.’ The luminous material in G. carpophagus is a viscous fluid, practically colourless, with a characteristic fruity odour not unlike that of some decaying flowers, drying rapidly in air, and strongly acid in its reaction. By means of a partial illumination (Pl. 1. fig. 8), instead of working absolutely in the dark, we were able to observe the incidence of luminosity with greater accuracy and also to watch the behaviour of the “ white glands ” upon stimula- tion. The amount of illumination employed in such experi- ments should be just sufficient to make the outlines of the ‘white glands ” distinguishable under the microscope. We found that immediately upon a muscular contraction of the body and the discharge of the ‘‘ white glands” to the ex- terior luminosity is produced, and in one case the expulsion of their contents was sufficiently slow to admit of more detailed observation. On electrical stimulation the opaque patches (contents of the “ white glands ”’) under the posterior part of the sternite were seen to move instantaneously Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. Vv. 2 18 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— posteriorly, as along a potential canal (like a bottle-neck) opening into the groove behind the sternite beneath its posterior edge and so posterio-dorsal to it. Then almost simultaneously with this squirt-like movement, but never- theless a very small fraction of a second later, luminescence began and was seen along the posterior edge of the sternite and around the edges of the episternal plates 28 and 2y¥. We therefore conclude that the contents of the “ white glands” are almost certainly essential for the production of light in Geophilus carpophagus. i The different groups of ‘‘ white glands ” of the same seg- ment are separately controlled, for it is sometimes seen that the sternal “ white glands” are discharged apart from any expulsion of material from those of the episternal plates. After the discharge of the “ white glands” the secretion slowly accumulates again until opaque patches of glands are once more visible in the sternal and episternal regions. The “ white glands” of a luminous Darwen specimen, which we diagnosed as G. carpophagus 2, with 51 pairs of legs, collected 14. vii. 1919, were mostly discharged by electrical stimulation the same day. Little or no change was obser- vable on the 19th of July, when the animal was provided with soil, but by the 7th of August there was a considerable recovery. Unfortunately this animal escaped through an error in connection with an experiment performed later. Incidence. Is it due to parasitic or symbiolic micro-organisms ? Our next enquiry must be: Are we dealing here with light-production by micro-organisms in symbiotic or patho- genic relationship with the luminous Geophilid, or are we dealing with an entirely chemico-pliysicai phenomenon ? In one of our dissections a white gland was observed under the high power of tle microscope to be filled with minute particles agitated by Brownian movement, a move- ment» which was evidently closely paralleled by the ex- perience of Dubois (6) already quoted in the case of the jelly-fish, Hippopodius gleba, In our case the particles were of considerable size, being visible through the cell-wall and without an oil-immersion lens. Before tlie discovery of luminous Geophilomorphs in Lancashire we attempted to culture luminous micro- organisms from light-producing centipedes sent to us from Kent, but without success, but in the case of Geophi/us Notes on Myriapoda. 19 carpophagus from Darwen we made the examination of films of material obtained if the lighting condition in our holder. On staining by Gram’s method it was at once evident that luminosity was not due to micro-organisms of the type known to occur in the blood of some Crustacea, and that if they were present at all they must be filter-passers. Experiments quoted by Dahlgren (4a), pp. 23-24, in another connection seem to show that no luminous bacteria are known to him to be filter-passers. Thus our attempts to find micro-organisms that could cause luminosity have all failed, and we conclude that luminosity in Geophilus carpophagus appears to be an entirely physico-chemical phenomenon. The details of our experience in this matter confirm our view. ‘Che fresh luminous discharge from a G. carpophagus stained by Gram’s method in sear ch of micro- organisms was examined under the oil-immersion lens. The appearance was that of innumerable very small (less than 0°75 p) granules, round and regular and evenly distributed in the deposit. A few small irregularly distributed round empty spaces were also observed in the mass of stained material. Were these very small granules luciferin grauules or “ vacuo- lids” of Dubois? ‘Their regularity and minute size suggested a doubt. On the other hand, Would similar but non-luminous fluids exhibit hke staining properties? It happened that such questions were discussed with Mr. C. W. Ashton of the Manchester Royal Infirmary, and as an out- come an experiment was performed on the spot. ‘This experiment enables us to give a decisive auswer to such enquiries. To a preparation of fresh egg albumin were added a few melted crystals of pure carbolic acid. A film was made from this bacteria-free acid albumin and stained by Gram’s method. Under the oil-immersion lens this film exhibited exactly similar properties to those of the luminous discharge previously examined. The Physical Considerations. Radivactwiiy. As we turn to the physical aspect of the case, perhaps it will cross our minds at once that radioactivity may be the cause of luminosity. If so, the luminosity would be due, we suppose, to the bombardment of a fluorescent screen by a discharge from the radioactive material. It follows that the animal, in such circumstances, carries substances in its body which will produce or act as a screen. When our friend 2% 20 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— Dr. Edgar Newbery, now Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of Capetown, was Kind enough to expose centipedes from Kent, which were luminous when tested in other ways, to the action of Radium, no luminosity of the animals was produced. Moreover, if luminosity was caused by the presence of radioactive substances, could the animals control the appearance of light? Perhaps they could control the chemical production of a temporary screen. Even so, why should luminosity die away so rapidly under all known circumstances in its artificial production? There are some questions here for physicists to settle. At any rate, we can safely conclude that the light is not due to the bombardment of a permanent “ screen” in the sternal region by the dis- charge of a radioactive substance in the excretion of the “white glands.” And also that, if a temporary “ screen” is produced, it is the result of chemical action, in which the excretion from the “ white glands ” takes a part. Crystallization. When G. carpophagus is electrically’ stimulated under water luminescence is induced much in the same manner as in air. Therefore crystallization, as Dubois (8) meant it, is not the cause of luminosity in this species at any rate. We have not yet proved that liquid crystals are absent. The experiment of inducing phosphorescence below water also throws some doubt upon the conclusion of Dubois that crystallization was the cause of the phenomenon in Orya barbarica. Moreover, we shall observe almost immediately in the present study that crystallization takes place in the mucin excreted by the ventral surface of non-luminous centipedes, Change of State. The breakdown without chemical action of the solid contents of a gland to form a liquid would absorb energy and not emit it. Other Physical Possibilities, In the cousideration of any purely physical cause, similar objections are likely to present themselves. It would appear that new substances must be formed before physical phe- nomena exhibit themselves, and we are forced back upon the conclusion that no purely physical cause which we have investigated seems adequate to explain the production of light by Geophilus carpophagus, ——- . _ Intensity of Luminosit; eye-units in ia) ° Notes on Myriapoda. 21 A Comparison, We may add here that crystals have been observed in the dried films of excretion obtained in our holder, not only from the ventral surface of luminous specimens of G. carpophagus, but also in one case from a non-luminous specimen of Gevphilus insculptus, Attems, taken in a Darwen garden 28. vii. 1919, The Incidence and Decline of Light Production. Quite roughly we have prepared a number of curves to show the incidence and decline of luminosity which follows Fig. 14. 100 n oO o h oO i?) o o o 10 20 30 40 50 60. 70 80 930 100 lO 120 130 140 150 iSO 170 180 190 7ime fn seconds Curve to show incidence and decline of luminosity in Geophilus carpo- phagus. Description in the text. The data employed are those of Experiment 2 (see Table). 5S. G. B.-B. del. the electrical stimulation of a specimen of Geophilus carpo- phagus. Although the curves plotted are only roughly estimated, it seems worth while to give the figures of three experiments carried out in our own labor atory and to accom- pany them by a drawing (fig. 14) of one curve which serves as a type. Here it will be noticed that there is a short space of time between the sudden shock of electrical stimu- lation, which is only momentarily applied, and the incidence of light- production, The light is brightest when it is first obser ved, and it fades suddenly at first and more slowly later 22 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Biks— as the film dries. The experimental estimation of briglitness has already been explained. We have made no examination of the phosphorescence of these animals with the spectroscope. The Chemical Considerations. When we come to consider the chemical possibilities of the question, our path is fraught with many difficulties ; one of the most important of these is the drawback due to the small amount of material available for chemical analysis. At the outset it is necessary to consider as carefully as, possible the substances with which we are dealing, and so in the first place let us examine the products of the glands of the sternite and its associated sclerites. We have already described the discharge of the contents of the “ white glands ” into the grooves behind the sternite in the case of the electrical stimulation of G. carpophagus. In one instance a specimen of this species was electrically stimulated in a partial illumination under the microscope. The luminescence of the centipede was not very marked, but there was noticed flowing over the sternal plate and: especially over its posterior region a quantity of a viscous excretion, with a suggestion that it arose from the pore-field and from thence spread over the sternite. There can be little or no doubt that such an excretion contains mucin. We experimented with a specimen of Geophilus insculptus taken in a Darwen garden 27. vii. 1919. No ‘‘ white glands ” were observed and the animal was not Juminous on electrical stimulation, but mucin was seen to flow through the pore- field of the sternite and form a film by capillary attraction between the sternal plate and the glass of the holder. The mucin obtained was odourless. In a similar instance of a specimen of G. inseulptus collected in the same garden the next day, the film of mucin obtained was found upon drying to contain erystalline needles when examined under the microscope, a fact already referred to in dealing with crystallization earlier in the present study. It must be added that in the case of Stigmatogaster sub- ferrancus (Shaw) * non-luminous mucin has been seen to flood the grooves around the sternite and the episternal plates, 28 and 2+, on the electrical stimulation of the animal, bl * Often attributed to Leach; syn. 1789, Scolopendra sublerranea Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soe. i, p. 7. Notes on Myriapoda. 23 Verhoeff (12) states in the passage we have quoted that various types of sternal glands are present in Geophilo- morphs. After removing the alimentary canal of a specimen of Geophilus carpophagus recently killed in alcohol without discharging the “ white glands,” on opening the body-cavity along the mid-dorsal line, we have found that in addition to the groups of definite opaque “ white glands,” pyriform in shape and apparently unicellular, which are not fimly attached to the body-wall, there appears to be a considerable mass of similar large transparent or semi-transparent glauds Fig. 15. Transverse section near the middle of the body of Geophilus carpophagus, 3,47 pairs of legs, Darwen, August 1919, x 40. Some muscles omitted. A, alimentary canal; mt, Malpighian tubules; ¢, ¢, testes; vd, vd, vasa deferentia; db, dorsal blood-vessel ; ne, ventral nerve-cords ; fp, fat and pigment-cells ; mf, muscle-fibres ; 1, 1, legs; gy", glands (? mucin) ; g, glands (? protoluciferin). H. K. B.-b. del. lying loosely and irregularly among the muscles of the ventral part of the body, and covered more or less completely by an association of fat and pigment* cells spread out among the connective tissue around them. ‘Transverse sections (figs. 15 and 16) show the same thing. * In our thirteenth paper, (z) p. 8, a specimen of G. carpophayus (1339), collected by Mrs. Banyard, had what was described as a “tinny appearance "—perhaps that character was due to these pigment-cells. 24 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— In G. carpophagus, then, more than one type of gland is present, and one of these has been shown to excrete a substance almost certainly essential for the production of the animal’s light. Thus upon such stimulation as results in the ordinary production of light there are present on the ventral surface of the body : the contents of the white glands ; and, almost certainly, always the contents of at least one other type of elaid ; and air, with its ordinary impurities including water- vapour. We do not know enough of the chemical nature of the contents of the individual glands yet to speak confidently, but we can at least conclude that in the excretion which accompanies luminosity there are generally present: (i.) the Tig. 16. Mnlarged view of some glands of the same section, xX 160. Lettering as in fig. 15, H. Kk. B.-B. del. contents of the white glands; for these we propose the name of protoluciferin *, (11.) mucin, (ii1.) acid. The last two may, or may not, be produced by the same gland, and in either case protoluciferin may, or may not, contain acid as well. We may now examine more closely, from the chemical point of view, the conditions and incidence of luminosity in G. carpophagus. i * Luciferin, the name proposed by Dubois for the luminous fluid he met with in Orya barbarica, includes the whole excretion of the ventral surface and probably includes mucin and an acid, apart from any sub- stance corresponding to our protoluciferin. . Notes on Myriapoda. 25 Upon stimulation, under the usual circumstances, mucin, acid, and protoluciferin are excreted upon the ventral surface of the animal’s body into contact with one another and the air with its impurities, and immediately luminosity is produced. If the discharge be dried luminosity ceases, but upon the addition of water it is continued ; so that water is essential to the production of light in Geophilus carpophagus. It should be noted that water will be present in the -excretions themselves as a normal constituent of mucin. It has generally been accepted in other similar cases that atmospheric oxygen was essential to the production of light. It has already been mentioned that G. carpophagus can be stimulated to luminesce under water, but atmospheric oxygen might in that case be present, in solution, in the trachee of the animal’s body, or as a film on the surface of the body itself. ‘To obviate all these factors a newly made film was introduced into a vessel of water, at the ordinary temperature, boiled previously and so free from dissolved air, Lumino- sity was not inhibited, but continued normally below the surface of the water. Therefore, atmospheric oxygen is not essential for the production of light in the case of Geophilus carpophagus. A similar experiment, perhaps less convincing, but con- firmatory, was conducted with the substitution “of olive-oil for boiled water. Luminosity again continued below the surface of the oil. With alcohol the excretion was coagu- lated and the luminosity was inhibited almost justantaneously. As an outcome of these enquiries, we can add that, 7a the case of Geophilus carpophagus, under certain conditions all the essentials for the production of light are secreted by the animal itself, and upon the expulsion of these essentials to the exterivr the chemical action which appears to take place in the excretion is accompanied by the production of light. The Use of Phosphorescence. When we come to consider the utility of light-production in the economy of the life of G. carpophagus, we are face to face with no mean problem. Future work may provide an adequate solution, but at present we have little but sugges- tion to offer. Misleading Factors. In approaching this question scientifically there are some 26 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— misleading factors: Forel (9) has devoted some space to them in the case of insects. (i.) Photodermatic sensations. When we speak of these Geophilomorphs as blind animals, e must remember that though it is true that they have no aie no specialised organs of sight, they may be. able to appreciate light by a general absorption of its waves through the surface ‘of the body. Pigment-cells, which we have found abundantly present in the connective tissue close to the chitin of both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the trunk in luminous specimens of G. carpophagus, might play an important part in such an absorption. (ii.) Smell. Again, as we speak of the odour of the luminous fluid in G. carpophagus, we must not forget that the odour, as we perceive it, may have no counterpart in the experience of the animal producing it. Sexual Significance. Young and adult, male and female alike, exhibit lumi- nosity, and we have already stated (2) that it seems unlikely that the character is a sexual one. In Kent luminous specimens of G. carpophayus have been taken in December, January, February, and April, and in Lancashire we have collected specimens which were afterwards luminous upon stimulation from April this year (1919), fairly frequently up to the month of writing this paper (September). Gazagnaire (10) based his theory of the sexual significance of this phe- nomenon upon records which only covered a limited period of the year. Protection. Both the light and the odour may be protective against enemies. Accidental Property. We must not lose sight of the fact that luminosity may be an entirely neutral factor in the economy of this animal, and that the product of the “ white glands”? may be entirely accidentally photogenic. Notes on Myriapoda. 27 If such be the case, the protoluciferin may be of service to the animal as an efficient constituent of the complex fluid produced by the mingling of the secretions of the glands of the sternal and epistern nal regions. his complex fluid may have one or a number of uses, and there is a multiplicity of possibilities to choose from. It may act as a cement for nest-building, as a lubricant, or as a protection from the attacks of micro-organisms living i in the soil ; and here we may note that the films of excretion we examined critically contained remarkably few micro-organisms, and the sternite is evidently kept very clean in a healthy luminous G. car- pophagus. Or, again, the fluid may act asa directional guide, enabling the animal to retrace its steps hy perception of a track of the excretion made on the outward journey. Or, to take a last example of the possibilities, it may, owing to its property of drying rapidly, be of service to the animal in helping to free the body from excessive surface-moisture in damp or wet weather. Summary. Briefly to summarise the most important results of our euquiry: up to the present, we may say that in GrorHILus cCARPOPHAGUS, protoluciferin, here essential for light-produc- tion, is secreted by the white glands which lie immediately dorsal to the sternal and episternal plates. Upon the application of stimuli to the central nervous system, mus- cular contraction takes place and the protolucijerin glands discharge their contents to the exterior into contact with the excretions of other glands opening upon the ventral surface. The fluid thus excreted is viscous, colourless, with an odour sui generis, acid in reaction, and exhibiting the micro-staining properties of a bacteria-free acid protein. It coutains within itself all the essentials for the chemical action which results in the production of light and the formation of crystals. Future work lies in the further elucidation of the chemical aud pliysical aspects of the subject, and in the search for the real explanation of the economic value of the phenomenon, Thanks. Meution has been made in the course of our paper to the help given to us by Professor Newbery and Mr.C. W. ee We are also indebted to Mr. Henry Stephen, M.Se., Lee- turer in Chemistry in the Victoria University of Man Hea 28 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— for his valuable advice about some of the physico-chemical considerations involved. Mr. J. W. Smith of Darwen has again given us the benefit of his great photographic skill in the production of those illustrations in this paper which bear his name. Mr. E. Ashby, of the Cryptogamic Laboratories of the Botanical Department at Manchester University, was kind enough to prepare some microtome sections for us, us we do not possess facilities for this work in our own laboratory. The careful observations made by that keen band of workers, the Dartford Naturalists’ Field Club [especially by those members whose names are mentioned in our thirteenth paper (2), and by Mr. A. Cumberland whose name was unfortunately omitted there], have been an inspiration to us; to that band this paper really owes its beginning. ‘To all these we tender our best thanks. III. Rererences. [In addition to the works cited in the present study, there are a number of relevant references in Gazagnaire’s paper (10) and Phipson’s book (11) mentioned below, and in our own thirteenth paper (2).] (1) Brapr, Hirpa K., anp 8. Grauam Brapk-Lirxs. “ Notes on Myriapoda.—VI. Report on Chilopoda and Diplopoda, 1916-17.” Lanes & Ches. Nat. vol. x., July 1917, pp. 113 et seqq. (2) Brapr-Brmxs, Hinpa K. and 8. Granam. “ Notes on Myriapoda. —XIII. Some Kent Records, with Special Reference to Luminous Forms and with Lancashire and Cheshire Comparisons.” Lanes. & Ches. Nat. vol. xi, Sept. 1918, pp. 152-165, Oct. 1918, pp. 186-192. [With Appendix by S. Priest. } (3) Brotemann, Henry W. “A propos d’un systtme des Geophilo- morphes.” Arch, de Zool. expér. et gén. 5° sér, t. iil. pp. 805-340, pl. viii., LO Dee. 1909. (4) Dauteren, Utric. “The Production of Light by Animals.” (Reprinted in three parts, each paged separately. | (4a) From Jour. Franklin Institute, Nov. & Dec. 1915, Jan. 1916. (46) Ibid., Feb., Mar., and Apr. 1916. (4c) Ibid, May and June 1916 and Jan, 1917. (5) Dupois, Raruann. “ Les myriapodes lumineux, Soc. de Biol. (France),” report in Rey. Scient. iii, sér. t. xili, (e., t, xxxix.) 1887, p. 509. (6) “Ta mer phosphorescente et les animaux lumineux.” Soe. de Biol. (France) report, ibid. pp. 603-4. (7) Acad. des Sc. de Paris, 25-31 May, 1887, report, ibid. p. 7381. (8) ——. “Sur le mécanisme de la production de la lumiére chez !'Orya barbarica a’ Algérie.” C. R. de Acad, des Sci. t. exvii. 1893, pp. 183-6. (9) Foret, Aucusrr. ‘The Senses of Insects’ (trans. 1908: Macleod Yearsley, London). Notes on Myriapoda. 29 (10) GazaGnarrr, J. “La phosphorescence chez les myriopodes de la famille des Geophilide—Ipoque et conditions physiologiques de Yapparition de la phosphorescence.” Mém. Zool. Soc. de l’rance pour l'année 1890, t. iil. 1** pt. 1889, pp. 136-146. (11) Purpeson, T. L. ‘Phosphorescence, or the Emission of Light by Minerals, Plants, and Animals.’ London, 1862. (12) Veruorrr, C. W. ‘“Chilopoda” in Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ord- nungen des Tier-Reichs,’ 1902-8. 16 Bank Street, Darwen, Lancashire. Table to show Data of Three Experiments on the Incidence and Decline of Luminosity in Geophilus carpophagus. No. of seconds Clock time eae from beginning Itensity in (seconds). of experiment, eye-units, EXPERIMENT 1, 33°00 0:00 0:00 34°50 1°50 100-00 45:00 12-00 50°00 57°00 24-00 25°00 limin. 58:00 85:00 1:00 * EXPERIMENT 2, 34:00 0:00 0:00 36°00 2:00 10000 37°00 3:00 50-00 47:00 13:00 25°00 lmin. 3:00 29-00 2.00 11:00 37°00 1:00 * 2min. 0:00 86:00 0:90 13:00 99:00 0:90 40-00 126:00 0:90 amine 0:00 146-00 0:90 40°00 186-00 0:80 EXPERIMENT 3. 11:00 0:00 0:00 12:00 1:00 100-00 14:00 3°00 50:00 23°00 12:00 25:00 31:00 20:00 2-00 35°00 24-00 1:00 * * I. e., same intensity as that of light given by test-slide. 30 Notes on Myriapoda. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, Prate I. Fiy. 6. “ The Electric Centipede.” An early Victorian idea of the appear- ance of a phosphorescent Chilopod, being fig. 3756 in Charles Knight’s ‘ Pictorial Museum of Animated Nature,’ vol. ii. (c. 1840). : Fiy. 7, Uolder for microscopic examination of luminous centipedes, S. G. B.-B. del. ‘ty. 8. Apparatus arranged for the examination of luminous centipedes. A, flexible wire from positive terminal of coil direct to the distant strip of foil in the holder; B, wires from negative ter- minal of coil to push and from push to the near strip of foil in the holder; C, bull’s-eye condenser ; /, holder in position on the stage of the microscope; s, supports, on the left for wire L, on the right for the bull’s-eye condenser. J. W. Smith phot. Fiy. 9, Microphotograph of several segments of Geophilus carpophagus, to show the appearance of the “ white glands” before discharge ; they are seen as cloudy white masses beneath the sternal and episternal plates. The highly illuminated parts of the chitinous exoskeleton stand out as white lines and patches, the posterior limit of the sternal plate is seen as a practically straight white line, its anterior edge is marked by two rather finer white lines which fail to meet in the middle line, Compare with PI. I. fig. 11. J. W. Smith microphot. Fiy. 10. Photograph of a drawing to illustrate the appearance of the ventral surfaces of four segments of Geophilus carpophagus as seen in the derk when viewed under the microscope imme- diately after electrical stimulation (see description in the text). H. K. B-B. & 8. G. B.-B. del. J. W. Smith & 8S. G. B.-L. phot, Prats II. Figs. 11,12. Geophilus carpophagus, f , Darwen, collected 9th July, 1919. Drawings of the same (? thirtv-third) segment, x 40, made two days after capture. Fig, 11 before, fig. 12 after electrical stimu- lation and phosphorescence. In this instance three glands only were undischarged by the stimulus. H. K. B.-B. del. Liy. 18. The appearance of luminosity as recorded by photographic film, This result was obtained by the method described in the text, the animal being secured on the back of the film and lumines- cence stimulated by pressure, x 3. J. W. Smith & 8. G. B.-b. phot. On new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia. 31 IT.—Two new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia. By OLpFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Tue British Museum owes to Frére Apollinaris Maria of Bogota four cotton-tails of the genus Sylvilagus from the neighbourhood of that place. They belong to two species, neither of which can I identify with any older-known form. One is a member of the short-eared group of which S. sur- daster and meridensis are members, and may be called Sylvilagus apollinaris, sp. n. Size about as in S. meridensis. Fur long, of medium texture, the longer hairs of the back about 19-20 mm. in length; underfur soft and fine, about 11-12 mm. long. General colour as usual, mixed black and greyish buffy, the dorsal hairs with dark bases (about 8 mm.), with a 4 mm. pale ring, and the long black tip about 7 mm. in length. The general tone resulting i is darker than in the longer-eared section of the genus, paler than in surdaster, less smoky than in meridensis. Under surface white without buffy or cinna- mon tinge, the belly-hairs very faintly greyer at their bases. Face with rather well-marked supraorbital white stripe, and a second one along the hinder end of the cheek. Bars very short, little more than half the length of the nuchal patch, well- haired, the proectote grizzled with the margin black, the met- entote white. Nuchal patch large, strong pinkish cinnamon. Upper surface of forearms, hands, lower leg, and feet pinkish cinnamon or cinnamon- buff, the tips ot the digits alone whitish. Rump more buffy than back, the tail, which is a mere little knob, similar to it for the most part, but with a darker area above, and white below. Skull broad, upper surface of the brain-case very strongly granulated. LPostorbital processes well developed, slightly spatulate, just free of the cranial bones terminally. Palatal foramina ending level with the front edge of the anterior premolar, narrow, not widened mesially, their broadest point at their posterior end. Palatal bridge fairly broad, without any trace of a posterior projecting spine. Bulla loxt in type, but those of a young specimen which appears to be of the same species fairly well developed, markedly larger than in S. surdaster. 32 On new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Hind foot 78 mm.; ear 42. Skull: tip of nasals to hinder edge of interparietal 68 ; zygomatic breadth 36; nasals (oblique) 28; interorbital breadth 17:4; front of incisors to back of m*® 36; palatal foramina 19x63; palatal bridge 8; upper check-tooth series (alveoli) 13°8. Hab. Choachi, near Bogota. . Type. Adult skin and skull. B.M. no. 19. 10. 15. 2. Received in exchange from Frére Apollinaris Maria. This cotton-tail is one of the very short-eared members of the group, but is obviously different from the species above mentioned or any other that we have. Of those we do not possess, Allen’s Sy/vilagus salentus is the only one needing mention. But this is from the heights above the Cauca Valley, and is therefore completely separated by the Magda- lena Valley from Choachi. The black tips to its dorsal hairs are measured as 15 mm. in length, as compared with 7 mm, in apollinaris, and the nuchal patch is said to be only a little longer than the ears when laid back. On this account it seems probable that salentus is a member of the longer-eared group, though Dr. Allen gives neither measurement nor statement as to the actual length of the ears. Besides the specimen now described, the British Museum contains two examples received from Mr. Child about twenty years ago, but one had no skull, the other was young, so they have never been previously determined. The second species sent by Frére Apollinaris is represented by three specimens, and is a member of the longer-eared group. It appears to be quite different from any described form, and may be called Sylvilagus purgatus, sp. 0. A very pale-coloured species of the longer-eared section. General appearance most like that of S. margarita, but even paler. Fur short and coarse, longer hairs of back 16-17 mm. in length ; underfur thin and poor, about 8 mm. long. General colour of the same sort of mixture as in margarita, but decidedly paler and greyer—paler and greyer, in fact, than in any other Colombian cotton-tail; doisal hairs with about 7-8 mm. at the base dark, then 4 mm. pale buffy, the black tip about 5 mm, Under surface not specially white, the hairs mostly with pale slaty bases, and washed, except just along the middle line, with pale buffy. Crown Classification of the Family Cichilidee. 33 rather more ochraceous than back. Eyes surrounded by well- marked white rings. Chin and interramia prominently white. Ears of medium length, the proectote not or scarcely blackened at the edge terminally, extreme edges white ; metentote whitish. Nuchal patch large, projected backwards mesially, prominently contrasted deep rich hazel. Hands and feet white above, with an inconspicuous edging of cinnamon externally. Tail apparently like back above, whitish below, but a good example is not present on any one of these skins. Skull not unlike that of S. margarite, with similarly broadened postorbital processes, narrow palatal bridge, with tendency to a posterior median spine; palatal foramina broadened mesially and ending behind opposite the middle of the anterior premolar. Bulle rather large for the group. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body (approximate) 420 mm. ; hind foot 77; ear 53. Skull: greatest length 76; condylo-incisive length 67 ; zygomatic breadth 343; nasals (oblique) 31; interorbital breadth 18; front of incisor to back of m* 38; palatal fora- mina, length 20, breadth at middle 6°2, behind 4°5; palatal bridge 6°5; cheek-tooth series (alveoli) 14°7. Hab. Purificacion, Magdalena Valley, S.W. of Bogota. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19. 10.15. 3. Received in exchange from Frére Apollinaris Maria. Three specimens. This cotton-tail is one of a considerable number of species known from Colombia and Venezuela which are all rather closely allied, but it differs from all by its conspicuously paler coloration. Superficially it most resembles S. margarite, but is, of course, geographically distant from that animal. The three specimens are all absolutely alike. III. — The Classification of the Fishes of the Family Cichlidee.—I. The Tanganyika Genera. By C. Tare Rea@an, M.A., F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) In his ‘ Catalogue of African Freshwater Fishes’ (iii. p. 134, 1915) Boulenger has written of the Cichlide : “ ‘The classifica- tion of the very numerous African members of this family presents the greatest difficulties, and the division into genera, as here followed, is unsatisfactory and open to criticism, the Ann. & Mag. N. Ilist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 3 34 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of dentition in certain species being subject to variation, accor- ding to age, or even of a purely individual nature.” These remarks led me to undertake a study of the osteology of the African Cichlide, in the hope of arriving at more precise definitions of the genera and a more natural arrangement. This task was greatly facilitated by the fact that the large series of skeletons prepared under Boulenger’s direction was available for study. It has seemed convenient to limit this paper to the Tanganyika genera, but a brief summary of the general results may be given. The character of most importance in classification is the structure of the apophysis that supports the upper pharyn- gials; the majority of the African Cichlid may be divided into those with the pharyngeal apophysis formed by the parasphenoid only (Zilapia type), and those in which the apophysis is formed by the parasphenoid in the middle and the basioccipital at the sides (//aplochromis type). Hach of Boulenger’s tliree largest genera (Tilapia, Paratilapia, and Pelmatochromis) contains species of both groups, and the majority of the species in each with the Haplochromis type of apophysis may be added to Haplochromis, which thus becomes the largest African genus. Most of the other genera can be definitely assigned a position as either related to Tilapia (Paratilapia, Pelmatochromis, Hemitilapia, ete.) or to Haplo- chromis (Hemichromis, Champsochromis, ete.). All the American Cichilidee (except Ciehla, which resembles Haplo- chromis) have the pharyngeal apophysis formed as in Tilapia. In order to give satisfactory definitions and to express the apparent relationships some new genera must be created. Synopsis of the Tanganyika Genera. I, Posterior part of parasphenoid with a strong apophysis ending in a flattish triangular or broadly ovate surface for articulation of upper pharyngeals, Teeth in jaws conical. D, XIII-X VI 12-17. A, Ill 7-9. Scales 80-60; lower lateral line extending far forward.......... wees 1. Tylochromis. Il. Posterior part of parasphenoid slightly or moderately raised, bearing a pair of more or less distinct circular or oval facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. A. Mouth terminal ; teeth in jaws pluriserial, all tricuspid, or outer mostly bicuspid, Ethmoid unconnected with vomer ; inferior apophyses of third vertebra united to form a strong spine. D. XV-XVIII 11-15. A. II 8-11. Scales 31-36. Outermost series of teeth mostly bicuspid ..,. 2. Tilapia. ‘Yeeth all slender, tricuspid ..,,..,.. sesvees 8 Neotilapia, the Family Cichlide. 35 B. Mouth terminal or subterminal; jaws with an outer series of enlarged uni- or bicuspid teeth and 2 or more inner series of small tricuspid or compressed teeth. Ethmoid united with vomer by suture; inferior apophyses of third vertebra meeting below but not united. D. XV-XXI 5-12. A. II-VI 56-10. Scales 30-40, 1. D, XV-XX 8-12. A. III 6-10. Mouth terminal; outer teeth bicuspid or some conical, inner mostly tricuspid.......... 4. Limnotilapia. Mouth terminal; teeth compressed, outer bi- cuspid and inner tricuspid in young, all WRC AIG, 1 AA ereid aes sie'e « ximns wbin os 5. Lobochilotes. Mouth subterminal; an outer series of curved conical teeth and a band of small tricuspid POSTE Zi nicl «(a's Pert Tee wees 6. Gephyrochromis. Mouth subterminal ; premaxillaries with an outer series of teeth, which are bicuspid anteriorly and conical laterally, followed by a band of small tricuspid teeth ...... 7. Simochromis. 2. D. XX-XXI 6-6. A.IV-VI 5-7. Mouth wide, subterminal, with a band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer series of bicuspid teeth ; a single series of conical teeth at sides of premaxillaries.......+.... walneal anteeed FOpRCUS: C. Mouth subterminal or inferior; teeth tricuspid or conical. D. XUI-XIV 12-14. A. I 8-10. Scales large, 34 to 40. Mouth subterminal; teeth small, fixed, uni- or tricuspid, in narrow bands .........+.. 9. Ophthalmotilapia. Mouth subterminal; teeth movable, slender, tricuspid, in broad bands .............. 10. Cunningtonia. Mouth transverse, inferior; teeth slender, tri- CUSPIG, . 66 et es paver sjercrctetetsl cletet psthiane ee.. Ll. Asprotilapia. D. Mouth subterminal; teeth slender, tricuspid, movable, in broad bands. D.XVII-XX 8-10. A.III7-8. Scales large, B23 SOOO D Orc URAC RA eveces 12. Petroehkronits. I. Mouth subterminal; teeth fixed, tricuspid or conical. D,. XIII- XLV 12-14, A. III 9-10. Scales small, 55-65. 13. Cyathopharyne. I’, Mouth terminal; teeth conical. D, XIJ-XIX 8-16. A, LI 7- 12. Scales large, 28-42. Maxillary slightly exposed ; interorbital region flattish ; occipital crest not extending forward beyond middle of orbits ........ 14, Limnochromis. Maxillary considerably exposed ; frontal region humped ; occipital crest extending for- ward at least to anterior end of inter- TGXDHGRECRION Gi kercursevervareccsses .Ldn' Cyphotidapim 3% 36 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classijication of G. Mouth terminal. D.XVI-XVIII 10-15. A.TIIT 8-10. Scales small, 65 to 90. Teeth small, in 4 or 5 series, cuspidate in the oung, conical in the adult ..........6. 16. Boulengerochromis. Teeth large, uniserial, stout, with a small cusp on each side superiorly ...... fat se Saves 17. Perissodus, III. Articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides. A. Scales large ; 3 anal spines ; teeth small or moderate. 1. One or two lateral lines; outermost pelvic ray longest. a, Bones of head with small canals ending in small pores. a. Inferior apophyses of third vertebra well developed. An outer series of bicuspid or conical teeth and one or more inner series of smaller tricuspid or conical teeth; pharyngeal teeth bicuspid or conical ............+- 18. Haplochromis. An outer series of small conical teeth, those of lower jaw directed outwards, and one or more inner series of minute conical teeth; lower pharyngeal teeth small, slender.... 19. Ectodus. An outer series of small conical teeth, those of lower jaw directed more or less outwards ; : middle teeth of posterior part of lower pharyngeal enlarged and obtuse ........ 20. Callochromis. 8. Inferior apophyses of third vertebra vestigial; an outer series of small conical teeth and 1 or 2 inner series of minute teeth........ 21. Leptochromis. 6. Frontals, nasals, preorbitals, lower jaw, and preoperculum with large channels with wide openings. Suborbitals narrow ; 2 lateral lines.......... 22. Aulonocranus. Suborbitals broad, deeply excavated ; one short daterel L0G) oi sicieek os a kas hh Saka bai 23. Trematocara. 2. Two lateral lines; innermost pelvic ray longest. Outer teeth of lower jaw erect..,.........+- 24. Stappersia. Outer teeth of lower jaw directed outwards .. 26. Enantiopus. 83. Three lateral lines. Outermost pelvic ray longest .........+.00. 26. Grammatotria. Innermost pelvic ray longest............e06. 27. Xenotilapia. B. Seales small; 3 anal spines. 1. Teeth in 2 to 5 series, conical. Mouth moderate ; teeth small .............. 28. Hemibates. Mouth large; teeth strong .......eeseeeaee 20. Bathybates. 2. Teeth uniserial. . a. Teeth conical, curved .......... 30. Haplotaxodon. 6. Teeth compressed, strongly curved. Teeth amall, close-Bet .... cece ceretssoas 31. Xenochromis. Teeth large, set well apart ...... oy See 32. Dlecodus. the Family Cichlidee. 37 C. Scales large ; 3 anal spines; teeth strong, compressed. Teeth bi- or triserial, distally expanded and ELUDCALO v5, ocs.0i pcie Cause nde Pica lle eS a 33. Eretmodus. Teeth uniserial, distally slightly expanded and WOUNGSN Fee are a eee rete a meee 34. Spathodus. D. Scales large or small; 4 to 10 anal spines; a band of small teeth and an outer series of conical teeth, the anterior strong. 1. Inner teeth tricuspid .............. 35. Telmatochromis. 2. Inner teeth conical; suborbitals ligamentous, 36, Julidochromis. 8. Inner teeth conical; suborbitals ossified. 37. Lamprologus. 1. 'T'YLOCHROMIS, gen. nov. (type Pelmatochromis jentinki, Steind.). Dorsal XITI-XVI 12-17. Anal III 7-9. Scales cycloid or finely denticulate, large or rather small (30-60) ; two lateral lines, the lower extending far forward. Mouth terminal ; teeth conical, in 2 to 5 series. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender pointed teeth at least near the posterior angles and large rounded flat teeth in the middle at least posteriorly. Posterior part of parasphenoid with a strong apophysis ending in a flattish triangular or broadly ovate surface for articulation of upper pharyngeal. Vertebree 29-32 (15-16 + 14-16) ; third with inferior apophyses uniting to form a strong median spine. Tanganyika; Congo ; Gambia to Liberia. The Tanganyika species (7. polylepis) differs from its congeners in the smaller scales (55 to 60 instead of 30 to 45). 2. TinapiA, A. Smith, 1840 (type 7. sparrmanni, A. Smith). Dorsal XI-XVIII 9-16. Anal III-IV (V-VI) 7-12. Scales cycloid or feebly denticulate, large (26-36) 5 two lateral lines. Mouth terminal; maxillary concealed or slightly exposed distally ; teeth in jaws in several series, the outermost typically bicuspid (some often uni- or tricuspid), rarely all conical ; inner series typically tricuspid, some occasionally unicuspid in adults. Lower pharyngeal tri- angular or heart-shaped, with slender or moderately stout uni-, bi-, or tricuspid teeth. Occipital crest extending forward to posterior end of a median excavation of anterior part of frontals; parietal crests extending forwards at least to between the orbits; nasal bones strongly expanded posteriorly ; premaxillary processes stout, much expanded 38 Mr. ©. T. Regan—Classification of proximally, not or barely reaching frontals ; posterior part of parasphenoid more or less distinctly raised, bearing a pair of transverse oval facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. ‘Vertebres 26-33 (14-174+12-16); third with a pair of in- ferior apophyses which unite below; preecaudals with para- pophyses from the fourth, the last or last two pairs each connected by a bridge; ribs, except the first; on parapo- pliyses. Africa and Syria. As restricted by the above definition this is a large and varied genus, which nearly corresponds to Boulenger’s section I. (scales cycloid or feebly denticulate) with the exception of 7. auromarginata *, A complete revision will be necessary before a final decision can be reached as to whether it should be split up. At present I am inclined to recognize four subgenera, as follows:— I. Lower pharyngeal with short anterior blade. Ethmoid united with vomer by suture ............ ar Ethmoid free from vomer; maxillary concealed; inner edges of rami of lower jaw curved anteriorly ; pharyngeal teeth slender ..........ceeeceeeeees Tilapia. Ethmoid free from vomer; outer teeth of jaws much expanded ; end of maxillary exposed ; inner edges of rami of lower jaw straight; middle pharyngeal teeth Taker WeOUE fa iets sis a'e's eins eens s Noe eee ... Heterotilapia {I. Lower pharyngeal with long anterior blade ; maxillary concealed ; inner edges of mandibular rani curved anteriorly ; pharyngeal teeth small, SONG DUMENGNS 25 5n iewwe Ce eu ba .-.. Sarotherodon. Coptodon. Of these subgenera Coptodon includes 7. zillidand T. busu- mana, [eteroti/apia is a new subgenus formed for T. buettt- kofert, which has a very characteristic dentition; the stout pharyngeal teeth are bicuspid, with the posterior cusp large and obtuse and the anterior represented by a transverse ridge which may bear 2 or 3 denticles. Sarotherodon (Melano- genes, Oreochromis) includes the species of the shirana, nilotica, galilea, and macrocephala groups. A species of this subgenus (7. nilotica) has reached Tanganyika, probably through Lake Kivu. 3. NEOTILAPIA, gen. nov. (type Chromis tanganice, Giinth.). Dorsal XVI-XVII 11-13. Anal III 9-10. Scales * Otopharynx, gen. nov. (type 7’. auromarginata, Bouleng.); differs from Tilapia in that the prootic forms part of the pharyngeal facet on each side; very near Chilotilapia, the Family Cichlids. 39 eycloid, large (32-34); two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ; teeth very slender, tricuspid, in broad bands. Lower pharyngeal with long anterior blade ; dentigerous area broadly heart-shaped ; teeth small, slender, numerous. Occipital and parietal crests extending forward nearly to anterior end of frontals; parietal crests mid-way between occipital crest: and orbital margin; ethmoid well separated from vomer; nasal bones strongly expanded posteriorly ; posterior part of parasphenoid raised, bearing a pair of nearly circular facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebree 31 (17+14); inferior apophyses of third united below to form a strong spine. Tanganyika ; two species. The resemblance in external characters to 7. nilotica and T. galilea extends to every detail of the skeleton. 4, LIMNOTILAPIA, gen. nov. (type Tilapia dardennit, Bouleng.). Dorsal XV-XX 9-12. Anal III 8-10. Scales cycloid or finely denticulate, large (32-40) ; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal, rather small; maxillary not exposed ; jaws with an outer series of teeth, all bicuspid or some conical, and one or more inner series of small teeth, all tricuspid or some uni- cuspid in adult. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender uni- or bicuspid teeth; anterior blade short or moderate. Occipital crest extending forward to posterior end of a median anterior excavation of frontals ; parietal crests ending above posterior part or middle of orbits, at or near orbital margin ; mesethmoid suturally united with vomer: nasal bones mode- rately expanded posteriorly ; preemaxillary processes slender, about reaching anterior edge of frontals; maxillary short and broad, with a large rounded expansion below palatine articulation; rami of lower jaw with straight inner edges; posterior part of parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebree 33 or 34 (16-17 +17); third witha pair of inferior apophyses which meet below, but do not unite; preecaudals with para- pophyses from the fourth ; each of the last three pairs connected by a bridge; ribs, except the first, on parapo- physes. ‘Tanganyika. Three species (LZ. dardennii, pleurotenia, and trematocephala). Very close to Tilapia, differing especially in the form of the nasal bones and preemaxillary processes and the structure of the inferior apophyses of the third vertebra; of the species 40 Mr. C, T. Regan— Classification of of Tilapia only 7. zilli and T, busumana retain the sutural union of the ethmoid and vomer, and only T. buettikoferé has the mandibular rami formed as in Limnotilapia, - 5. LopocurtLotres, Bouleng., 1915 (type L. labiatus, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVIIT-XIX 9-11. Anal III 6-8. Scales feebly denticulate, large (33-35) ; two lateral lines. Mouth ter- minal ; lips thick ; 3 to 5 series of compressed teeth, outer- most bicuspid and inner tricuspid in young, all rounded or truncate, without cusps, in the adult. Lower pharyngeal with slender teeth and with a group of large blunt teeth in the middle posteriorly. Skeleton asin Limnotilapia dardennti; vertebra 32 (15417). Tanganyika. A single species. 6. Geruyrocuromis, Bouleng., 1901 (type G@. moorii,’ Bouleng.). Dorsal XVII 8. Anal III 7. Scales feebly denticulate, large (30); two lateral lines. Mouth subterminal, rather wide ; jaws with a band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer series of enlarged curved conical teeth, those of the pra- maxillaries gradually decreasing in size posteriorly, but the last 2 or 3 on each side again enlarged. Tanganyika. A single species. Very near Limnotilapia and Stmochromis. 7. Srmocuromis, Bouleng., 1898 (type S. diagramma, Giinth.). Dorsal XVIJ-XIX 9-10. Anal III 7-9. Scales feebly denticulate, large (33-36) ; two lateral lines. Mouth sub- terminal, rather wide ; jaws with a band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer series of larger teeth which are bicuspid anteriorly and conical at the sides of the pramaxillaries. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender uni- or bicuspid teeth. Vertebree 32 (15+17). Skeleton as in Limnoti/apia dardennti, ‘Tanganyika ; a single species. Simochromis differs from Limnotilapia in the form of the mouth and from Gephyrochromis in the dentition. the Family Cichlide. 41 8. TropHeus, Bouleng., 1898 (type 7. moorii, Bouleng.). Dorsal XX-X XI 5-6. Anal IV-VI 5-7. Scales feebly denticulate, large (28-32). Mouth subterminal, wide, with transverse bands of small tricuspid teeth and a series of larger bicuspid teeth in front of them ; sides of premaxillaries with a series of well-differentiated conical teeth. Vertebra 33 (17+16). In other characters like Simochromis. Tanganyika ; two species. 9. OPHTHALMOTILAPIA, Pellegr., 1904 (type Tilapia boops, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIIJ-XIII 12-14. Anal III 8-10. Scales den- ticulate, large (34-40) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal fin. Hye large; snout short and broad ; mouth subterminal, wide, nearly transverse ; distal end of maxillary slightly exposed. Teeth in jaws firmly attached, close-set, slender, slightly curved at tip, uni- or tricuspid, in narrow bands; outermost series enlarged. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with slender teeth. Parietal crests not ex~- tending quite so far forward as occipital crest, which ends above middle of orbits behind a median groove on the frontals which widens out forwards; nasals scarcely broader pos- teriorly than anteriorly ; pramaxillary processes not reaching frontals ; maxillary moderately broad ; a thin-walled auditory bulla formed by prootic and basioccipital ; posterior part of parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of transverse oval facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebre 34 (16418); third with a pair of inferior apophyses ; preecaudals with parapophyses from third; ribs in sockets at or near ends of parapophyses. ‘Tanganyika. Two species, O. boops and O. ventralis (Paratilapia ventralis, Bouleng.), the latter differing from the former in the loss of the lateral cusps of the teeth. 10. CunnrnatoniA, Bouleng., 1906 (type C. longiventralis, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIII 13-14. Anal III 8-9. Scales denticulate, large (38-43). Differs from Ophthalmotilapia in the dentition; teeth in jaws very slender, movable, tricuspid, in rather broad bands. Tanganyika ; a single species. 42 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of 11. AsproTILAPIA, Bouleng., 1901 (type A. leptura, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIV 14. Anal III 8. Scales denticulate, large (38); two lateral lines. Snout conical ; mouth inferior, transverse; teeth in jaws slender, tricuspid, in narrow trans- verse bands. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with slender teeth. Skeleton essentially similar to that of Ophthalmo- tilapia ventralis, except that the nasal bones are broad posteriorly. Vertebree 35 (16419). Tanganyika; a single species. This genus differs from Ophthalmotilapia in the strictly transverse and inferior mouth, with the bands of teeth not extending backwards at the sides. 12. PerTrocHromIs, Bouleng., 1898 (type P. polyodon, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVII-XX 8-10. Anal III 7-8. Scales finely denticulate, large (32-35). Mouth subterminal ; lips very thick, the upper with a double fold; teeth very slender, tri- cuspid, in very broad bands. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with moderately long anterior blade. Occipital crest extend- ing forward in advance of parietal crests, which end above middle of orbits near edges of frontals; ethmoid united with vomer by suture; nasal bones not expanded posteriorly ; parasphenoid with a pair of facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebrae 32 (16416) ; inferior apophyses of third short, separate. Two species from L. Tanganyika and one from L. Nyassa. This genus is essentially similar to Ophthalmotilapia in skeletal structure, 13. CYATHOPHARYNX, gen. nov. (type Zilapia grandoculis, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIJI-XIV 12-14. Anal III 9-10. Scales den- ticulate, small (55-65); two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal fin. Mouth small,.subterminal; maxillary concealed ; jaws with 3 to 5 series of slender pointed teeth, with or without small lateral cusps; teeth of the outermost series enlarged, in the lower jaw directed outwards. Lower pharyngeal with nearly circular, slightly concave dentigerous area and rather long anterior blade ; teeth numerous, close- set, slender. Occipital crest extending forwards to middle of interorbital region, ending behind a median groove on the Family Cichlide. 43. frontals ; parietal crests ending above posterior part of orbits; ethmoid suturally united with vomer ; nasals con- siderably expanded posteriorly ; preemaxillary processes not reaching frontals ; maxillary short and broad, broadest below palatine articulation ; posterior part of parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of subcircular facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebra 32-34 (16-17 + 16-17); third without inferior apophyses ; preecaudals with parapophyses from the fourth; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses. Tanganyika. T'wo species, C. grandocul’s and C. furcifer (Paratilapia furcifera, Bouleng.). 14. LIMNOCHROMIS, gen. nov. (type Pelmatochromis auritus, Bouleng.). Dorsal XII-X VII 9-16. Anal III 7-12. Scales finely denticulated, large, 32 to 42; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ; maxillary rather narrow, slightly exposed ; teeth conical, in 2 to 4 series. Lower pharyngeal triangular ; teeth all slender or a few median posterior teeth slightly enlarged. Occipital and parietal crests extending forward to above middle or posterior part of interorbital region; a median groove on frontals in front of occipital crest ; nasal bones expanded posteriorly ; ethmoid well separated from vomer ; praemaxillary processes moderate or long, sometimes extending to between the orbits; posterior part of para- sphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of transverse oval facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebree 31 (15+16) to 37 (19+18); third with or without a pair of inferior apophyses which do not meet below. ‘l'anganyika; four species. In addition to L. auritus this genus includes three species placed by Boulenger in Paratilapia—L. pfefferi, nigripinnis, and leptosoma. L. auritus and L. leptosoma are very similar in their osteology, and the other species are intermediate between them in external characters. 15. CYPHOTILAPIA, gen. nov. (type Pelmatochromis frontosus, Bouleng.). Dorsal XV-XIX 8-10. Anal III 7-8. Scales cycloid or feebly denticulated, large (28-36) ; two lateral lines. Frontal region humped. Mouth terminal ; maxillary largely ex- posed ; teeth in 3 to 5 series, outermost enlarged, conical or some bicuspid, inner conical or some tricuspid. Lower 44 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of pharyngeal triangular, with slender pointed uni- or bicuspid teeth; upper pharyngeals supported by a rather strong apophysis with transverse articular surface formed by the parasphenoid. Occipital crest very strong, extending for- wards to or in advance of anterior margin of orbits. Tanganyika and Upper Congo. Two species, C. frontosus and C. demeusii (Paratilapia demeusti, Bouleng.). 16. BouLENGEROoHROMIS, Pellegr., 1904 (type Paratilapia microlepis, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVI-XVIT 13-15. Anal III 9-10. Scales cy- cloid, small (75-90); two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ; maxillary slightly exposed distally ; teeth small, in 4 or 5 series, conical (outer bicuspid and inner tricuspid in the young). Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with slender bi- cuspid teeth. Occipital crest extending forward to end of a median excavation of anterior part of frontals ; parietal crests confluent with edge of frontals above middle of orbits; ethmoid united with vomer by suture ; nasal bones slightly expanded posteriorly ; praemaxillary processes nearly reaching frontals ; maxillary rami rather broad, of even width; pos- terior end of parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of transverse facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebre 33 (16+17) ; third with a pair of inferior apophyses which unite below ; precaudals with parapophyses from fourth ; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses. Tanganyika. A single species. 17. Perissopus, Bouleng., 1898 (type P. microlepis, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVIII 10. Anal III 8. Scales cycloid, small (65); two lateral lines. Differs from Boulengerochromis in the dentition. Teeth in jaws uniserial, few, stout, with a small cusp on each side superiorly. Tanganyika, A single species. 18. Haptocuromis, Hilgend., 1888 (type Chromis obliquidens, Hilgend.). Dorsal XITI-XIX 6-13. Anal III (IV) 6-12. Scales usually denticulate, large (28 to 45); two lateral lines, Mouth terminal; jaws opposed ; an outer series of bicuspid or conical teeth and one or more inner series of smaller tri- cuspid or conical teeth. Lower pharyngeal triangular ; teeth the Family Cichlide. 45 slender or rather stout, compressed or cylindrical, uni- or bi- cuspid, acute or obtuse. Occipital crest extending forward to posterior end of a median excavation of frontals ; parietal crests ending between the orbits ; ethmoid suturally united with or in contact with vomer ; nasals not or scarcely broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Articular surface for upper pharyngeals transverse, entered by basioccipital at the postero-lateral angles. Vertebrae 29 to 34 (13-17+ 15-18) ; third with a pair of inferior apophyses which unite below. Africa. This is the largest African genus, including 14 of the 16 species placed by Boulenger in Haplochromis, 8 (23-27, 30- 32) included by him in Pe/matochromis, at least 26 (10-12, 14-29, 37-38, 40-44) of the 53 referred to Paratilapia, and the majority of the species with ctenoid scales placed in Tilapia *. Haplochromis is represented in Tanganyika by one of the forms grouped together as H. desfontainesiz and by two species placed by Boulenger in Tilapia, H. horit and H. burtoni. 19. Ecropus, Bouleng., 1898 (type LE. deseampsi?, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIII-XIV 13-15. Anal IIIT 8-11. Outermost pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large (34-38) ; two lateral lines. Mouth small, terminal; maxillary concealed ; teeth conical, in narrow bands, outer of lower jaw directed * The following genera are closely related to Haplochromis :—Ltpo- chromis, gen. noy. (type Pelmatochromis obesus, Bouleng.). Lower jaw shutting within upper. MNeochromis, gen. nov. (type Tilapia simotes, Bouleng.). As Haplochromis, but teeth small, in bands, outer not enlarged, bicuspid, inner tricuspid. Cnestrostoma, gen. nov. (type Para- tilapia polyodon, Bouleng.); jaws with broad bands of small conical teeth, outer not enlarged. Mylochromis, gen. noy. (type Tilapia latert- striga, Ginth.) ; middle pharyngeal teeth large and obtuse, rae differentiated from the other teeth, which are slender and bicuspid. Saryochromis, gen. nov. (type Paratilapia codringtoni, Bouleng.). Fourth vertebra with inferior apophyses that meet below; pharyngeal teeth stout and blunt; articular surface for upper pharyngeals nearly as broad as long, its basioccipital portions nearly meeting behind parasphenoid. Labrochromis, gen. nov. (type Tilapia pallida, Bouleng.); inferior apo- physes on third vertebra formed as in MZaplochromts ; pharyngeal teeth and pharyngeal apophysis as in Sargochromis. Serranochromis, gen. nov. (type Chromys thumbergi, Casteln.); as Haplochromis, but inferior apophyses on fourth vertebra very small. Astatoreochromis, Pellegr. (alluaudi); 4 to 6 anal spines; pharyngeal teeth large and obtuse. Clinodon, gen. nov. (type Hemitilapia bayont, Bouleng.); structure of Haplochromis, dentition of Hemitilapia. 46 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of outwards. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with small slender teeth. Skeleton very similar to that of Callochromis macrops, but the premaxillary processes shorter, not reaching frontals ; vertebra 36 (17419). Tanganyika ; a single species. 20. CALLOCHROMIS, gen. nov. (type Pelmatochromis macrops, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIT-X VI 10-14. Anal III 6-9. Outermost ray of pelvic fin longest. Scales denticulate, large (32-38) ; two lateral lines. Mouth small, terminal or subterminal, nearly horizontal ; end of maxillary slightly exposed; jaws with narrow bands of small conical teeth, the outer on sides of lower jaw enlarged and directed more or less outwards. Lower pharyngeals united by interlocking suture to form a triangular plate; enlarged blunt rounded teeth in the middle posteriorly and slender bicuspid teeth elsewhere. Occipital crest ending above middle of orbits behind a groove on frontals that widens forwards ; parietal crests ending above posterior part of orbits ; praemaxillary processes extending to between orbits; maxillary broadest below palatine articula- tion, distal part short and broad ; ethmoid united with vomer by suture; nasals much expanded posteriorly ; posterior part of parasphenoid slightly raised, convex ; articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides. Vertebree 34 (16418) ; inferior apophyses of third vertebra uniting below to form a median spine. Tanganyika ; four species. 21. LEPTOCHROMIS, gen. nov. (type Paratilapia calliura, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVI-XVII 10. Anal III 7-8. Scales denticu- late, large (37-40) ; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal, very protractile ; maxillary broad, slightly exposed ; jaws with an outer series of very small conical teeth and 1 or 2 inner series of minute teeth. Interorbital region narrow. Lower pharyngeal small, triangular, with long anterior blade ; teeth small, slender. Occipital crest ending at posterior part of interorbital region behind a long groove on the narrow frontals ; parietal crests not extending forwards on frontals; ethmoid in contact with vomer ; a thin-walled otic bulla; articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by para- sphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides. the Family Cichlide. 47 Vertebre 34 (17+17); third with vestigial inferior apo- physes; precaudals with parapophyses from fourth, last four pairs bridged; ribs, except first, in sockets at or near ends of parapophyses. ‘l'anganyika ; a single species. 22. AULONOCRANUS, gen. nov. (type Paratilapia dewindti, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIJ-—XIIT 12-13. Anal III 9. Scales denticu- late, large (36-38); two lateral lines. Mouth terminal, moderately protractile ; maxillary moderately broad, exposed distally ; teeth very small, conical, in 2 or 3 series, outer- most largest. Lower pharyngeal triangular; teeth small. Occipital crest ending on posterior part of interorbital region. Frontals, nasals, preeorbitals, lower jaw, and lower limb of preoperculum with large channels with wide openings; sub- orbitals narrow. Tanganyika; a single species. Intermediate between Haplochromis and Trematocara. 23. TRemMaATocARA, Bouleng., 1899 (type T. marginatum, Bouleng.). Dorsal IX—XITI 9-12. Anal III 7-10. Seales eycloid, large (28-32) ; upper lateral line short, lower absent. Near Aulonocranus, but maxillary concealed, and the deep channel- ing of the bones of the head extending to the suborbitals. Occipital and parietal crests not extending forwards on frontals ; ethmoid united with vomer by suture; a large otic bulla; articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides. Vertebre 31 (12+19) ; third without inferior apophyses ; precaudals with parapophyses from the fourth ; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses. Tanganyika; three species, 24. Stappersia, Bouleng., 1914 (type S. singularis, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIII-XV 13-14. Anal III 13-14. Innermost rays of pelvic fins longest. Scales denticulate, large (37- 38) ; two lateral lines. Apparently differs from Enantiopus only in the dentition; teeth small, conical, in 4 or 5 series, outer not directed outwards. Tanganyika; a single species. 48 Mr. C. T. Regan— Classification of 25. ENANTIOPUS, Bouleng., 1906 (type £. melanogenys, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIJ-XV 13-17. Anal III 12-17. Innermost pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large (37-44); two Jateral lines. Mouth terminal, very protractile ; teeth small, conical, in 2 series, outer of lower jaw directed outwards. Lower pharyngeal triangular ; teeth mostly slender, bicuspid, a few middle posterior teeth large and blunt. Occipital and parietal crests ending above posterior part of orbits ; frontals with a median groove, widening forwards; mesetlmoid well separated from vomer; articular surface for upper pharyn- geals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides. Vertebra 38 (14424); inferior apophyses of third meeting below. Tanganyika; 3 or 4 species. 26. GRAMMATOTRIA, Bouleng., 1899 (type G. lemairit, Bouleng.). Dorsal XV 14-15. Anal III-I1V 10-11. Outermost pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large, about 40 in a lateral longitudinal series ; 3 lateral lines. Mouth terminal; end of maxillary exposed ; a series of conical teeth followed by a narrow band of minute teeth; outer anterior teeth of lower jaw directed outwards. Lower pharyngeal triangular ; middle posterior teeth strongly enlarged and blunt. Skeleton as in Callochromis macrops, except that the frontals partly roof over the median groove from each side and the inferior apophyses of the third vertebra are vestigial. Vertebree 36 (14+ 22). ‘anganyika; a single species. 27. XENOTILAPIA, Bouleng., 1899 (type X. sima, Bouleng.). Dorsal XIJI-XV 12-14. Anal III 7-12. Innermost pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large (34-41) ; 3 lateral lines. Mouth terminal, very protractile ; maxillary very broad, concealed ; teeth small, conical, in 2 or 3 series, outer anterior teeth of lower jaw directed outwards. Lower pharyngeal triangular ; middle posterior teeth enlarged and obtuse. Skeleton nearly as in Callochromis macrops, but with the frontals tending to roof the median groove as in Grammatotria, Vertebrae 34-35 (13-14 4 20-22). ‘Tanganyika ; two species. the Family Cichlid. 49 28. HEMIBATES, gen. nov. (type Paratilapia stenosoma, Bouleng.). Dorsal XV 13. Anal III 12-14. Scales cycloid, small (60-70) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal fin. Mouth moderate, terminal, with lateral cleft; maxillary slightly exposed distally; teeth small, conical, curved, in 2 or 3 series, outer erect and fixed, inner pointing backwards, depressible. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender teeth. Parietal crests ending at edge of frontals above middle of orbits; occipital crest ending behind a short median depression on anterior part of frontals; nasals somewhat ex- panded posteriorly ; premaxillary processes reaching frontals ; maxillary broadest below palatine articulation, moderately broad distally; base of skull with a low, broad convex apophysis, with articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed in the middle by the parasphenoid, and at the sides by the basioccipital. Third vertebra without inferior apophyses, Tanganyika ; a single species. 29. BATHYBATES, Bouleng., 1898 (type B. ferox, Bouleng.). Dorsal XITI-XVIT 11-17. Anal III 14-18. Scales cy- celoid, small (65-150) ; two lateral lines, the upper extending nearly to caudal fin. Mouth large, terminal, with lateral cleft; maxillary hidden; teeth strong, curved, conical, in 2 to 4 series, outer fixed, inner depressible. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender teeth, Parietal crests ending near edge of frontals above middle of orbit; occipital crest ex- tending as far forward or a little farther, ending behind a median depression on the frontals which widens out anteriorly ; ethmoid united with vomer by suture; nasals somewhat expanded posteriorly ; praemaxillary processes not reaching fronutals ; maxillary broadest below palatine articulation, moderately broad distally ; base of skull with a low, broad, couvex apophysis, with the articular facets for the upper pha- ryngeals well separated, oblique, formed by the parasphenoid in the middle and the basioccipital at the sides, Vertebra 35-36 (16-17+ 19-20) ; third without inferior apophyses, Tanganyika; six species. 30. HAPLOTAXODON, Bouleng., 1906 (type H. microlepis, Bouleug.), Dorsal XVII-XVIII 11-13. Anal LI 9. Scales small (70-80) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 4 50 Mr. C. T. Regan— Classification of fin. Mouth terminal, very oblique; end of maxillary ex- posed ; teeth uniserial, conical, curved. Lower ecpecs triangular, with small slender unicuspid teeth. Skeleton as in Hemibates, except that the maxillary has only a small process below the palatine articulation and is broadest distally ; premaxillary processes not reaching frontals ; vertebrae 38 (19419), Tanganyika; a single species. ls 31, XeNOCHROMIS, Bouleng., 1899 (type X. hecgut, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVI-XVII 10-11. Anal III 9-10. Scales small (60-70) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal fin. Mouth terminal; end of maxillary exposed ; teeth uni- serial, compressed, a little concave in front, strongly curved, rather small and forming a close-set series. Lower pharyn- geal triangular, with small unicuspid teeth. Skeleton as in Haplotaxodon, except that the ethmoid is well separated from the vomer. Vertebre 35 (17+18). Tanganyika ; a single species. 32. PLxecopus, Bouleng., 1898 (type P. paradoxus, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVIII-XX 11-13. Anal III 12-13. Scales small (75-80). Differs from Xenochromis only in having the teeth large, few, and set well apart. Tanganyika; a single species. 33. Erermopus, Bouleng., 1898 (type LE. cyanostictus, Bouleng.). Dorsal XXIITI-XXV 3-5. Anal III 6-7. Scales den- ticulate, large (32-35) ; two lateral lines. ‘Teeth rather strong, distally expanded, compressed and truncate, in 2 or 3 series. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with small slender teeth. Occipital crest ending behind a broad and deep de- pression on anterior part of skull, formed by frontals, and in front by ethmoid and lateral ethmoids ; parietal crests ending above posterior part of orbits; ethmoid separated from vomer ; jaws strong; praemaxillary processes stout; maxil- lary broadest distally. Articular surface for upper pharyn- geals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides. Vertebre 30 (154+15); a pair of inferior the Family Cichilidze. 51 apophyses. formed equally by third and fourth vertebre ; precaudals with parapophyses from third; ribs on parapo- plyses, é Tanganyika ; a single species. 34. SparHopus, Bouleng., 1900 (type S. erythrodon, Bouleng.). Dorsal XXIII 5. Anal III 6-7. Scales denticulate, large (30-31); two lateral lines. Teeth rather strong, distally slightly expanded, compressed and rounded, uni- serial. Apparently differs from Hretmodus only in the dentition. Tanganyika ; a single species. 35. TELMATOCHROMIS, Bouleng., 1898 (type JZ. temporalis, Bouleng.). Dorsal XVIII-XXII 6-8. Anal V-VII 5-7. Scales rather large (40-52) ; nuchal scales very smal! ; two lateral lines. A band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer series of conical teeth, the anterior strong. Skeleton as in Hret- modus, but no parietal crests and interior apoplyses on third vertebra only. Vertebra 33 (16 +17). Tanganyika ; two species. 36.. JULIDOCHROMIS, Bouleng. 1898 (type J. ornatus, Bouleng.). Dorsal XXIJ-XXIV 5. Anal VIII-IX 4-6. Scales rather large (45-50) ; nuchal scales very small; two lateral lines. A band of small conical teeth and strong anterior canines. Skeleton as in Zelmatochromis, but suborbitals unossified, and parietal crests distinct. Vertebre 34 (17+17). ‘Tanganyika ; a single species. 37. LAMPROLOGUS, Schilthuis, 1891 (type L. congolensis, Schilth.). Dorsal XVI-X XI 6-11. Anal [V-X 4-8. Seales large or small; nuchal scales very small ; two lateral lines, or the lower absent. A band of small conical teeth and anterior canines. Suborbitals ossified. Vertebree 81-35 (14-17+ 16-19); third or fourth with inferior apophyses. Skeleton as in Telmatochromis, but parietal crests distinct. Tanganyika and Congo ; 27 species, bs 52 Classification of the Family Cichlids. The above data enable the origin and relationships of the Cichlid fauna of Lake Tanganyika to be discussed. Tylochromis is found in the Congo and in West Africa, and is represented in Tanganyika by a single species; it is an isolated genus, whose nearest relative is Ptychochromis of Madagascar. Of the large African genus Tilapia only the widely-distributed 7. nilotica has reached Tanganyika, apparently through L. Kivu; the endemic Neotilapia has the structure of J’. nilotica and its allies, but differs in its dentition, having all the teeth tricuspid. A small group of endemic genera begins with Limnotilapia, which is nearly related to, but is in some respects more generalized than Tilapia, and leads on the one hand to Lobo- chilotes and on the other to Gephyrochromis, Simochromis, and Tropheus ; in this group the Limnotilapia dentition (outer teeth bicuspid, inner tricuspid) undergoes various modifica- tions; Lobochilotes, teeth compressed, unicuspid; Gephyro- chromis, outer teeth conical; Simochromis and Tropheus, anterior outer teeth bicuspid, lateral conical. Another little group of endemic genera commences with Ophthalmotilapia, which is closely related to Limnotilapia, but has all the teeth tricuspid (or sometimes unicuspid), small, and fixed. This genus has given rise to Cyathopharyna, distinguished by the small scales and the form of the lower pharyngeal, and to Cunningtonia, Asprotilapia, and: Petro- chromis, in which the tricuspid teeth are long, slender, and movable. It is interesting .to note that the total number of dorsal rays is nearly the same in Petrochromis as in the other genera, but that the spines have increased at the expense of the soft rays; this genus has a species in L. Nyassa, but there can be little doubt that it originated in Tanganyika. Tine endemic Limnochromis, with conical teeth, does not differ very essentially from Limnot¢lapia in other characters. Cyphotilapia lias one species from ‘Tanganyika and another from the Upper Congo; if, as seems likely, this genus is Limnochromis specialized, it probably originated in the lake. The monotypic Boulengerochromis is essentially a small- scaled Limnotilapia, and Perissodus seems to differ from it only in the peculiar dentition. ‘he seventeen genera mentioned above have the pharyngeal apophysis formed by the parasphenoid alone; two( Tylochromis, Tilapia) are widely distributed genera, each represented in the lake by a single species; one endemic genus (Nevtilapia) is closely related to 7it/apia ; the rest may have originated in the lake from a single ancestral type, which Limnotilapta On wew or little-known Tipulidee, 53 most nearly resembles; they are peculiar to Tanganyika, except for a Petrochromis in Lake Nyassa and a Cyphotilapia in the Congo. The remaining genera have the pharyngeal apophysis formed partly by the basioccipital ; the widely distributed Haplochromis has two endemic species in Tanganyika ; there are also a number of endemic genera with small conical teeth, closely related to Haplochromis ; of these Aulonocranus leads to Trematocara, and Ectodus through Callochromis to Xeno- tilapia and Grammatotria. A well-marked group includes genera with small scales, all endemic; of these Hemibates, with small conical teeth, is intermediate between Haplochromis and Bathybates, with strong pluriserial teeth, and Haplotaxodon, with rather small uniserial teeth. Xenochromis and Pleeodus differ from Haplo- taxodon only in their peculiar dentition. Another well- marked group apparently derived from //aplochromis includes the genera with strong anterior teeth; this group includes Eretmodus and Spathodus, with incisor-like teeth and three anal spines, and Telmatochromis, Julidochromis, and Lampro- logus, with strong conical teeth and 4 to 10 anal spines. All but Lamprologus are peculiar to the lake, and the great diver- sity of the Tanganyika species of Lamprologus and its close relationship to the more generalized Telmatochromis make it almost certain that it originated in Tanganyika. The above remarks may be summarized thus :—Nearly all the Tanganyika Cichlidze are endemic species belonging to genera that originated in the lake; except Weotilapia these genera fall into two divisions, which may have evolved in the lake from two ancestral types, one nearly related to Limno- tilapia and the other to Haplochromis. IV.—New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—I. Ethiopian Species. By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. THE new species described in the following pages will be discussed more fully and figured in a monographic treatment of the crane-flies of the Ethiopian region that the writer has in preparation. The species described were sent to me for naming by Rev. J. A. Reis, Dr. E. Warren, and Prof. A. J. T. Janse, to all of whom I express my sincere thanks. The holotypes are preserved in the collection of the writer, unless stated otherwise. 54 Dr. ©. P. Alexander on Dicranomyia connectans, sp. n. Colour dark brown; tarsi white; wings brown, the tips darker ; cord far out near the wing-tip ; anal angle lacking ; Cu, and 1st A fused for a short distance back from the wing-margin. \ Male.—Length 6°6-8°8 mm, ; wing 7°3-8°2 mm. Female.—Length 6°7 mm. ; wing 6°8 mm. : Rostrum yellowish brown, darkest above. Palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, the first segment paler brown; flagellar segments elongate-oval, with long blaek verticils. Head dark brown. Pronotum dark brown, yellowish laterally. Mesonotal prescutum reddish brown without stripes, the humeral region a little brighter. Pleura pale, sparsely yellowish pollinose. Halteres very elongate, dark brown. Legs with the fore coxe brown, the other coxe yellowish; trochanters dull yellow; remainder of the legs dark brown excepting the tarsi, which are largely white ; on the fore legs only the extreme bases of the metatarsi are a little infuscated ; the other legs have about the basal third of the metatarsus brown, broadest on the middle legs; two terminal tarsal segments bright yellow. Wings cuneiform, with no anal angle, the cord. lying’ far out near the wing-tip ; membrane strongly brownish, darkest at the apex; stigma oval, dark brown ; veins dark brownish black. Venation asin D. cunet- jormis, de Meij., with the following exceptions :—cell 1st M, shorter, nearly square, the basal deflection of Cu, just before the middle of its length ; 1st A runs close to Cu and is fused with Cuy at the wing-margin, this short fusion about equal to Ses. Abdomen elongate, dark brown, including the hypopygium. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 9, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Allotopotype, 2, January 9, 1919. Paratopotypes, 2 3, January 9-15, 1919. D. connectans is closely related to D. cunetiformis, de Meij. (Java), but is readily separated from this and all other known species of the genus by the apical fusion of Cu, and 1st A. Dicranoptycha natalia, sp. n. General coloration dark brown, the wings with a strong dark brown suffusion. Male.—Length 8-8°5 mm. ; wing 8°3-8°6 mm, new or little-known Tipulide. 55 Rostrum and palpi dark brown, Antenne rather short, dark brown, the second scapal segment a little brighter ; the first two flagellar segments enlarged and closely approxi- mated, the third to fifth short-cylindrical, the remaining flagellar segments gradually elongated. Head brown, with a yellowish pollen. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely pollinose, without stripes. Pleura brown. Halteres brown, paler at the base, darkest on the knobs. Legs with the coxee brown, the apical portions of the middle and hind coxz on the outer face more yellowish ; trochanters yellow, with a jet-black spot on the margin, and here produced into a sharp tooth as in the genus; legs dark brown, the basal portion of the femora more yellowish, this narrowest on the fore legs, broadest on the hind legs. Wings with a very strong dark brown suffusion, deepest along the costal region; the fork from the first anal vein into cell Cu and a streak in cell 22 paler; veins dark brown. Venation: Se ending slightly beyond the fork of the sector; Rs about one-fourth longer than the long cell 1sé Jf. Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a little brighter, segments 7 and 8 and the terminal half of segment 6 black. Hab. South Africa. Holotype, 8, Maritzburg, Natal, 1916 (Dr. Conrad Akerman). Paratopotype, a badly broken male. Type in the collection of the Natal Museum. Rhamphidia flavitarsis, sp. n. Rostrum longer than the head; mesonotum dark brown, almost black above, the pleura dull yellow ; legs dark brown, the tarsi yellowish; wings subhyaline, the stigma dark brown. Male.—Length, excluding rostrum, 8-8°3 mm., rostrum about 1 mm, ; wing 8°8 mm. Female—Length 11-11°2 mm.; wing 85 mm.; ovi- positor, tergal valves, 2:1 mm. Rostrum longer than the head, brown above, darkest near the apex, more yellowish beneath and on the sides; palpi dark brown. Antennz moderately elongated, the scape brown, the flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments elongate-oval, with long verticils that are longest and most conspicuous on the terminal antennal segments. Head dark brownish black. The long neck is brown. Pronotal scutum brownish black ; scutellum light yellow. Mesonotal prescutum dark r 56 Dr. C. P. Alexander on brown, a broad, almost black median area ; lateral margins of the sclerite narrowly paler. Pleura dull yellow. Halteres brown, the knobs darker, the base of the stem yellow. Legs with the coxe dull yellow, the fore cox more brownish on the outer face; trochanters dull yellow; remainder of the legs dark brown, the last four tarsal segments and the extreme tips of the metatarsi dull orange-yellow. Wings subhyaline ; cell Sc, a seam beneath vein Cu, and the wing-apex a little darker; stigma elongate-oval, dark brown; veins dark brown. The following veins bear conspicuous macrotrichize :— Rs, apical part of FR), Ro,3, all of Ay,5, apical portions of My.. and M3,,4; one near mid-length of the last section of Cu, and a few on Cus. Venation: Sc ending beyond the fork of Rs, Sc at the tip of Sc, ; basal deflection of R,,5 about equal to rm; basal deflection of Cu, at or beyond the fork of AZ. Abdominal tergites dark brown ; sternites yellow, more darkened on the sixth and seventh segments; hypopygium brownish yellow. The female is similar to the male in most respects, the ovipositor with the valves very long and slender, the tergal valves almost straight, a little upeurved at the tips ; sternal valves acicular, the tips with a few long hairs. Flab, West Africa. Holotype, 3, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 10, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Allotopotype, 2, January 15, 1919. Parat potypes, 10 & , January 9-16, 1919. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) albilata, sp. n. Legs with the femora tipped with white; tibiae with a narrow white basal band, the apices very broadly white; fore femora with three basal bristles, the other femora with a row of from eight to ten small setee; wings with two or three long curved setz on the posterior margin of the wing-petiole. Male (type).—Length 10 mm.; wing 8°7 mm. ; fore leg, femur 13°5 mm., tibia 16°8 mm., tarsus 15°2 mm., black band on tibia 5 mm.; hind leg, femur 15 mm., tibia 16 mm., tarsus 13 mm., black band on tibia 5 mm. Male (series).—Length 9-11 mm.; wing 7-9 mm. Female (series).—Length about 9°5 mm.; wing 8 mm. Rostrum yellow; palpi brownish black. Antenne dark brownish black, pale at the extreme base, moderately elon- gated ; flagellar segments long-oval. Head dark grey along new or little-known Tipulide. 57 the eyes, more yellowish on the front and the occipital region. Pronotum yellow. Mesonotum dark brown; the pre- scutum broadly margined with dull yellow. Pleura dull yellow. Halteres rather short, dark brown, the extreme base more yellowish. Legs with the coxa yellow, the fore cox a little darker ; trochanters dull yellow ; femora dark brown, the extreme bases a little paler, the tips white, broadest on the fore femora; tibiae white, with a relatively narrow (5 mm.) black subbasal band, the white apex occupying the apical half or more of the segment ; tarsi white, a patch of hairs at the base of the middle and hind metatarsi and the tips of the tarsi more yellowish. The white femoral apex is a trifle broader than the tibial base on the fore legs ; the tibial base is much broader than the femoral tip on the middle and hind legs. ‘The legs are armed in both sexes; the fore femora have three long erect bristles, with one or more additional smaller sete in a group near the base ; the middle and hind femora each bears a row of some eight to ten small subequidistant bristles near the base; femora with several long sete at apex, these a little more slender on the fore femora. Middle and hind metatarsi on the inner face at the base with a longitudinal row of conspicuous orange hairs, these more distinct on the posterior metatarsi. Wings greyish subhyaline, the costal cell more yellow, the subcostal cell more brownish; stigma narrow, oval, brown; extreme tip of the wing indistinctly darker ; veins brownish black ; the cord and vein Cu very narrowly and indistinctly seamed with brownish. Venation: 7 long, more than twice the length of 2,,3 between it and the fork of the latter; basal deflection of M,,, short, usually less than m3 _ outer deflection of 1/3 evenly areuated, Jong, the inner end of cell M, lying far proximad of cells R; and M,; basal deflection of Cu, at or close to the fork of AZ; fusion of Cu, and 1st A slight. A group of two or three long curved sets on the caudal margin of the wing-petiole. Abdominal tergites dark brown, the basal segment paler laterally ; sternites yellowish. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 16, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Allotopotype, 2, January 15, 1919. Paratopotypes, 200 3 9, January 9-16, 1919. T. frag Uima, Westw., the type of the subgenus AMongoma, is very insufficiently described by Westwood. The insect is 58 Dr. C. P. Alexander on characterized as being pitchy black, the thorax more dilute ; legs brown, with the knees, the tibial tips, and the tarsi white. At the base of the fore femora are two spinules. Specimens from Madagascar that Osten-Sacken later re- ferred, with considerable doubt, to fragillima had the entire distal third of the tibie white. In the present species the entire distal half of all the legs in both sexes is white. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) reisi, sp. n. General coloration brown, more yellowish beneath ; femora and tibize with the tips white; tarsi white; femora with a series of about a dozen spines near the base ; posterior tibize with a series of from eight to ten stout sete ; wings nearly hyaline. Male (type).—Length .8°6 mm.; wing 8 mm.; fore leg, femur 12°5 mm., tibia 16 mm.; hind leg, femur 14:3 mm., tibia 15 mm., tarsus 11 mm. Male (series). —Length 8°6-9°5 mm.; wing 7°6-9 mm, Female (series).—Length 10 mm. ; wing 8°6. Rostrum light yellow; palpi dark brownish black. An- tenne moderately long, dark brownish black, the flagellar segments long-oval. Head dark brown, paler on the occiput and underneath on the genze, which bear a few long curved hairs. Pronotum dark brown above, yellowish laterally. Meso- notal prescutum yellowish brown, darker brown anteriorly ; remainder of mesonotum pale brown. Pleura pale yellow, a little more brownish dorsally. Halteres short, dark brown, the base yellowish. Legs with the cox and trochanters yellow ; femora dark brown, paler at the base, the tips passing into white; tibia brown, the bases indistinetly whitish, the tips passing into white, these about twice as wide as the white femoral tips ; tarsi white or pale yellowish white. All the femora with a series of from ten to seventeen short stout black spines near the base, extending in a single row along the ventral face ; these spines are slightly variable in number, but are apparently more numerous on the fore femora ; femoral tips with a few slender blackish hairs ; hind tibiz near the tip with from eight to ten long, curved, erect, black seta, five or six of which are grouped on the white tips, the proximal three or four less crowded and located on the brown areas. Wings nearly hyaline, the costal and subcostal cells a little more yellowish ; stigma pale brownish yellow; veins pale brown. Venation: similar to 7. albi- lata, differing as follows :—cell 1st J/, shorter and broader ; new or little-known Tipulide. 59 outer deflection of J,,, long, so that the inner end of cell R,; is about ona level with cell 1,; outer deflection of J, short, squarely arcuated to almost angulated; basal deflection of Cu, rather far before the fork of M7; fusion of Cu, and 1st A rather extensive, about equal to m, vein Cu being strongly bent backward at the point of fusion ; cell 2nd A wider. Abdomen dark brown above, the sternites and hypopygium more yellowish. Male hypopygium with the pleural appen- dages a little longer than T. albilata. Hab. West Africa. is Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 9, 1919 (/. A. eis). Allotopotype, 2, January 10, 1919. Paratopotypes, 27 § 2, January 9-15, 1919. T. reisi is readily told from all other described species of the genus by the curious armature of the femora and the posterior tibiae. ‘This condition occurs in both sexes. This interesting fly is dedicated to the collector, Rev. J. A. Reis. Lecteria triacanthos, sp. n. Mesonotum yellowish, the prescutum with four fulvous stripes ; legs with the femora reddish brown, a narrow white ring beyond mid-length, surrounded on either side by a blackish ring ; tibiee white, brown at the base and apex, a broad black band before mid-length; the three basal tarsal segments yellowish white, tipped with brown ; metatarsi with a group of three stout spines at the extreme base; wings broad, subhyaline, heavily banded and dotted with brown and grey. Male.—Length about 14 mm.; wing 12°7 mm.; hind leg, femur 9 mm., tibia 8°6 mm. Rostrum and palpi black, sparsely grey pruinose. An- tenne with the basal segment black, the second segment light brown, the flagellum brown; there are only fourteen antennal segments, the first flagellar segment being a fusion of apparently three segments as in Conosia ; first scapal segment elongate; first flagellar segment oval, greatly narrowed at the base; the following three segments short- cylindrical, the others gradually lengthened into long- cylindrical ; the flagellar segments are clothed with a dense white pubescence, longer and more conspicuous on the basal segments, flagellar segments with long verticils, one of each segment being longer than the others, giving to the flagellum asecund appearance, these longest verticils attaining a length 60 Dr. C. P. Alexander on that is nearly equal to half the length of the entire flagellum. Head reddish brown. Mesonotal prescutum yellowish, with four long bright fulvous stripes; remainder of the mesonotum fulvous, the mid-line of the scutum and the scutellum more yellowish. The mesonotum is densely and minutely setigerous, the punc- tures black. Pleura brownish. Halteres light brown, the knobs a little darker. Legs with the coxz and trochanters dull yellow ; femora reddish brown, beyond mid-length with a narrow white ring which has a subequal blackish ring on either side, this white mark largest and most distinct on the posterior femora; tibize white, the apical quarter pale brownish, the extreme tip black; base of tle tibize brown, a broad black band before mid-length ; three basal tarsal segments yellowish white, black at the tips, palest on the metatarsi, the remaining tarsal segments brown. The legs are clothed with a long, fairly dense, semierect pubescence ; metatarsus at the extreme base with a transverse group of three stout black spines. Wings rather broad, subhyaline, with a heavy dotted and banded pattern as follows :—a broad band at the cord and another at the origin of the sector extending across the wing to the margin, ending at the tip of 2nd A; this pattern does not include the costal cell ; the band at the cord is forked at its cephalic end, one branch encircling Sc, the other the tip of Sc, and R,; these bands are pale brown, broadly margined with dark brown, to produce an ocellate appearance ; similar ocellate markings at the outer end of cell 1st J/,, the tip of /t,, and the fork of M,,2; cell C yellowish, with about a dozen dark brown dots ; remainder of the wing with numerous small pale brownish dots that are larger and more diffuse in the anal cells; veins brown, C, Sc, and & more yellowish. Vena- tion: generally similar to L. africana, Alex. (Congo); basal deflection of 24,5 shorter and more arcuated basally ; cell 1st M, more nearly rectangular, Jf, being almost in a line with M before the fork of the latter. Abdominal tergites fulvous, the apical segments indis- tinctly ringed caudally with silvery grey; hypopygium brown ; sternites similar, the lateral margins blackish, the posterior margin pale ; eighth sternite black, conspicuously projecting. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite trans- versely truncated with a deep U-shaped median notch ; pleural appendages densely white pubescent, each at the apex produced into a slender, slightly curved, black point. Hab. West Africa. newo or little-known Tipulide. 61 : Holotype, 3, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 13,1919 (J. A. eis). Tipula setosipennis, sp. n. Palpi short, brownish black ; antennae of the male mole- rately elongated, yellow, the apical segments infuscated basally ; mesonotum dull yellowish, the prescutum with three brownish-grey stripes that are margined with dark brown ; wings grey, streaked longitudinally with brown and sublyaline ; apical cells of the wings strongly setulose ; male hypopygium yellowish, the sclerites fused into a nearly con- tinuous ring; region of the ninth tergite produced caudad into a broad depressed median lobe. Male.—Length 17 mm. ; wing 15:3 mm. Female.—Length 18 mm.; wing 15°5 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head short, light brownish yellow above, dark brown on the sides, the dorsal surface with numerous long black hairs, which are most numerous toward the rather long nasus; mouth-parts and palpi dark brownish black, the latter short. Antenne of the male elon- gate, extending about to the base of the abdomen, the basal segments of the flagellum elongate, the terminal segments shortened ; antenne yellow, the terminal segments more infuscated, especially on the slight basal enlargement. Head dark grey, more yellowish on the front and along the inner margin of the eyes; middle of the vertex blackish. Frontal tubercle distinct, bifid by a deep longitudinal impression. Mesonotal prescutum light brownish yellow, with three brownish-grey stripes that are distinctly margined with black, the median stripe split by a similar black median vitta; scutum with the median area dull yellow, the lobes brownish grey margined with black; scutellum light yellow ; post- notum yellowish grey. Pleura dull yellowish ; a conspicuous brown blotch on the mesosternum and mesepisternum. Halteres dark brown, the knobs blackish. Legs with the coxe and trochanters yellowish; femora and tibie dull yellow, the tips narrowly dark brownish black ; tarsi dark brown, the bases of the metatarsi more yellowish. Wings broad, greyish, longitudinally streaked with subhyaline and brownish ; costal area more yellowish; the subhyaline areas include a broad obliterative streak before the cord in the ends of cells & and M, running through cell 1s¢ M, to the wing- apex in cell FR; ; the pale areas include all of cell 2; except the extreme base, the extreme bases of cells Md, and M,, and virtually all of cell lst Af, ; the first anal and cubital cells are 62 Dr. W. T. Calman on a largely pale ; stigma dark brown; a broad brownish seam along vein Cu and narrower ones along the cord ; veins dark brown, those of the costal region more yellowish; strong sete in the apical cells of the wing from R, to Cu. Vena- tion: petiole of cell M4, short ; m-cu long. a Abdomen rather long for the male sex of this genus of flies (about 12 mm.). Basal abdominal segments dull yellowish, segments 3 to 8 more brownish; tergites with a narrow, more or less distinct, dark brown sublateral stripe ; lateral margins of the segments pale. Hypopygium yellowish, the sclerites fused into a ring. Region of the ninth tergite produced caudad into a broad depressed median lobe whose posterior margin is gently concave or feebly notched, with numerous minute blackened spicules. Outer pleural ap- pendage narrowed basally, broadened distally, the outer face densely covered with a long pale pubescence and a few long black setee. Inner pleural appendage with a posterior fleshy pale lobe’ whose proximal face is provided with long pale sete, the anterior blade compressed. Region of the ninth sternite profoundly incised beneath on the mid-ventral line. Kighth sternite unarmed, the dorsal margin with a row of about eight black spinous sete. Ovipositor with the tergal valves acicular, the sternal valves shorter, compressed. Hab, South Africa. Holotype, 8, Pretoria, Transvaal, December 5, 1918 (A. J. 7. Janse). Allotopotype, 9 , January 4, 1919. Paratopotype, 8, February 2, 1919. V.—A new Crab-of the Genus Sesarma from Basra. By W. 'T. Catman, D.Sc. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) SrEcIMENS of the crab described below have recently been preseuted to the Museum by Capt. C. L. Boulenger, who obtained them while on service in Mesopotamia. Other specimens from the same locality, and clearly of the same species, have been in the Museum for many years under thie name ‘* Sesarma dehaani, Milne-Kdwards,” given to them by Mr. E. J. Miers. A comparison with Japanese and Chinese specimens of 8. dehaani*, however, reveals certain definite, if not very striking, differences, and the Basra specimens are therefore recorded under a new specific name. * This species has recently attracted attention as one of the inter- mediate hosts of the lung-trematode, Paragonimus westerman»*. “new Crab from Basra. 63 Sesarma (Holometopus) boulengert, sp. n. Description.—Closely resembling S. dehaant, M.-E., from which it differs in the following characters :— The carapace, as a rule, is slightly wider in specimens of similar size. The inter-regional grooves on the posterior part of the carapace are rather less deep. ‘The sides of the front are distinctly concave. The merus of the chelipeds has the anterior margin rather more expanded distally and more coarsely dentate; the distal hh ad ~ pp Fy ~ + 6 as Sa Pee or bd a te eu. meets Sis S ~ 624) a yw eS” Cue SCART 424 4 : SG Fe —ee ———— A. Sesarma boulengeri, male, holotype; Basra, Outer surface of left chela. B. Sesarma dehaant, Milne-Edwards, male ; Hong Kong.. Outer surface of left chela, tooth on the upper edge is blunt and indistinct. The inner angle of the carpus—which in S. dehaani is rounded or bluntly angled, with sometimes an apical granule—is produced as a small but distinct and acute tooth *. The palm is more inflated, especially in the male ; on its outer surface is au obscure row of granules about the middle; above this the granules are larger, becoming less prominent. towards the upper margin; below the middle the granules are smaller * A specimen collected by Major C. Christy, and received since this was written, has the carpal angle of one of the chelipeds blunt; in the other cheliped the angle forms an acute tooth as described above. 64 On a new Crab from Basra. and more closely set, but there is no definite group of en- larged granules as in the male of 8. dehaani. The convex lower margin of the palm becomes gently concave in passing into the lower margin of the immovable finger. The granules forming a row on the inner surface of the palm are large. The upper edge of the immovable finger is distinctly concave and the fingers gape when closed. The dactylus has on its upper surface a row—or, rather, a narrow central band—of tubercles which show a tendency to break up into obliquely transverse groups. In 8S. dehaani the lower margin of the palm passes in a straight line, or with only a very slight con- cavity, into the lower margin of the immovable finger, and the upper edge of the latter is straight or slightly convex ; the fingers meet when closed, and the immovable finger in both sexes is much more broadly triangular than in the new species. The walking-legs are conspicuously less hairy than in S. dehaant, the longer hairs being less numerous and always shorter than the width of the segments. ‘The meropoiites are, as a rule, less broad than in S. dehaani. The penultimate segment of the abdomen of the male is distinctly more than twice as broad at its anterior or proximal margin as it is long. Localities. Ashar Creek, Basra ; 2 ¢ (including holotype), 2 9, collected by Capt. C. L. Boulenger. Basra; 1 g,1 ¢, collected by L. E. Adams, B.M. Reg. 83. 23 (determined by EK. J. Miers as S, dehaani). Measurements of S. boulengeri and 8. dehaani. Ratio of : Length of exorbital pes of eae carapace width to f meropodite of penultimate leg in mm, length of to width = 1. carapace = 1, S. boulengeri : BSBOS Ftv. 2o0% d. 230 1/108 1-85 aE 21-75 1183 1-72 LBoulenger ...... cd, holotype. 25°0 1119 1:91 d. 17-75 1154 ty ¢! °. 22°65 1133 Ly 2. 19°5 1:192 1:69 S. dehaant: 54.10,North China. Q. 21°5 1104 1:89 3d. 216 1-081 215 d. 23°0 1/108 2°21 61.44, Hong Kong. ¢. 105 1:28 2-04 d. 22°5 1-088 2°11 753, Japan...... -d- 27:76 1046 O89 Remarks.—The presence of a distinct tooth at the inner angle of the carpus of the chelipeds brings this species, On the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 65 according to Tesch’s key (Zool. Meded. Leiden, iii. 1917, p. 235), into the neighbourhood of S. eydoux?, M.-E., and S. granosimana, Miers. In the former species, as redescribed by Tesch (/. ¢. p. 150), the upper margin of the palm of the chelipeds is provided with a “ distinct, horny-coloured, granu- late crest,” and the outer surface is very minutely granulated and has a short oblique ridge about the middle. In S. grano- simana, of which I have examined the two syntypes, the outer surface of the palm is rather coarsely and evenly granu- late, its upper margin has a low denticulate crest, the upper margin of the immovable finger is (except for a notch near the base) nearly straight, and the walking-legs have no brushes of short fur on the anterior surface of the carpus and propodus of the first three pairs as they have in S. dehaani and S. boulengeri. The specimens of S. boulengert presented to the Museum thirty-six years ago were accompanied by a note on the habits of the species by the collector, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, as follows :—* Collected at Basra, 60 miles up the Euphrates, in perfectly fresh water ; burrows in the banks of the river and especially in a canal in connexion with the river, where it climbs the fibrous roots of trees laid bare to the extent of 6 or 7 feet at low tide (there being 4 or 5 feet of tide at Basra) by the aid of the large claws. Sometimes they ascend the trunks to the height of 10 feet.” V1.—The Cirripede Genus Stramentum (Loricula): its History and Structure. By Tuomas H. Wiruers, F.G.S. [Plates ILL. & IV.)} (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Introduction. Atrnoucn the cirripede generally known as Loricula is represented by more specimens approaching completeness than is any other Cretaceous cirripede, still our knowledge of its structure has not greatly advanced since 1851, when Darwin redescribed Loricula pulchella, G. B. Sowerby, the first-discovered member of the genus. Particularly does this apply to the number, structure, and homologies of the capitular valves and to the peduncle when complete, on which points there have since been wide difierences of opinion, Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 5 66 Mr. T. H. Withers on Tn 1913 the Geological Department of the British Museum acquired from Mr. H. T. Martin two cirripedes on a piece of chalk, which he had collected in the Niobrara series of Kansas, and which are referable to Stramentum haworthi, Logan, sp., a species undoubtedly congeneric with Loricula pulchella, G. B. Sowerby. The specimens looked unpromising enough when received, but careful development soon showed certain points of structure which enable us to add materially to our knowledge of this anomalous type. The same structural features had shortly before been discovered in the type-specimens of Loricula darwini, and it is on the com- bined material that the following study of the genus is based. History. Of this genus as many as nine species and two varieties have so far been described, and in most cases the species is known by more than one specimen. The first-discovered species, Loricula pulchella, G. B. Sowerby (1843), was founded on a single nearly complete specimen from the Turonian (Middle Chalk) of Cuxton, Kent. It was obtained by the late Mr. N. T. Wetherell, whose collection is now in the Geological Department of the British Museum, and the specimen is registered 59,150. Darwin (1851) gave a masterly description of this specimen in his Monograph. A few years later the species L. macadami was established by Wyville Thomson (1858) for a fine specimen from the Chalk of Antrim, and some obscure fragments of others of a group are said to be scattered through the matrix. This specimen supplements in many ways that of L. pulchella, and, although it added much to our knowledge of the struc- ture of the shell, it has not been referred to by any later author *. In 1878 W. Dames described a single specimen from the Cenomanian (Lower Chalk) of Lebanon, Syria, under the name ZL. syriaca, and the specimen was subsequently figured by Prof. Zittel (1884). K. A. von Zittel (1884), for a single specimen from the Senonian (Upper Chalk) of Diilmen, Westphalia, founded the species L. levissima. A plaster-cast of this is in the Geological Department of the British Museum, registered 59,713. * R. Tate quotes the species among a list of fossils, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xxi, 1865, p. 30. the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 67 Anton Fritsch (1889) described and figured aseries of twelve specimens, which he described as varieties of L. pulchella, namely L. pulchella, var. gigas, and L. pulchella, var, minor. One of them, L. pulchella, var. gigas, had already been described by Fritsch (1877) as a separate species. ‘The specimens occurred in the Turonian (Middle Chalk) of Weissenberg, Bohemia, and were found attached to ex- amples of the ammonites, Ammonites peramplus and A. wool- gari, no less than seven individuals being attached to a single shell of the latter species. In the same year (1889) J. F. Whiteaves described a new species under the name L. canadensis. It was founded on a very fine specimen collected by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell in the Cretaceous (Fort Benton group), at South Duck Kiver, in Township 34, Range 23 W., Manitoba. Other specimens occurred, for the author stated that ‘‘ A few isolated capitular plates of Z. canadensis were also collected by Mr. Tyrrell in 1887, at the Vermilion River, in Township 24, Range 20 W., from Fort Benton Group, or lower part of the series.” S. W. Williston (1897) followed by describing a remark- ably complete specimen from the Cretaceous (Niobrara group) of Kansas, under the name Pollicipes haworthi. That specimen was subsequently described by W. N. Logan (1897), and together with a second species, Stramentum tabulatum, was included in a new genus Séramentum. In 1908 Dr. H. Woodward established the species L. darwini on three specimens obtained by Mr. G. E. Dibley in the Turonian (Middle Chalk) Rhynchonella cuvieri-zone of Cuxton, near Rochester, Kent, the same locality from which came the holotype of LZ. pulchella. These three speci- mens were attached to the cast of an ammonite, Pachy- discus peramplus, and are now in the Geological Department of the British Museum, registered I. 9130. A further species, L. exwpansa, Withers (1911), has been described, and the species was founded on two left and three right scutal valves from the Upper Senonian, Actinucamax guadratus-zone, East Harnham, near Salisbury, Wilts. Apart from these isolated valves it can be proved that Lori- cula occurs in the Senonian of England, for there is in the Geological Department of the British Museum an example of an oyster that had grown on a Loricula, and has thus preserved on its surface a perfect imprint of the greater part of a peduncle. This specimen came from the Senonian (Upper Chalk) of Norwich (Bayfield Coll.), and is registered 42,012. 5* 68 Mr. T. H. Withers on Material (number of specimens), In addition to the specimens mentioned above, there is in the Geological Department of the British Museum, registered 59,825, a fragmentary example of L. pulchella, which came from the MiddleChalk of Cowslip Pit, near Guildford, Surrey. It consists of about ten rows ofthe three median series of peduncular plates. At least two, if not three, further frag- mentary specimens of L. pulchella arein the Brighton Museum (Willett Collection, No. 40), on a piece of chalk from the Middle Chalk of Malling, Kent. Of Stramentum haworthi from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, there is in the Geological Department of the British Museum, collected by Mr. H. ‘Il’. Martin, (1) two com- paratively large and almost complete specimens on a small yellowish slab, registered I. 15,945 ; (2) a large yellowish slab with about nine small individuals (registered In. 18,990), and a larger pinkish slab with remains of at least twenty individuals (registered In. 18,989) : in both cases the shells appear to have been attached to some strap-like organism of which only a stain remains, and almost all the specimens consist of one side of the shell with the inner surface upper- most, three or four retaining the scutum, which shows the pit for the adductor muscle. Altogether the material known to me comprises no less than seventy individuals, and of these quite fifty represent at least oue side of the shell in a fairly good state of preservation. Name. The name Loricula was first given to a cirripede by G. B. Sowerby, junr. (1843). This generic name has been widely accepted, and has been used by Darwin (1851) and every subsequent author on fossil and recent cirripedes. It is the more unfortunate that it should be preoccupied by Loricula, Curtis (1833), a genus established for a Hemipterid. In 1897, W. N. Logan founded the genus Stramentum on two species of cirripedes occurring in the Chalk of Kansas. One of these had previously been described by Prof. Williston (1896) under the name Pollicipes haworthi, and it is not only because of this, but because it is the first of the two species described by Logan, and is more complete than the second species S. tabulatum, that S. haworthi is here taken as geno- type of the genus Stramentum. There is no room for doubt that the Kansas species, Stramentum haworthi, is congeneric with Sowerby’s Loricula pulchella, and although Logan was evidently unaware that the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 69 cirripedes similar to his Stramentum had been described from the Cretaceous rocks of other countries, there is no option but to accept his genus S/ramentum, since the name Loricu!a is preoccupied. STRAMENTIDA, nom. nov. This is a new name to replace that of Loriculide, which embraced the genera Loriculaand Archeolepas (see Pilsbry, 1916, p. 14). Archeolepas must be removed from here (see p. 79), and for the present might more properly be included in the Scalpellide. Until the precise structure of the genera Loriculina and Sqguama is known, it is impossible to say whether they should be included in the family Stramentide or not, although it is more convenient to keep them there at present. Stramentum, W. N. Logan. 1838. Non Lorieula, Curtis, Entom. Mag. i. p. 197 (Hemipterid). 1843. Loricula, G. B, Sowerby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. . 260. 1907, Stramentum, W.N. Logan, Kansas Univ. Quart. ser. A, Oct. 1897, vol. vi. No. iv. p. 188. 1898. Stramentum, W.N. Logan, Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, vol. iv., Paleont. pt. viii., Arthr. p. 498. Diagnosis.—Shell flattened laterally. Capitulum composed of ten valves comprising paired scuta, paired upper latera, paired terga, paired carinal-latera, and a pair of linear valves homologous with the carina in other cirripedes. Peduncle with ten rows of smooth calcareous plates, five on each side, the six inner rows much elongated transversely, and the outer rows short ; on their outer edges the plates of the outermost rows meet, but do not alternate with each other. Genotype.—S. haworthi, Williston, sp. Distribution.—Senonian (Upper Chalk): East Harnham, near Salisbury, Wilts, and Norwich, Norfolk ; Diilmen, Westphalia; Kansas, U.S.A. Turonian (Middle Chalk): Cuxton, near Rochester, and Malling, Kent; near Guildford, Surrey ; Black Head Bay, co. Antrim, Ireland ; Weissen- berg, Bohemia ; Duck and Riding Mountain District, Manitoba, Canada. Cenuomanian (Lower Chalk) : Lebanon, Syria. The following are the described species and varieties :— Stramentum canadensis, Whiteaves, sp. darwini, H. Woodward, sp. 70 Mr. T. H. Withers on Stramentum expansum, Withers, sp. haworthi, Williston, sp. —— levissimum, Zittel, sp. macadami, Wyville Thomson, sp. pulchellum, G. B. Sowerby, jun., sp. , G. B. Sowerby, sp., var. gigas, Fritsch. G. B. Sowerby, sp., var. minor, sie hy syriacum, Dames, sp. tabulatum, WW. N. Logan. —_—— ——e —— Without an examination of the specimens, it is impossible to deduce from the published descriptions and their inade- quate figures whether all of the above are distinct species and varieties. It has, however, been possible to examine the type-material of S. pulchellum and S. darwini, with the result that no justification appears for considering S. derwint to be distinct from S. pulchellum. ‘The distinctions given by Dr. H. Woodward are “ much greater size and more remark- able capitulum ” and “the form of the scutum and the latera.” Apart from the fact that all the specimens came from the same horizon and chalk-pit *, what differences are seen in the scutum appear due to the age and degree of development of the valve (see p. 73), and even the two specimens of Z. darwini differ in this particular. No distinct differences are-apparent to me in the latera, and if by “more remarkable capitulum”’ Dr. Woodward means in the greater obliquity of the summit of the peduncle, it must be pointed out that this is accentuated in that particular specimen merely because the scutum and upper latera have been slightly displaced and pushed down on to the upper scales of the peduncle (see Pl. ILI. fig. 2). S. darwini is therefore regarded here as a synonym of S. pulchellum. With regard to the holotype of S. macadami, Prof. Gren- ville Cole very kindly took considerable trouble to find out for me its whereabouts, and recently informed me that it is preserved in the Belfast Public Art Gallery and Museum. The Curator, Mr. Deane, most kindly lent me the specimen, and an examination of it shows no characters by which it can be separated from S. pulchellum. Prof. Thomson stated in his description ‘‘ One specific distinction is very evident,— the fusion of plates corresponding to the seutum and the scutal latus in the upper rows of the peduncle.” I cannot understand this statement for the reason that none of the peduncular plates are fused, but, on the coutrary, have pre- cisely the same structure as in the several specimens of * See G. E, Dibley, 1918, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xxix. pp. 70, 87. the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 71 S. pulchellum. A MS, label is on the specimen bearing the words “ Loricula pulchella,’ and I can see no characters in the specimen to make one dissent from that determination. S. macadami is therefore considered here to be a synonym of S. pudchellum, Measurements.—The largest species appears to be S. pul- chellum. 'The holotype has a length of 26°6 mm., its breadth is 15°2 mm., and the length of the scutum is 8°6 mm. This is surpassed by the two specimens (PI. ILI. figs. 1, 2) originally described as S. darwini, for the original of fig. 1 has a length of 35°2 mm. (incomplete), a breadth of 22 mm., and a scutum 11:4 mm. in leugth, while the original of fig. 2 has a length of 44 mm., a breadth of 22°4 mm., and a scutum of 13°2 mm. in length and 7°6 mm. in breadth. In the latter specimen the carina is 6°38 mm. long and 2°3 mm. wide. The original of S. macadami has a length of 24°6 mm. and a breadth of 12°3 mm. s+ Of the other species the type of S. haworthi is said to have a length of 27 mm. and a breadth of 17 mm., and the type of S. tabulatum appears to be somewhat smaller; S. canadensis is from 14-15 mm. long and 7 mm. wide; S. pulchellum var. minor is said to attain a length of 20 mm. and S. pulchellum, var. gigas, a length of 36 mm.; S. levissima has a length of 20 mm.; and S. syriacum is said to be one-third the length of S. levissima. Terminology and Number of Valves in the Capitulum. Darwin had only a single specimen of the genus before him, namely, the holotype of S. pulchellum, and while this was nearly complete so far as the peduncle was concerned, it had only three of the capitular valves (see PI. III. fig. 3). That on the right, owing to its shape and to the direction of its growth-lines, was considered by him to be the scutum and the adjoining plate as the first or upper latus. The remaining valve was called the second or carinal latus, but between that and the upper latus was a hiatus, believed by Darwin to have been filled by a tergum. Besides these valves he included in his restoration a carina and a rostrum, making ten valves in all, for he assumed that the other valves were paired. The specimen of S. macadami figured and described by Wyville Thomson seven years later was more complete in the capitular region, and it included a valve—the tergum— not present in the holotype of S. pulchellum, between the upper and carinal latera, as well as two opposing linear 72 Mr. Tl’. H. Withers on valves adjoining the carinal latus. Adopting Darwin’s idea as to the identity of the other valves, Thomson suggested that these linear valves must represent two elements of a carina. An alternative suggestion was that if the capi- tulum was reversed the linear valve would be a reduced scutum, the second latus a rostral latus, the first latus an upper latus, and the scutum a carinal latus. This latter view was suggested as possible, but further reasons were given for his inclination to follow Darwin’s ideas as to the identity of the valves. Wyville Thomson’s views have had no bearing on later discussions, for his paper has been entirely overlooked, and consequently his discovery of the split carina has passed unnoticed. It was only through a book-seller’s catalogue that I came across the paper myself, and I then found that the discovery of the split carina in the genus, as now found in the species S. pulchellum and S. haworthi, was not a new one. Except that later authors have differed as to the number of valves in the capitulum and as to the precise names of the first or upper latus and the second or carinal latus, Darwin’s purely tentative nomenclature has been generally accepted without question. So far has this been the case that no one has attempted to prove the identity of either of the valves. Any doubts, however, are set at rest by the new example of S. haworthi (Pl. 1V. fig. 2), for in that specimen the valve called the seutum has its inner surface exposed, showing the pit for the adductor muscle, thus proving that this really is the seutum. Accepting this, it follows that the other valves would represent the upper latus, tergum, and carinal latus, and that the two linear valves would equal the carina of other cirripedes. Consequently the known valves would number ten in all. This is the same number as given by Darwin in his restoration, although the number is made up of different elements, for, apart from the carina being split, he included a rostrum. In none of the known specimens has a rostrum been noticed, and in view of the structure of the carina the improbability of a rostrum in the ordinary sense being present is great. There does not appear to be any differentiation in structure of the uppermost subscutal plates of the peduncle, and since they cannot be regarded as part of the capitular region, a rostrum or valves homologous with it cannot be said to form part of the capitulum of Stramentum. the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 73 Description of Shell. Capitulum.—This is small when compared with the size and breadth of the peduncle, its length being about one- fourth that of the shell; evidently the greater part of the animal’s body was lodged in the peduncle as in Lithotrya and Jdla. Scutum subtriangular in outline, with the tergo-lateral and basal margins nearly straight and almost at right angles to each other; the growth-lines in the lower part of the valve follow the outline of the tergo-lateral and basal margins. The umbo is situated at a variable distance from the apex, and in the more advanced of the Turonian forms is about one-third the distance from the apex ; in the Seno- nian species, S, haworthi, the umbo is situated at least one- half the distance from the apex even in quite young valves, and the more advanced forms have the upper half of the valve more developed. From the umbo to the apex runs a depression from which the upper part of the occludent margin rises up. In the figured specimen of S. haworthi and in others on the two slabs there is, on the inner surface, a deep pit for the adductor muscle. Upper latus almost flat, having the outline of an isosceles triangle, with the scutal margin, which abuts against the tergo-lateral margin of the scutum for iis whole length, rather more obliquely inclined and slightly longer than the tergal margin. The valve evidently overlapped the tergum and scutum very slightly by its edges, and the growth-lines are straight and parallel. Darwin said of this valve “The first latus now answers to the upper latus in Scalpellum, but it is interposed to quite an unprecedented extent between the scutum and tergum.”’ It is, however, not more so than in the recent Pollicipes mitella, or in the later-discovered Cretaceous cirripede Zeugmatolepas mockleri, which perhaps is more comparable, since the upper part of the upper latus in P. mitella really overlaps the scutum and tergum for the greater part of its extent. Tergum subtriangular, somewhat convex, with the carino- lateral and the upper occludent margins slightly rounded, and the basal margin rather more so. ‘The growth-lines are convex, and on the upper occludent margin curve sharply upwards towards the apex. Carinal latus obliquely triangular, rather like the upper latus, except that the tergal margin is more obliquely inclined and the basal margin more rounded, the valve being slightly inclined towards the tergum. 74 ; Mr. T. H. Withers on Carina.—This valve is of the same length as the carinal- latus and the apices of these two valves, together with that of the tergum, form the upper extremity of the capitulum. The valve is narrow, almost linear, nearly flat, about the width of the carinal plates of the peduncle, and there is a corresponding valve on the opposing side of the capitulum. Wyville Thomson has written in his description of S. mac- adami—“ . . . this valve must be either one of the valves of a split carina—one of the parietes of a carina in which the tectum is undeveloped; or we must suppose the carina to have been composed of two parietes and a separate tectum, and the tectum to have been lost.””, In my opinion it is one of the halves of a split carmain which parietes or intra- parietes had not been developed, and the valve is of the same type of structure in S. pulchellum and S. haworthi. A ridge is invariably formed along the median line in the carinal valves of ordinary pedunculate cirripedes, and a modification such as the splitting along this line would not be unexpected. Such a secondary modification is seen in the splitting of the dorsal plate in certain species of the recent Molluscan genus Pholas. While such a modification of the carina is quite unique among fossil and recent cirri- pedes, a somewhat similar modification in the scutum is seen in certain species of the recent genus Pecilasma. The scutum in that genus, as in the closely allied genus Lepas, has the umbo situated at the rostral angle, and the growth is entirely upwards. In Lepas a ridge is formed on the scutum ex- tending from the umbo to the upper extremity of the valve, and running near and almost parallel to the occludent margin. Essentially in the same position as the ridge in Lepas, a suture is formed, which can be observed on both surfaces of the valve in one speces of Pecilasma. The development is carried a step further in other species of that genus, for in those the scutum is definitely split into two pieces. Peduncle.—This is about three times the length of the capitulum, and in its upper part, just below the line of junction, it is rather wider than the capitulum, It is com- posed of ten rows of smooth calcareous scales, five on each side, forming a most beautiful loricated structure, sharply pointed at its lower extremity. There are as many as tweuty- seven scales in a row in one of the specimens from Kausas, but the number naturally depends on the size and age of the individuals (see immature example depicted on PI. LV. fig. 1A). The summit of the peduncle is usually somewhat obliquely truncated, being lowest at the rostral end ; this is the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. i no doubt due, in some measure, to additional scales being first formed below the carinal and upper lateral valves (sce under Growth, p. 77), but also to allow sufficient room for the animal's body. Of the five rows of scales the three inner series are com- posed of nearly equal scales, much elongate transversely, and are about as wide as the carinal-latus, upper latus, and scutum, below which valves they are situated, so that the lines of junction of the peduncular scales correspond more or less with those of the capitular plates mentioned. The scales are closely imbricating,-the middle series intersecting those on either side ; and those two series are again in turn intersected by the outer subcarinal and subscutal scales, which are in line with the middle series; the much smaller outer scales simply meet those on the opposite side of the shell and do not overlap or intersect them in any way. Consequent on this arrangement of the peduncular scales, alternate whorls are formed, one being composed of the large median plates and the small outer subcarinal and subscutal scales, making in all six rows ; and above and below whorls are formed of the two large lateral plates, making four rows. The structure and relationship to each other of the peduncle-scales, both of the inner and outer surface, is well shown in the specimens depicted in fig. 2 of Plates III. & IV. The Shell when complete—While Darwin erroneously thought that the shell in this genus had a keeled carina and rostrum, he was of the opinion that the lateral valves of the capitulum, as well as the plates of the peduncle, must have been present on both sides of the shell. With regard to the lateral capitular valves, excepting the carina, decisive proof of their paired nature has been given by Whiteaves, for in the holotype of S. canadensis (1889, p- 190, pl. xxvi. figs. 4, 4a) the upper lateral series of valves has been either partially or completely broken away, showing underneath the inner surface of the seutum, upper latus, tergum, and carinal latus. In other specimens figured by Fritsch (1887) and H. Woodward (1908) slight displacement of the valves has shown the inner surface of an underlying scutum. It is therefore certain that the whole of the capitular valves were paired, for, in addition to the lateral valves, the valves homologous with the carina can be shown to be paired, not only in S. pulchellum, but in S. haworthi. The split carina is very clearly shown in the specimen de- scribed as S. macadami, for fortunately a slight displacement of the upper plate shows part of the inner surface of the opposing plate along its entire outer margin: it is a pity that 76 Mr. T. H. Withers on the specimen arrived too late for illustration in this paper, for it shows this character more readily than in the specimen originally figured as S. darwini or in S, haworthi. As to the peduncular plates, the only evidence so far given of an opposing series is that the under row of subscutal plates are to be seen projecting from beneath the upper row in the figured example of S. pulchellum (P|. III. fig. 2). One or two of the subcarinal plates can also be seen projecting from beneath the upper series in the same specimen. Dr. Woodward had the chalk removed from beneath that specimen, and did not find any evidence of an opposing series of the three median rows of peduncle-plates. He thereupon suggested that they were not developed on the under side of the peduncle, which was attached to the shell of the ammonite along the margins of the under row of subscutal and carinal plates. When comparing 8S. expansum with S, pulchellum (Withers, 1911, p. 29), attention was incidentally drawn to the fact that certain of the specimens figured by Fritsch and of those described by Woodward, some had the scutum on the right hand and others on the left (see also Pls. III. & IV.). While it was probable from this that the whole of the peduncular plates were developed on both sides of the shell, it was not conclusive proof, since it might have been quite accidental which side of the shell was developed uppermost, in thie same way that certain lobsters have the “crushing chela” developed on the right side and others on the left. The case of the cirripede Verruca might also have been mentioned, for in that genus it seems to be quite a chance whether the moyable scutum and tergum are developed on the right or left side of the shell. A detailed examination of one of the specimens described as S. darwini (Pl. III. fig. 1A), not figured by Dr. H. Woodward, was rewarded by the discovery that the plates of the peduncle were actually present on both sides. Some of the subcarinal and carino-lateral plates of the peduncle were broken away near the base of the capitulum, and althongh nothing but chalk appeared to be there, removal of tlie chalk revealed the presence of the inner surface of the opposing plates of the subcarinal and carino-lateral series. Further evidence is afforded by the example of S. haworthi (Pl. IV. fig. 2), for, although it represents one side of an almost entire shell showing its inner surface, there are in many places preserved im situ the peduncular plates of the other side of the shell, especially the series of the carino- lateral plates. Taken together these two specimens conclu- the Cirripede Genus Stramentum, 77 sively prove that the shell of Stramentum was composed of ten vertical series of plates, five on each side of the shell. Since there were no keeled plates to the capitulum, and the subcarinal and subscutal plates of the peduncle did not intersect or overlap each other, the shell could be readily divided along the median line thus formed without destroying any one plate. This is exemplified by the fact that on the two slabs of chalk from Kansas on which about thirty individuals are preserved, no less than twenty-eight of them consist of one side of the shell more or less complete, and show the inner surface. The other side of these shells was probably on the counterpart of the slab, or had floated away after the death of the animal and decomposition of the soft parts. In individual cases one side of the shell might easily be torn away by some animal, as suggested by Darwin. Growth.—New scales of the peduncle are apparently first formed round its summit towards its carinal end, for, as pointed out by Darwin, there is in the holotype of S. pul- chellum one more scale under the second latus and oue more under the first latus than under the scutum. In the figured specimen referred to S. darwint by Dr. Woodward, there appears to be two more scales in both the series than in that uuder the scutum. One very young example of S. haworthi is here figured (Pl. IV. fig. 1 A), measuring 4°2 mm. in length and consisting of twelve plates only to its nearly complete peduncle. Attachment.—Darwin was of the opinion that in this genus the attachment was probably by one lateral face of the lower part of the peduncle, and was effected either by the overflow of the cementing material from the two central original orifices or by cement poured out of orifices situated on one side of the peduncle. He found no difficulty in the peduncle ending in so fine a point, for he stated that in Scalpellum vulgare the peduncle, when carefully dissected from the coralline to which it is attached, is often found to end in a much finer point and to be symmetrically attached to the branch by its narrow rostral margin. Dr. H. Woodward (1908, pp. 498 et seg.), however, con- sidered that the peduncle was attached along the whole extent of the subscutal and subcarinal scales, and that the mode of growth of Stramentum was always prone. He concluded, since Darwin mentioned that S. pulchellum was found “‘embedded outside the cast of an ammonite,” that “he did not quiie realize it was adhering to the shell and parasitic upon the ammonite, as Coronula balanaris attaches itself to the skin of the whale, and Chelonibia tesludinaria aud 78 Mr. Tl. H. Withers on C. caretta affix themselves to the surface of the turtle to- day.” Although many specimens have been found attached to ammonites, in no case am I aware that they are attached to the actual shell, the ammonite being represented by a chalk- cast. Whatever the mode of attachment, it cannot be said to be truly comparable to the mode of attachment of Coronula or Chelonibia. Tomy mind it is more probable that the shell of Stramentum was attached only by the extremity of its peduncle, and was pressed against the side of the ammonite during fossilization. While the Kansas examples of Stramenium haworthi on the two slabs in the Geological Department of the British Museum appear to have been attached to a strap- like organism, of which only a stain remains, the type was said by Logan to be attached to a shell of Ostrea congesta by the extremity of its peduncle. Dr. H. Woodward appears to have doubted this, but there is a photograph of the type exhibited with the above-mentioned slabs in the British Museum, and this conclusively shows that that specimen, at any rate, was so attached. Comparison with other Genera and Phylogenetic Position. The structure of Stramentum as now revealed by the new material certainly shows it to be more anomalous than was thought. So far as our knowledge goes, it differs from all other cirripedes, both recent and fossil, in that all the valves of the capitulum are paired, and that the outermost or sub- carinal and subscutal rows of peduncular plates do not overlap or intersect each other. The shell could therefore readily be divided along the sutures formed along the carinal and scutal margins. It further differs from all recent cirripedes in the marked disparity in size of the lateral plates of the peduncle as compared with those of the subscutal and subcarinal series. ‘There appears to be a similar disposition of the peduncular plates in the Cretaceous genera Sguama(Senonian) and Loriculina (Senonian). How far these genera are related" it is difficult to say, for we know so little of their precise structure. Further investiga- tion may prove Loriculina to be congeneric with Slramentum, for the presence of a comparatively large rostrum in the figure of the genotype may not be substantiated. Squama, which is so far confined to the Kansas chalk and occurs ata slightly lower horizon than Stramentum haworthi, is known only from the inadequate figures and descriptions of Logan, When the precise structure of the genus is known it will the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 79 probably be found to be quite as interesting as Stramentum. In addition to the valves known in the capitulum of Stra- mentum, Squama is said to possess a rostrum, subrostrum, and subcarina, but whether these latter valves are keeled or whether they have the same structure as the carina in Stramentum is not known. Stramentum is known in the Cenomanian only by one specimen from Syria, but is comparatively common in the Turonian of Europe. It lingers on to the Senonian in Europe, but is exceedingly rare, while in the Senonian Kansas Chalk of America it is common. We have, there- fore, to look in the earlier Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic rocks for the ancestors of Stramentum. By some authors Stramentum is considered to be a derivative from the Ju- rassic genus Archeolepas, but it must not be overlooked that that genus is not entirely confined to the Jurassic, since one or two species range into the Lower Cretaceous. Archeolepas has a capitulum of six plates only, consisting of paired scuta, paired terga, and a carina and rostrum of the type seen in the Scalpellide (Scillelepas), although the carina is much reduced in size. The earliest form, namely, the genotype Archeolepas redtenbacheri, is known to me only by figures, which would appear to be unreliable, since they differ in the number of vertical rows of pedun- cular plates. Zittel’s figure is probably more correct and shows five rows, and the disposition of the plates resembles that of Stramentum more than any other form of cirripede. There is a close resemblance in the shell of Archeolepas (A. redtenbacheri) to that of Stramentum, and a further point in common is the reduced carina. The general structure of the shell of that early form of Archeo- lepas also points to the probability that, as in Stramentum, the greater part of the animal’s body was lodged in the peduncle. In this connexion it is interesting that a much more definite peduncle is developed in the Portlandian species Pollicipes royeri, which is undoubtedly an Archeo- lepas; and in the Cretaceous (Neocomian) Archeolepas decora, the peduncle is well defined and almost twice as long as the capitulum. ‘There appears, therefore, to be some relation in Archeolepas betweeu the geological age of the form and the degree of differentiation of the peduncle from the capitulum. It might well be that Archeolepas and Stramentum were originally derived from the same stock, but the two forms were certainly well differentiated in the Cretaceous. Archeo- lepas evidently developed into a form with a well-defined peduncle, and there is no doubt that it represents one of the s0 Mr. T. H. Withers on ancestors of the Scalpellidse. Stramentum, on the other hand, constitutes a highly specialized and aberrant form. Instead of developing a definite peduncle, it specialized in the disposition and arrangement of its plates to form a completely armoured shell. When attached to its object, usually an ammonite, the cirri would not have nearly so much sweep and freedom of movement as in a peduncn- late form. The subsequent splitting of the carina, and the non-intersection or overlap of the plates along the outer margins of the shell, was no doubt evolved to cbtain that freedom of movement, and this specialization, while giving a temporary advantage, probably led to its extinction under changing conditions; and the fact that the two sides of the shell were so easily parted would render it especially vulner- able to its enemies. Prof. Gruvel (1905), who has been followed by later authors, has a different conception of the phylogenetic position of Stramentum (=Loricula). He considers that the first remains of cirripedes are represented by the fossils Turrilepas, H. Woodward, aud Plumulites, Barrande, and that those fossils constitute the complete imbricated covering of a primitive cirripede. The animal may be said to have been enclosed in a scaly cylinder, which afforded protection to the appendages and soft parts. He considered that later the upper row of plates were more specially developed to form the capitulum and that the remaining rows remained undifferentiated and served to form the peduncle. Loricula is supposed to represent this second stage, and Prof. Gruvel has given some very convincing figures, which have been reproduced in the text-books, as to the structural relation- ship of those two forms. He does not refer at all to Archeo- lepas or any other Jurassic cirripede. Apart from the fact that Turrilepas may not be a cirripede, it is quite clear that Prof. Gruvel has misunderstood the structure of the example of 7. wrightianus figured by Dr. H. Woodward, and on which he based his figure. Instead of Turrilepas having a laterally flattened shell with five rows of plates on either side as given in Gruvel’s figure (see text-fig. la, 6), the shell is subtriangular in- transverse section (see text-fig. 1 a’) and there are four rows of plates only. In fact, the real structure of the two forms is so fundamentally different that it is difficult to imagine that there can be any relationship between them. While it is difficult therefore to see how Turrilepas could give rise to a form like Loricula (text-fig. 2), there is little doubt that certain of the stalked cirripedes were evolved the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 81 from other cirripedes in which the capitulum and peduncle were not well defined. This is borne out not only by the postlarval development of certain recent pedunculate cirri- pedes, but by the forms of Archeolepas. Such a modification was no doubt independently developed in other lines of Fig. 1.—Turrilepas wrightianus, H. Woodward. a, shell viewed from back and left side. a’, transverse section of shell: m, median ers ; J, lateral plates. 0, portion cf shell enlarged. (Figs. a, , after Gruvel ; a’, after Withers.) Fig, 2.—Stramentum pulchellum, G. B, Sowerby, Jun., sp., showing mode of imbrication of peduncularscales. (After Gruvel.) C.,carinal scales; C.L., carino-lateral scales; L., lateral scales; R.L., rostro-lateral scales; R., rostral scales. descent. Having arrived at the pedunculated stage, several forms have independently reduced the peduncle and even- tually assumed the sessile condition. This has been shown in the case of the Verrucidz, and there can be no doubt that Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 6 82 Mr. T. H. Withers on the Balanidz have reached the sessile condition by another route. In conclusion, I wish to thank Dr. F. A. Bather, Dr. W. T. Calman, and Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole for assistance in connection with this paper. LirERATURE. Dames, W. 1878. “Usber eine neue Art der Cirripeden-Gattun Loricula aus den Kreide-ablagerungen des Libanon.” Sitz, Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, pp. 70-74. ¥ ——. 1885. “ Ueber Loriculina noetlingi, nov. spec., yon Sahel Alma vom Libanon.” Sitz. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, No. 8, pp. 151-155, Darwin, C. 1851. ‘A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadide, or, Pedun- culated Cirripedes of Great Britain.’ Paleontographical Society, London, pp. vi, 88, with 5 pls. —. 1854. ‘A Monograph on the Subclass Cirripedia, the Balanida, Synopsis et Index Systematicus.’ Ray Soc., London, pp. 684, with 30 pls. Fritscu, A. 1877. “Studien im Gebiete der Béhmischen Kreide- formation.—II. Die Weissenberger und Malnitzer Schichten.” Arch. naturw. Landesd. Bohmen, Prague, iv. 151 pp. —. 1889. “Studien im Gebiete der Bihmischen Kreideforma- tion.—IV. Die Teplitzer Schichten.” Arch. naturw. Landesd, Bohmen, Prague, vii. 120 pp. Fritscu, A. J., and Karka, J. 1887. ‘Die Crustaceen der Boéh- mischen Kreideformation.’ Prag, 4to; pp. 53, 10 pls. col., text-illust. GruveL, A. 1905. ‘Monographie des Cirripédes ou Thécostraces.’ Pp. xii [iv], 472, text-illust. 8vo. Paris, [1904]. JoLEAup, A, 1913. “Séries longitudinales et séries transversales de plaques dans les Cirrhipédes primitifs et dans les Cirrhipédes pédonculés, Simplification de la nomenclature. L’évolution dans le genre Loricula.” Paris C. R. Soe. Biol., Tom. lxxiv. pp. 58-60. —. 1913. “Le capitule dans le genre Pollicipes, Aflinités de Pollicipes avec Archeolepas et de Mitella ayec Loricula.” Paris C. R. Soc. Biol., Tom. Ixxiv. pp. 420-422. ——. 1916. “Essai sur l’évolution générale et la classification des Cirripédes primitifs et pédonculés pourvus de plaques calcaires.” Ann. Mus, d’Hist, Nat. Marseille, Tom. xy. Mem. No. 5, pp. 55, pls. 5-8, text-figs, Karka, J. 1886. “ Prispevek ku poznani cirripedu ceského fitvaru kridového,” Sitz. Ber. k. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. Prag (1885), pp- 554-81, pls. i.-iii. Logan, W. N. 1897. “Some new Cirriped Crustaceans from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas.” Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vi. pp. 187-189. ——. 1898. “The Invertebrates of the Benton, Niobrara, and Ft. Pierre Cretaceous.—Pt, VIII.” Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, iv., Paleonto- logy; pt. i. pp. 483-518, pls. lxxxvi.-exx. MacApam, J. 1858, “On a new fossil Cirripede [with Description of the Fossil, by Prof. Wyville Thomson]}.’ Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser, 3, vol. i. pp. 821-325, text-tig. the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 83 Morris, J. 1854, ‘A Catalogue of British Fossils . , . with references to their Geological Distribution and to the Localities in which they have been found.’ 8vo, London, 2nd ed, ete., pp. viii, 372. Pusspry, H. A. 1916, “The Sessile Barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the Collections of the U.S. National Museum; including a Monograph of the American Species.” Bulletin 93, United States National Museum, pp. xii, 366, 76 pls., 99 text-figs. Sarrer, J. W., and Woopwarp, H. 1865. ‘A Descriptive Catalogue of all the Genera and Species contained in the accompanying Chart of Fossil Crustacea, showing the Range in Time of the several Orders, with some recent types.’ London, 4to; pp. ii, 28, with pl. Sowersy, G. B., Jun. 1843. ‘Description of a new Fossil Cirripede from the Upper Chalk near Rochester.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.- (1) xii. pp. 260-1, tigs. 1, 2. Tuomson, Prot. WYVILLE (1858), see MacApam, J. (1858). Wuirraves, J. F. 1889, “On some Cretaceous Fossils from British Columbia, the North-West Territory and Manitoba.” Contrib. Canadian Paleontology, i. pt. il. pp. 151-196, pls. xx.-xxvi. Wituiston, 8S. W. 1897. ‘The Kansas Niobrara Cretaceous.” Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, ii. pp. 237-246, pl. xxxvi. Wirners, I’. H. 1911. “Some Cirripedes from the Chalk of Salisbury, Wilts.” Geol. Mag. dec. v. vol. viii. pp. 21-31, text-figs. 1-3. Woopwarp, H. 1877. ‘British Museum Catalogue of British Fossil * Crustacea, with their Synonyms and the Range in Time ot each Genus and Order.’ London, 8vo; pp. xii, 155, —. 1908. “On a large Cirripede belonging to the Genus Loricula, from the Middle Chalk (Turonian), Cuxton, near Rochester, Kent.” Geol. Mag. dec. v. vol. v. pp. 491-499, text-figs. 1, 2. —. 1908. “Additional Note on Lorieula.” Geol. Mag. dec. v. vol. v. p. 564. ZitTEL, K. A. von. 1884. “ Bemerkungen iiber einige fossile Lepaditen aus dem lithographischen Schiefer und der oberen Kreide.” Sitz. k.-bayr. Akad, Munich, xiy. Hft. iv. pp. 577-689, text-tigs. 1-6, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prater Of. Stramentum pulchellum, G. B. Sowerby, Jun., sp. Turonian (Rhynchonella cuviert-zone) : Cuxton, uear Kocuester, ent. Fig. 1. Remains of two individuals with the outer surface of the right side of the shell uppermost. A, represents an incomplete shell showing the greater part of a peduncle with the riyhé seutum (s) of the capituium in position, underneath which can just be seen the edge of the deft scutum (s'). The remaining capitular plates of the right side, as well as many of the subcarinal and carino- lateral scales of the upper part of the peduncle have been broken away, thus leaving exposed the inner surface of the left tergum (t'), deft carinal-latus (cl'), and about eight of the left carino- lateral scales (cls'), 1B, represents part of the right side of a peduncle, at the base of which can be seen the inner surtace of several scales of the /eft side of the shell. Circa x 2 diam, Fig. 2. An almost complete shell showing the outer surface of the left side. All the capitular plates—carina, carinal-latus, tergum, ie 84 Mr. R. E. Turner on upper latus, and scutum are present, and the inner surface of the right scutum (s) and that of many of the subscutal scales of the peduncle can be seen projecting from beneath the opposing series. Circa X 2 diam. (Figs. 1 and 2 represent the three syntypes of Loricula darwinit, H. Woodward, all three shells being much flattened transversely.) Fig. 3. A shell (the holotype of L. pulchella, G. B. Sowerby, Jun.) with the outer surface of the /eft side uppermost, and showing the scutum (s’), upper latus (w/’), and carinal-latus (c/'), the carina and tergum being absent from the capitulum. This shell has a much greater transverse convexity than those represented by figs. l and 2, Circa x 8 diam. PLATE LV. Stramentum haworthi, 8. W. Williston, cy Senonian (Niobrara series): Kansas, U.S.A. Fig. 1, Remains of two immature individuals. A, the right side of a shell with the inner surface uppermost, the carina only missing of the capitular valves, and the seutum (s) shows the adductor muscle-pit ; the peduncle has only twelve scales. B, the lower part of a peduncle with its inner surface exposed. C, capitular valves probably belonging to B, and consisting of the linear carina(c), the right carinal-latus (el), left upper latus showing inner surface, and paired scuta (s), the left seutum being broken and exposing the right scutwm beneath. Circa X 6 diam. Fig. 2, A fine example of a shell lying on its right side, and owing to the displacement of the capitular valves both the left and right valves can be seen, the right scutum (s) showing the adductor muscle-pit ; the peduncle in the main shows the inner surface of the three median series of scales of the right side of the shell, except that the whole of the left carino-lateral scales (cls') ; are present. Cirea x 4°5 diam. Fig. 3. A shell with the right side uppermost and showing the whole of the capitular valves, the carina (c) being somewhat incomplete. Circa X 4°5 diam. VII.—On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by R. Vitalis de Salvaza—lV. By Rowxanp E. Turnzr, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA, Family Tenthredinida. Subfamily Crarerorz. Clavellaria (Euclavellaria) marginata, sp. n. Q. Fusco-nigra; capite thoraceque obscure nigro-chalceis ; pro- podeo nigro-seneo, apice anguste ochraceo-fasciato; tergitis nigris, opacis, apice anguste ochraceo-fasciatis, sternito apicali Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 85 ochraceo; clypeo labroque luteis; genis, mandibulis, apice ex- cepto, antennis articulis quatuor basalibus, scutello, tibiis tarsis- que fusco-ferrugineis ; pronoto margine postico tegulisque ochra- ceis; alis subhyalinis, anticis basi et dimidio costali fortiter infuscatis, venis fuscis. Long. 15 mm. ?. Clypeus broad and transverse at the apex, not emar- ginate; labrum large, very broadly rounded at the apex. Antenne longer than the thorax, the third joint about three times as long as the fourth; fifth as long as the fourth, gradually thickened from the base, and very distinetly sepa- rated from the club; sixth joint nearly as broad at the apex as long, not fused into the club; the joints beyond the sixth fused together, about twice as long as broad. Front and vertex closely and finely punctured-rugose ; clypeus finely punctured and sparsely clothed with short black hairs ; vertical area longer than broad, the lateral grooves only distinct poste- riorly, Thorax finely and closely punctured-rugulose ; scu- tellum moderately convex, with a distinct but shallow median groove. Propodeum sparsely punctured, with a strongly raised longitudinal carina which is almost tuberculate at the base. Abdominal tergites opaque, very finely and closely punctured. Third transverse cubital nervure straight, the second oblique. Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May 25, 1916. This seems nearer to the Hast Siberian species C. gracilenta, Moes., and to the Formosan C. formosana, Ensl., than to the two species already described from Tonkin, but is very differently coloured. The club of the antenne is much more slender than in the HKuropean C. amerina, corresponding in this character with the other Oriental species. Abia vitalisi, sp. n. Q. Purpurea; mandibulis, palpis, antennis tarsisque nigris ; valvulis flavis ; alis flavis, anticis cellula cubitali apicali infus- cata ; venis testaceis, apice fuscis. Long. 14 mm. 2. Robust, the whole insect with short black hairs. Front and clypeus closely and finely punctured, vertex much more sparsely punctured, cheeks smooth and shining. Clypeus very feébly emarginate at the apex, almost transverse. Eyes strongly divergent towards the clypeus. Antenne seven- jointed, third joint slender, a little thickened towards the apex, twice as long as the fourth ; fourth and fifth joints subequal 86 Mr. R. E. Turner on in length, broadened from the base, the fifth about half as broad again at the apex as the fourth, the sixth joint shorter by one-third and half as broad again at the apex as the fifth, seventh joint very stout, nearly as long as the sixth. Vertex with a deep, broad, longitudinal depression reaching to the ocellar region; eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to about two-thirds of the length of the third joint of the flagellum. Mesonotum closely and finely punctured ; mesopleursas convex, rather more sparsely punctured; scu- tellum obliquely sloped anteriorly, closely punctured. Ab- domen robust, very closely punctured, the three basal seg- ments with a shallow longitudinal impressed line in the middle; all the segments strongly depressed at the base. Tarsal ungues shallowly bifid at the apex. Hab, Xieng Khouang, March 18, Described from three females, The fuscous cloud at the apex of the fore wing is very variable in extent, and in one specimen is wholly absent. The species bears a strong superficial resemblance to the Chinese species Athermantus imperialis, Sm., which belongs to the Argine. Subfamily Arezz. Pampsilota euterpe, sp. n. @. Nigro-purpurea; antennis nigris; abdomine ochraceo, pro- podeo tergitisque secundo tertioque transverse nigro maculatis ; sternito apicali extremo apice nigro; alis fusco-violaccis, apice dilutioribus ; venis nigris. Long. 12 mm. ?. Clypeus shallowly emarginate at the apex, minutely punctured and sparsely clothed with black hairs; frontal sulcus deep and broad, with strong lateral carine. Antenne a little longer than the thorax, elothed with very short black hairs, the third joint thickened to the apex, below with two longitudinal caring, above rounded and without distinct carine. Vertieal area very short and broad, not distinctly defined laterally. Head and thorax shining, almost smooth, the punctures microscopic; the dorsal surface of the thorax clothed with extremely short black hairs; the thorax much broader than the very small head. Abdomen broad, smooth, the vagina short and stout. Wings ample; the third abscissa of the radius about equal to the first and second combined ; third transverse cubital nervure rather feebly Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera, 87 curved outwards above the middle ; second recurrent nervure interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure. Hab. Chapra, Tonkin, May 7-21, 1916. Differs from the other Oriental species of the genus in the colour of thorax. The black marks on the basal tergites are not constant. Subfamily Tewrurepryiv 2. Tribe SELANDRIADES., Selandria ceruleiceps, Cam. Selandria ceruleiceps, Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. xiii. p. 45 (1899). 9. Four males from Hanoi, taken in April, differ from the description of the females in having the legs entirely whitish, the base of the coxe only black, and the tarsi infuscate at the apex. It is possible that these represent a distinct species, but as the difference may only be sexual, I do not think it would be justifiable to treat them as distinct. The costa is thickened before the stigma, so I follow Cameron in placing the species in Selandria, and not transferring it to Stromboceros, as is done by Konow. Tuxonus varicolor, sp. n. @. Nigra; antennis articulis 5 apicalibus, quinto basi infuscato, labro, pronoto, scutello, postscutello maculis tribus parvis, macu- laque parva sub alis albis; propodeo, segmentis abdominalibus duobus basalibus pedibusque rufo-testaceis; tibiis posticis apice extremo, metatarsisque posticis, apice excepto, nigris; tarsis posticis, basi nigris, luteis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate basi luteo-maculato ; alis posticis cellulis medianis clausis nullis. Long. 9 mm. ?. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex; head closely and strongly punctured, not narrowed behind the eyes; vertical area broader than long posteriorly, narrowed ante- riorly, a smooth shining space on each side of the area. An- tenne shorter than the abdomen, slender, third joint scarcely longer than the fourth, more than half as long again as the fifth, which is as long as the three apical joints combined. Mesothorax rather closely punctured; scutellum flattened, shining, and very sparsely punctured, Hind coxe broad and long, closely punctured, the hind femora reaching to the apex of the abdomen ; hind metatarsus stout, as long as the four apical tarsal joints combined. Second recurrent nervure 88 Mr. R. E. Turner on received just beyond the second transverse cubital nervare ; the transverse nervure of the humeral cell very long and strongly oblique. Hab. Hué, Annam, February 1915; 1 9. This belongs to the section of the genus in which the eubi- tellan and discoidellan cells are not closed, the intercubitella aud recurrentella being absent. The truncate clypeus and the lengthened hind coxee are unusual in the genus. In the former character it resembles 7. rufobalteatus, Cam., described us a Siobla, which seems to be its nearest relation. Beleses atrofemoratus, sp. n. Q@. Testacea; antennis articulis 2-4, mandibulis apice, femoribus posticis, tibiis posticis apice, tarsis posticis, maculaque inter ocellos nigris; tergitis 5-7 in medio infuscatis; alis flavo- hyalinis, tertio apicali leviter infuscatis, stigmate basi flavo, apice nigro. Long. 10 mm. ?..Mandibles broad, bidentate ; clypeus short, minutely punctured, very feebly emarginate at the apex, almost trans- verse. Head closely and rather strongly punctured, not narrowed behind the eyes ; vertical area a little broader than long, the lateral grooves well defined. Antenne tapering to the apex, densely clothed with short hairs, the third and fourth joints subequal. Pubescence of the head and thorax blackish. Thorax sparsely and finely punctured, mucli more closely and coarsely on the mesopleurss than on the dorsal surface. Abdomen smooth and shining. Hind metatarsus distinctly less than twice as long as the four apical joints of the hind tarsus combined, the fourth joint asymmetrical, scarcely half as longas the third ; tarsal ungues bifid. Hind wing with a closed median cell, but without a closed cubital cell. The basal nervure of the fore wing reaches the costa at the point of origin of the cubitus. Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, June; Thatom, Laos, September 1915. Easily distinguished from B. stigmaticalis, Cam., and B. fulvus, Cam., by the black hind femora, Tribe TENTHREDINES. Siobla maxima, sp. n. 9. Fulva; celypeo labroque flavis; mandibulis apice, mesonoto lateribus maculayue magna triangulari antice, mesosterno, pro- podeoque in medio nigris; tergitis apicalibus in medio swpe in- Indo-Chinese [ymenoptera. 89 fuseatis; alis flavo-hyalinis, anticis apice leviter infuscatis, venis nigris, Long. 17 mm. 9. Clypeus finely punctured, transverse at the apex, labrum broadly rounded and sparsely covered with pale hairs. Head punctured-rugose, a little swollen behind the eyes ; vertical area broader than long, the lateral furrows distinct. Eyes very distinctly convergent towards the clypeus. An- tennee nine-jointed ; fourth ‘and fifth joints subequal, com- bined about equal in length to the third. Thorax rather closely punctured ; scutellum strongly convex, obliquely sloped from the base, rather abruptly truncate posteriorly. Propodenm with a longitudinal carina in the middle at the base; the basal tergites smooth, the fourth and two following tergites rather closely punctured on the sides. Hind coxze rather long ; hind femora stout, scarcely reaching to the apex of the abdomen ; joints’ of the hind tarsi distinctly arcuate beneath, the hind metatarsus about equal in length to the four apical tarsal joints combined ; tarsal ungues strongly bifid. Humeral cell divided far beyond the middle by a strongly oblique nervure ; basal nervure half as far from the base of the cubitus as that is from the base of the radius. Hab, Chapa, Tonkin, May and June 1916. This is congeneric with Szobla mooreana, Cam., the type of Siobla, which belongs to the Tenthredinine, and is allied to Macrophya, though well distinguished by the oblique dividing nervure of the humeral cell. The genus is identical with Enearsioneura, Konow, which must sink. Colochelyna fulva, sp. n. Q. Fulvo-ochracea ; flagello, articulis primo toto secundoque basi exceptis, tibiisque tarsisque posticis nigris; mandibulis flavis, apice nigris ; clypeo, labro, propodeo, tibiisque tarsisque anticis intermediisque flavis; alis flavis, venis fulvis, Long. 17 mm. 9. Head narrower than the thorax; clypeus broadly truncate at the apex; eyes converging moderately towards the clypeus, very narrowly separated from the base of the mandibles ; third joint of the antenne nearly as long as the three following joints combined, the joints beyond the fourth gradually decreasing i in length ; vertical area half as broad again as long. Head and thorax closely punctured and clothed with very short golden hairs; the vertical area divided by a low longitudinal carina ; scutellum strongly 90 Mr. R. E. Turner on convex, subconical ; propodeum smooth and shining, with a median longitudinal carina; abdomen very closely and minutely punctured ; mesopleurze swollen below, but not tuberculate ; vagina strongly exserted. Humeral cell of the fore wing divided beyond the middle by an almost perpen- dicular feebly curved nervure. Third abscissa of the radius twice as long as the second. Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May 27,1916; 1 @?. ' This is nearly allied to C. magrettii, Konow, which occurs in the same locality, but differs in the much paler colouring of the thorax and abdomen ; in the longitudinal carina of the propodeum, which almost reaches the apex, but in magrettii is only represented by a tubercle at the base; in the less strongly swollen mesopleurze, and in the black antennz and hind tibiae: and tarsi. Tenthredella vitalisi, sp. n. ©. Ochracea; mandibulis apice, antennis, tibiisque tarsisque posticis nigris; mandibulis, clypeo labroque flavis; alis flavis, apice late fuscis; scutello mesopleurisque infra tuberculatis, 3. Femine similis. Long., 2? 15 mm., ¢ 14 mm. ?. Clypeus emarginate ; labrum long, narrowly rounded at the apex and sparsely punctured. Eyes converging toward the clypeus ; antenne clothed with very short black hairs, the third joint about one-quarter longer than the fourth; frontal sulcus with strongly raised lateral carine which are raised into rounded tubercles above the base of the antennze, and extend posteriorly to the hind ocelli; vertical area broader posteriorly than long, but as long as the ante- rior breadth, finely and closely punctured and divided by a very shallow longitudinal groove. ‘Thorax finely and closely punctured; scutellum raised into a conical tubercle; the mesopleuree produced into a large blunt tubercle below, very distinctly carinate behind the tubercle; mesosternum with an acute tubercle on each side before the intermediate coxe. The fuscous border of the fore wing reaches te the apex of the stigma. Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May 27, 1916; 1 ¢. Tong King, Haut Mékong, April 13, 1918; 1 ¢. This belongs to the group of 7. wanthoptera, Cam., and may be distinguished from other species of the group by the wholly black antenna and the wholly ochraceous abdomen. a=) — Indo- Chinese [Tymenoptera. Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA. Family Braconide. Subfamily Braconry. Medinoschiza laosensis, sp. n. Q. Nigra; capite, thorace, pedibus anticis intermediisque, tibiisque tarsisque posticis testaceis; antennis, mandibulis apice, meso- notoque antice lateribusque nigris; alis flavis, apice leviter infumatis, macula magna ante stigmatis basin fusca. Long. 14 mm., terebre long. 13 mm.; antennarum, long. 11 mm., 65-articulatis, @. Head large, cubical; eyes oval, temples as broad as the eyes ; cheeks long, more than half as long as the eyes, slightly concave. Face sparsely and rather finely punetured, sparsely clothed with long brown hairs; vertex and front smooth and shining, the front between the anterior ocellus and the base of the antennz rather deeply excavated, the concave area not reaching the eyes. ‘Thorax smooth and shining ; notauli narrow but distinct ; scutellum not separated by a groove from the mesonotum. Median segment shining ; with a few small scattered punctures, each bearing a black hair; the sides of the segment and the hind coxze more closely punctured. First tergite about half as long again as broad, the marginal lateral carine very strong, the longi- tudinal lateral grooves transversely rugulose; the raised median portion with two longitudinal carine, the space between them smooth and shining, the space between them and the lateral grooves longitudinally rugulose. Second tergite broadened from the base, twice as broad at the apex as long, irregularly obliquely striated ; with a large, smooth, and shining diamond-shaped basal area, from the apex of which a carina runs to the apex of the segment; second suture strongly crenulate ; tergites 3-5 smooth and shining, the basal angles of the third with an area separated from the rest of the tergite by a shallow groove. The apical tergites testaceous brown, microscopically punctured, and sparsely clothed with fulvous hairs. Hypopygium pointed, projecting beyond the apical tergite ; valvule clothed with very short hairs. Legs densely clothed with short hairs; hind meta- tarsus as long as the three following joints combined ; calearia short, about one-quarter of the length of the hind metatarsus. Radius originating at one-third from the base of the stigma; second abscissa of the radius very long, longer than the third ; recurrent nervure interstitial, nervulus very slightly 92 Mr. R. E. Turner on postfureal. The fuscous spot on the fore wing occupies the base of the first cubital cell and the upper basal portion of the first discoidal cell. Hab. Xieng Khouang, Laos, May 13, 1919. Closely related to the type of this genus, IZ. cratocephala, Cam., from the Solomons, though very different in colour. The form of the head and the distinctly postfureal nervulus seem to be the chief characters dividing the genus frem Tpobracon, to which it is very close. Medinoschiza excerpta, sp. n. ?. Very similar to I. laosensis, but is less robust; the wings are without a fuscous mark; the hind legs and the apical tergites wholly black; the third tergite coarsely rugose on the sides, and the sculpture on the two basal tergites closer. Long. 11 mm. ; terebree, long. 11 mm. Hab. Tonkin, May 1917. I think the colour-differences, combined with the differences in the sculpture of the abdomen, are sufficient to separate this from /aosensis; but the range of variation in the family is still little understood. Chaoilta intrudens, Sm., subsp. nigriscapis, nov. ?. Differs from the typical form from Celebes in having the scape entirely black. Hab. Muong You, Luang Prabang, May 25,1919; 19¢. Not recorded from any intermediate locality. Subfamily Hxyoruxoryz. Spinaria attenuata, Westw. Spinaria attenuata, Westw. Tijdschr. f. Entom, xxv. p. 30 (1882). 9. Subsp. flavostigma, nov. 9. Differs from the typical form from Borneo in having the stigma entirely clear yellow, and a large yellow patch below the stigma occupying the whole of the first cubital cell excepting the extreme base. Hab. Luang Prabang, September 15, 1917. Subfamily Raoeaprvz. Megarhogas indochinensis, sp. n. Q. Testacea; pedibus anticis intermediisque palpisque pallide Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 93 flavo-testaceis ; alis hyalinis, anticis in medio hic illic fusco leviter suffusis, venis flavo-testaceis; stigmate magno, dimidio basali piceo, dimidio apicali pallide flavo. Long. 12 mm.; antennarum long. 16 mm, 9. Eyes large and prominent, widely emarginate in the middle of the inner orbits; ocelli large, narrowly separated from each other ; vertex short, narrowed rapidly behind the eyes, the occipital carina feebly arched. Vertex smooth and shining, face closely and rather finely punctured, raised along the median line, cheeks very short ; antenne very long and slender, about 83-jointed ; maxillary palpi very long and slender. Notauli deep, minutely crenulate, the mesonotum finely and eloscly punctured, mesopleure rather sparsely punctured. Median segment with a distinct median carina and several lower transverse caring on each side, an irregular undulating carina on the lateral margin of the dorsal surface ; the sides of the segment finely rugulose, with short strong striz above. Abdomen finely longitudinally rugulose on the dorsal surface, subpetiolate, the two basal tergites with a strong median longitudinal carina ; first tergite broadened from the base, three times as long as its apical breadth, the spiracles situated at about two-fifths from the base, the apical angles produced into a very distinct tubercle on each side ; second tergite about twice as long as its apical breadth, about three-quarters of the length of the first segment, second suture strongly crenulate ; third tergite as broad at the apex as long, very little more than half as long as the second; fourth and fifth tergites the broadest ; terebra very short. Hind calcaria short and curved, shorter than the fourth joint of the hind tarsi. Radius in hind wing strongly upcurved in the middle ; first transverse cubital nervure meeting the cubitus at right angles; second abscissa of the radius long, strongly swollen at the base, and distinctly curved on the basal third. - Hab. Muong You, Luang Prabang, November 13; 1 2. Very nearly related to M. mindanaensis, Baker, but seems to be paler in colour, the first tergite seems to be somewhat more slender, tlere is no median carina on the third tergite in the present species, and the hind calcaria seem to be some- what shorter. Troporhogas, Cam. (1905), must, I think, sink as a synonym of this genus. Subfamily Macroceyrrinaz. Macrocentrus tricoloratus, sp. n. 9. Nigra; mandibulis, apice excepto, palpis, clypeo, orbitis, pro- 94 Mr. R. E. Turner on thorace, tegulis, mesopleuris postice, segmento mediano lateribus, sternitis tribus basalibus, pedibus anticis intermediisque tarsisque posticis pallide flavis; antennis articulis octavo sequentibusque pallide testaceis ; tergitis duobus basalibus, tertio dimidio basali, terebra, pedibusque posticis ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, irides- centibus, venis nigris, stigmate dimidio basali sordide flavo. Long. 9 mm, ; terebre long. 10 mm, ?. Antenne more than 45-jointed, the extremity broken, third joint long, at least as long as the third joint of the maxillary palpi, more than half as long again as the scape. Face broad, finely punctured ; eyes parallel; posterior ocelli separated from the eyes by a distance distinctly greater than their diameter. Mesonotum smooth and shining; notauli deep and crenulate ; the depressed portion of the mesonotum behind the median lobe irregularly transversely striated. Scutellum sparsely punctured ; median segment rugose- reticulate ; pleure shining, sparsely punctured. Abdomen slender, longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined, inserted higher thau the hind coxe ; the three basal tergites very finely and closely longitudinally striated ; the third at the apex and the following segments very dis- tinctly and rather closely punctured, and sparsely clothed with short grey hairs ; first tergite about half as long again as the second, very little broader at the apex than at the base; second tergite twice as long as broad ; third longer than broad ; fourth broader than long. Valvule clothed sparsely with short black hairs. Second abscissa of the radius twice ag long as the first ; second transverse cubital nervure scarcely more than half as long as the first abscissa of the radius. Nervulus slightly postfureal. Hab. Xieng Khouang, Laos, April 19, 1919. Superfamily VESPOIDEA. Family Psammocharidae. Cryptochilus auranticornis, sp. n, Q. Nigra; nigro-pilosa; antennis aurantiacis; tibiis tarsisque brunneo-ferrugineis ; mandibulis in medio, clypeo macula basali, orbitisque fusco-ferrugineis ; alis flavis, basi ad nervulam basalem infuscatis, apice extremo leviter infuscatis; venis fulvis, basi nigris. Long. 32 mm, ?. Clypeus finely shagreened, with a few large setigerous” punctures, broadly truncate at the apex. Antennal tubercles Indo- Chinese [ymenoptera. 95 prominent, rounded ; antennz long, slender at the apex, second joint of the flagellum more than twice as long as the scape. Front finely transversely rugulose, with a shallow median sulcus reaching to the anterior ocellus, vertex micro- scopically punctured. Head and thorax clothed with black hairs ; pronotum widely arched posteriorly, the arch not angled in the middle; scutellum rather strongly convex. Median segment transversely striate ; the strice moderately coarse, but not much elevated, a low blunt tubercle on each side near the basal angles ; the posterior slope gradual, not sharply divided from the dorsal surface. Abdomen shining, clothed with minute, close-lying, black hairs; the apical tergite densely clothed with long, stout, dark hairs. Legs long, length of hind tibia 11 mm., of hind metatarsus 8 mm. ; hind tibia serrate, tarsal ungues unidentate. Second abscissa of the radius nearly as long as the third ; first recurrent nervure received very distinctly before the second transverse cubital nervure ; second just beyond one-third from the base of the third cubital cell. Hab. Than Moi, Tonkin, June 20, 1917; 1 92. This closely resembles superficially Hemitpepsis sycophanta, Grib., but is a more slender insect and belongs to a different genus. ‘Throughout the larger Psammocharid these super- ficial resemblances between species of different genera from the same locality are common. Whether the tarsal ungues of the male of this species are unidentate or bifid remains to be seen, Cryptochilus fulvus, sp. n. Q. Nigra; capite, prothorace, mesonoto, scutello, postscutello, abdomine segmentis tertio apice, quarto, quinto, sextoque, pedi- busque aurantiacis; coxis intermediis posticisque nigris; alis flavis, margine apicali anguste fuscis ; unguiculis unidentatis. ¢. Femine similis; fronte, coxis anticis, trochanteribus, femori- busque intermediis posticisque basi nigris; unguiculis bifidis. Long., 2 15-20, gd 13 mm. 9. Clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex; labrum broadly truneate. Frontal prominence well developed, forming a bilobed projection between the antenne ; second joint of the flagel um about half as long again as the scape. Pronotum with an indistinct longitudinal sulcus in the middle, broadly and shallowly arched posteriorly ; the head and dorsal surtace of the thorax rather sparsely clothed with short close- lying golden hairs. Median segment very closely trans- versely rugose-striate, truncate posteriorly, the posterior 96 Mr. R. E. Turner on truncation not sharply divided from the dorsal surface. Ab- domen shining, very finely coriaceous, with scattered punc- tures ; the apical segment densely clothed with coarse golden hairs. The transverse groove near the base of the second sternite is almost straight. Hind tibia strongly serrate. Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third, the first - and fourth about equal. First recurrent nervure received at about four-fifths from the base of the second cubital cell, second distinctly before the middle of the third cubital cell. Cubitus of the hind wing originating distinctly beyond the transverse median nervure. 6. Clypeus narrower than in the female, the eyes con- verging below, not parallel as in the female. Hind tibie spined, not serrate. Seventh tergite broadly subtruncate at the apex. Hab. Vien Than, May and June 1915; also from Mergui and Middle Tenasserim (Bingham). This is the species figured by Bingham (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895) as Sphex flava of Fabricius; but it does not correspond to the description, several of the apical segments being fulvous in this species, only one in flava. I feel confident that Dahlbom was right in his identification of flava after consulting the Fabrician collection. Probably the type was in that collection, as Fabricius makes no statement to the contrary. But Fabricius evidently had a very confused idea of his own species, as a specimen identified by him as flava in the Banksian collection is a female with bifid tarsal ungues, and from his description of a variety in Ent. Syst. I suspect that he has also confused Batozonus unifasciatus, Sm., with flava. Bingham, in ‘ Fauna of British India’ (1897), after examining the specimen labelled flava in the Banksian Collection, still regarded this species as an extreme variety of flava. But he cannot have noticed tle tarsal ungues. In the same work Bingham rightly sinks Priocnemis humberti- anus, Sauss., as a synonym of flava, though it is undoubtedly distinct from the specimen in the Bauksian Collection. As the matter stands, I consider we have three species which lave been confused by Bingham under flava :— 1. Cryptochilus flavus, Fabr. Sphex flava, Fabr, Syst. Ent. p. 352 (1775). Prioenemis flavus, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. p. 457 (1845). Priocnemis humbertianus, Sauss, Reise de Novara, Zool. ii. p. 63 (1867). Pd. In this species the tarsal ungues are unidentate in both sexes. Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 97 2. Cryptochilus falsus, sp. n. 3 Described above. ‘Tarsal ungues unidentate in the female, bifid in the male. 3. Cyphononyx peregrinus, Sm, ab. disjunctus, n. 2 3. Differs from the typical peregrinus in the colour of the wings, which are yellow, with a narrow apical fuscous margin, not fusco-violaceous entirely as in the typical form, The tarsal ungues are bifid in both sexes. This is the preva- lent form in Western India, but occurs with the typical form in Sikkim. I have taken it in Ceylon, and its range also extends to China and Pegu, though in Further India and the Indo-Malayan region the dark-winged form is dominant. The genitalia of a Western yellow-winged male differ slightly from those of a Burmese dark-winged male, but the difference is so slight that I do not think it would be justifiable to treat it as a separate species. ‘This is the Sphex flava of the Banksian Collection. Cryptosalius tonkinensis, sp. n. ®. Nigra; femoribus posticis ferrugineis, apice nigris; tergitis 4 basalibus fasciis utrinque apicalibus argenteo-sericeis ; alis fusco- hyalinis, venis fuscis. Long. 15 mm. @. Clypeus short and broad, truncate at the apex ;. labrum exposed, broadly truncate at the apex. Antennz_ stout, about as long as the head, thorax, and median segment com- bined, not tapering much to the apex, the second and third joints of the flagellum subequal. Front feebly convex, with a short impressed longitudinal line, which does not reach halfway to the anterior ocellus ; the frontal prominence above the antennee rather narrowly rounded at the apex. yes reaching to the base of the mandibles, temples obsolete. Head and thorax opaque, rather sparsely punctured, with very minute close punctures between the larger punctures. Pronotum short, no longer than the scutellum, rounded at the anterior angles, tle posterior margin very broadly and feebly arched. Median segment broader than long, obliquely sloped posteriorly, the apical half of the dorsal surface strongly transversely striate, a deep sulcus from base to apex, the basal half delicately transversely rugulose. ‘Tarsal ungnes bifid; hind tibiae almost smooth, with a few minute spines, Second and third abscissee of the radius subequal in one specimen, in another the third distinctly the longer ; second Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 7 98 Mr. R. Jeannel on recurrent nervure joining the cubitus at right angles at the middle of the third cubital cell. Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May and June 1916. This has the third cubital cell longer than in C, rava, Bingh., and the pronotum distinctly shorter, but is certainly congeneric. The genus is very near Lisseenemis, Kohl., but differs in the absence of the mark at the base of the discoidal cell which is present in Lissocnemis as in LHemipepsis. To Lissocnemis must be assigned the Indian Salius brevipennis, Cam. VIII.—Sur quelques Trechine [ Coleoptera, Carabidee] du British Museum. Par R. JEANNEL. I, Especes AMERICAINES. Genre Cnipes, Motschoulsky. Cnides, Motschoulsky, 1862, Etudes entom. xi. p. 38 (génotype: C. rostratus, Motsch.), Dans la diagnose du genre Cnides par Motschoulsky, se trouvent des erreurs grossiéres concernant la forme du labre et du menton. Mais malgré cela, les caractéres assez extra- ordinaires du genre sont suffisamment indiqués pour per- mettre de conserver le nom donné par Motschoulsky. Putzeys, dans sa “ Monographie” (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1870), range d’abord Cnides parmi les sous-genres de Trechus, Clairv. (p. 9), mais plus loin, & propos de espéce 7. rostratus, Motsch., il parait plutét rejeter entitrement cette coupe (p. 189). En réalité, comme avait observé Motschoulsky, Cnides se rapproche davantage des Perd/eptus que des Trechus. Comme chez les premiers la strie suturale n’est pas récurrente et le quatriéme article des tarses porte une expansion lamelleuse ventrale ; mais chez Cnides les palpes ne sont pas subulés. Diagnose.-—Téte avec des sillons frontaux arqués, com- plets; yeux glabres. Labre transverse, échaneré ; labium non soudé, avec sa dent médiane saillante, bifide. Dernier article des palpes conique, mais un peu plus gréle que le précédent. Pronotum A angles postérieurs saillants. Elytres sans bourrelet basal; strie suturale toujours entire, souvent seule indiquée, trés rapprochée de la suture d la base, s’en écartant fortement au milieu. A Papex il n’existe pas de bourrelet apical, la strie suturale se continue par la goutti¢re some Trechinge in the British Museum. 99 marginale et il n’existe pas trace de crosses d l’extrémité des stries, Tibias antérieurs droits, carénés sur leur face externe. Tarses & quatriéme article pourvu d’une expansion lamelleuse ventrale atteiguant le sommet de l’onychium. Pour le reste semblable 4 7rechus, Clairv. Le genre Cnides renferme les trois especes citées ci-dessous des collections du British Museum et une quatriéme espéce : C. angustatus, Solier, 1849, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. iv. p. 155 ( Zrechus). Cuides rostratus, Motschoulsky, 1862, Etudes entomologiques, xi. p. 40 (types: foréts de ’isthme de Panama); Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 189. Colombie: Cali, 3 2 (coll. Fry). L’espéce est encore counue du Vénézuela (coll. Chaudoir). Cnides monolcus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 191 (type: Chili). Chili: Valparaiso (Germain). Cnides rugostfrons, sp. n. Long. 4 mm. Peu convexe, avec |’avant corps court et trés étroit, les élytres larges et paralléles. Coloration brun de poix brillant, avec les palpes, les antennes, les épipleures du pronotum et des élytres rougedtres, les pattes testacées pales. ‘léguments glabres, finement alutacés et mats sur la téte et le pronotum. Téte plus large que longue, a sillons frontaux trés diver- gents en avant, rapprochés |’un de l’autre a la partie anté- rieure du vertex, puis s’écartant dans de profondes fossettes ; un point enfoncé sur le milieu du vertex ; front trés rugueux, irrégulicrement plissé entre les sillons et les yeux. Yeux trés saillants, convexes, deux 4 trois fvis plus longs que les tempes. Antennes atteignant le tiers basal des élytres ; Particle II. est aussi long que la moitié du III., nettement plus court que le LV. ; les articles apicaux sont cylindriques, presque trois fois aussi longs que larges. Pronotum trés petit, plus étroit que la téte, a peine trans- verse ; sa base un peu plus étroite que le sommet. Cétés peu arqués en avant, sinués en arridre avant les angles posté- rieurs qui sont droits, vifs, acérés, Disque peu convexe, avec une ligne médiane sulciforme, approfondie en coup de gouge devant la base; base bisinuée ; goutti¢re marginale a 100 Mr. R. Jeannel on tres étroite ; fossettes basales arrondies, larges, profondes, rugueuses, contigués a la base. Blytres deux fois aussi larges que le prothorax, peu con- vexes, tronqués A la base et au sommet ; épaules trés saillantes, formant presque un angle droit. Gouttitre marginale trés étroite 4 V’épaule, élargie devant la série ombiliquée. Striole juxtascutellaire distincte ; les deux premiéres stries sont entiéres, la troisiéme est effacée a la base, la quatriéme n’est guere visible que dans son quart basal. Métasternum deux fois long comme le pilier de Ja hanche postérieure. Segments ventraux lisses. Pattes gréles et courtes, Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires & peu prés paralléles. Le premier pore discal de l’élytre se trouve sur la troisitme strie, au quart basal. Chili: Quillota, un exemplaire (ZZ. Sadler, nov. 1896). Genre Trecuus, Clairville. Trechus politus, Brullé, 1842, Voyage d’A. d’Orbigny dans YAmér. mér, vi. 2° partie, p. 43 (type: Valparaiso (Mus. Paris]) ; Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 167. Var. eneus, Motschoulsky (Z'rechisibus @neus), 1862, Etudes entom. xi. p. 67 (type: Chili). Trechus levissimus, Putzeys, 1870, J. e. p. 169 (type: Chili). Trechus proximus, Putzeys, 1870, 1. ¢. p. 169 (type: Santiago du Chili). Le Trechus politus, Solier (1849, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. iv. p. 154), est différent du 7. politus, Brullé, et doit porter le nom de 1’. depressicollis, Putzeys. Il est certain que le Z7vechisibus eneus, Motsch., est iden- tique au Zrechus levissimus, Putzeys. Le genre Trechisibus doit étre rejeté car les caractéres sur lesquels il est fondé sont purement imaginaires (Putzeys, 1870, lc. p. 169), mais le nom spécifique @neus, Motsch., ayant la priorité, doit étre conservé d la place de celui de levissimus, Putz. Il doit caracteriser une forme de grande taille & grands yeux et a élytres amples, mais entre laquelle et la forme politus typique s’observent tous les intermédiaires. Quant au 7’. prowimus, Putz., ce n’est qu’une forme extréme a yeux encore plus développés. Chili; nombreux exemplaires (Mathew, Germain, C. C. Tteed). some Trechine in the British Museum. 101 Trechus depressicollis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p- 47 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]). Trechus politus, Solier, 1849, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. iv. p. 154, nec Brullé, Trechus politus nigripennis, Solier, 1849, 1. c. p. 154. Trechus soliert, C. C. Reed, 1874, Catal. Ins, Chili, p. 12. Trechus scapularis, Putzeys, 1870, 2. e. p. 170 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir}). Trechus axillaris, Putzeys, 1870, 1. ¢. p. 171 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir}). T. politus, Solier, n’est pas la méme espéce que le ZT. politus, Brulle, le premier ayant des stries distinctes, le second étant lisse ; c’est pourquoi C. C. Reed a proposé le nom de solieri pour Vespéce de Solier qwil croyait inédite. Mais il n’est pas douteux que c’est la méme espéce que Putzeys avait décrite dans sa Monographie sous les noms de depressicollis, scapularis, axillaris. I] m’a été impossible de voir les types des trois espéces de Putzeys qui se trouvent chez M. R. Oberthiir, mais la confrontation des descriptions avec la longue série d’exemplaires appartenant au British Museum, prouve sans aucun doute qu'il s’agit d’une seule espéce trés variable, tant par la forme que par la coloration. Chili: Valparaiso (C. Darwin); Santiago (C. C. Reed, Germain). Un exemplaire typique, c’est 4 dire a stries developpés, est étiqueté Chili: Juan Fernandez (Germain); il provient vraisemblablement des iles Juan Fernandez qui se trouvent & 800 km. euv. au large de Valparaiso. I] est intéressant de rencontrer dans ces iles du Pacifique une espéce typique du continent, Zrechus parvicollis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p- 170 (type: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]). Chili: Valparaiso (Germain). Trechus hololissus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 153 (type: Santiago [coll, Putzeys]). Chili: Santiago (Germain). Trechus australis, sp. n. Long. 4°6 mm. . Forme générale épaisse, peu convexe, élargie en arriére. Coloration brun de poix brillant, avec les palpes, les antennes, les pattes, les épipleures du pronotum et des ¢lytres, le 102 Mr. R. Jeannel on dessous de la téte et du thorax, la base des élytres, la suture et le bord externe rougedtres. ‘léguments glabres, lisses, Téte A peu pres aussi large que longue, a sillons frontaux réculiers trés écartés Pun de Vautre; le front porte quelques rides obliques entre l’ceil et le sillon. Yeux saillants, A peu pres deux fois aussi longs que les tempes. Antennes épaisses et courtes, atteignant le quart basal de l’élytre; Particle II. est nettement plus court que le 1V. Labre particuli¢rement court et transverse. Pronotum transverse, plus large que la téte, sa base aussi large que lesommet. Angles antérieurs légérement saillants ; cétés arqués réguliérement dans les deux tiers antérieurs, A peine sinués avant les angles postérieurs ; ceux-ci obtus, mais vifs et saillants ; base 4 peine saillante. Disque assez convexe; gouttiére marginale large, élargie vers le tiers moyen ; fossettes basales larges et ptofondes. Elytres oblongs, courts, élargis aprés le milieu ; épaules transverses, arrondies ; goutti¢re marginale large, rétrécie en arriére ; disque peu convexe, mais non déprimé. II existe des traces de stries plus ou moins visibles, surtout des deux premitres. Pas d’ailes. Métasternum environ trois fois aussi long que le pilier de la hanche postérieure. Pattes robustes. Tibias antérieurs non carénés sur leur face externe. (Edeagus court, trés arqué, 4 pointe mousse ; le sac interne est armé d’écailles & sa partie apicale. Chétotavie.—Lignes orbitaires divergentes en avant. Pores du pronotum comme chez 7’, politus. Série discale de Pélytre de trois soies sur la 3° strie; les deux pores antérieurs sont trés grands. Cette espéce se place auprés du TZ. politus dont elle a les tibias antérieurs lisses; elle différe notablement des espéces fuégiennes 7. antarcticus, Dej., et T'. hornensis, Fairm., qui appartiennent 4 un autre groupe. Chili, colonie de Magellan: environs de Punta-Arenas, plusieurs exemplaires étiquetés d tort “ 7’. wiencket, Rouss.” ( Walker). Trechus patagonicus, sp. n. Long. 4°5 mm. Forme du 17’. australis, mais plus déprimé, plus élargi en arriére. Méme coloration. Tézuments glabres et lisses. Téte un peu plus large que longue, a sillons frontaux réguliers, trés distants ’un de l'autre: front couvert de rides some Trechinse tn the British Museum. 103 obliques, presque rugueux entre l’ceil et le sillon. Yeux, antennes et labre comme chez 7’. australis. Pronotum légérement transverse, 4 peine plus large que la téte, la base plus étroite que le sommet. Cdétés assez arqués dans les deux tiers antérieurs, puis faiblement rétrécis et sinués avant les angles postérieurs qui sont vifs, saillants ; base Iégérement saillante. Disque assez convexe; gouttiére marginale large, égale ; fossettes basales, larges et profondes. Elytres amples, fortement élargis aprés le milieu. Les angles huméraux sont transverses, saillants, arrondis; la gouttiére marginale est trés large; le disque est déprimé, largement aplati. Strie suturale et deuxiéme strie bien dis- tinctes; des traces des stries suivants; toutes sont fines, superficielles, légérement ponctuées. Métasternum et pattes comme chez T. australis. Chétotaxie.—Mémes caractéres que chez J’. australis ; les pores discaux de |’élytre sont trés grands, fovéolés. République argentine: Patagonie, rio de Santa Cruz, deux exemplaires (C. Darwin). Trechus obscuricornis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 32 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]). Chili: Santiago (Germain). Trechus rujicollis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 31 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]). Chili: Santiago (Germain). f Trechus chloroticus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p- 19 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]). Chili: Santiago, un exemplaire (Germain). Trechus hornensis, Fairmaire, 1885, Ann. Soe. ent. Fr. p. 41 (types: Baie-Orange [Mus. Paris]) ; 1888, Miss. scientif. Cap Horn, vi., Ins. p. 22. Trechus wienckei, Rousseau, 1900, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 108 (types: ile des Etats [Mus. Bruxelles]); 1906, Exp. antarct. Batre, Zool., Coléopt. p. 20, pl. i. figs. 2, 6. Lidentité du 7. wiencket avec le 7. hornensis, Fairm., ressort clairement de la lecture de la diagnose de E. Rousseau et de l’examen de la figure qu’il donne de son T. wienckei. Lle L’ Hermite, prés de Pile du Cap Horn, plusieurs exem- plaires (C. Darwin). 104 Mr. R. Jeannel on T. hornensis est encore connu de la Terre de Feu et de, Vile des Etats. Trechus antarcticus, Dejean, 1831, Spee. v. p. 26 (type: iles Malouines [coll. Chandoir]) ; Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 152; Rousseau, 1906, a antaret. Belge, Zool., Coléopt. p. 20. Iles Malouines ou Falkland isl. (C. Darwin). Espéce antaretique, se retrouvant aussi a la ‘l'erre de Feu. Trechus micans, Leconte, 1848, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, iv. p. 414 (type: Lac Supérieur). Trechus fulvus, Leconte, 1848, 1. c. p. 415, nee Dejean. Trechus rubens, G. H. Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. Phila- delphie, v. p. 131, nec Fabricius ; G. H. Horn, 1882, Bull. Brooklyn. Entom. Soe. v. p. "48; Ch. Schaeffer, 1901, Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat. xiv. p. 209, pl. xxviii. fig. 1. Trechus canadensis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 160 (types: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon). La synonymie des Trechus de l’Amérique du Nord a été établie @une facon totalement erronée par Ch. Schaeffer (1901, i. c. p.. 209). Trechus rubens, G. H. Horn, est d’abord absolument différent du 7’, rubens, Fabricius, propre 4 l'Europe septen- trionale et qui n’existe pas en Amérique. D’autre part la lecture des descriptions de G. H. Horn et de Leconte ne peut laisser aucun doute sur Videntité du. T. rubens, Horn, avec le JT. micans, Leconte, espéce bien caractérisée par sa forme générale et lastriation de ses élytres. On ne s’explique pas par suite de quelle confusion Ch. Schaeffer a pu supposer que le 7. micans, Leconte, soit synonyme du T. chalybeus, Ve}., auquel il ne ressemble en aucune fagon. Entin 7. fulvus, Leconte, est un 7. micans immature et Videntité du 7’. canadensis, Putz., avec le 7. micans, Leconte, ressort de la comparaison de co-types de Putzeys avee une riche série de 7. micans provenaut de toutes les contrées de ig Amérique du Nord. Canada: Hudson Bay ; New Carlton house, dans le district Saskatchevan. tats Unis d’Amérique: Colorado, West Cliffs (A. Cockerel, 1884). Trechus chalybeus, Dejean, 1831, Spee. v. P. 17 (type: Una- laschka) ; Mannerheim, 18.43, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, xvi. p. 215; P utzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. some Trechinze tn the British Museum. L105 xxxi. p. 161; G. H. Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Philadelphie, v. p. 181; 1882, Bull. Brooklyn Entom, Soc. v. p. 48; Ch. Schaeffer, 1901, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 209, pl. xxviii. fig. 2 (pars) ; 1915, Journ. Entom. Soc, New York, xxii. p. 48. Trechus californicus, Motschoulsky, 1845, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, xviii. p. 347 (type: Californie { Mus. Paris ]}). Etats Unis d’Amérique: Arizona (Morrison). Ch. Schaeffer (1901, 1. c. p. 211) indique pour cette espéce une distribution géographique inexacte. Les citations de PAlaska, de la Colombie Britannique, de Californie, de Oregon, du Colorado s’appliquent bien au T. chalybeus, mais celles du Lac Supérieur, du New Hampshire et du New Jersey concernent le 7. micans. W. 8S. Blatchley (1910, Ill. Deser. Catal. Coleopt. Indiana, p. 87) cite encore 7. chaly- beus de l’Indiana, mais cette provenance reste douteuse. Trechus ovipennis, Motschoulsky, 1845, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, xviii. p. 348 (type: Californie); Manner- heim, 1852, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscon, xxv. p. 299; G. H. Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Philadelphie, v. p. 131; 1882, Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soe. v. p. 49; Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p.40; Ch. Schaeffer, 1901, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 209, pl. xxviii. fig. 3. Trechus levigatus, Leconte, 1863, Smiths. Miscell. Coll. vi. p. 14. Unalaschka: fjord Masset, dans Vile de Ja reine Charlotte, nombreux exemplaires. Californie (Edwards). Trechus aztec, sp. n. Long. 2°8 mm. Forme peu convexe. Coloration noir de poix brillant, avec le labre, les palpes, les antennes, les pattes testacées, le bord antérieur du front, les angles antérieurs du pronotum, la base des élytres, la suture et la périphérie, le dessous du corps rougedtre. Téguments glabres, finement alutacés sur la téte. Téte & peu prés aussi large que longue; les sillons fron- taux réguliers, divergents en avant, rapprochés Pun de |’autre sur le vertex owt la distance qui les sépare est environ la moitié de la distance entre Pail et le sillon. Yeux peu saillants, plus courts que les tempes. Antennes atteignant 4 peu prés 106 Mr. R. Jeannel on le quart basal de l’élytre; l’article IT. est plus long que le IV. ; les articles terminaux sont ovoides, une fois et demie aussi longs que larges. Dent du menton saillante, 4 pointes larges et déhiscentes ; labium non soudé. Pronotum ample, transverse, plus large que la téte, sa base presque aussi large que le sommet. Cdétés peu arqués en avant, obliques, presque rectilignes dans le tiers moyen, re- dressés en arriére ; angles postérieurs droits, non relevés ; base sensiblement rectiligne, &’ peine échancrée. Disque peu convexe, avec une impression transverse postérieure bien in- diquée ; gouttiére marginale large; fossettes basales peu profondes, bien isolées de la gouttiére marginale ; elles occu- pent le quart de la base, Blytres ovales, peu convexes, 4 épaules saillantes; gouttiére marginale légérement infléchie sur la base vers l’origine de la 5° strie, large, réguliére. Stries distinctes, superficielles, bien tracées jusqu’d Vapex. Métasternum plus court que le pilier de la hanche postérieure. Segments ventraux lisses. Pattes courtes et robustes. ‘Tibias antérieurs sillonnés au coté externe. (Adeagus trés grand, trés arqué, avec la partie basale renflée, la partie apicale infléchie du cété dorsal et recourbée en bec A l’extrémité. Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires divergentes en avant. Série discale de l’élytre formée par trois soies sur la 3° strie, le pore antérieur au quart basal, le médian un peu aprés le milieu. Cette petite espéce appartient au groupe des 7rechus vrais ; elle se place 4 cété des espéces nord-américaines comme T. hydropicus, Horn. Mexique: plusieurs exemplaires étiquetés ‘ Mexico” (Trugut, coll. Fry). TRECHUS, subgen. PARATRECHUS, nov. Les espéces de ce groupe présentent tous les caractéres des vrais 7rechus, mais se distinguent par les caractéres suivants, trés particuliers : Labium soudé au submentum sans qu'il existe trace de suture. Hlytres avec un ou deux pores s¢tigéres fovéiformes sur la 5° strie, sans pores sétigéres sur la 3° strie. Cideagus pourvu d’un organe apical. Génotype: Trechus mexicanus, Putz. Ce groupe de Trechus est spécial & ?Amérique centrale. Aux T. mevicanus, Putz., et T. coarctatus, Bates, déjd connus, il faut ajouter deux espéces nouvelles bien caractérisées, mais some Trechinz in the British Museum. 107 qi cependant ont été confondues par H. W. Bates avec le T. mexicanus dans la ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ o Trechus (Paratrechus) mexieanus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 33 (type: Mexique (Sallé)); H. W. Bates, 1882, Biol. Centr-Amer., Col. i. p. 136. T. mevicanus, Putz., est une espéce de grande taille (5°5 4 5°38 mm.) ; la 5° strie de ’élytre porte deux gros pores séti- géres, un au quart basal, autre au tiers apical. Le lobe médian de Pcedeagus a son extrémité apicale aplatie, mousse, simple. Mexique: Puebla (coll. Sallé); Mexico (Truqui); Orizaba (coll. Salle). Ce sont les exemplaires cités par H. W. Bates dans la * Biologia Centrali-Americana’ ; ceux quw’il cite d’Oaxaca se rapportent au 7. hoege?, ceux de Totonicapam au T’. bi- foveatus, tous deux décrits ci-dessous. Trechus (Paratrechus) hoegei, sp. n. Cette espéce a tout a fait l’aspect extérieur de grands ex- emplaires de 7. mevicanus ; il n’est pas possible de définir des caractéres morphologiques particuliers 4 l’une et Vautre espéces, toutes deux étant fort variables. Mais 7. hoeged se distingue aisément par les caractéres suivants : Cideagus long et gréle, comme celui de 7. mexicanus, mais le sommet du lobe médian se termine par un renflement sensoriel en forme de champignon. Un seul pore sétigére sur la 5° strie, au quart basal; le deuxiéme pore fait défaut. Mexique: Oaxaca (Hoege), cing exemplaires cités par H. W. Bates sous le nom de JT. meaicanus. Trechus (Paratrechus) bifoveatus, sp. n. Long. 4 mm. Forme peu convexe rappelant en petit celle du 7. meai- canus, Putz. Coloration noir de poix brillant avec les palpes, les antennes, les pattes, les piéces sternales rougedtres. Tégu- ments glabres, lisses. Téte petite, arrondie, & peu pres aussi longue que large ; les sillons frontaux réguliers, profonds, divergents en avant, rapprochés Pun de Vautve sur le vertex; Vespace qui les sépare est la moitié de lespace qui sépare lceil du sillon. Yeux petits, peu saillants, plus courts que les tempes. An- tennes courtes, atteignant 4 peine le quart basal de l’élytre ; 108 Mr. R. Jeannel on Varticle IT. est aussi long que le III., plus long que le IV. ; les articles apicaux sont ovalaires, environ une fois et demie aussi longs que larges. Dent du menton trés saillants. La- bium soudé, ; Pronotum ample, bien plus large que la téte, 4 peine trans- verse, sa base presque aussi large que le sommet. Cétés fortement arrondis dans les trois quarts antérieurs: brusque- ment sinués en arriére, puis droits et paralléles avant les angles postérieurs ; ceux-ci droits, vifs; base rectiligne. Disque peu convexe, avec une impression transverse posté- rieure profonde ; goutticre marginale trés large; fossettes basales profondes, lisses. Elytres ovalaires, un peu élargis aprés le milieu; épaules saillantes; gouttiére marginale commencant d langle huméral méme, en face de la racine de la 5° strie ; la gouttiére est large dans toute sa longueur. Disque assez convexe ; toutes les stries sont distinctes quoique superficielles ; elles s’etfa- cent dans la région humérale. Métasternum a peu prés aussi long que le pilier postérieur. Pattes robustes; les tibias antérieurs sont sillonnés au cété exferne. (Edeagus petit, gréle, avec la partie basale renflée, la partie apicale épaissie et terminée par un organe en champignon infléchi sur la face ventrale et hérissé d’organes sensoriels. Chétotavie.—Lignes orbitaires Alpeine divergentes en avant. Pores du pronotum normaux. Pas de pores sur la 3° strie, sauf le pore apical, mais un gros pore fovéiforme au cinquiéme basal de la 5° strie, c’est 4 dire prés de l’épaule. Guatemala: Totonicapam, alt. 1000 m. (Champion), quatre exemplaires cités par H. W. Bates sous le nom de 7’. meai- canus, dans la ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ II. Especes ASIATIQUES. Genre PERILEPTUS, Schaum. Perileptus japonicus, H. W. Bates, 1873, Trans. Entom. Soc. London, p. 296 (type: Hiogo). Chine,: Hong-Kong (coll. Walker). Ile Célébes ( Wallace). Japon: Niigata, dans le Nippon septentrional (G. Lewis, 1881) ; Kobé-Hiogo, dans le Nippon méridional (G. Lewis, 1881); mont Daisen ou Oyama, dans le Nippon méridional (G. Lewis, 1881). some Trechine in the British Museum. 109 Genre TRECHUS, Clairville. Trechus championt, sp. n. Long. 4:3 mm. Ailé. Peu convexe. Noir brillant avee le dessous du corps brunatre, les palpes, les antennes et les pattes testacé rougedtre. Téguments glabres, lisses. Téte un peu plus large que longue, a sillons frontaux réguliers, divergents en avant, anguleux sur le vertex; la distance qui les sépare sur le vertex est plus courte que celle qui sépare l’ceil du sillon. Yeux convexes, trois fois aussi longs que les tempes. Antennes atteignant le tiers basal des élytres ; l’article II. est plus court que le III., lui-méme aussi Gre que le IV.; articles apicaux ovalaires, épais ; dernier article plus long que lavant dernier. Dent du. menton saillante, carrée, 4 peine bifide ; labium non soudé, Pronotum bien plus large que la téte, 4 peine moins large que la base des élytres, fortement transverse; sa base un peu plus étroite que le sommet. C6tés trés arrondis en avant, obliques en arricre, faiblement sinués avant les angles posté- rieurs ; ceux-ci obtus, mais vifs ; base rectiligne. Disque assez convexe, avec une ligne médiane bien tracée; la dé- pression transverse postérieure profonde et rngueuse ; fossettes basales larges, profondes, obliques; gouttiére marginale large, se réfléchissant anguleusement en avant sur les cétés du bord antérieur. ilytres oblongs, convexes, élargis aprés le milieu; épaules saillantes ; gouttiére marginale large, commencant a la racine de la 5° strie. ‘Toutes Jes stries sont distinctes, les quatre premicres profondes, les autres supertficielles ; premiers interstries convexes, les autres plans. La caréne apicale se termine brusquement en avant, sans atteindre l’extrémité postérieure de la 5° strie ; les 3° et 4° stries, anastomosées a leur extrémité apicale, ne s’unissent pas a la 2° strie. Métasternum deux fois aussi long que le pilier postérieur. Segments ventraux lisses. Pattes robustes ; les tibias antérieurs sont sillonnés au cété externe, (Edeagus assez gros, peu arqué, 4 base non renflée, avec Porifice basal trés largement échancré; extrémité apicale aplatie, recourbée en bec au sommet. Sty les latéraux petits et gréles. Sac interne avec une grosse pitce chitineuse exsertile. Chétotavie.— Lignes orbitaires convergentes en avant. Pore pronotal postérieur bien développé et placé sur l’angle. Série discale de trois pores sur la 3° strie, Pantéricur au quart basal, le médian bien aprés le milieu. 110 Mr. R. Jeannel on Cette espice semble voisine du T. indicus, Putz., que je ne connais pas, mais qui parait présenter le méme pronotum transverse, la méme structure de la carne apicale et les mémes caract?res clétotaxiques ; d’aprés sa description T. indicus difftre du 7. championi par sa coloration testacée, sa dent du menton courte et nettement bifide, les angles postérieurs de son prothorax aigus. Cette intéressante espéce m’a été aimablement communiquée par Mr. Tk. E. Andrewes, qui m’a laissé le soin de Ja décrire. Elle parait répandue dans les régions subalpines du versant méridional de Himalaya. Je la connais des localités suivantes : Inde, Prov. Kumaon: Nainital (4. G. Champion, sept. 1918), huit exemplaires (types) (coll. G. C. Champion) ; West Almora, Diva. (H. G. Champion, oct. 1918), deux exemplaires (coll. G. C. Champion). British Sikkim: Gopaldhara, prés de Darjeeling, entre 1500 et 2000 m, (ZZ. Stevens, avril 1914), trois exemplaires’ (coll. H. I. Andrewes). Le Muséum de Paris posstde deux exemplaires de cette espece étiquetés “Sikkim (larmand).” Trechus chinensis, sp. 0. Long. 3°8 mm. Ailé ou brachyptére. Ties convexe. Coloration roux trés brillant, avec les antennes, les piéces buceales et les pattes testacées. ‘léguments glabres et lisses. Téte petite, étioite, déprimée, avec les sillons frontaux profonds, peu arqués, assez distants l’un de Vautre sur le vertex. Yeux tres gros, saillants, environ six a sept fois aussi longs que les tempes. Antennes atteignant pe le milieu des élytres, fines; Particle V. est A peu pres quatre fois aussi long que large; l’article I]. est environ aussi long que le IV.; les articles X. et XI. sont plus épais que les précédents, le XI. plus long que le X. Pieces buccales peu saillantes. Labre transveise, 4 bord libre réguliérement arqué. Palpes maxillaires cowts, avant dernier article glabre, le dernier conique. Dent du menton saillante, arrondie, ni impressionnée ni bifide, au moins A l’examen direct, a sec. Labium non soudé. Pronotum ample, transverse, plus large que la éte, sa base 4 peu pres de niéme large ur que le sommet; cétés arqués en avant, non sinués en arriere; angles postérieurs obtus, mais vifs ; ’base rectiligne. Disque du pronotum régulier, modéré- ment convexe, avec une ligne médiane 4 peine indiquée ; gouttiére marginale élargie en arridre; fossettes basales obsolétes. some l'rechines in the British Museum. Itt Ecusson trés grand, semicirculaire. Elytres oblongs, trés convexes, plus larges que le pronotum, Angles huméraux saillants ; goutti¢re marginale commengant A Ja racine de la 5° strie, élargie dans la région humérale. Le bord marginal est sinué en arritre & la terminaison des épipleures. La caiéne apicale est bien marquée. Striole juxtascutellaire relativement longue. Stries superficielles, mais trés fortement et réguli¢rement ponctucées, eftacées 4 la base et au sommet ; Ja strie suturale seule atteint la base et le sommet ; la deuxiéme strie reste paralléle 4 la suture jusqu’ au sommet, sans trace de crosse ni de déviation ; les sixiéme et septi¢me stries sont 1éduites 4 quelques vestiges de points. Métasternum & peu piés de méme longueur que le pilier de Ja hanche postérieure. Pattes courtes ; les tibias antérieurs sont lisses, non sillonnés sur leur face externe. Pas d’ex- pansion membraneuse sous-tarsale. Les trois exemplaires connus sont des femelles. Chétotaxie.— Lignes orbitaires convergentes en avant. Pores pronotaux normaux. Série discale sur la 3° strie ; série ombiliquée régulitve. A Vapex le pore externe est au méme niveau que le pore de la 2° strie. Ceite espéce est tout a fait isolée et ne peut étre comparée & aucune des espéces connues, Chine: Hai-ning, dans la prov. Tché-Kiang (coll. Walker), trois exemplaires. III. Especes Nfo-ZELANDAISES. Trechus maori, sp. n. Long. 5°5 4 5°38 mm. Peu convexe, élargienarriére. Coloration testacé rougeatre brillant, avec les paipes, les antennes et Jes pattes plus clairs. Téguments glabres, tinement alutacés sur la téte. Téte un peu plus lougue que large, suborbiculaire, trés déprimée sur le ae aE ; sillons frontaux divergents en avant, profonds et lisses ; 1a distance qui les sépare sur le vertex est plus courte que celle qui sépare ceil du sillon. Rebord latéral du front effacé en avant des yeux ; les tubercules antennaires sont trés saillants. Yeux peu convexes, plus courts que les tempes qui sont saillantes, arrondies, nettement séparées du cou. Antennes giéles, atteiguant le milieu dea élytres ; Particle LL, tiés court, n’est pas plus long que la moitié du ILI. ; le LV. est plus long que le IL., plus court que le ILL, Jes articles suivants sont legerement élargis, aplatis, tous un peu plus larges au sommet qu’a la base. Labre deux tois aussi large que long, échaneé. Palpes glabies, & dernier 112 On some Trechinz: tn the British Museum. article un peu plus long que le précédent. Labium soudeé ; sa dent saillante, bifide; languette carrée. Pronotum un peu plus large que la téte, un peu plus long que large, plus étroit & la base qu’ausommet. Bord antérieur échancré ; cétés fortement arrondis en avant, puis obliques et profondément sinués en arriére, un peu plus ¢troits au niveau du fond de Ja sinuosité qu’aux angles postérieurs; ceux-ci aigus, vifs, saillants en dehors; base rectiligne. . Disque tres peu convexe, surtout en arrigre, sa ligne médiane faible- ment tracée. Gouttiére marginale étroite et réguliére; fossettes basales petites, peu profondes, un peu rugueuses, Elytres amples, ovales, peu convexes. Epaules 4 peine indiquées; le bord huméral est trés oblique. Gouttiére mar- ginale étroite et réguliére, commengant a la racine de la 5° strie. ‘l'outes les stries sont visibles, profondes, indistincte- ment ponctuées; intervalles un peu convexes. Strie suturale réfiéchie sur la marge apicale et la caréne apicale qui est large avec un sillon interne s’atténuant peu a peu vers l’extrémité de la 5° strie; 2°, 3° et 4° stries effacées au sommet. Métasternum plus court que le pilier de la hanche posté- rieure. Pas d’ailes. Segments ventraux lisses. Pattes gréles ; les tibias antérieurs sont droits, sillonnés sur leur face externe. Quatriéme article des tarses portant au bord apical de la face ventrale une apophyse carrée, surmontée d’une large expansion membraneuse atteignant le sommet de Ponychium. Cideagus petit, trés peu arqué, terminé par une pointe mousse. Styles latéraux munis de quatre sois apicales ; sac interne armé d’épines. Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires divergentes en avant. Pore autérieur du pronotum trés petit, sans soie; il se trouve au tiers antérieur de la gouttiére ; pore postérieur absent. Série discale de l’élytre sur la 3° strie ; le pore basal se trouve au tiers basal de la strie, le deuxiéme pore un peu apres le milieu. Série ombiliquée réguliére. A apex le pore de la 2° strie se trouve tres éloigné du sommet, bien avant la crosse de la 2° strie; le pore apical est trés petit; cette disposition des pores apicaux rappelle celle du 7. obscuricornis, Putz., du Chili. Cette belle espéce se distingue de toutes les autres es} éces connues du genre par son labium soudé et la forme de ses tarses. Nouvelle-Zélande: Greymouth, sur la céte nord-ouest de Vile du Sud (J/elms, coll. Sharp), quatre exemplaires. Deseriptions and Records of Bees. 113 IX.— Descriptions and Records of Bees—LUXX XVIII. By T. D. A. Cockrere it, University of Colorado. Eucera notata, Lepeletier. Tangier, Marocco. From Queensland Museum. Eucera nigrilabris, Lep. (terminalis, Sm.). Ras-el-Ma, Algeria. (Queensland Museum.) The male cannot be recognised by Friese’s key, as he places it in the group with the abdominal hair all grey, which is by no means true of nigrolabris. Also from Ras-el-Ma are E. collaris, Dours, and £. eucnemidea, Dours. Centris obscuriventris, Friese. “ Guyane, Maroni.” From Queensland Museum, Anthophora urbana, Cresson. Santa Fé, New Mexico, Aug. 3 (Cockerell). Anthophora flavicollis, Gerst. Dimbroko, French W. Africa. From Queensland Museum. Anthophora atroalba, Lepeletier. g .—Length about 14 mm., anterior wing 9°3 mm. Black, with abundant erect hair, not forming distinct bands on abdomen; malar space very short, but distinct ; pale yellow marks as follows :—labrum (except basal spots), large triangular mark on clypeus (its sides concave, its upper end pointed), small lateral face-marks (ploughshare-shaped, with a linear extension along orbits to level of middle of supraclypeal area), a narrow transverse supraclypeal band, and broad band on front of scape ; mandibles bidentate, entirely black ; third antennal joint as long as the next three together ; hair of head and thorax pale, yellowish grey on thorax above (the effect rather olivaceous), black hair in middle of mesothorax and on vertex, not conspicuous ; face with long white hair, but black at sides ; sides of thorax posteriorly with brown-black hair; tegule black. Wings hyaline, apical margin faintly brownish. Legs black, with black and white hair; middle basitarsi with a very bioad Ann. & Mag. N. List. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 5 114 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and dense circular fringe of hair, mainly black, but white apically, the hairs longest on posterior side ; apical joint of middle tarsi simple, except for a thin outstanding tuft of hair on one side ; hind femora and tibiz with brown-black hair, but the basitarsi with a very conspicuous tuft of pure white hair at end, and the three middle tarsal joints with white hair ; hind basitarsi not toothed; first two segments of abdomen with long hair like that on thorax above; the others with long erect black hair, but some white hair laterally. The specimen described is from Tunis (Le Moult, Queens- land Museum). A male from Bone, Algeria, differs conspicuously in that the apical yellow band of clypeus is very broad, reaching the lateral face-marks, and forming a right-angle with the vertical clypeal mark. One from Tangier, Marocco, is more like the Tunis example. It would be difficult to recognise this insect from the brief account of the male in Friese’s ‘ Apide Europee,’ and in his table it seems to run nearest to A. balearica, Friese. I therefore give a new description. Lepeletier gave the localities as Oran and the Canary Is. Oran must be considered the type-locality ; the Canary Is. material was doubtless 4. alluaudi, Pérez. Anthophora nigrocincta, Lepeletier. Anthophora robusta, Klug. Both from Ras-el-Ma, Algeria. (Queensland Museum.) A Tetralonia ruficollis, Brullé, comes from the same locality, and a 7. lucasi, Gribodo, from Tunis, Anthophora disrupta, sp. u. 2 .—Length about 17 mm. Like A. atrocincta, Lep., except that the appressed rufo- fulvous pile of the abdomen covers all of the second segment except the extreme base, the pale markings of the head are yellower, the vertical band on clypeus is narrow (not wedge- shaped), and the clypeus is not so high. It may deserve to rank only as a subspecies. Olokemeji, Ibadan, Nigeria (from Le Moult). Received from Queensland Museum. Crocisa interrupta, Vachal, comes from the same locality. Also from this locality are four species of Trigona, separable thus :— Extremely minute, length hardly over 2 mm.,; face without yellow or white markings .. 7’. gribodui, Magy. Considerably larger ke ee Records of Bees. 115 1. Face and front pruinose, but without light markings ; base of antenne red.......... T. tescorum, Ckll. Face with light markings..........++se0000: 2. ae EMEQOR = ChYyGtty WALON deo o's.n.0 05 vas ws ty ee T. nebulata, Smith, Smaller; clypeus with a yellow hat-shaped TARTNG wus! di ch. wun nuss erate. Tae at wad <0 s T. lendliana, Friese. Trigona trochanterica, sp. n. Worker.—Length 6 mm. Robust, black, the abdomen dark reddish, more distinctly reddened at sides of second segment, fifth segment with a red patch on each side, and apex pale dull red, with scattered short black hairs; venter clear red. Legs black, with last tarsal joint on each red, and the trochanters for the most part bright ferruginous. Head very large and broad ; mandibles black, with an obscure red mark in middle; malar space well developed; face with a greyish-olivaceous pruino- sity ; scape long, black except at extreme base ; flagellum dark reddish, with the first joint black, and the very short second one pale reddish beneath ; front entirely dull ; vertex with stiff black hair; mesothorax dull, with short fulvous tomentum anteriorly and posteriorly, densest posteriorly ; tubercles and the region behind them with fulvous tomentum ; scutellum prominent, shining anteriorly, and with short black hair; tegule dull ferruginous. Wings yellowish, nervures and stigma ferruginous; hind tibize extremely broad, excavated on outer side. - Sandakan, Borneo (Saker). Nearest to 7. erythrogaster, Cam., but thorax with pale hair. It is superficially like 7. itama, Ckll., but quite different by the dull front, &. The red trochanters are peculiar; in 7. nitidiventris, Sm., the coxe are similarly coloured. Trigona fuscibasis, sp. n. Worker.—Length about 5 mm., anterior wing 6 mm. Head, thorax, and legs black, with the clypeus (except upper margin), supraclypeal area, labrum, mandibles, and the long scape ferruginous; flagellum ferruginous, dusky above : mesothorax dark chestnut-red ; anterior femora and basitarsi in front, small joints of their tarsi and of the others more or less, ferruginous ; head broad ; face and front with olivaceous pruinescence; head and thorax polished and shining ; sides of thorax with brownish tomentum; scutellum with black hair; tegule clear ferruginous. Wings dark # 116 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and fuliginous as far as level of the orange-ferruginous stigma, beyond that milky-white ; hind tibie fringed with black hair. Abdomen shining dark reddish brown, the apical half blackened, venter pallid towards base. Sandakan, Borneo ( Baker, 9964). Known from 7°. apicalis, Smith, by the black legs. The shiny head and thorax separate it from 7. collina, Smith. The distribution of Trigona in the Malay region is very extraordinary. From the Philippines we know only three species. Of these, two are from Palawan only. Borneo, on the other hand, has 25 species. More species are known from Penang than from the whole Philippine group. In Borneo, the species appear to be largely confined to limited areas ; thus among the numerous species from Sandakan are none of the nine described from Borneo by Cameron. The deficiency of species in the Philippines cannot well be due to lack of material, as Messrs. Baker and McGregor have sent me large collections from those islands. ‘That the Philippine bees are really fairly well known is shown by the fact that a fine collection from Panay, whence no bees had previously come, contained only two new things, a species of Nomia and a variety or race of Megachile. Trigona rufibasalis, Cackerell, variety a. Scape red only at base. Sandakan, Borneo (Baker). Trigona scintillans, sp. n. Worker.—Length about 3 mm, anterior wing 2°8 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen shining black, not hairy; the face with a little pale hair at sides, but not canescent ; Jabrum and mandibles bright ferruginous ; scape pale ferru- ginous in front, flagellum dark ; tegule very dark reddish. Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures dilute sepia. Legs black, the small joints of tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen broad. Sandakan, Borneo (Baker). Differs from 7. erythrostoma, Cam., by the smaller size and the stigma not black. Easily known from 7. atomella, Ckll., by the narrower head and non-canescent face. Melipona flavolineata, Friese. “Guyane, Maroni.” From Queensland Museum. Trigona clavipes (Kabr.) comes from the same locality. Records of Bees. 117 Euryglossa halictina, sp. n. ? .—Length about 8 mm. Only moderately robust, the thorax appearing small in com- parison with the abdomen; black, the head and thorax with thin pale hair, the hind margins of the first four abdominal segments narrowly dusky-testaceous ; antenne entirely black ; clypeus shining, with sparse rather weak punctures ; front and vertex dull; mesothorax dull, with extremely minute punctures ; scutellum little more shining, with a depressed median line ; tegulz fuscous basally, with broad testaceous margins. Wings suffused with fuliginous, stigma and nervures fuscous. Legs black. Abdomen with little hair, moderately shining, impunctate. Bridport, Tasmania, Oct. 26-30, 1913 (F. M. Littler, 2560). Nearest to E. fasciatella, Ckll., but the head is not nearly so broad, It looks like a species of Halictus. The abdomen is longer and narrower than in EL. subsericea, Ckll. Lithurgus scabrosus (Smith). Yule Island, S.E. Papua, 1915. (Queensland Museum.) It is presumably this species which Friese has reported from New Guinea as L. atratus, Smith. Dianthidium truncatiforme, Cockerell. N. Djole, Gabon. (Queensland Museum.) Megachile lachesis, Smith. Kaimana, Dutch New Guinea(H. Elgner). From Queens- land Museum. Megachile saigonensis, sp. 0. 9 .—Length about 14°5 mm. Agrees with Bingham’s description of M. amputata, Smith, except as follows :—apical abdominal segments finely punc- tured all over, not smooth at base; no fulvous fascize on abdomen beyond third segment; ventral scopa cream- coloured on first two segments and middle of third and fourth, but broadly black at sides of third and fourth, and black on last two segments; antenne entirely black. The wings are yellowish smoky, with a small dark cloud beyond 118 Descriptions and Records of Bees. end of marginal cell. Legs red, but hind tarsi black, the basitarsus very broad. Saigon, Cochin China (from Le Moult). Received from Queensland Museum. : This is probably a subspecies of Bingham’s M. amputata, having the clypeus with a median smooth band, slightly de- pressed, and the mandibles with a subapical fossa. The original M. amputata, Smith, from Sarawak, though similar in appearance, was described as having the clypeus keeled, and is related to AM. harrisoni, Ckll., from Sumatra, and M. ferruginea, Friese, from Siam, M. fulvofasciata, Rads., from Sikkim, which Bingham placed as a doubtful synonym of amputata, is only 10 mm. long, with whitish scopa. Nomada penangensis, sp. 0. ? .—Length about 4 mm. Ferruginous, with the front (except a broad red band on each side) and ocellar region black. Abdomen highly polished, without yellow spots, the first two segments broadly dusky apically, the third and fourth darkened all over, but the apex light red ; face and pleura with thin pure white hair; mandibles simple; scape testaceous in front ; flagellum dark ; second antennal joint about half as long as third, third about as Jong as fourth ; mesothorax densely punctured, clear red all over ; tegule ferruginous. Wings hyaline with dusky apex, nervures and stigma dark; b. n. going a little basad of t.-m.; second t.-c. lacking on right side of type, but the opposite wing has three submarginal cells. The antenne are quite long, reaching the metathorax. Island of Penang (Baker, 9968). Resembles some of the Philippine species, but separated by the small size, combined with dark front and entirely red mesothorax. It is especially close to N. attrita, Ckll., from Mindanao, and were not the localities so far apart it might be thought a mere variety. Parasphecodes infrahirtus, sp. n. d (type).— Length about 7-5 mm. Entirely black, except that the apical half of clypeus (angularly produced in middle above) is cream-colour, the mandibles are fairly red at apex, and the tarsi are dusky ferruginous apically. Head broader than long ; face and clypeus roughened, not polished; antennz long, the fla- gellum submoniliform; head and thorax with thin long On a new Shrew and Two new Foxes. 119 white hair, but vertex with fuscous hair; mesothorax elevated and gibbous in front, dull anteriorly, polished on disc, with strong scattered punctures ; scutellum polished, very sparsely punctured in middle; area of metathorax semilunar, sharply defined, with numerous longitudinal rug. Wingsslightly dusky, stigma piceous, nervures sepia ; second submarginal cell variable in width; hind tibia and tarsi with shining white hair on inner side. Abdomen rather short, polished, with the punctures excessively minute, and no hair-bands or patches on dorsal surface; on the ventral side there is a broad band of white tomentum across the middle of the abdomen. ? .—Length fully 8 mm. More robust, the broad face wholly black ; mesothorax strongly and closely punctured on disc, but scutellum with two large polished impunctate areas ; middle and hind tibie and tarsi brownish. Launceston, Tasmania, Sept. 19, 1916 (F. M. Littler), two Bs The female was taken at Launceston, April 13, S16: Much smaller than P. dissimulator, Ckll., which it resem- bles in many respects. The male has a very strong super- ficial resemblance to Halictus spenceri, Ckll. X.—A new Shrew and Two new Foxes from Asia Minor and Palestine. By OLDFIELD ‘l'HOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) In working out some mammals obtained by Major Maurice Portal during the Palestine campaign, and presented by him to the National Museum, I have found the three following forms to need special names :— Crocidura portali, sp. n. Most nearly allied to the Central Asiatic species C. densis ; widely different from the European forms of the genus. Size small, though not excessively so. General colour clear pale grey, rather paler than “ drab-grey ” if the darker tips to the hairs are included, but it may be better described as “pale drab-grey” overlaid with the fine brown hair-tips which slightly darken it. Under surface creamy white, the 120 Mr. O. Thomas on a hairs slaty at base, but the slaty quite hidden by the whitish tips, so that the colour is not a mixed slaty and white, as is more usual in shrews; line of demarcation on sides fairly well marked. Hands and feet white. Tail greyish white above, white below, with a fair number of the usual longer bristles, Skull very like that of C. ¢lensis in its small size and short muzzle. ‘Teeth about as in that species, the incisors less prominent than in O. russuda. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body 57 mm.; tail 35; hind foot 12°5; ear 9. Skull: condylo-incisive length 17°5; basal length 15:5 ; greatest breadth 8°3 ; front of 2! to back of m* 7°8; front of py to back of m*® 4:5; tip of 7 to tip of p* 4; back of « to front of p* 1:8; breadth of palate across m? 5:6, Hab. Ramleh, 8.E. of Jaffa, Palestine. Type. Adult skin and skull. B.M. no. 19. 4.11.9. Col- lected and presented by Major Maurice Portal. This pretty little grey shrew has clearly nothing to do with the C. russula group, of which a local form—C. r. judatca— was described recently. C. russula hasa much longer muzzle, with larger and more dominant incisors, while in the present form the incisors are comparatively small. C. ilensis, a species described by Miller from a specimen now in the British Museum, seems really its nearest ally, and of this, besides the type, we have a considerable series from Djarkent (2ickbet?/) and Samarkand (Carruthers). These, however, all have shorter tails and are of a decidedly darker grey, not unlike that of European C, russula. On the other hand, there have recently been received from Baluchistan, collected by Col. Ernest Hotson, four shrews very similar in proportions to C. portal’, and, while rather variable in colour, averaging much lighter than C. tlensis, one of them, in fact, being of precisely the same pale grey as the type of C. porta. ‘These specimens perhaps indicate that this pale shrew will be found to extend right across Persia, but until that country is better explored, this cannot be definitely asseited. Of older known species none seems to enter into question, as they are mostly larger—at least as large as C. russula,—the only doubtful one being Sorex gmelini, Pallas, from “ Hyr- eania,” the country on the §.K. coast of the Caspian Sea. It, however, would seem to be more strongly drabby, 7%. e. as in russuda and dlensis, while its generally insufficient new Shrew ant Two new Foxes. 124 description has already induced Dr. Saturnin to say that it should be put aside as indeterminable. No shrew like this is known from Egypt, C. oliviert being twice as large, while C. religiosa is far smaller and belongs to a wholly different group. Vulpes vulpes anatolica, subsp. n, Darker and duller coloured than otner foxes of S.E. Asia, the upper surface a more or less muddy reddish brown. Central line of nape and withers washed with blackish. Middle of back (saddle) dull cinnamon-rufous, the usual whitish subterminal rings on the hairs only appearing on the rump. Under surface washed with dull whitish, the hairs broadly slaty basally, the chin and throat blackish slaty. Back of ears deep black. Pale shoulder-patches dull buffy, not conspicuous. Fore legs deep fulvous or blackish, feet fulvous with greyish metacarpal patch. Hind legs dull smoky fulvous, a line down inner side whitish ; feet paler fulvous on top, with a darker patch on metatarsus, inner sides buffy whitish. Upper surface of tail dull rufous (nearest to “ orange-cinnamon ””); under surface pale buffy, with the hairs of the subterminal part washed with black ; the extreme end dull white, not forming a conspicuous white tassel. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body 650 mm. ; tail 335 ; hind foot 132. Skull: greatest length 138; condylo-basal length 126; zygomatic breadth 71; nasals 49; interorbital breadth 25; breadth across postorbital processes 31; breadth of brain-case 45°5 ; height of brain-case from between bullee 38°5 ; palatal length 69; length of p* on outer edge 12°6 ; combined length of m! and m? 14; breadth of m* 11:2. A male skull, older than the type, measures 134 mm. in condylo-basal length. Hab, Asia Minor. Type from Smyrna, a second specimen from Marash. Type. Young adult female (fully developed, but the basilar suture not closed). B.M. no. 6.10. 16.2. Original num- ber 57. Collected and presented by W. Griffitt Blackler, Esq. This is a dull-coloured fox, markedly different in general tone from the light-coloured foxes, more or less of a desert type, found to the east and south of its habitat. It was first obtained by Mr. C. G. Danford, who brought from Marash the skin referred to in P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 53. That skin, however, had no skull, and I have therefore taken as type the specimen from Smyrna presented by Mr. Blackler. 122 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Vulpes vulpes palestina, subsp. n. A greyish fox, much greyer than the rufous foxes of Egypt. The body broadly greyish along the sides, the grey even in some cases extending on the back to the nearly complete suppression of the rufous. Under surface variable, buffy or whitish, with blackish bases to the hairs. Backs of ears deep black. Sides of neck, shoulders, and hips all greyish, the hairs with whitish subterminal rings. Fore legs greyish rufous, varying to fulvous, feet pale fulvous. Hind legs also smoky greyish, the upper surface of the feet buffy, rarely fulvous, their inner sides paler. Tail above buffy washed with blackish, the tip prominently white. Skull rather smaller than in V. v. anatolica, about as in egyptiaca. Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :— Head and body 610 mm. ; tail 330; hind foot 123. Skull: greatest length 125°5; condylo-basal length 123 ; zygomatic breadth 66:3 ; hanes. 43°5 ; interorbital EUS 5 23°2; breadth across postorbital processes 31; breadth of brain-case 44° 5; height of brain-case from bola bullae 38 ; palatal length 62; length of p* on outer edge 12°2 ; combined length of m! and m? 13°5; breadth of m’ 11:4, Hab. Palestine. Type from Ramleh, near Jaffa. Other specimens from Mt. Lebanon. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19, 4.11.8. Collected November 1918, and presented by Major Maurice Portal. The Palestine fox, although it no doubt grades southwards into that of Egypt (V. v. wgyptiaca, Sonnini), is on the average so very much greyer, especially on the sides and limbs, that it should apparently have a special subspecific name. Besides the specimen from Ramleh sent home by Major Portal, the Museum possesses three others from Mt. Lebanon, presented in 1894 by Mr. Saleem Baroody. X1.— Descriptions of Two new Frogs from Brazil. By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S., F.Z.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THe frogs here described form part of a collection made by Prof. J. P. Hill, F.R.S., at or near Theresopolis during the Perey Sladen Expedition to Brazil in 1913, and the types have been presented to the British Museum by the Trustees of the Perey Sladen Fund. Two new Frogs from Brazil. 123 Leptodactylus pumilio, sp. n. Tongue oval, entire. Vomerine teeth in short transverse series close together behind the level of the choane. Heal as long as broad ; snout rounded, scarcely projecting beyond the lower jaw, a little longer than the eye; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region very oblique, concave ; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers with swollen tips, first a little shorter than second, which is one-half the length of third; subarticular tubercles strong. Toes with the tips dilated into small dises, which are longer than broad ; no dermal border ; subarticular tubercles mode- rately large, moderately prominent; two small, feebly promi- nent metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia half the length of head and body, as long as the foot. Skin smooth, shiny. Dark brown above, with ill-defined darker spots on the head and body, and cross- bands on the limbs; brownish white beneath, speckled and vermiculate with dark brown. From snout to vent 20 mm. A single female specimen. In the dilated tips of the toes this small frog is related to L. hyledactylus, Cope, L. discodactylus, Blgr., L. pulcher, Blgr., and L. mantipus, Blgr., but differs from all of them in the hidden tympanum. Hyla hilli, sp. n. Tongue round, entire and slightly free behind. Vomerine teeth in short U-shaped series on round bases, close togetlier between the rather small choane. Head small, a little broader than long, feebly depressed ; snout rounded, scarcely projecting beyond the mouth, as long as the orbit ; no canthus rostralis; loreal region feebly oblique, slightly concave ; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye, which is rather small ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, % the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather short, }-webbed, the discs moderately large, a little smaller than the tympanum ; no distinct rudiment of pollex, Toes rather short, entirely webbed, the discs nearly as large as those of the fingers. The tibio-tarsal aticulation reaches the shoulder; heels overlapping when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body; tibia a little less than 3 the length of head and body. Skin smooth above, with a few very small warts on the head; large flat granules on the throat, on the belly, and on the proximal half of the lower surface of the 124 Mr. F: A. Bather on a thighs. Reddish brown above, with dark brown dots and the following principal blackish markings :—a blotch capping the tip of the snout, a curved band from the nostril to the eye, a cross-band between the eyes, a vertical bar below the anterior third of the eye, a temporal band, two oblique bands (one behind the other) on each side of the body, and cross-bands on the limbs ; upper lip behind the black vertical bar, flanks, and lower parts white; a black crescent at the axil and another at the groin; back of thighs colourless, black-edged above. From snout to vent 33 mm. A single female species. This frog, remarkable for its very short hind limbs, appears to be related to H. melanargyrea, Cope, from Mato Grosso, which differs in the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye, as well as in other respects. XII.—Protoscolex latus, a new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. By F. A. Batuer, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE genus Protoscolee was founded by HE. O. Ulrich in July 1878 (Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 89). Since the paper is rare, his generic diagnosis may be quoted in full :-— “ Body ranging from a medium toa great length, of nearly uniform width throughout its length; body divided trans- versely by more or less narrow, simple or papillated segments. Anterior and posterior ends obtusely pointed, and, probably because the specimens are fossil, are not distinguishable from each other. No sete or appendages of any kind.” This was followed by the description of four species— P.. covingtonensis (the genotype), P. ornatus, P. tenuis, and P. simplex. All were found south of Covington, Kentucky, associated with the polyzoa now known as Arthrostylus tenuis (James) and Arthropora shaffert (Meek), also with Serpulites dissolutus, Billings. The stratum is now referred to the Economy formation in the Eden series, that is, Lower Cincinnatian, just above the horizon of the Utica shale. One other species has since been described, namely, P. magnus, by Miller and Faberin July 1892 (op. ct. xv. p. 83). This was found in the Fulton formation of the Eden series, corresponding to Utica shale, in Cincinnati. new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 125 The American horizons are near the top of the Ordovician, and correspond approximately to our Lower Ashgillian. The original generic diagnosis is expressed in vague terms, and needs interpretation with aid of the figures and descrip- tions of the species. The actual length observed varies from 1} inch (say, 28 mm.), as in a young P. covingtonensis, to 6 inches (say, 152 mm.) in an example of P. tenuis. The actual width observed in the compressed fossils varies from “one fourth of a line” (say, 0°5 mm.), in the smallest P. ¢enurs, to about 2 mm., as seen in the figure of P. simplex. Owing to the incompleteness of most of the specimens, the ratio of width to length cannot be calculated with certainty. It is, however, possible to calculate the relative height of the segments, on the basis of such measurements as are provided, though these are not very precise :— Absolute height Ratio to of segment. width. FE RUGTMS Fe taba dais > 012 10/100 IES BURRIS a ard le ws ha 0:23 12/100 P. covingtonensis ...... 015 15/100 DA eae ee ae O'S 33/100 Ere BONER erste: 0 seo «ose P 0°5 50/100 The nature of the segmentation is not clear. Ulrich’s figure of P. simplex (op. cit. pl.iv. fig. 4) probably represents the “complete individual”? mentioned on p. 91. This has a length of about 19 mm.,a greatest width of 2°7 mm., and tapers rapidly at each end. The drawing shows thirty-two segments, and, since the specimen is bent round so that one end almost approaches the other, these segments are lower on the inner side of the curve than on its outer, and the draughtsman has represented them as imbricating. This important feature is not alluded to in the text, nor is it suggested or mentioned under any other species. It would, of course, be particularly obvious in a form with the high and well-marked segments of P. simplea. The segments are papillate in P. ornatus and P. magnus ; in all other species, including the genotype, they are described as smooth. In P. ornatus the papille form either one row in the median line of a segment or one row near each border ofasegment. Ulrich’s enlarged figure 1 b shows about twelve papillz in each row, all closely set ; that means about twenty- five in the complete circle of each segment. In P. magnus * gach segment is ornamented with a single row of six or eight papille ” (7, e., twelve to sixteen in the complete circle). We pass now to the first record of the genus from this side of the Atlantic, and the first occurrence outside the Ordovician, 126 Mr. F. A. Bather on a Protoscolex latus, sp. n. Diagnosis. —Segments bear each one or two rows of papille, of which not more than twenty are visible on one side of the compressed fossil. Spaces between papillee not less than the diameter of a papilla. Height of a segment about 0°25 mm. Width of specimen about 3mm. Ratio of segment-height to width 8/100. : Lolotypee-—A specimen collected by Dr. H. L. Hawkins, and presented by him to the British Museum: Geol. Dept. A. 1946. Hlorizon.— Lower Ludlow, just above the Starfish bed. Locality.—Martin’s Shell, below Mocktree, near Leint- wardine, Herefordshire. This specimen (fig. 1) presents many features of interest other than those due to its remoteness in time and space from the species previously described. It is preserved in counter- part as two imprints, but some of the substance of the integu- ment remains here and there as round calcified knobs, appa- rently where the wall was thickened by papille. The chemical composition of these knobs is unknown, and may be due to petrifaction of a chitinoid substance. Proto scolex The specimen lies in a curve shaped like the head of a 2. Its outline is not very clear-cut asseen under a lens, ‘The diameter is about 3 mm, in the upper part of the ascending stem of the 2; towards the end of the curve it lessens gradually to 2°3 mm., then suddenly tapers or rounds off like the end of an earthworm. ‘Towards the lower end of the stem of the 2 the width gradually lessens to 2 mm., and then the fossil seems to fade away into the matrix, both outline new ‘‘Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 127 and ornament becoming obscure. The total length is 69 mm. (about 23 inches). It is thus seen that, though the length is no greater than the mean length of the American specimens, the absolute width is half as much again as in the widest of them ; hence the trivial name proposed. The segments (fig. 2) are not very convex, but they are separated by well-defined grooves, and—as a rule, at any rate— each bears two lines of papillee. This at first sight gives the appearance of two segments, but the median groove between the lines of papille is less marked than that between the segments. In each segment it is frequently the case that one line of papillee is stouter than the other, so that there is an appearance of alternately large and small segments, much as in a crinoid stem with alternating columnals. If the feebler line of papilla became still slighter or were pushed under the next segment, then the appearance would be that of equal segments each with a single line of papillz. Such is actually the appearance towards the ends of the specimen, which there- fore in this respect agrees with P. ornatus. In P. magnus only one line of papille to the segment has been observed throughout. No definite arrangement of the papillze in longitudinal series, either linear or alternating, is immediately obvious ; but where the segments are least disturbed and the papill most orderly there is a suggestion of oblique lineation, and this would probably be plainer if the two lines of papilla were of equal strength. Where the segments are clearly seen, and the two lines of papille fully developed, about four segments occupy 1 mm., so that the height of twelve segments equals the width of the specimen, 7. e., a ratio about 8/100. The absolute height of the segments agrees fairly with that stated for P. ornatus, but the relative height is less than that of any species, the next in order being P. magnus. The total number of segments in the individual is about 275. Correlated with the greater width of the specimen is the increased number of papillee in a line— namely, from eighteen to twenty on one side of tle compressed tube, which is half as many again as in P., ornatus, three times as many as in P. magnus. The most noteworthy feature of this specimen is a thick- ening along the median line, extending through the whole curved head of the 2 to within 2°5 mm. of its end, and reaching down the stem to a point about 23 mm. from the other end. On the imprint, in each counterpart, this thick- ening appears as a groove, about 0°5 mm. wide, and of roughly semicircular section. In some places the bottom of 128 Mr. F. A. Bather on a the groove is relatively smooth, in other places the segmental markings and papilla are clearly seen to run across it. The apposition of these two grooves would form a tunnel of circular section; but before the sandstone was split open this tunnel was filled with a hardened mud of very fine grain and a pale grey colour. The appearance is most easily explained by regarding it as the gut of a mud-eating worm; the muddy core, of which considerable stretches are retained in one or the other counterpart, is the remains of the animal’s last meal ; the smooth lining of the groove, occasionally pre- served, is the thin wall of the gut ; the groove itself, seen asa ridge in a wax squeeze, represents the outer skin of the animal raised in a fold over the full gut (fig. 2). As a rule, the core is marked by slight constrictions into segments corre- sponding with those of the integument, and perhaps due to pressure from the inturned walls of the segments. The surface between the segmental constrictions may be smooth or marked by elevations corresponding with the papillae of the integument. In some places the calcified substance of the papillze is still attached to these segments of the gut, instead of to the outer skin. There are occasional slight longitudinal ridges, indicating folds in the wall of the partly-filled gut, due to pressure. ‘wre The gut itself was not confined to the region of the fossil now marked by a groove or its core, for a darker tract indi- cates its former extension down the stem of the 2, though it is impossible to say how far it went. This gut-structure has not been mentioned as occurring in any Ordovician species, but Ulrich’s figure of P. simplex shows a dark line or groove down the middle, and there is some slight suggestion of the same marking in the complete figure of P. ornatus. The importance of the gut lies in its confirmation of the view that these fossils were worms of some kind. The apparent tapering towards each end, as observed in many of the specimens, indicates that they were free-moving forms ; unfortunately no distinction between the ends has yet been detected. Hitherto the opinion as to the systematic position of Proto- scolex may be expressed in the words of Miller and Faber (1892). After giving reasons, drawn chiefly from the mineral character and state of preservation, against the fossils being crinoid stems (some of which in many respects they so closely resemble), they add :—“ We have no evidence to offer to show that they represent the tubes of Aunelida, but probably new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 129 they do, and as we cannot class them anywhere else, we leave them where others have placed them.” The question remains: What sort of Annelida”? ? Most fossil worms are referred to the Chaetopoda, But if they are not Tubicola, then they should show cliete or parapodia, and one would expect some cephalization or other differentiation into body-regions, such as occurs even in the somewhat similar Capitellidee. The fossil called Protoscolex is not a tube either built or secreted, but must be the imprint of the actual in- tegument. It shows no trace of cheetze or parapodia, and there is no other reason for referring it to the Polycheta, Whether the segmentation is complete or whether it is con- fined to the integument cannot at present be decided ; the segmented appearance of the gut is capable of both interpre- tations. The straight simplicity of the gut excludes the Gephyrea, some of which present a superficial resemblance in the distribution of epidermal papillee, and in a tendency to calcification as expressed in the calcareous plates of some Sipunculids. My colleague, Mr. H. A. Baylis, has tenta- tively suggested comparison with a Nematode, and tells me that two genera of recent Nematoda have backwardly-pointing spines on the hinder edge of the cuticular rings. That, however, is no great resemblance, and the creatures in question are parasitic. Protoscolex also bears some likeness to mille- pedes ; but none of the fossils has shown any trace of ap- pendages, and the segmentation is much closer than in any known millepede. It is to the Oligocheta that Protoscolex presents the stronvest resemblance. ‘he general shape, the close and undifferentiated annulation, and the long simple gut are all suggestive of thatorder. The apparent absence of a clitellum is by no means fatal, for that structure is less differentiated in the lower Oligocheta, is very slightly developed in the primitive Moniligaster, and in most aquatic Oligochata appears only periodically. Therefore in Protoscolea it may not have reached such a stage of evolution as to be discernible in the fossils, or the animals may have perished out of the breeding- scason. The very fine sete of the Oligocheta would, of course, be invisible in any fossil of this kind and size. It is, however, legitimate to suggest that the papille of certain species stood in some relation to sete: either they bore one apiece, or they represent the incipient stages of sete. In the adult of modern oligocheetes the sete are chitinoid rods embedded in invaginations of the epidermis ; but they first appear as small cones of chitinoid substance, growing first at Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 9 130 Mr. F. A. Bather on a their apices or free ends. If Protoscolex was setiferous, it follows that the sete were disposed as in the Perichetida, and this is what one would expect. The double rows of papillae may be compared with the secondary annulation cecasionally found in modern forms, and so present no difficulty. It may be objected that the Oligocheeta, especially the group to which the Perichetide belong, are normally terrestrial or, at most, inhabitants of fresh water. There is, however, & priori reason to suppose that terrestrial oligo- cheetes were derived from aquatic, and ultimately marine, forms. The primitive Phreoryctes lives both in water and on Jand. It is among the Microdrili, with less pronounced clitellum, that most aquatic species are found. Thus, some of the Tubificide (e. g., Cliteliio and Vermiculus) and various Enchytreeids are marine or littoral, Among the Megadrili there are, at any rate, three marine genera—Pontodrilus, Acanthodrilus, and Pontoscolex. The rarity of Oligochzta among fossils may be explained as due to their softness and easy decomposition. The hypo- thetical primitive forms of marine habitat would probably have been less easily preserved than the familiar earthworm. The paleontologist has to rely on an occasional lucky chance, such as the blow that for the first time exposed a Protoscolew in the long-exploited beds of the Lower Ludlow formation. So soon as the Oligocheta took to fresh waters, swamps, and the land, their opportunities of leaving an imperishable record were further restricted. The only fossils that anyone has hitherto proposed to refer to the Oligocheta are “ fiinf braune Abdriicke, welche hichst wahrscheinlich den Ringelwiiimern angehéren,” found in the Noeggerathia beds of the Coal Measures near Rakouitz, Bohemia, and described as Pronaidites carbonarius by J. Kusta (1888, Sitz.-ber. biélmisch. Gesell. Wissensel., Math.-nat. Cl., Jahrg. 1887, p. 561, pl. fig. 1). The length is a little over 10 cm., diameter 0°5 mm, to at most 2 mm., seg- ments (in the holotype, which is 1°5 mm. wide) about U°5 mm, high, All specimens are bent, curved, or even twisted, The side-contours are not very sharp. ‘Towards one end of the holotype a canal runs down the middle of the body ; its width is not stated, and it does not appear in the figure. In all the given details Pronaidites agrees with Proto- scolex, and the measurements of the segments are the same as in Protoscolex simplex. Papille are not mentioned, but neither are they recorded for L’rotoscclex simplex, P. tenuis, or the genotype P. covingtonensis. ‘The reference of Pronaidites carbonarius to Protoscolewx is therefore inevitable. new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 131 It is, however, to be noted that, whereas the Ordovician and Silurian species of Protoscolex are associated with marine organisms in deposits of admittedly marine origin, Proto- scolex carbonarius is associated with various arachnids, insects, and a millepede, in a deposit of presumably fresh-water, or possibly brackish-water, origin. Beddard (1895, Monogr. Oligocheeta, p. 9) says of Pro- naidites that “it is not by any means convincingly an Oligochet.” At the same time he brings forward no counter- arguinents, except in so far as he seems to suggest that, if it were, then it would support the view that Oligocheta were derived from the Polycheta by way of such forms as the Tubificida—a view with which he disagrees. Beddard’s argument in the paragraph quoted depends on the distribution of the setee, but he can have known nothing about the sete of P. carbonarius, and must therefore have connected it with the Tubificide simply on account of its habitat. If, how- ever, the papillz of other species of Protoscolex justify the conclusion that the sete were arranged as in Perichzetidee, then the question assumes a totally different aspect. Beddard’s own view is that the perichzetous arrangement of sete is the primitive one, and for this view Protoscolex does seem to furnish that paleontological evidence the absence of which he deplored. So far as the known structure of Proto- scole« permits of a decision, there is no reason why the genus should not be referred to the Pericheetidee. It might, how- ever, be too hazardous an inference to suppose that this family of recent earthworms had true representatives in the Ordo- vician sea, and it is more probable that Protoscolex was nearer to the hypothetical Archichztopod from which the Phreoryctidze, Moniligastridee, Enchytreeidew, and Periche- tide originated, It is already a good way removed from anything that could be called an Archannelid. Fortunately it has been possible to submit this instructive specimen of Protoscolex latus to Dr. Beddard and to Professor Seitaro Goto of ‘Tokyo, and each has independently expressed the opinion that it closely resembles a modern pericheetid. The preceding speculations have therefore the sanction of good authority. At the same time they are speculations ; other interpretations are possible, and it may be safest to summarize only the certain facts in the following Revised Diagnosis of Protoscolex. A worm-like marine organism, probably cylindrical, tapering rapidly at each end ; length from about 25 mim, to 150 mm,; width in the compressed fossil from 0°) to 3 mm, Q* 132 Mr. L. A. Borradaile on a Body flexible, covered with a stout cuticle, divided into from 200 to 300 equal segments, which are often (? always) papil- late, but bear no appendages or visible sete. Gut simple, straight, apparently slightly segmented (traced from within 2°5 mm. of one end to within 20 mm. of the other end in an individual 69 mm. long). The species herein discussed are :— P. magnus, Miller & Faber. Upper Ordovician, Fulton Formation, Cincinnati. P. covingtonensis, Ulrich (genotype). Upper Ordovician, Eden Forma- tion, Kentucky. P. ornatus, Ulrich. Upper Ordovician, Eden Formation, Kentucky. P. tenuis, Ulrich. » i i. i te P. simplex, Ulrich. c < ¥ a Hs P. latus, sp. nu. Upper Silurian, Lower Ludlow, Herefordshire. P. carbonarius (Kuta, sub Pronaidites). Upper Carboniferous, Noegge- rathia beds, Bohemia. XITI.—On a new Commensal Prawn. By L. A. BorrapaILe, M.A. A sHort time ago I received, by the kindness of Mr. W. L. Schmitt, of the United States National Mnseum, four speci- mens, one an ovigerous female, of a new member of the ubiquitous subfamily Pontoniine. They were collected at Beaufort, N.C., where they are said to be abundant on the “ sea-feathers” close to the Island. The following diagnosis sets forth the distinguishing features of the species to which they belong :— Periclimenes beaufortensis, sp. n. Diagnosis —Body rather stout, not compressed ; rostrum about # length of carapace, almost or quite reaching end of first joint of antennular stalk, straight, slender, very sharp- pointed, without teeth, but with a low crest above in its hinder part ; antennal, but not hepatic or supraorbital, spines present ; cornea subhemispherical, of moderate size; antennule with well-developed spines at base and at end of first joint, third joint about one-third length of first, second about two-thirds length of third, inner flagellum about half as long new Commensal Prawn. 133 again as stalk, outer flagellum very slightly longer than inner, its thickened part rather more than a third of its whole length, cleft less than halfway ; antennal scale broad, con- siderably outreaching antennular stalk, rather acutely pointed, with the spine of the outer edge set back about a quarter of the length from the end, antennal stalk reaching end of first joint of antennular ; second and third maxillipeds without exopodites ; third maxillipeds moderately slender, reaching a little beyond origin of antennal scale; legs of first pair a little outreaching antennal scale, with wrist very slightly shorter than hand, and fingers straight, simple, sharp-edged, and sharp-pointed, bearing a few bristles at the end ; legs of second pair unequal, the larger reaching nearly as far as the antennular flagella, with long, almost rectangular palm, a little swollen towards the base, simple fingers, not quite half length of palm, bearing a few hairs at the tips, wrist simple, unarmed, about half length of fingers, arm simple, unarmed, about three-quarters length of palm; walking-legs stout, sub- equal, the first pair reaching nearly to the end of the first chelipeds, unarmed save for a movable spine near end of each propodite and some stout bristles, with a swelling on the underside of the meropodite near its distal end, and a slight projection of the base of the dactylopodite, which is short, stout, and rather strongly hooked; sixth abdominal segment longer than fourth and fifth together, about as long as telson ; endopodites of uropodsa little longer than telson, shorter than exopodites ; telson tapering, truncate, with the intermediate pair of terminal spines very strong. Colour in life “almost transparent except the ovigerous females, which are pigmented according to the gorgonian on which they live, orange, lemon-yellow, or almost red.” Length ‘5-7 mm. } ‘lype-specimens in the U.S. National Museum. The affinities of the species are not very clear. Its simplicity of form and the almost complete absence of spines from its rostrum, trunk, and limbs seem to point to a rela- tionship with P. aurantiaeus (Dana), 1852, and, if this suspicion be confirmed, we have in P. beaufortensis a second member of the subgenus Ensiger; but until more is known about P, aurantiacus nothing can be said with confidence upon the subject. 134 Mr. R. Gurney on the Copepod XIV.—A Description of the Copepod Cylindropsyllus brevi- cornis, Van Douwe, and of a new Species of D’Arcythomp- sonia, Scott. By Ropert Gurney, M.A. {Plates V.-—VII.} CYLINDROPSYLLUS BREVICORNIS was first described by Van Douwe from two male specimens taken in brackish water at Greifswald, and a single female was found by Brehm in 1914 in a collection made in fresh water at Sebenico in Dalmatia. In neither case did the material permit of the publication of a full description, and as I have had the opportunity of examining a number of specimens, and have come to the conclusion that a new genus should be formed for its reception, I think it advisable to give a further account of it with figures. Horst, gen. nov, Body vermiform, the abdomen not distinct from the thorax. Genital segment partly or wholly divided imto two, First pair of antenne short, with few joints. Second pair three- jointed, without external ramus. Mandible without external ramus. Maxillipedes absent. Swimming-legs alike in both sexes, the internal rami of two and the external of three joints. Fifth pair of legs minute, one-jointed. A comparison of the single representative of this genus with Cylindropsyllus shows very striking differences in strue- ture, particularly with regard to the swimming-legs, Horsiella approaching in this respect more nearly to the genera Leptocaris and D’ Arcythompsonia. It differs from these two genera and also from Cy/indropsyllus in the absence of the external ramus of the second pair of antennz and of the mandibles, and in the absence of the maxillipedes. Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe). (Pls. V. & VI.) Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, Ven Douwe, Zool. Anz. xxviii. 1905, p- 437; Brehm, Zool. Anz. xliii. 1914, p. 337. Shape of body cylindrical and vermiform, as in Cylindro- psyllus; the first segment of the thorax marked off from the head by a slight dorsal groove extending partly down the sides. Integument thin and without markings. The genital segment is completely separated into two in the male, but in the female the line of division does not extend across the ventral surface. The fifth abdominal segment is twice as Cylindrépsyllus brevicornis, Ge. 135 long as the preceding segment in the female. Anal oper- culum not prominent, and without spines. The furcal rami are twice as long as they are broad, with a large apical seta which is nearly one-third the length of the body. All the segments of the body are smooth, without spines, but there are groups of exceedingly minute cilia on the ventral side of the abdominal segments (Pl. V. fig. 1) and a pair of minute setze on the dorsal margin of each (Pl. V. fig. 3). The first antenna (Pl. VI. fig. 1) of the female is short and consists of five joints, the first. two being thicker than the remainder and forming a distinct basal part. The third and fourth joints are short, the fourth bearing a thick zsthete extending far beyond the end of the antenna. The distal joint is as long as the third and fourth combined, and armed at its apex with two sete and an esthete, the latter springing from the same base as one of the sete. In the male the antenna is not geniculated and appears to be com- posed of two joints only, since the two basal joints are fused, and the remaining joints are only partially distinct. Viewed from above, the last three joints appear completely fused, the long esthete springing from the edge of a peculiar notch, which probably serves as a hook for grasping the female CPR Vile fiess 11; 12). The second antenna is the same in both sexes and consists of three joints (PI. VI. figs. 2, 3). The second joint bears two small sete in place of the external ramus, which is absent. I have seen one specimen in which this joint, in both limbs, bore a long blunt-pointed seta (PI. VI. fig. 3). The distal joint is armed.with five or six strong claws and a pair of setz which spring from the same basis. One of these sete has a bifurcated tip, and in some specimens there appears to be a hyaline prolongation with a bead at the end similar to the zsthetes of the antennz of Cladocera. The mouth-parts (text-fig. 1) consist, as in Cylindropsyllus, of three pairs of appendages only, the maxillipedes being absent. In C. levis there are a pair of minute triangular plates behind the second pair of maxille which, as Prof. Sars suggests, may represent the maxillipedes, but there is no trace of them in Horsiel/a. The mandible consists of a large quadrangular base and a slender chewing part with three or four blunt teeth, no trace of an external ramus being found. The first maxilla has a two-jointed palp and a single broad terminal lobe armed with three teeth and a few spines. The second maxilla is two-jointed, the basal part bearing, in place of the usual setigerous lobes, a single finger-like process with a comb of minute hook- like spines. The second 136. Mr. R. Gurney on the Copepod joint carries two large spines reaching forward nearly to the mouth. The mouth-parts are overhung by a large anterior lip with a toothed edge. Ihave not been able to detect the presence of a bilobed posterior lip as shown by Prof. Sars in C. levis, but there is a delicate flap or epistome bounding the mouth anteriorly and fringed with short cilia. The first four pairs of legs are of approximately the same structure in both sexes, consisting of an external branch of three joints and an inner two-jointed branch as long as the first two joints of the outer branch. The first pair (Pl. VI. fig. 4) is the shortest, and the succeeding pairs increase somewhat in length, the fourth being considerably longer than the first pair. The external branches of all legs are alike, except that the third and fourth pair bear an additional seta on the apical joint. The internal branch of the first pair is alike in both sexes. The first joint bears a long seta with a blunt point fringed with cilia, which, in its normal position, is directed forward, reaching nearly to the mouth. ‘The distal joint bears aspine anda long seta. In the female the internal branches of the remaining swimming-legs are alike, but differ from the first pair in having the long sensory seta upon the base of the second joint and in having two apical sete (Pl. VI. figs. 5, 6). In the male the apical sete are as in the female, but, in place of the long basal seta of the second joint, the second and third legs have a peculiar sharply-pointed spine with a small barb (PI. VI. fig. 9). The basal seta of the fourth leg is similar to that of the female, but longer and very much stouter (Pl. VI. fig. 10). The fifth pair of legs in both sexes are minute knobs bearing two short spines in the female and four in the male (Pl. VI. figs. 7, 8). I have not seen any female bearing egg-sacs, but on one occasion a female which had been kept alive for a few days was found to be carrying a single egg attached to the genital segment by a slender stalk. The egg was soon burst and fiattened by the movements of the animal under the cover- glass. Length. Female ‘56 to ‘65 mm.; male *6 mm, I owe the discovery of this species to Mr. D. J. Scour- field, who suggested to me that the submerged parts of dead Scirpus and Typha might harbour peculiar Entomostraca. The first specimen met with was found on July 14, 1919, in a small piece of dead Typha floating in Hickling Broad, and by squeezing such decayed stems, I have found that it is not Oylindropsyllus brevicornis, ce. 137 Fig. 1. Mouth-parts: A, side view; B, ventral view. UL., upper lip; EP., epistome; N., mandible; MX. 1, first maxilla; MLX, 2, second maxilla. 138 Mr. R. Gurney on the Copepod uncommon in Hickling Broad and Horsey Mere where the water is slightly brackish*. It is probably widely distri- buted in the Norfolk Broads District wherever there is a trace of salt in the water, since I have also found it in Barton Broad and in the River Ant below Irstead. It also occurs in Calthorpe Broad, which is a very small Broad, not connected with the river, in which the water is, I believe, quite fresh, I have failed to find it in Sutton, South Walsham, and Ranworth Broads. Mr. Scourfield has sent me a sketch of an Harpacticid found by him at Littlehampton this year which undoubtedly belongs to this species, so that it is probable that it is generally distributed in brackish water wherever the vegeta- tion provides a suitable habitat. I have found it in the decaying leaves of Sparganiumramosum and Scirpus lacustris, but it seems to prefer to live under the leaf-sheaths of the dead stems of Typha angustifolia. Ihave not hitherto been able to make any observations on its life-history, since I have only once seen an egg-bearing female and have met with only two immature individuals, both of these being in late Cyclopid stages. It seems probable that the eggs are not carried in egg-sacs, but are laid freely, and that possibly reproduction is mainly confined to the spring or early snmmer. Against this supposition is the fact that the males always have developed spermatophores in the vas deferens. D Arcythompsonia scotti, sp.n. (Pl. VII.) Body similar in shape to D, jairliensis, Scott, with soft cuticle without markings. The anal operculum of the female is scarcely prominent and somewhat pointed, while that of the male, as in D. fairliensis, is deeply cleft and projects as a pair of conspicuous hooks (PI. VII. fig. 10). The furecal rami in both sexes are tapering, not contracted at the end as in D. fairliensis, with a single large terminal seta which is not jointed as it is in Cylindropsyllus levis. The second abdominal segment of the male has a median sucker-like projection on the dorsal surface, which appears to be crowned with a striated horseshoe-shaped membrane (Pl. VII. fig. 11). The first antenna in both sexes consists of six joints, with no marked division between basal and distal parts, the large westhete being borne by the third joint in the female and by the fourth in the male. In the latter the fourth joint * The salinity is very variable, ranging from about 40 to over 70 graine of chlorine as chlorides per gallon. Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, &e. 133 is much dilated and deeply notched. The second antenna is three-jointed, the third joint bearing six strong spines and a single long spine-like seta (Pl. VIL. fig. 1). The external ramus is reduced to a small knob bearing a single seta. The mouth-parts are as in D. fairliensis, consisting of man- dibles, two pairs of maxilla, and a pair of maxillipedes. The mandible bears a one-jointed palp with two sete (Pl. VII. fig. 2). The maxillipedes are well developed and appear to agree with those of D. fairliensis, as figured by Prof. Sars. The swimming-legs are almost the same in both sexes, and are less slender than in D, fairliensis. In the first pair (Pl. VII. fig. 3) the second basal joint bears a strong spine on its inner angle, which is.absent from the succeeding legs. In the male (Pl. VII. fig. 4) this spine is curved and slightly barbed. The internal rami of all legs are two-jointed, nearly as long as the external brauch, but they differ some- what in the different legs in respect of the sete borne by them. ‘The internal rami of the third and fourth pairs of legs of the male differ from those of the female in having the inner spine of the second joint considerably longer, and in having a long spine springing from the middle of the first joint of the fourth leg in space of a short apical spine. The fifth pair of legs are the same in both sexes, con- sisting of small knobs bearing each a small lateral seta and three terminal sete of which the middle oue is very small (Pl. VII. fig. 12). Length. Female 1:15 and 1:3 mm. ; male 1-2 and 1°45 mm. The specimens described above form part of the Norman Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), and are labelled ‘ Cylindropsyllus levis, E. Loch ‘Tarbert, Loch Fyne, 1886, I’. Scott.” (B.M. nos, 45248-252). I have to express my thanks to Dr. W. ‘I’. Calman and the authorities of the Museum for allowing me to examine them. The species differs from D. fairliensis in the form of the furcal rami of the female, in the structure of the antenne, and in certain details of the length and arrangement of the sete of the swimming-legs. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLrate V. Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe), Fig. 1. Female, ventral view. Fig. 2. Male, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Male, lateral view. 140 = Mr, O. Thomas on the Generic Positions of Pirate VI. Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe). Fig. 1. First antenna of female. Fig. 2. Second antenna of female, seen from the inside (the sete of the second joint are seen through). Fig. $%. Second antenna of female, from outside. Fig . First lee of female. e gq. 6. Second leg of female. Fig. 6. Fourth leg of female. Fig. 7. Fifth pair of legs of female. . Fifth pair of legs of male. . Internal ramus of second leg of male, Fig. 10. Internal ramus of fourth leg of male. Fig. 11. First antenna of male from the side. Fig. 12, First antenna of male—last two joints seen from inside. zy S OMDIRN Pw. woe Prater VII. D' Arcythompsonia scotti, sp. n, Fig. 1. Second antenna of male. Fig. 2. Mandible palp. Fig. 3. First leg of female. ‘wg. 4. First leg of male (rather more magnified). ‘1g. 5. Fourth leg of female. Fig. 6. Last two joints of external branch of third leg of female. Fig. 7. Second leg of male. Fig. 8. Fourth leg of male. Fig. 9, Last abdominal segment and furea of female. Fig. 10. Operculum and furcal ramus of male. Fig. 11. Protuberance of dorsal side of second abdominal segment of male. Seen from side. Fig. 12. Fifth leg of female. ‘ww. 13, Second leg of female. XV.—The Generic Positions of ‘ Mus” nigricauda, Thos., and woosnami, Schwann. By Otprietp THomas. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Wuen dividing, some years ago*, the African members of what is now called Rattus into subgenera, I only dealt with the large and prominent groups of species, leaving isolated forms for further consideration. My attention has now, however, been called to a species which was one of the first I ever described +, “ Mus nigricauda,” based on a single Namaqualand specimen that has more recently been re- inforced by a number collected by Dr. Ansorge and Mr. * Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xvi. p. 477 (1915). ¢ P. Z.S. 1882, p. 266, pl. xiv. fig. 1. “Mus” nigricauda, Thos., and woosnami, Schwann. 141 Woosnam, so that we are now enabled to make a better study of the animal. In addition, excellent notes on the habits have been made by Mr. Heller, who obtained in Hast Africa his ‘ Thamnomys loringi,’ a form undoubtedly—as Mr. Hollister has shown *—very closely allied to nigricauda. On using my key to the subgenera, one finds that it is with /Ethomys alone that nigricauda needs comparison, and on making this [ come to the conclusion that its specializations for an arboreal life are, undoubtedly, of sufficient im- portance to render it worthy of superspecific distinction. Moreover, since there is complete discontinuity, I think it most convenient to make a genus for it, rather than a sub- genus of Rattus. This may be called :— THALLoMyYs, gen. nov. Genotype, Thallomys nigricauda (Mus nigricauda, Thos.). Other forms described : loringi, Hell.; kalaharicus, Dollm. External form modified in the way usual in arboreal forms, i. e. with the feet comparatively shortened, with large pads and comparatively long fifth digits, and with the tail pro- fusely pencilled throughout, quite different from the nearly naked tail of A#thomys and other terrestrial rats, while even the blackish line through the eyes so characteristic of many arboreal rodents is here again present. Mamma 0—2=4. Skull essentially as in Athomys, the bulle unusually large. Upper molars with the cusps high and well marked, the valleys on each side of the middle row of cusps deep and well defined, and the middle cusps themselves markedly narrower and more prominent than in Athomys, i. e. nearly circular instead of transversely oblong. Lower molars with an approach to that peculiar condition which is found at its maximum in Mylomys and certain other genera, the cusps high and very sharply defined, their wear- ing surfaces pointing forwards, and the median valley along the tooth-row very sharp and deep. Almost no trace present of median posterior supplementary cusps. These characters, and especially those of the lower molars, seem to justify the generic distinction of the group, while the hairy tail separates it from its allies in exactly the same way, and for the same reasons, as Nyctomys and Rhipidomys are distinguished in America from other Vesper-rats, and in * Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus, no, 99, p. 69 (1919). 142 Mr. O. Thomas on Asia Pithechirus, Hapalomys, and many others from the terrestrial forms found there. A second species formerly put in Mus is the curious white- tailed M. woosnami, Schwann*, of Bechuanaland, which is even more decidedly different from any Rattus than is Thallomys nigricauda. Its unusual proportions, with the tail only about equal to the length of the body without the head, the entire absence of supraorbital ridges, and the struc- ture of the molars, of which m’ is greatly reduced and simplified, all testify to its being an animal which could not by any possible stretch of the genus be nowadays put in Rattus. Nor is any other genus more nearly related to it, though there is about it a certain superficial resemblance to Saccostomus which a closer study soon shows to be deceptive. As Mr. Schwann has given a full description of the distinctive characters, with figure of the animal, I do not propose to redescribe it, but simply suggest for it the name derived from its general pallor and white tail of OcHuRomys, gen. nov. Genotype, Ochromys woosnami (Mus woosnami, Schwann). XVI.—A new Taphozous from the Sudan. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) AMONG a number of small maminals collected in the Sudan by Major J. Stevenson Hamilton, and sent to the British Museum for determination by the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum, there occurs a specimen of the following new bat, which I have great pleasure in naming in honour of its discoverer :— Laphozous hamiltoni, sp. 0. A fairly large species of the group with a naked gular patch in the female—a pouch therefore probably present in the male. * P, Z. 8, 1906, p. 108, pl. vi. (animal), a new Taphozous from the Sudan. 143 Size rather smaller than in hildegardee, decidedly larger than in sudant. General external appearance as to colour and distribution of fur much about as in perforatus and its allies. Fur covering, but restricted to, the body, short ; hairs of back barely 3 mm. in length. Colour above dark sepia- brown, the extreme tips of the hairs lighter, their bases white ; below similar, but paler, the light tips being longer. Throat with a sharply defined naked patch, no doubt indicating that the male has a gular pouch. Skull broad and stout, much more heavily built than that of 7. sudani, and approaching that of the large 7. nudi- ventris, though its muzzle is conspicuously shorter than in that animal and is without the great projection forward of the incisors. Forehead broad and flat, little hollowed out, the rise of the brain-case behind it not nearly so great as in sudant. Postorbital processes well developed, short. Brain- ease broad, more parallel-sided, less oval, than in sudani. Mesopterygoid fossa penetrating the palate to the level of the hinder edge of m?. Basial pits broadly triangular, not very deep. Teeth as usual, rather stout and heavy throughout, breadth across canines greater than in other species of the same size. Dimensions of the type:— Forearm (c.) 66 mm.* Head and body 80; tail 35 ; third metacarpal 60. Skull: condyle to front of canines 22 ; zygomatic breadth 15; interorbital breadth 7:3; intertemporal breadth 5; breadth of brain-case 11°2 ; mastoid breadth 13; palato- sinual length 6°23 postpalatal length 11:2; basial pits, length 3, combined breadth 5. ‘Teeth: front of canine to back of m3 9°7; front of p* to back of m? 6:5. Hab. Mongalla, Sudan. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19.12.18.1. No. 118 of the Stevenson Hamilton collection. Collected 13th June, 1918. Presented to the National Museum by the Wellcome Research Laboratories. It is difficult to say to which of the older-known species this Taphozous is most nearly allied. Its skull is much stouter than that of perforatus, sudani, and their allies, while, of course, the widely different fur-distribution of nudiventris and the peculiar colour of mauritianus at once separate those forms from it. 7. hildegardew has a much narrower and * The proximal end of each forearm has been lost, and the length is estimated from that of the third metacarpal, usually rather more than one-tenth shorter, 144. On a new Marmoset from the Peruvian Amazons. more slender skull, and no naked gular patch in the female. It is to be hoped that male specimens will shortly be obtained, so that the pouch-strueture in that sex can be observed. Major Stevenson Hamilton states that the specimen was eaptured in the verandah of his house. XVIT.—A new Marmoset from the Peruvian Amazons, By OLpFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Leontocebus mounseyi, sp. n. Closely allied to LZ. apiculatus, Thos.*, with which it agrees in all essential characters, but distinguished by the following points :—Terminal ticking of nape-hairs commencing rather further forward, on the hairs between the ears instead of further down the neck. Dorsal marbling rather more coarsely conspicuous. Fur of under surface, including groins and inner sides of thighs, longer and denser, and the hairs all with distinct blackish bases instead of being wholly reddish. Upper side of hands and feet rather more prominently grizzled with fulvous. ‘Tail, beyond its basal reddish-mixed incl, abruptly deep black, without any trace of the more extensive fulvous grizzling for three or four inches which forms so marked a characteristic of L. apieulatus. Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— Head and body 175 mm.; tail 300; hind foot 58; ear 24. Skull: gnathion to occiput 46. flab. Rio Pacaya, opposite Sapote, Lower Ucayali. Alt. 250 feet. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20.1. 9.1. Original num- ber 2. Collected 25th July, 1912, by Mr. J. J. Mounsey. One specimen. Of the various characters above noted, the most marked is the difference in the extension of the grizzling of the base of the tail—a character quite constant in other species and one that seems certainly to justify the distinction of the Pacaya marmoset. * Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) xiv. p. 190 (1904) ; Elliot, Primates, i. p. 204 (1918). On Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises, 145 XVIIT.—Note on Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. By C. W. Anprews, D.Sc., F.R.S. (British Museum, Natural History). (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Tue first of the two specimens which form the subject of the present note is an internal cast of the shell of a rather large Pleurodiran tortoise, with some of the carapace and plastron still adhering to it. It is from the Upper Greensand of Melbury Down, near Shaftesbury, Dorset, and it is said to have been used for some years for blocking a gate open, a circumstance which probably accounts for the broken condition of the marginal portion of the shell. The speci- men then passed into the collection of late Mr. John Rutter, and was presented to the British Museum by Mr. Clarence KK. Rutter in 1915. Most of the carapace has been lost, and is represented only by the natural cast of its inner surface. The parts preserved are two or three costal bones on the right side, perhaps some neurals, the pygal, the supra-pygal or supra-pygals, and the six posterior marginals much broken at the edges. Portions of the posterior costals are present on the leit side, and there are a few other adherent portions of bone of no importance. The plastron is, on the whole, beautifully preserved, only the front of the anterior lobe being missing, the epiplastrals, the front of the entoplastral, and parts of the hyo-plastral being represented by the impressions of their upper surface only. “The bridge uniting the carapace and plastron is well preserved on the left side, but on the right most of it is represented by the impressions of the bones only. The plates of the carapace and plastron, together with the infilling mass of matrix, probably give a pretty accurate idea of the true form of the shell, which was strongly arched from side to side and to a rather less degree from before backwards. The length of the shell was approximately 580 mm. (the front part of the cast is somewhat incomplete). The width is roughly 470 mm. ; the height is about 220mm.; the length of the bridge is 225 mm. “The plates all bear a strongly developed ornament consisting of round or oval tubercles, often flat at the top and sometimes with a small depression in the middle. They measure from one to four millimetres across and are most strongly developed on the bridge and the lateral portions of the plastron. In spite of this “strong sculpture horny scutes were present, at least on the plastron, Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 10 146 Dr. C. W. Andrews on Fig. 1. eve renee oan’ HO tre. 5 we Werse ncerPe Poe Seraay 9 (s beth <, oth of PIAEOIE 8" vttace fe . . ent., entoplastron ; ept., epiplastron; hyo., hyoplastron; hyp., hypo- plastron ; m., marginals; ms., mesoplastron of left side; ms.1, ms. 2, mesoplastra of right side, py., pygal; sm., submarginals ; s.py. 1, s.py. 2, suprapygals; vip., xiphiplastral. About } nat. size. The whole surface is covered with sculpture, but this has only been drawn where most strongly developed. Trachydermochelys ruttert. A, plastron ; B, posterior end of carapace. | Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. 147 where the sulci marking their boundaries are well defined. The whole shell was very massive, some of the plastral plates measuring upwards of 13 mm. in thickness. The arrangement of the plates will be best understood from the figures. There seems to have been a pygal of peculiar form, narrowing towards the margin of the shell (fig. 1, B) : it is represented in part by its impression only, but the sutures can be followed. The lower supra-pygal is a small well-defined bone, crescentic in outline, with the concavity downwards. The nature of the bone above is doubtful, the sutures in this region being obscure and cracks numerous : it may be a second sypra-pygal or the posterior pair of costals unitingtin the middle line. If this last interpretation is correct, the animal possessed at least nine pairs of costals— a quite exceptional condition. The marginals were very massively constructed : all preserved are much broken at the edges. The plastron (fig. 1, A) is chiefly remarkable for the presence of two mesoplastrals on the left side, while there is only one on the right. This reduplication of the plastral element is interesting, because it may indicate a tendency to revert to an earlier condition in which the number of paired elements in the plastron was greater than in laterforms. The posterior lobe narrows gradually backwards from the bridge, and its posterior end is slightly notched. The anterior lobe is broadly rounded ; the form of the epiplastrals cannot be clearly determined, but it can be seen that their upper border was thickened, rounded, and covered with the characteristic sculpture. The entoplastron is incomplete, but was probably lozenge-shaped. The hyoplastra are incomplete in front. The single mesoplastron on the right side is very wide, almost as wide as the two occurring on the other side taken “together. On both sides the mesoplastra widen out towards the bridge, this being particularly marked in the anterior one on the left side. The form of the hypo- and xiphiplastra present no special peculiarities. The grooves marking the outline of the horny scutes are well marked on the plastral surface, but could not be seen on what remains of the carapace. ‘The boundary between the humeral and pectoral scutes crosses just behind the posterior angle of the ento- plastron, that between the pectorals and abdominals is on the mesoplastra. The grooves between the femoral and anal scutes slope strongly backwards, and are confined to the xiphiplastra. On the bridge there were three or four sub- marginal scutes. ‘The presence of the horny scutes on a shell in which the sculpture is so strongly developed seems remarkable. 148 Dr. C. W. Andrews on The precise systematic position of this chelonian is not certain, but it must belong either to the Amphichelydia or to the Pleurodira. It may be referred to the genus Trachider- mochelys, founded by Seeley * for the reception of some scutes from the Cambridge Greensand, possessing a nearly identical type of sculpture, their specific name being 7. phly- ctenus ; the species has never been properly described and figured, aud Lydekker T has suggested that these scutes may actually belong to species of Rhinochelys. This, however, is by no means certain, and I therefore prefer to employ the name Trachydermochelys given to the sculptured scutes. In the Cambridge Greensand species the sculpture is consider- ably finer than in the present specimen, which, moreover, is from a different horizon: for these reasons I propose to refer it to a new species, for which the name Trachydermochelys rutteri is proposed. A Chelonian shell from the Upper Greensand of the Isle of Wight was described by Owen (quoted by C. Parkinson) in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. 1881, p. 370, and was made the type of a new genus and species under the name Plastremys lata. This specimen is R. 48 of the British Museum collection. The only character mentioned by Owen is the absence of the mesoplastral elements, and this is an error; the promised further description never appeared. In 1889, Lydekker (Catal. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. pt. ii. p. 195) referred this specimen to his genus Hy/eochelys, repeating the statement that mesoplastra are absent. Re-examination of the shell, however, shows that not only were these elements present but that they were large, and that a sculpture similar to that of Trachodermochelys, though not so strongly marked, was present in the region of the bridge, the rest of the shell so far as known being smooth. It seems almost certain that™ this specimen represents another species of Vrachyder- mochelys, the name of which would be T'rachydermochelys lata, Owen, sp. The second specimen here described is part of the carapace of a tortoise from the Barton Clay at the foot of Higheliff, near Christchurch, Hants. It is preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (No. 20497). The parts of the shell present are: the right half of the nuchal bone, the five anterior marginals, the five anterior neurals, the four auterior costals, and part of the fifth on the right side, while * “Index to Aves ete, in the Cambridge Museum,’ pp. xix & 33 (1869). These specimens have never been properly figured or described. + Lydekker, Catal. I’oss. Rept. Brit. Mus, pt. 3, p. 182. —s- Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. 149 on the left only the upper ends of these bones are present. The length in the middle line of the portion preserved is 385 mm., probably rather more thau half the length of the whole shell, which, therefore, was of considerable size. The width measured at the level of the third neural was Fig. 2. Patanemys bartonensis, Anterior portion of carapace. c.1-4, costal bones; c.s. 1-2, costal shields; m. 1-2, marginals; x. 1-5, neural bones; nu., nuchal bone; Nu., nuchal shield; w, vertebral shields. } nat. size. about 634 mm.; but this is probably an exaggeration, owing to the flattening that has been undergone, although perhaps the convexity of the carapace was lever very great. The general arrangement of the bones and scutes is shown in fig. 2, 150 Mr. R. E. Turner on the The nuchal was very wide (about 230 mm.), while its length in the middle line was only about 67mm. It seems to have had a small median prominence on either side, of which its border is slightly concave. Its form is peculiar, and J have been unable to find any other nuchal similar to it, The neural bones are long and narrow. The first is four- sided, the long lateral borders being slightly convex; the posterior end is bluntly pointed to fit into a notch in the frout border of the second. ‘This latter, together with the other neurals preserved, has a short anterior lateral border and a long posterior one ; the posterior end in all is rounded and fits into a concave anterior border of the bone behind. The anterior costal is roughly triangular in outline, its outer border occupies exactly the length of the first two marginal bones. The second costal is about 70 mm. wide at its inner end, but widens out to about double this before it joins the marginals. The third costal, on the other hand, which is about the same width at its inner end, narrows to about half this at its outer end. The fouth costal widens out like the second. The fifth is only partly preserved. This alternate widening and narrowing of the costal bones is seen in many species of Testudo, but here the form of the neurals and their relations to the costals is quite different. The grooves marking the outlines of the horny shield are well marked. There may, perhaps, have been a very small nuchal shield; the first marginal shield, in correlation with the great width of the nuchal bone, is very long from side to side and narrow. ‘The form of the costal and marginal shields and their relations to the underlying bones will be best understood from the figure. “The shape and arrangement of the shields are much as in Emys. This specimen has been compared with any other forms with which relationship seemed likely, but differs very considerably from all. Its chief distinguishing character- istics are the great width of the nuchal bone, the long narrow neurals, and the alternate widening and narrowing the costals. I propose to refer this specimen to a new genus, Patanemys, the specific name being Patanemys bartonensis, sp.n. It seems to belong to the family Emydide. X1IX.—Notes on the Ichneumonide in the British Museum.— III. On a new Tusmanian Species. By Rowxrann E. Turner, F.Z.S., FES. Platylabus altitudinis, sp. 0. 2. Nigra; mandibulis in medio, palpis, antennis articulis 8 basalibus, pedibusque, coxis exceptis, ferrugineis; trochanteri- Tehneumonide in the British Museum. 151 bus intermediis posticisque supra nigris; antennis articulis 9~ 15 albidis; orbitis internis supra anguste, pronoto linea angulis posticis, mesopleuris linea horizontali sub alis anticis, scutello macula magna, segmento mediano macula utrinque angulis posticis, tergitisque duobus basalibus fascia apicali angusta flavis ; alis subhyalinis, stigmate venisque fuscis. ¢. Femine similis; mandibulis basi, clypeo, facie, orbitis, supra interruptis, scapo subtus, propleuris antice, postscutello linea transversa, tergitoque tertio fascia apicali insuper flavis ; antennis articulis duobus basalibus ferrugineis, 3-11 ferrugineis, supra fuscis, 12-19 pallide ferrugineis, 20-22 fuscis, subtus ferru- gineis, 23-38 nigris. Long., 2 10 mm., d 10 mm. @. Third joint of antenne longer than the fourth by more than one-third, fifth and sixth subequal, a little shorter than the fourth, the antennz 37-jointed; clypeus transverse at the apex, narrowly impunctate at the apex, punctate on the basal two-thirds ; face punctate ; vertex and front almost smooth, very shallowly punctured ; supra-antennal fovez smooth and moderately deep. Face much broader than long, almost flat; cheeks about one-third as long as the eyes. Thorax opaque, closely punctured ; pleure rather more strongly punctured and slightly rugulose. Scutellum more sparsely punctured and less opaque, the lateral carine ex- tending beyond the middle. Basal area of the median segment transverse, narrowed posteriorly ; areola transverse, widened posteriorly, the sides slightly curved outwards, less distinctly punctured than the basal area ; the posterior and the postero-intermedial areas confluent, with numerous short ruge springing from the sides and converging medially, but not meeting ; middle of these areas shining, irregularly rugulose; postero-external area defined, rugulose ; external and dentiparal areas confluent, external portion punctate, dentiparal rugulose and produced into a rather blunt tooth ; spiracles elliptical ; spiracular area anterior to the spiracle punctured, posteriorly rugose-reticulate with punctures intermingled ; lateral and juxta-coxal are coarsely punc- tured. Petiole almost impunctate, with a shallow, ill-defined supra-spiracular sulcus on each side. Second tergite sub- opaque, very finely punctured, smoother towards base and apex, not quite as long as its apical breadth; gastroceeli shallow; the remaining tergites almost smooth. Areolet very narrow on the radius. Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 2300 ft., January to April, 1913 (Turner) ; type, a 2? in B.M. The abdomen of the male is more strongly punctured, especially on the second and third tergites. 152. Onanew Cichlid Fish from Lake Tanganyika. XX.—A new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Limnochromis from Lake Tanganyika. By C. Tare Reaan, M.A., F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Limnochromis otostigma, sp. n. Pelmatochromis auritus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p, 415 (1915). Depth of body 3 to 34 in the length, length of head 3 to 34. Snout as long as or shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3 to 34 in length of head, greater than preorbital depth ; inter- orbital width 4 to 44 in length of head. Jaws equal ante- riorly ; maxillary extending nearly to below middle of eye; teeth small, in 2 or 3 series. 4 or 5 series of scales on cheek. 11 or 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. A more or less distinct papillose pad on each side in front of the upper pharyngeals. Lower pharyngeal a triangular plate with doubly convex posterior edge and with a long anterior blade; teeth all slender. Dorsal XV (XVI) 9-10; last spine 3 length of head. Anal III 8-9. Pectoral as long as head, extending to origin of anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle 14 as long as deep. 35 or 36 scales in a longitu. dinal series, 5 or 6 from first dorsal spine to lateral line. Olive-brown, with oblique cross-bars of silvery white; a blue-black opercular spot; fins greyish. Lake Tanganyika. Seven specimens, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length. L. auritus is often a little deeper (depth 24 to 3 in the length) and has the mouth a little smaller (maxillary to below anterior 4 of eye), and the spinous dorsal, with 16 or 17 spines, a little lower ; also the silvery-white cross-bars on the body are absent, but the vertical fins have pale spots and dark stripes. ‘The most notable external difference between the. two species is in the form of the caudal fin, rounded in L, otostigma and emarginate in L. aurttus ; this is not due to age, but is evident when examples of the same size are com- pared. Another important difference is that in Z. auritus the lower pharyngeal has no distinct anterior blade and that a few teeth in the middle near its posterior edge are rather stout and blunt. PRE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERLES.] No. 26. FEBRUARY 1920. XX1.—Further Notes on the Fabrician Types of Heteromera (Coleoptera) in the Banks Collection. By K. G. Buair, B.Sc., F.E.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) In the ‘Annals’ for May 1914 (ser. 8, vol. xiii. pp. 482- 490) I published notes on the Fabrician types of ‘'enebrio- nide in the above collection. The present paper supplements these with notes on the types belonging to other families of the Heteromerous series. A few species not included in the Heteromera that were placed by Fabricus in the genus Cistela are also noted, with a brief indication of their true systematic position. Where no comment is added the species may be taken as being generally well known and correctly identified. Family Alleculide (Cistelide). 1. Lobopoda lurida. Helops luridus, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 258. Brazilia. I have not been able to identify this with any other described species, and as the name appears to have been dropped from recent catalogues a redescription of the species may be of value :— Elongate-ovate, moderately nitid, dark reddish brown Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 11 uy 154 Mr. K, G. Blair on the Fabrician Types of with a not very dense clothing of depressed fulvous hairs ; eyes separated by a space about equal to the length of the secoud joint of the antenne ; thorax strongly transverse, with a shallow median impression gradually evanescent in front, and a moderately strong basal impression on each side, the surface rather closely but not deeply punctured ; elytra gradually narrowed from just behind the shoulders, deeply punctate-striate, the punctures much smaller behind the middle, intervals convex, finely not very densely aspe- rately punctate. Length 10 mm. The species is closely allied to L. puncticollis, Champ., from Guatemala, from which it differs in having the eyes less closely approximate and the punctures of the elytral strive coarser. The British Museum possesses specimens from Pernambuco, Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro. 2. Homotrysis rufipes. Helops rufipes, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 258. Nova Hollandia. Homotrysis (Allecula) angusticollis, Boh. Res. Eugén. 1858, p. 100. The synonymy has been established by Mr. H. J. Carter on specimens compared with the type of Helops rufipes, Pabr. This is another name that seems to have disappeared from recent catalogues. 3. Lystronychus equestris. Helops equestris, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 257. Brazil. The type is defective, wanting the head and thorax, but the elytra of this well-known species are amply distinctive. 4. Heliotaurus ruficollis. Cistela ruficollis, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 147. Lusitania, ? Heliotaurus sanguinicollis, Reitt. Verh. Nat. Ver. Brinn, xlv. 1906, p- 143, The type isa 9, and is rather doubtfully identical with H. ruficollis of Reitter’s ‘ Bestimmungstabellen” The elytral epipleura are not turned upwards, but are vertical as in H. sanguinicollis, Reitt. 5. Prionychus ater. Helops ater, Fab, Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 258. ts No collection is definitely specified as containing the type, but the specimen in the Banks Collection bears a label with the above reference, and may, in default of any individual with a better claim, be taken as the type. Tleteromera in the Banks Collection. 155 Family Lagriida. 6. Lagria glabrata (hirta, L.). Lagria glabrata, Fab, Syst. Ent. p. 125. Anglia. Though stated to be in Mus. Dom. Banks, the type is not now to be found in this Collection. Olivier expresses doubt whether his Z. glabrata (Encycl. Méth. vii. 1792, p. 446) is identical with that of Fabricus, a fact that suggests that the type was even then not to be found in the Banks Collection, to which this author is known to have had access. Seidlitz (Naturgesch. der Insekt. Deutschl. y. 2, 1898, p. 850) considered, no doubt correctly, that ZL. glabrata, Fab., was merely a rubbed specimen of L. hirta, L., and Borchmann in Junk’s Catalogue places it as a synonym of this species. In any case, the name glabrata is occupied in the genus Lagria from 1775, and is consequently not available for Olivier’s species (1792). The name of the latter should, therefore, be changed to L. rugosula, Rosenh., its first available synonym. 7. Lagria villosa. Lagria villosa, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. p. 160. Cap. bon. Spei. A well-known species widely distributed in Africa. 8. Lagria tomentosa. Lagria tomentosa, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 125. Nova Hollandiz. Lagria pulchrivaria, Lea, Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Austral. xli. 1917, p. 175. The type is defective, with the basal joint of only one antenna left. It is apparently a ? of the species recently described by Lea as L. pulchrivaria from Queensland and New South Wales. Mr. Champion has long since pointed out (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 229) that the species from Western Australia, commouly known as L. tomentosa, Kab. (L. eneovialacea, Champ.), does not agree with this type. 9. Eutrapela elongata. Crioceris elongata, Fab. Syst. Ins. i. 1781, p. 156. Cap. bon. Spei. Crioceris elongata, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 11. Helodes elongata, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. i. 1801, p. 470. Chrysomela unifasciata, De Geer, Mém. vil. 1778, p. 664, pl. 49, fis, 18-19, Helodes porrecta, Fab. Syst. Eleuth, ® 1801, p. 470. Eutrapela vittata, Ulig. (Dej, Cat, 1887). | Ne 156 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fabrician Types of Reference to Fabricius’s earliest description is omitted from both Gemminger and Harold’s Catalogue and that of Borechmann, so that the name is made to date from 1792. The species is generally erroneously determined in col- lections. The type is a ¢, with greenish-black thorax, legs, and antenne. The 2, with these parts testaceous, was later described by Fabricius as H. porrecta, which is identical with Chrysomela unifasciata, De Geer. The name FE. elongata, Fab., must therefore be sunk as a synonym of EF. untfasciata, De G., and for the species usually known by it a new name must be found. LE. longa, Gmel. (1788), which appears in the Catalogues as a synonym, is probably only a Japsus calami, and in any case the description refers definitely to the Fabrician specigs, so that the name is not available for EH. elongata, auctt. (nec Fab.). From specimens now in the British Museum from De- jean’s Collection it is evident that the mistake had arisen at least as early as his Catalogue (1837), and I now propose the name dejeani, nom. nov., for the species that appears there and in later Catalogues as E. elongata, Fab. Both species are black with a greenish-metallic tint and a broad flavous vitta along the disc of each elytron” ; they are readily distinguished as follows :— Vitta embracing the 5th, 6th, and 7th intervals, but not extending beyond them except near the base, where it is suddenly expanded to reach the margin; punctures of median row on each interval as large as those of the striz. —dejeani, nom. nov. { = elongata, auctt. (nec Fab.) }. Vitta embracing the whole of the 4th interval and encroaching slightly upon the 3rd and 5th; punctures of median rows on each interval distinctly smaller than those of the striv.—unifasciata, De G. [ =elongata, F.=longa, Gmel.=porrecta, Fab.=vittata, Illig. (Dej. Cat.) ]. Family Melandryide. 10. Stenotrachelus eneus. Lagria enea, Fab, Syst. Ent. p. 124. In Insulis Americee. The habitat is evidently erroneous, the species being holarctic in distribution. * N,B.—E£. unifasciata, De Gy is sexually dimorphic, as noted above. FTeteromera in the Banks Collection. 157 ll. Melandrya serrata (caraboides, L.). Helops serratus, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 257. Anglia. No collection is specified as containing the type, but this individual may provisionally be taken as such. Its identity with ‘“ Chrysomela” caraboides, L., was recognised by Fabricius in his later works. Family Edemeride. 12. Thelyphassa lineata. Lagria lineata, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 124. Nova Zelandia. Dryops lineata, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 68. Selenopselaphus lineatus, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat. p. 2168. Sessinia lineata, Fab., Schenklin in Junk’s Coleopt. Cat. pars 65, 1915, p. 33. The type isa 2. It is curious that Pascoe, when charac- terising the genus Thelyphassa, should not have recognised the close affinity between this species and his 7. diaphana. He had himself, only six months previously, removed it from Selenopalpus (Selenopselaphus) to Sessinia. It may be noted that S. longicornis, Broun, and S. strigi- pennis, White, should also be placed in Thelyphassa. 13. Selenopalpus cyaneus. Lagria cyanea, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 125. Nova Hollandia. Dryops cyanea, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 68. Selenopselaphus cyaneus, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat. p. 2168. Selenopalpus chalybeus, White (3.), Voy. ‘ Erebus’ & ‘Terror,’ Ins, 1846, p. 13. New Zealand. Selenopalpus subviridis, White (2), loc. cit. The type of S. cyaneus, Fab., is a gd and is identical with S. chalybeus, White, the type of which is also in the British Museum. S. subviridis, White, is nothing but the ? of the same species. The locality given by Fabricius is evidently erroneous, 14. Sessinia livida. Lagria livida, Fab, Syst. Ent. p. 124. Otaheiti. The species is well known in collections, and is the type of Pascoe’s genus Sessinia 158 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fabrician Types of 15. Dohrnia tristis. Necydalis tristis, Fab. Mant. Ins, i. 1787, p. 170. , In terra Diemenii. (Edemera tristis, Fab. Oliv, Ent. iii. 1795, no, 50, p. 12, pl. ii. fig. 13, Dohrnia mirabilis, Newm. Zoologist, ix. 1851, App., p. 133. Ithaca anthina, Olliff, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, (2) ii. 1887, p. 154. Unfortunately all that remains of the type is the abdomen attached to the pin. The description, in conjunction with Olivier’s figure, leaves no doubt that the insect was the ? of the species better known as Dohrnia mirabilis, Newm., and an examination of the abdomen makes this identity certain. Olliff evidently did not know Newman’s insect, but his description is so full and detailed as to leave the synonymy beyond question. Family Meloida. 16. Epicauta dubia. Iytta dubia, Fab. Spec. Ins. i, 1781, p. 829. Sibiria. 17. Epicauta marginata (cinerea, Forst.). Lytta marginata, Fab, Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 260. Hab, 0. B.S. Fabricius again gives a wrong locality, and does not cite the collection from which the type is taken. Olivier states (Ent. ii. p. 46. no, 16) that it is “du cabinet de M. Banks.” The Banksian insect bears the label “Sp. Ins. no. 5,” at which reference the species is synonymised with Meloe cine- reus, Forst., a well-known N.-American species. 18. Lytta nitidula, Lytta nitidula, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, App. p. 826. Anglia. The locality is corrected in Ent. Syst. i. 2, p. 84, to Cap. Bon. Spei. The collection containing the type is not speci- fied, but Olivier states that it is in the Banks Collection. The reference is incorrectly given in the Catalogues as p. 820. 19. Euzonitis quadripunctata, Mylabris 4-punctata, Fab. Mant. i. 1787, p. 217. Russia. The reference is incorrectly given in recent Catalogues as Syst. Eleuth. ii. 1801, p. 84. FHeteromera in the Banks Collection. 159 20. Zonitis angulata. Cantharis angulata, Fab. Mant. i. p. 168. Insula Amsterdam. 4 Zonitis angulifera, Blanch. Voy. Pole Sud, Ins. iv. 1853, p. 191, pl. xii. figs. 17, 18. The type agrees perfectly with specimens in the British Museum from Vavao and the Tonga Islands (7. angulifera, Blanch.). Amsterdam Is. is in the southern Indian Ocean, so that the Fabrician locality again appears to be erroneous. 21. Zonitis testacea. Mylabris testacea, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 331. Sibiria. Zonitis preusta, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 48. Italia. Zonitis flava, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 127. In Oriente. Zonitis flava, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 49. This species was three times described by Fabricius him- self. The synonymy of the first two names given above was recognized by him, but 7. flava, described from the collec- tion of Prof. Forskahl, was retained as a distinct species in his latest work (Syst. Eleuth. 11. 1801, p. 24). The reference to Z. flava is given incorrectly in the Cata- logues as Ent. Syst. ii. (sic!) 1792, p. 49, but the name really originates from 1975, and thus takes precedence as the specific name. This precedence is recognized by Reitter (Fauna Germ. iii. 1911, p. 397), but the name is not adopted by Borchmann in his recent Catalogue of this family (1917). 22. Cissites testacea. Lymexylon testaceum, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 256. Habitat - Horia testacea, Fab., Oliy. Ent. 111. 1795, no, 63 bis, pl. i. fig. 2a (9). Horia cephalotes, Oliv, Ent. iii. 1795, no. 53 dis, pl. i. fig. 3 (¢). This type has already been stated by Dr. C. J. Gahan (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. 1908, p. 201) to be the 2 of an African species probably identical with Horia cephalotes, Oliv., H. senegalensis, Cast.,and Cissites macrognatha, Fairm. Indeed, it is doubtful whether any of the so-called species of Cissites described from Africa is more than a form, with greater or less development of the head, of the one species ; this development varies greatly even in a series from the same localty. (N.B.—C. nitida, Gah., of Borchmann’s Cata- logue belongs not to Cissites but to Horia, as stated by its describer.) _ When defining the genus Horia (Mant. i. 1787, p. 164), Fabricius had before him an insect from Tranquebar sent 160 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fabrician Types of him by Hiibner (vide Naturforscher, xxiv. 1789, pp. 47-48). This he described as the ¢ of his earlier L. testaceum (1781), of whose country of origin he was ignorant, but as Dr. Gahan points out (loc. cit.) in this synonymy he was at fault. Dr. Gahan contends that the name f¢estacea, Fab., for the type of Horia is invalid, but I think it may be fairly argued that the type of Horia testacea (1787) was the g insect from Tranquebar, not the Banksian insect, and that, the types being distinct, the validity of the name is not affected by their supposed specific identity. Olivier’s figure of the 2? of Horia testacea, Fab., in reality represents the ? of Cissites testacea, and is probably taken from the Banksian type. Singularly enough, he describes and figures next to it the J of the same species as new (H. cephalotes). The references to the literature of these two species, given by Borchmann in Junk’s Coleopt. Catal. pars 69, 1917, are much confused; they should be distributed as follows :— Horia testacea, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 1787, p. 164; Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 91; Syst. Eleuth. ii. 1801, p. 86.—Hiibner, Naturforsch. xxiy. 1789, . 47, t. 2. ff. 14-17.—Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795, no. 58 dis, p. 4, t. i. . 2 b.—Guér. Icon. régue amin. Ins. 1829-44, t. 34. f. 10.—Sturm, Katal. 1826, p. 71, t. iii- f. 26.—Lap. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 1840, p. 280.—Gahan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Vist. (8) ii. 1908, p. 203.— Wellm. Canad. Ent. xlii. 1910, p. 392, ? sanguinolenta *, Schroter, Abhandl. i. 1776, p. 364, t. 3, f. 6. Tranquebar. Cissites testacea, Fab. Spec. Ins, i. 1781, p. 256.—Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795, no. 53 bis, t. i. f.2a(9).—De Borre, C. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belge, 1888, pp. 136-188, fig. (¢ ).—Gahan, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) ii. 1908, p. 204. Africa, Family Mordellida. 23. Mordella octopunctata. M. 8.punctata, Fab, Syst. Ent. p. 263. In America septentrionali. * sanguinolenta, Schréter, given by Borchmann as a synonym of Cissites testacea, has nothing to do with this species. The insect intended is evidently a species of Horta, said to originate from Surinam. What- ever be the species described, the name has no standing, as the author was merely comparing his insect with Cantharts sanguinolenta, Linn., and deliberately refrained from giving it a name (see Schriter, (vc. ett. p. 828). Tleteromera in the Banks Collection. 161 Family Rhipiphorida. 24. Macrosiagon sexmaculatum. Mordella sexrmaculata, Fab. Syst. Ent. ae p. 263, America. Ripiphorus 6-maculatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 111. At the second reference cited the type is stated to be in the Banks Collection, though no specimen now exists there. The species is described with no reference to any earlier work, but the description is almost word for word the same as that of Mordelia 6-maculata (1775), where the type is stated to be in Dr. Hunter’s Collection ; this is now in the Glasgow University Museum. The species has been placed by Horn and subsequent writers as a synonym of Macrosiagon pectinatum, Fab. (1775, Mordella), described immediately before it (Mus. Dom. Drury). Hamily Tenebrionide. 25. Hoplocephala cornigera. Hispa cornigera, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 82. Anglia. This type was overlooked by me in my notes on the types of this family. The locality given by Fabricius and copied by Olivier (Ent. iii. 1795, no. 55, p. 7) is erroneous, a mistake that caused Castelnau and Brullé to express doubt whether the species described by them under this name from Cuba (Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. p. 342) was identical with that of Olivier. They do not appear to have noted that the error arose with Fabricius himself. The following species, placed originally by Fabricius in the Heteromerous genus Cistela, belong in reality to other families. Some of them were removed from Cistela by Fabricius himself in his later works, others have been recognised and correctly placed by later writers, but some I have not been able to trace in Gemminger and Harold’s or Junk’s Catalogues :— Family Dascillide. 1. Microcara livida. Cistela livida, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 116. Tierra del Fuego. Atopa livida, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. ii. 1801, p. 16, Dascillus lividus, Fab., G. & H. Cat. p. 1616. Dascillus lividus, Fab,, Pic in Junk’s Cat. pars 58, p, 13. 162 FHleteromera in the Banks Collection. The species is omitted from Enderlein’s list of the insects of Tierra del Fuego. A specimen obtained by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the ‘ Beagle’ agrees well with the type, and as it is in much better preservation the following notes are made upon it :— Similar to, but rather larger than, the European M. testacea, more ovate, more gradually narrowed in front and behind, the thorax being arcuately narrowed from base. to apex. The third joint of the antennz is about as long as the second and considerably more slender; the first joint testaceous, the rest fuscous with apex testaceous ; underside fulvous, each abdominal segment except the last with a pair of round dark spots near the median line and a larger dark patch on each side towards the lateral margin. Length 64 mm. Microcara fuegensis, Bourg., is evidently different, being smaller (44-5 mm.), glabrous, wanting the dark spots on the ventral segments, etc. Family Silphide. 2. Choleva angustata. Cistela angustata, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 148. Anglia. This appears to be the C. sturmi, Bris,, of Continental entomologists. Family Melyride. 3. Hedybius aulicus. Cistela aulica, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 148. Cap. bon. Spei. 4. Hedybius hirtus. Cistela hirta, Fab. loc, eit. Cap. bon. Spei. The types of both these species are ? and in poor preser- vation. I am not at present able to identify either of them with any of the described species of Hedydius, or to trace the names in modern Catalogues. Family Galerucide. 5. Apophylia festiva. Cistela festiva, Fab. loc. cit. Cap. bon. Spei. Apophylia elegantula, Jac. Entom, xxiy. 1891, Suppl. p. 39. African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis, 163 6. Megalognatha sexlineata. Cistela 6-lineata, Fab. loc. cit. Habitat ; Cneorane sezlineata, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat. Megalognatha bohemanni, Baly. 7. Diabrotica melanocephala. Cistela melanocephala, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 118. Amer, Septentr. Crioceris vittata, Fab. op. cit. p. 122. Carolina. Diabrotica vittata, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat. The identity of Cistela melanocephala with Crioceris vittata is admitted by Fabricius himself in his later works (Ent, Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 12), and the name Crioceris melanocephala is employed for another species (op. cit. p. 3). The type of C. vitiata is said to be in Mus. Dom. Monson. XXITI.—A Revision of the African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. By C. Tare Rea@an, M.A., F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) TYLOCHROMIS, Regan. Supra, p. 34. Body deep, compressed ; scales cycloid or feebly denticn- late ; two lateral lines, upper ending below soft dorsal, lower extending far forward, ending behind in three branches on caudal fin. Mouth rather small, terminal, with the lower jaw not prominent; maxillary sheathed by the deep preeorbital, slightly exposed distally ; pramaxillary processes rather long, usually reaching frontals. Teeth in jaws small, conical, in two to five series, outer sometimes enlarged. Lower pha- ryngeals united by interlocking suture to form a triangular plate, with slender, pointed, uni- or bicuspid teeth at least near the posterior angles, and with enlarged, rounded, flat teeth in the middle at least posteriorly. Dorsal XIII-XVI 12-17; spines slender or moderate. Anal III 7-9 ; spines strong. Pectoral: long, pointed. Caudal scaly, truncate or emarginate. Occipital crest very strong, extending to anterior margin of frontals ; parietal crests ending above middle of orbits near the orbital margin ; postorbital part of skull short and deep, with lower edge of basioccipital very oblique; pharyngeal apophysis strong, formed by parasphenoid only, ending in a broadly ovate or subtriangular articular surface, narrowed 164 Mr. CU. T. Regan on the African anteriorly. Vertebra 29-32 (15-16+14-16); inferior apophyses of third united to form a strong median spine ; precaudals with parapophyses from the fourth; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses. Tanganyika, Congo, and West African rivers from Gambia to Liberia. Hight species. In all the gill-rakers are short and broad, and there is a well-developed papillose pad on each side of the roof of the pharynx. The species differ considerably in the pharyngeal dentition and in the size and form of the lower pharyngeal plate. T. microdon (fig. 1, A) and 7. mylodon (fig. 1, B) are two extremes; in the former the lower pharyngeal is a compara- tively small and weak plate (depth about } maximum width), _with numerous small slender bicuspid teeth and with a group of moderately enlarged, circular, blunt teeth occupying the middle and posterior third of the dentigerous area. In T. mylodon the lower pharyngeal is large and massive (depth about 4 maximum width) and is nearly covered with very strong, circular, flat teeth, small bicuspid teeth appearing only near the posterior angles. The species may be arranged according to the modifications of the pharyngeal dentition as follows :— I. Enlarged rounded teeth of lower pha- ryngeal confined to posterior third of dentigerous part of plate .......... microdon. II. Enlarged rounded teeth of lower pha- ryngeal confined to posterior half of dentigerous part of plate .......... lateralis, jentinki. III. Enlarged rounded teeth of lower pha- ryngeal extending forward on anterior part of plate; small slender teeth at outer edges and near posterior angles. dangwelensis, intermedius, IV. Enlarged rounded teeth covering nearly {labrodon, polylepis. the whole plate; small slender teeth only at posterior angles .......... .. mylodon. The enumeration of the number of scales ina longitudinal series and of gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch will assist the identification of the species :— 38 to 35 scales; 15 or 16 gill-rakers..........+.. eee» 1. mtcrodon. 82 to 35 scales; 17 or 18 gill-rakers............+00: 2. lateralis. 40 to 45 scales; 13 to 165 gill-rakers............005: 3. jentinki. 87 or 38 scales; 14 or 15 gill-rakers .............44. 4. bangwelensis. 39 or 40 scales; 12 or 13 gill-rakers.......-...++06: 5. intermedius. 33 or 34 scales; 18 or 19 gill-rakers...........+-45- 6. labrodon. 55 to GO scales; 12 to 15 gill-rakers .,......++.e.0e- 7. polylepis. 40 or 41 scales; 17 or 18 gill-rakers...........+..4- 8. mylodon. Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. 165 1. Tylochromis microdon, sp. n. Pelmatochromis lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 886 (1915). Depth of body 2} to 22 in the length, length of head 3. Snout from a little longer than to nearly twice diameter of eye, which is 34 to nearly 5 in length of head, equal to or less than interorbital width or przorbital depth. Maxillary not extending to below eye; teeth small ; 3 series of scales on cheek ; 15 or 16 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ; lower pharyngeal teeth mostly slender, compressed, hooked ; a triangular area on the posterior third of the plate with Fig. 1. A. Lower pharyngeal of 7; ylochromis microdon (X 2) from a specimen 240 mm. long. : B. Ditto of Tylochromis mylodon (X 2) from a specimen 235 mm. long. moderately enlarged, rounded, blunt teeth. Dorsal XIV-XVI 12-15; spines rapidly increasing to fifth or sixth, which is 2 or a little more than 2 length of head, thence decreasing or subequal. Anal III 7-8 ; third spine strong, about 4 length of head. Pectoral longer than head and reaching anal in the young, but not in the adult. Caudal scaly, truncate or slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Scales 33 to 35 in a longitudinal series, 6 between origin of dorsal and lateral line, 22 to 26 in upper lateral line, 22 to 24 in lower, 2 between lateral lines. 166 Mr. C. T. Regan on the African Olive ; scales with dark edges ; dark longitudinal stripes between the series of scales; a dark bar above the oper- culum; sides of head with a dark network (adult); fins greyish ; dorsal sometimes with pale and dark spots. Fig. 2. A. Lower pharyngeal of Ziylochromis lateralis (x 2) from a specimen 220 mm. long. : B. Ditto of Tylochromis jentinki (x 2) from a specimen 270 mm. long. . Ditto of Tylochromis labrodon (x 2) from a specimen 140 mm. long. D. Ditto of Tylochromis bangwelensis (xX 2) trom a specimen 240 mm, long. Wi. Ditto of 7ylockromis polylepis (x 2) from a specimen 220 mm. long. Q Congo, Four specimens, 155 to 260 mm. in total length, from Lakes ‘Tumba and Leopold IT. Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. 167 2. Tylochromis lateralis. Pelmatochromis lateralis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 148. Pelmatochromis lepidurus, Pellegr. Bull. Muss Paris, 1900, p. 275. Pelmatochromis lateralis (part,), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 385, fig. 260 (1915). Depth of body 2 to 24 in the length, length of head 2% to 3}. Diameter of eye 3 to 4 in length of head ; interorbital width 34 to 3%. Teeth small; maxillary not extending to below eye; cheek with 3 or 4 series of scales; 17 or 18 gill- rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Lower pharyngeal . With enlarged rounded teeth in a triangular area, the anterior angle of which is in the middle of the length of the denti- gerous part of the plate. Dorsal XIV-XV 12-15; last spine 4 or a little less than 4 length of head. Anal III 7-8 ; third spine from nearly 4 to 2 length of head. Pectoral longer than head, reaching origin of anal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle about as long as deep. 32 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series, 5 or 6 between first dorsal spine and lateral line, 2 between lateral lines. Olivaceous, with or without dark cross-bars; dorsal fin usually with series of dark spots. Congo. Six specimens, including the type of the species, 110- 220 mm. in total length, from Monsembe, Bolobo, Dolo, and Stanley Falls. 3. Tylochromis jentinki. Pelmatochromis jentinki (Steind., 1894), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 383, fig. 259 (1915). Pharyngeal dentition as in Z’\. lateralis, from which it is distinguished especially by the fewer gill-rakers (12-15), the smaller scales (40-45), and by having three series of scales instead of two between the upper lateral line and the anterior part of the lower. Dorsal XIJI-XV 16-17. Anal III 8-9. Total length 290 mm. Gambia to Liberia, 4, Tylochromis bangwelensis, sp. n. Pelmatochromis lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 885 (1915). Depth of body 2 to 2} in the length, length of head 3 to 34. Snout as long as postorbital part of head ; diameter of eye 4 to 4% in length of head, less than preorbital depth ; inter- orbital width 3 to 3% in length of head; maxillary not extending to below eye ; outer teeth moderately strong; three . . ~ . 5 ? series of scales on cheek; 14 or 15 gill!-rakers on lower part 168 African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. of anterior arch. Lower pharyngeal with slender hooked teeth only at the outer edges and near the posterior angles ; area of large rounded teeth extending forward on anterior half of plate. Dorsal XIV 14-15 ; spines increasing in length to Jast, which is 4 or a little more or Jess than 4 length of head. Anal III 7-8 ; third spine from less than $ to nearly $ length of head. Pectoral longer than head, extending to above anterior part or middle of anal. Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. 37 or 38 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 or 7 from first dorsal spine to lateral line, 24 to 29 in lower, 2 between lateral lines. Olivaceous ; often a dark spot on each scale ; sometimes six dark cross-bars; vertical fins with or without dark spots. Lake Bangwelu and Luapula River. Five specimens, 170 to 240 mm. in total length. 5. Tylochromis intermedius. ernie ce intermedius, Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iv. p. 382, fig. 193 (1916). Pharyngeal dentition nearly as in 1’. bangwelensis, from which it is distinguished by the fewer gill-rakers (12 or 13) and the more numerous scales (39-40). Dorsal XIV 15-17. Anal IIT 7-9. Total length 110 mm. Sierra Leone. 6. Tylochromis labrodon, sp. n. secre lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 885 ( a Depth of body 2} in the length, length of head 2% to 3. Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of head ; diameter of eye 3 to 3? in length of head, greater (young) or less than preeorbital depth; interorbital width 3 to 34 in length of head ; maxillary not extending to below eye; teeth small ; three series of scales on cheek ; 18 or 19 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ; lower pharyngeal with slender teeth only at the outer edges and near the poste- rior angles ; area of large rounded teeth extending forward on anterior half of plate. Dorsal XV-XVI 13 ; spines sub- equal from sixth or increasing to last, which is } or a little Jess than 4 length of head. Anal III 7; third spine as long as last dorsal. Pectoral about as long as head, not or barely reaching origin of anal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle not longer than deep. 33 or 34 scales in a Jongitudinal series, 6 or 7 from first dorsal spine to lateral line, 24 to 27 in upper lateral line, 26 to 28 in lower, 2 between lateral lines. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 169 Olivaceous ; dorsal with alternate series of pale and dark spots. Upper Congo. Three specimens, 110 to 225 mm. in total length, from New Antwerp and Stanley Pool. 7. Tylochromis polylepis. Pelmatochromis polylepis (Bouleng., 1900), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 382, fig. 258 (1916). Well distinguished from its congeners by its smaller scales (55-60). Pharyngeal dentition nearly as in 7. labrodon, but teeth still larger. Total length 300 mm. Tanganyika. 8. Tylochromis mylodon, sp. n. Pelmatochromis lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p, 385 (1915). ; = Depth of body 2 to 24 in the length, length of head 3. Diameter of eye 34 to 44 in length of head, interorbital width 34 to 33. Teeth small; maxillary not extending to below eye; three series of scales on cheek ; 17 or 18 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ; lower pharyngeal a very strong plate, almost covered with large, rounded, blunt teeth. Dorsal XIV 14; spinés subequal from fifth or sixth ; last ? or a little less than ? length of head. Anal III 7; third spine 4 or a little less than 4 length of head. Pectoral longer than head, reaching anal. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. 40 or 41 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from first dorsal spine to lateral line, 27 to 29 in upper lateral line, 34 or 35 in lower, 2 between lateral lines. Olivaceous, with six dark cross-bars ; fins unspotted. Lake Mweru. Two specimens, 115 and 235 mm. in total length. XXITI.—Notes on the Asilidze: Sub-division Asiline. By Gerrrupe Ricarpo, Promacuus, Loew. Linn. Ent. iii. p., 890 (1848). Trupanea, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i, (2) p. 207 (1838) [preeoce. Schrank, Dipt. (1803) }. This large genus is very largely represented in the South African Region, and probably many more new species will Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 12 170 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. be found. Eight new species are now described. The Oriental Region is also rich in specimens, five new species are now described and one from Australia wrongly placed by me under P, interponens, W\k., in aformer paper. Many of the specimens dealt with in this genus and in Dysmachus are in the Imperial Entomological Economic Collection. Table for Species of Promachus from West Africa. 1. Abdomen with tuft-like hairs very apparent on basal segments. Legs usually blackish Abdomen with no such tufts. Legsreddish .. 4. 2. Hairs on the three first segments of abdomen BOUOW no 5,100.0 > pce sie weg at © Oh eee eats robertii, Macq. Hairs on the three first segments of abdomen white ...:; jsssns-etepepivatas rhame Rewer 3. 3. Moustache black and white or black and yellow. Femora chiefly black. Scutellum with black brinfles)., <6s. ve a ts Wheelin. tk bln bis enn Fasciatus, Fabr. 4, Genitalia of male with tuft of white hairs. Moustache yellow or white ............0.-: 5. Genitalia of male with no such tuft. Moustache black.and wwihite f..csc icine tise ibe oe Cea 6. 5. Last segment of abdomen produced below slightly in male. Ovipositor with two acute points at apex. Scutellum with yellow hairs and bristles. s¢mpson?, sp. n. Smaller species. Last segment of abdomen pro- duced triangularly. Ovipositor with no spines. Scutellum with white hairs .........9%..... rufescens, sp. 0. 6. Abdomen with short yellowish-white pubescence, Scutellum with yellow hairs and usually yellow PNG Wins aes ec PSs ae bs Whe ooh aie ... poetinus, Wik. The following species described from this region of Africa, not included in the table, are: P. trichozonus, Loew, in the P. fasciatus group, with yellow pubescence on the forehead ; P. mediospinosus, Speiser, in the same group with the whole underside of thorax and abdomen bright yellowish-red haired; P. guineensis, Wied., moustache snowy white, genitalia with tuft white hairs, scutellum with white hairs and bristles—a large species, measuring 26 mm. ; ? Asilus scutellatus, Macq., and Asilus albitarsatus, Macq., both of which probably belong to the genus Promachus—the latter has the style of antennz a little swollen at the end, and might therefore belong to the genus Philomachus, the former is described as having pale yellow legs and the posterior part of thorax and the scutellum testaceous red, Promachus robertii, Macq. ie om i, (2) p. 211 (1888); Loew, Dipt., Siidafrik. i. p. 127 (1360), Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 174 The description of this species is very meagre, as follows: — Black. Head white. Abdomen with the three anterior segments yellow-haired. Tibize externally chestnut. Wings reddish, Length, 2, 16 mm. Thorax denuded, sides with ashy-grey tomentum. Coxe, femora, and tibiz with whitish hairs below. Wings with a grey streak in the first submarginal cell. From Senegal. Females from Sierra Leone (W. G. Clements), 93, 20; Freetown, 20.ix.1899 (E. BE. Austen) ; Kumasi, Ashanti ; W. Africa, 23. v.1907 (Dr. W. M. Graham), 19 8, 215; Ruwe, Lualaba R., Congo Free State (Dr. Yale Massey), 1906, 98; Unyoro, 3400 feet ; Uganda, 11-15. xi. 1911 ; W. shores of Victoria Nyanza, Buddu, 3700 feet; Toro, Daro or Durro Forest, 4000-4500 feet (all S. A. Neave), 1912. 12.3; and one female from ‘l’ero Forest, Uganda, 4.v. 1911 (C. C. Gowdey), 1914, 7, answer on the whole to this descrip- tion, though they are larger, and the white hairs on legs are replaced by bright yellow hairs. The following description is given for identification :— A large robust species with practically black legs and bright yellow pubescence on abdomen and legs, belonging to the P. fasciatus group. Length, ?, 22-28 mm. Female.—Face blackish covered with yellow tomentum. Moustache of yellow and black hairs. Palpi with yellow and black hairs. Thorax with black pubescence aud bristles. Scutellum with yellow hairs and weak black bristles. -Adbdo- men black, with bright yellow hairs ou the first three seg- ments and on the sides of the others ; ovipositor very short; underside with bright yellow hairs. Legs black, the chest- nut colour of tibize is hardly noticeable ; coxze and femora with long bright yellow hairs; tibize with shorter similar ones, and also with black hairs, the hind pairs with black hairs only ; the middle femora are incrassate, armed with a bunch of numerous black bristles, the fore pair with only a few black hairs, the hind pair with short black bristles. Wings streaked with brown. Promachus fasciatus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 793 [Asilus} (1775); see Kertesz, Cat. for further references, Promachus equalis, Loew, Dipt. Sudafrik. i. p. 127, pl. i. fig. 50 (1860). 12* 172 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Promachus floccosus, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 273 (1884) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. xxxiii. p. 21, nota (1901) ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi. p. 418 (1913). Kirby’s type, a male, is identical with this species, as pointed out by Hudson there was a mistake in the locality, there being no such place as Opabo, New Zealand, which is on the label—he believed it came from Opobo, W. Africa. This well-known species is widely distributed, specimens in Brit. Mus. Coll. being from Sierra Leone, Senegal, Uganda Protectorate, Nyasalaid, Natal, Ashanti, British E. Africa, and §. Africa. In the I. E. E. Coll. are long series of specimens from Nyasaland. All of these have the moustache varying from black and white to almost wholly yellow, but none entirely black. A small male from Sierra Leone has the femora and tibiz chiefly reddish yellow, also a large female from S.E. Katunga, but the femora are chiefly black. Promachus simpsoni, sp. n. Type (male) and type (female) from Yapi, Gold Coast, N. Territories, Nov. 1915 (J. J. Simpson), and a long series of males and females, all in I. E. E. Coll., males and females from N. Nigeria (J. J. Simpson), 1912, 460, in Brit. Mus. Coll. A species nearly allied to Promachus poetinus, W1k., with redder legs, but at once distinguished in the male by the presence of a white tuft of hairs above the genitalia and the last segment of abdomen is somewhat produced below. In the female the ovipositor is shorter and has two spines at its apex, The legs are almost entirely reddish, with a mere vestige of a black stripe on femora. Moustache and beard yellow. Leigth, ¢ 19-238, ? 17-25 mm. Male.— Face covered with whitish tomentum. Moustache composed of yellow hairs reaching the antenne. Beard same colour. Palpi with yellow hairs. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with yellow hairs and a few longer black ones, Forehead with black hairs, Hind head with yellow hairs extending round head and some short black bristles on each side of the occiput. Thorax brownish with yellowish tomentum and some long yellow hairs on its anterior border, pubescence of short black hairs ; prasutural, supra- alar, and postalar bristles all black usually and severally two in number, some yellow hairs on the posterior part among the dorsal black bristles. Scutellum with yellow hairs aud Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 173 long strong yellow bristles forming a double row. Abdomen with the usual dark spots and yellow bristly hairs on the posterior borders of segments and on the first segment ; hairs on the spots black, at sides yellow. Genitalia black, slender, club-shaped, the under lamellz small but nearly half the length of the upper ones, the underside of the last segment produced somewhat and fringed with short black and yellow hairs. Pubescence on genitalia black, with a tuft of white hairs above. Legs xanthine-orange, with short white or yellow pubescence and black bristles; the black colour is confined almost wholly to the apices of femora and tibiz, but the tarsi are wholly black, fore and middle coxze each armed with one black bristle. Wings clear with reddish-yellow veins. Female identical, but the pubescence on the black abdo- minal spots is yellow. Ovipositor about the length of the last segment. Promachus rufescens, sp. u. Type (maJe) from Sierra Leone, 58-166, and another male. ‘Type (female) from Moyamba, Sierra Leone, Feb. 26 (G. C. Dudgeon), 1906, 67. This species might possibly be identical with Asilus scutellatus, Macq., described from Senegal. A small blackish species with reddish-yellow legs, reddish thorax, and scu- tellum covered with greyish-yellow tomentum. Genitalia with a very small tuft of white hairs. Length, ¢ 15, 2? 17 mm. Male.—Face covered with glistening yellow tomentum. Moustache of scanty yellowish hairs. Palpt black with yellow bristles. Beard white. Antenne black. Forehead with black hairs. Hind part of head with black bristles, some yellow ones intermixed. Thorax brownish with darker stripes; shoulders, sides, and posterior part of dorsum reddish, covered with yellowish tomentum ; pubescence black, some yellow hairs at sides ; bristles black. Scutellum reddish with yellowish tomentum, and covered with fairly numerous long whitish hairs, one or two black bristles present. Abdomen reddish, with whitish-yellow tomentum and the usual large black spot on each segment ; pubescence black, whitish on the light parts; underside paler, with white hairs. Legs reddish yellow, the femora with a black stripe above and darker altogether; pubescence on legs white, thick ; bristles black, with yellow ones intermixed on 174 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. the tibiz, under side of femora, and on tarsi. Genitalia black, testaceous below ; pubescence white, the last segment below produced to a large triangular piece wholly reddish with black hairs; the upper lamelle long, club-shaped. Wings clear, with yellowish veins. Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the last three segments, black. Promachus poetinus, W\k. List Dipt. ii. p. 890 [ Astlus} (1849); et vii., Suppl. 8, p. 597 [ Trupanea | (1855); Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik. 1. p. 127 (1860). Type (male) from Sierra Leone. A female from Sierra Leone, presented by Rey. D. E. Morgan. A series of males and females from Bokani and from Boto, N. Nigeria (J. J. Simpson), 1912, 460, in Brit. Mus. Coll. A series of males and females from Yapi, Gold Coast Territories, Nov. 1916 (J. J. Simpson). One female from Cotonon in Dahomey, 70 miles west of Lagos (W. A. Lam- borne), 31. v. 1914. A species very similar to P. flavopilosus, Sp. n., from Uganda, but the pubescence on legs and abdomen is not so thick or so bright-coloured. Seuéellum has sometimes black bristles besides the yellow hairs. Moustache whitish and black. Length, g 19-25, 2 23-25 mm. Male.—Face with yellowish tomentum, the moustache composed of black bristles intermixed with fine white hairs, which are also present between the moustache and the base of the antenne. Palpi with whitish-yellow hairs. Antenne deep black, the first two joints with black hairs ; the arista one and a half times as long as the third joint. Forehead with black bristly hairs. Hind part of head with white hairs, and four more short black bristles on each side. Thorax with white hairs anteriorly and on the breast-sides, elsewhere with black pubescence ; preesutural bristles three, supra-alar three, one being a weak bristle, post-alar two, some of these bristles are often yellow. Sceutellum with many yellow hairs, those on the outer border more bristly, in the type no black ones are present. Abdomen with short yellowish pubescence and rather longer hairs at sides ; underside with soft yellowish hairs. Genitalia black, shining, long, and club-shaped; the under lamella also long, more than half as long as the upper ones, all with scanty yellow pubescence. Legs xauthine-orange, the fore and middle Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. B45 femora with black stripes ; the hind pair only black at their apices ; fore tibim black below on the apical half and wholly at apex, the others black at apices, tarsi black; pubescence yellowish, short on femora, some long white hairs on the tibie, a fringe of yellow appressed hairs on the hind tibiz, bristles chiefly black. Wings clear, with yellowish veins. Female identical. Moustache more yellow than white with a few black bristles. Scutel/um in some specimens with two or more black bristles. Ovipositor with the under lamellie joined below to the upper triangular pair. Table of Promachus Species from South Africa, including the Transvaal. 1. Legs black, with white hairs. Scutellum with whitish hairs and bristles.......... scalaris, Loew. Legs reddish ; femora usually with a black BORN Be a riehiiele cise tej Bice evs See 2. 2, Antennz wholly blackish................ 3. Antenne with the second joint yellow orred. 4. 3. Legs with usually a short black stripe on under side of femora. Genitalia small. Moustache black in male, black and yellow ME DOTS IS Sk Pat cts ae Sd ahs sie ole Sle aloe 3 amastrus, W1k. Legs with the black stripe on upper side of femora. Genitalia large. Moustache WOUGW . 5245 its Pe ae Pagid Seite sk albicinctus, Ricardo. 4, Small species, Legs reddish ............ venerabilis, Wik. Large species. Legs reddish. Femora with & binck ‘stripe belawe AA case ade ss eo dorso, W1k. Other species from this part of Africa are P. fasciatus, a widely distributed species, P. caffer, Macq., a variety pre- sumably of the former, with yellow or white bristles on the legs and the moustache yellow, described from Kaffraria, and P. vagator, Wied., from S. Africa and Somaliland, with red-yellow tibize and long white hairs on the scutellum, said by Wiedemann to have the third joint thickened at the top, but Schiner declares it to be a true Promachus species. Promachas scalaris, Loew. Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férhandl. xiv. 1857, p. 359 (1858); et Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 180 (1860). Males and females from Karonga, Brit. E. Africa, 7. vii. 1910 (T. A. Neave), in the Brit. Mus. Coll. A male and female from junction Crocodile and Marico Rivers, Transvaal, in the Cape Museum Coll, In spite of Loew’s type being described as from Kaffraria, 176 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. these specimens appear to be identical with his species, aiswering in every detail to his description, with the exception of size, Loew giving the length as 20-204 mam — these measure from 24—25 mm. It is a robust species distinguished by the wholly black legs with white pubescence and hairs and some white bristles. Scutellum with yellowish or whitish hairs and bristly hairs. Palpi white-haired. The genitalia at once distinguish the male, the upper forceps being large and curved to meet each other at their apices, leaving a space between, in which appears the middle organ, a slender piece with a large short spine near its base below; the forceps are bifid, the lower tooth being sharp and spine-like, the upper one large and obtuse. Promachus amastrus, W\k. List Dipt. ii. p. 394 [Asilus] (1849) ; et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 599 [ Trupanea) (1855). Promachus scilurus, Wik. List Dipt. ii. p. 395 [Astlus} (1849). ? Promachas edithus, Wik. List Dipt. ii. p. 429 (4 silts (1849). Promachus capreolus, Loew, Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. xiv. 1857, p. 360 (1858); et Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 353 (1860). Promachus bicolor, Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) vi. p. 173(1900). Promachus solus, Adams, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. iii. p, 163 (1905). Types (male and male) from 8. Africa (Dr. Smith). Type (female) of P. scilurus from 8. Africa. Types (male and female) of P. edithus from S. Africa (Dr. Smith). Type (female) of P. bicolor from Pretoria. Males and females from junction Blaaw Krantz and Tugela Rivers, Natal, Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall). Two females in the Durban Coll. from Salisbury. Males and females from Natal, Cape Colony, and Orange Free State in Cape Museum Coll. The type of P. scilurus is in very bad condition, but appears identical with P. amastrus, as does P. edithus, but owing to their condition it is impossible to be certain. The specimen I named P. bicolor appears the same, evidently the wholly red legs with no black stripes being an exception to the general rule. Adams’s species, P. solus, described from one female, measures 15 mm., and appears from the description to be identical with Walker’s type. A species larger than P. venerabilis, W1k., the second joint of antennee is not yellow. Genitalia almost identical. Occiput with usually short yellow bristles, but sometimes Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 177 these are wholly or partly black. Scutellum with usually black bristles (some yellow ones are present in some speci- mens) and with white hairs. Legs reddish, usually with a short black stripe on under side of femora, apices of femora and tibiz sometimes black ; the tarsi appear darker, being dark at the joints. - Moustache with yellow and black bristles. Length, g 16-18, 9 18-23 mm. Promachus albicinctus, Ricardo. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. p. 173 (1900). Type (male) and type (female) from Pretoria (W. L. Distant ). Two females from Pretoria (Distant). One male from Pretoria, 28.x. 1913 (H. K. Munro), 1904, 263. One female from Transvaal, Sept., Nov. 1896 (Young), 97, 166. Male and female from Zululand in Cape Museum Coll. Distinguished from P. venerabilis, Wlk., by the black antenne, from P. amastrus, W\k., by the black stripe on the upper side of femora, it is very similar in general appearance to this last species. Promachus fulvipes, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 209 [ Trupanea] (1838) ; Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik, p. 132 (1860). Promachus venerabilis, Wik. Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. n. ser. iv. p. 129 { Trupanea | (1857). From Loew’s detailed description there is little doubt that Walker’s species is the same as Macquart’s species, which is recorded from South and KH. Africa, Walker’s type, a male, came from Port Natal. Males from Estcourt, Natal, Sept. and Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1903, 17, and one female. A male from Piet Retief, Transvaal, 30.x. 1903 (R. Crawshay), 1903, 350. One male and one female from Estcourt. One female from Krantzkopf, Natal. One male from Mt. Fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones), in Cape Museum Coll. A small neat species near P. amastrus, Wlk., but smaller ; the black bristles on the scutellum are mixed with white hairs and have occasionally some white bristles. Legs more wholly reddish and tarsi reddish, the hairs on the abdomen, more especially in the male, are black, not white on the black part. The second joint of antenne is yellowish. Length 9-15 mm., 17 mm. is given by Loew. 178 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. The hairs below the antennz are white, not black as Loew says, and the hairs on the abdomen are chiefly white, not black. Promachus dorso, W\k. List Dipt. ii. p. 397 [Astlus} (1849); et yii., Suppl. 3, p. 599 [ Trupanea) (1855). ? Asilus rubripes, Macq. Hist. Nat. Dipt. i. p. 310 (1834). — T'ype (female) from 8S. Africa (Dr. Smith), 44, 6. Type (female) in very bad condition, appears to be a species not described by any other author except Macquart, who described Asilus rubripes, but states it has three submarginal cells, so that it is probably a Promachus species, and the description such as it is suits this Walker type, which is rather large, 25 mm., with almost wholly red legs ; the femora alone have a dark stripe below, and short white pubescence on the legs. Moustache on the reddish face is composed of reddish bristles with some black ones inter- mixed. Palpi with reddish-yellow hairs and some black ones at the apex. Antenne blackish, but the first two joints chiefly reddish with yellow hairs on underside and black ones on upper side. Furehead with yellow pubescence. Hind part of head with short stout reddish-yellow bristles. Thorax with black bristles and reddish-yellow hairs on posterior border. Scutellum with a double row of reddish bristles and some yellow hairs, also four or five black bristles. Abdomen with the usual spots and short yellow pubescence. Ovipositor short. Wings clear, with reddish-yellow veins. Macquart gives the size of his species as 22 mm. Table of Promachus Species from Central and East Africa. 1. Abdomen with tuft-like hairs, very apparent on the basal segments. ...........0..00. : Abdomen with no such tufts ............ 3. 2. Nearly allied to P. fasciatus, F, Bristles on scutellum chiefly yellow ............ vanthotrichus, Bezzi. 3. Legs blackish, only the tibiae yellowish OxtoraBliy sts sa > he N RA Lee Stee eo eee 4. 4, Pubescence on legs and the moustache yel- low. Scutellum with black bristles and yellow Baits, osu i» quel bsaan Bib ks Aon obscuripes, sp. 0. 5. Legs reddish or yellow; femora sometimes with a Black Stripe 7... 0.55.55 5s sSa ene 6. 6, Antenne usually partly red.............. “¢ Antenne wholly blackish...............- AE 7. Genitalia with tuft of white hairs. Last segment of abdomen produced below in the TIED sa sis hn sw wh 6's 0.9 08 Te ne ERE 8. 10. il. 15. 14. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 179 Genitalia with no such tuft ........... ays . Ovipositor of female long ..............+- Ovipositor of female short .............. . Genitalia rather large ; forceps club-shaped. Ovipositor composed of the last three seg- TEGQIE Wc aivi 6) oaeis chet ele! coun ial slave yelso =. lets Genitalia slender; the forceps nearly bifid. Ovipositor composed of the last two seg- MANGE Fa) Sues 6. bad Mite « sank aa ass ae « Smaller than P. negligens, Adams, Geni- Selita Tori | gk. Gs td sided « © «gee La ae Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs ...... Genitalia with no such tuft .............. . Very large species. Moustache yellow and black. Scutellum with a double row of black bristles and with white hairs. eps reddish tests ay nae ole aia ies 2 3c Genitalia of male long. Moustache yellow and black, Scutellum with black bristles and some white hairs. Legs blackish, only. the tebise Gall Ted! oo. fo. 5 on on oie tae Genitalia of male short, with black tuft- hairs below. Moustache silky yellowish white. Scutellum with black and yellow WEEMACA Tc Nui d gM PS tks Senn ok Usb wee 2 Last segment of abdomen produced below. Moustache yellow and black. Scutellum with yellow bristles outside and black QUGA DENA OY fo whet Baa fh 5 hg 5a «pW gate Genitalia slender. Wings short. Mous- tache snowy white. Scutellum with yel- RONG DEINULEHE ae See ATT AL Sete Species with snowy-white moustache and white bristles at vertex. Scutellum with white and black bristles................ Femora reddish with a black stripe Femora blackish . Bright yellow-haired species. Moustache yellowish. Scutellum yellow - haired. Legs bright reddish yellow, with black AEEIDS OD LOMONA, 2). aaa stl ak am costes 6 Jlavibarbis, Adams. ugandiensis, sp. N. abdominalis, sp. 0. is negligens, Adams. sokotre, Ricardo. breviventris, sp. n. binucleatus, Bezzi. brevipennis, sp. n. 14. rectangularis, Loew. rueppellii, Loew. Jlavopilosus, sp. 0. The other described species from this region are P. ponti- fex, P. rex, P. enucleatus, Karsch, very large species with blackish legs, the tibize yellow-brown, also P. bottegri, g, Corti, with only the anterior tibiz testaceous, P. argyropus, Bezzi, a black white-haired species with the first posterior cell closed and stalked, P. chalcops, Speiser, with brown- yellow legs which have thick yellow pubescence, P. rapaa, Gerst., very insufficiently described, the femora and tibize blood-red, white-haired, all from E. Africa; also P. gossy- piatus, Speiser, in the fasciatus group near P. xanthotrichus, Bezzi, with black bristles on the scutellum and legs, mous- tache chlefly yellow; P. apicalis, Adams, from Rhodesia, 180 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. with black legs and a blackish abdomen, uniformly greyish- yellow pollinose. Promachus wanthotrichus, Bezzi. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. lii. p. 378 (1908). This appears to be only a variety of P. fasciatus, Fabr., the only difference being that all the bristles on the scu- tellum are yellow, not black. There are series of specimens with this from Nyasaland in the I. E. E. Coll. and in the Brit. Mus. Coll., one female from Portuguese Congo, two females from Mashonaland, and one male from E. Ruwenzori, but in some specimens a few black bristles appear. Bezzi described one male from the Falls of Semlia River, Ngami, Congo. Promachus obscuripes, sp. n. Type (male), Type (female) in coitu, from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 27. xii. 1912 (S.A. Neave), I. E. E. Coll., and a series of males and females from the same locality. A species recognized by its wholly black legs, with yellowish short pubescence, by the yellow moustache, and by the yellow hairs and black bristles on the scutellum. Length, ¢ 16-19, ? 17-19 mm. Male.—Face blackish with yellow-grey tomentum at sides. Moustache composed of long yellow bristly hairs. Palpi with yellow and black hairs. Beard yellowish. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with yellow hairs. Forehead with black hairs. Hind part of head with yellow hairs and a few strong short black bristles op each side. Thorax with well-marked blackish stripes and greyish-yellow tomen- tum, the presutural bristles two in number, as are the supra-- alar ones, but the post-alar are three in number, all black ; dorsum with weak black hairs and a few pale yellow ones interspersed. Scutellum with long yellow hairs and black bristles on its posterior border and on dorsum. Abdomen with the usual large black spots bordered by greyish tomen- tum ; weak yellow bristles are present on the sides of seg- ments and yellow hairs ; on dorsum the pubescence is short and yellow, longer on the first segment. (renitalia very large and stout; upper forceps swollen, club-shaped, the lower pair large, produced at the base, and ending in an obtuse point ; the lower plates black, shining, all with black pubescence. Legs blackish, the tibia on their outer sides Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 181 pale yellowish ; the femora and tibiz with yellow pubescence, thickest and brightest in colour on the fore legs, lower side of tibize with black short hairs ; middle and hind femora armed with black bristles, those on the tibiz and tarsi strong and numerous. Wings clear, with grey streaks on apex on fore border. Female identical. Ovipositor short. Prumachus adamsii, Ricardo. Promachus flavibarbis, Adams, Kansas Uniy. Sci. Bull. iii. p, 152 (1905), nomen bis lectum, Females from Kabulumiro, Uganda, 1909 (Col. Sir D. Bruce, A.M.S.), 1909, 83 ; Bululu, Uganda, 6.1.1911 (C. C. Gowdey), 1914, 7; Nyasaland, Nov. 1892 (A. H. John- ston), 94, 12; Uchweni Forest near Witu, British E. Africa, 25-27. 11. 1912 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193; three females from Valley of Kafu River, Unyoro, 3400 feet, 23-28. xii. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193, all in Brit. Mus. Coll: Males and females in coitu, from Uchweni Forest near Witu, 25-27. xi. 1912 (S. A. Neave), in J. E. E. Coll. These species answer in every particular to Adams’s description. He described one female from near Fort Salisbury, Rhodesia, and gives the length as 27 mm. The two black bristles on the scutellum are only present in one or two of the above specimens. Ovipositor of female long, composed of three segments. Genitalia of male black, shining, the forceps large, club-shaped, ending in broad flattened apices, with no projections or teeth; the lower lamellze short and small, the border of the under part of last segment produced with yellow and black hairs ; pubes- cence on genitalia black, with tufts of white hairs above. Length, g 21-23, ? 25-27 mm. Promachus ugandiensis, sp. n. Type (male) from Semliki Plains near south shore of Lake Albert, 2200 feet ; Uganda (S. A. Neave), 1912, 1938. Type (female) from Kotakota, Nyasaland (Dr. J. S. Old), 1911, 221. A male from 150-200 miles west of Kambove, 3500-4500 feet; Uganda (S.A. Neave), 1907, 230; a male from Blantyre, Nyasaland (Dr. J. S. O/d), 1912, 401, and a female. A species with a yellowish moustache and black bristles on the scutellum, the first two joints of the antennz reddish. 182 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Genitalia slender, reddish below. Ovipositor of female long. Length, g 21-22, 9? 22-25 mm. Male.—Face yellowish, covered with silvery-white tomen- tum. Moustache of yellow hairs, reaching the antenne. Palpi with yellow hairs. Antenne with a short third joint and long arista, the first two reddish joints with chiefly white hairs. Forehead with black hairs at sides and a very few yellow ones. Hind part of head with chiefly stout yellow bristles. Thorax brownish red, with grey tomentum and black pubescence and bristles, some white hairs at sides aud posteriorly. Scutellum reddish, with grey tomentum, chiefly black bristles, and white hairs. Abdomen with short yellow pubescence, some black hairs intermixed on the black spots. Genitalia very similar to those of P. brevipennis, sp. n., but the under lamellz are testaceous, short, and stout ; the under side of the last segment is reddish and produced to a triangle and covered with short white hairs, the testaceous part with white hairs, the upper forceps with chiefly black hairs, the tuft of white hairs is represented by only a few white hairs, the upper forceps are almost bifid at apices ; in oue male the hairs on triangular produced segment are largely black. Legs reddish yellow, the femora with a black stripe; pubescence thick, white; bristles black. Wings clear, not very long. Female identical. Ovipositor includes the seventh and eighth segments, and is about as long as the last two seg- ments together. Promachus abdominalis, sp. 1. Type (male) from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 7. xii. 1912, and other males (S. A. Neave). Type (female) from Uchweni Forest, near Witu, 25-27. xi. 1912 (S. A. Neave), and males all in I. EB. E. Coll. One female from Chiromo, Nyasaland, Ruo River (R. C. Wood) (1916). Three males and two females from 150-200 miles west of Kambove, 8500-4500 feet (S. A. Neave), 1907, 230. A species nearly allied to P. negligens, Adams, but some- what smaller, and the genitalia in male are quite different, being longer and more slender and with no white tuft above. In the female the much longer ovipositor will distinguish it at once. Length, J 28, 9 24 mm. Male.—Face honey-yellow with some grey tomentum. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 183 Moustache of yellow stiff bristles, three black bristles near oral aperture. Palpi with black and yellow bristly hairs, often with only white or yellow hairs and no black ones at apex. Antenne dull reddish, the first two joints with white pubescence, the third joint short, the arista more than double its length. Forehead with first yellow, then black hairs. Hind part of head with short stout black bristles intermixed with white hairs. Thorax reddish brown with grey tomentum and chiefly black pubescence; bristles posteriorly very stout, with long black hairs between. Scuw- tellum covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and with stout black bristles on its posterior border, and others on dorsum, and with sparse short white pubescence. Abdomen with the usual black spots and grey bands, on which last are short white bristly hairs, and longer white bristles at sides ; pubescence on the spots black and at sides. Genitalia blue- black, shining, the upper forceps long and stout, club-shaped, the lower lamellze very short, in one specimen coloured red, with long black hairs below and chiefly yellowish ones above; the underside of the last segment not fringed with black hairs nor produced as in P. negligens. Legs dull red, but the femora blackish below and often partly so above, tarsi blackish; legs with short white pubescence, most noticeable on the tibize and tarsi. Wings large, clear, with reddish-yellow veins. Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments. Promachus negligens, Adams. Kansas Uniy, Sci. Bull. iii. p. 154 (1905). The type was described as from near Fort Salisbury, Rhodesia. Males and females from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland (S. A. Neave), in I. E. E, Coll. Males and females from west of Kambove, 3500-4000 feet (S. A. Neave), 1907, 230; also from Kasama District, N.E. Rhodesia, Oct. 1904 (2. L. Harger), 1905, 79, in Brit. Mus. Coll. A very large black species with grey bands on the abdo- men. Seutellum with black bristles and white hairs. Legs dull red, apices of femora and tibiz blackish. Moustache yellow, with some black bristles above. Length given by Adams as 26-3] mm., but some of these measure as much as 35 mm, 184 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. In some specimens there are vestiges of a black stripe on the femora. This species is distinguished from P. flavibarbis, now P. adamsii, by its larger size and entirely black antenna, in the latter species the first two joints are reddish and the ovipositor of the female is longer, composed of the three last segments of abdomen. Promachus sokotre, Ricardo, in Forbes, The Nat. Hist. of Sokotra, p. 362, pl. xxii. figs. 7, 7a, 9, 9a (1903). Types (male and female) and others from Adho, Diemellus, and Gochal Valley, Sokotra (W. R. O.-Grant). Distinguished from P. negligens at once by the long genitalia in the males, the upper forceps long, cylindrical, bordered with black short hairs and at apex with long fringe-like black hairs, the white tuft above is very apparent. Ovipositor of female not very long, composed of the seventh and eighth segments of abdomen, which has‘the usual black spots and grey tomentose bands. Scutellum with many stout black bristles. Moustache with black and yellow bristles. Legs blackish, the tibiz dull testaceous. Length, dg 28, ¢ 33 mm. Promachus breviventris, sp. 0. Type (male) and type (female) from the west slope of Kenya on Meru—Nyeri Road, 6000-8500 feet, Brit. E. Africa (S. A. Neave), 1911, 177; and other males and females from same locality. A species allied to Promachus binucleatus, Bezzi, in the genitalia of male which have a very thick compact tuft of black hairs below; the genitalia are very short, with white hairs above. ‘lhe ovipositor in female includes the seventh and eighth segments and is fairly long. Legs reddish with white pubescence and black stripes on the femora. Mous- tache white. Length, ¢ 17-18, 2 20-22 mm. Male.—Face chamois-colour with yellowish tomentum. Moustache composed of silky yellowish-white hairs, rather thick, and white shorter hairs are continued to the antennae, which have the third joint wanting, the first two joints with some white hairs below and black hairs on upper and lower sides. Palpi with white hairs. Forehead with bristly white hairs, fairly numerous. Hind part of head with stout white bristles, becoming white hairs round the head. Thorax Mr. O. Thomas— Notes on Babirussa. 185 chestnut-brown or blackish with the usual stripes and grey tomentum; pubescence black, rather thick, with a bunch of white hairs above the base of wings; bristles black. Scutellum with white hairs on its anterior border and black and yellow bristles beyond, the latter predominating—the black bristles always on dorsum, not on border. Abdomen with the usual black spots ; pubescence chiefly yellow, some black on the posterior segments ; underside with whitish hairs, the border of the last segment does not appear to be produced, but is bordered by the very thick coarse black hairs forming a thick tuft on each side, coalescing in the middle. Genitalia extremely short and small, black and shining, with black pubescence; the upper forceps stout, the white hairs above are thick and extend to the apices of forceps. Legs dull brick-red, the femora with black stripes above, the legs with thick white pubescence and many white bristles on the tibize. Wings clear, with reddish- yellow veins. Female identical, Ovipositor with some whitish pubes- cence, nearly as long as the last two segments together. (To be continued. } XXIV.—Some Notes on Babirussa. By OtprieLtp Tomas. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Tue British Museum owes to the generosity of Mr. Wilfred Frost a fine series of male skulls, eleven in number, of Babi- russas collected by him in the island of Tali Aboe, in the Sula group, east of Celebes—a locality where they had been reported to exist, but from which, so far as 1 am aware, no specimens had been brought to any Huropean Museum. In working these out and comparing them with the Babirussas of Buru and Celebes a certain number of interesting points have turned up, which may be worth publication. Firstly, as regards the spelling of the names of the genus and type-species, these are quite correctly put by Lydekker * Babirussa babyrussa, none of the other variants of the two names being technically admissible. This being the case, it * Cat. Ung. B. M. iv. p. 845 (1915). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 13 186 Mr. O. Thomas— Notes on Babirussa. is probably also more convenient to spell the vernacular name with a double s. The typical species Sus babyrussa, Linn., was largely based on two figures of skulls, one by Grew and the other by Seba, so that the skulls depicted would have been co-types of the species. Of these two skulls, one—that figured by Seba—is still in existence (B.M. no. 67. 4. 12. 223), and may with propriety be formally selected as a lectotype. It was stated by Seba to have come from Buru, an assertion quite borne out by its characters. The differences between the Buru and Celebes forms have been well pointed out by Deninger*, who shows how, by the more inward-pointing direction of the upper canines in the Babirussa of Celebes the nasals are pinched in mesially and other characteristics are produced by which that animal can generally be distinguished. ‘lhe canines themselves are very much finer, and I may further note that well-marked basial pits appear always to be present in this species, while the bullz in section are of the narrow-oval shape found in the Tali Aboe skulls. Deninger named the Celebean form celebensis, although stating that the description by Lesson of 2. a/furus applied to that animal, and not to the Buru one. With some hesita- tion I am prepared to accept his view that none the less u/furus should be considered a synonym of babyrussa, on the ground that Lesson was distinctly giving a new specific name —us was necessary under the code of that day—to Sus baby- russa, Whose specific name he was using as a generic one. Lesson’s book contained descriptions of all mammals known to him, and the accident that his description of some Babi- russas seen in Java is thought by Deninger to apply best to celebensis does not, I think, alter the fact that Lesson was distinctly renaming Linné’s Sus babyrussa, of which, there- fore, alfurus would be a synonym. Now, with regard to the Tali Aboe Babirussas, I find that, so far as the canines and nasals are concerned, they are emphatically of the Buru or B, babyrussa type, without any tendency towards the characteristics of the Celebes B. ele- bensis. But there are certain differences which, being found in so fine a series as eleven ‘Tali Aboe skulls, as compared with the actual type of B, babyrussa, appear to indicate that they should be subspecifically separated from the latter, I would suggest for the animal, in honour of the naturalist to whom we owe its discovery, the name of * Ber. Nat. Ges, Freiburg, xviii. p. 1 (1911). Mr. O. Thomas—Notes on Babirussa. 187 Babirussa babyrussa frosti, subsp. n. Size slightly smaller than in babyrussa. Upper canines as in the latter, not bent in, crossing each other or compressing the nasals, as is the case in B, celebensis. But they are con- spicuously smaller and shorter than in babyrussa, and do not rise nearly so high above the muzzle as in that animal. Basial pits almost always absent, only occurring (an 1 these shallow) in two out of eleven skulls. Bullee small, narrow, flattened from side to side, their breadth much less than their horizontal diameter, in marked contrast to the broad sub- triangular bulle of typical babyrussa; the crest leading upwards from their outer corners behind the glenoid fosse well developed, much higher than that on the outer side of the base of the paroccipital process, this proportion being reversed in dabyrussa. Paroccipital process more slender. Dimensions of the type-skull :— Length, nasal tip to occiput, 274 mm.; condylo-basal length 268; zygomatic breadth 124; nasals, length 131, auterior breadth 22, mesial breadth 15, posterior breadth 31 ; occipital breadth 73; palatal length 178; bullae, horizontal length 25, breadth 13. Length of canine along front curve 141, greatest length above nasals 45; greatest basal diameter 13. Front of p* to back of m* 68; m’*, length 22, breadth 15. Length of lower canine 77. Length of lower tooth-row 74. The older skulls may attain to 284 mm. in condylo-basal length. Hab. Tali Aboe Island, east of Celebes. Type. Adult (but not old) male skull. B.M. no. 19.11.23.1. Presented to the National Collection by Wilfred Frost, Esq. Kleven skulls examined. In the above various points there is such a strong average difference between the Babirussa of Buru and the form found in Tali Aboe that I think the latter should certainly bear a varietal name, even though some of the points may prove to be rather “ average” than absolute characteristics, Six of the skulls (including the type) were obtained by Mr. Frost on the comparatively high middle third of Tali Aboe, while the other five came from the lowlands of the eastern third. The latter skulls—of which three at least are fully adult—are rather smaller than the former, but the difference does not amount to much, and is, perhaps, due to a shortage of the food available in competition with the native pigs of the lowlands. J3* 188 Mr. O. Thomas on Of the external characters of B. b. frosti I am able to say nothing. It will thus be seen that the Museum is indebted to Mr. Frost for a donation of very great scientific value, as series of such skulls are very rarely obtained, and this one represents both a verification of the Tali Aboe locality and tlle discovery of a new subspecies. . With regard to references that have been made to “ domesti- cated or semi-domesticated ”’ Babirussas, Mr. Frost states that, at least in Buru and Tali Aboe, these animals are never domesticated, as they will not live in harmony with the native pigs, which are ubiquitous. He also says that the reason it is so difficult to obtain females is that the boars put up such a plucky fight against the dogs used in hunting that it is impossible to get at the sows until such time as the male has been killed, thus enabling the females to get safely away. As a result, very few museums possess female specimens, and our own collection ouly contains one single immature skull of that sex. XXV.—A Further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy. By OLpFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) DurinG@ the winter of 1919—April to August—Sr. E. Budin made collections of mammals on the lower grounds of Jujuy, firstly in the near neighbourhood of the town of Jujuy, at an altitude of rather more than 1200 metres, and then on the still lower levels to the east, where the Rio Lavallen, lower down (northwards) called the Rio San Francisco, forms part of the upper waters of the Vermejo system. On this river the place where Sr. Budin collected was Villa Carolina, some 20 kilometres to the east of San Pedro de Jujuy, and there- fore in the same faunal district as Manoel Klordi and Tar- tagal, where he had previously found such interesting things. A few additional specimens were obtained at Yuto, about 70 km. north of Villa Carolina. The present collection adds considerably to our knowledge of the Jujuy fauna, and contains examples of four new forms, of which the most noticeable is a J/armosa of a more northern type than any previously recorded from Argentina. Mammals from Jujuy. 189 1. Eptesicus hilatrei, Geoff. 3. Yuto, Rio San Francisco (in spirit). Forearm 44 mm. 2. Myotis nigricans, Wied. 3. Yuto, Rio San Francisco (in spirit). Forearm 33 mm. 3. Molossops temminckii, Burm. 3. Yuto, Rio San Francisco (in spirit). Forearm 30 mm. This bat is the type of the genus Molossops, as selected and fixed by Miller *. But it appears to me that the other species hitherto in- cluded in Molossops ought to be generically distinguished from it. For while in that genus, as represented by tem- minckit, there are only two lower incisors, m° is compara- tively normal, of triangular shape, with a well-marked third commissure, and ms, in correlation, has a normal triangular posterior lobe, with two cusps, the other species all differ in these respects. I would therefore suggest they should be distinguished under the following name :— CYNOMOPS, gen. nov. Genotype, C. cerastes t | Molossus cerastes, Thos. ]. General characters as in Molossops, with the following exceptions :— Lower incisors 4. J? simplified $, with no third com- missure, the tooth transversely oblong, scarcely broader externally than internally. J/, equally simplified, the poste- rior lobe linear, with one cusp only. Other species: C. planirostris, Pet., brachymeles, Pet., mastivus, ‘Vhos.,and paranus, Thos. Molossops milleri, Osg., also presumably comes here, as it is compared with plani- rostris, but it is of about the size of WM. temminckii, which is * Fam. Gen. Bats, p. 247 (1907). + I should naturally have selected planirostris as genotype, but speci- mens from so many localities (including Buenos Ayres) have been assigned to that species that there is always a little doubt about its exact identity. Moreover, the large cerastes contrasts better than planirostris with the little temmincku as a representative of the genus which con- tains all the large species of the group, { Peters’s beautiful plate of planirostris (Chiropt. Mus. Zool. Berl. pl. 18 B) shows the structure of the molars very well. 190 i Mr. O. Thomas on not mentioned, and the characters of the incisors and molars are not referred to. 4. Felis yaguarondi, Desm. ?. 669. Villa Carolina. 500 m. A fine fully adult female of the normal grey-brown colour. This is a valuable accession, as the Museum collection of these variable cats is very imperfect and much needs supple- menting. Ihave long had an impression that the Jaguarondi and the Kyra may possibly represent but a single dimorphic species, as there seems little essential difference, other than colour, between the grey or brown “ F’. yaguarondi”’ and the bright reddish F. eyra,’’ and the two occur more or less throughout the same area. So far, however, every author has considered them distinct—as, indeed, they appear,—and without better material I do not like definitely to assert their identity. 5. Mus musculus, L. 6. 547, 548, 556. Jujuy. 1258 m. 6. Holochilus balnearum, Thos. 6. 615, 622, 623, 626, 627, 675, 687, 692, 695, 699 ; ?. 610, 618, 621, 628, 629, 637, 638, 645, 561, 654, 655, 671, 674, 676, 677, 684. Villa Carolina. Alt. 500 m. “Raton Nutria. Inhabits the banks of the river.”,—Z. B. I provisionally use for this “ otter-rat”” the name I gave in 1906 to one sent from 'lucuman by Signor Dinelli. But in this genus the local differences are so slight and inconstant, and the ranges of these animals are probably, as in other river-animals, so great, that it is doubtful if even the few species that have been described are all valid. 7. LHesperomys venustus, Thos, 3. 572, 582, 587,597; 9. 601. Jujuy. 1258 m. 3. 619, 630, 634, 646, 647, 649, 653, 682, 686; %. G11, 633, G41, 642, 652, 656, 659, G78, 679, 688, 698, 707, 709, 711. Villa Carolina. 500 m. 8. LHesperomys musculinus cortensis, subsp. n. 3. 546, 564, 567, 577, 578, 598, 602; 9. 553, 573, 579, 586, 599, 600, 604, 607. Jujuy. 1258 m. Caught in straw-yard.”—E. B, Mammals from Jujuy. 191 Size rather less than in true musculinus of Maimara, feet and tail averaging shorter. Colour above slightly duller, browner, and less clear, and below, where the difference is more noticeable, the tone is a dull pale drabby, approaching (though much less than) that found in Jus musculus, while in true musculinus the colour is a clear greyish white, with scarcely any s@spicion of drabbiness. Dimensions of the type:— Head and body 94 mm.; tail 83; hind foot 19; ear 15. Skull: greatest length 24°5; condylo-incisive length 22°3 ; zygomatic breadth 13:4; nasals 9; interorbital breadth 3:8 ; palatilar length 10; palatal foramina 5°6; dental length 11; upper molar series 3:5. Hab. as above. . Type. Adult male. 3B.M. no. 20.1.7.46. Original number 577. Collected 29th April, 1919. This laucha is no doubt very closely allied to the true musculinus * of Maimara, with which it shares the number of fourteen mamme; but on comparison of fifteen specimens with six of musculinus it proves to have so uniformly drabbier an under surface, while both feet and tail average shorter, that I have thought it worthy of having a distinctive name. A single old male skull—one of those overgrown examples which often render distinction by size so difficult—measures no less than 26 mm. in greatest length; but this is obviously abuormal, the type being of about the usual adult size. 9. Oryzomys sp., flavescens group. S. 613, 614, 655, 663, 680; 2. 624, 636, 639, 640, 648. Villa Carolina. 500 m. 10. Graomys lockwoodi, Thos. 3. 625, 631, 668, 681, 685, 694,697; 9. 616, 617, 644, 672, 673, 689. Villa Carolina, 500 m. “Trapped among fallen trees.” ‘ Lives in hollow tree- trunks.”—F, B. These specimens again show that the presence or absence of slate-grey at the bases of the belly-hairs is in this group a character of no importance, all conditions occurring in the series. None of these examples have feet quite as long as in the * Eligmodontia laucha musculina, Thos, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi, p. 188 (1913). 192 Mr. O. Thomas on type, but that isa very old specimen. Their bullz are all smaller than in the type of G. cachinus, and about the same as in G. lockwoodi. 11. Akodon simulator, Vhos. 3d. 545, 550, 551, 555, 557, 560, 568, 570, 571, 574, 576, 593, 596, 603, 605, 608; 2. 552, 558, 559, 569, 575, 581, 588, 590, 591, 594, 609. Jujuy. 1258 m. 3. 620, 632, 650, 658, 660, 662; ¢. 612,641. Villa Carolina. 500 m. This fine series, of all ages, shows, firstly, that A. simu- lator is much more hypsodont than ordinary Akodons of the arenicola group, being, in fact, intermediate between the latter and the extremely hypsodont Hypsimys. And the same is no doubt the case with the other large Akodons of the present group, most of which are known only by more insufficient material, often with greatly worn teeth. Degrees of hypsodontism are always very difficult to judge without specimens of many different ages; so that this series is of special value. Secondly, I would note that A. s¢mu/ator proves to be more variable in colour than usual, some specimens being, like the original set, grey anteriorly and buffy posteriorly, others with the buffy covering the whole body, and others, again, nearly uniformly brown. ‘These differences are not local, and no corresponding differences can be found in the skulls. 12. Akodon sp. (near A. dolores). (Villa Carolina.) A skin (no. 656) from Villa Carolina, which appears to be quite indistinguishable from /esperomys venustus, has assigned to it, but L feel sure wrongly, a skull showing a very close resemblance to that of the Cordova Akodon dolores, an animal with no external similarity to the //esperomys, and belonging to yet another group of Akodon. No skin in the collection seems suitable tor this skull, which must remain undetermined until further collections are made. A. dolores is not specially hypsodont, as are A, simulator and canosus, nor are the in- cisors proodont, as is the case with A. dactens and orbus, from Leon, Jujuy, and Otro Cerro, Catamarea, respectively. 13. Akodon cwnosus, Thos. 3. 580, 98d, 989, 592, 595, 606; 9. 565, 566, 583. Jujuy. 1258 m. Mammals from Jujuy. 193 This Akodon was originally described as a subspecies of A, puer, but is shown by better material to have a somewhat larger skull with more angular supraorbital edges, and to be distinctly more hypsodont than that animal—in fact, as much so as in the large A. simulator: I therefore recognize it as specifically distinct. A complete male skull has a greatest length of 25°5 mm. ; condylo-incisive length 23:2. | 14. Ctenomys sylvanus utibilis, subsp. n. ?. 713, 715. Yuto, Rio San Francisco. Alt. 500 m. * Found among woods; sandy soil.’—#. B. Size and general characters of true sylvanus, but lighter and with white patches on under surface. Colour above near “snuff-brown,” but rather darker, the median dorsal line blackened in the paratype, but not so in the type. Under surface in general scarcely lighter, but in both specimens there are well-marked axillary white spots and conspicuous inguinal patches. Sides of muzzle scarcely blackened. Hands, feet, and tail more hairy than in sy/va- nus, less than in budini, the hands and feet white, the tail blackish for its proximal two-thirds, then white. Skull about as in syl/vanus, but in the available specimens the interparietals are larger, about equalling those of budin/, and the palatal notch ends opposite the middle instead of the front edge of m?. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 190 mm.; tail 65 ; hind foot 34:5. Skull: median length 45°7 ; condylo-incisive length 45; zygomatic breadth 23°7; nasals 16:2 7°83; interorbital breadth 10°2; breadth across brain-case 19:5; bimeatal breadth 28°5; palatilar length 20°3; dental length 26; upper tooth-series (crowns) 9°8. Type. Adult, but not old, female. B.M. no. 20.1. 7. 114. Original number 715. Collected 24th July, 1919. This tuco-tuco would seem to be a less saturate form than true sylvanus, inhabiting more open woods, with the soil “arenoso” instead of ‘* vegetal’’—sand instead of humus. Its general tone is rather lighter, its muzzle is conspicuously so, while its prominent white axillary and inguinal patches afford the most obvious means of distinction, as there are none at all in sylvanus. Both forms are no doubt nearly allied to budini, but from that the distinction of utidil’s in ground-colour, and especially in that of the lower surface, is markedly greater. Both sylvanus and utibil’s oceur at about 500 m., while dudini comes from 2600 m. 194 Mr. O. Thomas on 15. Ctenomys juris, sp. n. do. 703,706; 9. 702,704,705. El Chaguaral, between San Pedro and Villa Carolina. Alt. 500 m. “Tn stony ground in ravines running down to the river.” A small species like C. fochi externally, but with much smaller bullee. Size small, about as in bergi, fochi, and dorsalis. General colour usually quite uniform pale brown, nearest to “ sayal brown ” along the back, paler on the sides. Under surface washed with pale buffy varying towards whitish, the best- marked specimens near “ pinkish buff.” Middle line of face normally little darker than back, but in two out of five speci- mens there is a marked darkening on the top of the muzzle, as in fochi. Size of neck with a buffy or whitish half-collar extending up to the ear. Inner side of forearm whitish, lighter than the belly; coneolor with the belly in fochi. Hands and feet whitish. Tail dull buffy whitish, with a dark brown terminal crest. Skull with broad nasals, little narrowed posteriorly. Zygo- mata widely expanded, the anterior zygomatic breadth often greater than the posterior. Palatal notch to level of middle of m?, Bulle small and narrow, but smoothly filled out, not compressed ; markedly smaller than in fochi. Incisors rather more proodont than usual, the index-angle about 108°, in the type of bergi 100°, in that of fochi 94°. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 177 mm.; tail 72; hind foot 29. Skull: median length 42; condylo-incisive length 42°3 ; zygomatic breadth (anterior) 27; nasals 13°2 x 7°5; inter- orbital breadth 10; breadth across brain-case 17 ; bimeatal breadth 27; palatilar length 19°7; dental length 25; upper tooth-series (crowns) 8°3. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20.1. 7.116. Original number 706. Collected 3rd August, 1919. The smaller bulle and usually undarkened forehead will readily distinguish this tuco-tuco from its nearest ally C. fochi of Chumbicha, Catamarca, Sr. Budin has taken great pains in getting tuco-tucos, making excursions in various directions to obtain them, and is now rewarded by the discovery of two further new forms. None appear to be found at Villa Carolina, or very close to the town of Jujuy. Mammals from Sujny. 103 16. Dasyprocta variegata bolivie, Thos. Immature skull. ¢g. Villa Carolina. 500 m. 17. Galea comes, Thos. 3. 635, 666, 670, 691, 708; 2. 643, 657, 661, 664, 696, 700, 701. Villa Carolina. 1258 m. 18. Sylvilagus brasiliensis gibsont, Thos. &. 690. Villa Carolina. 500 m. Not fully adult. Nape-patch less rufous than in type. 19. Marmosa * budini, sp. n. 6.714. Altura de Yuto, Rio San Francisco. Alt. 500 m. “Caught in an upland wood.”—E£., B. e medium-sized species, grey above and buffy yellowish below. * Tam quite unable to accept the nomenclatural resultsof Dr. Matschie’s recent paper on the Didelphiide (SB. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1916, p. 259), because, as in other cases, he bases his whole work on the obsolete and now generally discarded principle of elimination, instead ef using mode:n methods for the identification and selection of genotypes. Some of his conclusions in the present case would be specially unacceptable to workers in general, such as his entire ignoring of my selection in 1888 of brachy- urus as the type of Peramys, Less., and his long and complicated argu- ments that because the other species of the original Peramys—brachyurus, tristriata, and puswla—fall into other genera, the fourth species men- tioned—crassicaudata—must be taken as the genotype. Such a definite selection of the genotype of Perainys (brachyura) as that in the ‘ Catalogue of Marsupials ’ is in accordance with modern usage and cannot be ignored. With regard, however, to Monodelphis, Burm., although Dr. Matschie’s selection of its genotype is obtained, as I consider, in the wrong way, yet he has made a selection, and, in the absence of an earlier one, that would be valid, and I would therefore accept “‘ brachyura” as its genotype. In consequence Monodelphis would antedate and supersede Peramys for the genus containing the common short-tailed opossum. All Dr, Matschie’s recent nomenclature work is similarly based on this unsound principle of elimination, so that his exceptional literary know- ledge is rendered nugatory so far as the utilization of his results is concerned, Incidentally I may note that the group called Micoureus by Matschie, who quotes its type as D). laniyer, Desin., appears to need a new name, as Micoureus, Lesson, with type by subsequent selection D. cinerea (Thomas, 1888), properly goes to quite a different group. I would suggest the name Mallodelphys for the former, with D. laniger as its genotype. It should, I think, rank as a subgenus of the genus Philander, whose geno- type, by tautonymy, is PAilander philander, L, 196 On Mammals from Jujuy. Size about as in AZ. murina. Fur soft and fine, of medium length, hairs of back about 12 mm. long. General colour above rather browner than Ridgway’s “ light greyish olive ”’ ; sides lighter and more buffy ; under surface rich buffy, the median area of throat and belly “ light ochraceous buff,” this colour also extending up, though less intense, on the outer sides of the hips. Top of muzzle dull buffy, cheeks rich buffy ; black orbital rings well marked. Upper surface of hands and feet pale buffy; fifth hind digit about equal in length to the second ; third longer and fourth longest. Tail wit only about a centimetre at its base furry and coloured like the body ; the rest naked, grey for its proximal half above and third below ; the end white all round. Skull of normal proportions; nasals expanded behind; supraorbital ledges well developed. Palatal imperfections of average extent. Teeth rather large in proportion to the size of the skull. P? small, p? and p* much larger, subequal. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 139 mm.; tail 186; hind foot 245; ear 22°4. Skull: greatest length 38 ; condylo-basal length 37 ; zygo- matic breadth 21°5; nasals, length 16°5, middle breadth 2-7, greatest breadth 5; breadth across postorbital processes 8°8 ; palatal length 21; length of maxillary tooth-row 15:7; first three molariform teeth 7:1. Hab. as above. Yuto is about 70 kilometres north of Villa Carolina. Type. Male, adult but not old. B.M. no. 20. 1. 7, 134. Original number 714. Collected 23rd July, 1919. While of about the size of theemembers of the M/armosa murina group, and with similarly unfurred tail-base, this opossum has the greyish colour and yellowish belly of JZ. c- nerea and its allies, and is thus readily distinguishable from any species as yet described. It is the first member of thie group to be found in Argentine territory. The species is named after Sr. Budin, in recognition of the keen and intelligent interest he takes in his collecting work. 20. Marmosa elegans cinderella, Thos. 3. 554, 562,563; ¢. 549,561. Jujuy. 1258 m. ¢. 683, 693, 710. Villa Carolina. 500 m. On a new Species of Mellivora from Somaliland. 197 XXVI.—A new Species of Mellivora from Somaliland. By R. C. WrouGuton and Major R. E. Cuersman. THE classification of specimens of Jellivora from 8.W. Persia necessitated the survey of all material of this. genus in the National Collection. It then became evident that certain specimens from Somaliland possessed characters differing from those of other African species of Medlivora, more espe- cially from the two nearest named species, Jellivora abys- s/niea, Hollister, and Mellivora sagulata, Hollister. Mellivora brockmani, sp. 1. A Mellivora having the grey of the mantle much lighter than that of JZ. abyssinica, with white marginal line of mantle 18 mm. broad and very distinct, and lacking the ochraceous colour of the mantle of MW. sagulata. General colour black, with iron-grey mantle from between the eyes to half the length of the tail; mantle bordered with a clearly defined white marginal line, The hairs of the mantle are entirely white and entirely black, mixed in a proportion to give a general colour of grey. ‘Towards the margin the black hairs are absent, forming tlie white marginal line. Length of hairs about 26 mm. on the centre of the back. Dimensions of the type :—Head and body 687 mm.; tail 220; hind foot 118 ; ear 35. Skull: condylo-basal length 128; palatilar length (broken) ; interorbital width 34; length of carnassial 15:5; length of upper tooth-row behind canine 31. Hab. N. Somaliland. Type from Upper Sheikh, Somali- land. Alt. 4300 ft. Another specimen from Gorahai, Somaliland (Capt. H. NV. Dunn). Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 10.10.3.10. Original number 268. Collected 11th January, 1910, by Dr. R. E. Drake-Brockman, and presented by him to the British Museum. This species has been named in honour of Dr. R. E. Drake- Brockman. 198 - Rev. S. Graham Brade- Birks— “NVI. — Notes on Myriapoda.— XXI. Colobognatha, an Order of Diplopoda (Millipedes) new to Britain, represented ly Polyzonium germanicum (Brandt). By the Rev. 5. (FRAHAM Brape-Birks, M.Sc., Lecturer in Zoology and Geology, S.E. Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. On the occasion of a visit that the Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology here—Mr, C. A. W. Duaftield—and the writer paid to the Juniper Wood, Wye, on the afternoon of the 24th of October, 1919, I took a millipede referable to the genus Polyzonium, Brandt, 1834. It appears that the order to which this genus belongs has been unrepresented hitherto in the faunal lists of the British Isles. During November 1919 Mr. Duffield and I took a number of specimens of the same animal on subsequent visits to the wood, and one specimen was also taken there on the 13th of December. Upon the dissection of some male specimens for the exami- nation of secondary sexual characters of taxonomic importance and their comparison with those given by Latzel (1) in his fivures of the species P. germanicum (Brandt, 1831), it was found that some points of agreement were very noticeable. At the same time I felt doubtful about the diagnosis, and thought it advisable to send a male specimen to Monsieur Henry W. Brélemann, the eminent French myriapodologist, who, with a courtesy now proverbial in his circle of English friends, made a careful examination of the animal and a sketch of the gonopods, together with a note on one of Verhoeff’s papers (4). This assistance, submitted to me tm litt., makes my present task a light one, and I here express my best thanks to M. Brélemann for his valuable help. M. Brélemann definitely referred the male I sent to him to the species Polyzonium germanicum, a member of the family Polyzoniide, Gervais, 1844, order Colobognatha, Brandt, 1834. Latzel (1) describes the Colobognatha an order differing from the Chilognatha in the structure of the mouth- parts, which are modified here to a greater or less extent with the suctorial function of the rostrum into which the cireum- oral region is produced. Latzel adds an account of the family Polyzoniide, which he divides into two subfannlies—the Platydesmiaand the Dolistenia*,—the former including genera * Latzel (Joc. cit.) tells us that Brandt had previously subdivided the family into Ommatophora and Typhlogena, the former containing the wenera with eyes, the latter including all without. Notes on Myriapoda, 199 with less than seventy body-segments, the latter those with more than seventy. Inthe former subfamily he places Poly- zonium germanicum, and gives a detailed description of the genus and species, devoting the whole of his plate xvi. (figs. 199-210) to the latter. Since Latzel’s time further systematic work has been done in this group ; some indication of its extent may be gathered from Verhoeff’s work on German Diplopoda, (5) p. 23. The same author criticized Latzel on Polyzontum as early as 1898, and gave (4) an account of the species which the present note records, together with a figure of the gonopods (his plate vii. fig. 11). As M. Brélemann has pointed out to me in /tt., we find that in the anterior gonopod the coxal lobe (L in the figure cited), which in the animal itself is a definite structure quite easily seen, is not represented at all clearly in Verhoeff’s figure. That this may be due more to incorrect reproduction than to the fault of the author is shown by Verhoeff’s statement in the text (loc. cit.) :—** Gegeniiber den andern beiden Arten ”’ [i.e., P. bosniense, Verhoetf, and P. transsilvanicum, Ver- hoeff] “ist germanicum ausgezeichnet durch (Abb. 11) das emporragende 3. Tarsalglied, dessen aafragende Spitze BH, den Nebenlappen, dessen Rand in feine Spitzchen zerschilitzt ist (nicht ‘gekerbt’) das deutliche Femoralglied und den Hocker L des Endlappens der Hiiften, welcher kaum vorragt und innen etwas eckig ist.” Verhoeff, in a later work (5) already quoted, gives an instructive account of the comparative anatomy of the group to which Po/yzonium belongs. Sinclair (3) and Pocock (2) have both dealt briefly with the Colobognatha in English, and the former gives a useful figure of Polyzonium germani- cum showing the general proportions of the whole animal. Field Notes and other Observations. Polyzonium can be distinguished readily in the field from all other British genera by its characteristic semicylindrical shape ; whereas the dorsal surface of the animal is convex irom side to side, the ventral surface is practically flat. Latzel gives the dimensions of P. germanteum as 5-15 mm. Jong and 1:1-2 mm. wide, The walking-legs perform their work with the same wave- like motion that is noticeable in so many other millipedes. When disturbed the animal curls itself up like a clock- spring, and generally remains quite a bese time in that position. Since this species is widely distributed on the continent, it is interesting to take it first in Britain in that part of England 200 Prof. C. Chilton on the Freshwater Isopods which is nearest to France. When tlie distribution of the» Diplopoda of these islands is better known, we may find that such an occurrence has a special biological significance. . The wood where our specimens were captured is situated along the slopes and summit of the low chalk-hills which form part of the Wye Downs, running roughly north and south about a mile from Wye itself, and rising on the south from the Selbornian tract below, and on the west from the Chalk valley of the Great Stour, to a little over 500 feet above sea-level in some places. In the area of the wood where we took P. germanicum, some three-quarters of a mile E.N.E. from the town, the altitude is only some 400 feet, or 200 to 300 feet above Wye itself. In this portion of the wood hazel, beech, and coniferous trees are well represented, while the ground is often covered with grass and low-growing plants, among which there is a considerable quantity of fallen Jeaves and other plant débris in autumn. It is among the fallen leaves in this situation that we have taken Polyzonium. As Mr. Duffield pointed out to me on one of our visits to this lunting-ground, there is quite a striking superficial resem- blance between this new millipede with its yellow to brownish colouring and the fallen bud-cases of the beech to be found at Juniper Wood in the vegetable débris in which, as already stated, the animal itself occurs. REFERENCES. (1) Larzer, Roperr. ‘Die Myriopoden der osterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie,’ ii. (1884). (2) Pocock, R. I. Article “ Millipede” in Encye. Brit. 11th edit. 1911, xviil. pp. 468-475 et seg. (3) Suncuarr, F,G, “ Myriapods” in ‘The Cambridge Natural Histury,’ 1910, vol. v. pp. 27-80. (4) Vernorrr, K. W. “ Ueber Diplopoden aus Bosnien, Herzogowina und Dalmatien.—V. Glomeride & Polyzoniide (Schluss).” Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. 64, 1898, pp. 161 et seq., 1. vil. P (s) ——. ‘Die Diplopoden Deutschlands,’ 1911-14. Wye College, Kent, 19th December, 1919. XXVIII.—Note on the Freshwater Isopods known as Asellus aquaticus. By Cuas. Cuiiron, M.A., D.Sc., M.B., C.M., LL.D., C.M.Z.S., F.L.8., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, New Zealand. ‘Tne little freshwater Isopods which are common in many streams of different parts of Hurope have hitherto always been known under the name of Asellus aquaticus, and, known as Asellus aquaticus. 201 although the animal has been fully described and figured by various authors, no one until recently appears to have suspecte Hl that the individuals belonged to more than one form or species. In a recent paper, however, Monsieur KE. G. Racovitza * has pointed out that under the name Asellus aquaticus two quite’ distinct forms or series of forms have been confused, and that these differ distinctly from one another by several fairly well- marked characters. He adopts the name Asellus aguaticus, Linné, 1758, for one species which appears to be the com- monest and the only one hitherto fully described and figured ; for the other, which is therefore new, he suggests the name Asellus meridianus. For a full account of the differences between these two and for excellent figures showing them reference should be made to M. Racovitza’s paper. It seems desirable, however, to call the attention of English naturalists to lis results, and in doing so it will be sufficient to indicate briefly some of the more important differences. ‘They are as follows :— A, aquaticus. A, meridianus. Antenna2., Malealmostaslong asbody, Two-thirds length of body female a little shorter. in both sexes. Maxillal .. Four plumose sete on distal Five plumose setie on distal margin of inner lobe. margin of inner lobe. , Per@opod 1 . Adult male with large tri- Inferior margin of propod angular projection on in- almost straight, no pro- ferior margin of propod. jection. Pereopod 4. Carpus with longitudiual Carpus with row of 10-12 row of 4-5 spines, discon- long spines, continuous, tinuous. Pleopod 1 of Exterior margin of exopod Exterior margin of exopod male, enlarginate. straight. Besides tliese there are other minor differences in the shape of the lateral margins of the perawou segments IL. to V. and in the second pleopods of both male and Toniale animals, On receipt of M. Racovitaa’s paper | examined the sac i- mens in my own collection, and find that both forms are represented—namely, Ased/us aqguaticus, numerous specimens collected in the Edinburgh-Glasgow Canal at Idinbureh about the year 1898, others in the River Neckar, Heidelbers, 22. iv. 1900; Asellus meridianus, several specimens from a small brook at Tunbridge Wells, England, forwarded to me by the Rev. T. R. R, Stebbing. I have dissected and ex- amined a male and a female from each of these localities, as it is almost impossible to distinguish the two species by * Archiv. Zool. Expér. et Gén. 1919, tome 58, Notes et Revue, pp. 31-43. Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 14 202 Prof. C. Chilton on Asellus aquaticus. external characters unless one has fully adult and perfect males when they might be distinguished by the length of the second antenne and by the shape of the lateral margins of segments 2 to 5 of the pereon. Many of my specimens are ‘immature and in others the antenne are broken off, and, though the Tunbridge Wells specimens showed the lateral margins of the perseon segments as described by. Racovitza, the difference from the other specimens was hardly sufficient to be distinctive by itself. The following are brief notes on the specimens I have examined. In the female from Edinburgh the inner lobe of the first maxilla showed the four setz characteristic of A. aquaticus on the one side, while the appendage on the other side had only three * ; the second pleopod is cireular in outline ; the male examined from Edinburgh is evidently not fully mature, for the first thoracic leg has the propod only slightly triangular, though it is certainly approaching towards the outline represented in Racovitza’s figure ; in the fourth leg the row of spinules on the carpus is distinctly discon- tinuous and contains only a few spines; the first and second pleopods show the characters described by Racovitza, the exterior margin of the exopod of pleopod 1 being distinctly emarginate. ‘In a male specimen of Asellus aquaticus, Linné, from the River Neckar the first and fourth pairs of legs correspond, on the whole, well with Racovitza’s figures and descriptions, though the first one is not fully developed, and consequently the propod not so distinctly triangular; the first and second pleopods are in close agreement with Racovitza’s description, the emargination on the external border of the exopod being quite distinct. Racovitza has examined and identified specimens of Asellus .aquaticus, Linné, from ‘“ Askam bog (Yorkshire), Birmingham,” from various localities in France, and from Carniola (Adelsberg), while on the testimony of other authors he records it from Norway, Poland, Livonia, Russia, Germany, Switzerland, and Greenland. The species is therefore very widely distributed. It is this species that has been so well described and figured by Sars T. * Probably further examination would show that the oral appendages in Asellus are liable to a considerable amount of variation, as has been shown by Dr. Collinge to exist in the Oniscoidea or Terrestrial Isopoda (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool, vol. xxxii. (1914) pp. 287-293, pls. EX eels) + 1867, ‘Hist. nat. des Crustacés d’eau douce de Norvége,’ p. 93, pls. vili., ix., & x.; and 1897, ‘Crustacea of Norway,’ vol, ii. p. 97, pl. xxxix, On a new Tentaculate Cestode. 203 In the male of A. meridianus, Racovitza, from Tunbridge Wells, both first maxilla have five sete on the apex of the inner lobe, the first thoracic leg has the propod distinctly oval, with the inferior margin straight and without any sign of a triangular projection to meet the end of the tip of the finger ; the fourth thoracic leg has on the carpus a distinct row of about ten long spinules ; the first and second pleopods are in close agreement with the characters assigned to this species, the outer margin of the exopod of pleopod 1 being without any trace of an emargination. In the female from Tunbridge Wells the inner lobe of maxilla 1 bears the five plumose sete both on the right and on the left sides; the exopod of pleopod 2 is trapezoidal in shape as described by Racovitza. Racovitza has examined specimens of A. meridianus from Dulwich and from Slapton Lea (Devonshire), and from numerous localities in France. He finds it very constant in its characters ; it is, he says, not the only one of the series, other allied forms being found in the Mediterranean basin both in surface-streams and in underground waters. Of the underground forms, two—A. cavaticus, Schiodte, and A. foreli, Bl.—have already been described, and other forms will be described by M. Racovitza in a forthcoming memoir. X XIX.—On a new Tentaculate Cestode. By Frank E. Bepparp, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8. Tue occurrence of tentacles (I do not include the “‘ probos- cides” of the Tetrarhyncha) is so rare among Cestodes that a new example of this occurrence, characterising perhaps a new species or genus, is worth bringing to the notice of zoologists. So far we are only acquainted with one strictly comparable instance, shown in the genus Schistometra, of which | shall have something to say later. The only remain- ing tentaculate worms of this group are the little-known Paratenia and Polypocephalus, which are regarded by Braun* as possibly identical, but of whose systematic position the ascertained facts of structure do not permit us to form a definite opinion; nor does the recent redescrip- tion of Paratenia by Southwellt+ definitely settle the matter. * In Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ordnungen des Thiereichs,’ Bd. vi. + ‘Ceylon Marine Biological Reports,’ pt. vi., Jan, 1912, No, 22, 204 Dr. F. E. Beddard on a In any case the tentacles of this worm are numerous and form a circle towards the apex of the scolex above the four suckers. In the worm which I here describe the tentacles are closely associated with the suckers and appear to protrude from them, one from each, As a matter of fact, I only saw in the living worm two tentacles, each belonging to a separate sucker; it is thus only an inference that each sucker has its tentacle, as is the case with Schistumetra togata, though here there are two to each sucker. The tentacles are very mobile and at times totally disappear with lightning rapidity. The worm itself was obtained from the Guinea-fowl, Numida mitrata, and I found only one example in company with some smaller worms apparently belonging to the genus Davainea. It is a small and slender worm of rather more than an inch iu length and 1mm. in breadth at the widest point, which is near the posterior end of the body. I could see no traces of hooks nor a rostellum. During life the suckers were much extended and mobile, as was also that part of the scolex in which they are implanted. After preservation the scolex was of the same diameter as the ensuing strobila, The scolex was rather injured by the pressure of the cover- glass in examination of the livmg worm. But I recognised at the anterior end a single large sucker-like ring, which scems to me to be not one of the four usual suckers—for there was no trace of the others,— but the mouth of an involution containing the anterior end of the worm, suckers and all. That there is nothing impossible in this view is obvious from the state of affairs in many larval Cestodes, as well as from the partial power of retracting the scolex in some adult forms. But the material in my hands does not allow of a positive statement. The slide remains for the examination of others. It would appear that the character of the tentacles and their position in relation to the suckers in this new form are quite like those exhibited by a worm recently described by Fuhrmann* as Chapmania tapica (= /diogenes tapica of Clerc)+. That worm, however, pos- sesses a rostellum with hooks, and has internal characters _ which forbid its identification with that described here. Moreover, Skriabin f has lately asserted that the scolex (and * Swedish Zool. Exp. Ngypt, pt. iii. 1909, Cestodes, p. 19. + Centralbl. f. Bakt, u. Paras, xlii, p. 722, t Jbid. \xxiii. 1914, p. 399. new Tentaculate Cestode. 205 the scolex only) of Fuhrmann’s example of Chapmania tapica is that of another genus altogether, viz., Schistometra togata of Cholodkoysky *. There is also no doubt that the tentaculate Cestode described here has nothing to do with Schistometra togata, nor with my own + Otiditenia eupodotidis, which Skriabin regards as not only congeneric, but as being of specific identity, with Schistometra togata t. For in Schistometra, according to Skriabin (Cholodkovsky examined examples without a scolex), the rostellum is armed and each sucker has two tentacles arising side by side from the upper end. There is also no doubt that the tentaculate worm found by myself in Numida mitrata has no relation to Schistometra in its general anatomy. This is entirely upon the plan of that of Rhabdometra, and | have compared the worm detail for detail with my preparations of Rhabdometra cylindrica§. It is to be noted, however, that the example of the tentaculate Cestode which I have in my possession is not perfectly mature, in that it is not in the process of shed- ding proglottids. It possesses the terminal segment, longer and more oval in form than those which precede it, as is usual among those Tapeworms in which the terminal pro- glottid has been observed. At the very extremity of this * In a Russian work, being a Catalogue of Cestodes in the Cabinet of the Imperial Military-Medical Academy of Petrograd, 1912, p. 46. + Proce. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 194, and 2b. 1914, p. 879. { As to this identification I make the following observations :—I believe that Dr. Skriabin is quite right in identifying the genera Schistometra and Otiditenta. As he uses Cholodkovsky’s name instead of mine, I presume that that name has the priority of date of publication, though both descriptions appeared in 1912—mine in March of that year; the month of issue is not given in my copy (due to the author's kindness) of Cholodkovsky’s catalogue. I am not, however, convinced that the species are identical. It is to be noted that Cholodkovsky (Annuaire Mus. Zool. Ac. Sci. St. Petersburg, xx. 1915, p. 164) convinced Skriabin that the species described by the latter in his paper referred to here was not identical with Schistometra togata, but identical with a species described in MS. by Doppelmayr as S. embiensis. It does not remain clear as to which of these two the scolex alleged to be of Chapmania tapica really belongs. But, apart from the possible lack of knowledge of the scolex of S. togata, the arrangement of the testes of the latter in many rows does not agree with my observations upon those of “ Otiditenia eupodotidis.” As to S. embiensis it seems to me to differ from my species by the much more slender scolex, that of my species being more massive. But the testes agree as being in one row. The brick-red colour of the posterior segments of my worm as well as its different host are minor points of difference from the two species of Schistometra described by the three Russian authors. § P.Z.S. 1914, p. 859. 206 On a new Tentaculate Cestode. opens the water vascular system by a pore. I mention this for the reason that the characteristics about to be referred to may not be those of the fully mature species. The cortex and muscular system are so like those of Rhabdometra cylindrica that no description is necessary; aud this applies to the water vascular system. On the other hand, I have detected certain minutiz in which the generative system differs, and [ give the facts for what they may be worth as marks of differentiation. The testes are posterior in position and are developed dorsally, laterally, and ventrally, as in Rh. cylindrica. The cirrus-sac seems to be rather longer than in the last-named species; it extends well over the ventral vessel of the water vascular system—in Rh. cylindrica the cirrus-sac only reaches as far as, or just over, the same water vessel. The receptaculum seminis of the new species is more elongated in form than is that organ in R. cylindrica, Both the uterus and the paruterine organ of my new tentaculate species correspond very closely in relative size and shape to the same orgaus in the less fully mature proglottids of Rh. cylindrica*. This is also the case with the terminal segment of the worm. I find, however, that the end of the paruterine organ in the new species, where it comes iuto contact with the uterus, has no heap of calcareous bodies such as are present in the species with which I am comparing it; this seems to be a real difference, though the heaps of calcareous bodies are at least not always present in the younger paruterine bodies of Rh. cylindricaf. It seems therefore to be clear that the Cestode which forms the subject of these remarks would be undoubtedly referred to the genus Rhabdometra, were there no knowledge * See text-fig. 5, p. 868, of my memoir just cited. + I take this opportunity of adding a new fact of some little interest to what is known of the anatomy of Rhabdometra cylindrica. 1 found in the case of one proglottid only, out of a number which I examined, a duct leading from the anterior region of the uterus, which was followed to its opening on the ventral surface of the segment by an involution of the subeuticular layer as near as possible in the middle of the ventral surface. It will be observed that the occasional existence in the present species of a separate uterine pore is more striking as a retention of an archaic state of affairs than in Dasywrotenia, where (see Beddard, P.Z.S. 1915, p. 190, text-fig. 8) the occasional uterine pore is lateral and involves the lateral water vascular tube. It is clear that in the genus Lhabdometra a comparison is undoubtedly to be made with the Pseudophyllidea and the Iechthyoteniids, and not with the dorsal and ventral pores, connected though they are with the egg-holding system, of Amabilia aud (?) Schistotenia, Geological Society. 207 of its peculiar tentacles. It is, of course, quite possible that such have been overlooked, especially in view of the fact that so few of the Cestodes known to science have been examined in a living condition. Their extreme retractility, amounting almost to disappearance, would render it most easy to miss them in sections through the scolex. I have myself been unable to discover them im sections of Rhab- dometra cylindrica. If this lack of tentacles is only apparent and due to the difficulty of seeing them, it may be that this worm is identical with Rhabdometra numida, a species described by Fuhrmann from the Guinea-fowl N. ptilo-. rhyncha*. While therefore I believe myself to be correct in describing the worm as a “ new tentaculate Cestode,” it may not be a new Cestode. But further investigation is required before it can be asserted that the existence of retractile tentacles is characteristic of the genus Rhabdomeira, and, for the matter of that, of other genera. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. November 19th, 1919.—Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The following communication was read :— ‘The Pleistocene Deposits around Cambridge.’ By Prof. John Edward Marr, Se.D., F.R.S., V.P.G.S. This paper deals with the deposits in the immediate vicinity of Cambridge, and contains new records of sections, fossils, and imple- ments. It is pointed out that, owing to alternating periods of erosion and aggradation, relative height above sea-level is not a trustworthy index of antiquity, and modifications of the classification proposed by W. Penning and A. J. Jukes-Browne are indicated. The Author suggests the following chronological sequence, in descending order :— Feet (Ti) Barnwell Station: Beds. .......0cssscucvseastanuenege 20 (2) Newer Downing Site Beds ...............scsse0e0. 35 (3) Newer Barnwell Village Beds..................... 45 (4) Huntingdon Road Clays .........ccccccsessssennes 70 PETPOIDEGLVEOLONT: DOGS! ses orycsccsicecscunentetacnteneme 85 (6) Corbicula Gravels (Barnwell village, etc.) ... 30 * Swedish Zool, Exp. Egypt, pt. iii. 1909, p, 36. 208 Geological Society. The figures on the left give the approximate height above sea-level. It is believed that Nos. 6 and 5 were formed during a period of aggradation, and 4-1 during one of subsequent erosion with minor aggradation; but it cannot “be conclusively proved that 6 and 3 are ot different ages, although the deposition of the beds 6 below those of series 3, where they oceur together, and the occurrence of Hippopotamus and Belgrandia marginata with Corbicula suggest an early date for these Corbicula-bearing beds. Taking the beds in the order of reputed age, the following observations are noted :— Chellean implements have been found at low levels at Barnwell and Chesterton, and may belong to the beds 1. The Observatory Beds have yielded abundant implements of Chellean, Acheulean, and early Mousterian types, the last-named apparently in deposits later than those containing the two first-named. Unfortunately mollusea and mammalia are very rare in these beds. The Hun- tingdon Road Clays require much further work, as only poor exposures have hitherto been found, and it is not clear that they are newer than the Observatory Beds. The beds referred to the Newer Barnwell Village Bases contain abundant remains of the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and fairly numerous horse-bones. Implements associated with them suggest an Upper Paleolithic age. The Newer Downing Site Beds have yielded a cold molluscan fauna. They are probably somewhat earlier than the Barnwell Station Series, which has furnished a similar mollusean fauna, and also an Arctic flora, the plants of which were identified by the late Mr. Clement Reid. Reindeer occurs in these beds. The paper is chiefly a record of facts, but it is intended to be preliminary to a detailed survey of the Pleistocene deposits of the Great Ouse Basin, which are so important as throwing light upon the relationship of the Paleolithic beds to the glacial accumulations, and also to the marine beds of March and the Nar Valley. Appendix I, on the Non-Marine Mollusca, is supplied by Alfred Santer Kennard, F.G.S. and Bernard Barham Woodward, F.L.8., F.G.S. Lists are given of the non-marine molluseca from the various sections, with their degrees of frequency. ‘These lists are based on examination of old collections and on a large amount of new material. Notes are appended on some of the species, and con- clusions as to the ages of the Cambridge gravels are given, based on the molluscan evidence. Appendix II, on the Implements, is supplied by Miles C, Burkitt, M.A. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERLES.] ~ No. 27. MARCH 1920. X XX.—WNotes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asilinz. By Gerrrupe Ricarpo. {Continued from p. 185. ] Promachus binucleatus, Bezzi. Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg. lii. p. 878 (1908); id. Ann. Mus. Zool. Univers. Napoli, iv. p. 14 (1914); Speiser, Schwed. Zool. Exped. p. 99 (1910). A series of males and females from Narok, Masai Reserve (Capt. A. C. Luckman), a male from S.W. of Mt. Kenya near Nyeri, Brit. E. Africa, 22. ii. 1911, preying on a butterfly ; all in I. E. E. Coll. A male and female from Semliki Plains near south shore of Lake Albert, 2200 feet (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193. A male from Kafu River near Hoima, Kumpala Road, 3500 feet, 29-31. xii. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193; and a female from south of Lake George, Uganda, 3200-3400 feet, 17-18. x. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 128. Males and females from west shores of Victoria Nyanza, Budda, Uganda, 3700 feet (S. Ad. Neave); others from Nairobi; south of Lake George ; Banks of Victoria Nile near Maisindi Port; north of Lake Isolt, 3700 feet; S.E. Ankole ; Unyoro ; and Valley of Kafu River, The female was described by Bezzi from Van Abala, Galla- land, and the male later by Speiser from near Kilimandjaro. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser, 9. Vol. v. 15 210 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. The male is at once distinguished by the triangular en- largement of the last segment of the abdomen below, fringed by a tuft of black hairs; genitalia reddish. The female ovipositor proper is short, only the length of the preceding segment, but the last two segments (or at least the last one) are usually compressed. It is a species with reddish Jegs, the femora with a black stripe; pubescence on legs short and white, bristles usually black. Moustache yellowish with a few black hairs above. Scutellum with yellow hairs, occasionally a black bristle or two appear. Length, ¢ 18-20, 9 20-25 mm. Promachus brevipennis, sp. 0. Type (male) and two other males from Valley of Kafu River, Unyoro, 3400 feet, 23-28. xii. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193. A species distinguished by the short wings and by the snowy-white moustache. Legs nearly wholly reddish. Genitalia slender, with a white tuft of hairs. Length 23 mm. Face blackish with grey tomentum. Moustache of rather silky-white hairs continued to base of antenna, thick. Palpi with long white hairs. Antenne with the third joint uniting, the first two joints slender, with chiefly white hairs. Forehead with black hairs, and a few white ones on its posterior border. Hind part of head with stout black bristles, continued round head, and then with white hairs. Thorax blackish, with grey tomentum and black pubescence, and long black bristles in centre beginning before the mid- line of dorsum, weak long white hairs are present on posterior part and at sides. Scutellum with a double row of stout yellow bristles and long white hairs. Abdomen long and slender, the pubescence chiefly yellow, but some black hairs on the spots and whitish bristles on the sides ; underside with yellow pubescence, the last segment with white hairs. Genitalia composed of simple club-shaped forceps, the under lamellz about half their length, all black, shining, with black hairs, the tuft of white hairs above thick and reaching beyond the middle of the forceps. Legs with the apices of femora and tibize and all the tarsi black ; pubescence white, thick on the tarsi. Wings reaching about as fur as the fifth segment of abdomen. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Pit Promachus rectangularis, Loew. Neue Beitr. ii. p. 6 [1854]; et Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. N. F. viii. (xlii.) p. 108 (1878); v. d. Wulp, Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond. 1899, p- 92, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1899). hae cinicolor, Walker, ‘The Entomologist,’ yv. p. 258 (Zrazx) (1871). Loew in Zeit. Ges. Naturwiss. suggests that Walker’s P. cinctipes is the same as this—the type being lost, this question must remain in abeyance, but P. cinicolor, W|k., is the same as the above species and not identical with Loew’s P. rueppelli. Loew’s species, P. rectangularis, came from Massowah, Red Sea, and from Aden. Walker’s type, P. cinicolor, 9, came from Harkeko, Dahleck Island, Red Sea. Two females from Muscat, Arabia (Lt.-Col. Jayskar). Three males from 8. Othman, Arabia (Nurse), 25. 111. 95 and 8. iv. 95. One male from Shendi, 1901, 190 and 187. These all answer to Loew’s description, with the exception of black bristles on the scutellum being present five or more in number as an inner row bordered on the outside by white bristles. Loew speaks of white bristles with occasionally a few black ones intermixed. Walker’s type has only white bristles. Length about 20 mm., as Loew states. A species distinguished by a thick white moustache and white hairs on head. Scutellum with long white hairs besides the bristles. Legs yellowish red with a black stripe on the femora, not always present, and apices of tibiz and tarsi black. Genitalia witha thick tuft of white hairs. Ovipositor short. P. rueppellii is very similar, but has the femora black, brown below at apex. Promachus flavopilosus, sp. u. Type (male) from Mlanje, Nyasaland, 17.xi, 1914 (S. A. Neave). Type (female) from same locality, 14. xi. 1913, and a long series of males and females taken with various beetles, bees, and other diptera as their prey; all in the I. EK. K. Coll. A male from Uganda, 1910 (Capt. A. D. Fraser, R.A.M.C.), 1911, 1938. Males from the Mbali-Kumi Road, 3700 feet, 15* 212 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. south of Lake Salisbury ; from between the south-east shore of Lake Kioga and Kakindu, 3500 feet; in the Valley of Kufu River, Unyoro, 3400 feet (S. 4A. Neave). A bright yellow-haired species with yellow or white mous- tache, chestnut-coloured legs, and yellow-haired scutellum. Abdomen with large black spots and greyish-yellow tomen- tum and bright yellow hairs at sides. Length, g 17-20, 2 21-25 mm. Many of these specimens have only yellow hairs and all bristles on the thorax yellow. Male.—Face covered with bright yellow tomentum, the moustache thick, white, with two or more black hairs. Palpi with black and whitish hairs. Beard white. Antenne blackish, with grey tomentum, the first two joints with black hairs, the third greyish at base. Forehead with black bristly hairs. Hind part of head with black hairs at vertex, then yellowish, becoming white near the beard. Thorax with well-marked dark stripes and yellowish-grey tomentum and short scattered black pubescence; of the prasutural bristles two are black, the third yellow, the two supra-alar are yellow, the two postalar are yellow, all with less long yellow hairs between them, the dorso-central bristles are chiefly black and more fine long hairs than bristles, one or two yellow bristles are on the posterior edge. Scutellum clothed with only long fine yellow hairs, rarely becoming bristles. Abdomen with yellow hairs on the dorsum of the first two segments and then with bushy yellow hairs on the sides and beneath ; dorsum in centre almost bare, a little short yellow pubescence visible, Genitalia black and shining, with short yellow hairs on the upper and lower sides of forceps, which are long and club-shaped, the under lamelle short and slender. Legs xanthine-orange, the fore and middle femora with black stripes above, the hind pair only black at apex ; tibiz black at apices ; tarsiall black; femora and tibiz with fairly long whitish or yellowish hairs, thick on the tibize and continued as shorter white pubescence on dorsum of tarsi, the hind pair with this only at sides, bristles black, only the femora are armed with bristles. Wings clear, with yellowish veins. . Female identical. Ovipositor black, shining, about the length of the last two segments. A female from Uganda, between Kumi and N.E. shore, Lake Kioga, 3600 feet (S, 4. Neave), has the tarsi almost devoid of the white pubescence and more black hairs in the moustache, otherwise identical with type. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 213 Table for Species from India, Burmah, and Cochin China, cee Oe with reddish WDISAE cies «<2 8. 2. Abdomen with yellow or reddish-yellow tufts of hairs on the first segments.............. 3. Abdomen with no such tufts of hairs........ 5. 3. Pubescence on abdomen bright reddish yellow. Genitalia club-shaped. Ovipositor short .. duvaucelit, Macq. 4, Pubescence on abdomen yellowish .......... 4. Genitalia large, upper forceps truncate, notched. Legs with black and white bristles ........ marci, Macq. Genitalia small. Ca oa pics Legs with long yellow pubescence .......+.+. Sere sa binghamensis, sp.n. 5. First posterior cell Gipgede o-.02),0:. SAA ee heteropterus, Macq. First posterior not closed ..........000-sees 6. 6. Abdomen black with white hairs, extra- MeATIIVEREOL Wiehe Gives s cav¥ cia aids ss ee es — ealanus, W1k. G Abdomen black with whitish-yellow ish or “SENSIS JL EUEN Re AUR Ie ind a i 8. 8. Small species. Legs wholly reddish yellow. EEOC Pe POA er Bid ee contractus, W1k. Abdomen conical, stout, with whitish bands, Femora black at the apices, tarsi black .... apivorus, W1k. Abdomen long with greyish yellow-haired bands. Legs. SMRMROLY IEG. 25) i Vidateae scces ce maculatus, Fabr. Femora with a black stripe, tarsi black ...... pseudomaculatus, 9. Abdomen with long bright orange-red pubes- [sp. n. PUR Can Bir, BE OD bic £ OTRO TIONG > OMIT c leoninus, Schiner. Abdomen with greyish bands. ‘Tibiz reddish yellow, ovipostor long ........ ests + ae yerburiensis, sp. n. The following species have also been described from this region :— Promachus nicobarensis, Schiner, a species with a yellow- haired abdomen and a white tuft on the gentalia. Promachus westermanni, Macq., the abdomen black with whitish segmentations. Legs black. Promachus varipes, Macq., also supposed to be found in Manila, with a short yellow-haired abdomen. Femora above and the tibize red. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs. Promachus apicalis, Macq., with a black grey-banded abdomen, the anterior and immediate femora and tibie testaceous on the outside. Promachus rufipes, Macq., with a black abdomen, red segmentations, and yellow-haired thorax with red pubes- cence, Promachus ceylonicus, Macq., is probably an Alcemus or 214 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. Philodicus species, as the ovipositor is deseribed as having a circlet of spines. Legs testaceous. . Promachus duvaucelii, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 218 (1838) [ Zrupanea]. A pair from Dehra Dun, U.P., India, Nov. 1907 (Lt.-Col. F. W. Thompson), I. M. 8., 1908-21. One male (Dr. Smith), "68, 4, and one female with no locality stated. Macquart’s very insufficient description is as follows :— Black. Palpi red-haired. Thorax with red tomentum and black bands. Abdomen with the three first segments red-haired. Legs black. Wings yellow. Length, ¢ 2, 12-16 mm. Face, moustache, and beard yellow. An obscure streak in the marginal and first submarginal cells. From Bengal. A species varying in size, the females larger than the males. Distinguished by the bright reddish-yellow pubes- cence disposed as tufts on the first three segments of abdomen and as ordinary pubescence on the remaining segments, thickest here in the female. Moustache and beard, hairs on posterior part of thorax and on the scutellum the same bright colour, and the thorax coloured the same between the black stripes. J/oustache lias some black hairs on its upper part in the male only. Leys black with chiefly black pubescence, some white is present especially in the female. Genitalia of male black, shining, with black hairs, the upper forceps large club-shaped, the lower pair small, the under- side of the last segment produced and bordered with short black hairs. Ov ce ke short and small. Length, ¢ 15, 2? 18 mm. Since this paper was sent to press, Mr. J. E. Macpherson, Officer in Charge, Forest Zoologist’s Office, Dehra Dun, India, has sent me some Asilidze for identification, tle greater number being a long series of males and females of this species; the males have no black hairs in the mous- tache. All were captured at Dehra Dun. Promachus marcti, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 213 (1838) [ Zrupanea}, A male from Gundumri, Bhandani, 1. xii. 1912 (4. D. Jmms), in jungle. A species nearly allied to Promachus duvaucelii, Macgq., who describes it thus :— Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 215 “Black. Headyellow. Thorax yellow-haired, with three stripes. Abdomen with the three first segments yellow- haired, all segments with a large black spot. Legs black. Wings yellow. (PI. ix. fig. 2.) “Length, ¢, 16 mm. “ Face, moustache, beard, and hairs of palpi yellow ; some black bristles on the border of the epistome. Genitalia rather stout. Legs with black and whitish bristles ; pulvilli yellowish white. “From East India.” The chief difference seems to be the colouring of the pubescence, which is yellowish, not reddish, and is not so thick. Genitalia are larger, the upper forceps at their ends inflated and truncate, rather notched, the underside of the last segment is produced to a rather greater length. Abdomen with black pubescence on sides and below. This male measures 20 mm. The figure by Macquart of the anus does not appear to be correct. Promachus binghamensis, sp. nu. Type (male) from Sikkim, 1903 (F. A. Miller), presented by Lt.-Col. Bingham. Type (female) from Sikkim, Darjeeling, 4.01, Bingham Coll., and a male from the same locality. A slender black species, with long yellow pubescence on the legs and on the abdomen, more or less disposed as tufts on the latter. Ovipositor long. Gentalia of male small. Length, g 24-27, 2 24mm. Male.— Face with yellowish tomentum. Moustache com- posed of fine yellow hairs and three or four black ones above. Palpi yellow-haired. Antenne with black and yellow hairs on the first two joints. Forehead with long black hairs. Thorax blackish with yellow tomentum as narrow lines, out- lining the stripes; pubescence black. Scutellum with black fine bristles and fine yellow hairs intermixed. Adbdomen with the usual black spots and grey bands, the latter with yellow hairs, which are thickest at the sides, disposed somewhat tuft-like; the yellow pubescence is present on the black spots. (renitalia black with black hairs, the upper forceps small, club-shaped, the lower pair short but stout, the last segment not produced but with a tuft of black hairs; a similar tuft is present on the lower pair of forceps and black pubescence on the upper pair; underside of abdomen with long yellow hairs. Legs entirely black with long yellow hairs on the underside of the femora and tibiz and , 216 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. shorter ones elsewhere. Wings large, clear, the upper fork of the third vein with an unusually slight angle inwards. Female identical. Legs with not quite so many long yellow hairs. Palpi black-haired. Ovipositor composed of the last three segments of abdomen. Promachus heteropterus, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 212 (1838) [ Trupanea]. Two females from Bellary District, Beeravalli, and Hada- galli, S. India, in I, E. E. Coll. These females answer to Macquart’s description, which is as follows :— “ Ashy grey. Abdomen with a large black spot on each segment. Legs black. Wings yellow, the first posterior cell closed. (PI. ix. fig. 3.) “ Length, ¢, 18 mm. “Face, moutache, and beard white. Palpi with white hairs. Forehead and hind part of head with yellow hairs. Antennze with the third joint somewhat elongated. Eyes violet. “ From the coast of Malabar.” A black species with narrow pale segmentations on the white-haired abdomen. Scutellumwith white hairs. Ovipositor short. These speciinens measure 19 mm. A female from Berhampur, India, allied to this species has a long ovipositor, Yéddish-yellow tibiz, and the first posterior cell is only narrowed at the end, where it reaches the border—this latter point agrees with the description of Promachus rufoungulatus, Macq., but the author makes no mention of the pale-coloured tibiz. Promachus calanus, Walker. Dipt. Saund. i. p. 122 { Trupanea] (1851); et List Dipt. Brit. Mus, vii., Suppl. 3, p. 607 [ Trupanea] (1865). ‘Type (female) from East India, 68.4 (Walker Coll.). A species with an extraordinarily short abdomen, the type is in bad condition, but the abdomen is perfect. Wings very large. Legs stout, red, with fringes of black hairs. Mouws- tache yellow with a few black bristles below the pubescence on forehead white. Antenne wanting. Scutedlum reddish with white hairs. Abdomen with telescopic segments appears brownish black with white hairs on basal segments, Ovi- positor hardly discernible. Length 12, wing-length 18 mm. A female from Pundaluoya, Ceylon, is very much like it in Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 217 general appearance and shape, with the short abdomen and long wings, but having very pale yellow tibiz it must be a different species. Promachus contractus, Walker. Ins. Saund. Dipt. i. p. 120 [ Trupanea}]; et List Dipt. Brit. Mus. vii., Suppl. 3, p. 606 (1855) [ Z'rupanea), Type (male) from India. Type (female), India, 68. 4 (Walker Coll.). A small species with pale-coloured legs and wings with pale yellow veins. Moustache yellow. Scutellum with pale hairs. Length, ¢ 154, 9 16 mm. Male.— Face covered with glistening pale yellow tomentum. Moustache composed of yellow very strong bristles, with white hairs above to base of antennze. Palpi with pale hairs. Beard white. Forehead with pale hairs, and bristles at back of head are white. Antenne reddish. Therax with two well-marked median dark stripes. Abdomen with the usual dark spots and grey segmentations, but the whole dorsum is thickly covered with white pubescence ; underside wholly pale covered with short yellow hairs. Genitalia black, the upper forceps long club-shaped, the lower ones short, the last segment of abdomen on underside somewhat raised, hardly produced, the white tuft of hair above very distinct ; hairs on forceps white and black. Legs pale yellow, the upper sides of femora and extreme apices of tibie darker, tarsi reddish yellow, bristles chiefly yellow ; pubescence on legs white. Wings clear. Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the last three segments. Promachus apivorus, Walker. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (2) v. p. 282 [ Trupanea] (1860). Type (¢) from Burmah, 68.4., with note, “This fly devours the large black bees” ; in very bad preservation. Other females from Patani Cape, Siam, 21. vi. 1901 (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale), 1916, 22; from Jambu, Siam, same collectors, from Hainan Island and from Chantabun, S. Siam (Mouwhot). A black species with grey segmentation on the abdomen. Moustache yellowish. Scutellum with black bristles and some yellow hairs. Ovipositor short. Length 24-25 mm. Face covered with pale yellow tomentum. Moustache 218 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. reaches antenne. Palpi with pale hairs. Antenne black. Forehead with yellow hairs anteriorly and black ‘hairs posteriorly. Bristles on occiput all yellow. Thorax covered with brownish-yellow tomentum, stripes not very distinct, posterior part of dorsum with black bristles and some whitish hairs. Abdomen conical, stout ; pubescence white on the segmentations, black on the spots, white at the sides and below. Ovipositor black, shining, very short. Legs bright reddish ; the coxze, apices of femora, and tibiz and tarsi deep black ; pubescence chiefly white, bristles black. Wings large, clear ; veins yellow. Promachus maculatus, Faby. Syst. Ent. 794, 17 [ Astlus] (1775), ete., see Kertesz Cat. Promachus flavibarbis, Macq, Dipt. Exot. i, (2) p. 212 (1838) [ Trupanea). Promachus copillus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 889 (1849) [ Asilus]; et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 607 [ Trupanea] (1855). Type of P. copillus (male and female), from India. Males from Trincomalee, Hot Wells, Ceylon (Yerbury). Males and females from Bangalore (Capt. BE. Y. Watson). A female from Colombo (G. Meade Waldo). Macquart’s species is evidently identical with this widely distributed species, he describes the hind tarsi as black. V.d. Wulp says they are darker. In the above specimens the tarsi appear usually dark reddish with black apices or nearly wholly black. A large species distinguished by the yellow bands on the abdomen, surrounding the usual black spots. Moustache yellow. Palpi yellow-haired. Scutellum with black bristles and yellow hairs. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs, the upper forceps large and forked, the inner part short, the outer piece long, the lower forceps small, the last segment is slightly produced on the underside. Ovipositor short. Legs reddish. Wiedemann gives the length as 24-28 mm. He remarks it is not found in Italy as alleged, but he has examples from the Caucasus. Promachus pseudomaculatus, sp. n. Type (male) from Nilaveli, Ceylon, 19. vii. 91 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). Cotypes (two females) from same locality and Kuchavelli, Ceylon. A large species very nearly allied to Promachus maculatus, F., but the femora have a black stripe above and the tibiz at apices and all tarsi are black. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 219 Length, ¢ 35, 9 32-33 mm. Male.—Face covered with glistening yellow tomentum. Moustache composed of many large yellow bristles, and shorter yellower hairs are continued to the antenne. Palpi with yellow hairs and black hairs and bristles at the apices. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with black and yellow hairs. Forehead with black bristly hairs and some yellow hairs. Hind part of head with yellow bristles in the centre and below stout black bristles. Thoragz brownish with brown-yellow tomentum and darker stripes; pubescence black, with black bristles posteriorly and some yellow hairs. Seutellum with a double row of black bristles and yellow hairs inside. Abdomen black with broad grey tomentose bands, the black being represented by the usual large spots ; pubescence on the bands yellow, on the spots black. Geni- talia with a small tuft of white hairs, the upper forceps more slender than those of P. fasciatus, ending in a point, the under pair very small ; the underside of the last segment produced as a black almost square piece, very distinct, as long as the under forceps and together with the rest of geni- talia covered with black pubescence. Legs reddish yellow with black bristles and chiefly short yellow pubescence. Wings large, clear ; veins reddish yellow. Females identical. Ovipositor composed of the last seg- ment, very short; black, shining, with black hairs and a few lighter ones at apex. Promachus leoninus, Loew. Linn. Ent. iii. p. 404 (1848); Wk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus. vii., Suppl. 3, p- 592 | Trupanea) (1855) ; Loew, Berlin. ent. Zeit. xii. p. 872 (1868) ; v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xli. p. 181, pl. iv. figs. 6-8 (1898) ; et xlii. p. 45 (1899). One male from S. Shan States, Upper Burmah, 4000 ft., Noy. 1899 (Lt.-Col. Bingham), 1902, 31. One male and one female from Sikkim, 1903 (FL A. Miller). Presented by Lt.-Col. Bingham. A species originally described by Loew from the Greek Islands and Asia Minor, and recorded by him later from Mersina in Asia Minor. V.d. Wulp recorded it from India. A species at once distinguished by the bright orange-red pubescence on abdomen, and the same-coloured hairs on scutelium and posterior part of thorax. Moustache aud pubescence of forehead, beard, and hairs on palpi all bright yellow. Legs black, the tibize reddish yellow. Genitalia of male short, stout, covered with a thick tuft of white hairs. Female with an extremely short ovipositor. Length, ¢ 22, ? 18mm. 220 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Promachus yerburiensis, sp. u. Type (male), type (female) in coitu, Trincomalee, Ceylon, 18. viii. 91 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury), and a series of males and females from Ceylon. A male and other specimens from Guindy, Madras (Cragg Coll.). Female and other specimens from Coimbatore, S. India, I. E. E. Coll. A fair-sized species. Abdomen with black spots and broad greyish bands. Moustache whitish, black below. Legs blackish, the tibize reddish yellow. Scutellum with yellow and black bristles. Genitalia of male simple. Ovipositor long. Length, g 25, ? 28-29 mm. Male.—Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum. Moustache composed of whitish-yellow bristles with two or three black bristles interspersed and a row fringing the oral aperture, whitish-yellow shorter bristly hairs are continued to the base of the antennie, Palpi with black hairs and some yellow hairs at the base. Beard white. Anienne black with white hairs on the first two joints. Pubescence on forehead black with some white hairs. Bristles on occiput black. Thorax black covered with greyish tomentum, the stripes distinct, pubescence of short black hairs, some longer white ones with strong black bristles on the posterior half, Scutellum with black and yellow bristles and long white hairs. Abdomen with rather dense short pubescence, black on the spots, yellowish grey on the pale parts and on the first segment and partially on the second segment ; hairs at sides and on the underside chiefly yellowish. Genitalia not large, the upper pair of forceps black, shining, club-shaped, the under pair short, stout, both with black hairs, the preceding segment black, shining. Legs blackish, tibie black at apices, all bristles black; pubescence black, white and long on the underside of femora, on the hind pair interspersed with black hairs, tibiae with chiefly short yellow pubescence, but short black hairs are also present. MJ /ings shorter than the body. Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the last three segments. Table for Species east of Cochin China and Burmah. 1, Abdomen with bands or tufts of lighter- coloured hairs at base ...........: i Abdomen with no such bands or tufts. 5. 2, Lege wholly black‘; .. dees...» ses same bifasciatus, I. Legs partly reddish, femora black above. 3. , 10. 11. 12, Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 221 . Thorax with some lighter tomentum. All the tibisareddish’ 0g scree) cares » Thorax velvety black. Only the anterior and middle tibiee reddish ..... FOLDS YEGdishis vs ven Sele eeoe neers Os. Sense a ys o* Tibiee paler in colour . Very large black species with black legs and yellow-orange hairs at apex of BO ORUO ccs hosin a.m 9 5) 8 Fin) Ss AEs. . Legs usually reddish or yellowish, some of the tibie at least paler in colour. Gymperibor Short vsiwiwis ss va ds cele vee Ovipositor long. Abdomen usually with pale bands .......:.. ces eeeeeeess Large species. Abdomen yellow-haired. Legs reddish yellow .............. Smaller species. Legs partly reddish. . . Abdomen with black spots and yellowish segmentations and sides. Crenitalia with white hairs. Legs reddish yellow. ‘Abdomen entirely blac re Genitalia with very few white hairs. Legs dark red WPL EIMCHADGIDS =, « syeig aja e clue sls as,> 00 Deep black species. ‘Only ‘the fore and middle tibiz dull yellow. Genitalia with white hairs avereim « Ulee avers ples 6) ¢ 6° e . Legs reddish. Abdomen deep black . Legs blackish, tibize usually reddish or yellow SA Sethe cares Seas ae Femora entirely black ............ a Femora partly red ...........e0eeees Large species. Bands on abdomen nar- row. Scutellum with black bristles and white hairs. Ovipositor composed of the last four abdominal segments. Moustache chiefly black .......... Large species. Bands of abdomen broad. Scutellum with black bristles. Ovi- positor of the last three segments only. Moustache yellowish ...... Smaller, very pubescent species. Bands of abdomen narrow. Scutellum with black bristles and yellow hairs, Ovyi- positor of the last three abdominal segments only. Moustache blackish ..........0+..55 Slender black species, Scutellum with a double row of black brisles. Ovi- ositor of the last four segments. PPGMEIMERE DIAC. og ccs piainenccces Femora black above, red below. Genitalia very stout. Abdomen and ovipositor asin P. contradicens. WROURPAMES IBC aint ep ccs ceve ees Only the middle femora partly red. Adtisten deep black with thick yellow- haired segmentations and yellow hairs on scutellum ee melampygus, ¥. d. Wulp. manilliensis, Macq. noscibilis, Austen. * plutonicus, W1k. chinensis, sp. 1D, | 8. calortficus, WW lk. amorges, Wik. philipinus, sp. n. fusiformis, W lr. 10.: le 12. contradicens, W lk. lineosus, Wk. transactus, WW lk. addens, Wk. complens, W1k. raptor, Austen, 222 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. The following have been described, not included in the tables:—P. wanthostoma, vy. d. Wulp, from New Guinea, evidently only a subform of P. difasciatus, having two dark streaks on the wing. J. desmopygus, de Meijere, Tijd. Ent. lvi., Suppl. p. 59 (1914), from Java, the abdomen having brown-yellow hairs on the first three segments in the male, and the female with the whole abdomen covered with them. LP. albopilosus, Rondani, from Borneo, with the abdomen shining black and white-haired, the legs also white- haired. P. felinus, vy. d. Wulp, from Borneo, with only the anterior tibiz red, the wings pale brown. JP. leucopareus, v. d. Wulp, from Java, the abdomen with yellow-ochre hairs and yellow tibiae. PP. rufibarbis, Macq., from Java, has a dark spot on the wing and long yellow hairs below the femora. JP. externetestaceus, Macq., has the tibiz externally testaceous, and some white bristles on the posterior legs. P. rufomystaceus, Macq., has a red moustache. Abdémen black with white segmentation. Wings yellow. The other species described from the Philippines are P. forcipatus, Schiner, a species with red-yellow bands on the abdomen and the genitalia with a white tuft; P. maculosa and varipes, Macq., the former described as having two black spots on each segment of abdomen, and the legs with some white bristles; the latter also said to be found in India measuring 16 mm. Moustache and palpi yellow-haired. Genitalia of male from Manila with a white tuft of hairs. Abdomen with short yellow hairs and segmentations. Promachus bifasciatus, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 215 [ Trupanea) (1838), ete. Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi. p. 417 (1913). Promachus strenuus, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, iy. p. 106 { Trupanea} (1860); et v. p. 264 [ Trupanea) (1861). Type of Walkeyr’s species (female) from Makessar, Celebes (Saunders Coll.). Type (male) from Menado. Male from Tond (Saunders Coll.). This specimen was compared by me with Macquart’s type in the Paris Museum. Male from Celebes. V. d. Wulp records species from Gorontalo in Celebes, and gives a good description, suggesting Walker’s species is identical, in which he is correct. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 223 The species is curiously like the African species P. fasci- atus, F., but the genitalia are different. A black species distinguished by the wholly black legs and by the black abdomen with bushy white hairs on the first two segments of abdomen. Moustache yellow below, black above. Thorax black with no sigus of stripes. Scw- tellum with black bristles and hairs.. Genitalia of male large, the upper forceps with a blunt tooth near the base, then becoming concave on their inner edge, and ending in a blunt point, under pair short small, all hairs are black and numerous. Legs with chiefly black pubescence, some yellowish pubescence on the femora. Length, ¢ 25-26, 2 23 mm. V.d. Wulp gives the length as 19-22 mm. Promachus melampygus, 2, v. d. Wulp. Tijd. v. Ent. ser. 2, vii. (xv.) p. 223 (1872). A male from Sarawak, Borneo, another from Mt. Dulit, Philippines (Everett Coll.), 1901, 247. A female from Pasir Ganting, West Coast, Sumatra, lat. 2°S., June 1914. A female from Irisan, Benquet Province, Luzon. V.d. Wulp described a female from Java, de Meijere a male and female from Padang, W. of Sumatra. Wulp describes the hairs on abdomen as ochre-yellow. De Meijere states they are so in the female, but in hts male nearly white ; he also gives the colour of the legs in both sexes as largely reddish, not pitchy brown as v. d. Wulp says, the . femora being reddish below. These specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. answer very fairly to the description, with the additional remarks by de Meijere, so that it seems safe to conclude it is rather a variable species with a wide distribution, The hairs on abdomen in both sexes are whitish, tinged yellow in the female. Legs dull reddish, femora darker above, tarsi all black, and apices of tibiz the same. Palpi in male with chiefly black hairs, in female some yellow hairs are intermixed. Moustache in male black and yellow, in female black sometimes with a few yellow bristles, in male the yellow bristles or hairs are a little more numerous. A black species distinguished by the white hairs on the first three segments of the aldomen, by the partly reddish 224 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. legs, and by the white tuft of hairs on genilalia, which are short and small. Length, ¢ 22-23, 9 22 mm. V. d. Wulp gives it as 19} mm. Promachus manilliensis, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 310 [Trupanea}] (1888); et Suppl. i. p. 207 Trupanea)} (1884) ; Ost.-Sack. Berlin. ent, Zeit. xxvi. p. 111 (1882). A female from Cape Engano, North Luzon, Philippines (J. Whitehead), 98, 207. This specimen answers fairly to the meagre description given by Macquart. He first described the male as 24 mm. long with two white-haired bands on abdomen, and legs externally red. Palpi with white hairs, moustache white. Later he added the description of a female from the same place, Manila. Palpi with black hairs. ' Length 20 mm. Face covered with yellow glistening tomentum. Hind part of head with black bristles. Thorax velvety black with yellowish-brown tomentum at sides. Scutellum the same with black bristles. Abdomen the same, with black pubescence on all the segments except the first two. Ovi- positor short, shining. JZegs reddish with black stripes on femora, the hind pair more largely black; tibiz black at apices ; tarsi black; pubescence chiefly black, some yellowish hairs on hind femora. Wangs clear, veins yellow. Length 25 mm. Promachus noscibilis, 8, Austen. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xx. pt. 18, June 1905, p. 403. One male, the type, from Wataikwa River, Dutch New Guinea. The author states this is a species allied to P. bifasciatus, F., but distinguished by the lighter-coloured fore and middle tibie and the smaller genitalia. P. manilliensis, Macq., must be nearly allied to this species ; the genitalia will probably be found to be different when more specimens of each sex in the two species are to hand. The legs in Macquart’s species are dull reddish, the femora are black above, the hind pair very largely black, as are also the hind tibie. In the New Guinea species the legs are entirely black, with the exception of the fore and middle tibiz, which are yellowish. Miss G, Ricardo on the Asilide. 225 Promachus plutonicus, Walker. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, v. p. 265 [ Trupanea) (1801). Type (female) from Tond, Celebes, and another female from Menado, Celebes. Three males from Cape Engano, North Luzon, Philippines, (J. Whitehead), 98, 207. A very large, stout, black species; legs entirely black. Abdomen black-haired at apex in both sexes with fulvous pubescence. Wings brown. Length, g 25-30, 2 32-35 mm. The males from the Philippines are, on the whole, so similar to the females that they no doubt are one species, but they differ slightly, as will be noted below. Female.—Face with glistening yellow tomentum. Mous- tache composed of not very numerous long yellow bristles, numerous at the oral opening, fewer above, a few weak yellowish hairs below the antenne, round the oral opening are strong black bristles. Pa/pi with black hairs. Antenne blackish with some brown tomentum, the first joints with black hairs. Hind part of head with a few black bristles at each side of occiput, otherwise with yellow hairs. Thorax and scutellum velvety black with black pubescence and black bristles. Abdomen black; the first two segmeuts with black hairs, dispersed almost as in tufts, shorter on the next three, which in the second female have some short fulvous pubescence ; the last three segments with golden-yellow hairs, beginning on the posterior border only of the sixth segment ; the ovipositor composed of the last segment is shining black, underside and sides with long black hairs. Legs stout, black ; the fore coxze with long golden-yellow hairs; pubes- cence on legs chiefly black, some very short fulvous pu- bescence on the femora and tibie. Wings longer than body, very large, tinged a deep brown with the usual grey streak. Males.—-Face greenish black with some grey tomentum., Palpi with black hairs. Moustache almost entirely black, and the hairs below antennze black. Hind part of head with black hairs. Addomen with distinct tufts of black hairs on the first three segments, but at the sides only. Genitalia short, the upper forceps small, pointed, covered with the golden-yellow hairs. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 16 226 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Promachus chinensis, g 2 , 8p. ND. Type (male), type (female), and another male from Tinghae, China (South), June 1899 (P. de la Garde), 1906, 89. A robust reddish-yellow species ; the legs reddish. Abdo- men blackish, with yellow-haired broad bands. Moustache aud hairs of palpi yellow. Length, ¢ 25-30, ? 32 mm. Male.—Face covered with yellow tomentum, the yellow hairs reach the antenne, which are blackish, with yellow and some black hairs on the first two joints. Forehead with yellow hairs and some black bristles. Thorax brownish with a broad median black stripe, with a yellow tomentose border and with yellow tomentum at sides and on posterior part ; pubescence of short black hairs, many rather lke bristles, and the hairs are longer posteriorly. Scutellum with fine yellow bristles, one or two black bristles are present. Abdomen blackish, but all the segments, except the first three at their bases, are covered with dense yellow pubescence and yellow hairs, which last are thickest on the second segment and are present on sides of abdomen. Genitalia black, large, the upper forceps very stout, the lower pair very short, both covered with bright yellow hairs and some black hairs at base of upper forceps. Legs reddish yellow, the knees black, the uppersides of femora with a short black stripe ; pubescence of legs yellow. ings large, with yellowish veins. Female identical. The yellow pubescence on abdomen not quite so thick. Ovipositor short, composed of the last segment. Promachus calorificus, Wik. Proc. Linn. Soe. London, iv. p. 107 { Trupanea] (1860). Promachus concolor, Wk. l. c. v. p. 259 [ Trupanea) (1861). Promachus albicauda, vy. da. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. (2) vii. (xv.) p. 228, pl. xi. figs. 12-14 (1872); id. xli. p. 188 (1898). Type (male and female) from Makessar, Celebes. Type (male) from Celebes (concolor). V.d. Wulp deseribed his species also from Celebes. A stout blackish species with reddish legs. Genitalia with snowy-white large tuft of hairs above. JVings with a broad dark streak in submarginal cell. Moustache yellow, with some black bristles above. Palpi in male with black hairs ; vy. d. Wulp says in the female they are black and yellow. © Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 227 Aatenne with the third joint as long as first one. Thorax covered with ashy-grey and brown tomentum, stripes not visible. dddomen with the black spots and narrow yellowish- haired segmentations, pubescence elsewhere chiefly black. Genitalia with very long upper forceps joining at end, uhder pair as long, curved up to them, the last segment of abdomen below somewhat produced. V.d. Wulp says the Ovipositor is short, and gives the length as 16-18} mm. This male measures about 154 mm. In the types of P. calorificus the hairs of palpi are black and yellow. Ovipositor of female short, black. The male of P. calorificus is smaller than that of P. con- color, but the genitalia in both are identical. In v. d. Wulp’s figure the lower forceps are not so long, and do not reach up to the upper pair as they do in both these males. In spite of this, I believe they are the same species. Legs reddish, the fore and middle femora with a short lack streak above, the hind pair wholly reddish; tarsi black. Promachus amorges, W\k. List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 391 (1849) [ Aszlus]; et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 599 (1855) [ Trupanea}; et Proc. Linn. Soc. London, i. p. 116 (1856) | Trupanea). The type, a male, was described from Borneo. A male from Pasir Ganting, W. Coast, lat. 2° S., Sumatra, A blackish short-bodied species, with genitalia and ovi- positor both very short and small. Legs chiefly dusky red, Moustache black and yellow. Length, ¢ 83-11, ? 12 mm. Male.—Face covered with yellowish tomentum. Mous- tache rather thick, composed of yellow bristly hairs with black ones above and interspersed, some shorter black hairs are continued to base of antenne. Palpi with black hairs. Antenne black. Forehead with black hairs. Bristles on occiput black, with white hairs below. Thorax brownish black, with very little appearance of stripes, tomentum dull brownish yellow. Seutellum the same, with fine black bristles. Pubescence on thorax black, longer behind. Abdomen brownish black or almost black, with black pubescence, long and thick on the first three segments, and on the other short but fairly thick ; under- side with longer black hairs. Geni/alia short, black ; a few 16# 228 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. white hairs represent the usual white tuft; the upper forceps black, club-shaped, ending in a point, the lower pair shorter, small, all with black pubescence ; the under- side of the last segment of abdomen with a fringe of long black hairs. Legsdull reddish ; the femora usually blackish on the upper sides and at apices; the hind tibie and all tarsi black; bristles all black and pubescence entirely black. Wings large, the small transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. Promachus philipinus, 3 2 , sp. n. Co-types, two males from Cape Engano, North Luzon, Philippines (J. Whitehead), 98, 207, aud type (female) from same locality. A deep black-coloured species with the anterior and middle tibiz pale yellow. Genitalia of male with a white tuft of hairs. Moustache in male yellow with a few black bristles above, in the female these last seem to predominate. Palpi with black hairs. Length, g 2, 23 mm. Male.—F ace covered with yellow tomentum. Beard thick, yellow. Antenne with black hairs on the first two joints. Hind part of head with black hairs. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen deep black with black pubescence and black bristles. Genitalia black, stout, with black hairs, and with two long: string-like appendages proceeding from below. ° Legs with black pubescence, the fore and middle coxz with tufts of yellow hairs, the yellowish tarsi with some yellow hairs, the yellow colour is only present on the upper sides of the tibie. Wings clear, tinged brown, veins reddish yellow. Female identical. Asdomen with black pubescence only, one of the males has some seattered fulvous pubescence on the apical half of abdomen. Ovipositor blue-black, shining, composed of the last segment, but the two preceding seg- ments are also largely blue-black, shining. Promachus fusiformis, Wk. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, i. 13, p. 389 (1856). Type (female) from Malacca. A female from Busen, Borneo (purchased E. Heyne), 97, 82. A large black species with a spindle-shaped abdomen, the ovipositor long. Legs reddish. Moustache yellowish. Length 31-32 mm. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 229 Female.—Face covered with yellow tomentum. Moustache of yellow bristles, a few weak black ones present, the hairs continued to base of antennz are yellow. Palpi with yellow hairs at base and black ones at apex. Antenne imperfect, the first two joints black with black hairs. Thorax is apparently covered with bright yellow tomentum and the stripes are black, this is so in the fresh female ; in the type the thorax appears greyish with no stripes. Scu- tellum in type blackish with grey tomentum, in the fresh female covered with bright yellow tomentum ; both females with the scutellum covered with black bristles and hairs. Abdomen dull black with black pubescence, a few yellowish hairs are visible; ovipositor composed of the last four segments. Legs red, the knees and the last four tarsi black ; pubescence chiefly yellow, black on fore femora; all bristles black. Wings large, clear, veins yellowish, the small transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. Promachus contradicens, W\k. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, iii. p. 87 [Trupatea} (1859); v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Entom. xli. p. 183 (1898). Promachus interponens, Walker, 1. c. vy. p. 280 [ Trupanea] (1861) ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 414 (1913). Types. Three co-types all from Aru Islands. Type of T. interponens, only one female from Batjan Island. A species distinguished from Promachus complens by the wholly black femora and by the smaller genitalia of male. Length, g 27, 9 26-33 mm. The type P. interponens appears identical with these. Genitalia of male are black, shining, the upper forceps more slender than those of P. complens, and with their apical upper edges rather concave, forming a rudiment of a tooth, beyond the club-shaped forceps appear three cylindrical reddish-yellow bodies ; on the underside the black projection is less triangular, almost square, and elevated somewhat; pubescence on genitalia black. Scutellum with black bristles and white hairs. Promachus lineosus, W\k. Proc. Linn. Soe. London, i. p. 13 (1856) { Asilus). Promachus vittula, v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xxiii, p. 167 (1880) ; id. Sumatra Exped., Dipt. p. 23 (1881). Type (female) from Singapore, and another mutilated specimen. One female from Singapore (H. & N. Ridley), 1904, 214. 230 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. One female from Sandaran Agong, Korinchi Lake, Sumatra, 2450 feet, May and June (1914). V. d. Wulp deseribed his species from one female caught in Borneo. His detailed description makes it certain that Walker’s species is identical. V.d.Wulp’s female measured 30 mm., these 26-28 mm. He also recorded a female from Datar, Sumatra. A fine species with a long black ovipositor composed of the last three segments of abdomen, which is blackish with broad bright orange-haired segmentations, pubescence on the dark part chiefly of short yellow hairs. Moustache com- posed of strong yellow bristles with a few black ones among them. Palpi with black hairs. Antenne black, the third joint shorter than the first one, but with a long arista. Thorax blackish with yellow tomentum, a median divided stripe and side ones very distinct. Scutellum with a double row of black bristles. Legs black ; tibiz reddish yellow, only dark at their apices. Wings yellowish, large, with a very small narrow dark streak in submarginal cell. Promachus transactus, Wlk. Proc. Linn, Soc. London, vii. p. 207 [ Trupanea} (1864). Promachus inornatus, v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. (2) vii. (xv.) p. 280 (1872). Type (female) from Mysol, Celebes. The species is evidently the same as the one described by v.d. Wulp from Borneo and Halmaheira. He distinguishes it from his species /romachus albicauda (identical with P. calorifica, Walker), to which it is nearly allied by the difference in the genitalia and by the moustache being more largely black with a few white hairs below, the thorax has distinct stripes, the pubescence on thorax is longer and thicker, the femora are entirely black, and the tibiz red- yellow with black apices, the hind tibize often much darker. Length 183-19 mm. The Walker type is in bad condition, and measures about 15 mm. Legs as described above. Abdomen appears to have black spots with grey segmentations. Oviposiior long, composed of the last three segments of abdomen. Scudellum with not very stout black and yellow bristles. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 231 Promachus addens, W\k. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, yv. 280 (1861) [ Trupunea). Promachus gilolonus, Walker, /. c. vi. p. 7 (1862) [ Trupanea). Type (addens), a female from Batchian, Type (gilolonus), a female from Gilolo, and a male with the name of macera from the Eastern Archipelago. Both Walker’s species appear to be identical, they are dis- tinguished from y. d. Wulp’s P. felinus by all the tibiz being reddish; in his species only the anterior pair are thus coloured. A small slender blackish species with a black moustache. Abdomen with grey segmentations. Wings with dark brown veins, Length, ¢ 2,10 mm. Females with glistening yellow tomentum. Moustache of long stout black bristles, a very few white fine hairs are visible below. Palpi with black hairs. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with black hairs, third joint as long as the first joint ; the arista long. Forehead with black hairs. Thorax with distinct double median and side stripes. Scw- tellum with double row black bristles and a few short white hairs. Pubescence on abdomen black, white on segmenta- tions and at sides. Ovipositor long, composed of the last four segments. Legs black, tibize dull red with black apices, pubescence of legs chiefly white. JVings clear, with one dark streak. Male is identical. Genitalia small, but upper forceps stout, club-shaped, lower ones very small, both with black hairs. Promachus complens, W\k. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, v. p. 286 [Trupanea} (1861) ; Ost.-Sack. Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova, xvi. p. 424 (1882) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. lviii. p. 113 (1915); id. Nova Guinea, ix. p. 835 (1913). Types (male and female) from Dorey, New Guinea (A. R. Wallace). This species, Promachus contradicens (including P. inter- ponens, from Australia), Promachus noninterponens, Ricardo, and Promachus raptor, Austen, form a group of nearly allied species, only distinguished by the colouring of the femora and by slight differences in the genitalia. They are large species, the females with broad bodies and very long ovipositors, both sexes with blackish abdomens an narrow yellow or golden-yellow segmentations. 232 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. This species measures, ¢ 16, 2? 21 mm. Moustache in the male black and yellow, in the female entirely black. Male.—Abdomen with yellow-haired segmentations and black spots, pubescence yellow. Genitalia with very large stout upper forceps, armed at apices with black hairs ; lower forceps not distinct, a wrinkled black triangular piece proceeds from the underside of the last segment. Legs reddish yellow; the femora black on their upper sides, the hind pair chiefly black. Tibiz the same colour, only the hind pair black at apices; all tarsi black, the pubescence on legs is chiefly yellow and short, longer on the underside of tibice, with long black hairs on the underside of femora; some short black pubescence is intermixed with the yellow pubescence. Wings with the small transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. Osten-Sacken records a female from Momi, New Guinea. De Meijere records the species from Zoutbron and Hol- landia, near Humboldt Bay in North New Guinea, and from Etna Bay, Dutch New Guinea (South). He describes these last specimens as measuring 23 mm., and speaks of the fore femora only as being red at the apex below. Promachus raptor, Austen. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xx. pt. 13, p. 492 (1915). A species nearly allied to Promachus complens, Walker, but distinguished from it by the colouring of the femora, which are chiefly black, only the middle pair partly reddish, and by the almost bushy yellow hairs on the abdomen and scutellum, which last character serves to distinguish it from the other allied species. From Dutch New Guinea. Promachus noninterponens, Ricardo. Promachus interponens, Walker, see Ricardo, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. (8) xi, p. 414 (1918), in parte. Type (male) and type (female) from N.E. Queensland (C. M. Kelsali) (1910). In the above publication on the Asilide of Australia, I placed this pair under Promachus interponens, W1ik., now the same as P, complens, W\k., but find this was an error and that they are a distinct species, the colouring of the femora being black above, but red below, and the genitalia Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 233 of the male are different ; the tooth of upper forceps is more distinct, the under forceps are ‘longer, reaching more than half the length of the upper pair, the triangular projection on the undeiside of the last segment is much elevated and covered with black hairs, the pubescence on genitalia black, but at apices chiefly yellow. Scutellum with a few black bristles and with many long yellow hairs. Ovipositor of female includes the last four segments of abdomen. Moustache of stout black bristles with a few long white hairs intermixed in the female, in the male the yellow hairs are much more numerous and deeper in colour. The following species from China are included, though they more properly belong to the Palearctic Region, as most of them apparently come from North China :— Promachus testaceipes, albopilosus, viridiventris, and palli- pennis, Macq. Of these the first has legs red, the second species has the legs black, but the tibize testaceous, and is white-haired, the third has a shining green abdomen, and the fourth has black legs with red tibiz, and might possibly be identical with Promachus anicius, Wik. Macquart described the type a male, but makes no mention of the tuft of white hairs on genitalia. Promachus maculipes, Wik., from Hongkong, should be deleted from the list, as the type is apparently lost. Two new species of Promachus have been described from Formosa by Matshumura, in ‘Thousand Insects of Japan,’ Additamenta, il. pp. 326-328, date not stated :— Promachus horishanus, measuring 24 mm.—Abdomen of female resembling those of P. complens group, the last five segments of abdomen said to be narrow, shining, forming the ovipositor presumably, the anterior segments with long reddish-brown hairs. Scutellum with fulvous and_ black bristles. Legs fuscous with yellow and black hairs. Promachus formosanus, measuring 21 mm.—Male with a white tuft to genitalia. Abdomen brown, according to figure of male with lighter bands. Legs black, tibie pale fulvous. Scutellum with long black bristles. Promachus anicius, W\k. List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 392 [A stlus] (1849); et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 604 [ Trupanea) (1855). Type (female) from China (presented by G. Reeves, Esq.) ; 234 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. a male present in the Brit. Mus. Coll. is mentioned in Suppl. vii. as from China (presented by T. Lay, Esq.), but no description of it is given; another male is from China (Walker Coll.), 92, 196, and females from N. China, 51, 14, and Foochow, China, 91, 100. A species distinguished by yellow bands on the abdomen, by the red tibize, and by the white tuft of hairs on the genitalia. Moustache yellow. Palpi with yellow hairs. Length, 2 22-24, g 24-26. Female.—Face covered with the soft yellow hairs of mous- tache. Beard yellow. Antenne blackish. Thorax blackish with yellow tomentum as stiipes and at the sides. Scuted/um covered with yellow hairs and with one or two black bristles. Abdomen with a deep black spot on each segment, bordered with a grey tomentum, band extending to the sides, both covered with short yellow hairs, the pubescence on the black spots chiefly short, yellow. Ovipositor composed of the last segment blue-black, shining. Legs black, tibie red. Wings clear, veins yellow. Male identical. Scutellum with many more black bristles. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs, the upper forceps short, club-shaped, the lower pair short, the under pair produced, all with long black pubescence. Promachus leucopygus, W1k. Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. n. ser. iv. p. 129 [ Trupanea) (1857). Type (male) from China (Saunders Coll.), 68, 4. A species nearly allied to Promachus anicius, Wik., but distinguished by the hind tibiz only being yellowish. Length JO mm. The vellow hairs on the scutel/um are very bushy, and are also very thick on the hind part of the thorax. Abdomen with the first three segments bordered with nunierous yellow hairs, the remaining segments with black hairs. Genitalia with a thick white tuft of hairs nearly concealing them ; they are small and short. Tuibiz (hind pair) are said by Walker to be testaceous with black apices, the rest of the legs pre- sumably black. In this type the fore pair are black, the middle pair are wanting. Promachus yesonicus, Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) vii., Bull. 79, 3 (1887). Promachus ater , Coquillet, Proc. US: Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 87 (1898). A male from Japan (G. Lewis), 1910, 320 ; another from Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 235 Hisjoe, Japan ; another from hills near Kobe, Japan (Hon. BE. Scarlett), 1900, 189 ; another from Japan, 61,128. A female from Yokohama District (H. Prior), 1901, 138; another from Japan (Pascoe Coll.), 93, 60. Coquillet records 4 males, 4 females, from Japan. His species is the same as this. A species closely allied to Promachus anicius, W1k., but the scutellum has no black bristles and is covered by dense yellow hairs; the ovipositor is composed of the last two segments of abdomen and is blue-black, shining. The genitalia has a much thicker tuft of white hairs extending over the sides and nearly covering the upper forceps. The hairs on the abdomen appear to be more numerous, especi- ally on the underside, and are all yellow. Length, g 12-16, 2 28 mm. PuiLomacuus, Karsch. Berl. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 375 (1887) [praocc. Gray, Aves, 1851}. A genus established for one species, distinguished by the third joint of antennz ending in a flat knob, from E. Africa. Philomachus rhopalocerus, Karsch. Berl. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 375 (1887). Philomachus hypoleucochetus, Bezzi, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. lii, p. 379 (1908). A male from Mt. Fongosi, Zululand (W. EH. Jones), and males and females from Kimberley, Nov. 1913, in the Cape Museum Coll, A medium-sized species with an almost wholly white or yellowish moustache. Scutellum with black bristles and white hairs. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs above, below with a large black shiming point produced from the underside of the last segment of abdomen, exactly similar to those of species of tlie genus Machimus. Legs reddish with darker femora, which have long white pubescence on both sides ; tibiz have long fine blackish hairs below. Length 15-20 mm. Bezzi’s species from Banana and Mayumbe, Congo, is evidently the same; he describes the moustache as white mixed with a few black bristles. Dysmacuus, Loew. Dipt. Sudafrik. i. p. 148 (1860). Lophonotus, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 241 (1888) [preoce, Stephen Lepid., 1829). ’ This genus is very strongly represented in the South 236 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. African region, and, judging from the many new species met with in the collections I have had access to, there must be a large number of species still to be described. The only other Region with species of this genus is the Palzarctic. I have not been very successful in identifying Loew’s species, but little of the material is from the Cape, whence most of his species came—they are inserted in the table after the descriptions, which may afford some help in their identifica- tion in the future. The Walker types belonging to this genus are the fol- lowing :— . D. abuntius, D. aphellas, D. amazenes, D. isse, D. noas, and D. mivatus (which latter is placed wrongly in Apoclea in Kertesz’s Cat.), D. pheax, and D. ladon. D. pheaz is the only one I have been able to identify—it appears to be the same as Dysmachus auribarbis, Macq. All the others are in such a dirty and imperfect condition it is impossible to identify them in any way—it would be advisable to delete them from the list of specimens in this genus. D. ladon, type, appears to be lost, it is not in the Brit. Mus. Coll. The species in the following table marked with a * are all known to me and represented in the Brit. Mus. Coll. Table of Dysmachus Species. Loew's Division I. No bristles before the segments of abdomen. J; Mane extending the whole length of the thorax. 1. Seutellum with tufts of snow-white hairs. 2. Scutellum with no such tufts............ 3. 2. Tibi reddish at base. Genitalia large with white and black pubescence .......... *suillus, ¢ 9, Fabr. _ Genitalia reddish with white pubescence, an Hast African species .......++-+.05. nanus, 3d, Bezzi. 3. Large species. Moustache mostly yellow. Smaller species. Moustache black and ellow. or whital..GiF. ssid) Desi ae “¢ 4, Tibisw reddish at base, scutellum with yellow hairs and black bristles .............: 5, Tibi honey-yellow or yellow, scutellum with hairs and bristles yellow or fox-red. 6, 5. Moustache wholly yellow. Genitalia long and slénden "OLE Pawar ntAts otis cri § *auribarbis, 3 2, Macq. Moustache partly black. Genitalia club- shaped <.. sc dsm anor kitten pine *chalcogaster, 3 2 , Wied. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 237 . 6. Genitalia with arms of upper forceps widely separated; Rid <)f. 0's Pesce. wa eek « *tibialis, d 2, Macq. Pubescence of scutellum and abdomen fox- red. Tibie bright yellowish red. Moustache : reddish yellow and black ............ *leoninus, 2, Schiner. Near Jeoninus. Thorax with paler pubes- cence. Moustache black. Scutellum Willy DIMER BOITE! . oft <-s olkst..cm as © 00 es ursinus, Schiner. 7. Curved bristles on head yellow. Genitalia very short and stout ....,.....22.... *porcellus, Speiser. 8. Tibiz reddish yellow or yellow .......... 9. Tibiz red at the base only.............. 10 9. Tarsi black. Scutellum with white hairs . orientalis, d, 8p. n. Tarsi yellowish. Tibiz with a black stripe. Scutellum with yellow hairs ............ tarsalis, 3, sp. 0. 10. Scutellum with yellow hairs and black bristled: a/c05%% Ao dyin OO ine Hea rhodesit, ¢ Q, sp. n. Scutellum with yellow hairs only........ hirtipes, $ 9, sp. n. To this division Dysmachus pellitus, Wied., probably belongs, described as having fox-red pubescence on the abdomen and on scutellum, and with the same-coloured mane. PE Mane extending from the middle only. 11. Blackish with white pubescence. Mane white. Moustache white, long. Legs black, tibiae brown at base............ albus, 3g, Loew. I. Abdomen with bristles before the segments. 1 No bristles on the underside of abdomen. 12. Blackish. Moustache black with white hairs at sides. Legs black, tibis brown at base wii #.0-0,0) gla afe Claim beaters hie Ween melanopholus, 3 , Loew. 13. Moustache black and yellow. Legs black. Scutellum with yellow hairs .......... congotensis, 3 9, sp. n, Moustache yellow in male, yellow and black in female. Tibiz honey-yellow at base. Scutellum with yellow hairs .......... Jlavopilosus, 3 2, sp. n, |i ae Bristles on underside of abdomen. Mane extending the whole length of thorax. 14, Small grey species. Abdomen covered with white pubescence. Legs black........ 15. 15. Mane very distinctly white posteriorly. Moustache snow-white. Bristles on legs white. Scutellum with black bristles .. molitor, Wied. Mane as above. Moustache black and yel- low. Scutellum with no black bristles . «alhovittatus, Schiner. 238 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 16. AZ, 18. 19. 23. 24. Mane not distinctly white posteriorly. Moustache black and white. Bristles on logs black. stem eatvuts>s «»a\spinbmwiee oe parvus, 3 2, sp. n. Mane very distinctly white posteriorly. . 17. Mane not so, chiefly black .............. 20, Scutellum with white or yellow hairs and pale bristles. Small species ......... 18. Seutellum with white or yellow hairs and black brigtlogiamens:. «>. vneaata swans 19, Legs blackish. Moustache white, large .. spiniventris, 5, Loew. Tibi and tarsi reddish. Moustache white, transvalensis, gd , sp. 0. Tibize red at base. Legs with black bristles. *albufasciatus, g 2, Anterior and middle tibisz red with a black [Ricardo. stripe. Legs with white bristles ...... *leucotenia, 3d, Bezzi. Tibie and tarsi testaceous. Legs with black and white bristles .............. ustulatus, 2, Loew. . Thorax with light ochre-yellow pubescence. pulcher, d , Loew. Thovax with no such pubescence ........ 21. . Scutellum with white or yellow hairs and pale bristles Jeter: ps. oot caves 22. Scutellum with white hairs and ‘black bristles: *;\'.'{aemmeesebintese: «eck ice abner 23. Sentellum with only black hairs and bristles, 24. 2. Small dark species. Tibize red at base. Mane black with white hairs at sides. Genitalia large..2 aie ae key ee natalensis, 3 9, sp. n. Legs wholly black. Mane scanty, black. Genitalia short and small ........ wee. rapat, 3 Q, sp. n. Small grey species .....-.0seesvequsssvs 23. Scutellum with white tufts of hair and reddish-yellow hairs anda double row of black bristles, Genitalialong. Abdo- men with.a black central stripe. Tibiz Gis red@iah br@we is sok «is oe ko ok lose wroughtoni, ¢ 2, sp. n. Hairy black species. Scutellum with very long black bristles and a few white hairs in the middle. Genitalia long. Legs almost entirely black ............0005 hirsutus, 3, sp. 0. Seutellum with a double row of black bristles and white tufts of hair. Mane black. Legs with white bristles, only knees and base of fore tibis testaceous . montanus, ¢ 2, sp. n. Scutellum with many black bristles and tufts of white hairs. Mane black bor- dered with dull yellowish hairs. Legs with yellow and black bristles ........ similis, ¢ 9, sp. n. Mane large, black with white hairs at sides. Genitalia short. Tibia red at base .... mzgricans, ¢ 9, sp. n. IT 2», Mane from the middle of thorax only. 25. Mane black (¥..s0)cMtee aw eh ered ean 26. Mane black and white or yellow ........ 27. 26. Dull ashy grey. Moustache white and black. Scutellum with white hairs and bristles. Ovipositor very short. Legs [ Loew. black, tibie pale brown outside........ angustibarbis, dQ, Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 239 27. Black-grey. Moustache yellow and black. Scutellum with white hairs and eight black bristles. Ovipositor very short. Legs black, tibia brown .............- setiventris, 9, Loew. Mane white posteriorly. Scutellum with white hairs and bristles. Genitalia and ovipositor short, Legs bronze-green .. albopilosus, d 2, sp. n. Mane yellow and black, very scanty.. Scu- tellum with yellowish hairs and bristles. Genitalia large, and long. Legs wholly WUBERIB DCE laa ekd La nt x atte ck wk .» = nigripes, 6 9, sp. n. The following species are not included in the table owing to insufficient descriptions. I have not been able to identify any of Macquart’s species except Dysmachus tibialis :— Dysmachus comatus, Wied., Dysmachus incisuralis, genicu- latus, flavibarbis, forcipatus, albibarbis, rufus, Macquart, all from the Cape of Good Hope. Dysmachus dubius, Bezzi, from Somaliland, probably does not belong to this genus, as he himself doubts, remarking it has not the crested mane. . Loew’s Division I. No bristles before the segments of abdomen. Tr. Mane extending the whole length of the thorax. Dysmachus suillus, Fabr. Syst. Antl. p. 168,19 [Dasypogon] (1805); see Kertersz’s Cat. for further references. Specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. are :— One male and female from the Cape, and a male and female from Cape Town; one female from S. Africa (Dr. Smith), 44, 6. In the Cape Coll. are males and females from Kavena, Cape Colony, Oct. 1916 (L. Peringuez) ; from Cape ‘Town (L. Peringuez); from Kraafontein, Cape Colony (Lightfoot) ; from Grahamstown, from Mussel Bay, and from Ookiep, Namaqualand. A species easily distinguished by the two tufts of white hairs on the scufellum. The genitalia are figured by Macquart in Dipt. Exot. i. (2), p. 242, pl. x. fig. 7; v. d. Wulp in Tijd. v. Ent. xix, p. 173 (1876), describes them as 240 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilida. follows :—‘‘ Shining black with a close and very long, chiefly black pubescence, the upper lamelle are rather short and stout, and have between them an erect slender organ, which is white-haired at the end; the under lamelle are con- siderably longer and end in a pair of long and pointed curved spines.”” Dysmachus auribarbis, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2), p. 242 (1838); Schiner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Vien, xviii. p. 400. 102 [ Lophonotus] (1867). Dysmachus chalcogaster, Loew (nec Wied.), Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 152 ( Lophonotus | (1860). ? Dysmachus pheax, Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 412 [ Zopho- notus | (1849). In Brit. Mus. Coll. are male and female from Cape Colony, a female from Cape Town, 11.xi.1914 (K. H Barnard), 1914, 15; another from Simons Town (P. de da Garde), 96, 2, Oct. 1893. In Cape Coll. a male and female in coitu from Matroosberg, males from Cape Town (Perin- guez), Simons Town (P. de la Garde), and females from Hex River and Stellenbosch. These specimens vary very much in size from 17-25 mm. The moustache is black and white, and the mane black with many outstanding bristles, a few scattered white hairs are discernible posteriorly, but not forming a white stripe. Scutellum with black long bristles on posterior border. Legs bronze-coloured, with tibiz largely reddish brown on upper sides and tarsi chiefly reddish. Specimens measure, 3d 14-18, 2 15-16 mm. This species, originally described by Macquart, has been further described by Schiner in ‘ Novara Reise,’ Dipt. p. 186 | Lophonotus| (1868). He distinguishes it from D. chalcogaster, Wied., by the wholly yellow moustache, by its darker colouring, and, above all, by its genitalia ; the forceps are bifid as in D. chalco- gaster, but the upper arm of fork is very slender and pointed, the under arm thicker and longer, ending in a curved point, with a row of short bristles below, reaching an obtuse tooth, the part from the base to the above-mentioned tooth is considerably longer than in the Wiedemann species. He considers Loew erred in making it a synonym of D. chalcogaster, and suggests Loew’s description of a speci- men he calls D. chalcogaster applies to D. auribarbis, Macq.; he suggests Loew’s D. cupreus, a 3, is the same as D, chalcogaster. On Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 241 From an examination of the few specimens in the collec- tions I have had access to, Schiner’s remarks appear correct, but the drawing of the genitalia of D. cupreus by Loew is probably not very correct—it does not represent the genitalia of D. chalcogaster accurately. Walker’s D. phaax appears to be identical with this species, but the type is in very bad condition, from S. Africa (Dr. Smith), 44, 6. Dysmachus chalcogaster, Wied. Zool. Mag. i. pp. 3, 35, 50 [Aszlus| (1819); id. Dipt. Exot. p. 189, 13 Asilus} (1821); id. Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p. 442, 26 [ Asilus]; Schiner, Terh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. p. 684, 26 Pee id. xvii. p. 401. 101 [Lophonotus) (1867). Dysmachus cupreus, Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 154, 2, pl. ii. fig. 5 (1860). There do not appear to be any specimens of this species in the Brit. Mus. Coll., but in the Cape Mus. Coll. are a male and two females from Cape Colony answering to the description as given by Wiedemann and Schiner. It has a golden-yellow moustache, with black bristles at the sides and above. Schiner gives the genitalia as long and club- shaped, the forceps bifid. The above specimens measure 23-27 mm.; Wiedemann gives 16 mm. [To be continued. | XXXI.—On some Freshwater Fossils from Central South Ajrica. By R. BuLuen NewTov, ¥’.G.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate VIII.) INTRODUCTION. THIS communication deals with an enquiry into the history of certain obscure freshwater fossils occurring in a highly siliceous rock from Africa, the important outcome of which is in respect of their geological age. In this connexion, therefore, I have had referred to me for determination three hand-specimens of a chalcedonized rock containing fossils, which have been discovered by Mr. A. J. C. Molyneux, F.G.S., in the Matabeleland region of Central South Africa. Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 17 242 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some They were forwarded by Dr. G. Arnold, Curator of the Rhodesia Museum, with the following remarks from Mr. H. B. Maufe, B.A., F.G.8., Director of the Geological Survey of Rhodesia :— The Chalcedony in which the Gastropods and Plant-remains discovered by Mr. A. J. C. Molyneux occur, is found at the base of the Kalahari Sand, which is widely spread in Northern Matabeleland. No other fossils are known from these beds. ‘They lie on a peneplain eroded in Upper Karroo Beds and are older than the present river- system. ‘lhe peneplain is younger than the Kimberlite pipes, supposed to be Upper Cretaceous, but any evidence of age from paleontological data would be most valuable.” An examination of these rocks proved them to be completely silicified, having the appearance of a flint within and possessing a similar conchoidal fracture. Externally two of the specimens are of a rough sandstene character of reddish brown or straw-colour, due possibly to weathering by exposure, while the third example is of similar reddish colour but much smoother, having been probably subjected to some kind of erosion. From a study of the organisms, which comprise small Gastropods resembling Viviparus and Palu- destrina, and plant-remains belonging to the genus Chara, there is no doubt as to the freshwater origin of this deposit and its representing a relic of an ancient fluvio-lacustrine bed or a former region of marsh-land. The more prominent fossils are restricted to the surface, although microscopical sections of the flinty matrix indicate their existence throughout the rock, but in a distinctly more comminuted state. It should be noted also that the Chara remains are quite abun- dant, whereas the shells are of rarer occurrence. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOSSILS. The rocks, which are numbered 1350, 1351, and 1352, may have their fossils thus briefly described :— lock no. 1350.—This contains several fruits of Chara of minute size bearing extremely fine spiral striations, which are arranged longitudinally in tufts of two or more at slightly . distant intervals, being sometimes represented by cavities in which the fruits have disappeared, although leaving behind as mural impressions the familiar markings of their external conformation (PI. VIII. fig. 6). The surface of this rock is rather eroded, being smoother than the others, which renders the steni-structures of the Chara too ebscure for definition, although they appear to be wider than those associated with specimen no, 1352, There are scarcely any indications of Gastropod remains in this rock, Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 243 Locality. S. side of Shangani River flats on road to Lubu (Bubi District). Rock no. 1351.—Near the margin of a central depres- sion in this rock is a crowded group of minute Chara-stems of smaller diameter than those represented in no. 1352. In close proximity is a well-preserved oval fruit of medium size as well as fruit-cavities of minute size ; obscure Gastropod remains are also present, but too indefinite for identification (Pl. VIII. fig. 2). Similar structures are also displayed in a microscopical section of this rock, especially a stem-section cut transversely, exhibiting about fourteen minute tubular apertures surrounding a moderately wide central canal Cel. VEN fig. 7); Locality. N. flank of Kana Valley on road to Lubu (Se- bungwe District). . Rock no. 1352.—On the surface of this rock are displayed some narrow, fragmentary, flattened stems of Chara (Pl. VIII. fig. 4), less than a millimetre in diameter, bearing the equi- distant, longitudinal, rounded ridges and furrows characteristic of that genus; the stems also exhibit a system of branching with obscure thickenings at the joints, while at their exposed transverse ends are indications of the central tube and sur- rounding minor tubes or cells which are so typical of Chara morphology. No fruits are directly associated with the stems, although there is a large, rather coarse, and spirally ridged ovate body lodged in a small cavity quite close to some stem- fragments, which represents an oogonium or fruit (PI. VIII. fig. 5). Besides the plant-remains are some minute Gastro- pods with faint longitudinal striations, too obscure for deter- mination, although the larger form, measuring 3 mm. in height and diameter, with a wide base and short conical spire, belongs to Viviparus (P|. VIII. fig. 1 a), while another with an elongate spire and a more or less cylindrical axis, mea- suring 2°5 mm. in height and less than 1 mm. in diameter, may be a Paludestrina (Pl. VIII. fig. 1). There is another and somewhat different Paludestriniform shell on the surface of this rock of rather similar dimensions, giving a fairly com- plete dorsal outline (Pl. VIII. fig. 3) with a lengthy spire. These specimens exhibit no internal characters of the aperture, being firmly embedded in the siliceous matrix and yielding only dorsal views. Locality. Kana Umzola, N. flank of Kana Valley on road to Lubu (Sebungwe District). LH 244 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some My grateful thanks are due for the following additional and more technical notes on the Charophyte-remains con- tained in these rocks, which have been kindly drawn up by Mr. James Groves, F.L.S., one of our chief authorities on the morphology of recent Characeous Plants :— Rock no. 1850.—This shows what is probably an oospore with a dark margin representing a section of the enclosing spiral cells which constitute the oogonium-sac. Itis of small dimensions, being about "45 x°35 mm. The spaces between the spiral lines are somewhat convex, although this may be due to being chalcedonized. The outline of the margin corresponds roughly with the impressions of associated oogonia measuring ‘775x'525 mm. There is another supposed oogonium or a larger oospore about two-fifths of which is exposed, having a definite surrounding margin of dark mineralized matter and showing a,diameter of 425mm. The crushed oogonium (or oospore) in close proximity has, appa- rently, a much tapered base (PI. VIII. fig. 6). Rock no. 1851.—Contains a large oogonium, which, on account of its size, would be a different species to that seen in no. 1350. It is probably 1x°6 mm. The branchlets near by are about ‘26-"3 mm. in diameter. A microscopical slide cut from this rock exhibits a good diagonal section of a branchlet (or small stem) with a diameter of about ‘4 mm. and possessing a probable diplostichous cortex, as it consists of about fourteen cells in section (P]. VIII. fig. 7). Certain small cylinders, considered to be bract-cells, show a diameter of about *2—"3 mm., but no branchlet-node was observed. Another stem or branchlet section gives a diameter of about ‘6mm. A further microscopical slide shows a good trans- verse section of stem with a diameter (including cortex) of about 45 mm. The cortex is almost certainly diplostichous, cells fourteen and of nearly equal diameter (‘03 mm.). The smaller ecorticate sections may be both branchlets and bract- cells, although, from their position, there is no indication of whorls. Rock no. 1852.—The Chara remains on the surface of this specimen belonged probably to a medium-sized plant of about the stature of the living Chara vulgaris. Stem moderately stout, about *65--90 mm. in diameter. Cortex triplostichous, rather irregular, primary series some- times much the larger, but secondary cells of varying diameter. No cortex nodes determinable. Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa, 245 Whorls of about eight branchlets. Branchlets from about ‘25-4 mm. in diameter, fully corticato-cortex diplostichous. Points of meeting of upward series well shown. No branchlet nodes apparent. Stipulodes doubtful whether haplostephanous or diplo- stephanous, only one series seen, bistipulate. Two well- developed, cylindrical, acuminate stipulodes clearly shown, directed upwards, which are on the stem node. Fruit about *75 mm. in length and about *45 mm. in diameter (PI. VIII. fig. 5). Spiral cells showing about thir- teen convolutions. Apparently a full-grown fruit, somewhat crushed in the upper part. A microscopical preparation of this rock exhibits a.good median section of an oogonium with the oospore outlined therein. Dimensions of the oogonium about 1°125 mm. long and ‘7 mm. broad. Convolutions apparently from twelve to thirteen, but these can only be estimated, as the cells are obscure at both ends, Dimensions of oospore (probably shrunken) about-:70 mm. long and *35 mm. broad. In size of oogonium and number of convo- lutions this corresponds approximately to Chara hispida among living species. There are several good transverse sections of stems about ‘4 mm. thick, the cortex evidently diplostichous, the number of cells being about fourteen, and the alternation of primary and secondary series being in some cases indi- cated by a considerable difference in the diameter (Pl. VIII. figs. 8, 9). STRATIGRAPHY. These obscure fossiliferous remains are of so restricted a character that they present little evidence as to their geolo- gical age. Although representing the first fossils from the Matabeleland deposit, as stated by Mr. Maufe, it is of interest to note that Dr. A. W. Rogers* has referred to a similar occurrence in the “‘ Surface quartzites ” of Cape Colony (near Komgha Village, N. of East London), which have yielded silicified seeds of Chara associated with silicified shells of Limnea, and regarded as of Tertiary age. Again, minute Chara fruits occur in a hard cream-coloured limestone which Mr. Beadnell discovered some years since in the Northern Fayftim of Egypt, a small fragment of which is in the Geolo- gical Department of the British Museum. It was collected when Mr. Beadnell was on the staff of the Geological Survey of Egypt, being included in his manuscript list of fossils from * “An Introduction to the Geology of Cape Colony,’ 1905, p. 360 ; and second edition, 1909, p. 381. 246 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some that region, but subsequently omitted its occurrence when writing his memoir on the geology of the Fayim*. That rock contains no other fossils in association, although ac- cording to the M§. list the molluscan genera Melania, Plan- orbis, and Unio were found in the same series of beds which were horizoned as Lower Oligocene or Bartonian. The Egyptian fruits are rather rounder than those of the Central African rock, being probably more closely related to those of the Oligocene deposits of Britain and Europe. A somewhat similar association of organisms occurs in the rocks of the Sichel Hills and Nagpur regions of Central India, which are recognized as of Uppermost Cretaceous age. Those deposits, often highly siliceous or chalcedonic, contain Chara (C. mal- colmson’) and freshwater mollusca, and were first noticed by Malcolmson f, his fossils being described by J. de C. Sowerby, while the material more particularly from the Nagpur country was later monographed by Hislop and Hunterf. The smaller Gastropods, referred to by these authors under the familiar name of Paludina, but belonging to the genera Viviparus and Puludestrina, may claim some resemblance to the present African specimens, especially to J. de C. Sowarby’s Viviparus (Paludina) deccanensis, and the so-called Melania huniert of Hislop which is here considered to belong to | Paludestrina§. ‘These Indian rocks, known as the Inter- trappean beds of the Deccan Trap series, are likewise full of a large Physa (P. prinsepii), besides Unioniform aiid other shells, as well as numerous Ostracodiferm Crustaceans, all of which are entirely absent in the new African material. Malcolmson and Sowerby referred such beds to the Tertiary period, while Hislop and Hunter recognized them as Lower Kocene. Neumayer|| subsequently stuclied the same Mollusca from the writings of the Knglish authors, and pointed out their close relationship to forms characterizing the Laramie Beds of North America belonging to the topmost Cretaceous ; hence to that age he ascribed this extensive formation of Tndia, a result which has long been accepted by the Geolo- * ‘The Topography and Geology of the Fayim Province of Egypt,’ Survey Department, Cairo, 1905. + Trans. Geol. Soc, London, 1840, ser. 2, vol. v. pls. xlvi., xlvii. pp. 5387-675, $ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1860, vol. xvi. pp. 166-176, Is, v.—vil. 3 § Quite recently Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., has urged the necessity of a generic revision of these Deccan Trap Mollusca: ‘ Records Indian Mus,’ 1919 (October), vol. xvi. part vi. | ‘Records Geol. Surv. India,’ 1884, vol. xvii. pp. 87, 88 [=a trans- lation from Neues Jahrb, 1884, vol. i, Briefl. Mitt. pp. 74-76). Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 247° gical Surveyors of that country. More recently Mr. E. W. Vredenburg * has added further confirmation of this late Cretaceous age for the Indian deposits by referring to the occurrence of Physa prinsepii in the Maestrichtian strata of Baluchistan associated with the Ammonite, Sphenodiscus ubaghs’, Grossouvre, accounting for the freshwater Gastropod as having been washed out of a neighbouring estuary during the deposition of the marine. Ammonite-rocks. The proba- bility of this correlation of the Indian beds with the Laramie group seems also to be demonstrated by the occurrence in both of Dinosaurian reptiles, for it is known that the Lameta deposits forming the lowest part of the Intertrappean series of India have yielded Zitanosaurus + in supposed association with Physa prinsepii, as also, according to Hislop t, with Viviparus deccanensis and other shells common to those Indian rocks. It is of interest to note that Titanosaurus and further Dinosaurs have been also described from the Upper Cretaceous deposits ef Madagascar (around Mevarana) by M. ©. Depéret §, but with no record of their association with fluvio-lacustrine mollusca or plant-life. No Chara relics are known from the true Laramie group, although Mr. Knowlton || has described C. stantoni from the Bear River deposits of the United States which he regarded as of Laramie age, but which Mr. Stanton {] believes to be older, and of an age nearer the base of the Upper Cretaceous—probably between the Cenomanian and Turonian, as judged by the European standard of stratigraphy. G.R. Wieland ** also supports an Upper Cretaceous age for the Bear River Beds, although recognizing them as older than the Laramie. Again, a faunistic resemblance has been pointed out among the fossils - of the Belly River deposits of Canada and those of the opalized beds of New South Wales ff, both of which exhibit an estuarine facies, as they contain Plesiosaurian and Dino- saurian remains as well as freshwater and marine mollusca and other organisms, while such deposits are referred to the Uppermost Cretaceous. In estimating the importance of * ‘Records Geol. Sury. India,’ 1907, vol. xxxv. pp. 114-118. + Lydekker, ‘Records Geol. Surv. India,’ 1877, vol. x. p. 38; and R. D. Oldham’s edition of Medlicott and Blanford’s ‘ Manual of the Geology of India,’ 1893, pp. 264, 265. ¢ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1864, vol. xx. pp. 280-282. § Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1896, ser. 3, vol. xxiv. pl. vi. pp. 176-194, || ‘ Botanical Gazette’ (Indiana), 1893, vol. xviii. p. 141. q American Journ. Sci. 1892, ser. 3, vol. xliii. pp. 98-115. ** Mon. United States Geol. Surv. 1905, vol. xlviii. p. 208. +t R. Bullen Newton, Proc. Mal, Soc. London, 1915, vol. xi. pl. vi. pp. 217-285. 248 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some these facts, it would seem possible that this African formation, with its freshwater assemblage of organisms, would appear to favour a correlation with the Intertrappean beds of India, and consequently would be Upper Cretaceous. Such a result is in support of the now generally received view of the existence of a land-connexion between India and Africa during the Cretaceous epoch. Moreover, palontological researches support the theory of such a land-surface being continuous from Upper Paleozoic times, and so uniting Australia, India, Madagascar, Africa, and America—a stretch of territory known as Gondwana Land, which has yielded the celebrated Glossopteris flora*. At the close of the Cretaceous epoch this great land-area was broken up, and finally became submerged by the invasion of the Tertiary Sea f. CONCLUSIONS. This chalcedonized rock from Matabeleland is mentioned by Mr. Maufe as occurring in a peneplain of Upper Karroo Beds and at the base of Pleistocene deposits known as the Kalahari Sands, which in this region of Africa mostly cover the basalts and the other underlying formations. Dr. Pas- sarge {t has described similar rocks to the south in the Kalahari country under the group-name of * Botletle Schich- ten,” and later Mr. G. W. Lamplugh§ recognized the same deposits in the Batoka Gorge of the Zambesi River, and termed them “ Chalcedonic Quartzite.’ No definite geolo- gical age has been assigned to this formation, on aecount of the absence of paleontological evidence, although Dr. Passarge has attempted a divisional sequence of the beds as they occur in the Kalahari Desert, involving certain climatal conditions, the oldest of the beds being regarded as Eocene. It is important also to again mention the presence of similar beds made known to us under the name of “ Surface Quartzites” by Dr. A. W. Rogers, containing both Chara and Limnea, occurring in the South-eastern area of Cape Colony, thus proving fairly conclusively a contemporaneity of deposition with the chalcedonic rocks of Matabeleland, the Zambesi territory, and Kalahari. It is now suggested, from an examination of the obscure * E. A. N. Arber, “On the Distribution of the Glossopteris Flora,” Geol. Mag. 1902, pp. 346-349, + See Mr. R. D. Oldham’s remarks on this subject in his edition of Medlicott and Blanford’s ‘ Manual of the Geology of India,’ 1893, p. 211. | ‘Die Kalahari,’ 1904 (Berlin), pp. 196, 285, 648. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1907, vol. Lxiii. p. 198. Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 249 fossils referred to in the paper, that this African formation, extending from the Zambesi country to Cape Colony, may be older than Eocene, and that its occurrence ina basaltic region comparable to that of the Deccan Trap country of Central India may point to a similar horizon for its deposition, viz., Upper Cretaceous. The assemblage of organisms found at present in the African rock is admittedly very small, but, so far as it goes, it seems to offer resemblances which would associate it in time with that characterizing the Intertrappean beds of India. It is to be hoped that additional specimens may be forthcoming which might help to confirm these strati- graphical suggestions, and so to strengthen the view that these chaleedonized deposits may represent part of the land- platform which united Africa with India during Cretaceous times. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. GASTROPODA. Fig. 1. (A) Viviparus and (B) Paludestrina?. Dorsal views of surface- specimens, X 8. No. 1352. [Fig. 1 B has been intensified. | Fg. 2. Viviparus; microscopical transverse section from near the base of a specimen, x 7. No. 1361. Fig. 3. Paludestrina?, dorsal view, X 8. No.1352. A surface-specimen embedded in rock. [Figure intensified. | PLANT. Fig.4. Chara stems as seen on the rock-surface, exhibiting typical longitudinal flutings and obscure transverse jointings, x 7. No. 1352. Fig. 5, A Chara fruit or oogonium of comparatively large size, exhibiting strong spiral ridges, embedded in a matrix cavity, x 7. No. 1352. : Fig. 6. A surface-series of Chara fruits and cavities of minute size in longitudinal arrangement, with microscopically fine spiral striations, X 5. No. 1350. Fig. 7. A Chara stem cut transversely, as seen in a microscopical section of rock, showing the existence of about fourteen tubular apertures encircling the large central canal, x 8. No. 1361. [Figure intensified. } ; Fig. 8. A group of transversely cut Chara stems, as seen in a micro- scopical section of rock exhibiting similar structures to the foregoing, x 10. No. 1352. Fig. 9. Chara stems in transverse section, as seen in a microscopical preparation of rock showing an oval form with indications of the cortical cells, x 20. No. 1352. 250 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical XXXII.—On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Anomis, Hiibner (Lineopalpa auctorum), a Noetuid of the Family Gonopteride. By Colonel C. Swingorz, M.A, F.L.S., &e. [Plates IX.-XII.] ‘THIS paper isin continuation of my paper on the geographical distribution of the subgenus Cosmophila, a section of the genus Anomis. In ‘ Moths of India,’ vol. ii. p. 409 (1894), Hampson puts involuta, Walker=basalis, Walker=colligata, Walker, all three from Ceylon, and propingua, Butler, from Aden, as synonyms to subulifera, Guendée, from Abyssinia. ‘He puts metazantha, Walker (type without locality), come- binans, Walker =guttanervis, Walker, both types from Cey- lon ; commoda, Butler, from Japan, privata, Walker, from Shanghai, revocans, Walker, from Moreton Bay, Australia, vulpina, Butler, from Venna Levu, Figi Isl., cnducens, Walker, from Java, simulatriz, Walker, from Sierra Leone, albitibia, Walker=nigritarsis, Walker, from Ceylon,. all under fulvida, Guenée, locality erroneously stated to be N. America. Seitz, in his ‘ Palearctic Noctuids,’ 1914, pp. 359, 360, puts fulvida into the genus Rusicada, Walker, and puts under it combinans, tnducens, nigritarsis, revocans, privata, and commoda, and describes two subspecies—subfulvida and griseolineata—from China and Japan, unknown to me. Guenée’s habitat for fulvida is N. America, but this is evidently an error; it is a common Kastern form ; Walker’s type of metazantha has no locality—this is also a common Indian form. Sir George Hampson has pointed out to me that Hiibner’s genus Anomis, type ewacta, from America, is congeneric with Guenée’s genus Lineopalpa; Anomis was erected in 1827 and Guenée’s in 1852, therefore the former has precedence. I am very much indebted to the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, the well-known genitalia expert, for the great care and trouble he has taken in the dissection and examination of numerous examples of Anomis I have sent him from many localities, and the notes that follow are all entirely due to him. ‘The differences in the genitalia of some of the forms from widely separated localities is generally very great, but in some cases it is slight, as, for instance, between sabulifera Distribution of the Genus Anomis, L/iibner. 251 from Abyssinia, tnvoluta from Ceylon, and dona from Roe- bourne, W. Australia ; but there are distinct differences, and to my mind it is impossible to believe that localities that could not have had any connexion with each other for many hundreds of millions of years could possibly contain one and the same species of Noctuid, which is not migratory, and the larva and pupa of which could not have been carried by any commercial agency. “lhe study of the genitalia of Lepidoptera is still in its infancy. It may well be that forms of construction overlap and resemble one another in species far apart in detail and far apart in origin. But this remains to be proved. When one bears in mind cases like those of the genus Tephrosia biundularia and crepusculata, in which the genitalia differ, as far as has been discovered, only in the forms of a few names, or in Xylophasia, where the three recoguized species—mono- glypha, sublustris, and lithoxylea,—in which the difference appears to lie in the number of certain hairs ; or, again, when one remembers the number of spines which cannot be sepa- -rated by the eye, but possess well-marked differences in the genitalia, such as the nzctitans group of Hydrecta, and the Acronicta’s, tridens and ps?, it may well be that further study is necessary to learn the exact bearing of the genitalia upon classification. Any way, it does not so far appear to have presented greater uncertainty than have other lines of examination.” (Burrows.) General Facies of Anomis and Cosmophila. Valves delicate, sometimes weakly armed, margins gene- rally ragged. Coremataon ninth abdominal segment attached dorsally to the tegumental ring, and atso to the valves, ex- tremely extensile and voluminous. Juxta * usually strongly developed. Scaphium generally present, tip minutely bifid, generally with tuft of long hairs ventral on eighth abdominal segment, connected with strongly developed segmental divi- sions. Anellus strongly armed with minute spines. SEcTION I. Juata absent. Anellus eaposed. Anomis exacta, Hiibner. (PI. LX. fig. 1.) Valves narrow, angulated at mid-length, unarmed. * Juzta (Pierce), a plate fused to the front of the anellus. “ 252 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical Coremata voluminous, double. Penis long, eornuti two, rounded, small. Saccus bulbed. Caraccas, Venezuela, Jamaica. Anomis mesogona, Walker. (PI. IX. fig. 2.) Valves not angled, thickened basally, waved. Coremata double. Anellus spines very minute. Penis with single, broad, flat cornutus. Saccus bulbed. Anomis sabulifera, Guenée. (PI. IX. fig. 3.) Valves narrow, angled mid-length, unarmed. Anellus spines small. Coremata voluminous, double. Penis long, thin, cornuti several, spines minute. Saeccus pointed. Type, Abyssinia. Dar-es-Salam, E. Africa. Anomis involuta, Walker. (PI. IX. fig. 4.) Same as in sabulifera, but saccus not pointed, anellus spines very large. Type, Ceylon. Simla and throughout India. Anomis dona, Swinhoe. (PI. X. fig. 5.) Similar, but uniformly smaller; anellus spines smaller, saccus pointed. Type, Roebourne, W. Australia. Anomis brima, nov. (PI. X. fig. 6.) Similar, a larger and very dark form. Anellus spines smaller than the above. Type, Queensland. Section II. Juxta Y-shaped. Anomis fulvida, Guenée. (PI. X. fig. 7.) Juxta soft, obtuse, large. Valves short, narrow, truncate, unarmed. Distribution of the Genus Anomis, Hibner. 253 Coremata small, single. Saccus arcuate. Penis narrow, cornuti several, fine. Type, N. America (ex errore). Assam, throughout India, Malayana, Moluccas. Examples from Assam, Borneo, and Java dissected ; genitalia all similar, Anomis busana, nov. (Pl. X. fig. 8.) Juxta hard, arms widely separated, large. Valves very large, rounded, ragged, unarmed. Coremata large, single. Penis very large, cornuti four, large, various. Saccus arcuate. Type, Busan, South-east Borneo. Anomis revocans, Walker. (PI. XI. fig. 9.) Juxta soft, obtuse, small. Valves narrow compared with length. Coremata small, single. Penis long, narrow, cornutus single, hooked. Saccus arcuate. Type, Moreton Bay. Queensland, Brisbane, Victoria, Cape York. Anomis scittpennis, Walker. (PI. XI. fig. 10.) Juxta soft, pointed. Valves short, narrow, rounded, unarmed. Coremata single. Penis stout, short ; cornutus single, hooked. Saccus pointed. Type, Sarawak, Borneo. Sarawak, Section III. Juxta with separate arms. Anomis amboinensis, nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 11.) _Juxta arms very long, much longer than genital cavity, rigid, blunt. Valves large, pointed. Coremata single, voluminous. Penis very large, cornutus one, large. Saccus arcuate. Type, Amboina. 254 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical Section IV. Juxta quadrate. Anomis combinans, Walker. (PI. XI. fig. 12.) Juxta rigid, small. Valves large, wide. Harpe soft, spined. Coremata voluminous. Penis very large, cornuti several, large. Saccus rounded. Scaphium beaked. Types, Ceylon. Kandy, Kina Balu, N. Borneo, Engano Island. Genitalia all similar, but the Bornean examples are much darker than those from Ceylon and the Engano form very dark. Anomis albitibia, Walker. (PI. XII. fig. 13.) Juxta rigid, small. Valves large, ovate. Harpe soft, spined. Coremata double, voluminous. Penis very large, cornuti several, large. Saccus rounded. Scaphium linear. Types, Ceylon. Assam, 8. India, Perak. Anomis commoda, Butler. (Pl. XII. fig. 14.) Juxta rigid, very large. Valves large, rigid. Coremata voluminous, double. Penis very large, cornutus one, curved, es rounded. 'l'ype, an. Nikko, RA Anomis metavantha, Walker. (PI. XII. fig. 15.) Juxta rigid, smaller than genital cavity. Valves very large, pointed. Harpe hard, long. Coremata voluminous, double. = — ~~ ee -s Distribution of the Genus Anomis, [Tiibner. 255 Penis very large, cornutus one, large, hooked. Saccus rounded. Type-locality ignotus. Assam, Sikkim, Nilgiris, India generally. Anomis sumatrana, nov. 9. Upperside: head, body, and fore wing uniform ochreous grey, transverse lines red-brown: fore wing with a short subbasal line from the costa, an antemedial slightly sinuous line from the hinder margin to the median vein; a medial perfectly straight line not quite reaching the costa, a straight line between this and the outer margin, running from the median vein to near the: costa ; costal line red-brown; cilia dark brown: hind wing suffused with brown. Underside uniformly pale ochreous grey; both wings erossed a little beyond the middle by a pale greyish line, outwardly curved on the fore wing below the costa and bent outwards at the middle on the hind wing. Expanse of wings, 2, 1,5; inch. Padang, Sumatra ; two examples. Anomis involuta, Walker, xiii. p. 1003 (1857). Siam, Yatung, Ceylon, Assam, Karachi, Simla, Bombay, Nilgheris. Anomis dona, Swinhoe. Uniformly smaller than the preceding, the underside without the pale blackish suffusion through the cell of the fore wing. Roebourne ; seven examples. Anomis brima, nov. Upperside: fore wing dark olive-brown, transverse markings blackish, the entire wing irrorated with black atoms; sub- basal line indistinct, antemedial line outwardly oblique from the costa; a broad discal blackish band, its outer edge with several angles ; a round paler space in the upper part of the band: hind wing uniformly dark blackish; cilia of both wings white. Underside with black suffusion on the entire surface of both wings except on the borders. Expanse of wings, d 2, 14% inch. Type, d, Queensland; type, ¢, Roebourne; three ex- amples. 256 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical Anomis fulvida, Guenée. Its square form of wings and the clear white spots forming the orbicular and reniform easily distinguish it. It is well figured in Hampson’s ‘ Moths of India,’ vol. ii. p. 409. I have it from Assam, Kina Balu, Sarawak, Java, and Perak, many examples. I have had the genitalia of examples from several localities examined by Mr. Burrows; he says they are all identical. Anomis busana, nov. d. Fore wing narrower than in fulvida; colour uniform bright ferruginous, the orbicular white but very small, the reniform obsolescent, represented by a pale, brownish, indis- tinct dot, with another below it, but well separated from it; the transverse lines darker red and highly sinuous, the sub- basal and antemedial lines outwardly oblique from the costa, the postmedial line erect but not reaching the costa, the sub- marginal line finishing some distance from the hinder angle ; a line between the last two from the costa to the median vein ; cilia brown, with white tips: hind wing slightly suffused with brown, paling towards the abdominal margin; cilia white, with grey spots. Expanse of wings, ¢, 1y'5 inch. Type, Busan, 8.E. Borneo; two examples. Anomis revocans, Walker. A large form, much larger than any of the Indian species. Fore wing dark ochreous brown-red as a rule, some specimens a little paler: hind wing suffused with black transverse lines much as in busana; orbicular and reniform small and pale black, in one example the reniform is large, deep black, with a curled black line connecting it with the black spot above it. In size, colour, and in the formation of the genitalia it is quite distinct. I have it from Victoria, Brisbane, Queensland, and Cape York. Anomis scitipennis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p. 76 (1864). Cosmophila ochreifusa, Swinhoe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xviii. p. 408 (1906). A very distinct species. Walker’s type came from Borneo, mine from Sumatra. I Distribution of the Genus Anomis, [Tiibner. 257 have only one example from Borneo, and have had its genitalia examined (PI. XI. fig. 10). It very nearly resembles my type of ochrezfusa in the Brit. Mus., and there- fore I put it provisionally here until I can get a specimen for dissection. Anomis amboinensis, nov. 6. Fore wing narrow ; head, body, and fore wing clear ochreous red-brown, very uniform in colour; the orbicular represented by a very minute white dot ; the transverse lines hardly visible, the postmedial and two lines (all very sinuous aud upright) somewhat close together before the outer margin, only faintly indicated: hind wings pale ochreous grey without markings; cilia of both wings white, with ochreous-red points. Underside: fore wing pale ochreous red, the hinder marginal space and the entire hind wing nearly white. Expanse of wings, g, 175 inch. Type, Amboina. Anomis combinans, Walker, xiii. p. 1001 (1857). Cosmophila guttanervis, Walker, xiii. p. 1003, Smaller, paler, and brighter-coloured than revocans ; wings similarly shaped. Types, Ceylon ; four examples. Anomis inducens, Walker, xiii. p. 1004. Paler than combinans; the’ hind wings very pale ochreous grey, in combinans they are suffused with blackish; the markings of the fore wing are very similar, but the subbasal line is more oblique and the reniform is always represented by a blackish spot. Type, Java. I have three Javan examples and two from St. Aignan Island, ‘Tobriand group. Anomis prima, nov. A very dark form, larger than combinans or inducens ; the hind wings are entirely dark blackish brown. Expanse of wings, g, 1;5-2 inchies. Type, Kina Balu, N. Borneo; five examples. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 18 258 Mr. ‘I’. H. Withers on Anomis albitibia, Walker, xiii. p. 1001. Rusicada nigritarsis, Walker, xiii. p. 1006. A small species, very dark, transverse lines quite different to all the others. Types, Ceylon. I have examples also from Assam, Ahmednagur, Rangoon, and Perak. Anomis commoda, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. 203 (1878). A large dark species, with fairly broad fore wings ; hind wings dark blackish brown. Quite a good species. Type, Japan. I have seven examples from Yokohama and Nikko. Anomis metaxantha, Walker, xiii. p. 1005. Paler than commoda; fore wing similarly shaped; the genitalia shows that it is quite distinct from all the others. ‘Type-locality ignotus. It isa common form in India. I have sixteen examples from Assam, Rangoon, and Bombay. XXXIII.— The Cirripede Subgenus Scilleelepas ; tts Probable Occurrence in the Jurassic Rocks (S. gaveyi, sp.n.). By Tuomas H. Wituers, F.G.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate XIII. ] More than half a century ago the late Mr. G. E. Gavey collected from the Lias at Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, remains of a Cirripede, which has up till now remained undescribed. Mr. Gavey, however, listed the specimens in 1853 * as “ Pollicipes; 2 new species,” and the late Rev. P. B. Brodie (1857 Tf), in two short notes, . * G, E. Gavey, ‘“ On the Railway Cuttings at the Mickleton Tunnel, and at Aston Magna, Gloucestershire,”’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 18538, vol. ix. p. 34. + Brodie, Rey. P. B., “On a new Species of Pollicipes in the Inferior Oolite near Stroud, in Gloucestershire,” Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1856) pt. ii, p- 64; 1857. Brodie, Rey. P. B., “On the Occurrence of some new Species of Pollicipes in the Inferior Oolite and Lias of Gloucestershire,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xix. 1857, p. 1.03. the Cirripede Subgenus Scilleiepas. 259 drew attention to the fact that Mr. Gavey had found a new species of Pullicipes in the Lias, and this at that time was the earliest-known occurrence of the subclass Cirripedia. The Cirripede valves from Mickleton Tunnel, now in the Gayey Collection in the Geological Department of the British Museum, number nine in all, and, although four kinds of valve are represented—unamely, carina, subcarina, scutum, and tergum,—it would appear from their ornament that all belong to a single species. They are undoubtedly the valves of a pedunculate Cirripede belonging to the family Scalpel- lidee, but the generic reference is not so certain. The species is provisionally referred to the subgenus Scil/alepas of the geuus Calantica for reasons given below (see p. 261 et s-q.). Calantieca (Scillelepas) gaveyi, sp. n. 1857. Pollicipes sp., Brodie, P. B., Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1856) pt. ii. p. 64. 1857. Pollicipes sp., Brodie, P. B., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xix. p. 108, Diagnosis.—Capitular valves with regular, widely-spaced, raised ridges or zones of growth, between which are fine transverse and longitudinal lines, and, especially in the lower two-thirds of the valves, with irregular closely-set punctee— a feature not noticed in any other fossil Cirripede. Carina tapering rapidly towards the apex. Scutum probably trian- gular, with almost straight widely-spaced ridges. ‘T'ergum comparatively long and narrow, with the angles of the zones of growth situated less than one-third the distance from the carinal margin. Distribution.—Pliensbachian [presumably davei-zone] : Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire. Holotype.—The carina (In. 18981) figured on Pl. XIII. fig. 2. Collection.—Collected by the late G. EH. Gavey, C.E., F.G.S., and now in the Geological Department of the British Museum, registered In. 18980-In-18988. Material.—At least three individuals are represented by the material, which comprises two almost complete earings and a fragment of another, one subcarina, five incomplete terga (of which three are right valves and two are left valves), and an impression of part of a scutum. ‘The valves are preserved as an intensely brittle jet-like substance. Measurements.—Except for the valve considered to be a subcarina, all the valves are somewhat incomplete, and, in the circumstances, to give only their actual measurements tia 260 Mr. T. H. Withers on would convey a very inadequate idea as to their size; probable measurements are therefore given :— Actual, Probable, in mm. in mm. Carina (In. 18980).... Length 12-4 13-0 Breadth 4‘l(atabout4 50 mm.from base). Carina (In. 18981).... Length 123 14:2 (as shown by impres- Breadth 52 .. sion). Subcarina (In. 18983). Length 33 - Breadth 2:0 rip Tergum (In. 18984) .. Length 14:4 170 Breadth (circa) 6°0 6-0 Description.—Carina semicylindrical, moderately bowed inwards, strongly convex transversely, imperceptibly keeled in its upper half, the valve tapering rapidly towards the apex, which is sharply pointed ; basal margin moderately convex. Outer surface marked with regular, widely-spaced, prominent, raised ridges or zones of growth, which show, especially in one valve (In. 18981), a tendency to become broken up into bead-like prominences. Fine transverse and longitudinal lines are to be seen between the main ridges, but the longi- tudinal lines are not so well marked as in the terga, The valve is marked, especially in its lower part, with irregular, closely set, fine puncte. Scutum.—On the specimen In. 18986, lying near a right tergum, was a badly crushed and shapeless valve, evidently showing its inner surface. At its base could be discerned one or two rather long and straight furrows, and these suggested to me that the fossil represented another kind of valve. It was possible to clear away most of the minute fractured particles of shell, and there was then exposed some eight or nine prominent, straight, equidistant furrows. A plaster-cast taken from this impression shows that the furrows represent the widely-spaced ridges or zones of growth such as are seen on the carina and tergum above, except that they are straighter and longer, and there is no doubt that we have here an impression of the outer surface of a scutum of the type seen in the species known as Pollicipes aalensis, Polli- ctpes ooliticus, and Archeolepas quenstedti. Tergum subtriangular, slightly convex transversely, com- paratively long and narrow, with prominent, widely-spaced, transverse ridges, which form an acute angle of which the apex is situated about one-third the distance from the carinal margin ; there is no definite apico-basal ridge or fold. Carinal the Cirripede Subgenus Scillelepas. 261 margin very slightly convex, almost. straight, not divided into an upper and a lower portion ; occludent margin gently convex, almost straight, and forming with the carinal margin an angle of about 35° ; scutal margin slightly convex, rather longer than the occludent margin, with which it makes a rounded angle. ‘The valve is ornamented similarly to the carina, but the longitudinal lines are more apparent. Subcarina more than half as wide as Jong, not nearly so strongly convex as the apical portion of either of the two carine ; basal margin slightly convex. ‘Tlie inner surface of the valve slopes towards the outer surface and forms a sharp edge, so that there is no possibility of this valve being merely the broken off apical portion of a carina. Systematic Position of Calantica (Scillelepas) gaveyi. Darwin, in his Monograph (1851), referred the known Jurassic species (Pollicipes concinnus, Morris *, P. ooliticus, Buckman f, and P. planulatus, Morris t) to the genus Polli- cipes. Now the distinguishing characters of Pollicipes, which is essentially a recent genus, and evidently a polyphyletic one, is the downward growth of the valves, and their large number (from eighteen to over one hundred). Certainly the valves of the above three species have a downward growth, and since there is evidence in only one species—P. concinnus —that the valves numbered more than eighteen, Darwin must have relied on the downward growth of the valves, and almost as certainly on the distinctive characters of the detached valves as compared with those in the genus Scalpellum. Scalpellum has more modified valves, numbering from twelve to fifteen. Two further genera have since been established which embrace Jurassic species—namely, ; » Sac peer ee 58 of : fore dimb-! ae y.tn ae ek 19 Hess .« suis nits See se uereeleeetes eee ee 14 Width: of headuies $2 pei Jee 8 Ore AIM Dis cise ees Ste ees eee e 14 Hind timbs: 7.36)... £2. eA SE hk 19 Dates ss. ete wt G kre Gait raed Brscaeeee 46 A single male specimen. Two species with half-webbed toes were previously known —Gecko palmatus, Blgr., from the Man Son Mountains, Tonkin, and G. rhacophorus, Bigr., from Mount Kina Balu, Borneo. ‘The former differs in the larger, broader head and the presence of chin-shields and of scattered enlarged tubercles on the back, the latter in the same characters and in the remarkable scalloped membrane along the side of the body aud the very different shape of the tail. Calamaria alide, sp. n. Rostral as deep as broad, the portion visible from above one-half its distance from the frontal, which is longer than broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, and shorter than the parietals ; no preocular, one postocular ; 5 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, the diameter of which nearly equals its distance from the mouth; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals 196 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 23. ‘Tail rounded at On Two new Asiatic Bats. 283 the end. Blackish above, with an orange vertebral streak, one scale in width, broken up into three elongate spots on the anterior part of the body, and a pale greyish brown streak on each side; these streaks becoming less distinct on the poste- rior part of the body; a yellow spot on each of the scales forming the two outer series on each side; ventrals yellow, with a dark brown spot at each end, these spots forming .a lateral streak ; lower half of upper labials yellow; a dark brown streak between the two series of subcaudals on the second half of the tail. Total length 220 mm. ; tail 20 mm. A single specimen. Near C. sumatrana, Edeling, which differs in the presence of a preocular, in the pointed tail, in the lower number of ventral shields, and in the coloration. Named in memory of the late Mrs. Brooks, who helped her husband in collecting in Sumatra. XXXIX.—Two new Asiatic Bats of the Genera Tadarida and Dyacopterus. By OLDFiELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE subjects of the two following descriptions have been recently presented to the National Museum by their respective collectors. Tadarida latouchet, sp. n. Allied to 7. teniotis, but conspicuously smaller. General characters of TZ. tentotis. Colour above near * clove-brown,” the hairs whitish at base, their extreme tips pale drab, forming a prominent light ticking. Under surface scarcely paler, the hairs of chin and throat brown to their tips, those of chest and belly light-tipped like those of the back. ars in general structure like those of teniotis, but smaller; internal basal keel scarcely thickened externally, well fringed with hair; tragus smaller than in tendotis, about of the same shape, its antero-internal corner with a well- marked tuft. [This description of the ears, being based on dried skins, will no doubt need revision when spirit-specimens are available. | Skull very similar in shape to that of tencotis, but markedly 284 Mr. O. Thomas on smaller ; not so flattened as in many of the African species. Small anterior premolar well developed, its cross-section about equalling that of the upper incisor. Lower incisors six in number. - Dimensions of the type (barely adult) :— Forearm 56°5 mm. Head and body 76; tail 43; ear 23; third finger, meta- carpal 53, first phalanx 20°5, second phalanx 18. Skull: greatest length 21°7 ; condylo-basal length 21°2 ; zygomatic breadth 12°2 ; interorbital breadth 4:2; mastoid breadth 12; palato-sinual length 7:1; front of canine to back of m® 8, front of p* to back of m? 4°9. Hab. N.E. Chibli, China. Type from Chin-wang-tao, on the sea-coast. Type. Young adult male (basilar suture not quite closed). B.M. no. 19.12. 22.2. Collected 9th September, 1917, and presented by J. D. La Touche, Esq. ‘T'wo specimens. This is by far the greatest north-eastward occurrence of the genus Tadarida, the nearest locality recorded being that of the J. tentotis obtained by Swinhoe at Amoy. Another specimen of the latter, captured at sea in the Formosa Channel, has also been presented to us by Mr. La Touche. This species, which I have much pleasure in naming after its discoverer, is readily distinguished from 7. tentotis by its smaller size, as gauged by its smaller skull and smaller teeth. The second species isa fruit-bat belonging to the genus Dyacopterus, hitherto only known from the type-specimen of D. spadiceus of Borneo. The latter was a skin with broken ears, no palate-ridges, and imperfect skull, so that Mr. Brooks’s perfect specimen, preserved in spirit, is of special value. It proves to be of a species very closely allied to, but differeut from, D. spadiceus, and may be called Dyacopterus brooksi, sp. n. Near D. spadiceus, but larger and more uniformly coloured. Size greater than in spadiceus, the skull being larger and bulkier in all dimensions, though the forearm is but little longer. ars short, narrow, pointed, the anterior margin evenly convex, the posterior nearly straight. Neck-tufts not more developed in the male brookst than it is in the female spadiceus, little darker than the yellowish fur surrounding it. Edge of upper lips with prominent warts; pad at tip of lower Two new Asiatic Bats. 285 lips divided in centre. Palate-ridges numerous, closely set, about 17-19 in number, but irregular, not quite corresponding on the two sides; the posterior half of them divided in the centre by a median groove; their pattern widely different from that of any species of the Cynopturus group, or, indeed, any other figured in Anderson’s Catalogue, but most re- sembling—allowing for the wide difference in number—those ot Nyctimene cyclotis (p. 687), though all are equally bowed, instead of there being one or more straight ones anteriorly. Colour very like that of D. spadiceus, brown above and on the sides, dull whitish on the chest and belly. Yellowish area on shoulders of rather larger extent. But the face is not so markedly blackened. . Skull larger and heavier throughout than in spadiceus, the zygomatic spread especially notable. Supraorbital foramina similarly minute. Canines long and strongly grooved. Posterior basal ledges of all teeth rather less developed than in the allied species. Height of premolars greater. Dimensions of the type (a spirit-specimen) :— Forearm 82 mm. Head and body 118; tail 18; ear 19x10; third finger, metacarpal 58, first phalanx 38, second phalanx 47; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 48. Skull: greatest length 40°2; condylo-basal length 37 ; zygomatic breadth 27-4; orbit to nares 9:2; interorbital breadth 8°6; across postorbital processes 15:7; intertemporal breadth 6°6; mastoid breadth 16; palatal length 205; maxillary tooth-row 14:2. Hab. Lebong Tandai, Upper Ketaun River, about 100 miles north of Bencoolen, Sumatra. Type. Adult male in alcohol. B.M. no. 20.1. 15. 1. Collected and presented by Cecil J. Brooks, Esq. Considering that in the Cynopturus group, so far as we know, there is practically no difference in size between the sexes, the greater bulk of the Sumatran Dyacopterus appears to necessitate its distinction from the Bornean form. Its browner colour and less blackened head also lead to the same conclusion. . Mr. Brooks is to be congratulated on his discovery of this interesting fruit-bat, the second specimen and first male ever recorded of the genus Dyacopterus. 286 Mr. L. B. Prout on new XL.—New Moths in the Joicey Collection. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. Family Arctiidae. 1. Utethetsa dorsifumata, sp. n. 3 ¢ .— 38-42 mm. Decidedly larger on an average than pulchelloides, Hmpsn., further differing as follows :— Head more ochreous (less mixed with white). Abdomen dorsally with strong smoky suffusions. Fore wing with the black lines macular, but strongly thickened, the spots usually in part confluent; a characteristic Jongitudinal black white-ringed spot behind the end of M and the base of M’; red spots more quadrate in form, more completely (though very slenderly) dark-edged ; terminal black spots more consistently and uniformly continued across cilia. Hind wing of 3 with a black-grey streak (1 or 2 mm. in length) along middle part of the ridge which overhangs the inner-marginal pocket ; hair-pencil apparently less developed and whiter; discal mark in both sexes varying in develop- ment (strong to obsolescent), perhaps stronger in the ? than in the g; apical border rather broad ; hamate patch with its posterior edge longer than its anterior, produced to a proximal point on or just behind M!; dark terminal markings between fold and tornus better developed. Fore wing beneath with the white parts suffused with smoke-colour, except for a clear patch at and sometimes beyond end of cell. Hind wing beneath with the dark markings enlarged, Angi Lakes, Arfak Mtns., North Dutch New Guinea, 6000 tt., Jan—Feb. 1914 (4., C,, & F. Pratt); 336, Orr 12s ‘Lhe increase of black more recalls salomonis, Rthschd., and ruberrima, Rthschd., but they have both more nearly the g antenna of pectinata, Hmpsn. The group still needs careful revision on extensive material, but the present species is sufficiently outstanding. Family Hypside. 2. Nyctemera pellex pervecta, subsp. n. 3 ¢ .—37-41 mm. ‘ On an average smaller than the other races of pedlew, Linn., Moths in the Joicey Collection. 287 but distinguished at once by having the large roundish or oval discal patch of the fore wing prolonged into a band which reaches the costal margin (except for a brown line along the costal margin itself) and also reaches SM?, some- times continuing to the hind margin. This band varies in width and exact shape, but may always be characterized as sinuous-edged proximally, projecting in middle distally, and more or less attenuated posteriorly. Proximal hind-marginal white patch of fore wing reduced or almost wanting, proximal white spot in cell occasionally (as also in other races) minute or obsolete. Tenimber Islands: Yamdena (W. J. C. Frost), type 3, allotype ?, and others in coll. Joicey. Also in coll. Tring Museum. 3. Wyetemera albipuncta zoilides, subsp. n. ¢ .—36 mm. Head and body as in a. albipuncta, Druce (P. Z. 8. 1888, . O03). s Fore wing with the subbasal white patch wanting, that in the middle of the wing much reduced, forming a roundish spot of less than 3 mm. diameter, anteriorly reaching middle of cell, posteriorly just crossing M?; all the submarginal spots reduced, the second and fourth thus becoming mere dots. Hind wing with the black costal border uniform, reaching SC; distal border broadened, the contained white spots some- what reduced. Rook Is., Aug. 1913 (A. S. Meek). Type in coll. Joicey. The mimetic resemblance to the Rook Island form of Tellervo zoilus, Cram., is rather striking, 4, Pericopis tricolor albisarta, subsp. n. 9 .—74-80 mm. Fore wing with the oblique pale transverse band and the half-band beyond it both well-developed and very white, only anteriorly and at extreme edges powdered with dark scales, vein M! between them scarcely bordered by any dark irroration, Hind wing with an additional patch of very pale yellow scales at end of cell, of which ¢. tricolor, Sulz. (Gesch. Ins. t. xxii. fig. 5), shows no trace. Bolivia: Mapiri (type) ; Prov. del Sara (paratype). 288 Mr. L. B. Prout on new 5. Phaloé tsosoma, sp. n. g .—56 mm. Head black, spotted with white, conspicuous being a more or less triangular white spot at each corner of face, the upper pair the larger ; postorbital rim white. Palpus black, some- what marked with white near base; third joint elongate. Antenna black, the pectinations about as long as diameter of shaft. Thorax above brown-black, anteriorly dotted with white. Abdomen above and beneath white, with narrow dark segmental rings, an ill-defined, interrupted, narrow median dorsal stripe and a rather less narrow lateral one. Legs longitudinally striped black and white. Fore wing brown-black, not quite opaquely scaled ; veins black ; a red line or narrow streak from base in front of C, about 8 mm. in length; an oblique pale band from costa before middle running in direction of tornus, but ending at fold, white at costal end, otherwise pale brownish grey, sub- translucent; a subiranslucent (but whiter) subapical patch from SC® to near R’, narrowing posteriorly. Hind wing with M? stalked with R’, as in patula, Walk., trétschi, Druce, veronta, Druce, etc., but not in the geno- type; predominantly white, becoming translucent in end of cell and outwards, from R‘ to behind M? (possibly here rubbed, but quite uniform on the two wings) ; a small slight dark basal patch; a black distal border of about 5 mm. breadth, slightly broader apically and narrower near tornus, its proximal border slightly crenulate, especially in posterior half ; a minute white terminal mark between SC? and R', extending on to the fringes. Fore wing beneath with the red costal streak rather broader and brighter, proximally slightly underlined with white on © ; median band white ; subapical patch nearly as above ; a white streak behind cell, interrupted near base and not reaching base of M?; a white terminal spot between the medians. Hind wing beneath white, with the subtrans- lucent patch as above; veins somewhat blackened, especially C and SC and the space between them prior to their diver- gence; black border as above, but with the spot between SC? and R? rather larger, an abdominal white terminal spot about M? and a very fine white terminal line between fold and SM’. Chanchamayo, HE. Peru. Near patula, Walk. (List Lep. Ins. ii. p. 349), distin- guished by the red costal streak, the central band of fore wing Moths in the Joicey Collection. 289 more oblique, shadowy, not yellow, border of the hind wing uarrower, anal end of abdomen (from seventh somite) not blackened, Perhaps, as in that species, the colour of the hind wing may vary between yellow and white. 6. Asota talbott, nom. nov. Asota intermedia, Joicey and Noakes, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1915, p- 197, t. xxi. fig. 3 (vec Rthschd.) (Biak). My attention has been drawn to the fact that the name of intermedia is preoccupied in this genus by Asota plana inter- media, Rthsclhd., Nov. Zool. iv. p. 359 (1897). I have therefore pleasure in renaming it after my friend Mr. Talbot, who I understand worked out its distinctions for the authors. 7. Cerura ejecta, sp. n. ~ fo —40 mm. Face black. Head whitish. Antennal pectinations dark Lrown. Thorax and underside of abdomen ochreous whitish, abdomen above mixed white and black (largely abraded). Legs largely whitish, fore leg and tarsi partly darkened. Fore wing thinly scaled; dirty white, with pinkish reflec- tious; anteriorly (on C or between C and SC’) with black dots and dash, the latter occupying approximately the second fifth of C; transverse markings (and in posterior part of wing a little irroration) fuscous ; antemedian line obsolescent, best developed in cell; orbicular and reniform stigmata white, very ill-defined, finely and incompletely outlined, the former accompanied proximally by a longitudinal blackish-fuscous mark ; median line double, slightly dentate outwards on veins, arising from the distal edge of orbicular and proximal edge of reniform, incurved between M? and SM’, darker behind M?, reaching hind margin well beyond middle ; post- median rather thicker and ‘stronger, more deeply incurved behind M? (consequently here approaching the median), then oblique outwards to hind margin near tornus; traces of a fine and incomplete duplicating line distally to and parallel with postmedian ; subterminal line also nearly parallel with these, but formed of interneural wedges (anteriorly), dash (between R? and R’) or dots (posteriorly), the dot between h? and M! and two nearly at tornus being large; termen with interneural wedges pointing inwards. Hind wing white, at abdominal margin smoky; a smoky maik on termen and fringe between M? and SM’. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 20 290 Mr. L. B. Prout on new Underside similarly but more weakly marked, only the fore wing with large costal spots. Key Is., Jan.—March, 1916 (W. J. C. Frost). Excepting the large white species of the australis group, in which SC? of the fore wing arises from the (rather large) areole, this is the first far-eastern species of the genus known tome. Areole small, SO? arising from stalk of SC*~‘, as in European and N.-American species. The hind wing has a weak connecting-bar between C and SC, but I believe this is here, as elsewhere, inconstant ; SC?-R* well-stalked. Family Geometridae. Subfamily @wocuromryx. 8. Eumelea rosalia marginata, subsp. n. 3 °.—Differs from rosalia rosalia, Stoll (Pap. Exot. iv. t. 368 E, Amboina), in having the apex of the fore wing to a width of about 3 mm. clear yellow without rosy irroration and the entire termen more narrowly yellow, though with some irroration or strigulation; apex of hind wing also narrowly clear yellow. The ? is more mixed with yellow than any of the gg, though the latter show variation in this respect. Soela Is., June, July, September 1918 (W. J. C. Frost) ; 6 3 ¢ (including the type) and 1 ? (allotype) in coll. Joicey. Also 2 gg, 2 2 2 from Soela Mangoli, Oct—Nov. 1897 (W. Doherty), in coll. Tring Museum, Stoll’s very unsatisfactory figure shows very narrowly yellow apices, and the transverse lines obliterated; I have not seen similar examples, though occasional aberrations from Celebes and other localities do show a tendency to become yellow apically, thus foreshadowing the peculiarity which becomes racial in the Soela Islands, Subfamily Heurruerms. 9. Pingasa floridivenis, sp. n. 9 .—49 mm. Head ochreous, with the upper part of the face black. Palpus with third joint slightly longer than second ; greyish ochreous, the first and second joints broadly and the third joint proximally more narrowly white beneath. ‘Thorax above bright ochreous, beneath whitish. Abdomen above whitish irrorated with olive-grey and ochreous, the latter Moths in the Joicey Collection. 291 forming bright but slightly interrupted bands posteriorly on the segments; crests light greyish ochreous ; sides of base blackish ; underside white. Fore and middle legs largely blackened, the femur and part of tibia remaining white on outer sides; hind leg whiter, but irrorated or clouded with grey. Fore wing broad; SC? wanting (sport?) ; white, irrorated with olive-grey and very sparsely with black, the proximal and distal areas also with bright ochreous, the veins in these areas broadly, in the median area very slenderly, bright ochreous ; an ill-defined blackish band or shade close to base, not reaching costa; antemedian line thick, black, at little beyond one-fourth, very gently curved, at M and SM? very slightly dentate inwards; median area more olivaceous costally and with long, not very strong, olive-grey cell-mark ; postmedian line black, from beyond two-thirds costa to about three-fifths hind margin, strongly dentate outwards on most of the veins, feebly so on SM?, nearest the termen at R? and the medians, retracted behind M?; subterminal white line distinct between M? and hind margin, running obliquely towards tornus, very faint in the rest of its course; some ill-defined whitish dots to termen. Hind wing with subbasal shade slight, antemedian line wanting, no ochreous proximal area ; hairs of median area bright ochreous; postmedian line finer than on fore wing, otherwise similar ; distal area nearly as on fore wing. Underside dirty white, with rather broad black borders containing large white terminal spots, so that the black only runs to the termen between the radials, around M? (in both these places more narrowly on hind wing), and at tornus ; base, especially at costa, bright yellow ; fore wing with a rather large dark discal mark. A’koon, Gold Coast, 17th Jan., 1919 (C. Harrison), The first-known African species of the genus to approach in colour P. venusta, Warr. The blackish subbasal markings also distinctive. 10. Gelasma(?) triplicifascia, Prout, ¢. My type g, described in Wytsman’s ‘ Genera Insectoruu,’ fasc. 129, p. 149 (1912), from asingle somewhat damaged in the British Museum, has hitherto remained unique. A 9? from ‘lananarive, recently acquired by Mr. Joicey, is some- what larger (33 mm,), rather broader-winged, the termen slightly more waved, that of the fore wing a little more con- vex (compare the sexual difference in G, spumata, Warr., and 20* 292 On new Moths in the Joicey Collection. other allies), otherwise quite similar to the g. Its fresher condition allows me to add, however, that the ground-colour is really white with green irroration and the bands grey- green, and that the abdomen has two small brown ak spots. ‘lhe antenna is serrate and the palpus is short, thus aberrant for the genus. 11. Gelasma versicauda, sp. n. 6 .—43-47 mm. Larger than protrusa, Butl. Face deeper black (less tinged with red), Palpus with third joimt rather shorter, though not quite as short as in ¢lituratu, Walk. Fore wing darker, bluer green; terminal line and dots obsolete ; proximal part of fringe less tinged with reddish— dark grey with vaguely darker spots opposite the veins. Hind wing with tail longer than in protrusa, directed rather markedly outward—i. e., with the posterior half of the distal margin (from tornus to tip of tail) comparatively straight ; concolorous with fore wing ; terminal line fine and weak or almost obsolete ; fringe nearly as on fore wing, the proximal dark part rather narrow, the pale distal (whitish ochreous) part ample. Koshun, Formosa. Type and another in coll. Joicey; also in Coll. Tring Museum from the same locality. Subfamily Gzomwerrryz. 12. Amnemopsyche charmione lufira, subsp. un. 3 ?.—39-41 mm. Qn an average smaller than ec. charmione, Fab., from W. Africa. Fore wing with the white markings in general reduced, much more shaded with orange, which broadly borders the diseal band and almost entirely fills the subapical spot; discal band continued almost to hind margin, confluent proai- mally with the yellowish hind-marginal streak from base. Hind wing with the black border continued narrowly along abdominal margin, invaded by asmall orange projection from the ground-colour between fold and SM?; orange subterminal spot between R* and M? generally small. Congo Free State; Lufira River, affluents Kikura and Buluo Rivers, near Likasi Copper Mines, 4000 ft., 28th Feb.— 15th April, 1919; 5g g,1 2 (7. A. Barns). On Odonata from Mesopotamia. 293 Family Uraniida. 13. Acropteris parvidentata moluccana, subsp. n. 3 ¢ .—47-53 mm. Distinguished from D. parvidentata, Warr. (Nov. Zool. iv. p. 199, Lombok and Celebes), as follows :— Fore wing with the costal edge more weakly and minutely dotted, the dots in general wanting entirely from middle to near apex; particularly noticeable is the great reduction of the apical dots. The double lines from hind margin towards apex generally remaining well separated at the point at which they fade out near apex. Both wings with the markings on an average slightly greyer than in p. parvidentata, the terminal line in the typical (Obi) form obsolescent or strongly interrupted, but much better developed in that from the S. Moluccas, which might perhaps be again separated racially. Obi, July-September, 1918 (W. J. C. Frost); 4 3 3 (in- cluding type) and 1 @ in coll. Joicey. Also from Amboina, Ceram, and Gisser Island (near Ceram), in coll. div. XLI— Odonata collected in Mesopotamia by the late Major come Taylor, R.A.M.C. By Kennetu J. Morton, F.E.S. [Plate XIV.] Just after the completion of my notes on ‘Odonata from Mesopotamia ” (‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ 3rd ser. vol. v. pp. 143-151, 183-196, 1919), Dr. Gahan kindly gave me the welcome opportunity of examining another large collection of these insects from the same region, brought together by the late Major R. Brewitt-Taylor, R.A.M.C., presented to the British Museum by Mrs, Brewitt-Taylor. Major Brewitt-Taylor was apparently a novice as far as dragon-flies were concerned, but he had taken up the subject with a rare enthusiasm and with some originality, and his notes and descriptions made from the living insects gave promise of better things if he had been spared to continue the work. Preservation of the striking colours of the living insects had evidently been one of his chief aims, and in this he succeeded in quite a marked degree, to this end a large number of his captures having been carefully eviscerated. As a result of this treatment, for example in the case of 294 Mr. K. J. Morton on Lindenia tetraphylla, quite a different conception of what the insect is like is given when a prepared specimen is compared with the usual dried ones. But for the reason above men- tioned the characteristic parts of the second abdominal seg- ment in the male and the valvula vulvz in the female have not been regarded, and have been sometimes completely removed or obliterated. In point of number of species, Major Brewitt-Taylor’s captures are less extensive than the combined collections previously dealt with, and only one additional species falls to be noticed, namely the wide-spread Pantala flavescens, which was rather unexpectedly wanting in the collections of Captain Evans and Captain Buxton. All are from Basra and Amara, the bulk of them being from the former locality, and the time covered comparatively short, the extreme dates being 6th May to 14th August, 1916. A good series, in excellent preservation as to colour, of the small Crocothemis, which 1 had previously referred to C. erythrwa, leads me to consider the Mesopotamian insect as distinct from that species, although decidedly belonging to the C. erythrea group. In the following list, to save undue multiplication of dates when the number of examples is large, each month has been divided into three equal parts, only the first and the last date in each part being quoted. Dr. Gahan, in forwarding the dragon-flies, also communi- eated Major Brewitt-Taylor’s note-book, from which I have made a number of extracts relating to the habits and the colours of the living insects. These are not only of interest and of use, but their preservation in this form may also serve as a small tribute to tiie memory of the collector. Ischnura evanst, Morton. 13,18. vi.; 29 9, 9-15. v. (Basra). Apparently not separated by the collector from the following species, Ischnura bukharensis, Bartenef, 63g, 8-9-13-26. v., 14. vi.; 9 2 2, 8-9, 11-13, 25- 26. v., 4. vi. (Basra). Six of the females of the orange form; three without orange, having the lower part of the thorax pruinose, one of them with imperfect black shoulder-stripes. Stated to be very common on banks of streams, and that both sexes come to light at night. Odonata from Mesopotamia. 295 Lindenia tetraphy!/a, Lind. 11] gd, 12 2 2, 6-9. v., 13-15. v., 25-31. v., 1-5. vi. (Amara). In life this is evidently a very remarkable-looking and beautiful insect. The long description of the adult male in the ‘Mon. des Gomphines,’ p. 559, is in some respects a little difficult to follow, and although there may be variation in the extent of the dark markings according to locality, it would appear to have been taken either from an exceptionally dark individual or from one in which the colours had de- teriorated. For example, the abdomen is stated to be blackish with obscure yellow markings, while in the diagnosis in the ‘ Revue des Odonates,’ p. 102, the abdomen is described as yellow spotted with black laterally, which seems to be the normal condition. In fully mature specimens, pruinescence tends to obscure the dark brown or blackish markings, especially of the thorax. The male is stated by the collector to be searcer than the female. The following is a brief description compiled from the collector’s MS. notes on the living insect, combined with his prepared specimens. ‘I'he female is taken as the model, as his remarks on the male are comparative therewith. ? . General tint pale greenish marked with orange on the second and part of third abdominal segment. Vertex greenish, black anteriorly, which colour is con- tinued on the frons, forming a broad line produced slightly in the middle ; base of antennes greenish ; occiput yellow; frons (except as above), clypeus, labrum, gene, and labium shining whitish, mandibles darker shining black at apex. Back of head black, outer lower part, including greater part of the temples, yellowish. yes in lite shining pale green inclined to bluish towards the lower surface. Pronotum mostly blackish, pale at the sides. Thorax yellowish green, paler beneath, with dark brown or blackish markings ; two large median lines, broadest anteriorly, divided only by the median suture, and not quite reaching the anterior margin; ante- humeral lines in contact, or almost, with the median, a narrow pale space being thereby enclosed through the curvature of the median; three lateral lines, one on each lateral suture and one between, the first widest in the middle and continued ventrad and caudad towards the middle one, which is inter- rupted and expands at the stigma, the third continued ventrad to near the hind coxe. Legs yellowish, femora with a long wedge-shaped black marking above, the middle pair with the trochanters and the femora on their inner surface blackish ; 296 Mr. K. J. Morton on tibia and tarsi black, claws reddish with darker tips. Wings: costa yellow, pterostigma yellow bounded by black veins. Abdomen with dilated basal segments yellowish green ; 1st above mainly black from the presence of two large spots, a narrow dark anterior lateral line ; 2nd above with two rather broad widely-separated orange bands, darker anteriorly, running along the whole segment (and continued on the 3rd) and at the posterior margin continued ventrad alongside the similarly coloured anterior lateral margin of the 3rd. The general colour of the rest of the abdomen pale greenish or blue-green ; 3 to 6 with narrow dark markings at distal end, bearing projections on each side of the dorsal carina and with lateral linear cephalad prolongations thereof of somewhat varied intensity and length—these may be interrupted in the middle of the segment by a vertical streak ; 7th with two usually roughly triangular markings at distal end; 8th a large triangular marking covering greater part of dorsum and hardly divided on the carina; 9th somewhat similar; 1LOth more or less dingy, sometimes definitely brownish ; foliaceous expansions of 7th showing darker on distal portion. Appen- dages yellowish. Under surface of abdomen paler, with a black median line. 3d. General tint darker bluish green. Differs from the 9? in the following :—Frons more bluish white ; occiput usually darker, tending to blackish at the sides. Eyes a little darker. Thorax bluish green. Pterostigma yellowish as a transparency, but becomes grey. Costa pale bluish. Dilated segments of abdomen not yellowish but blue-green like the rest of the abdomen, except under surface, which is paler ; the markings on the 2nd and 3rd segments appear to be coloured similarly to those on the other segments and not orange. Appendages blackish. Anormogomphus kiritshenkoi, Bartenef. 33,3 2 2, 3. vill. (Amara). Appears to have been taken also at Basra, but no specimens are included in tlie collection. This curious little Gompline is of a yellowish-green colour, becoming more decidedly yellow on the last four segments ; 7 to 9 are gradually slightly dilated. The eyes in life are stated to be yellow-green slightly darker at the upper poles ; when dry they become dark chocolate-brown. The ocelli very conspicuous; dark markings otherwise practically confined to brown streaks on the femora and sometimes on the tibiee ; also usually two mostly quite small dots on the Odonata from Mesopotamia. 297 dorsum of segments 2 to 6 or 7 towards their distal end, with traces of dark lines on the last segment in the male. Anax parthenope, Selys. 18 6 g,13 9 2, 24-31. v., 1-9. vi., 12-20. vi., 22-28. vi. (Basra). A fine series, of which all the males have the wings suffused more or less with yellowish on the distal two-thirds, some of them clearer at the tips. The females show two forms, those with hyaline wings and the base of the abdomen intensely blue, and others in which the blue generally is absent and replaced by a greenish colour, the wings in this form being tinted with brown of varying degrees of intensity, the brown colour increasing in depth distally and most conspicuous between the nodus and the distal end of the pterostigma but sometimes extending further, the apex, however, being usually clear. Ris (‘ Die schweizerischen Libellen,’ p. 28, 1885) says that in Switzerland there are two forms of the female: the one (probably younger examples) coloured very like the male, particularly with the base of the abdomen intensely blue, and the wings hyaline ; the other (probably comprising examples which have flown longer) is, with the exception of the black markings, uniformly yellow-brown, without blue at the base of the abdomen, and with the wings more or less, often very strongly, tinted with brown. ‘Thus, Ris seems to suggest that these two forms may be phases of the same thing, an explanation that does not appear to have been offered in con- nection with the blue and the green forms of the female in certain species of Zschna. Brewitt-Taylor in his notes evidently considered that there were two forms—one yellowish green with dark wings, another blue with hyaline wings or only with a trace of clouding. In his series none of those with intensely blue base of the abdomen appears to be old, so far favouring Ris’s view. However, Brewitt-Taylor states that he had seen coupled pairs in which the respective females were of the blue and the greenish-yellow form, so that the blue appears to be sexually mature. He records that on the evening of the 22nd June he “caught in all four yellow- green females and one blue.’’ These examples, [ assume, are now before me, but it is difficult to gauge tlie extent to which the colours may have been affected by post-mortem changes. None of tliem can be considered very old ; the dark markings ‘on the abdomen are chocolate-brown, not black. ‘The ex- ample with hyaline wings has the base of the abdomen bright 298 Mr. K. J. Morton on blue; of two examples with the wings moderately tinted with brown one gives an impression that it may have been blue, the other is greenish; the other two, the oldest of the five, have the wings more strongly tinted and the colour greenish. Whether we have to do with two different forms or merely with a matter of age I do not venture to decide, but think there are most probably two forms. With regard to the habits of the species, Brewitt-Taylor writes: ‘‘'lhis species is not rare, but is very difficult to catch. I have never seen it settled. It is to be seen in the day flying rapidly in the palm swamps, but does not remain in any one spot. At sundown—about half an hour after sun- set—it can best be caught while hawking the little swarms of insects. It then often comes quite low down. Often a dozen or so can be seen together at a height of about 20 feet hawking amongst a group of gnats. ‘This I have seen only at dusk.” In a later note he says: “On 24th June | watched a yellow-green female ovipositing at 1.30. She settled on a reed or grass lying on the water and pushed her abdomen down sometimes quite 14 inches under water. [This explains why the females often have muddy bodies. ] _ The frogs frequently attempted to catch her, but she was far too quick for them. They approached cautiously towards her and snapped at her.” | Re-examination of one of Evans’s Amara specimens (22. v.), which is evidently very young, clearly shows the beginning of the darker clouding, but it is not possible to say what the colour of the abdomen at the base may have been. When these large insects are at rest, the greenish form one would imagine would be less conspicuous than the blue. Can it be that a less proportion of the latter reach mature age ? | Orthetrum sabina, Drury. 8 6 d,6 2 2, 7-11-31, v., 1-10. vi., 13-16. vi. (Basra). I may take occasion to refer again to this species when dealing with Odonata received from Captain Buxton, taken by him in N.W. Persia. Orthetrum trinacria, Selys. 24 4,1 2, 5. vii. (Amara). Crocothemis erythrea chaldworum, subsp. n. Crocothemis erythrea, Morton, E. M. M., 3rd ser. vol. v. p. 186 (1919). 53,7 2% 9, 2-15. vi. (Basra) (Brewitt-Taylor), Odonata from Mesopotamia, 299 1 g, 28. iv. 1918; 2 2 2, 23. ili., 15. v. 1918 (Amara) ; 1 $,7 2 9, 26-29. i11.1919 (Basra) (Zvans). Like a small C. erythrea, but with the venation opener, and except at the extreme base almost entirely black ; ante- humeral lines and pale inter-alar line not noticeable in the material examined ; no trace of yellow in the fore-wings ; basal patch in hind wings small, sometimes traces of yellow in the basal cellule between Sc and R+M, yellow not extending beyond Cuq and the inner boundary of anal loop and hardly to the anal angle. In discoidal field of fore-wings usually only two rows of cells near the triangle: in four males and females, cells between M* and Cu! 22292 222293 22223 32223 , OoS- 33995 - 39333 ° 29228 (Basra), 32223 (Amara) 9 9, 32383 22223 32223 22233 * 32233 ° 22223 * 32233 22233 Anq. 3 od; 74..74-74.8 -—81. 81, 81.81. $9, 74.8 -7 .73-84.8), 74.73. Pterostigma 24-3 mm. Length of hind wing about 25 ¢, 26 mm. @. The following remarks on the colours are mainly from Brewitt-Taylor’s notes on the living insects :— 3 (adult). Eyes: upper two-thirds cherry-red, blue below. Face brick-red; mandibles dirty yellow. Thorax olive-brown, legs concolorous. Abdomen above glowing cherry-red ; seg- ments 8-9 on the dorsal carina with black markings which are broadest posteriorly ; appendages brick-red, paler at the tips; ventral surface dirty reddish yellow with black median line. ? (juv.). Eyes above red-brown, lower part bluish ; face pinkish, mandibles white. Thorax pale brown above, whitish beneath. Abdomen pinkish brown with fine black carina, markings above-mentioned distinct on 8-9 ; segments finely margined with black lines and a small black dot on each side of dorsal carina on posterior part of 4-7; segment 10 and appendages pinkish brown, underside pale pink with black median line. (B.-T. adds that the ? does not differ much from the @, but is perhaps a little more salmon-pink in colour. There seems, however, to have been some confusion with regard to the sex of some of his younger specimens.) ? (more adult). Eyes: upper half dark red-brown, lower part bluish, Face brownish, lower part whitish ; thorax olivaceous, sides bluish (? slightly pruinose) ; abdomen above 300 Mr. K. J. Morton on olive-brown, each segment with a lateral salmon-tinted sub- crescentic portion, B.-T. writes, June 10th: ‘This species is becoming common. More restless than the other brown dragon-fly and does not take possession of a definite perch. Some males are browner red, than the typical glowing red, which is most beautiful. Rather wary and flits from grass to grass by the side of water.” The brown dragon-fly alluded to appears to refer to a condition of Trithemis annulata. Crocothemis servilia, Brullé. 248 8,11 2 9, 7.v., 14-17. v., 25. v., 1-10. vi. (Basra). The shoulder-stripe has only become faint in a few of the most mature examples. In attempting to arrive at a more satisfactory understanding regarding the distinctive characters of these species of Croco- themis, a partial study of the genitalia of the second abdominal segment of the male has been made by removing the parts from a number of specimens and mounting them in balsam. The results may be briefly summed up as follows :— (1) The preparations confirm the accepted view that the outer branch of the hamule is more pointed in C. erythrea than in C, servilia, in which it is more truncate. These flat preparations, however, do not give an altogether satisfactory idea of the form of the branch, the position being not quite a natural one. The shape is better understood when the hamule is viewed from the side. (2) The apex of the inner branch of the hamule appears to be different in the two species. In the Madagascar prepara- tion of C. erythrea (Pl. XIV. fig. 3) the extreme apex is seen to be slightly notched with a strong subapical tooth. After examination of a number of dried specimens of C, erythrea from widely separated localities, I can say positively that in these the toothed or bifid condition is invariably present, and it is interesting to mention that an example from Chierra- punji in my collection included by Ris (Coll. Selys, p. 540) under C. servilia as transitional towards C. erythrea is, in respect of the hamule, true C. erythrea. The evidence regarding C. servi/ia should perhaps be stated in a more negative form. In none of the examples of C. servtlia examined have [ been able to confirm the existence of any tooth, the apex apparently being always simple. These critical characters are, however, somewhat elusive, and unless the hamule is in exactly the right position the tooth may be overlooked. In the preparation from which fig. 1 (Pl. XIV.) Odonata from Mesopotamia. 301 was taken the tooth was distinefly visible before the cover-glass was put on theslide, but the slight pressure altered the position, throwing the tooth nearly out of view or leaving visible only a minute elevation which in reproduction may be quite lost. The character seems to be good, but it would not be surprising if in two such closely-allied species it sometimes failed as an absolute test by itself. The hamules sometimes require to be freed from adhering matter before examination. ® (3) The apex of the penis in the preparations is different in the two species (see Pl. XIV. figs. 1 & 4). In dried specimens this part is not always easy to examine. Preparations of C. erythrea from Arles, Madagascar, and Mesopotamia, and of C. servilia trom Mesopotamia and Bengal serve to confirm. Sympetrum decoloratum, Selys. Biss 22.25, Os¥5 206¥., 9. vi. (Bagpa). All more or less immature, and, as the collector records nothing regarding habits, probably casual captures. The following short descriptions are based mainly on his notes :— 3g. Eyes: upper half brown-red, lower greenish. Vertex, frous, clypeus, and gene bluish white, a small black spot in front of median ocellus and also blackish about lateral ocelli aud antenne; Jabrum and labium white. Thorax pale greenish yellow, more pallid beneath with brown antehumeral streaks, brownish at extreme anterior margin and with small brown marking on either side of median suture next to the brownish edging ; lateral sutures very slightly black. Legs yellow ; femora and tibize with a black line, tarsi annulated with black. Pterostigma dirty whitish. Abdomen: dorsum yellowish orange, darker orange on the carina and slightly darker on the posterior end of each segment, with faint indication of a dot on either side; traces of lateral lines slight (see 9); underside paler, with black median line. 9. Eyes: upper half very pale brownish, lower bluish green. Head and thorax very similar to ¢. Abdomen: dorsum dark yellow, carina dark orange; sides greenish fading into the dorsal yellow. Lateral blackish streaks on each segment broadest and most complete on 3, gradually diminishing in extent on the following segments ; lateral carina, especially of anterior segments, finely black; dorsal carina of 2-3 distinetly blackish, also a black line at the junction of 1-2; narrowly marked with black on each side of dorsal carina of 8-9. Sympetrum fonscolombet, Selys. A 4 Syl) glia 1 ¢, Amara, 12. viil. 302 Mr. K. J. Morton on Brachythemis fuscopalliata, Selys. 15 $3, 10 2 3, 6-9. v., 12-17. v., 25-31. ¥., 2-4. vi., 13-21. vi., 14. vii. (Basra) ; 4 dd, 4-8. vii. (Amara). Fully adult males from Basra May 6th to June 20th, a few examples which have not attained full coloration May 7th to June 21st. None of the Amara specimens are fully coloured, that of July 8th being apparently the youngest in the collection. All the males included show the dark wing- marking in some degree. In its beginning it seems normally to be most concentrated on the middle of the wings, forming somewhat of a brownish transverse band extending to beyond the nodus, darkest on its outer edge; the daik colour appears to grow more rapidly to the base of the hind wings than of the fore wings, gradually increasing in intensity in both and finally reaching in the latter to the costal field, which may be only partially coloured in quite adult individuals. After the colour has become fairly mature at the base of the fore wings, the body-markings become gradually obliterated and have entirely disappeared by the time the full adult wing-colora- tion is reached. From Brewitt-Taylor’s notes: “21. vi. 16: I have noticed that both males and females of this species are smaller now than they used to be in April. ... “Species found only on banks of streams and stagnant waters. Males very active towards evening when they {flit about and hover over the streams. Flight very rapid, and difficult to catch.... “The male seems to hover over the female while latter is ovipositing and keeps off other males. Female oviposits b hovering over reed [‘ floating object ’—these words deleted and continually touching it with the tail. “At dusk male and female sometimes leave vicinity of water and hover about ground in open spaces. ‘Females easily caught settled on grass on margin of stream. “ During heat of day males perch on branch of tree or on grass on edge of stream and are easily taken. When perched the tail is held up at an angle, and the wings slightly above the horizontal. “ Arrived at Amara on July 2nd. Here the common form of the male has a distinctly brown-speckled abdomen and only slightly clouded wings. Very black specimens occur, but are uncommon; the females are asat Basra. The habits are distinctly different, however, and here the species is very common and easy to catch as they fly about the grass. They frequently shelter in our tent.” Odonata from Mesopotamia. 303 As mentioned above, Brewitt-laylor’s Amara specimens are not fully mature, and his remarks point to an emergence of the species having recently taken place there. Trithemis annulata, Beauvais. 23 6d, 18 2? ¥, 6-8. v., 13-19. v., 25-26. v., 2-9. vi. (Basra). . The collector refers to the abdomen of the ¢ in different specimens as brownish red, crimson-red, yellowish purple, purple-red, and plum-coloured, and of the ? as yellowish, greenish yellow, and brownish red, these variations no doubt marking different stages of maturity. In some of the females the amber colouring of the wing-base is continued to the nodus in the anterior part of the hind wings, and the apex of the wings is sometimes tinted, ‘The insects sit on palm-leaves, tle wings drooped down- wards and forwards, the abdomen being slightly raised, and they are very quick.”’ Pantala flavescens, Fabr. 1 g,1 2, 14. viii. (Amara). Selysiothemis nigra, Lind. 25 gd, 20 $Y, 7. v., 138-16. v., 25-27. v., 1-9. vi. (Basra). “This species occurred abundantly for about three or four days (May 14th to 17th). I think it was the same species which similarly suddenly appeared in large numbers on April 20th. It was more numerous then than the swarms on 14th-17th. The species does not frequent waterways, but is found in open spaces, settling on stunted grass. It occa- sionally comes to light. June 8th: Very abundant. There is great variation in the amount of black. Males generally darker, and all blue-black specimens are males. June 10th: The species has practically disappeared again ; has lasted from 4th to 10th.” (Brewitt-Taylor.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Fig. 1. C. erythrea chaldeorum (Basra, Evans). As explained above, the tooth is present, but was tlirown out of view by pressure. Fig. 2. The same (Basra, Brewitt-Taylor). Hamule only, To bring out the tooth clearly the hamule was tilted in the preparation, with the result that the base was thrown out of focus. Fig. 3. C. erythrea (Madagascar), Hamules only. The left-hand one in the preparation shows the tooth very clearly. Fig. 4. C. serviha (Bengal). (I am indebted to Mr, Martin E. Mosely for the excellent photographs of the preparations, and also for his expert assistance in remounting the hamule shown in fig. 2.) 304 Mr. O. Thomas on , XLII.—Four new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops. By OLbFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) AMONG some mammals collected in Yunnan by Mr. George K'orrest, and presented to the British Museum by Col. Ste- phenson Clarke, ©.B., there occur examples of two species of Tamiops, both distinct from any as yet described. In working these out, two other species of the genus, one also from Yunnan and the other from 8.E. Siam, prove to need description. The first of Mr. Forrest’s two species is one of tlie handsomest of the genus, as it combines the greater size of T. swinhoet with the brightly contrasted coloration of some of the smaller species. It may be called Tamiops clarket, sp. n. Size large, practically as in Z. swinhoei, therefore con- spicuously larger than in any of the other species, which are all more or less subequal in this respect. Coloration brightly contrasted, very different from the dull tones of swinhoet. Ground-colour of crown, nape, and fore-back pale buffy olivaceous, paler than Ridgway’s “ buffy olive.” Median dark stripe not commencing anterior to the lateral ones, all three deep black, sharply defined. Inner light lines oliva- ceous buffy, paler than the fore-back. Outer light lines quite white, broad and conspicuous, ending anteriorly level with the median dark stripe, not continuous with the sub- ocular light stripe. Outer black stripe fairly well developed. Under surface white, not yellowish—in fact, whiter than in any other species known to me; the hairs of the chin white to their roots, those of belly with slaty bases. Head with the usual markings strongly developed, the main light subocular stripe broad, white, and shown up by a darkening of the edge of the ground-colour above it. Eyelids white. Kars not heavily tufted, their edges white, their backs black, the hairs behind the tips with white ends. Hands and feet greyish buffy, becoming lighter terminally. Tail rather slender, the hairs about 13 mm. in length, each buffy at base, then black, broadly tipped with whitish. Skull nearly agreeing in size with that of 7. swinhoei. Dimensions of the type (measured on the remade skin) :— Head and body (c.) 154 mm. ; tail 112 ; hind foot 32. Skull: tip of nasal to front of interparietal 36; basilar new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops. . 305 suture to gnathion 27; zygomatic breadth 23:7; nasals 12:2 x 5:2; interorbital breadth 13°5; breadth of brain-case 18°7 ; palatilar length 15°5 ; upper tooth-series, exclusive of p®, 6°6; upper molars only 5. flab. Northern Yunnan, in the Yang-tse Valley, at 27° 20' N., and about 101° E. Alt. 8000’. Type. Adult, but not old, male. B.M. no. 20. 1. 16. 6. Original number 9. Collected September 1918 by George Forrest. Presented by Col. Stephenson Clarke. Three specimens, two adult and one young. As shown by a representative specimen received from the Paris Museum the TZ. sewinhoet of Moupin is a far larger animal than any of the other species as yet described. Now this handsome T. clarket turns up, equalling 7’. swinhoei in size, but widely different from it in its conspicuously con- trasted coloration, paler general tone, and white belly. No other species appears to need comparison with tie new form. Tamiops maritimus forresti, subsp. n. Very similar to the form to which Bonhote * applied the name “ Sciurus macclellandi swinhoei, M.-Edw.,” the medium- sized strongly striped Zamiops of South-eastern China. But in the first place there is no doubt that the Chinese forms, with interrupted subocular stripe, should be separated speci- fically from mucclellandit, so that that name disappears, and, secondly, it has since proved that the true swinhoei is the much larger species of Sze-chuen, equalling in size 7’. clarke, and hence the smaller species is certainly not swinhoei. But it has also been found out that in this genus, at least in some of its forms, the blackness of the subdorsal dark stripes is not valid as a specific character, being a seasonal one, though not occurring in every individual. The same phenomenon is also found in certain forms of Funambulus. In consequence, the two Chinese subspecies called by Bonhote “ S. macclellandi maritimus” and “ 8S. macclellandi monticolus” should apparently bear the names of Tamiops maritimus maritimus and T. maritimus monticolus respec- tively, while his swinhoed is the black-striped phase of the latter. On this basis I may describe Mr. Forrest’s Yunnan speci- mens as follows :— Like 7. maritiémus monticolus when with three well-marked * “On Squirrels of the Seturus macclellandi Group,” Ann. & Mag, Nat, Hist. (7) v. p. 50 (1900). Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 21 306 Mr. O. Thomas on black dorsal lines, these lines being probably absent at the opposite season. General tones of colour similar throughout, but the under surface white instead of pale buffy. Subocular stripe also white, scarcely more buffy anteriorly ; in monti- colus it is pale buffy behind, strongly buffy in front. ‘lips of tail-hairs whiter and less buffy, also rather longer, making the tail more bushy. Median black line running from the nape to the base of the tail. Lateral light stripes strong and prominent, buffy whitish. ; Skull as in monticolus. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body 127 mm.; tail (c.) 100; hind foot 30. Skull: condylo-incisive length 31°5 ; zygomatic breadth 21°5; nasals 10°5; interorbital breadth 12°5; breadth of brain-case 17°6 ; palatilar length 14; upper tooth-row ex- clusive of p’ 6; molars only 4°3. Hab. Yunnan. ‘Type from the Lichiang Range, at 27° 20'N. Alt. 11,000’. Type. Old male. B.M. no. 20.1.16.4. Original num- ber 1. Collected July 1918 by Mr. George Forrest. Pre- sented by Col. Stephenson R. Clarke. Two specimens. From any of the forms of Zamivps found further west this Tamiops is distinguished by the complete interruption between the subocular and light lateral dorsal lines, this interruption being a characteristic of the Chinese members of the genus. Tamiops tnconstans, sp. n. A small species with dull upper surface and bright yellow belly. Size among the smallest of the genus. General colour greyish olivaceous, the markings less conspicuous than in any species known to me. Fore-back and the strip internal to the lateral light lines, where the subdorsal dark lines usually are, practically concolor, pale greyish olivaceous, the median dark line broad but little darker than the general dorsal colour, and margined on each side with inconspicuous bufly bands. Outer light bands the only ones which are really distinet, and these only short and narrow, not reaching the subocular lines ; buffy whitish. Crown rather more buffy than back. Orbital rings and subocular stripe strong butty. Hairs of ear as usual black, but those of the chief tuft on the back of the ear are not only white at tip, but white to their bases. Under surface, in marked contrast to the inconspicuously new Squirrels of the Genus ‘Tamiops. 307 coloured upper surface, bright buffy from chin to. anus, the colour as bright as in 7. barbei, though rather less ochra- ceous. Upper surface of feet grizzled buffy. Tail slender, its hairs about 10 mm. in length, their tips white, not buffy.” Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body 114 mm.; tail 103 ; hind foot 26. Skull: greatest length 33; condylo-incisive length 29 ; zygomatic breadth 19°4; nasals 8°8; interorbital breadth 11°6; palatilar length 13°6 ; upper tooth-series exclusive of? p> 5°1 ; molars only 3°7. Hab. Southern Yunnan. Type. Old male. B.M. no, 12. 7. 25. 31. Original num- ber 22. Collected 31st January, 1910, by H. Orii. Pur- chased of K,. Kobayashi. ‘Two specimens. This very distinct little squirrel is characterized by: its unusually inconspicuous striping above and by the strong yellowish buffy of its lower surface—in fact, it is above one of the dullest and below one of the brightest of the genus. It does not appear to be nearly related to any described species. Tamiops lylei, sp. n. Near 7. barbet ; greyer on sides, more buffy on nape. Size about as in barbet. General appearance of light Jines rather uniform, the inner and outer subequal in intensity. Subocular and external light lateral lines continuous over shoulder, as in barbe?, differing in this respect from 7. ro- dolphei, in which the lines are interrupted. Median dark line, as in rodolphet, with a narrow thread of pale brownish along its centre, so that, as a dark lime, it is not truly and literally “median” ; the present species and redolphei are the only members of the genus in which this character is found. Crown and tore-back “ tawny-olive” or dark “ clay- colour,” a ready distinction from barbei and leucotis ; behind this colour darkens into the outer dark lines of back, but is not known to occur truly black. Inner light lines strony buffy, outer whitish buffy. Outside them an inconspicuous dark edging. Sides and hips pale olive-grey (“ light greyish olive’) which is continued down to the ankle. Under sur- face ochraceous buffy, richest on the chest, more grey-mixed on the belly. Proectote of ear black, with a well-developed white tuft at tip, the hairs of the latter white nearly or quite to their bases. Hands and teet grizzled buffy. Vail slender, thie tips of the hairs white. Skull as usual. 9|* 308 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— Head and body 105 mm.; tail 114; hind foot 28; ear 14, Skull: greatest length (c.) 31; zygomatic breadth 19°6 ; interorbital breadth 11°8; palatilar length 12°3; upper tooth-row without p* 5°4; molars only 3°8. | Hab. 8.E. Siam. Type from the sea-coast 50 miles south of Bangkok; another specimen from Lem Ngop (C. B. Kloss). Type. Young adult male. B.M. no. 6. 10.7.9. Original number 211. Collected 5th August, 1906, and presented by Th. H. Lyle, Esq. Three specimens in all. This Zamiops is more or less intermediate between T. ro- dolphei of Cochin China and Annam and T,. barbei of Tenas- .serim. From the former it differs by its external light line being continuous with the subocular line, by the dorsal lineation running further forward, and by its less warm ground-colour. From the latter by the central division of the “ median” dark line, by the more buffy fore-back, by the much paler grey of the flanks, hips, and legs, and by the more equal prominence of the outer and inner pale dorsal lines, XLITI.—The Subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters. By Martin A. C. Hinton. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) WHEN describing his Parawerus flavivittis mossambicus last July * Mr. Thomas was not aware of the fact that Mr, Love- ridge had collected ten other examples besides the type at Lumbo, Portuguese East Africa, ‘his additional material, which we owe to the generosity of Lord Swaythling, has now arrived in the British Museum. It was all collected on asingle day nearly two months earlier than the date on which the type-specimen was captured, and it forms a very beautiful and instructive series, well worthy of somewhat detailed notice. The new specimens show most clearly that, as in many other Sciaridse, the coloration in P. flavivittis is subject in each individual to periodical changes of a complex character. At one stage these squirrels have dark grey backs associated * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) iv. p. 31 (1919). Subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters. 309 with pure white lateral stripes ; but when this dark pelage is worn out it is replaced by another in which the hairs have bright ochraceous tips, the general dorsal colour being brightened to a golden or fulvous hue. In this bright coat the ochraceous pigment invades or infects the lateral white stripe to a greater or less extent. The type of P. f. mos- sambicus may be cited as a perfect example of the dark phase, while the subject of the figure of P. flavivittis given by Peters * is no less definitely illustrative of the bright coat. The material now before me indicates that in P. f. mos- sambicus the outer surfaces of the fore limbs are at all times ochraceous. ‘The account of the type given by Thomas is an excellent description of the dark phase ; but even in the type, with the aid of the new material, the beginnings of the changes leading to the bright coat may be recognized. The ochraceous tint of the fore limbs gradually becomes more intense, and, creeping upwards over the shoulders and withers, it forms a bright-hued mantle covering part of the neck and the thoracic region of the back. As the mantle is perfected, the ochraceous tint invades the foremost part of each lateral stripe. ‘The ochraceous grizzle noted by Thomas on the top of the muzzle in the type becomes also more evident as the change proceeds ; this grizzle gradually extends upwards and backwards until the whole top of the head acquires an ochra- ceous hue; but the region between the ears and the nape remains grey long after other parts of the dorsal surface have become ochraceous. From the posterior edge of the perfected thoracic mantle ochraceous-tipped hairs are gradually deve- loped backwards over the lumbar region and the rump, until finally the whole mid-dorsum, the deep-tinted band (which on each side intervenes between the lateral dorsal stripe and the flank), the flanks, and the outer surfaces of the thighs become fulvous—the tint, however, continuing to be brightest in the region covered by the mantle. ‘The occipital patch and the lighter grey flank-areas are the last regions affected by the change. The tail-hairs appear to be subject to similar changes, but far more extensive material is required before this part of the subject can be elucidated. ‘lhe type in full grey pelage has the ventral surface of the tail strongly ochraceous; this is true also of uos, 80, 81, and 82 in the bright coat. Other specimens, as nos. 87, 88, aud 89, with coats in an inter- mediate condition, have the lower surface of the tail grey, but on parting the ventral hairs many deeply hidden ochra- ceous hairs are revealed. * § Reise nach Mossambique,’ 1852, i. Taf. xxix. m 310 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the In the following table the Lumbo specimens are arranged in what, judging by the teeth, appears to be the order of individual age, commencing with the youngest. Specimens marked “G”> or “B” are in grey ov bright coats respec- tively ; the unmarked items are in intermediate stages of coloration :— 4 | > 3 | ‘a .| No. Date. = : 2 Dentition. — =) ee an ~ oa rma ; ro R oA S ra a a | ee a) = se) a os) 86 | July 10,1918} 157 | 160 | 40 | 15 | 34-2 | p.4 still in use. 8) 4 ae 14pm 1b ees Do. ae «ye 160 | 170 | 40 20 | 35°8 | 2-4 not quite in place. A lie eae TS 150 | 145 37 18 367 | P+ 4 slightly worn. eis gh ws 138 138 37 16 31:8 Do. > OF 176 | 160 40 15 37°3 Do. |202|Sept.4, ,, 175 | 175 | 40 18 36'7 Do. | 81 | July 10, ,, 175 | 170 | 35 15 | 36°8 | 2-4 moderately worn. 84 | 7 ag ie Ge tie | 40 ys 361 | 2-4 about balf-worn. B31 sy op pt [R704 170/140. -7 18) 1 856 Do. | 82 tan cinehl on Te | 40 | ay, vi p-4 much worn. From this table it appears that the gradual change of colour described is not connected merely with differences of individual age. It seems also improbable that the change is a purely seasonal one. One may suspect, perhaps, that in this species each individual is subject to a constantly recurring cycle of colour-change, the incidence of which cycle depends rather upon the physiological condition of the individual than upon any general or extrinsic factor. P. f. mossamlicus is certainly very closely related to, if it he not identical with, tiue flavivittis. Thomas mentions that the nasals of his type are considerably broader behind than in the skull of flavivitis figured by Peters ; this difference, although visible in some of the newly-arrived specimens from Lumbo, does not appear to be constant. In the bright phase of coloration mossambicus now seems to differ from flavivittis merely by having the posterior half of each lateral oe stripe white instead of yellow ; but, having regard to the difference in locality, this fact will perhaps justify us in retaining mossambicus as a distinct subspecies pautlitig thie arrival of specimens from Mossimboa. Subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters. 311 In another way the fine series from Lumbo is of great utility, since it enables us to appreciate the constancy of certain features in the pattern (apart from colour) of the coat. Peters’s figure shows an animal with very definite facial markings in the region between and below the eye and the ear, and with a single light-coloured, very broad, long, and well-defined stripe bordering the back on each side. These features are faithfully reproduced in each of the Lumbo speci- mens, and there is no reason to doubt that they are essential and characteristic elements of the coat-pattern in both P. f. flavivittis and P. f. mossambicus. In other species of Para- werus, as now understood, the facial markings are quite incon- spicuous or absent, while the lateral dorsal stripe on each side is reduced to such a degree that it is almost imperceptible. Two specimens in the British Museum come from localities considerably to the north of Lumbo (15° 8.) and Mossimboa (11° 8.), one coming from Kilwa Kisiwani (9° 8.), the other from Mombasa (4°8.). Differing from each other, as well as from true flavivittis and f. mossambicus, the northern specimens appear to represent two subspecies of flavivittis, interesting both as members of a continuous series of geographical races and as subspecies which tend to lessen the gap between true flavivittis and more normal species of Parawerus. ‘They may be described as follows :— Parawerus flavivittis exgeanus, subsp. n. TTab.—Kilwa Kisiwani, ex-German Kast Africa. Type.—An adult male in bright pelage (B.M. 19. 4. 14.3), collected March 8, 1918, and presented to the British Museum by Major C. H. B. Grant. This form differs from both the southern subspecies by having the lateral dorsal stripe on each side much narrower and the thoracic ochraceous mantle much less developed. Upper surface (top of head and the whole back to root of tail) clothed with a fine grizzle of black or dark brown and ‘dull ochraceous, the general effect being, in the lumbar region, near mummy-brown. On the top of the muzzle and towards the root of the tail the ochraceous hair-tips are more abundant, sensibly brightening the general colour ; in the neighbourhood of the shoulders and withers they are still more extensively developed, producing a perfectly distinet though not a conspicuous dorsal mantle. ‘The lateral stripe on each side of the back is much narrower and somewhat shorter than in mossambicus ; where broadest it measures no more than 5mm., instead of 9 or LO mm. as in the southern form ; the colour of the stripe is white posteriorly, faintly 312 Mr. M. A. ©. Hinton on tinged with yellow anteriorly. Outer surfaces of limbs, particularly of the fore limbs, greyer and less ochraceous than in the southern forms. Inner surfaces of limbs and the underparts pure white. Dorsal surfaces of feet dull ochra- ceous buff. Tail normal, many ochraceous hairs appearing on ventral surface ; the terminal hairs rufous. Collector’s measurements.—Head and body 161 mm.; tail 120; hind foot 36; ear 18, Skull: condylo-incisive length 36 mm. (ca.); dental length 18:5; zygomatic breadth 23; cranial width 19:1; upper cheek-teeth (crowns) 76; P-4 in place, about half-worn. Paraxerus flavivittis ibeanus, subsp. n. Hab.—Mombasa, British East Africa, Type.—A skin (B.M. 80.11. 30.6) collected and presented to the British Museum by Dr. (afterwards Sir. J.) Kirk. Size and general characters as in other subspecies of flavivittis. General dorsal colour strong fulvous ochraceous, somewhat lighter, yellower, and less rich over shoulders and rump. Shoulder-mantle quite inconspicuous, represented merely by the lightening in the general hue just mentioned. Lateral dorsal stripe pale yellow, somewhat broader than in eageanus, but still shorter; the band between the light stripe and the grey flank on each side concolor with mid-dorsum, narrow. Facial markings inconspicuous. Upper surfaces of hands and feet buff ; underparts white. Tail normal. XLIV,—Three new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. By Martin A. C. HINTON. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) LIKE other stiictly fossorial mammals, mole-rats of the genus Spalax show a well-marked tendency to develop local races characterized by more or less obvious differences. No doubt, that form of segregation which must result from a very limited area of individual distribution and local differences in soil and food are to be looked upon as constituting together the mainspring of this variability. The differences between race and race in such cases are apt to be very small and trivial ; but, nevertheless, they show frequently a remarkable constancy in their occurrence. new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 313 Though in some ways paralleled in its variation by such genera as Ctenomys and Tachyoryctes, Spalax is peculiar in showing in nearly all forms a monotonous uniformity of external appearance. With the material now available no satisfactory outward difference can be detected between tlie various subspecies of S. monticola described or mentioned below; and, since much of the material before me is un- accompanied by collector’s measurements, further reference to the pelage may be omitted. The differential characters are to be sought in the skulls and deep down in the alveoli of the cheek-teeth. They require a great deal of patient work for their discovery and elucidation ; and we are above all indebted to Professor Mélhely for the provision of such a wide basis for further work upon this most difficult genus as is afforded by his monograph. Of his section Mesospalax Méhely recognizes two species, viz., S. monticola and S. hungaricus. In monticola 73 has two re-entrant enamel folds, one from the labial and one from the lingual side, in young stages of wear ; while in hungaricus only the labial fold is present. When, therefore, in adult stages of wear, the folds are converted into enamel islands, which are long persistent, two are present upon the surface of m3 In monticola, but one only in hungaricus. The three new forms described below agree in this matter with monii- cola, of which, accordingly, they are treated as subspecies. 1, Spalax monticola thermaicus, subsp. n. ITab.—The neighbourhood of Salonica. » T'ype.—An adult male (B.M. 17.11.19. 1; skull, no skin) from the west bank of the Struma River, 12 miles south of Serres ; collected and presented to the British Museum by Captain H. 8. Hollis, R.A.M.C. Material examined.—Six, represented by five skulls. and three skins ; of the skulls two are old, one adult, and two young, one of the latter being in fragments. Description—This is a medium-sized subspecies with a skull which agrees in most respects with that of S. m. tureicus, Méhely. S. m. thermaicus differs trom turcicus chiefly by the more reduced condition of its molar roots, and to a slighter degree by some features of the molar crowns as well as by some peculiarities of the skull and mandible. Skull.—A detailed comparison of the skull with the careful description of turcicus given by Méhely (op. cit. p. 115) shows that the skull of thermatcus differs in only two respects from that of turcicus. In thermaicus at all ages the parietals are 314 Mr. M. A. CG. Tinton on longer and narrower than in tureicus, and the palate does not extend quite so far backwards. The parietals in thermaicus have a posterior breadth of 13 mm. in the young and 10 mm. in the old skulls ; in the young the length of each parietal exceeds the lambdoid breadth by one-fourth, in the old by one-third, In turcicus the posterior parietal breadth ranges in adults between 11:2 and 13°2 mm., and each parietal is only slightly longer than its lambdoid breadth. The palate of thermatcus usually does not reach and never extends behind a line connecting the hinder edges of the alveoli of the last molars; in tureicus the termination of the palate is always distinctly behind that line. The posterior median spine of the palate (“kriftig entwickelt ” in young turcicus, reduced to a ‘‘stumpfe Ecke” in adults) is represented at all ages in thermaicus by a minute process of each palatine bone, the pair being separated by a small median cleft. In all other respects Méhely’s description of tureicus may be read as applying to thermaicus, For measurements see table at p- 320. Mandible.—The lower jaw of thermaicus differs from that of turcicus in having the coronoid process more strongly re- curved and the angular process a little more reduced. Méhely says that the coronoid process in tureieus is “ebenso sanft nach hinten gekriimmt ” as in S. ehrenbergt ; in thermaicus it is more sharply recurved than in the latter species. Méhely describes the angular process as being most closely similar to that of S. m. anatelicus, “ deutlich fliigelformig und vom Kérper des Unterkiefers weggespreizt” ; in thermarcus the “angulus anterior” (to use ‘Tullberg’s nomenclature) is nearly obsolete, although rather more of it remains than in S. m. captorum described below ; and the flattened “ angulus posterior’ lies close to the base of the alveolar process of the incisor. The alveolar process is largely developed, the alveolar length of the jaw being conspicuously greater than the condylar length, the difference between these two dimen- sions becoming more marked with advancing age. Dentition.—IJncisors: the upper incisors have the enamel faintly tinged with yellow in young specimens, but the staining becomes more intense with age. The anterior sur- face shows in certain lights a very faint trace of a median longitudinal concavity, in which the yellow stain seems chiefly to collect. The lower incisors are white or very feebly and irregularly stained with yellow at all ages; their anterior surfaces are like those of the upper teeth, but in two cases they show more definite traces of a narrow median ———————— new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 315 groove. Of the faint coste found frequently in turcieus by ‘Méhely I can see no trace in thermaicus. Cheek-teeth.—In adult stages of wear the patterns of the -cheek-teeth are exactly similar to those of turcicus. The anterior sulcus separating the two tubercles of which the front lobe of ™1 is originally composed (ef. Méhely, Mamm. p. 296, fig. 9) is always ephemeral in thermaicus, though sometimes persistent in turcicus. In thermaicus the young ™? is quite like ™1, having three re-entrant enamel folds on the labial side instead of the single “ zweibuchtige” fo'd found in turcicus; the posterior or third labial fold is very small, it is quickly reduced to an islet, which, in turn, speedily disappears: “1 and ™? have each to begin with three lingual re-entrant folds (in addition to the labial fold) ; but the posterior labial ‘ fold? commences as an islet in the posterior lobe of the tooth ; the two anterior labial folds have a common mouth on the side of the tooth and are separated from each other internally by a small saliency formed by the posterior horn of the half-moon-shaped anterior moiety of the young tooth. In the zi of my youngest specimen this saliency appears as a separate tubercle not yet united with the main mass of the tooth. Molar roots and the alveolii—The molar roots tend to be reduced by fusion in thermaicus, while they remain free and distinet in turevens. In the latter 1, according to Méhely, is always distinctly three-rooted, having two labial roots and a lingual root, which tends to be forked; correspondingly the alveolus has three distinct cells, that for the lingual root showing two depressions. In thermaicus the anterior labial root is very short and it is completely fused with the lingual root, being separated from the latter merely by a faint crease ; a furrow also divides superficially the large lingual root into two parts; the posterior labial root is completely free, though short. The alveolus hasa special cell with com- plete walls only for the posterior labial root ; its remainder shows three depressions—a shallow one for the anterior root and two deeper ones for the lingual root. In thermaicus ™? is similar to “1 as regards roots and the alveolus; but the division of the lingual reot only becomes perceptible towards the tip, and in the alveolus the septum dividing the cell for the posterior labial root from the remainder of the alveolus is lower and thinner. In ¢urctcus this tooth has three distinct roots, of which the lingual is always more or less distinctly forked, while the alveolus is correspondingly four-celled. In turcicus ™ also is provided with three completely free roots, 316 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on and it has a three-celled alveolus. In thermaicus 3 has two roots only, the anterior labial root being in this tooth free though very short, whilst the posterior labial and the lingual roots are fused into a single fang ; the alveolus is two-celled, the cell for the anterior labial root being very shallow. The lower molars in thermaicus have two roots each, as in turcicus, but the anterior root is in each tooth shorter and thinner, while in ja and 7; it shows far weaker traces of a more primitive division into an inner and an outer fang. Each alveolus is divided into two cells by a continuous transverse septum, but in each case this, on comparison with Méhely’s illustration (Taf. xxiv. fig. 5), would appear to be lower and thinner than in turcicus. 2. Spalax monticola corybantium, subsp. n. Hab.—Murad Dagh; type from a spot 15 miles N.E. of Eushak, and about 150 miles E. of Smyrna. Type.—An adult (? sex) collected and presented to the British Museum by Mr. A. Buxton (B.M. 8. 11. 21. 1). No other specimen known. Description —Skull ; the skull is larger than in anatolicus, cilicieus, and captorum, about as large as in turcicus and ther- maicus (condylo-basal lengil 51°3 mm.). It has two characters which readily distinguish it from the skulls of any of its nearest geographical allies; the parietals are very narrow in the adult and very irregularly overlapped by the frontals and squamosals, each being conspicuously longer than broad ; the posterior ends of the short anterior palatal foramina are very nearly in line with the hinder borders of the maxillary zygo- matic processes. In other respects it resembles one or other of the various subspecies mentioned in this paper. Snout broad and heavy, rather wider at middle than at base; nasals with an anterior constriction and reaching back as far as the level of the hinder margins of the infraorbital foramina or a little beyond, although barely equal in length to the frontal and parietal combined ; processus naso-basalis well-developed, reaching centre of infraorbital foramen ; supraoccipital very short, much shorter than the fronto-parietal length (height of skull contained 2°07 times in length lambda to nasal tips) ; infraorbital foramina relatively large; lachrymal distinctly visible from above as a large rectangular ossicle measuring 2°6 mm. in length; ascending ramus of maxillary zygomatic process slender; external auditory meatus wide; anterior part of palate shorter than hinder part, its length decidedly new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 317 greater than the distance between the anterior and the poste- rior palatal foramina; posterior border of palate situate behind level of alveoli of ™8—™-5, straight, and without median spine; postpalatine foramina slightly in advance of the septum between ™-? and ™8; pterygoid and paroccipital pro- cesses as in anatolicus. Mandible-—The lower jaw shows a decided tendency to assume the form characteristic of Macrospalax; it is very large and robust ; the coronoid process is very powerful and erect ; the incisura between the coronoid process and the condyle is very long and flatly rounded ; alveolar process very large and heavy, the corono-alveolar incisura wider, though as rounded as in anafolicus; angular process about as in anatolicus, with well-marked and definitely inflected angulus anterior; the alveolar and condylar lengths about equal. Dentition.—Incisors: upper incisors faintly yellow, the colour most intense along middle line ; lower incisors nearly white. Upper and lower incisors with faint traces of median groove. Cheek-teeth—™1 of normal pattern, anterior labial fold represented by an islet, the second labial and the lingual fold still open ; ™? exactly similar; ™-% with a single circular islet. The right and left lower molars show a curious diffe- rence in their respective states of wear; 7 with labial fold, simple anterior lingual fold, the posterior lingual fold repre- sented by a very small islet (L.), already gone (R.); io (R.) with labial and anterior lingual folds still open, the posterior lingual fold entirely gone, (L.) similar, but anterior lingual fold just insulated ; 7-3 (R.) with an anterior lingual islet, the labial fold still open and deep, (L.) with merely a central triangular islet and no other complication. Molar roots and alveoli.—™-1 lias merely one root, the large lingual element being fused throughout with both the labial elements, the only interval being that left between the two labial portions ; alveolus very simple, its sole complication being the vestigial labial septum which fits into the inter- space between the two labial elements of the single fang; m-2 and ™% quite similar to “1 in these respects. In the lower jaw j,i has two large roots, and its alveolus is divided by a complete though thin septum ; in j7q the anterior root shows traces of a lingual and a labial element, but it is partially fused on the lingual side with the posterior root, and in the alveolus therefore the transverse septum is incomplete, 318 _ Mr. M. A. C, Hinton on 3. Spalax monticola captorum, subsp. n. /ab.—Kanghri (Changria), Asia Minor. Type.—A middle-aged female (B.M. 19. 9. 20. 23; original no. 18; contained “4 fairly well-developed embryos ’’) collected March 20, 1918, by Captain F. J. Patmore ; pre- sented to the British Museum by Captain Patmore and Captain Phillips. Material examined.—Four from type-locality (2 ¢, 2 9). Description —This subspecies is most nearly allied to S. m. anatolicus and S.m, cilicicus, presenting some characters common to the two forms named, others possessed by one or other of them, besides certain features peculiar to itself. Skull.—The following characters are common to the skulls of captorum, anatolicus, and cilieicus:—Medium size; the form of the rostrum, which is of medium length, rather narrow, though somewhat stouter than in S. ehrenbergi ; each frontal with a well-developed processus naso-basalis ;. naso- frontal suture more or less concave anteriorly ; parictals remaining broad in advanced age ; supraoccipital measured from foramen magnum to lambda shorter than the fronto- parietal length (lambda-nasal length=height of skull= 2°02-2°05) ; wide meatus auditorius externus (greatest diameter about 3 mm.); short anterior palatal foramina, their hinder ends falling considerably short of a line con- necting the posterior edges of the maxillary zygomatic pro- cesses ; anterior portion of palate shorter than hinder portion, the posterior palatal border without a median spine ; post- palatine foramina placed in advance of the septum between m2 and 8°, In the following respects captorum agrees with anatolicus and differs from cilicicus:—Nasals rather narrow anteriorly, with a more or less evident constriction of the middle part of the anterior widened portion; processus naso-basalis reaches only to middle of the infraorbital foramen ; infraorbital fora- men of medium size; ascending branch of maxillary zygo- matic process narrow ; pterygoid and paroccipital processes relatively slender, as in S. ehrenbergi. In the following points captorum agrees with cilicieus and differs from anato/icus :—Nasals do not or scarcely reach a line connecting the hinder edges of the infraorbital foramina ; parietals rather long, each being considerably longer than its breadth at lambda. In captorum the palate terminates posteriorly in front of instead of behind a line connecting the hinder edges of the alveoli of "*—™8; the lachrymal is constantly visible from above as a minute ossicle (in anatolicus this bone was similarly new Subspecies of Spalax monticola, 319 visible in two out of thirteen skulls examined by Méhely, and I have seen it in several of the topotypical skulls in the British Museum ; not visible in céliczcus). Mandible.—The angular process is more specialized than in etlicicus or anatolicus ; in cilicicus it is not reduced, but agrees in form with that of S. ehrenberg?; in anatolicus it is a little reduced, although the angulus anterior is still prominent ; in captor um the angulus anterior is obsolete, the angulus poste- rior approximated to the alveolar process of the incisor. The alveolar length of the jaw is about equal to, or rather shorter than, the condylar length, instead of being somewhat longer as in anatolicus and cilicicus. Dentition.—Incisors: in the young specimen the incisors are white, a tinge of faint yellow appearing towards the alveolus ; they are stained yellow in the adults; in the upper incisors dirt collects along the middle of the anterior face, forming a streak which indicates the presence of a slight groove ; in the lower incisors there is a distinct median vestigial groove, but no trace of ribs. In these respects the new form agrees with c?/icicus, Cheek-teeth.—The patterns of the worn molars and their roots and alveoli are exactly as in anatolicus. Some slight differences are observable in the youngest stage of wear available. In this 21 has one lingual fold and two labial folds, there being no trace at all of the posterior or third labial fold found in young teeth of anatolicus (ef. Méhely, Taf. viii. fig. 1) ; the anterior lobe of the tooth is formed by two cusps —a large inner and a smaller outer,—which are separated anteriorly by an ephemeral sulcus. Of the three islets present in the adult tooth, the posterior labial derived from the second labial fold is the last to close. In ™-? the anterior islet is developed from the deepest part of the lingual fold, as in S. ehrenberg?, and not from a -shaped labial fold, as in anatolicus. In the lower jaw the young 77 1s elosely similar to Méhely’s fig. 19 of Taf. viil., but the “accessory” islet stands in more obvious relation with the outer branch of the auterior lingual fold than in the figure cited; 7-3 has only one lingual fold in addition to the labial fold, the posterior lingual fold seen in the young 7-3 of anatolicus being absent. temarks.— Captain Phillips and Captain Patmore were among the unfortunate men captured by the Turks at the fall of Kut. During their captivity they found great solace in their love for natural history. Devising their own traps and other apparatus, they managed in tlie face of great difficulties and hardships to make a very respectable collection of mammals, thus proving once again that ability is the only indispensable equipment. 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DjoojUuoum xrojpdy *(Saujaur)iu UL) SpUaUaLnsDaU~))NYS TELE’; ANN ATS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERLES.] No. 28. APRIL 1920. XLV.—A List of the Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China, with Descriptions of new Species. By Gitzperr J. Arrow, F.Z.S., F.E.S. . (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Amonesr the extensive collections of Coleoptera from the proviuce of Tonkin and the Upper Mekong River sent to me by Monsieur R, Vitalis de Salvaza, who has so greatly increased our knowledge of the insect fauna of that region, is an important series belonging to the beautiful and interesting fungus-feeding family Endomychide, a very large proportion of which were previously unknown and are here described. All the types are in the British Museum, which is greatly indebted to the collector for this valuable addition to tle collection. Up to the present time not more than two or three species of Endomychidz in all have been recorded from Indo-China, although Gorham’s enumeration of those found in Burma, published in the Annals of the Genoa Museum for 1896 (vol. xxxvi.), amounts to twenty-nine. This number is exceeded in the list which follows, which includes no less than seventeen species hitherto entirely unknown. Spathomeles decoratus, Gerst. This striking insect is abundant at Luang Prabang on the Upper Mekong. Ann. & Mag. N. llist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 2? 322 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the Amphisternus corallifer, Gerst. Found less commonly in the same locality as the last. Amphisternus bellicosus, Gerst., var. nov. laotinus.” Nam Mat, Upper Mekong. This variety differs from the typical form in the red-tipped elevation rising from the middle of each elytron not being produced to a sharp point. . A. belli- cosus was originally recorded from Sumatra and Penang, but it appears to be a rather wide-ranging species with numerous local races. Amphisternus pustuhfer, Gorh. Xieng Khouang. Only the female of this has been described. The male has much more slender antenne and legs, the front tibia bearing a very slight tooth in the middle of its inner face, and from that point to the end being compressed and clothed internally with close fine pubescence. The last ventral segment is broadly emarginate. Engonius gratus, Gorh. Luang Prabang: Paklay. Cam- bodia: Kompong Kedeh. Gorham gives the range of this species as from Bengal to Tenasserim. Engonius opimus, Gorh. Luang Prabang. Also found in Burma. Engonius similis, sp. n. Niger, vel nigro-violaceus, elytris utrinque maculis transverse sub- ovatis duabus lete flavis ornatis, prima post-humerali paulo obliqua fere ad marginem externum attingenti, secunda ante- apicali breviori; elongatus, pronoto modice transverso, lateribus antice convergentibus, postice leviter divergentibus, angulis anticis prominentibus, posticis acutis; elytris sat crebre et dis- tincte punctatis, modice convexis, extus anguste marginatis, lateribus haud fortiter arcuatis : 3, tibia antica medio fortiter spinosa, intermedia post medium bene excisa, haud dentata, segmento ultimo abdominali fortiter haud late exciso. Long. 10-11 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm. Sram," Laos: Vientiane (/?. Vitalis de Salvaza, June), Pak Leung (R. V. de Salvaza, Feb.). Engonius similis is closely similar to £. kluyi, Gerst., and indeed almost identical in colour and markings, but it is a little more elongate, the prothorax less transverse, the elytra Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 323 less convex, less rounded at the sides, and with much less distinct lateral margins. The club of the antenna also is rather narrower. In the male the tooth of the front tibia is strong, the middle tibia is excised at its inner edge, but without a distinct tooth at the upper limit of the excised part, and the terminal segmeut of the abdomen is less broadly bilobed than in EL, klugi. Engonius opacicollis, sp. n. Niger, opacus, elytris #neo-nigris, nitidis, singulo fasciis duabus pallide flavis ornato, fasciis irregularibus, angustis, anteriori posthumerali, fere ad marginem externum attingenti, posteriori subapicali; oblongus, convexus, pronoto sat lato, subtiliter punctato, medio longitudinaliter sulcato, lateribus medio paulo dilatatis, antice et postice leviter convergentibus, angulis anticis productis, obtusissimis, posticis fere rectis; elytris ubique crebre punctatis, antennarum articulo tertio quam quarto haud duplo longiori, tibiis 4 anterioribus valde arcuatis : ¢, tibia antica apice intus excisa, femoribus et tibiis posticis intus longe ciliatis, segmenti ventralis ultimi spatio mediano quadrato abrupte elevato et utrinque carinato. Long. 9 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm. Xieng Khouang (May, December). Nearly related to HL. signifer, Gorh., and with almost the same elytral pattern, the two irregular transverse bars being merely a little narrower. It differs most markedly from that species in the opaque pronotum, which is also very much more finely and sparingly punctured and proportion- ally broader, with the front angles still more produced and blunt. The distinctive features of the male are as in #. siynifer, but the elevated plate upon the last ventral segment is larger and more quadrate. In both species there is also a pair of minute accessory tubercles at the posterior margin of the preceding segment. Engonius brevipes, sp. n. Niger, nitidus, singulo elytro fasciis duabus transversis rufis ornato, anteriori post-humerali, fere ad marginem externum attingenti, medio constricta, posteriori anteapicali angusta, un- dulata; oblongus, modice convexus, pronoto lato, nitidissimo, medio haud sulcato, antice subtilissime punctulato, lateribus postice rectis, fere parallelis, antice regulariter arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis fere rectis, foveis basalibus fortiter impressis, fere ad medium attingentibus; elytris ubique crebre 99* 324 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the punctatis, lateribus ad post medium parallelis, deinde leviter arcuatis ; antennis pedibusque brevibus, illarum articulis 4°-8° transversis : d, tibiis omnibus latis, apicem versus latioribus et dense sericeo- vestitis, intermediis postice posticisque antice arcuatis. Long. 5°5 mm.; lat. max, 3 mm. Xieng Khouang (April). I have seen only a single male of this species, the smallest yet known of its genus. It is of a peculiarly compact oblong form, with a strongly transverse prothorax, whose greatest width is equal to that of the elytra, and narrowing very little to the shoulders. It is very smooth and shining, with a deep basal furrow, no longitudinal channel, and basal fovee strongly impressed and extending almost to the middle. The elytra scarcely taper behind, and are closely and evenly punctured, but smooth and shining. The legs and antenne are short and stout, the third joint of the latter conical in shape and little longer than it is broad at the outer end, the succeeding joints all transverse. The tibize of the male are not toothed, but broadly dilated a little beyond the base and clothed with close silky pubes- cence towards the extremity. ‘The hind tibiz are especially broad from the middle (where they are strongly curved) to the extremity. The middle tibiz are incurved just before the eid. Eumorphus austerus, Gerst. Nam Tiene, Upper Mekong. This species ranges from Assam to Cambodia. Eumorphus sanguinipes, Guér. This was founa by M. Vi- talis in the same locality as the last, and has a similar range northwards, but I have not seen it from farther south. Eumorphus quadriguttatus, Illig. Vientiane, Pak Pha; Annam; Tonkin. ‘This is an extremely common insect ‘hroughout its range, which extends to Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Eumorphus simplex, sp. 0. Niger, nitidus, elytris violaceo-nigris, singulo maculis 2 flavis parvis ornato; sat elongatus, pronoto transverso, angulis omnibus productis, posticis acutis : d,, tibia antica bisinuata, dente valido armata, postica recta, apice paulo excisa, abdominis subtus segmento penultimo nudo, ultimo Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 325 lateraliter subtiliter sericeo, medio nudo, apice haud profunde exciso : 2, elytris haud productis, abdominis subtus apice haud exciso. Long. 11°5 mm. ; lat. max. 6 mm. Invo-Cutna, Laos : Luang Prabang, Lat Ham (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, March). This species can only be distinguished from the common E. quadriguttatus, Ill., by a careful examination of the secondary sexual characters. In size, shape, and coloration it agrees exactly with it, but the male has the front tibia a little bisinuated, with the tooth stouter and more promi- nent, the abdomen is without the pad of dense erect hairs occupying the middle of the two terminal segments beneath, and the last ventral segment is much less deeply emarginate at the apex. The female has the extremities of the elytra less produced, and the apex of the abdomen is without the triangular excision found in that of E. quadriguttatus. There is an even closer relationship between this species and the Malayan F. sybarita, Gerst., but our form is a little smaller, less glossy above, and decorated with smaller spots, the posterior ones being separated by an interval about twice the diameter of each, whereas in /. sybarita it is of about equal diameter. The male has the front tibia more slender, the tooth less stout, and not followed by a distinct emargination. Eumorphus calcaratus, sp. n. Niger vel violaceo-niger, nitidus, elytris quadripustulatis, maculis parvis, flavis, rotundis, prima post-humerali aliaque ante- apicali; parum elongatus aut convexus, corpore supra minute punctato; prothorace transverso, lateribus leviter bisinuatis, angulis posticis vix acutis, haud productis, foveis basalibus bene impressis, fere ad medium attingentibus, elytris angustissime marginatis, haud productis; antennis sat gracilibus, clava angusta : dg, tibia antica dente tuberculiformi haud acuminato armata, tibia postica apice lamina ciliata interna instructa, abdominis seg- mentis subtus medio erecte ciliatis, ultimo apice acute inciso. Long. 7 mm. ; lat. max. 4 mm. Inpo-Cu1na: Vien Poukha, Upper Mekong R. (May), Sala Pang Yok, Luang Prabang (March), Ban Sai, Xieng Khouang (Feb.). This species is small and compact in shape, entirely 326 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the shining above and decorated with four spots a little larger than those of /’. subguttatus, Gerst., and not raised above the general surface. The antennz are not very slender, and the club is narrower than in any other known species of the genus, Various features, most of them peculiar to the male sex, distinguish this species from all others. The front tibize in that sex are straight and furnished beyond the middle with a blunt hairy tubercle instead of the usual sharp spine. The hind tibia is produced inwards at its extremity as a triangular plate, semi-translucent and closely fringed at its edges. The terminal ventral segment is broadly emarginate and acutely notched, and all the seg- ments bear tufts of erect hairs along the middle line, forming together a longitudinal ventral crest. In the female the terminal process of the hind tibia is shorter than in the male, and the hairs upon the abdomen are distributed over the ventral surface and not massed along the middle line as in the male. Eumorphus nanus, sp. 0. Niger, nitidus, singulo elytro flavo-bimaculato, maculis haud minutis, rotundatis, anteriori fere ad humerem attingenti ; parvus, oblongus, pedibus gracilibus, femoribus clavatis ; pronoto transyerso, subtiliter parce punctato, lateribus postice paulo contractis, angulis anticis prominentibus, posticis acutiusculis ; elytris modice conyexis, nitidis, sat fortiter et crebre punctatis, lateribus anguste marginatis : d, tibia antica fere recta, medio fortiter spinosa, abdominis seg- mento ultimo leviter emarginato. Long. 5-5°5 mm. ; lat. max. 3 mm. Tonkin: Hanoi (Feb.). This is by far the smallest known species of the genus. It belongs to the quadriguttatus group, but is more shining and without any purplish tinge. The elytral spots are, relatively to the size, about as large as in 4, quadriguttatus and larger than in EH. ealcaratus, but the anterior ones are situated farther forward. The pronotum is rather broader than in the former species, rather less so than in the latter, and the elytra are much more strongly punctured than in either. In the rather thickened femora, as in general appear- ance, there is an obvious approximation to Jndalmus, but the antennz, which are quite those of Lumorphus, will serve to distinguish. it. a Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 327 Eumorphus subguttatus, Gerst. Luang Prabang, Ban Silah, Nam Mat, etc. Taken in abundance together with the following species, which very closely resembles it. It is also found in Borneo and Sumatra. Eumorphus vitalisi, sp, n. Niger, opacus, singulo elytro maculis parvis duabus pallide flavis ornato, prima posthumerali, secunda anteapicali; corpore elongato, . pronoto crebre parum perspicue punctato, lateribus antice con- tractis, angulis acutis, pos‘ice fere parallelis, angulis haud productis; elytris lateraliter leviter arcuatis, angustissime de- planatis, postice paulo latioribus, apicibus haud productis, humeris leviter sed haud acute carinatis; antennis modice robustis: 3, tibiis anticis rectis, post medium acute dentatis, intermediis apice incurvatis. Long. 6°5-8°5 mm. ; lat. max. 3-4 mm. Inpo-Curna, Laos: Ban Nam Mo, near Luang Prabang (March), Ban Na Gnao (February). Burma: Karen Hills (Doherty), Tenasserim (KE. 7. Atkinson). M. Vitalis de Salvaza has found this species in abundance. It is very closely related to EH. subguttatus, Gerst., which is found in the same localities, although less abundantly. It differs from that species in having the pronotum more closely punctured and its sides regular in outline (and not ragged as in the other form), contracted in front and parallel behind. The hind angles are not produced in either sex. The elytra are not sharply carinate at the shoulders and are less produced at their extremities. The antenne are rather shorter and stouter. The front tibize of the male are straight and slender (not distorted), the tooth is slighter and more acute, and arises beyond, instead of before, the middle. ‘The size is a little smaller on the average than that of the other species. Eumorphus ocellatus, sp. 0. Niger, nitidus, femoribus apicem versus rufis elytroque singulo punctis tribus elevatis pallide flavis ornato, una posthumerali prope marginem externum, secunda inter illum et suturam tertiaque anteapicali; elongatus, pedibus antennisque gracilibus, pronoto transverso, nitidissimo, lateribus medio leviter angulatis, antice paulo convergentibus, postice paulo divergentibus, angulis anticis haud acutis, posticis fere rectis, foveis basalibus profundis, ultra medium attingentibus; elytris subtiliter sat crebre 328 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the punctatis, maculis 6 elevatis autem lmvissimis, sicut vitreis, stria juxtasuturali impressa marginibusque externis anguste depressis ; clava antennali angusta. Long. 9 mm. ; lat. max. 5 mm, Tonkin : Chapa. This species is described from a unique female specimen. It is remarkable as being, with the exception of E. bipunc- tatus, Perty, the only known species of this large genus in which the pattern is not confined to two pale patches upon each elytron. Here there are three small elevated shining spots of a translucent yellow colour resembling ocelli, the two anterior ones rather smaller than the third, the outer one of the two placed a little behind the humeral callus close to the external margin and the inner one midway between it and the suture. The third spot occupies the usual position. The fine puncturation covering the remaining surface of the elytra is absent from these spots. The terminal parts of the femora extending beyond the sides of the body are bright red, and the anterior angles of the thorax are also red in the single type-specimen, but this may not be a constant feature. Eumorphus inflatus, sp. n. Niger, nitidus, singulo elytro maculis 2 magnis pallide flavis ornato, maculis transverse ovalibus, prima humerali, paulo post basin sita, ad marginem externum sed haud in epipleuram producta, secunda anteapicali, vix ad marginem externum attingenti; brevis, convexus, pronoto haud lato, punctato, lateribus levissime bisinuatis, angulis paulo productis, acutis, foveis basalibus ad medium protractis; elytris distincte sat crebre punctatis, ad humeros inflatis, obtuse dilatatis, lateribus postice anguste explanatis, apicibus separatim rotundatis, haud productis : ¢, tibia antica post medium haud acute dentata, intermedia leviter arcuata : 2, segmento 5° apice arcuatim emarginato., Long. 9°5 mm.; lat. max. 5°5 mm. Xiena Knovane ; Ban Sai, Muong Pek (December). There is no species with which this has any considerable degree of affinity. By its short and convex shape, as well as its size and coloration, it resembles 2. westwoodi, Guér., but the angular dilatation of the elytra at the shoulders is quite peculiar and makes it the most isolated species in the genus. ‘his conformation is exactly as in Hucteanus hume- valis and related species and, in association with an almost te Me Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China, 329 identical coloration, produces a marked resemblance to that genus, although the relationship is remote. The pronotum is relatively rather narrow, with the sides approximately parallel, very feebly curved but a little dilated towards the base, and all the angles slightly produced. The four pale elytral spots are similar in size and shape to those of E. westwoodi and alboguttatus, but rather more transverse. The narrow elytral margins are as in those species, but the greatest width of the elytra is across the dilated shoulders. In a single specimen from Pou Bia the pale spots are reduced to narrow transverse bars. Indalmus kirbyanus, Latr. Luang Prabang, Pak Lay, Xieng Khouang, etc. This is a common species, widely distributed in India and the Malay Peninsula. * Ancylopus melanocephalus, Oliv. Although M. Vitalis has only found a single specimen, this is probably the commonest of all the Endomychidee, found almost all over the Old World. Cymbachus elegans, sp. 0. Niger, nitidus, elytris violaceis, utroque maculis magnis duabus flavis ornato, prima humerali aliaque subapicali, his maculis rotundatis, vix ad margines externos attingentibus; ovalis, convexus, pronoto subtiliter irregulariter punctulato, lateribus leviter bisinuatis, angulis productis, anticis haud acutis, posticis acutis, foveis basalibus subtilibus ; elytris paulo fortius punctatis, humeris modice prominentibus, lateribus leviter arcuatis, apicibus paulo attenuatis ; antennis haud gracilibus, clava lata. Long. 7 mm. ; lat. max. 4 mm. Inpo-Cuina : Upper Mekong R., Nam Long (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, April). Only one specimen of the species has been found. The body is less short and broad than in either of the two species of Cymbachus hitherto known. The pronotum is narrower, with all the angles rather more produced, but the front ones blunter. The elytra have the shoulders only moderately prominent and the sides gently and regularly curved, widest at the middle and tapering behind. The whole upper surface is very smooth and shining, finely punc- tured, as in C. pulchellus, less strongly than in C. formosus. The antenne are not very slender, but all the joints preceding the club are a little elongate, the 3rd not as long as the 4th 330 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the and 5th together. The club is short and broad. The elytra are deep violet in colour and ornamented with four large rounded yellow patches, which are separated in the longi- tudinal direction by an interval about half as wide as one of them, and in the transverse direction by a narrower interval. Dryadites vitalisi, sp. n. Niger, pronoti lateribus late elytrorumque disco toto rubris, hujus parte suturali antice et postice late producto; ovalis, convexus, pronoto sat angusto, medio modice punctato, marginibus elevatis, postice parallelis, antice fere abrupte contractis, angulis approxi- matis, productis, angulis posticis etiam acuminatis; elytris fortiter irregulariter seriato-punctatis, lateribus anguste reflexis, antennis modice gracilibus, clava minuta, articulo 9° triangulari, haud transverso, 10° et 11° valde transversis, connatis. Long. 7 mm. ; lat. max. 5 mm. Laos : Luang Prabang, Don Khoua (November). ° There are two specimens, which I believe to be male and female, but which are identical externally. There is a close resemblance to D. borneensis, but the new species is considerably larger, the red patch upon the elytra is more extensive, although exactly similar in outline, and not divided along the line of the suture, the sides of the pronotum are less regularly curved, the front angles more abruptly contracted, nearer together and more acute, the lines of punctures upon the elytra much more irregular and the antennz more slender, with a less abrupt club, the ninth joint not broader than long. Lycoperdina mandarinea, Gerst. This widely-distributed species has been recorded from Tonkin by Fairmaire, but I have received no specimens from the region. Saula fuscicornis, Fairm. Tonkin: Hoabinh. The antenne of M. Vitalis’s specimens are black except at the base, and not brown, but this is not a distinction upon which it is safe to rely, as Cziki has done in his key to the species. PsEUDINDALMUS, gen, nov. Corpus oblongum, glabrum, pedibus parum elongatis, femoribus paulo clavatis. Pronotum transversum, lateribus incrassatis, foveis basalibus fere parallelis lineaque reeta basali profunde impressum, antice membrana stridulatoria instructum, LElytra OO EE a ae Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 331 anguste marginata. Prosternum postice productum, paulo de- planatum, apice truncatum. -Mesosternum leviter excavatum, antice angustatum, truncatum. Antenne parum graciles, articulo 2° globoso, 3°-8° subequalibus, perpaulo decrescentibus, 9°-11° intus leviter productis, transversis, ultimo truncato. Mandibula lata, apice minute fissa, Maxillee lobus externus latus palpusque elongatus, acuminatus. Submentum fortiter transversim cari- natum; palpi labiales brevissimi, articulo ultimo late cupuli- formi. Maris antennarum articulus 9 quam 10 major, This genus forms an interesting link between Mycetina and the apparently very dissimflar Danae, to which it is evidently related by the peculiar male character mentioned above, viz. the enlarged 9th joint of the antenna. It has a superficial resemblance to Indalmus, but is easily distin- guished by the very differeutly formed antenna, with its strongly asymmetrical club and non-elongate third joint. Its nearest relationship is with Mycetina, from which it differs in the shape of the mesosternum as well as the sexual feature referred to. Pseudindalmus tonkinensis, sp. n. Niger, sat nitidus, utroque elytro bimaculato, maculis sanguineis, obliquis, anteriori posthumerali, posteriori prope suturam paulo dilatato; oblongus, pronoto subtiliter punctato, lateribus antice arcuatis, angulis prominentibus, postice fere parallelis, angulis acutiusculis, marginibus incrassatis ; elytris ubique crebre haud fortiter punctatis, lateribus bene arcuatis, marginibus distincte reflexis : ¢, antennarum articulo 9° paulo inflato. Long. 6°5 mm. ; lat. max. 3°5 mm. Tonkin (June): Upper Mekong R., Muong Sing (April). This is entirely black above and beneath, except the four blood-red elytral spots, which are of rather more irregular shape than in the previous species, the anterior one just touching the humeral angle and produced obliquely inwards and backwards, the posterior one rather quadrate but pro- duced forward a little parallel with the suture. Itis a little larger than a second species, which I propose to. describe under the name of P. andamanicus, with the elytra more distinctly dilated and margined at the sides, less shining, and rather less strongly but fairly closely punctured. In the male the ninth joint of the antenna is distinctly larger than the tenth or eleventh. 332 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the Encymon cinctipes, Gorh. Laos. Previously recorded from Burma. : Encymon ferialis Gorh. Muong Sing and Vien Poukha. This was originally recorded from Borneo. I have not seen the type. Stenotarsus fuscicornis, Gorh. Ban Na Gnao. Hitherto known only from Pegu and Tenasserim. Cyclotoma indiana, Gorh. Muong Pek, Xieng Khouang, Nam Mat, Upper Mekong. This species ranges as far as the Darjeeling district. Milichius ornatus, sp. 0. Niger, modice nitidus, ubique crebre punctatus, elytris maculis duabus magnis pallide flavis ad margines externos fere attingenti- bus utrinque ornatis, prima basali, puncto parvo nigro humerali interrupta, secunda anteapicali, subrotundata, postice minute excisa; modice convexus, subglobosus, pronoto brevi, crebre punctato, lateribus arcuatis, recurvatis, ungulis anticis vix acutis, posticis rectis, basi utrinque subtiliter lineato-impresso ; elytris fortiter, minus crebre, punctatis, late marginatis, callis hume- ralibus haud valde prominentibus, antennis haud longissimis, articulo 9° paulo elongato, 10° vix longiori quam latiori, 11° elongato-ovali. Long. 5-6 mm. ; lat. max. 4 mm. Inpo-Curna: Laos, Ban na Lane (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, Jan.). In its larger size, coloration and comparatively short antennz this is an aberrant species showing a transition to the genus Bolbomorphus. It is black, with four large roundish patches upon the elytra, those on each side a little more widely separated from each other than from those of the other side, the anterior ones nearly reaching the base and outer margins, but with a small contained black spot at the humeral angle. The entire surface is strongly punctured, the elytra rather less shining and less convex than in the other species of the genus and with rather more distinctly reflexed lateral margins. The antennz are about twice the length of the pronotum. The lower surface, like the upper, is closely and strongly punctured. Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 333 Beccaria longicornis, sp. 0. Nigra, nitida, pronoti lateribus vage rufescentibus, elytris irregu- lariter flavo-bifasciatis, fascia antica basali, ad suturam interrupta, macula nigra humerali aliaque juxta-scutellari includente, postica anteapicali, fasciis antice et postice longe bihamatis, inter se fere connexis; hemisphxrica, convexa, capite subtiliter punc- tato, sericeo; pronoto sat fortiter et crebre punctato, lateribus bene marginatis, leviter arcuatis, angulis omnibus acutis, basi trisinuato, subtiliter marginato, foveis basalibus profundis, ad pronoti longitudinis partem tertiam a#qualibus; elytris ubique equaliter fortiter punctatis; antennis gracilibus, quam corporis dimidium longioribus. Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. Invo-Cu1na: Upper Mekong R., Houei Sai (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, May). I have seen only a single specimen, presented to the British Museum by its discoverer. ; In its markings B. longicornis is not unlike B. cardont, Gorh., but the orange-coloured fascize are more extensive, only slightly interrupted at the suture (the posterior one scarcely at all), and almost connected together by the two converging finger-like processes emitted by each. The pro- thorax is much broader than it is represented in the figure of that species and the whole outline is much more circular. The puncturation of the upper surface is very closely and evenly distributed and that of the elytra very deep and strong, especially upon their median part. The antenne are very slender and their three terminal joints form about one-third of the total length. Beccaria brevicornis, sp. un. Nigra, nitida, elytris irregulariter flavo-bifasciatis, fascia antica basali, ad suturam late interrupta, utrinque maculis duabus nigris includente, exteriori humerali aliaque approximata, fascia postica anteapicali, antice et postice longe hamata; late ovalis, convexa, capite crebre punctato; pronoto parum lato, ubique crebre punctato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis rectis, posticis acutis, basi trisinuato, foveis basalibus brevibus; elytris bene punctatis, punctis majoribus et minoribus intermixtis ; antennis sat brevibus, ad corporis tertiam partem longitudine eequali, articulo tertio elongato, 4°-6° minutis, 7° et 8° ma- joribus, clava quam partem tertiam multo longiori. Long. 6 mm.; lat. max. 4-5 mm. Invo-Cuina: Upper Mekong R., Houei Sai (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, May). 334 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the Two specimens found by M. Vitalis de Salyaza are all that are yet known of this species. It is the largest of the genus known to me and is rather less hemispherical in shape, with shorter antennz, than its congeners. It is, however, allied to B. lonyicornis, and has closely similar markings. The pale fascize are more dis- tinctly interrupted at the suture and the inner black basal spot is nearer to the shoulder than to the scutellum. The pronotum is relatively longer, more contracted in front, less distinctly margined at the sides, with feebler basal fovee. The elytra are less strougly and regularly punctured, and the punctures are large and small intermixed. The last three joints of the antenna form more than a third of its total length and the two preceding joints are distinctly larger than the three immediately before them. Endomychus divisus, sp. 0. Fulvus, capite, prothorace, scutello, pedibus antennisque nigris; sat late ovatus, convexus, pedibus antennisque parum gracilibus, pronoto breviter transverso, nitidissimo, medio subtilissime punctulato, lateribus subparallelis, marginibus elevatis, angulis anticis rotundatis, late excavatis, posticis acutis, basi stria profunda marginato, foveis basalibus profundis ad medium attin- gentibus; elytris ubique distincte sat qualiter punctatis, convexis, ad humeros latis; antennarum clava laxe articulata, longitudine ad articulos 5 preecedentes eequali, his moniliformibus, Long. 45-5 mm. Inpo-Cu1na: Luang Prabang (March), Upper Mekong, Pou Hai Katoui (R. V. de Salvaza, April). This has a rather close resemblance to the Japanese Phaeomychus rufipennis, Mots., with which it is identical in size and coloration, but differs in the absence of a stridulating apparatus upon the head and of sexual difference in the front tibiz. In actual relationship it appears to be nearest to E. (Cawnomychus) plagiatus, Gorh., but it is a more stoutly- formed insect, with less slender legs and antenne and broader prothorax. The pronotum is exceedingly finely and scantily punctured, distinctly margined at the sides, with the front angles rounded and broadly hollowed out, the hind angles acutely produced and the basal impressions broad and deep. The elytra are distinctly punctured, a little broader at the shoulders than the pronotum, and only very little wider behind the middle. Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 335 PARARHYMBUS, gen. nov. Corpus hemisphericum, supra pubescens. Pronotum toto circum- marginatum, basi medio lobato, foveis basalibus lineiformibus, ad medium attingentibus. Elytrorum epipleure latissime apicesque producti. Prosternum angustum, postice productum, acutum; mesosternum intra coxas quadratum, antice tuber- culatum ; metasternum antice rotundatum, fortiter marginatum. Pedes tenues, tarsis longibus, filiformibus, tri-articulatis. Horum articulus secundus quam primo brevior, tertius quam secundus duplo longior. Ungues graciles, basi fortiter lobati. Antennz long, graciles, articulo primo crasso, 2° elongato, 3° ad 8° tenuis- simis, 9° ad 11° magnis, laxe articulatis. Pararhymbus longicornis, sp. 0. Fusco-brunneus, capite, pronoti et elytrorum marginibus corporeque subtus rufescentibus, vel totus rufescens, pedibus antennisqte flavis, harum articulo ultimo fusco; late hemisphericus, modice conyexus, supra sat dense griseo-pubescens, capite lato, parce punctulato et hirsuto, oculis sat magnis, parum grosse granulatis; pronoto parce et subtilissme punctulato, toto marginato, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis obsoletis, scutello minuto; elytris fortiter equaliter punctatis, basi quam pronoto multo latioribus, humeris obsoletis, lateribus regulariter arcuatis, apicibus productis. Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max, 2 mm. Tonkin: Hoabinh (August). A series of specimens was found by M. Vitalis. This is an addition to the very insufficiently known group of forms allied to the genus Clemmus, in which the tarsi are filiform and consist of only three joints, apparently through the complete fusion of the 1st and 2nd. Pararhymbus differs from the latter genus by the less prominent and less coarsely granulated eyes, the very slender 11-jointed antenne, of which all the joints except the penultimate one are elongate, the absence of lateral prothoracic ridges due to the production of the basal fovee in Clemmus to the front margin, and the more broadly dilated elytra, with produced apical angles. The upper surface is clothed with a fine and not very close greyish pubescence, which is almost absent from the middle of the prothorax and the region of the scutellum. The elytra are everywhere strongly and regularly punctured. It is very deep brown in colour, with the lower surface, the front of the head, the legs, and antenne red, but the last 336 On Cicadidee from Indo-China. joint of the antenna is dark. The-sides of the pronotum and elytra are also tinged with red and some specimens (probably immature) are entirely red. The tibizs and tarsi are very slender, as in allied forms, and the claws also are slender and strongly curved, with large basal lobes, from the sides of which the claws are separated only by narrow intervals. The antennz are also slender, but the two first joints are a little thicker, the 3rd rather longer than those that follow, and the three forming the club very loosely attached to one another. XLVI.—Cicadide from Indo-China. . By W. L. Distant. In my last enumeration of the species belonging to the Homopterous family Cicadide received from Indo-China by the efforts of Mons. R. Vitalis de Salvaza (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) iii. p. 43, 1919) no fewer than seventy-six species had been recorded. I am now enabled, by the continued assistance of the same entomologist, to add three more species to the list, thus bringing up the total to seventy-nine. Mogannia aliena, sp. n. 9. Head and abdomen black; pronotum castaneous, posterior margin ochraceous ; mesonotum castaneous, with two central obconical spots on anterior margin and the lateral margins (more or less) black ; abdomen above black, more or less ochraceously pilose; body beneath black; legs more or less castaneous; lateral areas of pro- and mesonota and abdomen (especially on lateral areas) ochraceously pilose ; anterior area of head above thickly longly ochraceously pilose, eyes dull dark ochraceous ; tegmina pale hyaline, the venation and costal area pale castaneous ; an oblique dark castaneous fascia, enclosing a transverse, waved, pale, linear fascia commencing at upper end of radial area and terminating on claval area; wings hyaline, the veins pale, castaneous ; the anterior area of head prominent. Long., excl. tegm., 2,20; exp. tegm. 44 mm. Hab. Indo-China; Tonkin (2. V. de Salvaza). Allied to MZ. formosana, Mats. On new or little-known Tipulide. 337 Mogannia distinguenda, sp. n. Body above bright emerald-green, eyes blackish ; body beneath ochraceous ; face and anterior legs pale castaneous, intermediate and posterior legs ochraceous; base of face emerald-green ; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with the costal area to just beyond apex of radial area sanguineous, veins on basal half emerald-green, remaining venation more or less fuscous ; wings pale hyaline, narrowly sanguineous at base, the venation greenish on about basal half, remainder fuscous ; lead conically produced in front, eyes and ocelli fuscous ; opercula and lateral areas of sternum with a pale greenish tint; abdomen beneath with a central longitudinal carination ; opercula small, not covering the cavities, which are dark fuscous. Long., excl. tegm., J, 14; exp. tegm. 40 mm. Hab. Indo-China; Haut Mekong, Muong Sing (2. V. de Salvaza). Mogannia obliqua. Mogannia obliqua, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 39 (1858). FTab. Indo-China; Haut Mekong, Muong Sing. A single specimen of this species, not uncommon in India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Java, has now been received from Indo-China. XLVII.—New or little-known Tipulidee (Diptera).—I1. Ethio- pian Species. By Cuantes P. Avexanper, Ph.D., Urbaua, Lllinois, U.S.A. Tue crane-flies described in this instalment were included in material sent to me for study by Dr. Hugh Scott of the University Museum, Cambridge, and Rev. J. A. Reis of the Cameroun. Dr. Scott has requested that the types of the new species described from the material submitted by him be deposited in the British Museum, ‘The other types are preserved in the collection of the author. I am indebted to Prof. Lamb, Dr. Scott, and Reverend Reis for the Joan of this material. Dicranomyia marshall, sp. 0. Wings very long and narrow, vein Se short; general Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser, 9. Vol. v. 23 338 Dr. C. P. Alexander on coloration of the body greyish; halteres long and slender ; fore femora dark brown, the other femora paler. Female.—Length 7:8-8'4 mm. ; wing 9-10 mm. Rostrum rather long for most species of this genus of flies, about equal to half the length of the head or to the antennal scape, dark brown, including the palpi. Antenne dark brown, the flagellar segments long-oval, with a short white pubescence and a few curved verticils. Head black, grey-pruinose. Thorax dark grey, the prescutum with the stripes in- distinct or lacking. Halteres long and slender, pale, the knobs brown. Legs with the coxe small, dull yellow, the outer face of the fore cox infuscated ; trochanters pale yellowish brown ; fore femora dark brown, with only the extreme base pale; middle and hind femora yellowish ; tibie light brownish yellow, the tips narrowly darkened ; tarsi dark brown. Wings very long and narrow, somewhat as in the Holarctic Dicranomyia longipennis (Schummel), pale yellowish grey, the stigma and veins pale. Venation: Sc short, Sc; ending about opposite or slightly beyond the origin of As, Sc, removed a short distance from the tip of Sc,, the latter alone being about equal to two-thirds the basal deflection of Cu,; basal deflection of R,,,; about one-half the sector; basal deflection of Cu, far before the fork of 1, the fusion of M and the deflection of Cu, being usually about one-half the length of the latter alone ; cell 2nd anal long and narrow, conforming to the elongate shape of the wing. Abdomen dark brown, the ovipositor yellowish horn- colour. ‘Tergal valves of the ovipositor slender, divergent, gently upcurved ; sternal valves much higher, compressed, the tips subacute. Hab. Rhodesia. Holotype, ° , Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. A. K. Marshall). Paratopotypes, 3 3. Type in the collection of the British Museum ; paratypes in the collections of Cambridge University and the writer. Dicranomyia fuscopleura, sp. v. Size very small (wing of male about 4 mm.); antennz dark brown, the flagellar segments with a short basal pedicel ; mesothorax dull brownish yellow, the pleura with a broad, dark brown longitudinal stripe; wings faintly tinged with grey, the stigma brown; vein Se long, cell Ist M, closed. new or little-known Tipulidae. 339 Male.—Length about 28-3 mm.; wing 3°9-4 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, the flagellar segments oval, the intermediate segments with an indistinct basal pedicel. Head dark brown. Mesonotum dull brownish yellow, the praescutum without distinct stripes. Pleura somewhat brighter yellow, with a broad brown longitudinal stripe extending from the cervical sclerites to the base of the abdomen, passing immediately beneath the base of the halteres. Mesosternum brownish. Halteres long, light brown, the knobs and the end of the stem darker brown. Legs with the coxz and trochanters dull testaceous yellow; remainder of the legs broken. Wings with a faint grey tinge, the stigma rounded- oval, brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se long, Sc, extending to slightly beyond mid-length of the long sector, Sc. at the tip of Sc,; r at the tip of R,, bisecting the stigma; Rs loug, more than twice the basal deflection of R,,5; cell lst M, closed, large, longer than vein M; beyond it ; basal deflection of Cu, just beyoud the fork of M. Abdomen dark brown. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 3, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet, July 18, 1919. ~ Dicranomyia fuscopleura is a tiny fly that is readily told from related described species by the size and conspicuously striped thoracic pleura. Dicranomyia recedens, sp. n. Antennal scape dark brownish black, the basal flageilar segments yellowish, the remainder of the antenne dark brown ; thorax and abdomen dark brownish biack ; legs brown, the tarsi pale; wings hyaline, the caudal half darkened, the costal margin with six large dark brown blotches ; Se loug, 7 some distance from the tp of 2). Male.— Length 48 mm.; wing 5 mm. Female.—Length 6 mm.; wing 5°7 wm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown, Antenne with the scape dark browuish black, the basal flageilar segments yellowish, soon passing into dark brown. Head dark. Mesotlhorax dark brownish black, the types mouldy, Without distinct markings on the prescutum. Halteres black, only the extreme base of the stem paler. Legs with the coxz and trochanters blackish ; femora brownish, with an indis:inct pale subterminal ring; tibiz brown, the tips : % a 340 Dr. C. P. Alexander on pale brown; tarsi pale brown, only the terminal two or three segments darker brown and somewhat inflated ; claws long and slender, with a very long, erect basal tooth and a shorter appressed tooth beyond mid-length. Wings with the cephalic half hyaline, the caudal cells strongly suffused with brownish grey, the membrane with a heavy dark brown pattern including six costal blotches; costal cell largely darkened ; cell Se largely pale, traversed by the first, third, and fourth brown blotches ; the first of these areas occupies the arculus ; the third at the origin of Rs, almost reaching vein J/; the fourth, largest, occupies the end of vein Se and passes through cell lst R, to beyond the fork of the sector ; the fifth blotch occupies the end of vein RF, and r, and attains vein R,,.; the last blotch occupies the ends of cells 2nd R, and R;; slightly paler but broad seams along the cord and outer end of cell lst M, and as seams along veins R,,5, M/, and Cu; dark clouds at the ends of veins Cu,, Cuz, lst A and ond A, and in the anal angle of the wing; veins dark brown. Venation: Se very long, Sc. ending just before the fork of Rs, Sc, at the extreme tip of Sc,, and exceeding it in length; Rs long, strongly arcuated at origin; 7 retreated back from the tip of &), so that R, beyond r is about half again as long as7r; cell lst A/, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of 1. Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium rather large and complicated in structure for this genus of flies. Ovi- positor with the valves short, the tergal valves slender, strongly upcurved ; sternal valves transversely flattened and connected with one another by a membrane. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 3, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1(00 feet, July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Allotopotype, } . This handsome fly is undoubtedly related to D. recurvans, Alex. (Los Islands), but is readily told by the wing-pattern and venational details. The two species form a distinct group of the genus, in which 7 is at some distance from the tip of R,, and the female ovipositor shows a peculiar specialized structure. The recently described D. trigonia (Edwards) of Sumatra (Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. vol, vill. pt. 3, pp. 15, 16; July 1919) is evidently another member of this peculiar group. new or little-known Tipulidee. 341 Geranomyia (Geranomyia) mashonica, sp. n. General coloration brown, the thoracic pleura plumbeous; rostrum yellowish ; wings pale subhyaline, the stigma small, rounded-oval, pale brown, vein Sc long. Male.— Length (excluding rostrum) 5 mm.; wing 65 mm.; rostrum about 2°3 mm. Rostrum moderately elongate, light brownish yellow throughout. Antennz with the scapal segments pale brown, the flagellum darker brown, oval-cylindrical. Head light grey, the genz more yellowish. Mesonotum plumbeous brown, possibly discoloured, as there is an irregular median yellowish area on the pre- scutum. Pleura dark plumbeous. MHalteres rather short, pale yellow, the knobs scarcely darker. Legs with the cox dark plumbeous ; trochanters yellowish brown ; remainder of the legs broken. Wings pale yellowish subhyaline ; stigma small, rounded-oval, pale brown; veins _ pale. Venation: Se long, extending to nearly opposite three- fourths the length of ARs, Se. not far from the tip of Se, Sc, alone being a little shorter than m ; 7 at the tip of R, ; basal deflection of R,,; a little less than one-half the long sector ; r—-m short, less than m; cell ls¢ M, rather long, the portion of M,,. between r—m and m being about equal to or a little longer than that portion beyond m ; basal deflection of Cu, at the fork of M. Abdomen reddish yellow, especially the broad posterior margius of the tergites. Hypopygium reddish, the ventral pleural appendages long, greatly exceeding the short pleurites ; dorsal appendages relatively small, the tip suddenly narrowed and acute. Hab. Rhodesia. Holotype, 3, Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. A. K. Marshall). Collector’s No. 23. Type in the collection of the British Museum. Geranomyia mashonica requires comparison only with G. maculistiyma (Enderlein) of Madagascar. ‘The latter is a differently coloured fly with the.stigma dark brown, the basal deflection of Ry,,; very short and cell lst M, small and subquadrate. Ceralocheilus flavirostris, sp. 1. Rostrum almost as long as the body, light yellow, the extreme base abruptly blackened ; antennz with the basal 342 Dr. C. P. Alexander on seemenits light yellowish, the flagellar segments dark brown; general coloration of the hody black, the sides of the meso- uotal prescutum reddish brown; halteres black ; legs with the coxz black, the apical tarsal segments pale; wings subhyaline with a heavy dark brown pattern; vein Rp, straight, perpendicular to the sector; basal deflection of Cu, at about mid-length of cell lst Mg. Male.—Length (excluding rostrum) 68 mm.; wing 4-5 mm. ; rostrum alone 6 mm. Rostrum elongate, in the male sex at least, nearly as long as the body, the extreme base brownish black, the remainder of the organ very pale yellow. Antennz with the enlarged basal segments conspicuously light yellow, the flagellum dark brown, the distal segments provided with very long hairs. Head dark brownish black, possibly discoloured, paler adjoining the inner margin of the eye. Mesonotal preescutum dark reddish brown, the lateral margins very narrowly paler, the dorso-median area darker ; remainder of the mesonotum black. Pleura black. Halteres black. Legs with the coxe black; trochanters pale testa- ceous yellow ; femora brown, paler at the base ; tibize and tarsi darker brown, the apical tarsal segments pale whitish brown, the claws reddish. Wings greyish subhyaline, with a heavy dark pattern, arranged as follows: the single dark brown spot is located at Sc,, immediately above the origin of Rs ; less intense brown spots on R,,, continued along the cord to the fork of Cu; a similar but narrower seam at the outer end of cell 1st M,; a very small cloud at the origin of Rs; a large blotch at the base of M; large spots in the cells, as follows: two in cell R, the outermost much the larger, subequal in size to the seem on R,,3; four equi- distant maiks in cell M, each of these divided into two unequal parts by a longitudinal obliterative streak in this cell ; two spots in cell R,, the proximal one larger; a large blotch at the end of vein 2nd A, entirely traversing the cell; a small blotch in the middle of cell Js¢ A; brown clouds at the ends of veins M3, Cu, and Cu, ; the apex of the wing in cells R;, R;, and M, milky white; the dark areas on the wing are produced by the concentration of the microscopic sete which coyer the membrane at these points; vein R, yellow, the remaining veins dark brown. Venation : Se; ending just beyond the origin of Rs, Sc, being almost exactly at this point; Rs evenly and gently arcuate ; R,,. perfectly straight and perpendicular to the end of Rs, so that cell R, is almost a triangle ; cell lst M, closed ; new or little-known Tipulide. 343 basal deflection of Cu, at about mid-length of the lower side of cell lst My. Abdomen black, the penultimate segment brighter. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 8 , Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet, July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Paratype, 3, Grande Bassan, Jonchier, Ivory Coast, 1903 (R. Blanchard), in the Paris Museum. Ceratocheilus flavirostris is readily told by the dark colour of the body, the pale yellow rostrum, and the very heavily spotted wings. The short straight R,,; and the position of the basal deflection of Cu, is distinctive of this species. RHAMPHIDINA, subgen. nov. Rostrum long and slender, longer than the head. An- teune with 16 segments. Wings with Sc moderately elongate, ending about opposite mid-length of As and not close to R, at the wing-margin; Sc, at the extreme tip of Se,; /,,3; sinuate, diverging from the almost straight Ry, 5; cell lst M, open by the atrophy of 1; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of M. Type of the subgenus.—2hamphidia (Rhamphidina) came- rounensis, sp. n. (Cameroun). Rhamphidia (Rhamphidina) camerounensis, sp. n. General coloration dark brown, the thoracic pleura more yellowish ; halteres brown; wings hyaline, the stigma pale brown ; cell 2; narrowed before its outer end; cell lst M, open. Male.—Length about 4:2 mm.; wing 3°8-4 mm. Rostrum long and slender, longer than the head, dark brown ; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown. Head dark brown. Mesonotum brown, the lateral portions and the pleura dull yellowish testaceous. Halteres dark brown, the stem pale. Legs with the coxz brownish testaceous; trochanters testaceous ; femora dark brown; tibize dark brown, the tip and all the tarsi broken. Wings hyaline, the stigma pale brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se rather short, Sc, ending just beyond mid-length of As, Sc, at the extreme tip of Sc, and exceeding it in length; Rs long, almost straight; AR,,; long, gently sinuate; cell R, narrowed 344 Dr. C. P. Alexander on before its outer end ; cell 1st M, open by the atrophy of m; basal deflection of Cu, a short distance before the fork of M, this distance usually a little less than the length of the deflection of Cu, alone. Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with the pleurites rather stout, broad at the base, the inner face set with abundant erect spinous sete ; two pleural appendages, the outer appendage short, heavily chitinized, the tip in- distinetly bifid; inner appendage long, broad at the base, suddenly narrowed to the slender curved tip, which bears a single long bristle at its apex; along the cephalic or proximal margin of this appendage at about mid-length a group of about seven stout erect setie. Gonapophyses appearing as flattened blades whose posterior lateral angle is produced into a long acute point; penis-guard curved at the tip. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 8, Wonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near the Ulou River, altitude about 1000 feet, July 18, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Paratopotype, 3. RHAMPHIDIOIDES, subgen. nov. Rostrum nearly as long as the head. Antenne with 16 segments, the scapal segments enlarged ; flagellar seg- meuts slender, with appressed verticils. Legs long and slender; claws simple. Wings with vein Se long, ending nearly opposite the fork of the long sector, Sey far before the. tip of Sr,; Sc, and R, close together at the wing- margin, the space on costa hebween them about equal to the basal deflection of Cu,; 7 lacking; veins Ay,,; and Ry,s strongly divergent at their outer ends, cell R; being very broadly trumpet-shaped outwardly ; cell lst My, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, far before the fork of M. Male hypopygium with the pleurites long and slender; two pleural appendages. Ovipositor with the valves very long and slender, the tergal valves especially so. Type of the subgenus.—Rhamphidia (Rhamphidioides) venustissima, sp. n. (Cameroun). The habitus of this beautiful little fly is quite unlike typical Rhamphidia, and it is probable that the similarity that seems to exist between the two groups will be found to be superficial only when more material is obtained. The legs are long and slender ; the wings with Se very long and close to R,; at the wing-margin and with Se, far back from new or little-known Tipulidee. 345 its tip, cell R; very wide at the wing-margin, and the basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of M all indicate a rather isolated group. Leiponeura alluaudi, Riedel, is very probably a member of this subgenus. The biological notes by the collector add another genus and species to the list of spider- web Tipulide aud, curiously enough, this species, like the others, has white feet. Rhamphidia (Rhamphidioides) venustissima, sp. n. Rostrum brown ; antenne with the four basal segments yellow, the remainder of the flagellum dark brown; meso- notum dark brown, the sides of the prescutum yellowish ; pleura yellow, spotted with brown ; legs dark brown, the tips of the tarsi white; wings subhyaline with a heavy dark brown and grey pattern; basal deflection of Cm, before the fork of M; abdomen yellow, the intermediate segments with two transverse brown bands that produce a close banded appearance. Male.—Length about 4°3 mm.; wing 3°5 mm. Female.—Length about 5°3 mm. ; wing 3°9 mm. Rostrum moderately elongated, nearly as long as the head, dark brown; palpi small, yellow basally, the tips brown. Antenne with the four basal segments bright yellow, the remainder of the flagellum dark brown. Head dark brown. Pronotum dull yellow. Mesonotal prascutum deep yellow, dark brown medially ; remainder of the mesonotum dark brown. Pleura dull yellow, spotted with brown. Halteres dull yellow, the knobs dark brown, a more or less distinct dark brown band heyond the base of the stem. Legs with the fore and middle coxie marked with brown on their outer faccs, the hind coxe entirely yellow; trochanters brown ; femora and tibia dark brown, the extreme base and tip of the latter pale; tarsi with the metatarsi dark brown, on the outer half passing into creamy white ; remainder of the tarsi creamy white. Wings subbhyaline with a heavy dark brown pattern, consisting of five large radial blotches; , a sparse grey clouding in the posterior cells ; cell C yellow, unmarked except for the narrow seam at h; subcostal cell yellow, dark brown at the base and tip, and at Seg; the five dark brown areas are as follows: at arculus; at the origin of Rs, extending completely across cell R; the stigmal blotch, extending to cell lst M,; a large area at the end of vein R,,; extending caudad to vein Ay,;; end of cell R;; the grey seams in the posterior cells include the remainder 346 Dr. C. P. Alexander on of the cord; cell lst M,; in the ends of the anal cells; in the end of cell Cu, and very faintly across the posterior cells in alignment with the fourth and fifth radial blotches described above; veins C, Sc, and R yellow; remaining veins dark brown. Venation: Sc, retracted far back from the tip of Sc,, lying about midway between the origin of Rs and the tip of Sc,; Rs long, arcuated at origin; cell R; very wide at the wing-margin; basal deflection of Cu, some distance before the fork of M, in some specimens this dis- tance being greater than the deflection of Cw, in othiers less. Abdominal tergites yellow, the intermediate segments with two broad brown cross-bands, oue basal, the other postmedial, about equal in width to the yellow apices and much broader than the yellow band between them; the first segment has only the apical yellow baud; the apical seg- ments are uniformly darkened; sternites similar to the tergites, but the brown markings less clear-cut. Male hypopygium with the pleurites very long and _ slender, narrowed to the tip ; pleural appendages two, the outermost slender, arcuated, chitinized ; inner appendage longer, stout at the base, narrowed to the tip which is slightly expanded. Gonapophyses in the form of Hattened yellow curved hooks that are acutely pointed at their tips. Ovipositor with the tergal valves exceedingly long and slender, slightly upeurved at their tips ; sternal valves long, the tips acutely pointed. Hab. West Africa. Holotype, 3, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet, July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Allotopotype, 3 . Paratopotype, 3. ‘‘ Resting on spider-webs in between the roots of trees,” Paratropeza (Gymnastes) teucholaboides, sp. n. General coloration black, two spots on the vertex, the dorso-pleural membranes of the thorax and the apices of the halteres yellow; femora with the tips swollen, black, with a narrow subapical yellow ring; wings dark brown, the base and two narrow cross-bands hyaline. Male.—Length about 4°7 mm.; wing 5 mm. Female.—Length 6 mm. ; wing 5°6 mm. Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne black, the flagellar segmeuts oval. Head black, the anterior part of the vertex silvery pruinose and with a large yellowish spot at the inner new or little-known Tipulide. 347 margin of the eye, these marks but narrowly separated by a capillary median brown line. Prothorax black. Mesothorax black, the dorso-thoracic membranes light sulphur-yellow. Halteres black, the tips of the knobs conspicuously yellow. Legs with the coxe and trochanters black; femora dark brown, the tips broadly swollen and blackened, immediately before the eulargement with a narrow yellow ring; tibiz brown, the tips broadly blackened ; tarsi dark brown, the base of the metatarsus yellow, this broadest on the hind legs. Wings narrow, dark brown; base of the wing and two narrow cross-bands pale, the first of these cross-bands before the cord, the second just beyond the outer end of cell 1st M,. Venation: Sc ending just before mid-length of Rs ; only the extreme base of R, preserved, and this in alignment with the subatrophied r so as to appear as a single weak cross-vein ; 7m con- necting with Rs before its symmetrical fork; cell Ist M/ long and narrow, broadened outwardly, the basal deflection of Cu, about at the fork of M. Abdomen black, in the male with the posterior margins of the tergites very narrowly and indistinctly yellow. Ovi- positor horn-coloured, the valves rather long and slender. Hab. Rhodesia (Melsetter District). Holotupe, S, Chirinda Forest, October 1905 (G. A. K. Marshall). Allotopotype, 2. ‘Type in the collection of the British Museum. By means of the existing keys, Paratro,eza teucholaboides would run to the genus Teucholabis, Osten-Sacken, but a comparison with certain Oriental species of Paratrvpeza, such as P. ornatipennis (de Meijere) and P. flavitibia, Alexander, convinces me that we have here to do with a highly specialized member of Paratropeza, which gives us a distinct clue as to the manner in which the reduced radial venation of Teucholabis has been evolved. ‘This is produced by the atrophy of the tip of /’, beyond the radial cross-vein and the straightening out of the base of R, mto alignment with rv, In the Oriental species of Paratropeza, including P. pictipennis (Edwards), in addition to the two species mentioned above, the tip of R, is preserved, but the entire branch is small, nearly vertical in position and often with the radial cross-vein inserted near the middle of its leugth. It may become necessary to relegate Paratropeza to subgeneric rank under Teucholabis, giving us a case entirely comparable to Gonomyia and its reduced subgenus » Leiponeura, 348 Dr. C. P. Alexander on Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) fuscoapicalis, sp. nu. General coloration dark brown, the thoracic pleura and abdominal sternites dull yellow ; tarsi and most of the tibize whitish ; wings greyish subhyaline, the wing-tip dark brown; petiole of cell R; nearly one-half the length of this cell. Male.—Length 5°2 mm.; wing 48 mm. ‘Rostrum yellow; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, unusually long for a member of this genus, if bent backward extending beyond the wing-base ; verticils long, especially a single verticil on each seg nent, arranged in a single secund row. Head dark brown, brighter on the occiput. Mesonotal prescutum dull brownish yellow, dark brown medially; remainder of the mesonotum dark brown. Pleura dull brownish yellow. Halteres short, dark brown. Legs with the coxe and trochanters dull yellow; femora pale brown; tibiz similar, soon passing into white ; tarsi white; femora with three short black spines near the base, these possibly lacking on the posterior femora which are concealed in the type. Wings greyish subhyaline, the wing-tip and narrow seams along the veins dark brown ; stigma scarcely darker than the wing-tip; costal and sub- costal cells, the stigma, cell 2nd 2, all of Ry, the outer third of R;, and the tip of R; darkened; narrow brown seams along all the radial veins, along M,,., and on Cu and its branches; veins dark brown. Venation: R,,3; beyond r a little shorter than r alone, and about one-third to one- fourth the length of R,; petiole of cell R; between one-third and one-half the length of this cell and considerably longer than the basal deflection of R,, 5. Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, the sternites dull yellowish. Hb. West Africa. Holotype, 8, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet, July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Trentepohlia fuscoapicalis is a small species of the sub- genus that is apparently closest to 7. curtipennis (Speis.), likewise from Cameroun. ‘This latter species is rust-yellow with the abdominal segments narrowly ringed with brown ; the wings with a large brownish-yellow stigma and with the apex suffused with yellowish, new or little-known Tipulide. 349 Tipula mashona, sp. n. Belongs to the oleracea group; close to T. soror, Wiedemann ; antennal flagellum dark brown; general coloration grey, the prescutum with three pale stripes that are margined with dark brown, the median stripe split by a dark brown line. Male.—Length about 21 mm.; wing 20 mm. Rostrum light grey above, the sides brown; nasus with long yellow hairs. Antenne with the first and second segments pale brownish yellow, sparsely grey-pruinose, third segment yellowish brown, darker at the end, remaining segments dark brown, the basal swelling moderately prominent. Head light grey. Mesonotal preescutum grey with three indistinct greyish stripes that are distinctly margined with dark brown, the median stripe split by a double capillary brown line ; lateral stripes with the brown margins becoming obliter ated on the lateral side ; scutum grey, ‘the lobes with brown markings anteriorly ; remainder of the notum light grey. Pleura pale, light grey-pruinose, the dorso-pleural membranes duil buffy yellow. Halteres long, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxz yellowish, the mesocoxe and metacoxie sparsely grey-pruinose ; trochanters dull brownish yellow ; femora brown, the tips darker; tibiz pale brown, the tips narrowly darkened ; tarsi long, dark brown, the base of the metatarsi a little paler. Wings pale grey, the costal region brown, including cells C, Sc, lst R,, and 2nd R, ; a broad subhyaline streak, including most of cell R, the anterior portion of M, the base of R; and almost all of R; ; a brown seam along Cu. Venation: cell R, small, narrow at the base, R; almost in alignment with R,, 3. Abdomen discoloured ; the tergites apparently dark brown with a distinct blackish sublateral mark on either side, the lateral margins broadly pale. Hypopygium pale. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite about as in 7. sorur, . broad and flattened; the caudal margin with a broad median lobe that is feebly notched medially, the lobes roughened and with the outer angle a little produced, smooth ; viewed caudally, each of these lobes is seen to be produced ventrally into a flattened blade whose caudal margin is densely covered with blackened spinules. The pleural appendages are almost as in 7. soror. Ninth sternite strongly carinate, the dorsal inner angle with a dense tuft of yellowish hairs directed inward. Eighth sternite unarmed. flab. Rhodesia. 350 On new or little-known Tipulide. Holotype, 3, Salisbury, Mashonaland, March 1905 (G. 4. K. Marshall). Type in the collection of the British Museum. Tipula mashona is very closely allied to TJ. soror, Wiedemann, but may be distinguished by the dark brown autenual flagellum, the clear grey coloration of the head and thorax, and other characters. Nephrotoma mossambica, sp. un. Close to N. unicingulata, Alexander ; prescutal stripes very broad, confluent or nearly so; legs brownish black, the femoral bases paler; wings with the apical cells sparsely pubescent, Rs short and straight; abdominal tergites one to five with a black median mark, segments six to eight ringed with black. Male.—Length about 13 mm.; wing 15 mm. Female.—Length about 18 mm. ; wing 16 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head dull yellow ; nasus long and slender. Palpi pale brown. Antennal scape orange ; flagellum black; antennze moderately elongate, if bent backward, extending about to the base of the abdomen. Head orange, the occipital mark elongate, dull brown. Pronotum light yellow. Mesonotal prescutum pale whitish yellow with three very broad black stripes that are almost confluent, the humeral angles of the ground-colour ; scutum black with only a narrow yellowish median line ; scutellum brownish testaceous; postnotum yellow with about the posterior two-fifths brownish testaceous. Pleura whitish, indistinctly marked with yellowish. Halteres brown, the knobs yellowish. Legs with the coxze and trochauters pale yellowish ; femora dark brownish black with tle base paler, more brownish, this narrowest on the fore legs, more extensive on the hind legs; remainder of the legs dark brownish black, less intense on the basal half of the tibiz. Wings with a strong brownish-yellow tinge, the wing-apex passing into brown ; cell Se yellowish brown; stigma dark brown ; an indistinct brown seam along the cord extending to cell 1st My; veins dark brown. Apices of cells R;, &,, and M, sparsely pubescent. Venation as in N. unicingulata, but As shorter and straighter, almost in alignment with the deflection of R,y,, ; cell M, more broadly sessile. Abdominal tergites orange-yellow, the first tergite largely black ; tergite two with a linear black mark on the basal half and a similar mark on the apical half ; segments three On certain British Freshwater Entomostraca. 351 to five each with a similar mark occupying the apical two- thirds of the segment; segments six to eight with a con- spicuous black ring as in N. unicingulata, this including all of segments six to eight excepting the basal half of the sixth sternite, which is orange; sternites unmarked. Hypo- pygium reddish orange; ninth tergite with a broad, rounded posterior notch; outer pleural appendage tapering to a long point. The female is generally similar to the male, but the occipital mark is less distinct, the prescutal stripes con- fluent, the scutellum and posterior margin of the postnotum darker brown, the pleural markings darker. ‘The tergal valves of the ovipositor are long and straight. Hab. Rhodesia (Melsetter District). Holotype, 8, Chirinda Forest, October 1905 (G. A. K. Marshall). Allotopotype, 2 . Type in the collection of the British Museum. Nephrotoma mossambica is closely related to N. wni- cingulata, Alexander (‘Transvaal to Cape Colony), in the cingulated abdomen and the apically pubescent wings. It is readily told by the much more extensive black areas on the mesonotum, the darker legs, the darker wings with the sector short and straight, and by the narrow black markings _on abdominal tergites one to six. XLVIII.—Notes on certain British Freshwater Entomostruca. By Roserr Gurney, M.A. Tux following notes refer to a few species taken during the past summer, mainly in Norfolk, some of which have net previously been found in Britain :— 1. Chirocephalus diaphanus (Prevost) *. On Sept. 12, 1919, I found a number of specimens of the Fairy Shrimp in a small pool on Bratley Heath by the * Daday, in his “ Monograph of the Phyllopoda Anostraca” (Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. 1910, p. 206), ed he the specific name stagnalis, Shaw. Asa matter of fact, Shaw is antedated by King (1767), but in either case the name is inadmissible for this species under Article 31 of the Rules of Nomenclature (see Int. Rev. Hydrob., Suppl. vi. 1914, Heft 2). Had it not been so, there would be three species in closely-allied genera to all of which the same specific name might be attached. Fortunately, only one of them (Tanymastix stagnalis, Linn.) can properly claim that name. 352 Mr. R. Gurney on certain Lyndhurst-Ringwood road. ‘There are several small ponds along this road within a short distance of each other, but this one alone contained the Chirocephalus. All the ponds have a gravel bottom covered with. grassy weed, and the only respect in which the pond in question differed from the others was in the presence of a thick growth of Polygonum hydropiper. None contained Cladocera of any kind, but, whereas the other ponds examined produced only Diaptomus castor and Cypris virens, the Chirocephalus was accompanied by Cyclops agilis aud C. vicinus, Diaptomus vulgaris, and Cyprinotus incongruens. The first record of the occurrence of Chirocephalus dia- phanus in Britain is that of King, who found it near Norwich in 1762. Baird, in 1850, was able to give several records of its occurrence, and in 1862 it was found by Mr. A. Brady at Tillmire, near York. From that date till 1891 it was apparently not met with, but since then it has been seen in about twenty places, nearly all in the South of England. It is possible that the absence of records of the occurrence of Chirocephalus (with the exception of that of 1862) from 1850 till 1891 may be due to lack of search for it, but it seems more probable that it actually disappeared in the same way as Ayus cancriformis became extinct. The latter appeared again in 1907, but did not establish itself ; whereas it seems that Chirocephalus diaphanus has not ouly re-established itself, but is becoming comparatively common. Its most northern locality in England corresponds almost exactly with its northern limit (50° N. lat.) in Europe, and its range extends South to the maritime regions of Algeria and Tunisia. It does not, so far as I know, occur in the Hauts Plateaux of Algeria or at Biskra. Daday quotes my authority for its occurrence at Biskra, but this is an error on his part, as the only species found there by me was Branchipus pisciformis, Schaeffer. Chirocephalus diaphanus ranges in size from 37 mm. down to 12 mm., and Simon® states that there are two distinct races—a large and a small—which do not intermingle. My specimens from Bratley Heath, though fully mature, mea- sure only about 16 mm., but much larger specimens occur in this country. I have a female, taken in Cornwall, of 30 mm., and Mr. Scourfield informs me that he has one from Christchurch nearly 34 mm. long, though the largest specimens from Claygate do not exceed 19 mm. _ Both races are recorded by Simon from North Africa, and I have * Ann. Soc. Entom. France, ser. 6, vi, 1886, p. 397. British Freshwater Entomostraca. 353 found the large race (exceeding 20 mm.) the commoner in Tunisia; but on one occasion the specimens taken in a small rain-pool near Tunis included both large and small individuals, and were separable into three groups. Out of 15 males measured, 12 ranged from 24 to 22 mm., two were intermediate (19 and 16 mm.), and one very small (12 mm.). The species is found both in muddy temporary pools—such as cart-tracks at Claygate—and also in clear, weedy water as on Bratley Heath. Brauer gives it as an example of a Branchipod of clear water, associated commonly with Lepi- durus apus, as compared with Branchipus pisciformis, Schaeft., which is found in muddy places in company with Apus cancriformis ; but this distinction does not hold good in my experience, since in Tunisia it was generally found in muddy pools, and more than once in company with Apus cancri- jormis. Brauer has also pointed out that the association with Apus and Estheria is of direct benefit to the Branchipods, since Apus and Estheria stir up the mud and so distribute food. It seems to me that there is no dimorphism in the case of C. diaphanus, but that the size of the individuals depends on the conditions of existence, the larger form being generally found in muddy places rich in food and the smaller in clear water. In France, where C. diaphanus is common, it appears first in March, and commonly disappears in summer owing to the drying up of the pools. In this country it has been recorded in almost every month in the year, but Mr. H. J. Wad- dington’s observations* show that, near Christchurch, it appears between January and March, disappears in summer, and reappears again foratime in autumn. The notes which Mr. Lucas has kindly sent me of its occurrences at Claygate seem to prove the same kind of cycle, but I do not think that the history of any colony has ever been completely followed throughout the year, The eggs of C. diaphanus, unlike those of most other Phyllopods, do not require to be dried before developing, though they can, of course, resist desiccation. Brauer states that, when they remain in water after being laid, they have a resting period of some months; and the individuals appearing in autumn would, therefore, be derived from the eggs laid in spring. On the other hand, Shaw, who gave an interesting account of his observationsf, states that eggs laid by a female isolated in an aquarium hatch in about a fortnight; and it seems that further * Journ, R. Mic. Soc. 1913, pp. 250-254. + Trans. Linn. Soe, i, 1791, pp. 103-110, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 24 354 Mr. R. Gurney on certain investigation of the life-history of this, our only remaining British Phyllopod, are required. CLADOCERA. The two species mentioned below were both found during August and September 1919 on East Ruston. Common, three miles north-west of Stalham, in East Norfolk. At the spot where I have made my collections the marsh is crossed by a road at its narrowest part, and on the south of the road is a bog which is always under water. There is a rich vegetation “of the usual fen type, with a dense growth of Hypnum below the water, with which is mingled Utricularia minor and intermedia. The presence of Chara in a pool in the marsh indicates a calcareous water. The ntomostracan fauna is of remarkable richness, and differs in several respects from that of any waters with which I am acquainted. ‘T'wenty-four species of Cladocera and twenty of Copepoda have been found in a small space of a few square yards, besides several Ostracoda ; while some of the species are extremely rare in other parts of the district, but occur here in considerable numbers—for example, M/etacypris cor- data, Cypris fasciata, Candona euplectella, Cyclops nanus, and Canthocamptus northumbricus. The two species, Cerio- daphnia setosa and Kurzia lalissima, were found only in this one small spot and not elsewhere in the marsh. 2. Ceriodaphnia setosa, Matile. (Fig. 1.) A few specimens of this peculiar Ceriodaphnia were found in a collection made on Aug. 26 in moss under a depth of about six inches of water. I returned to the spot two days later with the intention of obtaining more material, but was again rewarded only by a very few individuals in spite of exhaustive search, and was not able to ascertain in what kind of situation it was living. Its almost entire absence from collections made in the clear open water seems to show that it lives actually among the moss, whereas C. /aticaudata, which was also present at the same time, was commoner in the open water. C. setosa is a sluggish swimmer, and is easily distinguishable from the usual red form of C. dati- caudata by its whitish colour faintly tinged with rose ; but this character is not altogether distinctive, since I have found C, laticaudata in abundance in a similar situation at Sutton Broad, every individual being of exactly the same colour as C, setosa. In fact, 1 supposed at the time that I had found a new habitat for the latter. — British Freshwater Entomostraca. 355 ‘C. setosa is characterized by the presence of small spines all over the body, these spines springing from every node of the conspicuous reticulations of the shell and head. Lilljeborg states that, in the male, they do not arise from the nodes only, but I have not found any difference between the sexes in this respect. Similar spines are described in C. echinata, Moniez, and in C. acanthina, Ross, but in the former the postabdomen is even broader than that of Ceriodaphnia setosa. A. Ephippial female. B. Head of male. (©, Fornix and margin of ephippium of female, D. Postabdomen of female. C. laticaudata, and in the latter the front of the head is said to be smooth, while the postabdominal claws are denti- culate. The ephippium is marked off from the valves by a broad, clear space which is free from reticulations, and the ephippium itself is covered with small reticulations, each with a small knob or boss in the centre, but with no spines. . 24* 356 Mr. R. Gurney on certain The first pair of antennz of the female are longer and more slender than in C, /aticaudata, and the postabdomen is not so broad. The male is readily distinguished by the protuberance of the rostral region of the head. So far as I am aware, C. setosa, which was first described in 1890 from specimens taken in the neighbourhood of Moscow, has since that time only been recorded from Sweden and from Plin,in Holstein. Prof, Lilljeborg states that it is very rare in Sweden, though widely distributed, being found in places with rich vegetation, particularly Lemna, in company with C. laticaudata and C. rotunda. The latter has never been found in this country since 1850, when Baird described it in his ‘ Natural History of British Entomostraca,’ and it is very probable that his description refers to C. laticaudata. 3. Kurzia latissima, Kurz. This species was found for the first time on Aug. 26, and was common on that day in a small patch of Hypnum, which reached to the surface of the water. This patch was little more than a yard in diameter, and the Aurzia were almost confined to it, since none were found in the sur- rounding marsh. On subsequent days occasional specimens were taken in the neighbourhood of this spot, but the species rapidly decreased in numbers, and only two individuals were found on Oct. 7 in spite of assiduous search. Kurzia latissima is a rare species, but. has an extremely wide range, being recorded from Sweden, Bohemia, Russia, Switzerland, Brandenburg, Central Asia, United States, Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina, It is readily distin- guishable by its broad outline and its very narrow post- abdomen. The ephippial area is not marked off from the rest of the shell by a “line of weakness,” but is dark brown in colour and marked with fine brown dots. The male differs little from the female either in shape of shell or of postabdomen. CoprEpopa. 4. Nitocra simplex, Schmeil. (Fig. 2.) Syn. NV, mulleri, Van Douwe, Zool, Anz. xxviii. 1905, p. 434. Nitocra hibernica (Brady) is widely distributed in the Norfolk Broads, both in those which are quite fresh and also in the rather brackish waters of the Hickling region ; and N. spinipes, Boeck, is also found, though rarely, in the British Freshwater Entomostraca. 357 estuarine region of the rivers and near the coast. This year I have found N. simplex, Schmeil, also in Horsey Mere and Fig. 2. ~ >, x77 ROR PRPs al Fo part ‘ids ar Nitocra simplex. 1. First antenna of male, last two joints. 2. First leg of male. : 3. Third leg of female, last joint of external branch. 4. Furea and operculum of male. 5. Fifth foot of male. a 6. Fifth foot of female, Hickling Broad, but I have only met with it in decayed stems of Typha angustifolia when searching for Horsiedla 358 Mr. R. Gurney on certain brevicornis (Van Douwe). It oceurs in these stems in fair numbers, and can generally be distinguished from N. hiber- nica, with which it is associated, by its smaller size and absence of brown markings. ‘This distinction in colour does not always hold good, since, on the one hand, Van Douwe notes strong pigmentation in his examples, and, on the other hand, N. hibernica may sometimes be quite colourless. Structurally N. simplex is most closely allied to N. spinipes, Boeck *, but differs from it in the structure of the first and fifth feet and of the prehensile antenna of the male. The pennitimate joint of the latter in N. simplex has a series of small knobs along its inner edge, which are not found in any other species of the genus. In some males of N. hibernica this joint has a few cuticular ridges, which indicate an approach to the condition found in N., simplex. Nitocra simplex appears to be confined to waters in which there is an appreciable quantity of salt present. Schmeil found it in Holstein, in water having a salinity of 5 °/,, while Thienemann + records its occurrence in water with a salt content of about 2°5 grm. per litre. In Hickling andin Horsey Mere the salinity varies between 40 and 70 grains per gallon. I have found specimens in a collection made in 1899 at Cley, in Norfolk, in a ditch close to the sea in which the water was probably slightly brackish, though it contained otherwise only freshwater Entomostraca. The genus Nitocra seems to be characteristically marine, and N. simplex holds an intermediate position between such species as N. spinipes which is found only in water of high salinity and N. hibernica which is a genuine freshwater species. 5. Mesochra rapiens (Schmeil). Apsteinia rapiens, Schmeil, Zeits. Naturw, Ixyii. 1894, p. 848. Canthocamptus lurticornis, Scott, 13th Ann. Rep. Scottish F. B, 1895, p- 251. Canthocamptus megalops, Lilljeborg, K. Sv.-Ak, Handl. xxxyi. 1902, p. 80, Apsteinia rapiens, Van Douwe, Deutsch. Susswasserfauna, 1909, p. 61. Mesochra hirticornis, Sars, Crust. of Norway, v. 1911, p. 210. The identity of C. megalops, Lillj., with Mesochra hirticornis has already been ‘pointed out by Dr. Scott and accepted by Prof. Sars, but a comparison of the description of Schmeil and the figures given by Van Douwe of Apsleinia rapiens * LT refer to N. spinipes, as described by Sars (Crust. of Norway, % p. 218). With this species NV. palustris (Brady) is synonymous, + Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges. Vers. xxiii. 1913, ——= lt British Freshwater Entomostraca: 359 with Dr. Scott’s description and figures of C. hirticornis leaves no doubt that both were dealing with the same species. As Schmeil’s name has priority, it is unfortunate that the specific name of hirticornis must give way to that of rapiens. Prof. Sars is undoubtedly right in including the species in the genus JJesochra. Mesochra rapiens is fairly common in the Norfolk Broads, where the salinity is high (e. g., Hickling and Horsey), and I have also found it at Flordon Common, near Norwich. The water there is perfectly “ fresh,” but is highly calcareous, and my specimens were found in greyish calcareous mud, covered only by a mere film of water. I[t occurs also in Oulton Broad, in Suffolk, since a slide in Dr. Brady’s collection, labelled ‘ Canthocamptus palustris, Oulton Broad,” contains, besides several C. palustris, also two specimens of Mesochra rapiens and one of Tachidius littoralis, Poppe. This slide was probably made before the year 1880. M. rapiens has been found by Dr. Scott in various parts of Scotland (Outer Hebrides, Loch Tarbert, Forth District, Loch Lomond, and R. Ythan, Aberdeenshire), often in brackish water and always not far from the sea. In the Baltic it has been recorded from Colberg by Schmeil in water of a salinity of *5 °/., and by Lilljeborg from the Baltic coast and from the Ekoln branch of Lake Malaren in fresh water. Prof. Lilljeborg suggests that it may be regarded as a relict in Lake Malaren of a former extension of the Baltic. The Ekoln is known to contain other Crustacea which are supposed to be relicts of such former extensions*. In Norway the species has only been taken in a brackish pool in the South. 6. Tachidius brevicornis, Lillj., in fresh water. Mr. Scourfield | has drawn attention to the small pools of water which collect at the roots and in holes in trees as the habitat of Entomostraca, and has described a new species, Moraria arboricola, which inhabits such pools in Epping Forest. In Epping Forest the pollarding of the oaks has provided innumerable water-holes, but I found, during a visit to the New Forest in August 1919, that the only collections of water there were in beech-trees, either at the roots or in the hollow in the fork between two main branches, though there were other holes which had at one time contained water, but were then dry. Moraria arboricola proved to be common, occurring in the majority of the pools, * Ekman, Zool. Stud. tillagn. T. Tullberg, 1907. + Journ. Quekett Mic. Club, (2) xii, 1916, p. 431. 360 Mr. O. Thomas on but my experience was that Entomostraca seldom occurred in those pools in which the water was foul from decaying leaves. Generally, however, the water is very pure, and a kind of fine peat is deposited by slow decay of the leaves, as has been described by Picado*. Contrary to Mr. Scourfield’s experience, I found other species, both of Cladocera and of Copepoda, in these holes, though JM. arboricola was the only species met with as a rule. For instance, in one hole the following species were found, in addition to M. arboricola:— Alona affinis, Chydorus ovalis, Chydorus sphericus, and Canthocamptus pygmeus, while another large hole contained only C. pygmeus in abundance. On one occasion a few specimens of Candona pratensis, Hartw., were met with in a hole near Burley f. The most remarkable discovery, however, was made in a pool at the root of a beech-tree at Burley. In this pool were a number of JV. arboricola, and among them were three specimens of Tachidius brevicornis, Lillj—two young and an egg-bearing female. The occurrence of this littoral and brackish-water species in such a situation is extraordinary and unaccountable, since the water in these holes must be pure rain water, and Burley is over six miles from the sea. In the East Norfolk rivers, where. there is a mingling of marine forms with those from fresh water, 7. brevicornis has never been found beyond the reach of salt water, though T. littoralis, Poppe, penetrates sometimes into quite fresh water. No chemical analysis of the water in these tree-holes has been made, but it is possible that it may become rather highly concentrated by evaporation without drainage. That is a question which might be worth investigation. XLIX.—On Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE Neotropical species of the widely-spread genus Eptesicus are almost all members of the group of which “ E. hilatrei” (using for the moment the name best known for it) is typical —small delicately built bats quite different from the large heavily built 2. fuseus of North America. The group repre- sented by the latter, however, not only goes into Central * Bull, Sci. France Belgique, (7) xlvii. 1913, pp. 215-860. + E. Simon, Ann, Sec, Entom. France, (6) vi. 1886, p- 415, alludes to the occurrence of Tanymastiv stagnalis, Linn., in hollows in tree-roots. Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. 361 America in the form known as LZ. f. miradorensis, but I am now able to record its presence as far into S. America as Merida, Venezuela, whence comes a bat which I may com- mence by describing. Eptesicus fuscus pelliceus, subsp. n. General characters very much as in £. f. miradorensis, All., of Mexico and Central America, but fur decidedly longer. Colour quite as in Guatemalan miradorensis, the dorsal’ hairs blackish for four-fifths their length, theirends glossy cinnamon; underneath paler, the ends dull buffy whitish. Hairs of back about 9 mm. in length. Skull about as in miradorensis. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) : — Forearm 54 mm, Third finger, metacarpus 50, first phalanx 19:5. Skull: palato-sinual length 8°6 ; interorbital breadth 4°3 ; front of canine to back of m’* 7-5 ; front of p* to back of m? 5-2. Hab. Heights near Merida, Venezuela. Type from La Culata. Alt. 4000 m. Type. Old female. B.M. no. 98. 7. 1. 28. Collected 20th June, 1897, by S. Bricefio. One specimen only. Turning now to the true lightly built S.-American species, there is a considerably larger number of names to be reckoned with than has hitherto appeared, as I find no less than fourteen described trom different parts of the continent, some of these having been wholly neglected by modern writers. Indeed, the earliest one of all, bras:iensis, Desm., 1819, seems never to have been used, but should evidently supersede hilarit, I. Geoffr., 1824, for the comparatively large dark-coloured Biazilian species, with which it is probable that derasus, Burm., 1854, arctoides and nitens, Wagn., 1855, and arge, Cope, 1889, are all synonymous. Then it seems evident that dortanus, Dobs., 1885 (Misiones), is synonymous with furt- nalis, D’Orb., 1847 (Corrientes), with forearm 37-38 mm., while for the pale Ecuadorean and N, Peruvian coast-species I fear that énnowius, Gerv., 1841 (Amotape, Piura), will have to supersede esyada, Cabrera, 1901 (Babahoyo). 2. melano- pterus, Jent., 1904, would be the name for the Guianan species (forearm 37-40 mm.), to which chapmani, Allen, 1915, is likely to be nearly related. Then andinus, Allen, 1915, would be the highly suitable name for a dark-coloured species which ranges down the Andean chain from N. Colombia to Peru, our most sotthern examples coming from Chanchamayo. 362 Mr. O. Thomas on To this the following new Central-American form would seem to be most nearly related :— Eptesicus chiriquinus, sp. n. Allied to FE. andinus, but with longer forearm and legs and fluffier fur. . Size, as gauged by skull, not exceeding that of 2. andinus, but the forearm and legs are materially longer and the length of the trunk, as given by collector, is greater. Fur long, soft, fine and rather woolly, more so than in the rather straight-haired andinus ; hairs of back about 8 mm. in length. General colour blackish brown, the lighter ends to the hairs of the posterior back short and little conspicuous. Under surface practically as dark as upper, therefore darker than in ~ andinus. Membranes black throughont. Skull about as in andinus, though the supraorbital edges are more sharply angular. Canines of normal slenderness, while in andinus they seem to be always comparatively short and broadly conical; but how far the difference may be an effect of wear I cannot be sure. Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken in flesh by collector) :-— Forearm 46°5 mm. Head and body 70; tail 50; ear 14. Third finger, meta- earpns 43; first phalanx 16°5; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 28. Skull, greatest length ‘16°2; zygomatic breadth 11:1; intertemporal breadth 4; breadth of brain-case 7°8; palato- sinual length 7; front of canine to back of m’ 6:3; front of p* to back of m? 4°2. Hab. Chiriqui. Type from Boquete. Alt. 4000’. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 3. 3. 3. 1. Original number 90. Collected 6th April, 1902, by H. J. Watson. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. This species is recognizable by its long forearm and legs as compared with £. andimus of Colombia, . propinguus, Peters, with which Mr, Osgood has shown £. gaumert, Allen, to be synonymous, is also characterized by its much paler under surface and smaller teeth. The only other Central-American J¢ptesicus is E. fuscus miradorensis, a member of the quite different serotinus group. . Next we may take two closely allied species characterized by their large rounded and swollen skulls, very different from the rather low flattened skulls of the S.-American species hitherto known :— Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. 363 Eptestcus montosus, 8p. n. A small Fptesicus with swollen and rounded skull. Size about as in 2. brasiliensis, Fur very long and fine, hairs of back about 9 mm. in length. General colour blackish brown, lightened on the posterior back by the Prout’s brown of the tips.of the hairs. Under surtace also brown, the tips of the hairs paler brown. Lars and tragus apparently as in brasiliensis. Skull, as compared with that of brasiliensis, conspicuously more swollen, higher in the brain-case, with much broader and quite unridged interorbital region, the whole skull less flattened and less ridged. Molars apparently rather narrower transversely than in brasiliensis, their longitudinal diameter about the same. Dimensions of the type:— Forearm 43 mm. Head and body 55; tail 43; third finger, metacarpus 40 ; first phalanx 13; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 26. Skull: greatest length 15°6; condylo-basal length 15:2 ; basi-sinual length 12; zygomatic breadth 10°3; interorbital breadth 4°2; breadth of brain-case 8; vertical height, in- cluding bull, 7°6 ; palato-sinual length 6°2 ; front of canine to back of m? 6; front of p? to back of m? 4. Hab. (of type). Choro, north of Cochabamba, Highlands of Bolivia, on the upper waters of the R. Mamoré. Alt. 3600 m. Type. Adult male skin and skull. B.M. no. 2.1.1.1. Original number 1433. Collected 8th May, 1901, by P.O. Simons. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. ** Native name Chini.”—P. 0. 8. All the hitherto described South-American species of Eptesicus have a characteristically flattened skull with widely spread zygomata and narrow interorbital region, while this highland form differs by its much higher and more rounded skull. Attention is especially drawn to the great interorbital breadth and the vertical height of the brain-case. This is the “Vespertilio sp.—hilairet group”’ of my paper on Mr. Simons’s Bolivian collection *, An allied species is Eptesicus inea, sp. n. Near £. montosus, but larger. Skull more heavily ridged. General characters of montosus, with similarly large inflated * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 126 (1902). 364 Mr. O. Thomas on skull and long soft fur. Colour, so far as can be judged on a spirit-specimen, much as in that species. Sides of muzzle much swollen, tumid, the edges of the nostrils not projecting. Ears rather large, their outer margin with a rounded basal lobule. Tragus large, straight, not bowed inwards, with low basal lobule. Wings to base of fifth toe. Last vertebra of tail exserted. Skull larger than that of montosus and rather more normal in general shape, less rounded and swollen. Brain-case with well-defined sagittal ridge. Intertemporal breadth equally exceeding that of the ordinary species of the genus. Teeth rather larger throughout.- Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci- men) :— Forearm 46 mm, Head and body 55; tail 44; ear 16; tragus on inner edge 6; third finger, metacarpus 39, first phalanx 16. Skull: greatest length 16°2; condylo-basal length 15:9 ; basi-sinual length 13; zygomatic breadth 10°8; inter- temporal breadth 4°5; breadth of brain-case 8 ; palato-sinual length 6°8; front of canine to back of m* 6°3; front of p* to back of m? 4°2. Hab. Chanchamayo, Cuzeo, Peru. Type. Adult male in alcohol. B.M. no. 94.8.6. 1. Col- lected by J. Kalinowski. One specimen. Along the coastal regions of Ecuador and N. Peru the members of this genus are brownish, approximating to Prout’s brown, cinnamon-brown, &c.—in marked contrast to the more or less blackish H. andinus of Colombia and the higher grounds of the Andes, Specimens from Piura, Peru, are topotypical of innowius, Gerv., while quite similar forms are in the collection from Eten, Peru, to the south, and Santa Rosa, Ecuador, further north, tlhe Museum containing thirteen specimens in all, In these the forearm is about 37-38 mm. in length, and the skull 14°9t0 155mm. £. espade, Cabrera, from Babahoyo, with forearm 38 and skull 15-4 mm, in length, must no doubt be considered the same form, as it is expressly stated to be very pale in colour. But among our specimens are two from the island of Puna so much smaller than the others as to demand distinction :— Eptesicus punicus, sp. n. Colour as in Z. innowius, but size, and especially skull, markedly smaller. Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus, 365 Upper surface Prout’s brown, the bases of the hairs darker brown but not blackish. Hairs of under surface brown basally, broadly light drab terminally. Skull in shape like that of Z. cnnovius, but much smaller. Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken in the flesh):— Forearm 35 mm. Head and body 42 ; tail 35; ear 13. Third finger, meta- carpus 32°5, first phalanx 12-7; lower leg and hind foot 21°2. Skull: greatest length 14°1; condylo-basal length 13°8 ; zygomatic breadth 9 ; intertemporal breadth 3°8 ; breadth of brain-case 7°1; mastoid breadth 7°6 ; palato-sinual length 11; front of canine to back of m® 4:9 ; front of p* to back of m? 3°7. In the paratype the forearm is longer—37 mm.,—but the skull is of quite the same small size. Hab. Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil. ‘Type from Puna. Alt. 10 m. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 99. 8.1.1. Original num- ber 1. Collected Ist November, 1899, by Perry O. Simons. ‘Two specimens. The type was the first mammal obtained by Mr. Simons on his historic collecting-trip down the Andean region of S. America. Although in other respects quite similar to the neighbouring E. innowxius, the Puna bat is distinguishable by the small size of its skull and teeth. Passing now further to the south, we have E. furinalis as tle smaller species of Paraguay and the Argentine (Corri- entes, Misiones, &c.), but the larger would seem to need a name :— Eptesicus argentinus, sp. n. The pale open-country representative of 2. brasiliensis. Size large, even larger on the average than in brasiliensis. Fur rather short, hairs of back about 5 mm. in length ; the narrow naked area often running along the edges of the back and rump unusually wide and well marked. General colour above quite pale, the light ends to the doisal hairs near buffy brown, therefore much paler than in the dark Brazilian forms. Under surface dull whitish, the hairs slaty with whitish tips, inguinal region white. Kars and membranes brown, not black. Skull robust, flattened, well-ridged, the zygomata broadly expanded. Teeth large and heavy. 366 On Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken in the flesh) :— Forearm 45°5 mm. (range in adults from about 43), Head and body 67 ; tail 44; ear 18, Third finger, meta- carpal 42, first phalanx 15 ; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 25. Skull: greatest length 17°3; basi-sinual length 13°6 ; zyzomatic breadth 12: 5; interte mporal breadth 3° 9. breadth of brain-case 8 ; palato-sinual length of front of canine to back of m® 6°73 front of p* to back of m? 4:5, Hab. Corrientes: Type from Goya, on the Parana. Alt. 600'. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 98. 3.4.6. Original miumber 18. Collected 16th December, 1895, by R. Perrens. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Hight specimens. The combination of large size and comparatively pale colour will at once distinguish this species from any other in S. America. A'so in the Argentine, just to the south of Goya, there is another species which in size is at the opposite pole from E. argentinus, being about the smallest species in 8. America :— Lptesicus fidelis, sp. n. Size very small, slightly smaller even than L. diminutus and punicus. Fur fairly long, hairs of back about 7 mm. in length ; edges of wing-membranes hairy for about half a centimetre out from the body, in contrast to £. argentinus, where there is even a naked edging on the body itself; inter- femoral membrane and base of tail also hairy for about a quarter its length. Tail very short, even relatively to the small size of the animal; its extreme tip only exserted. ars and tragus small, the inner edge of the latter slightly con- cave. General colon: so far as can be seen ina spirit- specimen, brown, not black, the ends of the hairs a little paler ; under surface brown, with whitish tips to the hairs ; membranes brown throughout. Skull low, smooth, unridged, with comparatively broad intertemporal region and scarcely perceptible sagittal and lambdoid crests. Canines proportionally rather short. Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci- nien) —— Forearm 34 mm. Head and body 50; tail 32; ear 12°5 ; tragus on inner edge 4:2; third finger, metatragus 29, first phalanx 11 ; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 19°5. On some African Zorils. 367 Skull: greatest length 13°93; basi-sinual length 10°7 ; zygomatic breadth 9°8; intertemporal breadth 4: breadth of brain-case 7°3; mastoid breadth 8°1; palato-sinual length 5°5 ; maxillary tooth-row 5; front of p* to back of m® 3°2. Hab. Santa Fé Province, Argentine. Type from Esperanza. Type. Adult male in alcohol. B.M. no. 1.2.4.1. Col- lected by KE. Lindner. One specimen. Just a shade smaller than the two smallest species known— E. diminutus, Osg., of Bahia, and 2. puntcus, of Puna,—and distinguishable from both, apart from geographical considera- tions, by its comparatively broad intertemporal region, which forms a much less well-marked waist to the skull. All other described species are decidedly larger. Lastly, in Brazil we have the large dark £. brasiliensis, Desm., found from the Amazon to Rio Grande do Sul, while the little H. diminutus, Osg., is as yet only known from the Rio Preto, Bahia. L.—On the Group of African Zorils represented by Ictonyx libyca. By OuprieLtp THOMAS and Martin A. C. HINTON. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) In connection with the determination of a Western specimen of this group we have noticed not only that the group itself contains a larger number of species than has been recognized, but also that its characters—as contrasted with the capensis group—are so much weightier than has been previously observed that it clearly ought to be separated as a distinct genus from the ordinary Zorils, to which all the previously existing names are referable. Consequently a new name is needed for the libyca group. PdCILICTIS, gen, nov. Genotype, P. libyca (Ictonyx libyca, Hempr. & Ehr.). Skull shortened; greatly expanded across the mastoid region. Bulle hypertrophied. Palms and soles hairy except on the actual pads, the region between the pads naked in Zctonya; pads themselves smaller, more sharply defined and separate than in that genus. Pattern of coloration about as in Jetonyx, except that the 368 On some African Zorils, median black dorsal stripe is broadly split on the posterior back, with a white area within it, this having generally again a truly median black line, so that at this point there are five longitudinal bands instead of three. Kars with but little white on them. Range. North Africa, from Algeria to the Egyptian Soudan ; partly overlapping the range of Ictonya. The species of Lweilictis appear to be as follows :— 1. P. vaillanti, Loche. Size largest. A male skull 59°2* mm. long by 36°2 mm. in mastoid breadth. Colour-pattern of medium distinctness. Huds of terminal tail-hairs black. Hab. Algeria and Tunis. 2. P. libyea, Hempr. & Ehr. Size smaller. A male skull 49°3 x 26°9 mm. Colour-pattern very irregular and indistinct. Tip of tail black. Hab. Lower Egypt. 3. P. multivittata, Wagn. Schreb. Siug. Supp. ii. p. 221, pl. exxxiii. B (1840). Syn. Ictonyx frenata, Sund., 1842. Size smallest. Male skull 47°2 x 24°6 mm. Colour-pattern rather more defined than in libyea. Tuil- tip white. Hab. Egyptian Soudan. There cannot be the slightest doubt that Wagner’s mu/ti- vittata is the same as Sundevall’s /renata, although the former’s artist has erroneously given the animal a broadly white-ended ear, such as is found in true Letonya. 4, P. oralis, sp. n. Size rather smaller than in vadllant?, larger than in libyea, an adult male skull 55x 32°6 mm. Colour-pattern very ill- defined, about as in byca. White frontal band narrow ; chin-band scarcely developed. Upper lips and a small bit of the edge of the ear white as usual. Long hairs of tail white, those at the end with black tips for the terminal 3 inches below ; wool-hairs of tail white basally, blackish terminally. * Condylo-basal length, On some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadidlie, 369 Skull and teeth intermediate in size between those of the large P. vaillanti and the smaller P. libyca. Dimensions of tlie type (measured on the spirit-speci- men) :— Head and body 245 mm.; tail 168; hind foot 38; ear 19. Skull: condylo-basal length-55; zygomatie breadth 35; interorbital breadth 14:8; intertemporal breadth 12°5; mastoid breadth 32.6 ; palatal length 26-4; length of p* on outer edge 6°7 ; transverse diameter of m! 6°9. Hab. Suakin. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 3.12. 8.35. From the late Dr. John Anderson’s Collection. Presented by Mrs. An- derson. One specimen and a separate skull. No doubt most nearly allied to the Egyptian P. libyeca, but larger. LI.—Some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. By W. L. Distant. THE following descriptions refer to genera and_ species recently received from various sections of the Hthiopian region, and the types of which are contained in the British Museum :— MAROBODUUS, gen. nov. ?. Head with the front subconically produced and cen- trally longitudinally depressed, about as long as_ space between eyes, which are large and prominent ; pronotum narrowed anteriorly, the lateral margins concavely excavate ; mesonotum (including cruciform elevation) a little shorter than head and pronotum together ; abdomen in ? longer than the space between the apex of head and base of cruci- form elevation ; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with eight apical areas, of which the uppermost is smallest, the fourth broadly convex at base, thus narrowing the apical half of the second upper ulnar area; radial area with the lower vein strongly angulated and produced beneath, the ulnar area immediately beneath it being very wide and apically upwardly recurved ; wings with six apical areas, the uppermost of which is subglobose. ‘The peculiar venation of the tegmina, especially of the radial area, and the upwardly turned apex of the ulnar area Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 25 370 Mr. W. L. Distant on some immediately behind it are the principal characteristics of this genus, which (in the absence of the g) I place in the division Psithyristriaria in the subfam. Geanine. Maroboduus fractus, sp. n. ?. Body and legs virescent, the tibia and-tarsi more ochraceous ; eyes castaneous ; ocelli pale shining sanguineous; narrow posterior abdominal margins above black ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation of both dull virescent ; head with the front longitudinally linearly depressed, the lateral areas obliquely transversely striate, the basal antenniferous tubercles very robust and prominent ; pronotum centrally broadly longitudinally striate, two oblique striations on each lateral area, the lateral margins broadly concavely sinuate, the basal lateral angles convexly subprominent; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe ; other structural characters as in generic diagnosis. ?. Long., excl. tegm., 20; exp. tegm. 60 mm. Hab. W. Africa; Sierra Leone (Jas. J. Simpson). Lemuriana consobrina, sp. n. 3. Body above, abdomen beneath, and face pale casta- neous ; sternum and legs paler and more ochraceous; tegmina and wings pale hyaline, costal membrane to the first, and the whole of the venation to both ochraceous; pronotum with two oblique incisures on both sides of disk; eyes black ; rostrum ochraceous, its apex black and about reaching the posterior coxze; face globose, strongly laterally striate ; opercula short, laterally rounded, transverse, their apices roundly angulate, not extending beyond the base of the first abdominal segment. ?. Abdomen beneath with a central longitudinal piceous fascia. Long., excl. tegm., gd 15, 2 16; exp. tegm., ¢ 46, 2 56 mm. Hab. Uganda (R. Dummer); Nile Prov. (Dr. R. E£. McConnell). Allied to Z. flavocostata, Dist., but differing by the shorter and more anteriorly rounded head, less prominent eyes, &e. Panka umbrosa, sp. n. Body and legs ochraceous or brownish ochraceous; basal area of head (more or less), pronotal incisures, two shirt obconical central spots to anterior margin, a long sublateral undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. 371 spot on each side subacutely narrowed posteriorly, and two small basal spots before cruciform elevation to mesonotum, black ; anterior basal segmental margins to abdomen above more or less black ; apex of rostrum more or less black ; tegmina and wings hyaline, venation black or blackish, tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous; apical margin of the claval area to wings black; segmental margins to abdomen beneath sometimes black; front of head centrally longitudinally excavate; opercula in ¢ short, broad, roundly oblique; anterior femora with three blackish spines beneath ; rostrum just passing the intermediate coxe; basal cell to tegmina long and somewhat narrow. Long., excl. tegm., 10-11; exp. tegm. 30-31 mm. Hab. N.E. Rhodesia; W. of Medona (D2. Mae Donald). Nyassaland ; Mt. Mlanje (S. A. Veave). Kindu (Burgeon). S. Leone, Gbonkopillar (A. Pearse). Psilotympana varicolor, sp. n. 9. Head and pronotum ochraceous ; head between eyes, a large subcruciform central fascia, and lateral margins to pronotum black ; mesonotum black, with two central, sinuate, longitudinal fasciez, and narrow lateral margins ochraceous ; basal cruciform elevation ochraceous; abdomen above black, the segmental margins narrowly ochraceous ; body beneath greyishly pilose; legs ochraceous; disk of sternum maculately black ; face ochraceous, more or less transversely blackly striate ; tegmina and wings pale talc-like, venation and costal membrane to tegmina ochraceous, the latter with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas narrowly, palely infuscate ; rostrum ochraceous, about reaching the intermediate coxe. Long., excl. tegm., ?, 14; exp. tegm. 36 mm. Hab, South Africa (no precise locality). Taipinga rhodesi, sp. n. ?. Head and pronotum black ; a marginal spot on each side near base of face and posterior margin and lateral angles of pronotum, pale ochraceous; mesonotum greyish white, with a large central cruciform spot and a large sublateral obconical spot on each side black ; abdomen above dark ochraceous, posterior segmental margins pale ochraceous, and a central longitudinal more or less continuous fascia black ; body beneath pale ochraceous; rostrum and legs dark ochraceous, the former reaching the intermediate coxe; anterior femora strongly spined beneath ; tegmina and wings 372 Mr. W. L. Distant on some hyaline, venation and costal membrane to the former ochra- ceous, upper apical area, and the inner margins of the second, third, and fourth apical areas pale shining purplish. Long., excl. tegm., 2,12; exp. tegm. 26 mm. Hab. South Atrica ; Kimberley. Stagira ruficostata, sp. n. 9. Body above virescent; eyes dull ochraceous; body bencath and legs virescent, tibia and tarsi and posterior margins of the abdominal segments testaceous ; tegmina and wings hyaline, extreme bases of both, costal membrane and costal area of tegmina sanguineous, venation of both tegmina and wings pale testaceous, darker on basal areas ; pronotum with a central, discal, longitudinal sulcation, the oblique incisions very distinct ; mesonotum with two short obconical spots at base, only denoted by their darker margins; abdo- men narrowly elevated on basal half ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxee; anterior femora prominently thickened and compressed with a few strong spines beneath. Long., excl. tegm., 9,13; exp. tegm. 37 mm. Hab. 8S. Atrica ; Grahamstown. Stagira consobrina, 8}). 0. g. Allied to the preceding species, S. ruficostata, Dist., but with the head (including eyes) distinctly narrower; tle coloration of the body paler, and the abdominal segmental margins above broader, paler, and very narrowly darkly margined ; the upper apical area to the tegmina much longer and more sinuate, the basal cell longer and narrower ; the face strongly centrally carinate; the tegmina and wings not prominently testaceous at bases, &e. Long., excl. tegm., @, 14; exp. tegm. 37 mm. Hab. 8. Africa ; Transvaal (Junod). Slagira sanguinea, sp. n. 3. Body above and beneath sanguineous, the abdominal segmental margins distinctly darker in hue ; basal abdominal segment beneath with a central foveate black spot on its anterior margin; antenne black ; oblique furrows to pro- notum dull ochraceous; mesonotum with two somewhat obscure, blackly margined, obconical spots on anterior margin; tegmina and wings hyaline, costal area and membrane and the venation sanguineous; rostrum reaching tle posterior coxe ; femora and trochanters ochraceous, undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. 373 anterior femora with three prominent spines beneath ; ’ opercula short and rounded; face distinctly transversely striate. Long., excl. tegm., ¢,19; exp. tegm. 45 mm. Hab. “ Caffraria.” DECEBALUS, gen. nov. &. Head short, depressed anteriorly, eyes large and prominent ; pronotum scarcely longer than total length of head, the moderately dilated lateral margins not quite reaching apices 3 mesonotum about as long as pronotum ; opercula prominent and exposed ; abdomen ‘somewhat short, about as long as head and thorax together ; rostrum about reaching the posterior cox; face somewhat elongate, centrally longi- tudinally sulcate ; tegmina elongate, more than twice as long as broad, basal ell longer than broad, ulnar areas short and broad, especially the discal ones, apical areas eight, much longer than broad, wings with the apical areas narrow and elongate. Allied to Akamba, Dist., but differing by the shorter and broader discal ulnar areas to the tegmina. Decebalus ugandanus, sp. n. Body above pale virescent with pale ochraceous suffusions ; head above with prominent dark fuscous spots—two at inner margins of eyes and another at bases of antenne ; pronotum with the anterior and posterior margins and a central narrow longitudinal fascia’ virescent, each lateral area with about five prominent but irregular black spots ; mesonotum with two obconical spots on anterior margin, followed by two strongly curved and irregularly shaped spots and a large submarginal fascia on each side, more or less castaneous brown; abdomen above with the segmental margin castaneous brown, becoming broader and more confluent on apical half; body beneath paler than above ; anterior femora with three prominent dark spines beneath; tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation dull virescent, the costal area to the first distinctly paler and more virescent. Long., excl. tegm., ¢,12; exp. tegm. 38 mm, Hab. Uganda Protect., Southern oro, Mbarara (S. A. Neave). Zouga festiva, sp. n. Body above black, more or less longly pilose ; ; eyes, ocelli, basal margin of pronotum, tympanal coverings, lateral 374 Mr. W. L. Distant on some margins and posterior segmental margins to abdomen, rostrum, and abdomen beneath ochraceous; legs brownish ochraceous, base of abdomen beneath narrowly black ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation to both and costal membrane to tegmina ochraceous ; head, pronotum, sternum, and legs longly pilose ; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe; opercula short, oblique, somewhat widely separated internally ; posterior tibie centrally and on apical area longly spinose. Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 22; exp. tegm. 48 mm. Hab. 8. Africa (no precise locality). The largest and most distinctly coloured species of this genus as yet described. NEOMUDA, gen. nov. Body moderately short and robust ; head about as long as breadth between eyes, the apex somewhat broadly rounded, ocelli about as wide apart from eyes as from each other ; pronotum with the lateral margins irregularly convex, the posterior angles broadly prominent; face prominently globose, transversely striate, and centrally longitudinally sulcate ; anterior femora very strongly incrassate and strongly spined ; abdomen beneath longly subovate, the lateral margins lami- nately recurved ; tympanal coverings absent ; tegmina about three times as long as greatest breadth, apical areas eight in number ; wings with six apical areas. Type, 1V. peringuey?, Dist. Neomuda peringuey?, sp. n. Head and thorax above dull ochraceous, with a more or less greenish tint, especially on the pronotum ; head above with the basal area castaneous, surrounding the ocelli, which are pale sanguineous ; pronotum with two central longi- tudinal fascia (not extending beyond the anterior confines of the basal marginal area) and two curved fasciz on the lateral areas, castaneous ; mesonotum with two central obconical spots at middle of anterior margin and a somewhat larger, more indistinct, elongate spot (denoted by their margins only) on each lateral area castaneous ; abdomen above ochraceous, with four longitudinal segmental series of transverse casta- neous spots, the apical segment more completely castaneous ; abdomen beneath more unifor mly ochraceous ; legs greenish ochraceous, more or less annulated with castaneous ; apices of tarsi castaneous; face pale greenish, with the striations undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. 375 castaneous ; tegmina and wings hyaline ; tegmina with tho costal membrane greenish ochraceous, the venation more ochraceous, linearly and distinctly spotted with black, espe- cially the apices of the ulnar areas ; wings with the veins blackish, a few pale greenish ; structural characters as in generic diagnosis. Long., excl. tegm., 21; exp. tegm. 56 mm. Hab. South Africa (no precise locality). Neomuda abdominalis, sp. n. Allied to the preceding species, NV. peringueyt, but differing in the following characters:—The abdomen above has only three longitudinal segmental series of transverse castaneous spots, the central series being longest ; tegmina and wings distinctly ochraceous, the venation uniformly of the same hue. Structurally distinct in the abdomen beneath, in which the lateral margins are considerably more broadly and roundly recurved. Long., excl. tegm., 21; exp. tegm. 57 mm. flub. Cape Colony. Neomuda triment, sp. n. 9. Allied to the two preceding species, but with the tegmina practically unspotted, the costal membrane and the bases of both tegmina and wings sanguineous; body beneath and legs dull sanguineous or dark ochraceous ; venation to tegmina and wings brownish ochraceous, the bases and apices of the apical areas to tegmina sometimes lightly or faintly palely infuscate; pronotum with two central, longitudinal, moderate carinations continued on basal area of head, ocelli in distinct depressions ; lateral areas of the pronotum with distinct dark vittee; mesonotum with four distinct darker obconical spots, the outermost longest and subacute ; rostrum with its apex black and reaching the intermediate coxe ; face centrally broadly excavate, the lateral areas transversely striate ; anterior femora with two robust spines beneath. Long., excl. tegm., $ , 19-22 ; exp. tegm. 43-55 mm. Hab. 8. Africa; Wynberg, Oudebosch (Brit. and 8S. Afr. Muss.). OUDEBOSCHIA, gen. nov. Allied to the preceding genus, Neomuda, but wings with seven apical areas. 376 On some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. Lateral margins of pronotum a little convexly sinuate, posterior angles more or less strongly ampliate; head with front roundly triangularly produced, about as long as breadth between eyes; abdomen beneath with the lateral margins strongly inwardly roundly recurved, By the venation of the wings and the recurved margins of the abdomen beneath, this genus is also allied to Nablistes, Karsch, but from which the venation of the tegmina is altogether dissimilar. Oudeboschia festiva, sp. 0. @?. Head virescent, blackly pilose, inner margins of eyes and two central longitudinal lines black, ocelli ochraceous ; pronotum ochraceous, a large central anterior and a central subbasal spot and the posterior marginal area virescent, the lateral areas with. black suffusions ; mesonotum greenish ochraceous, with four longitudinal black fascie, of which the two central are sinuate and the outer ones shorter and posteriorly acute ; abdomen above oehraceous, the posterior segmental margins paler in hue; head beneath, sternum, and legs virescent, irregularly marked with black; abdomen beneath ochraceous, the base and two small central spots on posterior segmental margins black, the roundly incurved lateral margins virescent, with their segmental margins dark ochraceous, apical segment centrally black; tegmina dark ochraceous, the costal membrane virescent, the venation fuscous, the longitudinal veins defining the ulnar areas broken, the radial area and basal cell paler in hue; wings pale ochraceons ; structural characters as in generic diagnosis. Long, excl. tegm., 25; exp. tegm. 65 mm. Hab, 8. Africa ; Oudebosch, Calydon. STELLENBOSCHIA, gen. nov. Differs from Pauropsalta by the dilated tegmina. Type, S. rotundata, Dist. Melampsalta rotundata, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ix. p. 324 (1892). Differs from Pauropsalta by the shorter and _ broader tegmina, which at their greatest breadth are half as broad as their greatest length ; they are also strongly roundly arcuated from near base. As in Pauropsalta, the wing possesses only five apical areas, and in the tegmina the radial area is at its greatest breadth about half as broad as long. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERIES.] No. 29. MAY 1920. LII.—Notes on the Asilidee: Sub-division Asiline. By Gerrrupe Ricarpo. (Continued from p. 241. } Dysmachus tibialis, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 245 (1838). This species was described by Macquart from the Cape as follows :— ‘“* Yellow-haired. Moustache yellow. Legs black ; tibize red. Wings with the fourth posterior cell oblique. Face and forehead with yellow tomentum., Beard yellow. Antenne wanting. Thorax and abdomen black with green reflections, tomentum and pubescence greyish yellow. Legs with yellow and black bristles, apices of tibie black. Wings yellowish, the longitudinal veius bordered with light brown. | al a The specimens noted below seem to answer to this de- scription, but till the type can be examined the question must remain doubtful. The following description will serve, at any rate, to identify my specimens :— Males and females from Stelleubosch, in Cape Museum Coll. Distinguished by the wholly yellow beard and by the yellowish-red tibize and yellow pubescence on seutellum. Length, ¢ 22-23, 9 24 mm. Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 26 378 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Male.—Face with fairly thick yellow or orange moustache reaching the antennee. Palpi blackish with chiefly black hairs. Antenne blackish brown, the first two joints with black hairs and at least one yellow one on underside, the arista long and stout. Forehead covered with hairs a little lighter in colour than those of moustache. The curled bristles yellow, not stout, difficult to distinguish from the many yellow .hairs round them, continued round head. Thorax bronze-coloured with greyish tomentum and short black pubescence, a few yellow hairs interspersed ; the mane consists of black hairs, some longer than others, but outstanding bristles are absent, the four preesutural bristles are yellow with shorter ones round them, the supra-alar and postalar are black and yellow and more numerous than usual. Scutellum covered with thick long yellow or orange hairs, and the same-coloured bristles on posterior margin. Abdomen appears blackish brown with soft reddish-yellow pubescence and the same below; there are traces of yellowish tomentum on dorsum. Genitalia black, shining, stout, the upper pincers large with two points widely separated, the upper one club-shaped, obtuse, and short ; the lower one slender and much longer, with yellow and black hairs, also below, but a tuft of orange hairs appears on the black under-plate in the centre. Legs blackish, the femora with fairly long yellowish pubescence and stout black bristles on the middle and hind pair ; tibie almost honey-yellow, the apices of middle and hind pair black, the fore tibize with long yellow hairs and many long yellow brist!es, the middle pair with black bristles but many weak yellow ones, the hind pair with black bristles and two or more yellow ones, the yellow hairs present but not so thick on the two hind pairs; tarsi with black bristles. Wings clear, the middle transverse vein very oblique, situated on about two-thirds of the length of the discal cell. female ideutical. Abdomen covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and yellowish pubescence, the ovipositor short, black. Dysmachus leoninus, Schiner. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii. p. 402, 106 [Lophonotus] (1867). The type was described from the Cape, measuring 12-13 mm. One ¢ from Caledon, Cape Colony (K. H. Barnard), 1916, in Cape collection, It measures 21 mm. Kasily distinguished by the short fox-red pubescence on 7 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 379 the thorax, becoming longer posteriorly, also present on the scutellum with bristles of the same colonr, and on the first five abdominal segments where it is fairly long, especially at the sides, but not very thick. Legs with the same-coloured pubescence, the tibiz bright yellow-red with many bristles of the same colour. Jloustache reddish yellow, with black hairs at sides in this specimen. Dysmachus porcellus, Speiser. Schwed. Zool. Exp. Ost-Afrik. p. 102 (1910). A series of males and females from S. and E. slopes of Kenya, 6000-7000 ft., and on edge of Forest, Brit. E. Africa. This species belongs to the group represented by D. chal- coygaster, Wied., also containing D. suillus, to which Speis:r suggests itis related. It is distinguished from D. chalcogaster by the genitalia of the male, which are short and stout. Wings largely brown at the apex. Length, ¢ 18-22, 9 18-21 mm. Speiser gives the length as 17 mm., and gives the localities as Kibonoto, near Kilimandjaro, at 2000-3000 m., and Meru, 3000 m. high. He gives the yellow colour of the hairs or bristles in the middle of the hind border of head, and the middle of the thorax with not very long bristles, as distinguishing it from D. suillus. The moustache is yellowish, but surrounded above and at sides by black bristles; in these specimens the black predominate over the yellow bristly hairs, and the long" curved over bristles of bead are black, but yellow bristly hairs are present between them. Scuted/um with bristly black hairs and on outer border with long yellow bristles, in the female these latter are often black. Tor further particulars, see Speiser’s description. Dysmachus orientalis, sp. n. One male (type) from Mombasa, EH. Africa (A. J. Cholmeley), 1906, 225. One male from Narok, Masai Reserve, E. Africa, 27. iii. 1914 (Captain A. O. Luckman), in I. KE. EK. Coll. A small pubescent species allied to Dysmachus tarsalis, sp. n., but distinguished from it by the tibiz which are reddish yellow for two-thirds of their length, the hind pair only reddish yel'ow at the base and the tarsi are black, Abdomen more pubescent. Genitalia shortcr, 26* 380 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. Length 15 and 16 mm. Face covered with silky yellowish tomentum. Moustache reaching to the antenns, composed of snow-white soft hairs, surrounded by black bristly hairs. Pal/pi with black hairs. Beard snowy-white. Antenne black, the first two joints with very long black bristly hairs below and shorter ones on their upper sides. Forehead with usually long black hairs. Hind head with weak white hairs at vertex curling over and black stout bristles also curling over, beyond these the hairs round head are soft and pale-coloured. Zhorax bronze-coloured with whitish tomentum and short whitish pubescence, the mane thick and composed of long black hairs with which are intermingled short white hairs, becoming longer pos- teriorly but still leaving the centre with black hairs, the usual stout bristles on sides of dorsum are weak, chiefly whitish, some very long. Scutellum covered with long white hairs becoming more bristly on the border, these hairs are not disposed as white tufts. Abdomen bronze-coloured, with thick rather bushy white hairs on the first three segments, less bushy beyond, but still present as short white pubescence, and hairs at sides are pale-coloured; the usual dark spots are present on each segment, with greyish tomentum at sides; under side with soft whitish hairs. Genitalia black, shining, with white hairs, below disposed as snowy-white tufts; forceps short but stout and wide, two- pronged with obtuse teeth. Legs bronze-coloured with white hairs ; the fore and middle tibize honey-yellow above for two- thirds of their length, and black underneath, the hind pair chiefly yellow at their base only ; the two anterior pairs of femora and tibie with long white hairs on each side, the hind legs with fewer but with stouter longer black bristles ; the fore tibize with three white bristles at their apices and the middle pair with three on their outer side, fore and middle tarsi with some white bristles, the hind pair with only black ones. Wings greyish, with yellow veins, the small transverse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell. Dysmachus tarsals, sp. 0. Type (male) and other males from Willow Grange, Natal (R. C. Wroughton), in I. B, , Coll. A small species, to be recognized by the dull reddish or in some specimens reddish-yellow tibiz, which have a black stripe on the inside, aud by the wholly light-coloured tarsi. Abdomen with a dark large spot on each segment. Scutellum with yellow hairs only. Miss G. Rieardo on the Asilide. 381 Length 12-15 mm. Male.—Face with yellowish tomentum. Moustache black above aud bright yellow helow, composed of long rather weak hairs, reaching the antenne. Beard white. Antenne blackish brown, the first two joints with black and yellow hairs ; the arista long and stout, not quite so long as the third jomt. Forehead with straggling long black hairs. The curled bristles at back of head are chiefly yellow, about two black ones are to be seen below on each side, all rather weak and not very long. Thorax metallic, greenish brown, shining, with well-marked brown stripes; the mane not very thick, composed of long weak black hairs, some longer than others, those on the posterior half are largely yellow, as are also the two presutural bristles; pubescence on dorsum not thick, all short black hairs, and some grey tomentum is visible. Scutellum same colour as thorax, with weak yellow hairs not very numerous; on the posterior border are two very long weak bristly hairs on each side, yellow or white. Abdomen bronze-coloured, but covered with grey tomentum; the large blackish spots form an irregular median stripe ; pubescence on dorsum consists of some short black hairs and longer yellowish hairs at sides, also present on the underside, but no bristles appear on the abdomen. Genitalia long, black, and shining, with yellowish pubescence, the pincers club-shaped, the upper tooth very small; underside with a thick tuft of yellow hairs. Legs bronze-coloured ; the tibize and tarsi vary in colour some- what, the hind pair rather darker; the pubescence on femora long and yellow but not thick, yellow and black bristles are present on the hind pairs ; the tibize with long yellow hairs and black bristles, the anterior pair with some black hairs; all the tarsi armed with long and short black bristles. Wings clear, the small transverse vein just beyond the middle of discal cell. Dysmachus rhodesii, sp. n. Type (male), type (female), and other males and females from Salisbury, Rhodesia (R. W. Tucker), in the Cape Museum Coll. A small bronze-coloured species. Moustache black with a few yellow hairs below. Mane chiefly black. Legs bronze- black, the tibize at extreme base red, bristles black, but long yellowish-white hairs on fore and middle legs. Length, g 11-12, ? 10-11 mm. Male.—Face greyish. Moustache very large with long 382 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. black hairs, a few yellow ones near the oral opening. Beard yellowish. Antenne blackish with long black hairs and a very few white ones on upper side, the third joint is wanting. Forehead with black hairs. The bristles on hind part of head are black and white, not so stout as usual, but long. Mane black with a few white bristly hairs at sides, becoming more reddish yellow posteriorly ; the large bristles at sides are reddish yellow; pubescence on dorsum black, sparse ; tomentum greyish on the bronze ground-colour. Scutel/um with long weak yellowish bristles and usually a few black ones on the posterior edge. Abdomen covered with yellowish- grey tomentum and a black spot on each segment; pubes- cence appears chiefly whitish, with no bristles present ; underside with pale reddish-yellow hairs. Genitalia long, covered with greyish tomentum, weak yellow hairs, and short black bristly hairs ; a reddish curled filament is present between the upper pair of oblong forceps and also between the lower pair. Legs blackish, all tibize reddish at hase only, the fore femora with long white hairs below, present in a less degree on the others ; tibie with the same; bristles chiefly black, some reddish-yellow ones on the fore tibiee and on the hind femora. Wings clear, the small transverse vein before the middle of wing. Female identical, the white hairs in the mane not dis- cernible. Ovipositor black, nearly as long as the last two segments. Dysmachus hirtipes, sp. 0. Type (male) from Ceres Div., Matroosberg, 3500 ft., type (female) from same locality and another male from same locality at 4000 ft. This rather striking-looking species has apparently not been described before. Bronze-coloured with thick pubes- cence, though not very long, on thorax and abdomen and on legs. Scutellum entirely covered with yellowish soft hairs. Length, ¢ 144-15, 2 14 mm. Male.—Face with glittering yellowish tomentum. Jous- tache white bordered with black hairs, all soft and fine, extending to the antennez. Beard white. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with a few black hairs, the third joint with a stout fairly long arista. Forehead with white hairs in the middle and at the sides, intermixed with black hairs at sides. The curled bristles at back of head all yellow, intermixed with yellowish-white hairs. Zhoraxv bronze- coloured, shining with fairly thick yellow pubescence,. the Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 383 side-bristles also yellow; mane composed of black hairs bordered with shorter yellowish hairs ; there are no long outstanding bristles; all the bristles are yellow on posterior part of thorax. Scutellum covered entirely with thick yellowish-orange and whitish-yellow long hairs. Abdomen bronze-coloured with grey tomentum at sides and at apex, covered with whitish and yellowish hairs ; on the underside they appear chiefly white. Genitalia elongated, the upper forceps deeply indented, the lower fork being the longest, the upper one short, obtuse, same colour as abdomen with yellow and white pubescence, below with chiefly black hairs. Legs bronze-coloured, shining with thick yellow pubescence on both sides of the two anterior pairs of tibize ; femora with long whitish pubescence, the hind pair armed beiow with a row of short, stout, black bristles, the hind tibiz with long fine yellowish hairs and five or more very stout red bristles above and shorter black ones below near apices ; fore tarsi with long yellow bristly hairs and a few black bristles below, the middle ones the same, the hind tarsi with fewer yellowish-red bristles. Wings clear, small transverse vein very oblique and situated about two-thirds of length of discoidal cell from the base. Female identical. Moustache darker. Abdomen with grey tomentum at sides of segments, more noticeable towards the apex ; pubescence does not appear so thick as in the male. Ovipositor black, shining, short, not much longer than the last segment. Loew’s Division II. Abdomen with bristles before the segments. 1 ae No bristles on the underside of abdomen. Dysmachus congoensis, sp. 0. Type (male) from Lualaba River, Congo, 15. 5.07, 2500- 4000 ft., type (female) from same locality (Neave Coll.), 1907, 230. Other males and one female from same locality. A species with no apparent bristles on the underside of abdomen, and the strong white ones above are not numerous, Moustache black above and yellowish white below. Legs blackish, metallic with rather loug pale yellow pubescence and black and yellow bristles. Scutellum with yellow hairs 384 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. and bristles only; the posterior border of thorax also with weak yellowish bristles each side of the median stripe. Mane of not very long black hairs with few outstanding bristles. ; Length, ¢ 15-17, 9 15 mm. Male.—Face covered with glistening yellowish tomentum. Moustache composed of long yellowish hairs, bordered with black ones, reaching the antenne. Beard white. Antenne with the first two joints blackish, the third wanting. Fore- head with long stout black bristly hairs, the curled bristles behind long and black; below them in the centre are uumerous yellowish hairs. Thorax blackish covered with yellowish-brown tomentum and a well-marked median stripe and short side-stripes; pubescence very scanty, blackish, the three supra-alar bristles are yellow. Scutellum with long weak yellow bristles and shorter hairs. Abdomen blackish with a large dark brownish spot on each segment, sides with grey tomentum ; pubescence on dorsum is short but rather thick, yellow in colour; underside with straggling long whitish hairs. Genitalia large, stout, black, and shining, the under pair of pincers proceeding immediately from the under black plate are short, obtuse, testaceous, these and the upper pair with long yellow pubescence, a few black hairs intermixed. Legs with the posterior femora thickly covered with short whitish-yellow pubescence, and longer hairs below, strong yellow bristles on underside, and a few black ones above ; middle and anterior pair with less pubes- cence; tibiz with long and short yellow hairs and black bristles, those on the fore pair chiefly long, yellow, and weak ; fore tarsi with some yellow bristles. Wings clear, shaded at apex and on posterior border, the small transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. Female identical. Hind tibiz with some yellow bristles. Dysmachus flavopilosus, sp. n. Type (male), type (female) from Willow Grange, Natal (W. C. Wroughton), in I, EB. FE. Coll. Other males and females from Howick, Natal (J. P. Cregve), 1904, 46, in Brit. Mus. Coll. One male and one female from Mfongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones), and Krantzkopf, Natal, in the Cape Coll. Males and female from Pretoria, 28.12.1912 (Hi. K. Munroe), 1914, 263. There are bristles on the abdomen, but none below; in ‘ Miss G Rieardo on the Asilide. 385 general characters this species is allied to the group repre- sented by D. auribarbis ; it differs very much in size, but I can find no character to distinguish the small specimens from the larger ones. A species distinguished by the yellow beard in the males, with some black hairs above in the females, by the usually honey-yellow basal half of the tibie, which in the two fore pairs have long yellow pubescence, by the yellow bristles and hairs on the posterior part of the thorax, and by yellow hairs and bristles on the scutellum. Ovipositor in male long, black,*with some bright yellow pubescence. Length, ¢ type 154, 2 type 1543 mm.; other males 12- 22, other females 12-20 mm. Male.—Face bronze-green with some white tomentum, convex, carrying a fairly thick moustache composed of long weak yellow hairs with three or four black ones below the antennz. Beard yellow. Antenne bronze-green, the third joint dark brown, the first two joints with chiefly black bristly pubescence ; the arista nearly half as long as the third joint. Forehead with black bristly pubescence. The curved bristles at back of head not very long, all yellowish, as are the hairs round head. Thorax bronze-black with brownish-grey tomentum and very well-marked double median stripe and side-stripes. Mane not very thick, com- posed of short black hairs on the anterior half with three or four very long stout outstanding bristles ; beyond these the few hairs are yellow surrounded by many stout yellow bristles ; all the bristles at sides and at base of wings are yellow ; pubescence on dorsum sparse, of short black hairs. Scutellum with long weak yellowish-white bristles on the posterior border and weak yellow hairs on the dorsum. Abdomen blackish, covered with grey tomentum and with short yellow pubescence, the bristles at sides yellow, weak, the tomentum often thicker at sides and on posterior borders of segments ; underside with weak fairly long whitish hairs. Legs black, shining, the tibize honey-yellow on the basal half, on the fore pair extending almost two- thirds of the length; the femora with a little short yellow pubescence and with longer yellowish hairs aboye and below, the hind pair with white bristles below ; the fore tibiz with long yellow hairs and yellow pubescence, the mid-pair the same; the hind pair with shorter yellow hairs, the bristles on this latter chiefly yellow, on the others mostly black; the tarsi with long yellow bristles and shorter black ones. /Vings clear, veins yellowish, the small 386 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. Geni- talia of male black, long, the upper forceps simple, large, with short white pubescence on the upper sides and long bristly yellow hairs below; the basal plate below with a fringe of hairs, usually yellowish white or orange-yellow, the lower forceps short, with yellow hairs. The male from Zululand has rather darker pubescence on the genitalia and on thorax. Female identical. Moustache with more black hairs above. Ovipositor black, shining, about as long as the last two segments, ° Loew’s Division II *4, Bristles on underside of abdomen. Mane extending the whole length of thorax. Dysmachus molitor, Wied. Ausszweifl. Ins, i. p. 450 [ Asilus], 1828, ete. One male from 8. Africa (Dr. Smith), 446, in Brit. Mus. Coll. One specimen from Dunbrody (Rev. O'Neil), 1900, in Cape Museum Coll. An easily distinguished small species, the abdomen being thickly covered with whitish hairs. Mane white posteriorly. Moustache thick, white. Legs covered with white pubes- cence and with white bristles. Scutellum with three thick tufts of white hairs and two or more black bristles on the posterior border. Length 12-14 mm. Dysmachus parvus, sp. D. Type (male) and type (female) from Mababe, 100 miles N.E. of Lake Ngami, 3000 ft., Bechuanaland Protectorate, 9. vill. 1909 (R. B. Woosnam), 1910, and another ? female. A small pretty little species allied to D. molitor, Wied., but distinguished from it by the black and white moustache and black bristles on the legs. D. incisuralis, Macq., is said to be allied to D. molitor, but Macquart says the geni- talia are short, whereas in this species they are very long and slender; the white bristles on the abdomen are very noticeable. Length 10 mm, — ————— ee Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 387 Male—Face covered with glistening white tomentum. Moustache \arge and thick, composed of black and white hairs intermixed. Beard white. Antenne black, the first two joints with stout black bristly hairs; the arista long. Forehead with white hairs. The curved bristles are weak, black, but fairly long. Thora bronze-coloured with lighter tomentum and some short while pubescence ; the mane is large, composed of fairly thick short black hairs and many long outstanding bristles; a few longer white hairs are visible on the posterior part of thorax at the sides and also intermixed with the mane, but not forming a noticeable white stripe. Scutellum with. a double row of black bristles, about four in each, and with long white hairs each side and in centre; hardly tuft-like. Abdomen black covered with brownish-grey tomentum and with fairly thick short white pubescence; the bristles chiefly white in a double row, one on the top of the other; underside with longer thick white pubescence and weaker white bristles. Genitalia almost equal in length to the last two segments, stout at base, tapering to a point, covered with white pubes- cence; the lower pair of forceps very short. Legs bronze- coloured, with white pubescence and longer white hairs on femora and tibiz ; middle and hind femora with white bristles, otherwise all bristles are black. Wings clear, the small transverse vein on the last third of the discal cell towards apex. Female identical. Abdomen better preserved, shows a large brownish-black spot on each segment, the white bristles longer and three-deep. Ovipositor short. Dysmachus transvaalensis, 3, sp. n. Type (male) and another male from Bloksberg, Johannes- berg (C. H. Pead), 1907, 250, in Brit. Mus. Coll. A small species with short white pubescence on the body and legs and many white bristles on the abdomen both above and below; distinguished from D. spiniventris, Loew, by the reddish colour of the tibize and tarsi. Scutellum with white hairs and bristles. Mane white posteriorly. Moustache whitish. Length 9 mm. Face with silvery-white tomentum at sides. Moustache large, extending the whole length of face, yellowish white with only a very few black hairs intermixed. Antenne black, with thick black bristly pubescence on lower side of the first two joints. Forehead with yellowish tomentum, a bunch of 388 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidaa. white hairs on each side and long black hairs beyond, the curled-over bristles black and long, a bunch of white hairs at vertex between them, and hairs round head white. Thorax bronze-coloured with sparse white pubescence; the mane of long outstanding bristles and thick black hairs inside, posteriorly these hairs are white; bristles at sides whitish, long, the dorsal bristles on posterior part of thorax chiefly black, and longer white hairs are present here. Scutellum with tufts of white hairs on its black dorsum and long yellowish-white bristles on the posterior border. Abdo- men with grey tomentum and thick whitish pubescence, the yellowish-white bristles on dorsum are about four deep on each segment; underside bristles with them and has short white pubescence. Genitalia short, stout, chestnut-brown, club-shaped with square ends, deeply notched below, lower surface with thick whitish hairs and above with shorter white pubescence ; under lamelle short with long whitish hairs. Legs blackish with the bristles largely white, the anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi of an obscure reddish colour, the hind pair only so at their extreme base ; the fore femora with stout black bristles below and some whitish hairs and one or more white bristles on their upper surface, the middle pair with chiefly white bristles above and black ones below, the hind pair with white and black bristles; the tibize with long yellowish hairs below and long stout yellow bristles, the fore pair with some black bristles on their upper surface ; tarsi all reddish, armed with chiefly white bristles ; pubescence on legs thick, white. Wings clear, veins yellow. Dysmachus albofasciatus, Ricardo. Ann, & Mag. Nat, Uist. (7) vi. p. 178 (1900). Type (male) and another male from Pretoria (W. L. Distant), and males and females from Estcourt, Natal, Sept. and Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1906-17, and one female from Ulundi, Natal, 5000-6500 feet, by the same collector. A species measuring 154 mm, Dysmachus leucotenia, Bezzi. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xxxvii. p, 286 (1906) [ Lophonotus). Two males from Victoria Falls, Zambesi, July 1914 (Miss J. Brincker), 1915, 125, and one female; one male from Mfongosi, Zululand (W., 2. James), in Cape Coll. _— Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 389 Museum ; one female from Salisbury, 8. Rhodesia (R. W. Tucker), in Cape Coll. Museum ; one female from Pretoria (Miss J. Brincker), 1915, 125; and females from Estcourt, Natal, Sept. and Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1908, 17 ; all in Brit. Mus. Coll., except where otherwise specified. These specimens from a rather wide range of localities appear to be all identical, and agree with the description of _ Bezzi’s species. He gives the size as 15-18 mm., describing one or more males from Somaliland. These range in size from 14 to 20 mm. in the males and in the females from 15 to 17 mm. A species distinguished by the white short pubescence on abdomen and legs, and by the median black stripe and white bristles on the abdomen. The moustache white with black hairs intermixed varies somewhat—in the females chiefly white, in the males the black hairs preponderate. The farehead with black and white bristly hairs, and the curled- over bristles black and white. Mane with long outstanding bristles and shorter black hairs, posteriorly forming a white mane continued on to the seutellum, which is armed with six black bristles. The fore and middle tibiz are black with a red stripe, occasionally present on the hind pair, bristles on legs are chiefly white. Genitalia of male stout, long, club-shaped, with a fine yellow process produced below, reaching the under lamelle which are stout and short ; all a chestnut colour covered with white pubescence. Ovipositor of females short, black. Bezzi speaks of it as a fine distinct species, distinct from the three Loew species, viz., spiniventris, ustulatus, and pulcher, and from my species albofasciatus. From this latter it is distinguished by the much longer genitalia and by the white bristles on the legs. Dysmachus natalensis, sp. n. Type (male), type (female), and one other male, all from Willow Grange, Natal (W. C. Wroughton). One male from 8. Africa (Distant Coll.). A small greyish species in the same group as Dysmachus wroughtoni, sp.n. ‘The black mane has a few long white bristly hairs on each side on the posterior half of thorax. Moustache black above, yellow below. Legs blackish, only the extreme base of tibiz red. Genitalia of male large, stout. 390 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidz. Length, ¢ 12-138, 2 12 mm. Male.—Face yellowish, the moustache reaching the an- tennie, black above, yellow or white below. Beard yellowish white. Antenne blackish, the first and second joints with Jong black hairs on each side. Forehead with black hairs, those on hind part of head long, black, bristly, with yellowish- white hairs round head. Thorax bronze, with greyish-brown tomentum, the mane thick with outstanding long black bristles and the white ones each side ; pubescence on dorsum appears to be absent, bristles at sides are all yellow. Scutellum with a double row of white bristles and with a few white hairs. Abdomen greyish, with a large black spot on each segment and short white pubesence, the bristles on upper side are not very numerous, yellow in colour, the underside appears devoid of any, but has pale weak hairs. Genitalia black, shining, with white pubescence, the under- plate is black, the forceps short, simple at apex but not produced to a point, being club-shaped, broad at the base with an obtuse tooth. Legs black with white tomentum, and all bristles white, except those on the underside of tarsi; the fore femora and tibiz with long white hairs also present on the middle ones, but less apparent on the hind pairs. Wings clear, the small transverse vei about the middle of the discal cell. Female identical, the ovipositor black, shining, almost as long as the two preceding segments. Dysmachus rapax, sp. 0. Type (male) and type (female) and a long series of each sex from Nyasaland (S. A. Neave), in I. KE. E. Coll., evi- dently a rapacious species ; all caught with some victim, usually of the same family. A species dark in colouring, with wholly bronze-coloured legs, with a black and yellow moustache, some yellow hairs on legs, and scutellum with wholly yellowish hairs and bristles. Genitalia short and small. It bears resemblance to D. albopilosus and D. nigripes, sp. n., as regards its mane, which is scanty, but distinctly begins from the anterior border of thorax, hence its place in the above division. Length, g 19-20, ¢ 19-21 mm. Male.—Face brownish, with grey tomentum. Moustache composed of yellow bristly hairs, bordered by black ones, Palpi with numerous strong black bristles. dna/enne black- ish, the first two joimts covered with grey tomentum, and Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 391 with strong black bristles on their underside and black hairs above, the third joint nearly as long as the first two joints together, the arista barely half as long as the third joint. Forehead with black bristly hairs, rather numerous. The curved bristles black and strong, the hairs continued round head and the beard yellowish white. Thorax bronze- green covered with yellowish tomentum, the median stripe split in middle and the side ones distinct ; pubescence on dorsum short and black. Mane thin, composed of scanty black hairs, becoming longer posteriorly, surrounded from just before the suture by powerful black bristles, those at the side of the same nature; some weak yellowish-white hairs are present below the two postalar bristles and also on sides. Scutellum with weak but long yellowish-white bristles on its posterior border and weak yellowish hairs on its dorsum, some black hairs in centre are present as con- tinuation of the mane, which posteriorly has some weak yellow hairs beyond the black bristles. Abdomen covered with glistening yellow tomentum, thickest at sides and on the segmentations, leaving a large dark blackish spot visible on each segment, the pubescence black on these spots, yellow at sides and also in the centre of the first two segments, the bristles long yellow, two or three deep ; underside with long soft yellow hairs and a few yellow bristles only. Genitalia short, black, the upper forceps swollen with short point, the under pair nearly as long; all with chiefly black hairs and a few shorter yellow ones. Legs bronze-coloured, with close whitish pubescence ; the fore femora with long pale yellow hairs below, the middle pair the same, the hind pair with shorter black and white hairs ; fore tibize with black hairs below, and appressed orange hairs and long yellowish hairs on their outer edges, the middle pair the same, the hind pair with the long hairs . black and white; the tarsi with whitish hairs, the bristles on legs chiefly black, a few reddish-yellow ones present. Wings greyish, the small transverse vein beyond the middle of discal cell oblique, curved. Female identical. Ovipositor short, about the length of the last segment, ending in a curved point, on which the pubescence is short, orange-red, elsewhcre a few black hairs ; on the underside on the posterior border of the last segment are four black weak bristles, not present in the male ; in other temales they are more than four and scattered on dorsum. 392 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilida. Dysmachus wroughtoni, sp. n. Type (male), type (female), and other males and females from Willow Grange, Natal (R. C. Wroughton), in I. E, E. Coll.; and one male from Ulundi, Natal, 5000-6000 feet, Sept. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1903, 17. ; A small greyish species. Abdomen with a black central stripe. Mane all black with the exception of an admixture of pale reddish hairs on the anterior half, but with a fine side-stripe of white tomentum on the posterior half and white tufts of hairs on the scutellum. Legs blackish; tibiz partly reddish. Moustache black with a mixture of reddish- yellow and white hairs. Genitalia of male long. Length, ¢ 15, ? 12-13 mm. Male.—Face glistening white, the moustache very large, reaching to the antennz; in the type the hairs are largely reddish yellow and white at their apices, with the black hairs in the centre. Beard white. Antenne blackish, the arista short, the first and second joints with very long, stout, black, erect hairs on their under sides and shorter reddish hairs on their upper sides. Forehead darker than face, with many erect black hairs. The black curved bristles on hind part of head are long, with white hairs bebind them and round head. Thorax armed with a very distinct mane, from which numerous long black bristles proceed in the whole length, the reddish hairs intermixed with the black are not very noticeable ; dorsum with chiefly short, fine, dirty white or yellow pubescence, the sides with grey tomentum; the three presutural bristles are yellow, the two supra-alar and two postalar bristles black, the narrow white stripes of tomentum are only visible in certain lights. Scutellum same colour as thorax, with reddish-yellow fine hairs and a *double row of stout black bristles on its border, besides the white tuft of hairs on each side. Abdomen with greyish- yellow tomentum, with a well-marked narrow black central stripe and traces of dark spots on the sides, the first segment with thick white hairs, the dorsum with short yellowish sparse pubescence and stout yellow bristles on posterior borders and sides of segments, the underside with long white hairs, only a few of the yellow bristles are visible here. Genitalia bronze, shining, with fairly long yellowish-white pubescence ; the forceps are long, simple, their apices simple ending in an obtuse point with black hairs. Legs bronze, shining, with whitish short pubescence ; the femora stout with some long yellowish hairs and with On some Eastern Xylophilids. 393 black bristles; the tibiae obscurely reddish brown at their base, more widely so on the anterior and middle pair, which have long yellowish or white bristles and some long fine white hairs, the hind pair with black bristles only; the tarsi with black bristles. Wings hyaline, the small transverse vein beyond the discal cell. Female identical, the ovipositor short, only a little longer than the preceding segment, black, shining. The male from Ulundi only measures 10 mm. [To be continued. ] LII.—On some Eastern Xylophilids { Coleoptera]. By G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S. Mr. C. F. Baker, of the Agricultural College, Los Bafos, Philippines, has recently sent to the British Museum an interesting series of Hastern Xylophilids, mainly from the island of Basilan, to the west of Mindanao, and Sandakan in N.E. Borneo. These insects are enumerated or described in the present paper, which is a continuation of others on the same subject written by myself in 1915, 1916, and 1917 [cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi.; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1916; and Ent. Mo. Mag. li., liii.]. A few additional Indian forms, given to the Museum by Mr. E. A. Butler, or sent by my son, H.G.C., from Almora during the past year, are included in the present contribution. Three Xylophilids have already been recorded from the Philippines by Pie (Hylophilus baeri, bakeri, and sulcithoraz), but the Museum has not hitherto possessed any material from these islands, whence ten are now enumerated. On account of the humid climate, Mr. Baker’s insects have been mounted with shellac, which is not easily removed without damage to the specimens, hence several of them must be left undetermined till further material is obtained. HYLOBANUS, Pic. Flylobenus fasciatus. Hylobenus fasciatus, Pic, Ann, Soc, Ent, Fr. 1912, p. 272; Champ. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 215 (1915); and ‘Trans. Int. Soc. Lond. 1916, p. 3, t. 1. fig. 1. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 27 394 Mr. G. C. Champion on Hab, CEYLON, Galle [type]; TENASSERIM; PENANG (C. F. Baker) ; BorNEO, Sandakan (C. F. Baker). Four rather worn specimens sent by Mr. Baker agree with those recorded by me in 1916. The insect may be of littoral habits ? Hylobenus varieornis. Hylobenus varicornis, Champ. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1916, p. 4. Hab. Stsm; TENASSERIM; PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker). One specimen from Basilan, not differing from the types. PHYTOBANUS, Sahlb. Phytobenus gibbiventris, sp. n. ¢. Elongate, narrow, robust, convex beneath, shining (when denuded) ; nigro-piceous, the front of the head reddish, the prothorax with the anterior margin, the elytra with a large oblique patch on the disc below the base (nearly reaching the suture), and a common, broad, arcuate, outwardly- narrowed subapical fascia, the palpi, and legs (the slightly infuscate posterior femora excepted) testaceous, the antenne piceous ; pruinose and very finely pubescent ; closely, finely punctured. Head a little wider than the prothorax ; eyes extremely large, almost contiguous, deeply emarginate; an- tenne rather elongate, stout, joints 2-6 subcylindrical, 3 as long as 4, 8-10 transverse, 11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax longer than broad, convex, rounded at the sides, unimpressed. Elytra moderately long, a little wider than the head, sub- parallel in their basal half, broadly depressed on the disc below the base. Posterior legs comparatively short, the femora moderately clavate towards the apex. The fused ventral segments 1 and 2 convex, together as long as 3-5 united. Length 24 mm. Hab, SINGAPORE (C. F. Baker). One specimen. Narrower and more elongate than P. ama- bilis, Sahlb., a Palearctic insect extending to Japan, the antenn longer, the elytral markings different. The present species forms an intermediate link between Phytobenus, Sahlb., and Hylobenus, Pic, — oO Cr some Eastern Xylophilids. 39: XYLOPHILUS, Latr. Malayan forms. Xylophilus glaucescens, sp. n. 3. Elongate, robust, convex, opaque (till denuded) ; piceous, the elytra with a common, broad, transverse, post- median blackish fascia, preceded laterally by an oblong, reddish, indeterminate pateh extending downward from the shoulder, the antennz black, with joints 1 and 2 and the tip of 11 rufescent, the palpi and legs testaceous, the posterior femora and tibiz slightly infuscate ; pruinose and very finely pubescent, the vestiture fuscous on the elytral fascia and bluish grey or glaucous on the rest of their disc ; the entire upper surface densely, very finely punctured. Head, with tlle eyes, broader than the prothorax, truncate at the base ; eyes very large, occupying the whole of the sides of the head, feebly emarginate, separated by about one-half their own width as seen from in front; antennz long, moderately stout, pilose, joint 3 slightly longer than 2, 11 stout, obliquely acuminate, much longer than 10. Prothorax longer than broad, rounded at the sides, unimpressed, about equal in width at the base and apex. Elytra long, wider than the prothorax, slightly rounded at the sides, flattened on the disc anteriorly. Legs long, rather stout ; joint 1 of anterior tarsi broadly dilated, as long as 2-5 united; posterior femora simple, feebly incrassate, the tibiz widened, the tarsi with joint 1 curved and about three times the length of 2-4 united. Aedeagus long, slender, acuminate. Length 2} mm. Hab, Puivrppines, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker). Oue male, in perfect condition. In general facies this species approaches the Indian X. armipes, Fairm. ; the basal joint of the anterior tarsi (¢) is greatly dilated, as in the Bornean X. latimanus, Champ., ¢ (1917) ; the pruinosity of the uon-fasciate portions of the elytra is bluish. Xylophilus complanatus, sp. n. Elongate, depressed, shining ; black, the apical joint of the anteunze rufescent, the palpi and tarsi, and in one specimen the anterior femora and tibiz and the bases of the other femora, testaceous ; pruinose and very finely pubescent ; the elytra closely and very finely, the head and prothorax sparsely, 27* 396 Mr. G. C. Champion on punctured. Head transverse, broader than the prothorax, convex, rapidly narrowed behind the eyes, the latter very large and separated by about half their own width ; antenne long in 3, shorter in ?, feebly serrate from joint 4 onward, 3 about as long as 4, 11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax transversely quadrate, abruptly narrowed in front, grooved across the disc anteriorly and with a deep horseshoe-shaped impression before the base. Elytra much broader than the head, long, flattened and subparallel in their basal half, the dise with an oblique shallow depression extending downward from the humeri, the suture also depressed at the base. Legs long. 3. Anterior tibie feebly curved, mucronate at tip; ante- rior tarsi dilated ; posterior femora simple, slightly thickened. Aedeagus (so far as visible) rather broad, abruptly acuminate at tip. Length 23-3} mm. (¢ 2.) flab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker). Three males and one female, the latter immature, the males varying in the colour of the anterior femora and tibie. Larger and more elongate than X. planipennis, Motsch., from Ceylon, the head simply convex posteriorly, the g with the antennze longer, stouter, and distinctly serrate (as in the Bornean X. melanosoma, Champ., 1915), the anterior tibia mucronate at the tip, the anterior tarsi stouter. Xylophilus strangulatus, sp. n. ¢. Elongate, narrow, shining, pruinose ; testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra (except at the base) and joints 3-10 of tle antennz more or less infuscate, the posterior femora and tibize a little darker than the tarsi; sparsely, minutely, the elytral depressions rather coarsely, punctured. Head broad, transverse, well developed behind the eyes, the latter large, distant ; antennze long, rather slender, joint 3 as long as 4, 11 stout, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax small, transversely quadrate, narrowed in front, with a deep arcuate excavation before the base and a strongly defined sulcus extending across the dise before the middle. Elytra long, slightly wider than the head, subparallel in their basal half, blunt at the tip, deeply excavate on the disc anteriorly. Anterior tibiee feebly curved, unarmed ; posterior legs not very elongate, the femora moderately thickened, simple. Aedeagus slender, curved upward at the tip. Length 2} mm. Hab. BORNEO, Sandakan (C. F. Baker). Que male, somewhat abraded, owing to the difficulty of «eel _some Eastern Xylophilids. 397 removing the shellac used in mounting it. A narrow elon- gate form, with the general facies of an Anthicus; the prothorax small, transversely sulcate anteriorly, and deeply excavate before the base ; the elytra long, excavate and more coarsely punctured anteriorly. Near X. claviger, Champ. (1916), from Siam, the antennze (gd) much longer and with differently shaped terminal joint, the prothorax not angulate at the sides. X.malaceanus, Pic, is also another allied form. Xylophilus fimbriatus. Xylophilus fimbriatus, Champ. Ent. Mo. Mag. li. p. 279 (Oct. 1915). Hab. Borneo, W. Sarawak [type, ¢] (G. E. Bryant), Sandakan (C. F. Baker: 2). One example, differing from the type (¢) in having the elytra paler laterally, the antennz shorter and not so stout, and the posterior femora simple. An allied unnamed form from Sandakan (now without antennze) has a rougher head and prothorax, and the latter less angulate at the sides anteriorly. Xylophilus castaneus, sp. n. Oblong, robust, somewhat convex, shining, clothed with rather long pallid hairs; rufo-castaneous, the eyes, antenne (the reddish joints 1 and 2 and tip of 11 excepted), posterior femora and tibiee, the other femora at the tip and the corre- sponding tibize in great part, piceous or black, the rest of the legs (the infuscate basal joint of the posterior tarsi excepted) and the palpi testaceous; closely, finely, the elytra rather coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate posteriorly, nar- rowly, subangularly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, deeply emarginate, somewhat distant ; antennze long, stout, joints 3 and 4 subequal, 3 much longer than 2, 11 sharply, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax convex, trans- versely subquadrate, narrowed in front, unimpressed. Elytra oblong, much wider than the head, depressed on the disc below the base. Legs rather elongate ; posterior femora stout, clavate, the tibize slightly bowed inward, Length 24 mm. ( ??.) Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. £. Baker). One specimen. Very like X. pulvinatus, Champ. (1916), from Siam and Tenasserim, the posterior femora more strongly clavate and the puncturing of the elytra coarser. The ¢ of X. pulvinatus has longer autenne, differently formed legs, &e., the 2? of the latter resembling the present insect. From 398 Mr. G. C., Champion on X. eylindricornis, Champ., from Assam, the red head and less thickened antennz, and the less excavate and stronger punc- turing of the basal portion of the elytra will serve to distin- guish X. castaneus. Xylophilus holocinctus, sp. n. Rather short, robust, shining, somewhat coarsely pubescent ; the head, prothorax, a common very broad median fascia on the elytra (occupying more than one-third of their length), a space across the under surface in line with it, the intermediate aud posterior femora broadly at the apex, and the posterior tibize to near the tip black or piceous, the rest of the elytra, legs, and under surface (that of the head excepted) testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the antennze obscure ferruginous ; closely, finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctured. Head very broad, short, truncate posteriorly, narrowly extended and subangulate on each side behind the eyes, the latter very large and somewhat distant; antenne rather short and stout, joint 3.as long as 4, 5-10 transverse [11 missing]. Pro- thorax subquadrate, feebly canaliculate at the base. Elytra wider than the head, oblong, the post-basal depression deep, extending obliquely forward to within the humeri and along the suture to the base. Legs rather stout; posterior femora moderately clavate, the tibize almost straight and distinetly widened. Length 274, mm. (9 ?.) Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker), One specimen. N ar X. latericius, Champ. (1916), from Siam. The broad nigro-piceous elytral fascia is continued across the under surface in the present insect. X. bryant?, Pic, from Ceylon, is somewhat similarly coloured. _X. tavoy- anus, Champ., from Tenasserim, has a narrower prothorax and longer, less thickened antenne. Xylophilus basilanus, sp. n. 3. Rather short, somewhat convex, shining, finely pubes- cent; testaceous, the eyes black, the head and_ posterior femora slightly infuscate, the elytra in one specimen with a small common transverse patch at the middle of the suture and a spot on the outer margin in line with it piceous ; closely, finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctate. Head broad, truncate at the base, very narrowly extended and subangular on each side behind the eyes, the latter ex- tremely large and subapproximate ; antennse about as long as the elytra, rather stout, joint 3 as long as 4, 11 stout, —_—— some Eastern Xylophilids. 399 obliquely acuminate. Prothorax transversely subquadrate, narrowed in front, unimpressed. Elytra wider than the head, comparatively short, narrowing from about the middle, without depressions on the dise. Anterior and intermediate tibiz feebly curved, sinuate within, the latter subangulate near the base ; posterior femora curved, very stout, hollowed along their lower face, the lower edge shortly ciliate and also angu- late at the apex as seen from above; posterior tibia flat- tened, curved inward, slender at the base; basal joint of posterior tarsi almost straight, long. Length 2 mm. Hab. Puittpprnes, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker). ‘l'wo males in good condition. Larger than _X. ephippiatus, Champ. (1916), from Tenasserim, the elytra differently marked, the head testaceous, the ¢ characters different, the posterior femora, however, somewhat similarly formed in this sex. The Bornean X. tmmaculipennis is also not unlike the present species. Xylophilus bakeri. Hylophilus bakert and var. sericeopubens, Pic, ‘L’Echange,’ xxxi. pp. 7, 8 (Feb. 1915). 3. Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining (when denuded) ; rufo-testaceous above, the eyes black, the pro- thorax slightly infuscate along the sides and on the middle of the disc, the elytra with a large transverse scutellar patch, a broad, common, sharply angulate, submedian fascia, and a space along the sides, the under surface of the body, and the posterior femora and tibize, nigro-piceous or black ; pruinose and very finely pubescent, the vestiture fuscous on the elytral fascia and cinereous on the other parts of the surface ; closely, finely, the elytra a little more distinctly, punctured. Head broad, narrowly extended behind the eyes, the latter large, somewhat distant ; antennze moderately long, not very slender, serrate from joint 4 onward, 3 small, not longer than 2, 11 stout, acuminate. Prothorax subquadrate, narrowed in front, arcuately impressed on the dise before the base. Elytra oblong, much wider than the head, moderately elon- gate, depressed on the dise below the base. Anterior tibiz armed with a sharp triangular tooth towards the apex. Posterior femora moderately clavate, simple, the tibie stout. Aedeagus (so far as visible in the dried specimen) very slender, pointed at tip. Length 24 mm. Hab. Purtiepines, Los Bafios (P. L. Baker). 400 Mr. G. C. Champion on One male, in good condition. This insect seems to be a variety of X. bakeri, Pic (1915), from the same locality, with the elytral markings partly confluent, the type having two oblong nigro-piceous patches on the dise and the sutural region infuscate, and the var. ser?ceopubens, Pic, the elytra black, with a long humeral patch and about the apical third testa- ceous. The armature of the ¢ anterior tibiz is similar to that of the Indian X. armipes, Fairm., except that the tooth is placed nearer the tip. Not unlike X. /urcatimanus, Champ. (1916), from Tenasserim, but with the elytral markings more strongly angulate in front and behind and the g¢ characters very different. The sexual marks of distinction of X, bakert were not noted by its describer, Xylophilus cephalicus, sp. n. Short, broad, convex, opaque (till denuded) ; piceous, the head, palpi, antenna (the testaceous tlird joint excepted), and prothorax rufescent or ferruginous, the tarsi, and the anterior and intermediate femora and tibiw in great part, testaceous; bluisl-grey pruinose and also very finely pubes- cent; closely, minutely, the elytra more distinctly, punctured. Head large, subquadrate, greatly developed behind the eyes, rounded on each side at the base; eyes convex, moderately large, distant ; antennee short, stout, joint 3 very small, 5~10 strongly transverse, 11 thickened, acuminate. Prothorax narrow, subquadrate, rounded at the sides anteriorly. Elytra broad, short, rounded at the sides posteriorly, unimpressed, Legs rather short; posterior femora thickened, the tibia moderately stout. L ngth 12, breadth nearly 1 mm. (2 ?.) Hab, PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island (C. #. Baker). One specimen, in perfect condition. Extremely like the Bornean X, cesius, Champ. (1915), type probably ?, but with the head larger, and the antenne ferruginous and almost as stout as in X. latecornis, Pic, from Ceylon, &e., and shorter than in X. annulicornis, Champ. (1916), from Tenasserim, The post-ocular portion of the head is longer than in X, date- cornis and the eyes are more prominent. The sexes of this latter insect have not been certainly identified by me, and further material of all of them is required. Xylophilus seaguttatus, sp. n. @. Rather short, robust, shining, finely pubeseent ; testa- ceous, the head and protliovax reddish, theeyes black, the elytra some Eastern Xylophilids. 401 each with three small fuscous spots—one on the dise below the base and two placed transversely at about the apical. third ; closely, finely, the prothorax densely, the elytra rather coarsely, punctured. Head very broad, truncate at the base, narrowly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, distant ; antennze comparatively short, rather stout, joint 3 about as long as 4, 11 stout, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax transverse, rounded at tlhe sides anteriorly, canali- culate down the middle of the disc. Elytra rather short, wider than the head, with a shallow oblique post-humeral depression. Anterior tibiz feebly curved ; posterior legs comparatively short, the femora stout, clavate, the tibice slightly widened, the basal joint of the posterior tarsi curved, thickened, Length 2 mm. Hab, PHILIPPINES, Mt. Makiling in Luzon (C. F. Baker). One specimen, assumed to be g on account of the curved anterior tibia. More elongate than the Bornean_X. immaculi- pennis, Champ. (1915), the antenne and legs stouter, the elytra each with three small fuscous spots. Less elongate than X. undulatus, Champ. (1915), from Penang, the head rufescent, the elytra shorter and differently marked. X. sulei- thorax, Pic (1914), also from the Philippines, is said to have a similarly canaliculate prothorax, but it differs in other respects. Xylophilus philippinus, sp. n. 3. Moderately elongate, shining (when denuded), pruinose; testaceous, the eyes black ; closely, finely punctate. Head broad, transverse, much developed behind the eyes, the post- ocular portion (as seen from above) about equalling them in length; eyes moderately large, distant ; autenne slender, long, joint 3 small, not longer than 2, 11 obliquely acuminate. Prothorax transversely quadrate, narrowed in front. Elytra moderately long, about twice as wide as the prothorax, sub- parallel in their basal half, flattened on the disc anteriorly. Legs long; anterior tibize curved, angularly dilated at about their outer third (appearing strongly sinuate within) ; poste- rior femora thickened, hollowed along their lower face; basal joint of posterior tarsi very elongate, slender. Length 24 mm. Hab. PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker). One male, perhaps slightly immature. The broad post- ocular portion of the head, rather small eyes, slender antenne, with small third joint, long legs, peculiarly shaped @ anterior 402 Mr. G, C. Champion on tibize, and pallid coloration are the chief characters of this insect.. X. philippinus can be placed near X. parvicollis, Champ. (1916), from Assam. Xylophilus stratus, sp. n. Oblong, rather convex, shining (when denuded); rufo- testaceous, the eyes and a sharply defined, outwardly-widened, post-median fascia on the elytra (the fascia narrowly inter- rupted at the suture) black; clothed with a very fine silky pubescence ; closely, finely punctured, the puncturing of the prothorax dense. Head very broad, truncate at the base, narrowly extended and subangulate on each side behind the eyes, the latter large and somewhat distant; antenne short, not very slender, joint 3 as long as 4, 9 and 10 transverse, 11 stout, acuminate. Prothorax transversely subquadrate, narrowed in front, obliquely bi-impressed before the base. Elytra oblong, wider than the head, obliquely depressed on the disc anteriorly. Posterior legs comparatively short, the femora moderately thickened, the tibize also rather stout. Length 14 mm. Hab. SINGAPORE. One specimen, sex not ascertained. A small, oblong, rufo- testaceous insect, with the elytra sharply nigro-fasciate towards the apex, the antenne short, the posterior legs com- paratively short and moderately thickened, the surface appearing opaque till the vestiture is removed, The black elytral fascia is placed nearer the tip than in most of the similarly coloured Xylophili known to me. Xylophilus biguttatus, sp. n. Oblong-oval, convex, shining, sparsely pubescent ; testa- ceous, the eyes black, the elytra each with a rather large oblique piceous spot at the middle of the dise not quite reaching the suture; closely, not very finely, the elytra more coarsely, punctured. Head short, broad, truncate posteriorly, narrowly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, some- what distant ; antenne rather long, not very slender, joint 3 longer than 2 or 4, 7-9 about as long as broad, 10 transverse, 11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax as wide as the head, short, transversely subquadrate, the hind angles rectangular, the disc unimpressed, Iilytra much wider than the head or prothorax, subparallel in their basal half, slightly depressed at the base within the. humeri, for the rest convex, Legs rather elongate ; posterior femora moderately clavate, the tibise a little widened. some Eastern Xylophilids. 403 Length 2;'5 mm. flab. Purirepines, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker). One specimen, possibly ¢, the anterior tibiee being percep- tibly curved. A small, oblong, convex, shining, testaceous insect, the elytra piceo-biguttate and rather coarsely punc- tured, the puncturing of the prothorax also strong. The first ventral suture is just traceable across the middle. Not unlike X. meranganus, Champ. (1916), from Sumatra. The red head, broader prothorax, and differently coloured elytra separate X. bigutlatus from X. trinotatus, Champ., from Tenasserim. Xylophilus breviculus, sp. n. Oval, rather convex, robust, shining, finely pubescent ; testaceous, the eyes and a spot on the dise of the prothorax (possibly due to discoloration) black; closely, finely, the elytra more coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate posteriorly, narrowly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, distant ; antennze short, rather stout, joint 3 a little longer than 2, 5-10 transverse, 11 oval. Prothorax convex, short, as broad as the head, rounded at the sides anteriorly. Elytra oval, short, wider than the prothorax, unimpressed. Legs short; posterior femora stout, clavate, the tibize widened. Length 13 mm. Hab, PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker). One specimen, A very small, oval, convex, shining testa- ceous insect, much smaller than X. biguttatus, the antennze short and rather stout, the legs short, the posterior femora relatively thicker. AXylophilus sandakane, sp. n. Oblong-oval, shining, finely cinereo-pubescent ;_ nigro- piceous, the palpi, joints 4-11 of the antenna, the coxe, bases of the femora, knees, tibiz (the median third of the posterior pair excepted), and tarsi testaceous; densely, finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate behind ;-eyes very large, occupying nearly the whole of the.sides of the head, somewhat distant ; an- tenn rather long, slender, slightly thickened towards the tip, joint 3 as long as 4, 11 stout, acuminate-ovate. Prothorax transverse, rounded at the sides anteriorly, shallowly, ob- liquely bi-impressed before the base. Klytra much wider than the head, oblong, obsoletely depressed below the base. 404 Mr. G. ©, Champion on Posterior legs comparatively short, the femora clavate, the basal joint of the tarsi rather stout, long, almost straight. Length 12 mm. (9 ?.) Hab. BORNEO, Sandakan (C. F. Baker). One specimen, in perfect condition. A small oblong-oval insect, with the body uniformly piceous, the antenne rather slender, testaceous, with joints 1-3 infuscate, and the legs partly testaceous, the posterior pair somewhat feebly deve- loped. This species can be placed near X, curtus, Champ. (1916), from Assam, the latter having shorter and stouter antenne. Aylophilus microphthalmus, sp. n. Oblong-oval, rather convex, shining (when denuded), very finely sericeo-pubescent ; rufo-testaceous, the legs paler, the eyes black, the antennz obscure ferruginous, paler at the base and tip ; closely, finely, the elytra more distinctly, punctured. Head a little wider than the prothorax, truncate posteriorly, rather broadly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter comparatively small, convex.; antenne thickened, joint 3 as long as 4, 5-10 transverse, 11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax transversely subquadrate, depressed on the disc before the base. Elytra oval, almost unimpressed. Posterior femora moderately clavate. Length 13 mm. Hab. Puiitprrnes, Los Bafos (P. L. Baker). One example only of this convex rufo-testaceous form has been sent. ‘The small, prominent eyes, oval, unim- pressed elytra, rather stout anteunz, and silky pubescence are its chief characters. Smaller than X. sandakane, the antenne stouter, the head broadly extended behind the eyes, the body differently coloured. Indian forms. Xylophilus albolineatus, sp. n. Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining; black, the palpi, tarsi (except the basal joint of the intermediate and posterior pairs), and the coxe and bases of the femora to a variable extent, testaceous; clothed with rather long, ad- pressed, fuscous and whitish hairs, the latter condensed on the elytra into a posteriorly-abbreviated sutural streak, an oblique line on the dise exterior to it, and a common, arcuate subapical fascia, the hairs along the sides of the elytra, and on the under surface, antennew, and legs, also whitish ; some Eastern Xylophilids. 405 densely, finely, the elytra more coarsely, punctured. Head * a little wider than the prothorax, truncate at the base, ex- tended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, distant ; antenne moderately long, somewhat thickened, joint 3 about as long as 4, 11 obliquely acuminate. Prothorax trans- versely subquadrate, narrowed anteriorly, depressed laterally towards the apex. Elytra oblong, broad, not very long, with a common, deep, arcuate excavation below the base extending forward to the humeri. ‘Tarsi slender. Posterior femora stout, clavate. Length 2} mm. Hab. 8S. Inpta, Kodaikanal (7. V. Campbell). Two specimens, ?¢ and ¢, one of them in good condition, the other imperfect, both presented to the Museum by Mr. HB. A. Butler. An isolated form, with a shining black body, the tarsi in part and the palpi flavescent, the long elytral pubes- cence partly whitish, and arranged into irregular lines and a subapical fascia, the post-basal depressions deep and oblique. X. melanotus, Champ. (1916), from Assam, is perhaps the nearest ally known to me. Xylophilus brunneomaculatus. ? Hylophilus brunneomaculatus, Pic, ‘ L’Echange,’ xxiii. p. 182 (1907). ~ i cae brunneomaculatus, Champ. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1916, p- 20. Hab. Inv1A, Himalaya. ‘'wo imperfect specimens recently received from my son (H. G. C.) from W. Almora differ from the two recorded by me from Kasauli and Simla in their much darker coloration : the head and a common, broad, indeterminate median fascia on the elytra are black, and the legs, prothorax, and posterior portion of the elytra infuscate or piceous. The antenne are entirely testaceous and formed as in the examples described by me in 1916. Theangularly dilated sides of the prothorax separate the present species trom X. rosti, Pic, from Kulu, an insect compared with X. neglectus, Duval, and at present unknown to me. Xylophilus himalaicus, sp. n. ?. Elongate, rather broad, robust, shining, finely, some- what sparsely pubescent ; black, the tarsi (the infuscate basal joint of the posterior pair excepted) and palpi testaceous, the elytra (a space along the sides extending from a little below the humeri to near the tip and the apical margin excepted) reddish brown ; closely, strongly, the elytra more 406 On some Eastern Xylophilids, coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate at the base, nar- rowly, subangularly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, distant ; antennz stout, moderately long, joint 3 as long as 4, 8-10 transverse, J1 obliquely acuminate. Prothorax transversely subquadrate, narrowed in front, distinctly canaliculate towards the base. Elytra rather long, much wider than the head, narrowed from about the middle, obliquely depressed on the disc anteriorly. Posterior femora moderately clavate. Length 23-22 mm. Hab. Inp1A, W. Almora in Kumaon (//, @. Champion : v. 1919). ‘'wo specimens. Very like X. crassipes, Champ., from Ceylon (1915, type g), but larger, broader, and more robust ; the antennze stouter and wholly black (except at the extreme tip) ; the puncturing of the head stronger; the elytra bordered with black at the apex, the post-basal depressions shallow. Xylophilus varus, sp. n. 3. Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining, finely pubescent ; testaceous, the head nigro-piceous; closely, finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctate. Head broader than the prothorax, narrowly extended and subangular behind the eyes, the latter large and separated by a rather narrow space ; antenne very long, about the length of the elytra, not very slender, the joints subcylindrical, 3 about as long as 4 [11 wanting]. Prothorax convex, transverse, narrowed anteriorly, without definite impressions. Elytra moderately long, comparatively broad, subparallel in their basal half, slightly depressed within the humeri. Legs long [posterior pair wanting]; intermediate tibize abruptly bowed inward from a little beyond the middle. Length 24 mm. Hab. 8. Inpta, Kodaikanal (7. V. Campbell). One male, presented to the Museum by Mr. E. A. Butler. Larger than the Cingalese X. eribricollis, Pic (=mucronatus, Pic), the antennze and legs much elongated, the intermediate (instead of the anterior) tibia abruptly bowedin g. Judging from the structure of its allies, the posterior femora in the present species should be clavate and more or less infuscate in the same sex. A smaller g, from the Nilgiri Hills (4. Z. ‘Andrewes), now wanting the antennee and the anterior and posterior legs, may belong to the same species: the elytra, however, have the suture in part and a spot at the sides heyond the middle infuscate. X. nigropictus, Champ. (1915), from Kandy, has similar intermediate tibie in @. A Key for Identifying the Species of Cephalodiseus. 407 LIV.—A Key for the Ready Identification of the Spectes of Cephalodiscus. By W.G. Ripewoop, D.Sc. In the Report on the specimens of Cephalodiscus obtained by the ‘Terra Nova’ on the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910-1913, published in 1918 by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), there is given a synopsis of the species at present known, and a list of all recorded specimens (pp. 66-77). The particulars therein set forth were derived mainly from an examination of actual specimens, but in the case of five species that were not available for personal study they were taken from the published descriptions. The list records the latitude and longitude of the locality from which each specimen was obtained, and is supplemented by two maps showing the geographical distribution of the various species. It has been pointed out that the synopsis and list would have been of greater service if there had been appended a key or table such as would enable those who have not made a special study of the genus to identify readily the species of any material that might come into their hands. It is witha view to supplying this deficiency that the present key has been drawn up. Seeing that it 1s only intended as a supple- ment to the Report, to be used in conjunction with the synopsis, only a few explanatory notes need be given here. Three subgenera of Cephalodiscus are at present recog- nized, the first two—Demiothecta and [diothecia—being intro- duced in 1907 in the Report on the Pterobranchia of the National Antarctic Expedition (‘ Discovery’), and the third — Orthoecus—added by Andersson later in the same year in his report on the Pterobranchia obtained on the Swedish South-Polar Expedition of 1901-1903. The differences between Orthoecus and Idiothecia are much less pronounced than are those between Jdiothecia and Demiothecia, and on p- 19 of the ‘Terra Nova’ report are given the reasons for transferring Schepotieff’s species, indicus, from the subgenus Idiothecia, in which he placed it, into the subgenus Orthoecus. The reasons for regarding Andersson’s tnequatus as synonymous with hodgsont are published in the report on the Pterobranchia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expe- ditiod (1902-1904, ‘ Scotia’), 1913, pp. 559-563. Cephalo- discus equatus is not easily separated trom C. hodgsoni, but the evidence is not sufficiently strong for regarding the two as synonymous—see ‘ Terra Nova’ Report, pp. 59 and 69, Since the characters that distinguish the species hodgsoni, equatus, and dodecalophus cannot be expressed in a few 408 Dr. W. G. Ridewood—A Key for the Ready words, the synopsis itself should be consulted by those wishing to discriminate between these species. As regards the two diminutive species of the subgenus Demiothecia, Harmer writes (‘ Pterobranchia of the ‘ Siboga ” Expedition of 1899- 1900,’ Leiden, 1905, p. 4) :—*“‘ The possibility is not excluded that C. siboge is the male form of C. gracilis.” A study of the large and varied collection of C. densus obtained by the ‘Terra Nova’ leads to the conclusion that what Andersson described as C. rarus is but an early colony of C. densus, with the tubes of the coencecium lax, straggling, and irregular, instead of closely set and more or less parallel —see ‘Terra Nova’ Report, pp. 39-40. Gravier’s species—C. anderssoni—is with difficulty distin- guishable from C.densus; his description of the zooids is incomplete, and the principal feature that distinguishes the ccencecium of his species is the aggregation of the tubes into clumps or clusters which stand out more or less distinctly from the other clumps—see ‘Terra Nova’ Report, pp. 40 and 76. The present key is so drawn up as to bring the species nigrescens and solidus together. Although belonging to different subgenera, they have many points in common, and I was for some time uncertain whether the cone-shaped colonies obtained on the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911-1914 were small, short-tubed colonies of C. solidus or unbranched colonies of OC. nigrescens—see report on the Pterobranchia of the expedition, Sydney, 1918, pp. 19-20. The arms of well-preserved zooids of C. nigrescens show a characteristic double black band on the axis, but the bands are lost in badly preserved material. On the other hand, it is not definitely known that the zooids of C. solidus do not possess such bands ; Andersson does not mention them, and the zooids of one of his specimens that I had an opportunity of studying do not show them ; the material, however, is not well preserved, and there are evident signs of the colour of the zooids having become diffused and reduced in intensity. The key is also arranged so as to bring together the two specially arenaceous species agglutinans and evansi; the former has black zooids and the latter white. Although C. agglutinans differs from the other species of Jdiothecia in the tubes not ending blindly in the middle of the branch, the character is not readily determined, owing to the transparency and thinness of the tubes and the confusing effect of the lumerous particles of shell embedded in the cceneecial substance. Identification of the Species of Cephalodiscus. 409 The only species outside the subgenus Deméothecia that has spines on the ccencecium is C. gi/christe, The length of the zooids given in the key is that from the free ends of the arms to the end of the trunk, not including the stalk. I. Cavities of the ccencecium in the form of tubes. Each tubular space with a single orifice, and occupied by one zvoid and its buds. Arms without end-swellings and refractive beads. A. Coencecium in the form of a branching system, with the newest tubes at the apices of the branches ............ on ett tree dtothecta: a, Internal ends of the tubes communicating by a labyrinthic system. 1, Branches massive, fragile, with abun- dant fragments of shell embedded ; each ostium with a short, blunt lip, but no peristomial tube. Zooids 4'5 mm., blackish; arms 8 or 9 pairs. aygy/utinans. 4. Internal ends of the tubes blind. 2. Branches massive, fragile, with abun- dant fragments of shell embedded ; each ostium with a short peristomial tube. Zooids 3°5 mm., white; arms wsunlly’S pairs... .. 5-0 his ce wale var CDONSE 5. Branches fairly long, slender, not fragile, with numerous long spines, brownish ; ostia with or without peristomial tubes. Zooids 1°6 to 1°8 mm., blackish when alive, brown in preserved material, with blackish margin to anterior edge of shield; arms usually 6 pairs .... gilchristi. 4. Branches medium or slender, orange- coloured, nospines ; each ostium witha single-lipped peristomial tube. Zooids 25 mm., whitish; arms 6 pairs .... devinsent. 5. Branches massive, rarely slender, greyish or brownish, no spines; each ostium with a short, single-lipped peristomial tube. Zooids 4:0 to 60 mm., blackish ; arms usually 7 pairs, each with two black bands along the axis.........,. megrescens. Bb. Ceeneecium in the form of a hemisphere, cone, or cake, with the newest tubes at the edges; basal ends of the tubes blind .... Orthoecus. 6. Colony bulky and massive, tubes long, common ccencecial substance firm ; each ostium with a single thick lip, Aun. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 28 419 Mr. H. A. Baylis on edge of ostium thick. Zooids 40 to 50 mm., blackish, fading to pale brown ; arms usually 8 pairs ...... solidus. 7. Colony bulky and massive, or small and lax if young (rarus), tubes long, common ceencecial substance soft and spongy; ostium without a definite lip, transverse or oblique, edge of ostium thin. Zooids 4-0 to 7°0 mm., brownish or greyish ; arms usually 8 pairs.... densus (including ra- (rus and (?) anderssont). 8. Colony diminutive, orange when fresh, ale in alcohol; ostia without definite ip. Zooids 2:2 mm., pale; arms 3 PRIA. scone wow es Sais aise e'sin Gade wats io a II. Cavity of the ccenecium continuous, and occu- pied in common by the zooids and their buds, Coencecium branching, with numerous spines. Arms of zooids commonly with end-swellings beset with refractive beads ..........+. .. Demiothecia. 9, 10,11. Colony much branched. Zooids 2:0 to 3:2 mm., crimson, brown, violet, or pale; arms 5 or 6 pairs. Species not easily distinguished, but hodgsunt is somewhat more robust, and with larger zovids, than dodecalophus ........0+ . dodecalophus, hodg- soni, (inequatus = hodgsoni), equatus. b. Colony diminutive and delicate, ccencecium orange-coloured. 12. Zooids 1°3 mm., orange-coloured, with a few tracts of black pigment; arms 5 pairs, with end-swellings in buds. No males known .......e- eee owes gracilis, 18. Zooids blackish; neuter zooids 1°3 mm., arms 4 pairs, no end-swellings; male zooids with one pair of arms only, with- out tentacles, numerous refractive beads. No females known.......... atoms tein siboga@. LV.— Observations on the Genus Crassicauda. By H. A. Bayuis, M.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Two sets of specimens from Deception Island, South Shetlands, kindly sent to the Museum recently by Mr. A. G. Bennett, throw interesting further light on this little-known genus of Nematodes. The host, in both these cases, was the the Genus Crassicauda. 411 blue whale (Balenoptera musculus), and the worms were found with their caudal ends hanging freely into the urinary passage. In one case portions of the host’s tissues (penis) were forwarded, and show the head-ends of the worms still deeply embedded. ‘The tissue being very firm and muscular, and having been hardened in formalin, it has proved im- possible, as is usually the case, to extract the worms intact. They pursue a very tortuous course in the tissues, and are easily broken in the attempt to remove them. The present account, therefore, will necessarily be confined to the cha- racters of the posterior end. In a former paper (1916) the writer described what was believed to be the head of an example of Crassicauda crassi- cauda (Crepl.). Up to that time there was no definite ground for ae ete that the genus included more than one specics. In view, however, of certain considerations now to be set forth, there seems to be good reason for suspecting that two, and perhaps three, species of Crassicauda occur in whales. The original worms described by Creplin (1829) as Filaria crassicauda were comparatively small, 64 inches being given as the length of a complete male, 12 to 13 inches as that of a complete female. Creplin describes and figures a single spicule in the male. The greatest thickness (and this in one exceptionally thick female) was about 1 line [=about 2 mm.]. Leiper and Atkinson (1915), reporting on material con- tained in the ‘Terra Nova’ collection, which they had previously (1914) referred to C. erassicauda (making this the type of the new genus), remark that they were unable to find any spicules in the males, and conclude that they are absent. They also state that the material (which consisted only of headless fragments) ineluded portions of both males and females of a length of 16 inches. A re-examination of the ‘Terra Nova’ material, now in the 3ritish Museum; and its comparison with the new material from the South Shetlands, lead me to believe that the latter represents the true C. er -assicauda, while Leiper and Atkinson’s determination of the former as belonging to Creplin’s species was erroneous. It is proposed, therefore, to regard the ‘Terra Nova’ specimens as representing a ‘new and larger species, which may be named Crassicauda boopis. It attains a thickness of between 3 and 4mm. Leiper and Atkinson unfortunately gave no figures of the worm. Tigures of both forms are therefore given liere for comparison. The material sent by Mr. Bennett includes fragments measuring up to about 16°56 em. [=64 inches] in length and not more than 2 mm. in thickness, ‘lhe males have a 28" 412 Mr. H. A. Baylis on strongly coiled tail, and are provided with two spicules, which, though small, are easily seen in cleared specimens. These spicules (figs. 1 and 2 B) are unequal in length, measuring 0°62 mm. (left) and 0°3 mm. (right) respectively. They are completely covered externally with small rough granulations. Each spicule is considerably expanded at its proximal end and blunt distally. The, tails of both sexes show a very marked difference in size between the ‘Terra Nova’ and Mr. Bennett’s specimens, In the male (fig. 2) the distance from the cloacal aperture Fig. 1. Crassicauda crassicauda, said spicules of the male, seen from the eft side. to the tip of the tail is about three times as great in the former as in the latter. In the female (figs. 3 and 4), in all cases and in both species, the curious constriction in the region of the vulva, described and figured by Creplin, is well-marked. The vulva (figs. 3 A and 4, v.) lies towards the anterior end of the constriction, and the caudal end assumes the shape of a rounded or oval knob. ‘I'he anus (figs. 3 A and 4, a.) lies in a depression at the posterior end of the latter, According to Creplin’s figures, the terminal knob would measure 5 mm. in length in an exceptionally large specimen. Leiper and the Genus Crassicauda, 413 Atkinson place the constriction at 3mm. from the extremity, but this is clearly an understatement, as in some of the ‘ Terra Nova’ females it is over 5 mm. from the tip of the tail. In the South Shetlands specimens the terminal knob measures only 1 mm. to 2°5 mm. in length, =e 419 » Fig. 2, Nearly ventral views of the tail of the male, (A) of C. doopis, (B) of CU. crassicauda, drawn to the same scale of magnification. The writer has failed, as did Leiper and Atkinson, to discover any spicules in the ‘Terra Nova’ males. The remote possibility that they might have been left in the vagina of the females after copulation was thought of, but 414 Mr. H. A. Baylis on examination of several females did not lead to the confirmation of this idea. \ Ss \) pe’ Fig. 3. | vim ZB AIS > Wes | va. “Ww O.> (A). C. boopis ; tail of female, seen from the left side. a, anus; v., vulva ; va., vagina, (B). C. erassicauda ; outline of tail of female, drawn to the same scale of magnification as (A). As regards the caudal papillee of the male, Leiper and Atkinson state that there are on either side eight in the ‘Terra Nova’ material. the Genus Crassicauda. 415 On re-examination, however, the writer has not found less than nine on either side in any individual, while in one case (fig. 2 A) there were as many as Fig. 4. la “Wu Ou} X pee 2. C. crassicauda; tail of female, nearly ventral view. a., anus; v., vulva; va., Vagina. twelve on the left side and eleven on the right. It is not easy to count the papilla accurately, owing to an infolding of the sides of the tail towards the mid-ventral line, so as to 416 Mr. H. A. Baylis on form a groove extending from the cloaca to the tip of the tail. Some of the papilla are not infrequently carried over so as to lie on the inside of this groove, and are thus only seen with some difficulty. In any case, however, the number on each side does not seem to be constant. The same remarks apply, on the whole, to the material from the South Shetlands, the infolding of the sides of the tail (fig. 2B) being often very marked. In this case the largest number of papillee counted was eleven on the right side and eight on the left. The tail is laterally compressed in both forms, and slightly asymmetrical, the right side tending to be a little longer than the left. This is probably ®, 9 C. erassicauda ; views of the caudal ends of two pairs of individuals, to show the position during copulation. a peculiarity connected with the mode of copulation, whieh is well seen in the material sent by Mr. Bennett. Several pairs of individuals have remained, on fixation, in the position indicated in fig. 5. The manner in which the tail of the male is coiled round the constricted portion of the female is apparently constant. The tail makes two or three turns in the direction of a right-handed screw, but the last turn is reversed, so that the tip of the tail comes to lie in front of, instead of behind, the previous coil. This seenis to offer an explanation of the slight asymmetry of the tail. Though Creplin noted the constriction in the region of the vulva, and speculated as to the probability of its being a natural the Genus Crassicauda. 417 structure or artificially produced by the pressure of the male, he does not appear to lave seen specimens in the position of copulation, nor did the ‘Terra Nova’ material throw any light on this point. From the constancy with which the constriction appears in females of all sizes, it seems probable that it is a preformed structure, and not merely due to the act of copulation itself, The vagina (figs. 3 A and 4, va.), in both species, is very short and muscular, and gives off, almost immediately in front of the caudal constriction, two uteri, which are thick-walled and have a narrow lumen. ‘These, after forming one or two coils, run, parallel to each other and nearly straight, in the Tie. 6. O-/ mm. Ova, (A) of C. boopis, (B) and (C) of Crassicauda sp. (?) from Hyperoodon. (C) represents a later stage than (B), and shows the thickened belt of chitin. direction of the head. The ova (fig. 6, A) have a very thick shell, and in both forms measure about 504x354. They contain a coiled embryo when laid. As regards the anterior end previously described by the writer (1916) as that of C. crassicaudu, it is not at present possible to decide to which of the two species here distin- guished it belongs. From its size alone it appears more probable that it is C. boopis than C. crassicauda. ‘The various records of the occurrence of the supposed Cy crasstcauda were collected in the same paper, and a list of hosts was given. ‘This, in view of the fact that the species of Crassicauda cannot now be regarded as one, will require some revision ; 418 On the Genus Crassicauda. but it is impossible to settle definitely at present which records refer to which species, except as regards those dealt with in the present paper. There seems to be reason for believing that yet a third species of Crassicauda may exist, differing from the two already considered in the size and structure of its eggs, and probably in other particulars. In 1916 Mr. Bennett sent to the Museum some fragments, in poor condition, of what appeared to be a species of this genus, from the kidney of a Hyperoodon, from the South Orkneys. The fragments contain immense numbers of ova (fig. 6, B, C) of a larger size (66 wx 33 wv) than those of C. erassicauda and C, boopis, and of characteristic structure, in that the shell, in the fully- formed condition, has a thickened belt of chitin round the middle region, the ends being comparatively thin-shelled. The following brief generic diagnosis may now be given (it being borne in mind that no complete account yet exists of any species) :— CraAssICAUDA, Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. Filariidz (?): Mouth without lips, but with one small papilla and three larger, more lateral papille on either side * ; cuticle thick, transversely striated, sometimes raised into a swelling which appears to act as a “holdfast.” Male with laterally compressed and spirally coiled tail, with a ventral groove behind the cloaca; at either side of the groove a somewhat irregular row of genital papilla ; two small unequal spicules present, or spicules absent. Female with vulva near the posterior end of the body, in a constriction just in front of the knob-like caudal extremity ; vagina very short ; uteri two, parallel; anus terminal ; ova with thick shell, con- taining a coiled embryo at the time of laying. Hab, Various parts of the urinogenital system (or, excep- tionally, other parts of the body) of Cetacea. Genotype: C. crassteauda (Creplin, 1829) [nee C. erassi- cauda (Crepl.) of Leiper and Atkinson, 1914 & 1915}. Two species may at present be distinguished with some certainty, though their characters are as yet incompletely worked out, and the determination must depend upon measure- ments when male tails are absent :— 1. Crassicauda crassicauda (Crepl.). Two unequal spicules present in the male. Thickness of * See Baylis, 1916. On Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. 419 either sex not exceeding 2 mm, Distance of cloacal aperture of male from tip of tail about05 mm. Distance of vulva from tip of tail about 1°5-3 mm. ee Balenoptera physalus, B. musculus, and (?) other whales. 2. Crassicauda boopis, sp. n. [ =C. crassicauda (Crepl.) of Leiper and Atkinson, 1914 & 1915.] Spicules absent. Thickness of either sex may reach 3 mm. or more. Distance of cloacal aperture of male from tip of tail about 15 mm. Distance of vulva from tip of tail about o-7 mm. Only certain host: Megaptera nodosa. REFERENCES. Bayuis, H. A. 1916. “On Crassicauda crassicauda (Crepl.) {Nema- toda] and its Hosts,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. pp. 144-148. Creptrin, F.C. H. 1829. [Descriptions of new species of Filaria and Monostomum found in “ Balena rostrata”), Verh. d. K. Leop.- Carol. Ak. d. Naturf. (Bonn), xiv. 2 Abth. pp. 871-882, pl. lii. Lerrer, R. T., and Arxrnson, E. L. 1914. “Helminthes of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-1913,” Proc. Zool. Soe. pp. 222-226. —. 1915. Parasitic Worms: British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Exp. 1910, Natural History Report, Zoology, ii. 38, pp. 19-60, pls. i—-v. |British Museum (Nat. Hist.).] LVI.—Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. By C. Tate Reaan, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) I. A COLLECTION MADE BY THE Hon. P. A. METHUEN. A COLLECTION of fishes made in Madagascar in 1911 by the Hon. P. A. Methuen has been sent to me for determination by the Director of the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. The list is as follows :— Anguillide. Anguilla mossambica, Peters. Lake Alaotra and Ambatoharanana, E. Madagascar. ? te} 420 Mr. ©. T. Regan on Syngnathide. Doryichthys millepunctatus, Kaup. Folohy, E. Madagascar. Centropomide. Ambassis commersonii, Ouv. & Val. Folohy and Ambilo, E. Madagascar. Liognathide. Gerres filamentosus, Cuv. & Val. Ambilo (lagoons). Gerres methueni, sp. Nn. Depth of body 2} in the length, length of head 3 to 3}. Snout as long as or a little shorter than diameter of eye, which is 8 to 34 in the length of head and nearly equal to the interorbital width. Maxillary extending to below anterior 4 of eye; 3 or 4 series of scales on cheek ; 7 or 8 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 44 scales in a longitudinal series, 5 beteen lateral line and scaly sheath at base of spinous dorsal, 12 or 13 below lateral line, 7 or 8 from base of pectoral to middle of chest. Dorsal X 9; third spine nearly as long as or a little longer than second, 4 to % length of head. Anal III 7; second spine a little longer than third, ? to 4 length of head. Pectoral longer than head, nearly or quite reaching origin of anal. Caudal widely forked. Caudal peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep. Dark longitudinal stripes along the series of scales, Three specimens, 100 to 140 mm. in total length, from Folohy and lagoons at Ambilo, E. Madagascar. This species is distinguished from Gerres lineolatus, Giinth., by the deeper form aud the shorter second dorsal spine. Liognathus dussumieri, Cuy. & Val. Ambilo (lagoons) and Folohy. Monodactylide. Monodactylus argenteus, Linn. Ambilo (lagoons). Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. 421 Cichlide. Paratilapia polleni, Bleek. Lakes Alaotra and Rasoabé, E. Madagascar; Andranolalio, S.W. Madagascar. In seventeen specimens I count X-XII 9-12 dorsal and TIT 8-11 anal rays, 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series and 8 or 9 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Ptychochromis oligacanthus, Steind. Ambilo (brackish lagoons) ; Folohy; Lake Rasoabé. In nine specimens I count XIII-XIV 11-13 dorsal and III 7-8 anal rays. Paretroplus polyactis, Bleek. Ambilo (brackish lagoons) ; Folohy ; Lake Rasoabé. In nine specimens I count XVI-XVII 16-19 dorsal and VII-VIITI 14-16 anal rays. Carangide. Caranx melampygus, Cuv. & Val. Ambilo. Mugilide. Mugil robustus, Giinth. Folohy. Atherinide. A therina alaoirensis, Pellegr. Lake Alaotra, Lake Rasoabé, and Ambatoharanana, KE. Madagascar. Bedotia madagascariensis, Regan. Lake Rasoabé, 422 Mr. C. T. Regan on Eleotride. Eleotris fusca, Bloch. Ambilo and Lake Rasoabé, E. Madagascar; Andranolaho, S.W. Madagascar. . Eleotris legendrei, Pellegr. Ambilo, Lake Alaotra, Ambohidratrimo and Ambato- haranana, E. Madagascar. Eleotris tohizone, Steind. Lake Alaotra. Gobiide. Gobius wneofuscus, Peters. Ambatoharanana, EX. Madagascar; Maroamalona, 8.W. Madagascar, Gobius giuris, Ham. Buchan. Ambilo, E. Madagascar ; Andranolaho and Maroamalona, S.W. Madagascar. IJ. Ture MApAGASCAR CICHLIDA. The Cichlid fishes of Madagascar belong to three endemic genera, which are defined below. 1. ParatiLaprA, Bleek., 1868 (type P. pollent, Bleck.). Dorsal X-XIII-9-12. Anal III 8-11. Scales cycloid or feebly denticulate, large (28-30) ; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ; end of maxillary exposed ; teeth in jaws conical, in 3 to 5 series, outermost enlarged. Lower pharyngeals united by a straight suture to form a triangular plate ; ante- rior teeth conical, posterior somewhat compressed and indis- tinctly bicuspid, hooked. Occipital and parietal crests ending above middle of orbits ; a broad median depression in anterior part of froutals. Posterior part of parasphenoid forming a strong apophysis, compressed antero-posteriorly, ending in a pair of transverse oval facets for articulation of the upper pharyngeals. Vertebra 27 (13+14) ; third with paired inferior apophyses ; preecaudals with parapopliyses from the fourth; ribs subsessile. Madagascar ; a single species. Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. 423 This genus is closely related to Pelmatcchromis, Steind., from the Congo and West Africa ; as now restricted, Pelmato- chromis includes only species with few vertebra (25 to 27), short lower lateral line, and eycloid scales (species 4 to 21 of Boulenger’s synopsis, with the addition of 5 placed in Para- tilapia, viz., P. cerasogaster, P. dorsalis, P. luebberti, P. corbali and P. thomasi). In Pelmatoehromis the pharyngeal apophysis of the parasphenoid is not so strong as in Para- tilapia and the inferior apophyses of the third vertebra unite to form a median spine, but other differences from Paratilapia are unimportant. 2. PrycHOCHROMIS, Steind., 1880 (type Ti/apia oligacanthus, Bleek.). Dorsal XIII-XV 10-14. Anal ITI 7-12. Scales finely denticulate, large (32-36) ; two lateral lines. Mouth ter- minal; end of maxillary exposed ; teeth in jaws compressed, bicuspid, in 3 to 5 series, outermost enlarged, inner small. Lower pharyngeals united by a sinuous suture to form a triangular plate, with large rounded blunt teeth in the middle posteriorly and slender bicuspid teeth elsewhere. Occipital and parietal crests extending forwards to above middle of orbits ; former high, ending behind a median depression on frontals. Posterior part of parasphenoid forming a strong apophysis with flattish heart-shaped articular surface for upper pharyngeals. Vertebre 28 (14414); third with inferior apopliyses which unite below to form a median spine ; precaudals with parapophyses from the fourth ; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses. Madagascar ; two species. Related to Tylochromis, Regan, differing especially in having the teeth bicuspid instead of conical. T'ylochromis occurs in West Africa, the Congo, and Tanganyika. 3. Parerror1us, Bleek., 1868 (type P. damii, Bleek.). Dorsal XVI-XX 11-18. Anal VII-X 9-14. A scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins. Scales eycloid, large (32-37) ; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ; end of max- illary exposed ; teeth in jaws uniserial, compressed and some- what spatulate; one or two median pairs enlarged. Lower pharyngeals united by a sinuous suture to form a strong triangular plate ; most of the teeth stout, rounded, with flat surfaces. Occipital crest strong, extending forward to ante- rior end of frontals; parietal crests weak, ending above middle of orbits. Pharyngeal apophysis strong, formed by 424 On Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. parasphenoid only; articular surface broadly ovate, almost heart-shaped. Vertebrae 34 (17+17); fourth with a pair of very small inferior apophyses ; praecaudals with parapophyses from the fourth; ribs subsessile. Madagascar ; two species. This genus is quite distinct from any of the African genera, but is closely related to the Indian Etroplus, which differs from Paretrop/us in its more generalized dentition, the jaws with 2 or 3 series of tricuspid teeth, those of the outermost series enlarged, in the adult truncate, often without lateral cusps, and the lower pharyngeal with most of the teeth slender, uni- or bicuspid, only the two middle rows being formed of large blunt teeth. The Madagascar Cichlidee belong to three endemic genera, two of which appear to be related to West-African genera, whilst the third is closely related to, but more specialized than, the only Indian genus of the family. xcept the Cichlids, none of the families of fishes characteristic of the fresh waters of Africa occurs in Madagascar, which is popu- lated chiefly by freshwater genera or species of marine families (Kuhliide, Atheiinide, Eleotride). The Ostario- physi, which are dominant in the freshwater fauna of all other parts of the world except the Anstralian Region, are absent from Madagascar, except for two species of the endemic genus Ancharius, which belongs to the Ariidz, one of the two families of Siluroids that form an exception to the rule that the Ostariophysi are strictly freshwater fishes. The presence of Cichlids: in Madagascar is probably due to the fact that some fishes of this family are found in waters of fairly high salinity. Species of each of the three Madagascar genera have been found in brackish lagoons on the coast, whilst Htroplus suratensis of India and Ceylon is charac- teristically an estuarine fish, and, according to Day, “ extends its range into brackish or even saline water.” It is evident that Madagascar has not been connected during the Tertiary with either Africa or India to an extent that sufficed for the passage of true freshwater fishes, but it may have received its Cichlid from Africa at a time when it was only narrowly sepa- rated from or even temporarily connected with that continent, and perhaps from India when the islands of the Indian Ocean were more extensive and a brackish-water fish might pass from one to another; this time can hardly have been later than the beginning of the Mivcene. bo eh | On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. 42! LVII.—On the Anatomy.of Paludestrina jenkinsi. By G. C. Rosson, B.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate XV.] THE Gastropod Paludestrina jenkinsi, first described by K. A. Smith (13) in 1889, has been for the last thirty years an object of interest for British malacologists on account of its rapid spread through the inland waterways of England, Wales, and Ireland. It has recently attracted fresh attention owing to the discovery made by Boycott (2), and contirmed by Quick (10) and Gatenby and Robson (MS.), that it is parthenogenetic. The precise nature of this parthenogenesis, whether absolute or periodic, has yet to be determined ; but since the animal has been under close observation no trace of a male has been discovered. The following account of part of the anatomy of this molluse is based upon material obligingly presented to the British Museum by numerous collectors. It is hoped to publish in the present year an account of the reproduction of this form. Great difficulty was encountered in the preparation of material for study owing to the animal’s contractility, small size, and power of resistance to anesthetics. It was hence practically: impossible to get satisfactory expansion of tlie anterior part of the body. Small shreds of tobacco and alcohol gave the most satisfactory results for this purpose ; but it usually happened that after slow and careful narcoti- zation extending over four or five days the animals would suddenly contract, or, when at last properly expanded and insensitive to touch, they were found to be dead and already showing signs of maceration. The best results for general purposes were obtained by eliminating narcotization, and, after very carefully cracking away tle shell, placing the animals directly in Bouin’s solution (picro-formalin with a small quantity of glacial acetic acid), in which they were left for not Jess than ten hours, after which they were washed in 70 °/, alcohol and proceeded with as usual. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND BEHAVIOUR. The shell and external features have been described by Smith (13) and others; but the following additions and corrections may be made, The animal when in captivity crawls about fairly actively with a continuous movement of the foot like a Planarian, waving its long slender tentacles and moving the head from side to side in an inquisitive manner, As Smith points out, Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v, 29 426 Mr. G. C. Robson on the the head is usually not very much protruded beyond the shell, though one can generally see the eyes. The buccal mass can be seen working backwards and forwards if the animal is browsing. Thecolorationis variable. Specimens have been found almost colourless, with two narrow bands of black pigment 1unning backwards from the base of the tentacles. More usually this pigment is very dense on the head, muzzle, and upper and anterior parts of the foot, while on the sides and back of the foot it is less well developed. The foot-sole is invariably colourless except for the stripes referred to by Smith. Contrary to Smith’s statement, the animal is frequently seen floating on the surface-film (v. anon under “ Pedal Glands”’), and on one occasion it was observed to make use of this faculty in a peculiar fashion. If it is turned over on to the back of its shell it usually rights itself by rolling the front of its foot backwards over its head, getting a foothold, and pulling itself over by a leverage of the foot on the right- hand side of the shell-aperture. One was being prevented from doing this * when it suddenly stretched its foot upwards to the surface of the water and drew itself away from the detaining needle by this method. INTERNAL ANATOMY. The only substantial account of the anatomy of this genus of which the author is aware is by Henking (5) upon Hydrobia [= Paludestrina] ulve, Pennant. Henking’s paper and the present account do not cover the same ground, but, where possible, full comparison is made between the two forms. The Alimentary Canal. The mouth, when viewed transversely, presents the same general featuresas H/. ulve. ‘The oral cuticle is not developed to the same thickness, however, while the vertical depth is greater in P. jenkinsi. The oral musculature does not corre- spond with that figured by Henking, the small dilators (ms) shown by him being absent in P. jenkinsi. Separate elements corresponding with Henking’s lip-protractors are found. The jaws are situated much as in 2. ulve. Uenking does not describe them in detail. In L. genkinsi they consist of about ten to twelve rather irregular columnar pieces of specialized cuticle, of which the median are the largest CPI. XY. fig, 1), Behind these the mouth expands laterally and is flattened dorso-ventrally over the lingual cartilages. Owing to the thick investment of muscle and the consequent difficulty in * In a watch-glass full of water. Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. 427 dissecting out the two cartilages it is rather difficult to be certain as to the exact position the latter occupy. They are rather irregular, thick, flattish plates, the ventral edges of which are flanged outwards both anteriorly and laterally. hey are loosely united in the median line ante- riorly and dorsally, and diverge ventrally and posteriorly. When separated out they appear to be rather asymmetrical. The finer structure is as described by Henking, except that it is doubtful whether the dark pigment referred to for ulve@ is present in jenkins@. The radula has been figured and described by Woodward (14), and that of P. ulve by Lehmann (6) aud Meyer and Mobius (7). The anterior part of the cesophagus is very much folded dorsally. This folded condition is found in ulve, but it is very much more marked in the present species, the roof of the cesophagus being divided into three main divisions, each of which again exhibits lateral diverticula (Pl. XV. fig. 2). The stomach is a fairly large organ of irregular size, situated mainly in the body-whorl. For the most part it is thin-walled. It is lined with a relatively thick cuticle, which is apparently confined to the stomach and does not extend down the intestine as it does in some other forms. On the average, the cells giving rise to this cuticle approxi- mate in size to those figured for Valvata piscinalis by Bernard (1), though they do not appear to be so regular (Pl. XV. fig. 4). It is interesting to compare the stomach- epithelia of these two forms with that figured by Randles (11) for Trochus. It may be pointed out, however, that in certain areas just below the cuticle a layer of (sc.) pigment- granules was found (cf. Randles, J. ¢.). Anteriorly the stomach gives off a large sac for the reception of the crystalline style, and parallel to this and opening into the stomach in the same plane is a well-marked pylorus, from the anterior extremity of which the intestine is given off. The pylorus and style-sac are in communication with each other by a narrow slit extending down nearly the whole of their length, This arrangement appears to be rather un- common, and the author has not succeeded in finding any cases exactly analogous among other Tenioglossa. The internal (right-hand) wall of the posterior chamber of the stomach shows a well-marked ridge such as is found in other Tanioglossa, and the aperture of the style-sac and pylorus is marked by a strong annular development of cuticle. A localized patch of ridges is found in the neighbourhood of the entrance of the hepatic duct. Possibly these may be compared to the “ bosselures et sillons’’ described by Garnault 428 Mr. G. C. Robson on the for Cyclostoma (4). These ridges are sometimes of consider- able length. ‘The crystalline style (PI. XV. fig. 3) fits closely into its sac and is a relatively large cylindrical body of hyaline appearance, usually with rounded ends. No attachment to the cuticular lining of the sac could be found. After ex- traction it invariably disperses in the fluid into which it is placed. The hepatopancreas, which extends from the apex down to the penultimate whorl, opens into the posterior chamber of the stomach by a single broad and short duct near to and on the same side as the opening of the cesophagus. The éntestine leaves the pylorus and curls round the end of the style-sac to its anterior face, runs backwards along- side the sac till it reaches the face of the posterior chamber of the stomach, when it turns vertically and then runs forwards to the anus. ‘he intestinal wall is folded into a well-defined ty phlosole, which extends almost up to the pylorus. Pedal Gland. A well-developed pedal gland is present. It is possible that it is by the aid of the secretion from this gland that the animal adheres to surface-films. Among other freshwater 'enioglossa such a gland has been described for Valvata (12). The Respiratory and Circulatory System. There is a single monopectinate gill (Pl. XV. fig. 5) lying somewhat diagonally in the mantle-cavity, with its anterior extremity between the tentacles and its posterior extremity rather to the left; it therefore lies roughly parallel to the rectum, Its filaments * diminish gradually in size anteriorly and posteriorly, those of about the median third being much Jarger than the rest. It is almost impossible in sections of a whole animal to make certain that the gill-filaments are cut exactly transversely ; but from examination of a large number of preparations it would seem that in P. jenkinsi they are more lanceolate in section than in P. ulva. The supporting membranes of the filaments are very long and thin. There is evident no modification of the gill or mantle- cavity, although the animal is able to live out of water for at least several hours. No positive trace of a hypobranchial gland could be found. The heart lies in a capacious pericardium, which is situated in the usual position. The auricle lies in front of the ventricle and is smaller than the latter; its walls, as usual, * Twenty-seven to thirty in number. Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. 429 are thinner than those of the ventricle, and there is a capacious efferent branchial vessel. No very satisfactory sections of the anriculo-ventricular orifice were obtained. In the best, however, distinct traces of modifications of a valvular nature were found (Pl. XV. fig. 6), comparable in general to the condition figured by Moore (8) for 7yphobia. At the posterior apex of the ventricle the anterior and posterior aorte are given off quite close together. ‘The first runs forward across the roof of the pericardium for a good distance, and then, following the cesophagus, passes into a large lacuna. ‘The posterior aorta passes backwards into a similar lacuna situated between the stomach and intestine. Branches of an artery were found ramifying in the ovary and uniting to form a single trunk at about the same level as the commencement of the oviduct. ‘Yhe two run parallel for a long distance down the columellar region. ‘This genital artery appears to run into the abdo- minal lacuna referred to above [¢f. distribution of the poste- rior aorta in Cyclostoma elegans (Garnault, /. c.)]. The Excretory System. A single kidney is found bounded by the posterior wall of the pallial cavity, the pericardium, and the body-wall; it opens into the first-named cavity by a short, narrow, ciliated canal, Making all due allowance for contraction, there is no trace of a ureter such as is found in Paludina and Valvata. The kidney is rather triangular in section over most of its area, and its walls are slightly folded. Its distribution and relationships are as yet uncertain, but it appears to give off a posterior thin-walled prolongation which ramifies among the other organs. The Reproductive System. The animal is apparently parthenogenetic (v. supra). The ovary is situated as usual in the apical whorls, though it does not appear to extend to the actual summit. It is closely applied to the liver, and can usually be seen contrasting in colour with the dark hue of the latter. It lies on the rigit of the liver in each whorl, and extends downwards and inwards on the columellar (right-hand) side, It consists of a number of anastomosing tubules which finally unite in the oviduct. ‘The contents of these tubules vary with age and condition, but, save in the very smallest specimens, one usually finds a certain number of developing odcytes of various sizes. A quantity of yolk-globules is almost always seen in one or two of the largest tubules. This yolk is sometimes the only contents of the latter, It would seem that there is a special localization and concentration of yolk, though it is also tound 430 On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi, in the same tubules as ripening odcytes and also in the lining epithelia of such tubules (Pl. XV. figs. 7A & B). The oviduct, which passes down the columella area in company with the genital artery, is exceedingly slender and usually thin-walled. At its distal end it becomes rather con- voluted and thicker. It opens into the vagina very close to and probably in association with the spermatheca. ‘The latter is an organ corresponding in shape and position with the spermatheca of normal female gastropods, and there can be little doubt that it represents that organ. In the present instance, of course, it is functionless. The persistence of such an organ ina parthenogenetic female is very interesting, and not without importance in relation to the general question of parthenogenesis. A spermatheca is found in a few other Tanioglossa, e. g., Cyclostoma (4) and Paludina (3). In other genera usually considered close to Paludestrina there is noacces- sory organ in the female genital complex ; but there appears to be some evidence for its presence in P. u/ve (see below). The albumen-gland is a large organ readily observable in the living animal lying at about the junction between the fifth and sixth whorls. It opens into the brood-pouch by a vertical slit-like aperture adjacent to the commencement of the vagina. The vagina is very difficult to locate exactly, owing to contraction ; it appears to be atube passing forwards beneath the brood-pouch on the right-hand side, and opening into the mantle-cavity near the anus. The communication between the vagina and brood-pouch would appear to be a fairly wide aperture rather anterior to the openings of the albumen- gland and oviduct (Pl. XV. fig. 8). The brood-pouch is a very capacious cavity when fully extended. It is excavated in the pallial integument of the right-hand side. On the left it is bounded by the rectum. When functional it occupies the whole right-hand side of the last whorl and almost reaches the penultimate whorl. In this condition it is capable of holding well over forty young. Lelimann (6) has described the male and female genitalia of II. balthica (=P. ulve), but neither his description nor his illustrations are very satisfactory. If his account is to be followed, the brood-pouch leads on into the vagina, which is not the condition seen in jenkinsé. On the other hand, he says: “ (die Scheide) ... von welcher ein kurzer Blasenstiel mit ruudlicher Blase ausgeht,”’ which seems to agree with the spermatleca described above for jenkinsi. He also figures and describes an apparently distinct and well-marked albumen-zland. It should be pointed out that among other Teenioglossa ———— On a new Trichocera from Siberia. 431 that have been described—Paludina (3), Bithinia (9), Tan- ganyikia and JMJelania (8)—the brood-pouch opens directly to the exterior by a terminal (vaginal) pore. On the other hand, in Cyclostoma elegans (4) the vaginal aperture is apparently not at the extremity of the brood-pouch, as the latter “est un organe tubulaire terminé inférieurement en cul-de-sac et présentant latéralement une large fente, la vulve.” WORKS REFERRED TO, (1) Bernarp, F. Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, xxii. (1890). (2) Boycorr, A. E. Journal of Conchology, xvi. no. 2 (1919). (3) Bronn, H. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. (4) Garnaut, P. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xli. (1887). (5) Henkine, H. Berichte Naturf. Ges. Freiburg, vii. (1894). (6) Leumann, R. Schnecken und Muscheln.... Stettins, (Cassel, 1873). (7) Meyer, H., and Mésrus, K. Fauna der Kieler Bucht, ii. (1872). (8) Moorr, J. E.S. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xli. (1898). (9) Moqury Tanpon, A. Moll. de France (Paris, 1855). (10) Quick, H. E, Journal vf Conchology, xvi. no. 3 (1920), (11) RanpiEs, W. B. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlviii. (1905). (12) SmrrorH, H. Zool, Anz. Jahrg. iv. no. 94. (13) SmirH, E. A. Journal of Conchology, vi. (1889). (14) Woopwarp, B. B. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. (1892). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. Fig. 1. Paludestrina jenkinsi. Transverse section of mouth, showing cuticle (c.) and mandibles (m.). [Cam, 4 oc. x6 obj. Reich.] Fig. 2. Ditto. Diagrammatic transverse section through cesophagus. [4 oc. X 6 obj. Reich. Fig. 3. Ditto. Crystalline style. [Cam. 4 oc. x3 obj. Reich. ‘wg. 4. Ditto. Section through stomach-wall. c.=cuticle. [Cam. 4 0c. x6 obj. Reich. ]} Fig. 5, Ditto. Section through gill-filaments and supporting lamélle. [Cam. comp. 6 oc. x 6 obj. Reich.] Fig. 6. Ditto. Heart: section through auricle (a.) and ventricle (v.). (Cam. 4 oc. x 6 obj. Reich. ]} Fig. 7. Ditto. Sections through (A) junction of oviduct with yolk-bearing ovarian tubule; (B) ovarian tubule, showing odcytes and yolk in epithelium. y.=yolk; od.=oviduct. Fig. 8. Ditto. Section through junction (av.) between spermatheca and vagina, and connection of albumen-gland (ag.) and vagina (v.) with brood-pouch (dp.). od.=oviduct. (Cam, 4 oc. x6 obj. ] LVIUI.—A new Trichocera from Siberia (Diptera Polyneura). By F. W. Epwarps, (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) AMONG a collection of mosquitoes recently sent me for deter- mination by Prof. Yngve Sjéstedt, of Stockholm, was a single male specimen of a Trichocera which, though differing little 432 On a new Trichocera from Siberia. in coloration from the common European species, is yet strikingly distinct in its genital characters. It may be named Trichocera sibirica, sp. Nn. Colour almost uniform dark brownish. Wings slightly infuscated, a very faint cloud over the r-m cross-vein. First flagellar joint of antennze about six times as Jong as broad, somewhat thickened on its basal half ; second and third each about half as long as the first, very slightly thickened in the middle. Venation: R,,3 slightly shorter than the basal section of R,; otherwise as in JZ. regelationis. Genitalia: ventral junction of side-pieces forming a strong median Trichocera sibirica; male genitalia, from beneath. process; clasper on its inner side with two strong processes, the basal one thumb-like, the apical one conical, two rather long hairs close together at the tip. Adminiculum small, ending in two points ; parameres not evident (the points on the body of the adminiculum may represent fused parameres). SiperIA: Verschininsk, Yenisei River, 69° 5’ N. Type male (unique) in Stockholm Museum. All the Managed species of the genus, as far as I know them, have the clasper almost cylindrical, with or without a minute process at the base, and most of them have also a pair of long curved parameres to the adminiculum, The venation of the new species is the same as in 7. fuscata, Mg., as determined by Verrall. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERIES.) No. 30. JUNE 1920. LIX.—WNotes on the Asilidz: Sub-division Asilinz. By Gerrrupe Ricarpo. [Concluded from p. 393. ] Lysmachus hirsutus, 8, sp. n. Type (male) and another male from Ulundi, Natal, 5000- 6000 feet, Sept. 1896 (G. A. A. Marshall), 1903, 17. A female from Willow Grange, Natal (W. C. Wroughton), in 1. E. E. Coll., appears to be identical with these males. A very hirsute black species with a large moustache and mane. Legs almost wholly black. Moustache black with a few white hairs only. Genitalia very long and slender, Scutellum with very long stout black bristles. Length 17-18 mm. Male.—Face with greyish tomentum, almost entirely covered by the thick, black moustache which extends to the antenne and is composed of black bristly hairs, the few white hairs are chiefly on the upper part. Antenne blackish, the third joint wanting, the first two joints with black bristly hairs below. Forehead with long black hairs. The curled-over bristles long and black, a bunch of white hairs at vertex between them. Hairs round head black and then white. Thorax blackish with yellowish tomentum, the mane composed of some outstanding black bristles and thick black hairs between, the bristles on posterior part of thorax black Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 9. Vol. v. 30 wr? 434 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. and long, a few weak whitish hairs appear among them and also at sides of mane. Scutellum black with a bunch of whitish hairs in the middle and long strong black bristles on dorsum and on posterior border. Abdomen with a large black spot on each segment and greyish tomentum at sides and on dorsum; bristles at the segmentations black and about three deep ; the pubescence short, white ; underneath with long weak whitish hairs and black bristles. (Genitalia sliining black, long ; the upper forceps slender, drawn out to a long point, stout on their basal half, and with a curved lower edge thickly covered with white hairs ; under lamelle short, stout, with short black pubescence. Legs blackish or bronze-coloured, the tibiz very obscurely reddish at their base, with long black and white hairs and short white pubescence and stout black bristles ; the femora with long weak black and white hairs and black bristles, and some short white pubescence on their upper edges ; tarsi blackish or obscurely reddish with white pubescence and black hairs and bristles. Wings clear, veins blackish, the small trans- verse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell. Dysmachus montanus, sp. 0. Type (male), type (female), both from Mt. Mlanje, Nyassaland, 19. ix. 1913 (S. 4. Neave), in I. KE. E. Coll. A small dark species with a well-marked black mane and black and white moustache. Pubescence on abdomen and legs chiefly white, and some white bristles on the legs. Length, 3 18, 2? 14 mm. Male.—Face with glistening white tomentum. Moustache composed of stout black and white bristly hairs, the white hairs chiefly on upper part intermixed with black. Antenne blackish brown with chiefly white hairs on the first two joints, the third with rather a long arista. Beard white. Forehead with white hairs near antenne and black bristles beyond. The curled bristles at back of head black and very Jong and stout, round the head with white hairs. Zhorax metallic brown with two well-marked dark stripes and with some grey tomentum; the mane consists of black hairs and numerous longer outstanding black bristles ; the presutural, supra- and postalar bristles all two in number and black ; pubescence on dorsum short, white. Scuéellum with a bunch of white hairs on each side and two in the centre, two stout black bristles on posterior margin, and another-row of three or four in front of them. Aédomen blackish brown with white tomentose segmentations, most noticeable at the sides ; Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 435 the posterior borders of the second and third appear reddish ; each segment is armed with very stout black bristles at the sides ; the pubescence on dorsum is chiefly white, longer and thicker on the first two segments ; short white bristles are present on the sides of abdomen and a few below on thie underside, which is also covered with white pubescence. Genitulia blackish, stout, with chiefly white hairs, club- shaped. Legs blackish, only the knees and base of fore tibize dull testaceous, the white pubescence is long on the coxe, short but fairly thick elsewhere, long on the underside of the femora and tibiz ; white bristles are visible on the middle of hind femora, two or three in number, on the middle tibiz, and especially on the anterior pair where they are long and stout, and are continucd on to the tarsi in both pairs, elsewhere the bristles are black. Wings clear, uni- formly greyish. Female identical. Moustache is yellower on the upper part and largely predominates, not being bordered by black hairs, Abdomen not so strongly armed with bristles, the white ones predominate. Ovipositor black aud shining, short with a few yellowish hairs at apex. Legs with many more white bristles on the hind femora and middle pair, but none on the tarsi. Wings with the small transverse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell as in the male. Dysmachus similis, sp. n. Type (male), type (female), from Bloksberg, Johannesburg (C. H. Pead), 1907, 250; and another female from Bar- berton, Transvaal (H. Edwards), April 1911, in Cape Coll. Very similar to D. wroughtoni, sp. u., but distinguished from it by the shorter genitalia of male and by the bristles on the legs in the female being chiefly white. Distinguished from D. natalensis, sp. n., likewise by the genitalia and by the long numerous black bristles on the scutellum. It is very nearly allied to D. montanus, sp. n., from which it differs in the following particulars :— Male.—Moustache is large, composed of black and white bristles intermingled, a few yellowish hairs are also visible. The front two joints of antenne are armed with very strong black bristly hairs on the underside, with a few short white ones on the upperside. The curved bristles are very long, black and yellow. The mane has dull yellowish hairs bordering the thick black short ones, and there are many 30* 436 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. outstanding long bristles, a few red ones appear on posterior part of thorax and all the side-bristles are reddish. Scutelium with many very stout, long, black bristles in the centre, a dozen or more, and tufts of white hairs on each side. Abdomen denuded, the bristles are white, pubescence whitish. Genitalia simple, the upper forceps long but tapering to a point, which is, however, rather obtuse, covered with short white pubescence, the under pair short black with some long white hairs. Legs with white pubescence, the hind femora with yellowish bristles, the fore and mid tibiz with long yellowish hairs below, the hind ones with black hairs ; the bristles chiefly black, but long yellowish ones are present on the fore avd middle pairs; the tarsi with almost wholly black bristles. Female identical, the white bristles on tibiz rather more numerous, also present on the hind pair. Ovipositor short, not much longer than the last segment. Length, ¢ 18, 2 17 mm. Dysmachus nigricans, sp. n. Type (male) from Piet Retief, 4100 feet, Transvaal, 23. viii. 1903 (Capt. R. Crawshay). Type (female) and another from same locality and same collector ; all in Brit. Mus. Coll., 1904, 43. A small dark species with black mane, almost wholly dark legs and abdomen. Moustache black and white. Distinguished from Dysmachus montanus by the absence of white tomentum, white bristles on the abdomen, and of white bristles on the legs. Length, ¢ 133, 2? 13 mm. Male.—Face b\ack (denuded). Moustache large, extending to the antennz, composed of black bristly hairs with only a few stray white hairs. Antenne wanting. Forehead with many long bristly hairs. The curled bristles at back of head very long and stout, extending as weaker black bristles a little way round head, and followed by white hairs. Beard white. Thorax blackish, covered with brownish tomentum ; the median stripe is dark and distinct; the mane, wholly of black hairs and longer black outstanding bristles, is large for such a small fly and extends thickly to the scutellum, the pubescence on dorsum is scanty, of black and some white hairs. Scutellum armed with very long black bristles on its posterior margin and others inside, nine or ten in all, and some black hairs intermixed. Abdomen, somewhat denuded, ~~ Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 437 appears black with brownish tomentum, with some long black bristles and with rather thick black pubescence on the dorsum ; underside thickly clothed with black bristles and hairs. Genitalia short and stout, testaceous at apex, other- wise black with some white hairs above and black hairs below arranged in tufts. Legs black, the knees and base of anterior tibiz dull testaceous, all bristles black and the pubescence black, longer on undersides of femora and tibiz. Wings clear, a little tinged with yellow along the veins. Female identical. Moustache with more white hairs. Abdomen with traces of white hairs on the second segment and with long ones on the underside. Legs have some short white pubescence on underside of fore tibize and on under- side of hind femora. Note by collector as follows: ‘ Taken on the bare wind- swept mountain-top, almost the only living insect.—R. C.” Loew’s Division II?>. Mane not extending the whole length of thorax. Dysmachus albopilosus, sp. n. Type (male) from Howick, Natal (J. P. Cregoe), 1903, 212; and other males in Brit. Mus. Coll. Type (female) from Willow Grange, Natal (2. C.Wroughton), in I. E. E. Coll., and other females from same locality ; also from Howick and from Estcourt, Natal, Sept., Oct., 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1903, 17, m B.M. Coll. A species distinguished by the short genitalia of males and the short ovipositor of females. Mane white posteriorly, all hairs and bristles on scutellum white and most of the bristles on the legs white or yellow, and on the abdomen the same*colour. Legs almost wholly metallic bronze- coloured. Distinguished from Loew’s species, D. setiventris, by the absence of black bristles on the scutellum and the tibize are not brown. Length, g 13-16, 2 13-18 mm. Male.— Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum, Moustache composed of chiefly yellow hairs, with black hairs at the sides, but none near the oral aperture, fairly thick, reaching the antennse. Beard white. Antenne with the first two joints blackish with black bristles, the third wanting. Forehead with some black hairs and bristles. The curled 438 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. bristles at back of head are black, on each side of the vertex. Mane apparently does not begin till the middle, although a row of very short hairs are visible in most of the specimens anteriorly on the median line, becoming longer below the collar; the mane proper begins at the suture in the form of long black bristles on each side, enclosing short black hairs which are replaced by long dirty yellow hairs reaching the posterior border; most of the bristles on each side of thorax are yellowish and long. Scutellum almost bare, with long yellow bristles on its posterior border, six or more in number, interspersed with a few weak yellow hairs. Thorax and scutellum bronze-green with greyish-yellow tomentum. Abdomen the same colour, the tomentum thickest at sides aud on segmentations, having a large brownish spot on each segment ; bristles on sides yellow, two deep ; pubescence on dorsum very short, pale yellowish; underside identical. Leys wholly bronze-green with whitish pubescence and longer pale yellow hairs below femora and tibiz, all the bristles yellow. Wings greyish, the small transverse vein at about the middle of the discal cell. Memale identical, some black hairs present near the oral opening, third joint of antennz with arista a little more than half its length. Ovipositor short, about the length of the last segment, black shining with some dirty yellow pubescence at tip. Dysmachus nigripes, sp. n. Type (male) from Willbrook, Natal, 17.11.1914. Type (female) from Willow Grange, Natal (R. C. Wrough- fon), other males from same localities ; two from Mfongosi, Zululand (W. £. Jones), and another female from Willbrook ; all in I, E. E. Coll. A species nearly allied to Dysmachus albopilosus, sp. n., but differing from it in the shape of the genitalia, which are here a fair length and slender, the moustache is Also wholly yellow, and the legs entirely blackish. Length, ¢ 16-18, ¢ 17-18 mm. Male.—I ace covered with glistening yellowish tomentum. Beard not very thick, composed of fairly long yellow bristly hairs, not reaching the antennz, the space between being occupied by long black bristles, which in some specimens continue a short way alongside of yellow hairs. Palpi with long yellow hairs. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with black bristly hairs below and a very few white ones on upperside, arista more than half the length of the third Miss G. Rieardo on the Asilidee. 439 joint. Forehead with chiefly black bristly hairs. The curled bristles are black and strong, with a few white bristles each side, the hairs continued round head are white. Beard white. Thorax bronze-green, covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and with well-marked median and side stripes. Mane very meagre, hardly typical of this genus, composed of scanty short yellow hairs beginning from the middle only, sur- rounded by very short black bristles; all the side-bristles are also stout but yellowish; the pubescence on dorsum black, short ; a row of these hairs in place of a mane can be seen on the anterior part on the middle line. Scutellum with stout yellowish-white bristles on its posterior border and weak hairs of the same colour on its dorsum. g Baris (?) paleophilus, Ck). Bartonian, Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). Brit. Museum, 19016. So far as can be seen, this might belong to Baris. There is a superficial resemblance to Geralophus, from the Florissant Miocene ; but in Geralophus the small punctures are not over a third as long as the distance between the rows. in the British Museum. 461 Chrysomelide. Chrysomelites allochlamys, sp.n. (Fig. 5.) Elytron about 7°5 mm. long and 43 mm. broad ; moderately convex but flattened on disc, broadly truncate at base, obtuse at apex; nine lines of round rather large punctures; one near the inner margin, and four pairs of parallel lines, two near middle of disc, and two, close together, not far from outer margin ; between the pairs of lines the surface is very densely covered with punctures of the same size as those in the lines. In one of the lines there are about seven punctures to a mm, 2 +\ dq Or Smee) ary Lt ys n } F i i; i 33 Chrysomelites allochlamys. 19008. Bartonian ; Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). Brit. Museum, 19008, with reverse. The type of Chrysomelites is C. prodromus, Heer, from the Lower Lias of Switzerland, an insect certainly not congeneric with the present species. But I follow Scudder in treating the name as applicable to fossil Chrysomelide of unknown generic position, although it seems probable that our insect should be made the type of a new genus. It has a curious resemblance to Smodicoptera liasina (Heer), from the Lower Lias of Switzerland. Heer considered Smodicoptera to be a Buprestid (Euchroma), but our species certainly cannot belong to that family. In ‘ Die Insektenfauna der Tertiir- gebilde von Oeningen und von Radoboj’ (1847), plate viii., Heer undertook to illustrate the primitive or fundamental pattern of a Coleopterous elytron, and according to this system C, allochlamys may be considered a primitive form. Such a pattern persists in the modern Leptinotarsa, but that typically differs from our fossil in having the rows of punctures much more irregular and (especially L. undecim- lineata) double at least in part, while the intervals beween the 462 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods parallel rows are only very sparsely punctured *, The fossil shows no colour-bands, but they may have existed in life. There isa group of Leplinotarsa, represented by L. juncta and its immediate allies, in which the rows of punctures are single and even, as in C. allochlamys. Cerambycide. Leptura (?) bartoniana, sp. n. (Pl. XVI. fig. 12.) Elytron as preserved 9°5 mm. long, but apex lost, probable total length about 12 mm.; width 3 mm.; costal margin thickened ; humeral region with the usual large rounded prominence ; surface throughout coarsely punctured on the basal half, the punctures deep, suboval, inclined to be in longitudinal lines, but not regular, the intervals usually less than the width of a puncture, about seven punctures in 2 mm. longitudinally ; on apical half or more of elytron the punc- tures are fine and well separated ; on the descending outer face below the humeral angle, the punctures are large and run more or less in oblique lines. Bartonian, Lower Bagshot, Corfe Clay ; Creech, between Corfe and Wareham, Dorset (P. B. Brodie). From W. R. Brodie. Brit. Museum, 18997. This agrees with Leptura, so far as can be seen. Com- pared with the living L. cribripennis, it differs by being much less coarsely punctured in the apical region, and by the large punctures not being at all confluent. On the other hand, the punctures on the basal half are very much larger and coarser than in L. sewmaculata or L. instabilis. Scarabeide. Pelidnotites (gen. nov.) atavus, sp.n. (Fig. 6.) Elytron about 18 mm. long, width uncertain; surface ~ with rows of fine punctures (6 or 7 in 2 mm.), and widely scattered irregular similar punctures between. Humeral region with a well-defined thickened edge. A row of punc- tures proceeds backward from the obtuse humeral angle, very slowly diverging from the margin ; the next row of punctures is about 8 mm, from tliis on the basal part of the * The specimen of L. wndecimlineata, Stal, before me was collected by Mrs. Cockerell at Antigua, Guatemala. It has the coke of head and thorax as in ‘Tower's segregate L. diversa (*The Mechanism of Evolution in Leptinotarsa, pl. 2. f. 4), but these parts are yellowish, nearly as in L. panamensis, and the elytral stripes are distinctly metallic green. It will stand as race guatemalensis, and is, | presume, the L, guatemalensis which Tower mentions but fails to deseribe. in the British Museum. 463 elytron, but beyond the distance decreases to 2 mm.; three other rows of punctures are visible, the last only 1 mm apart. Bartonian, Bagshot Beds ; Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). Brit. Museum, 19004. An abdomen, nearly 12 mm. broad, probably belongs to the same species (B. Mus., 19037). There is also a prothorax, 10 mm. broad, and 5 mm. long in middle, formed exactly as in Cotalpa lanigera, but im- punctate, ‘which may well belong here (B. Mus., 19040). The data for the abdomen and prothorax are the same as for the elytron. Fig. 6. - . - . eepa0eeoe @ - — Pelidnotites atavus, Ck. This is by far the oldest genuine Scarabzid known, but it seems clearly to belong to the Rutelini in the vicinity of Pelidnota and Cotalpa. 'Yhe reference is strongly supported by the abdomen and prothorax, which show the presence of such a type in the deposit, or at least indicate a veritable Scarabeid. As it is impossible to definitely refer the insect to a living genus, I propose the name Pelidnotites for it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. Fig. 1. Elaterites paleophilus, Ckll., x 3. P. 458. Fig. 2. Megapterites mirabilis, Ck, type. P. 278. Fig. 3. Pycnoscelus gardneri, Ckll., ty pe, X 14. ae 275. Fiy. 4. Hammapteryx anglica, Ckll. ,type. P.2 Fig. 5, Gcophylla bartoniana, Ckll., type, X 2. Dp 277. Fig. 6, Allopterites multilineatus, Ckil., type, x2. P.: 276; Fig. 7. Elaterites perditulus, Ckll., x 3, “P. 45 Fig. 8. Elaterites laconoides, Ckl., type, X 3. p, 457. Fig. 9. Elaterites sculptilis, Ckll., x 3, P. 458. Fig. 10, Carabites gardneri, Ckll., type, X 2. P. 455. Fig. 1b. Formica heteroptera, Ckil., type, X 2. P. 278 Fig. 12. oid bartoniana, Ckll., type. P. 462. (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 11 illustrate the paper in the March issue ; figs. 1, 7, g, 9 10, and 12 belong to the present paper.—Lbs, | 464 On the Irish Otter. LXII.— The Irish Otter. By Martin A. C. Hixtov. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Lone ago Ogilby (P. Z. 8. 1834, p. 111) described the Irish otter as a distinct species, Lutra roensis, “on account of the intensity of its colouring, which approaches nearly to black both on the upper and under surface ; of the less extent of the pale colour beneath the throat as compared with the common otter, Z. vulgaris, Linn., as it exists in England ; and of some difference in the size of the ears and in the proportions of other parts.” Ogilby added that he had “Jong considered the Irish otter as constituting a distinct species,”” The type of LZ. roensis was presented to the Zoological Society by Miss Anna Moody of the Roe Mills, Newtown Lemavaddy, near Londonderry; later it passed into the British Museum (reg. no. 57. 12. 14. 4), where it is now preserved. The nearly black colour described by Ogilby has become, from exposure, a nearly uniform deep reddish brown. The Museum has just received three female otters from Co. Galway, caught during the last winter. These, as regards colour, accord perfectly with Ogilby’s description; they are much darker (practically black above) than any English specimens examined by me. In my opinion, therefore, the Irish otter should be regarded as a distinct subspecies, for which the name JZ. l. roensis is available. Such a variation characterized by colour-saturation is, of course, exactly what is to be expected in the more humid climate of Ireland. The following measurements will form a useful supplement to those given in Miller’s ‘Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe’ :—Females 1 and 2: head and body 710, 635 mm. ; tail 430, 440; hind foot 114, 114; ear 25, 25. Skulls. Lutra lutra roensis. . Females, Co. Galway. Type. a 2, %3. Condylo-basal length........ . st 108°3 7 Zygomatic breadth.......... ie 64:7 65°8 65°3 Mastoid breadth............ 58'4 60 61:2 60°4 Postorbital constriction...... 14°5 14:2 2 13°8 Interorbital constriction .... 16:9 18 19-4 18:7 Breadth ofrostrumovercanines. 265°2 24°7 24°7 24°7 Occipital depth ............ of sti 34-7 bie Maxillary tooth-row (canine-m.). 53:1 33°7 33°2 32°8 Mangia. coos. as sete 66°6 68 68'2 68 Upper carnassial............ 10°4x7°9 10679 10°5x7-9 10°7x7°9 Upper Molar s5 fs «5 ax ceoske 77 X 106 7:7 X 106 7°9X 10:7 78x 106 Lower carnassial length .... 12°6 12 12°9 118 On new or little-known Tipulide. 465 LXIII.—WNew or little-known 'ipulide (Diptera). — III. Ethiopian Species. By Cuarvtes P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. THIS paper is a continuation of the preceding parts under this title. The material included herein is based on collections made in Cameroun by the Rev. J. A. Reis and in Eastern Transvaal by Mr. H. K. Munro. In addition, a few species from the Paris Museum sent to me for determination by the Curator of the Diptera, Mons. EKug. Séguy, have been included, ‘The holotypes are preserved in the collection of the writer, unless stated otherwise. AMPHILIMNOBIA, gen. nov. Head moderately large, the eyes separated both above and below. Legs long and slender; tibize unspurred ; claws small, simple, subterminal, empodia present. Wings with vein Se very long, Se; ending opposite cross-vein r ; Seg far before the tip of Se, the latter vein alone being about equal to the basal deflection of 24,5; 7 present, located far before the tip of R,, this portion of A, beyond r being a little longer than the deflection of Ry,5; cell sé J/, open by the atrophy of the outer deflection of J/3;; basal deflection of Cu, at the fork of M7; anal veins long and straight. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite small, the caudal margin feebly con- cave ; pleurites moderately elongated, the proximal face with a cushion of numerous short spinules ; pleural appendages two, the outer appendage shortest, flattened, the apex obtuse ; inner pleural appendage larger and more elongated, irregu- larly twisted, the apex with a few setigerous tubercles; no distinct gonapophyses ; penis-guard a subflattened lobe of nearly uniform width for its entire length. Ovipositor with the valves moderately elongate, powerful, the tergal valves much exceeding the rather weak, acutely pointed sternal valves, Genotype.—Amphilimnobia leucopeza, sp. n. (Western Ethiopian Region). The curious fly that is made the type of the above new genus is represented in the writer’s collection by three speci- mens in poor condition, The fly possesses structural features that preclude its disposition in any genus known at the present time, Although the general appearance of the fly is much like a Dieranomyia, the details of structure seem to Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 32 466 Dr. C. P. Alexander on place it in a position much nearer Dicranoptycha and Rham- hidia. The principal generic characters are derived from the claws, the structure of the male and female genitalia, and, especially, the wing-venation. Unfortunately the tips of the antenne are broken and the number of segments cannot be accurately determined. Amphilimnobia leucopeza, sp. n. General coloration dark brown ; legs dark brown, the tarsi white; wings with a strong brownish tinge; Se long, cell 1st My, open. Male.—Wing 7:8 mm. Female.—Length about 8 mm. ; wing about 64 mm. Rostrum, palpi, antennze, and head dark brown. Thorax dark brown. Head dark brown. Legs brown; fore tarsi, except the basal two-thirds of the metatarsus, pure white ; the other legs are all detached ; in some the white of the metatarsus is much more restricted, occupying only the narrow apex, in others the entire tarsus is white excepting only the base of the metatarsus. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, the wing-tip more suffused ; stigma a little darker brown than the remainder of the wing, elongate-oval ; veins dark brown. Venation as described under the generic characterization ; Rs long, strongly arcuated or even angu- lated and spurred at origin ; 7 on y,, nearly twice its length beyond the fork of Zs ; r—m less than one-half the deflection of Ry,5; petiole of cell 2nd M, approximately as long as this cell ; the abortive vein behind Cw distinct. Abdomen brown, indistinctly bicolorous ; posterior margins of the seements narrowly darker, Hab, Cameroun. Holotype, 3, Olama, altitude 2000 feet, July 24, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Allotopotype, 3, in copula with the type. Paratopotype, a fragment. The type is mounted in balsam. Evioptera (Erioptera) carior, sp. n. Antenne with the scapal segments brownish yellow ; flagellum dark brown; vertex brownish grey, broadly whitish adjoining the inner margins of the eyes ; mesonotum shiny dark brown; legs yellow ; wings pale brown, the costal and subcostal cells and a narrow band at the cord light yellow; male hypopygium with the inner pleural appendage unbranched (branched in carissima), the head enlarged into new or little-known Tipulide. 467 a structure that resembles the head and beak of a crested bird ; gonapophyses deeply bifid. Male.—Length about 5 mm. ; wing 4°3 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne short, the seapal segments brownish yellow; flagellum dark brown, verticils only moderately elongated. Vertex brownish grey, broadly whitish adjoining the inner margins of the eyes ; eyes of the male very large as in this group (péringueyt group) of species, broadly contiguous beneath. Mesonotum shiny dark brown, the prescutum with the three usual stripes confluent, the humeral region and lateral margins a little paler yellowish brown. Pleura dark brown, Halteres brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxze and trochanters brown; remainder of the legs light yellow, the distal three tarsal segments and the tips of the others dark brown. Wings pale brown, sparsely marked with dull yellow ; the costal and subcostal cells are light yellow; the stigma dark brown, elongate-oval, and very distinct; the cells proximad of the cord are largely pale brown, those distad of the cord dull yellow, the veins broadly seamed with brown ; the cord is narrowly margined with yellow. Vena- tion as in Z. carissima, but the deflection of Cu, is more perpendicular. Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium very distinct from either L. péringueyi or E. carissima ; outer appendage slender, as in carissima; inner appendage with a short, twisted stem that is inserted in the elongated, transverse head near the middle of its length ; this head somewhat resembles the head and beak of a bird with a long, curved crest ; of this structure, the compressed, obliquely truncated beak is directed laterad ; the curved crest is directed proximad and cephalad, covered with numerous short erect sete. Gona- pophyses deeply bifid, the proximal arm longest, the tips acute and blackened, subdecussate with their fellow of the opposite side; the lateral arm is a little shorter, largely blackened, suddenly narrowed into the short, acute tip. Hab. Eastern Transvaal. flolotype, 8, “ Lot 30, De Kaap Block B,” near Kaap- muiden, October 9, 1919 (Hl. K. Munro). Erioptera nigrolatera brevipilosa, subsp. n, Female.—W ing 5-5'1 mm. Generally similar to typical négrolatera, Alexander (N yasa- Jand), differing as follows :— Legs without the conspicuous erect pubescence found in 32* 468 Dr. C. P. Alexander on nigrolatera ; this may be a sexual character, however, as only males of typical nigrolatera and females of the new variety have been made known. In the present form the pubescence of tle legs is very short, appressed, and not at all conspicuous. The wings are much paler, greyish sub- hyaline ; vein Se considerably shorter, ending far before the fork of Ry,3; Sc, is closer to the tip of Sce,, Sc, alone being only about two-thirds R,,3; in typical nigrolatera Sc, is longer than Z?,,3; anal veins a little more divergent at the wing-margin. ‘lhe valves of the ovipositor are short and fleshy as in the group. flab. Eastern Transvaal. Holotype, 2, “‘ Lot 30, De Kaap Block B,” near Kaap- muiden, October 11, 1919 (HZ. K. Munro). Pe Pi ai ?, a badly injured specimen, October 10, Molophilus camerounensis, sp. 0. Rostrum and palpi black ; antennze ‘of the male elongate, the basal segments yellowish ; general coloration dark brown, the mesonotal preescutum brighter brown; wings greyish, the veins clothed with long dark-coloured hairs ; male hypo- pygium with three conspicuous chitinized appendages on either side, Male.—Length 4°8 mm.; wing 4°4 mm. Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne of the male elongated, almost as in the Nearctic M/. pubipennis, O.-S., the basal segments light yellow, the distal segments a little more brownish; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, clothed with long, pale, outspreading hairs. Head dark brown. Mesonotal preescutum rather light brown, the remainder of the mesonotum and the pleura dark brown. Halteres dark brown. Legs with the coxe and trochanters brown; re- mainder of the legs dark brown. Wings with a strong grey tinge, the costal and subcostal cells more brownish ; veins aud pubescence dark brown, giving a dark colour to the wings, Venation: ?3,4,; long, about one-half longer than the basal deflection of Cu,; fork of M/ far proximad of the fork of Js; inner ends of cells 2; and 2; in alignment ; petiole of cell Jf, more than three times the basal deflection of Cu, or about two-fifths of vein Cu, beyond it; basal deflection of Cu, perpendicular, nearly twice as long as the basal deflection of Jj. . Abdominal segments brown, indistinctly bicolorous, Male new or little-known Tipulide. 469 hypopygium with the armature unusually developed even for a member of this genus ; three powerful chitinized appendages on either side, the longest and most powerful of which is enlarged apically into a two-edged complicated head. Hab. Cameroun. ‘ Holotype, 8, Olama, altitude 2000 feet, July 24, 1919 (J. A. Leis). CERATOLIMNOBIA, gen. noy. Vertex behind the antennal bases with a flattened white lobe or cornicle. ‘Tibiz unspurred. Wings with Se long, Sc, close to the tip of Se, ; tip of 2, atrophied or nearly so ; cell 1s¢ M/, closed; basal deflection of Cu, before mid-length of cell 1st M/,. Male hypopygium small, with two pleural appendages, the longest recurved into a U, at the bend of which is a cylindrical minutely branched arm. Genotype.— Ceratolimnobia munrot, sp. n. (Southern Ethio- pian Region). By means of all existing keys to the Tipulide this crane- fly would run to the genus Gnophomyia, to which it is obviously not closely allied. Gnophomyia is gradually becoming a receptacle for many diverse Eriopterine elements, and it seems advisable to remove the present fly from such an incongruous gathering and erect a separate genus for it. The presence of a snowy-white corniculus, much as in the Ethiopian species of the genus Ceratocheilus, Wesclié, offers the most ready means for distinguishing this genus from similar crane-flies. Ceratolimnobia munrot, sp. n. Head light grey, with a snowy-white cornicle on the vertex ; general coloration dark brown, the mesonotal pre- scutum narrowly margined laterally with silvery white; legs dark brown, the tips of the femora and tibiew narrowly white, the fore tarsi largely white ; wings dusky, the costal region more yellowish, with six large dark brown blotches; veins beyond the cord broadly seamed with brown. Male,—Length about 2°7 mm. ; wing 3°8 mm, Rostrum and palpi black. Antenna with the scapal segments black ; flagellum broken, Head with a light grey pubescence, the middle of the vertex-and the postgenz more blackish ; on the fore part of the vertex immediately behind the antennal bases and between the anterior end of the eyes 470 Dr. C. P. Alexander on is inserted a flattened snowy-white lobe or corniculus that is directed cephalad, very much as in the African species of Ceratocheilus. ’ Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum dark brownish black, the lateral margins of the preescuéum narrowly silvery white, this beginning ¢ on the sides of the pronotum, continued back- ward to the wing-root; tuberculate pits a short distance behind the anterior margin of the praescutum. Pleura and sternum dark brownish black. Halteres pale brown basally, the knobs broken. Legs with the coxe dark brownish black ; trochanters dark brown; femora dark brown, darkest before the tips, which are abruptly and narrowly white; tibize brown, the tips narrowly white; fore tarsi with the basal two-thirds of the metatarsus brown, the remainder of the tarsi white; the other lees are detached, but the middle and hind tarsi are presumably uniform brown, and what are probably the hind legs lack the white tibial apices. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, especially on the basal half ; beyond the cord the membrane is subhyaline, with the veins broadly seamed with brown ; six darker brown costal blotches, the first at the arculus, the second at the origin of Zs, the third at Se,, the fourth at the tip of R,; the fifth and sixth at the ends of veins 2, and /?,; costal and subcostal cells more yellowish ; pale areas occur between the dark costal areas, at the ends of cells R, M, Cu, 1st A, and 2nd A; veins dark brown, the pale spaces on veins C, Se, and R yellow. Venation: Se long, ending about opposite two- thirds the long Zs, Sc, close to the tip of Sc,, Sc, equal to about twice Sc, ; tip of , atrophied; 7 oblique, inserted at the fork of Ry,3; Rs longer than R;; Ry,; a little shorter than R,; inner ends of cells R3, &;, and 1st M, in direct alignment ; 7-m a little longer than the basal deflection of gis 5 cell 1st M, long and comparatively narrow, longer than vein Cu, beyond ii; basal deflection of C uy just before mid-length of cell 1st My. Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium small; pleurites rather short and stout, covered with microscopic hairs and a few long sete; two pleural appendages, the longest strongly recurved into the form of a U, the free end directed outward, tlle tip narrowed and acute ; on the side at the bend of the U with a conspicuous cylindrical arm that is minutely branched ; inner pleural appendage small and flattened, narrowed to the blunt apex, which bears several long setee ; gonapophyses small, flattened, triangular, directed proximad. new or little-known Tipulide. 471 Hab, Eastern Transvaal. Holotype, 8, “ Lot 30, De Kaap Block B,”’ near Kaap- muiden, October 8, 1919 (H. K. Munro). It is with great pleasure that this interesting new species is dedicated to its discoverer, Mr. H. K. Munro. Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) aurantia, sp. n. Generally similar to 7. spetseri; mesonotal prascutum light orange-yellow, with a delicate reddish-brown median line; legs yellow; posterior tibia with two strong black bristles before the tip ; abdomen yellowish brown. Male.—Length 7°6 mm. ; wing 7 mm. Female.—Length 8°8 mm. Described from aleoholic specimens. Rostrum and palpi pale brownish yellow. Antenne with the scape light brown; flagellum broken. Head brownish. Mesonotal preescutum light orange-yellow, with a delicate reddish-brown median line, the lateral margins behind the pseudo-sutural fovee narrowly infuscated ; scutal lobes reddish brown, the median area and the scutellum pale ; postnotum yellowish brown. Pleura brown, darker on the sternum. Halteres pale, the knobs white. Legs with the cox yellow; trochanters dull yellow; femora and tibiz yellow, the tips not darkened ; tarsi broken ; posterior femora with a series of six or seven short blackened spinules at the base ; tibiee with two widely separated black bristles before the tip. Wings subhyaline, the costal margin strongly yellowish, the anal cells dusky grey ; a rather heavy brown pattern, somewhat as in TJ. sperseri, but more restricted ; the blotch at the origin of Rs is entirely solid, but compara- tively small ; the apical mark includes only the veins, the centre of cell A, yellowish subhyaline; vein Cu seamed with darker. Abdomen yellowish brown, the apical segments darkened. Hab. Reunion. Holotype, 3, 1903 (Blanchard). Allotopotype, 3 . Type in the collection of the Paris Museum. This species is, perhaps, closest to 7’. speiseri, Edwards, from which it is told by the bright colour of the mesonotum and the different wing-pattern. Tipula ellenbergeri, sp. n. Head indistinctly reddish ; thorax black; wings with the 472 On new or little-known Tipulide. costal margin and apical half brownish black, the basal half whitish hyaline; basal abdominal segments reddish, the posterior margins black. Sex ? (probably a male)—Wing 14°6 mm. Described from an alcoholic specimen. Frontal prolongation of head comparatively short, the sides reddish brown, the dorsum narrowly darker; nasus distinet ; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, the flagellar seg- ments more reddish basally ; the flagellum is broken, but detached segments in the vial with the type presumably belong to this species ; in these the distal flagellar segments are elongate-oval, slightly constricted basally. Head reddish, darker-coloured between the eyes. Thorax uniformly deep black, apparently shiny in dried specimens. Halteres black. Legs black, the femora and tibize slightly paler basally ; legs slender, especially the tarsi ; claws reddish, the distal half blackened, at about mid-length with a small, acute, ventral tooth. All of the legs are detached in the vial, and but few still remain. Wings with the costal region and the apical half of the wings black, the basal half conspicuously and abruptly whitish hyaline ; the dark apex includes all of the cells beyond the cord as well as the outer ends of cells R, M, Cu, and 1st A; stigma small, dark brownish black ; veins dark brown. Wings broad. Abdomen with the first segment black ; second segment reddish, the caudal margin narrowly blackened ; third segment reddish basally, the apex of the abdomen broken beyond this point. Hab. French Congo. Holotype, sex 8 ?, Lambaréné, Ogoway R., 1911 (2. Ellen- berger). ‘l'ype in the collection of the Paris Museum. ‘This beautiful crane-fly is readily told from all described African Tipuline by the beautifully dimidiate wings. The claws bear a small, acute, ventral tooth that is only visible when the foot is viewed from the side. The presence of this tooth would indicate that this fly isa male. This interesting species is named in honour of its collector, | | On new Species of Reithrodon de. from Argentina. 473 LXIV.—New Species of Reithrodon, Abrocoma, and Scapte- romys from Argentina. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) A. A FURTHER COLLECTION FROM Sr. BuDIN. After making the collection in Jujuy, of which an account was given in Febrnary *, Sr. Budin went back to Catamarca, and paid further visits to Chumbicha and Otro Cerro, localities at which he had obtained so many interesting novelties in 1918. Lists of specimens from both places have already been published tf, and I now only propose to describe two more novelties from Otro Cerro, additional to the previous list, together with a couple of other new forms of Reithrodon. Attention should be again called to the fact that Otro Cerro is not in Rioja, as erroneously stated in the title to my earlier paper, but is in Catamarea, about 18 km. N.N.W. of Chumbicha. The discovery of a second Argentine species of Adbrocoma, quite different from that of Jujuy, is the most noteworthy result of the fresh collection. Reithrodon caurinus, sp. n. : buffy rabbit-rat with whitish belly and nearly white tail. General colour more strongly buffy than usual. Back clay-coloured heavily lined with the black ends to the longer hairs. Sides, or at least a band bordering the under colour, buffy, often ochraceous buff, the rump also more or less of this colour. Under surface whitish, not sharply defined laterally, but almost entirely without the buffy or cinnamon found in all the other species, the sternal region only being dull buffy ; hairs broadly slaty at base except in the inguinal region, where they are wholly white. Head and ears with the piebald markings characteristic of the genus particularly well developed. A strongly marked buffy supraorbital line, and distinct patches at the bases of the ears. Proectote blackish ; metentote buffy. Hands and feet white; soles more naked than in the southern species, the hairs ceasing entirely behind the posterior pads. ‘l'ail white, the darker colour of its upper side reduced to a narrow inconspicuous line. * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) y. p. 188 (1920), + Op. cit, (9) ili. pp. LLS & 489 (1919). 474 Mr, O. Thomas on new Skull apparently without marked characteristics. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 139 mm.; tail 99; hind foot 30°5; ear 25. Skull: greatest length 36°8 ; condylo-incisive length 33°6 ; zygomatic breadth 19°7; nasals 16°6; breadth of brain- case 15°6 ; palatal foramina 9°8 ; upper molar series 6°8. Hab. Otro Cerro, Catamarca. Alt. 3000 m. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20. 3. 17. 23. Original number 808. Collected 13th November, 1919, by E. Budin. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Seven specimens. The species of Meithrodon are all exceedingly closely allied, so far as the characters of their skulls and teeth are concerned, these being almost the same in all. But the geographical forms may be distinguished by colour and by the degree of hairiness of the soles, the southern euniculoides, hatchert, and flammarum having the plantar hairs coming forward to the anterior pair of sole-pads, the intermediate auritus, Desm. (with which my pamparum is probably syno- nymous), having the main mass of the hairs ceasing at the posterior pair of pads, but with a certain number of hairs between the pads. Finally, the more northern forms from Uruguay, Corrientes, and now that of Catamarca all have the pad region naked. In colour all but caurinus have the belly mostly buffy, but in auritus of Buenos Ayres Province the thighs are white in front. The type-locality of auwritus was the Pampas south of Buenos Ayres, and in this region there seems to be no animal but a Reithrodon which can be fitted to Azara’s description of his “ rat oreillard,” the basis of Desmarest’s Mus auritus. My Reithrodon cuniculoides pampanus would therefore be a synonym of auritus, unle#s a form with less buffy on the belly proves to occur in the open country just south of Buenos Ayres itself. But in the less dry south-eastern corner of Buenos Ayres Province there isa duller form, due no doubt to more saturate conditions, which may be distinguished as Reithrodon auritus marinus, subsp. n. Essential characters of true auritus, but duller throughout, less buffy, the ears almost uniformly dark, without bright buffy metentote, the under surface wholly dull greyish washed with buffy, the inguinal region and front of thighs not white as in auritus, Species of Reithrodon ke. from Argentina, 475 Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 155 mm.; tail 104; hind foot 32; ear 27. Skull: greatest length 37°5; condylo-incisive length 35 ; zygomatic breadth 21 ; upper molar series 7°2. Hab. Mar del Plata, on the south-eastern sea-coast of Buenos Ayres Province. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12.12.11.1. Brought home alive by W. A. Smithers, Esq., and presented by the Zoological Society. Lived about a month at the Zoological Gardens. ‘Two specimens from Mar del Plata, and another from “ Buenos Ayres” received in 1882 from Mr, A. W. White. And an exactly similar colour-modification occurs on the north side of the La Plata among the more naked-soled forms. Here the typical 2. typicus from Maldonado is the dull sea- coast form, and the following the inland one :— - Reithrodon typicus currentium, subsp. n. General characters of FR. typicus, with soles similarly naked to behind the posterior pads, but colours throughout more brightly contrasted. Back mixed buffy grey, sides and belly strongly washed with butfy. Area round eyes reaching back to ears and bases of proectote buffy, terminal part of proectote dark brown ; metentote buffy. A well-marked patch on sides of neck below ears brown, contrasted with the pale areas round it. Hands and feet white; tail almost white, the usual darker line along its top quite inconspicuous, Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 139 mm.; tail imperfect (another specimen 108 mm.) ; hind foot 31; ear 26. Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 34 ; zygomatic breadth 19; upper molar series 7°3. Hab. Corrientes. Type from Goya. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 98. 12. 3. 4. Original number 9-1, Collected 23 July, 1895, by Mr. R. Perrens. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. ‘Lhe original type of Waterhouse’s 2. typicus, collected at Maldonado by Darwin, is now much faded, but it evidently never lad the well-contrasted markings of the Corrientes form. Abrocoma budini, sp. n. A drab-coloured Abrocoma with large feet and tail and shorter ears than A. cinerea. 476 Mr. O. Thomas on new Size about as in A. cinerea. Fur similarly soft and fine, hairs of back about 17 mm. in length. General colour above near Ridgway’s “ drab,” very uniform everywhere, the back little darker than the sides. Under surface greyish drab, the hairs broadly slaty for three-fourths their length, their tips pale drab ; hairs of sternal gland white to their roots. Chin greyish white; underside of neck stronger drab. Head without special markings. Hands and feet pure white, the latter of more normal length than in the curiously short-footed A. cinerea. ‘Tail of medium length, iron-grey above, white below. Skull agreeing with that of A. cinerea in the normal minuteness and separation from each other of the posterior palatal foramina, as in the majority of rodents, while in A, bennettii and murrayt these are of exceptional size and are fused into a single median foramen. Nasals markedly nar- rowed and pointed posteriorly. Malars not much expanded, but differing from others by being so twisted that, instead of forming a nearly vertical plate, their inner side can be broadly seen from above, facing upwards and inwards towards the supraorbital edges. Interorbital region very narrow, more so than in any other species. Bulle smaller than in either A, murrayt or cinerea. Incisors not so reduced as in A. cinerea, about as in A. bennettii. Molars of the usual pattern. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 201 mm.; tail 144; hind foot 31; ear 24°2. Skull: greatest length 50; condylo-incisive length 47; zygomatic breadth 24°53; nasals 20°5x 5:5; interorbital breadth 6°4; least breadth across brain-case 20; palatilar length 22; diagonal length of bulla 16°2; bimeatal breadth 25; upper cheek-tooth series (crowns) 10°2; dental length 26°6. Hab. Otro Cerro, Catamarca. Alt. 3000 m. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20. 3.17.62. Original number 817. Collected 15th November, 1919, by E. Budin. Four specimens. “Caught among rocks, in the clefts of which it lives.’— E. B. This fine chinchilla-rat, as Sr. Budin calls it, adds to the genus Abrocoma a fourth and very distinct species, readily distinguishable externally by its colour and proportions, and cranially by its narrow interorbital region, small posterior palatal foramina, and the other characters above detailed. Species of Reithrodon &e. from Argentina. 477 I say fourth species, because there is no doubt that Water- house’s A. cuvierd is the same as A. bennettii—so that with A. murrayi, Wolfts., there are two in Chili, while Sr. Budin had previously discovered A. e¢nerea at Casabindo, Jujuy. I have pleasure in recognizing Sr. Budin’s keenness in his search for new animals by naming this most interesting species in his honour. B. THe Scapreromys OF THE PARANA DELTA. When giving an account of the mammals obtained on the islands of the Parana delta by Mr, R. Kemp in 1917*, I assumed without very close enquiry that the interesting black and white water-rat of the genus Scapteromys was referable to S. tomentosus, based on Lichtenstein’s Alus tomentosus t from the Rio Uruguay, collected by Sellow. But further consideration indicates that this is not the case. In the first place, the localities would appear to be by no means so adjacent as | had supposed, for although the Rio Uruguay runs out close to the Parana delta, Mus tomentosus was said to have come from the ‘ waldigen Gegenden” of that river—in other words, from the Upper Uruguay, where alone the country is really forested, and where the fauna would be appreciably different from that of the water-logged Parana delta f. Then the delta animal, as suits its locality, is by colour, the texture of its fur, and its known habits distinctly a water- animal, while there is no indication of water-characteristics in the coloration of tomentosus, nor has its tail got the swimming fringe below that occurs in the delta species, In size tomentosus would appear to exceed considerably both twmidus and the delta form, as its hind foot, including claws, is said to be 2 inches in length. In consequence, I propose to describe the delta Scap- teromys as Scapteromys aquaticus, sp. n. Size less than in S. tomentosus. Upper surface slaty * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xx. p. 96 (1917). + Darst. Saéug. pl. xxx. fig. 1 (1830). { But just as this paper is in the press Prof. Matschie informs me that Sellow’s collections were made near Maldonado, where S. tumidus was obtained by Darwin—a region faunally very different from the Parana delta. He also gives me some measurements of the type which are confirmatory of the marked inferiority in size of S. aguaticus, 478 On new Species of Reithrodon de. from Argentina, blackish, little browner on the rump, sides dark slaty grey, abruptly changing halfway down to the greyish white (some- times tinged with buffy) which covers the whole of the under surface and inner sides of the limbs, though the hairs are everywhere slaty greyish at base. Crown black. Ears thickly hairy, dark brown, the proectote blackish. Upper surface of hands and feet whitish, often with darker meta- podials. Tail heavily haired, the hairs below longer than those above, so as to form a swimming fringe; blackish brown above, lighter brown, sometimes even dull whitish below. Dimensions of the type:— Head and body 168 mm.; tail 154; hind foot 36 (with claws 39, therefore barely 14 inch English, and decidedly less than 14 inch French or German) ; ear 22°5. Skull: greatest length 39; condylo-incisive length 37:2 ; zygomatic breadth 19; nasals 15; interorbital breadth 6 ; breadth of brain-case 16; zygomatic plate 3°7; palatilar length 17°3; palatal foramina 8°8; upper molar series 674. Hab, Islands of Parana delta. Type from Isla Ella, other specimens from Los Cisnes, Rio Carabelas. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 17. 6.1.6. Original num- ber 2843. Collected 15th February, 1917, by R. Kemp. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Fifteen specimens obtained by Mr. Kemp and eight by Mr. H. E. Box. Besides its difference in size, Lichtenstein’s animal appears to have had nothing like the extent of the whitish on the under surface so prominent in S. aquaticus, where the white rises nearly halfway up the sides. In tomentosus no white is shown in the plate, and the description runs “ Mitte der Bauchseite matt aschgrau.” A casual note of my own on the type in Berlin says “ belly but little lighter,” so there is certainly nothing of the striking bicolor coloration charac- teristic of S. aquaticus. This is one of the interesting delta animals which, in order to carry on at all, have either to swim or climb, for their habitat is completely flooded whenever the waters of the La Plata estuary are banked up by the south-east wind. On some new Indo-Malayan Sphingide. 479 LXV.—Preliminary Descriptions of some new Species and Subspecies of Indo-Malayan Sphingide. By Lord Roruscuitp, F.R.S. THESE Sphingids form part of collections sent to the British Museum by Major F. B. Scott and Mr. C. J. Brooks. 1. Ambulyx liturata obliterata, subsp. n. &. Differs from /. liturata in its much paler coloration and the almost complete obliteration of the minor markings of the fore wings and the great reduction of the markings of the hind wings. Head, thorax, and abdomen much paler, buffish not so vinaceous as in J, léturata. Fore wings stramineous buff, tinged with rosy cinnamon, not vinaceous brown as in the typical form; the rufous-brown bands on veins 4, 6, and 7 absent and the rest of the nervures much less distinct, the dark bands running ‘in from costa absent, only the one crossing vein 6 slightly indicated, the olive patch on vein 1 and the smaller one above vein 2 both very much larger than in 1, liturata ; subtornal patch larger, better defined vinaceous mauve, and without the streaks present in 7. A’twrata. Hind wing paler, yellower, less suffused with rufous, tl red freckling and median band much reduced. flab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912- 1919 (C. J. Brooks); 1 3. 2. Oxyambulyx pryeri sumatranus, subsp. n. ¢. Differs from pryert pryeri in the presence strongly marked of a crenulate median black band and an ante-median angled line from cell to inner margin, The black basal patch and the black transverse bands on hind wing are also more strongly developed. Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912- 1919 (C. J. Brooks); 1 2. 3. Clanis brookst, sp. n. &. Nearest to bilineata, Walk., and stenosma, Rothsch. & Jord., but apparently much larger; this ¢ having the fore wing 70 mm., equalling the 2 of stenosma, and as in all the known species the $ ? are larger than the gg, the 2 ? of brooksi will probably prove to be much larger. The pale area running in from the costa on fore wing much longer than in bilineata, but not so long as in stenosma, not reaching second line, first and second lines much straighter, not angled and crenulated. Black area of hind wing less extended 480 Lord Rothschild on some towards apex, pale areas of abdominal and distal margins greyish olivaceous brown. Body and wings above with whole ground-colour olivaceous, not ochraceous. Below fawn-olive, broad basal area below median nervure of fore wing deep blackish brown. Length of fore wing 70 mm.; expanse 155 mm. Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912- 1919 (C. J. Brooks) ; 1 g. 4, Marumba cristata titan, subsp. n. ?. Very much larger and darker than er. cristata; the bands on the fore wing are much broader and the four basal ~ ones wider apart. Ground-colour deep sooty grey-brown with a purplish violet suffusion, with no rufous or sandy tinge whatever. The subtornal spot on fore wings is very large and broadly ringed with orange. Abdominal area on hind wings grey. Length of fore wing, 2 cristata cristata, 60 mm. ; expanse 132 mm. Length of fore wing, ¢ créstata titan, 74 mm.; expanse 163 mm. Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912- 1919 (C.J. Brooks) ; 19. 5. Marumba scotti, sp. n. 3. Nearest to sperchius gigas, Butl., but smaller, at once distinguished by its grey colour, the sandy and buff tints being entirely absent, and by the presence of an extra oblique band from costa passing through the stigma and joining band 4 on vein 1, where they stop short. Band 5 and the following shadow band are much closer to the stigma than in sp. gigas. Hind wing deep brown washed with grey, and nervures chestnut ; margins much less crenulated. Length of fore wing 43 mm. ; expanse 98 mm. Hab. Shillong, Assam, 1919 (Major F. B. Scott). “The larves were common in Shillong (Khasia Hills) during July and August 1919, feeding on Spanish Chestnut and a species of Oak. I did not find the egg. «The larva is coloured as follows :—Head and body green varying from apple-green to nearly white. A whitish stripe on either side of front of head ending in two short points. Head and body dotted with white tubercles, sometimes with reddish points. A whitish lateral stripe on the first to the third segments and seven oblique stripes, whitish edged above with dark green, on the usual segments. The lower portion of the anterior oblique stripe widens out into an irregular quadrate spot. A white ventral [? lateral, R.] stripe from new Indo-Malayan Sphingide. 481 the fourth segment to the anal claspers. Horn dark greer., straight and tuberculate. Spiracles blue. Length full- grown 4 inches=100 mm. Before pupating the larva turns pink. ‘The pupa has a rough shagreened surface, is brown, and has two small projections to the head. Two moths emerged in August 1919, the remainder are still (Feb. 1920) in the pupal stage. “This Jarva is often attacked by small black flies. I counted as many as ten on a single larva; but apparently they do not cause any injury, as this particular larva produced a perfect moth.”—/. B. S. 6. Cechenena scotti, sp. n. 3. This very beautiful species is unlike any other of the genus. Antenne above milky white shading into pink basad ; palpi orange-buff, third joint pale olive ; head deep green, bordered broadly by pinky greyish white ; thorax deep green, patagia (rectius tegulee) bordered with silver-grey and with an obsolescent orange streak in the centre, centre of thorax pale pinkish grey ; abdomen, basal two segments above deep green, rest of abdomen above slightly paler and more olive, mixed here and there with bronze; dorsum with two broad pinkish silver-grey lines, within which are two narrow hair- lines of same colour and a broad median band dark green on basal one-third and bronze for rest of its length ; anal tuft olive-green mixed with grey. Fore wing: ground-colour pinkish buff-grey, basal half below stigma rosy pink ; basal one-fifth of costa and basal three-fifths of wing above median nervure dark green, within which is a black stigmatic dot. Below the green area from inner margin to costa before apex run two indistinct, partially obliterated, faint olive oblique lines; frominnermargin beyond these to apex isa heavy double oblique dark green band, and beyond this and between it and the termen are several ill-defined waved dark green lines and cloudings. Hind wing: basal half irregularly black, rest of wing pale pinkish buff suffused with black, which suffusion forms a broad outer terminal band, leaving tornal half of disc almost without suffusion, Length of fore wing 36 mm.; expanse 82 mm. Hab. Mussoorie, 1918 (J/ajor I’. LB. Scott). ** At Mussoorie in August 1918 I found several eges on Virginian Creeper, ‘These eggs were green and spherical. Betore hatching they turned white. The newly hatched larva was greenish yellow with a very long black horn, and the body smooth and cylindrical. “ After the first moult the head was yellow, the body green, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 33 482 On some new Indo-Malayan Sphingide. long and thin, swollen at the fifth segment ; horn long and straight, brown with tip black and white. Towards the end of this stage an ocellus appeared ou the swollen fifth segment, green centre ringed with white and black. “ After the second moult the head and body were green ; the fifth segment much swollen and coloured pink, with the ocellus coloured as before. Horn purple, anal segment and underside pink. After third moult the head was green, and body yellowish green; the fifth segment still more swollen brick-red, with tl’e ocellus blue in front, reddish behind, the reddish portion dotted with yellow, the whole ringed with white and black. A lateral stripe on third and fourth segments brick-red; the dorsal line, the lateral segmental oblique stripes on segments 6-12, and the subdorsal spots also brick-red. Legs, prolegs, and underside brick-red. Horn curved downwards, yellow closely dotted with black. “ After fourth moult there were two forms, a green and a brown. The green form was coloured as follows :—Head and body to fifth segment green, remaining segments dorsally white, green laterally and below with dark green strige. A green dorsal line; a pale lateral line, edged above on third and fourth segments with green. An ocellus on the swollen fifth segment, dark blue in front, green behind, with two white spots in the green portion, ringed in front with, blue, behind with yellow, the whole outwardly ringed with green. A light-coloured waved subdorsal line, and light oblique stripes edged with green on segments 6-12. Legs pink with white bands, prolegs and claspers green. Spiracles ochreous. Horn purple and curved down. * Length 34 inches=89 mm. “The brown form was marked identically the same, but coloured pale and dark brown instead of dark and light green. ** ‘The pupa was contained ina slight cocoon near the surface of the soil. Head, thorax, and wing-cases dark brown with paler markings, the wing-cases having rows of raised black dots. A black circular flattened sheath in front of head. Abdomen brown-pink, with a dark dorsal stripe and dark strige. Spiracles black. “ Length 49 mm.”—F’. B. 8. 7. Cechenena lineosa subangustata, subsp. n. 3. Differs from lin. lineosa, Walk., in the buff subterminal band on the hind wings being very much narrower, Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912- 1919 (C. J. Brooks); 1 g@. I hope later to give detailed accounts of the genitalia and other structures, Geological Society. 483 PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. January 7th, 1920.—Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The following communications were read :— 1. ‘On Syringothyris Winchell, and certain Carboniferous Brachiopoda referred to Spiriferina D’Orbigny.’ By Frederick John North, B.Sc., F.G.S. . This paper is the outcome of a suggestion made in 1913 by Prof. T. F. Sibly, who pointed out the desirability of an attempt to remove the uncertainty which had hitherto existed in the naming of the British species of Syringothyris, and of the Carboniferous Spiriferids possessing a lamellose surface ornament, which it was customary to refer to Spiriferina because there was no other genus for their reception, although it had long been recognized that few, if any of them, really belonged to that genus. After indicating the exact sense in which certain frequently occurring terms are used, and reviewing the history of previous research, the Author discusses the history in Avonian times of the genus Syringothyris, and suggests a classification of its species. Variations due to time, to environmental conditions, and to distribution in space, are recognized, and distinctive names are given to the mutations characteristic of certain horizons. The syrinx (it is suggested) was a special arrangement called into existence to control the direction of, and to support the adductor-muscles, as the area of the shell increased in height. It, and the transverse plate to which it was attached, originated as a modification of an apical callosity such as existed in many Spiri- feroid shells. It was initiated in Middle Devonian times, and reached its acme early in the Carboniferous Period. All known species of Syringothyris have the fold in the brachial valve, and the sinus in the pedicle-valve, smooth. Species such as S. distans, in which the fold and sinus are plicated do not possess a syrinx, and are incorrectly referred to Syringothyris. The form described by McCoy as Spirifera laminosa is referred to a new genus, since it has neither the punctate shell-structure of Spiriferina, nor the internal characters of Syringothyvis. The genus is represented in the Lower Avonian by mutations of the species laminosa McCoy, and in the Upper Avonian by the species subconica Martin. Syringothyris and Spiriferina are in no way related, either morphologically or phylogenetically. The small Carboniferous shells that have hitherto been referred 484 Geological Society. to Spiriferina include two types characterized by external diffe- rences. Of these two types, one, in which there are numerous ribs and a relatively-large rounded fold and sinus, is relegated to a new genus; while the members of the other type, which include shells with a few large angular ribs, are for the present retained in Spiriferina, although the type-species of that genus was derived from the Lias. The subdivision here suggested for the Carboniferous forms will, it is believed, prove to be applicable to the later species also. 2. ‘Jurassic Chronology: I—Lias. Supplement 1, West England Strata.’ By S. 8S. Buckman, F.G.S. (Read, in the absence of the Author, by Dr. W. D. Lang, M.A., F.G.S.) In this communication the following points are discussed :— (1) The Ammonite and some Brachiopod faunas of the Lias of Gloucestershire and Worcestershire. (2) A method of faunal plotting as an aid to faunal analysis. (3) That in the collection, analysis, and comparison of faunas, the following causes of failure have to be considered :—Stratal, Depositional, Faunal, Dispersal, Exposure, Collection, Arrangement, Nomenclature, Fossilization, Preservation, Extraction, Zonalization, Publication; but several of these are not applicable to results derived from the investigation of limited areas. (4) The evidence appears not only to support the conclusions of the Author’s former paper, but to show that in certain cases a fuller sequence of faunal episodes may be required. (5) The fauna of small Ammonites in these Liassie beds, especially that of small Schlotheimie at Gloucester, suggests comparison with the faunas of Hierlatz and Spezia. The use of technical terms for different sizes of organisms, especially for small forms, is briefly illustrated. (6) It is suggested that the strata and faunas of these Conti- nental localities are not so exceptional as they appear to be at first sight ; and that English localities may be studied with advantage, in comparison with and explanation of the features of these Continental deposits. (7) It is found that the preserved strata of the Gloucestershire— Worcestershire Lias under consideration happen in the main to be deposits of dates when the living Ammonites were rather small ; while there is faunal failure and presumably stratal failure of the times when large Ammonites flourished. The converse phenomena are mainly illustrated by North-Somerset deposits. (8) The times when large and small Ammonites lived appear to follow one another like waves, illustrated even in a short table of Liassie deposits. (9) As a result of the investigations connected with this paper it seems to be advisable, for recording purposes at any rate, to make further subdivisions in the scheme set forth in the Author’s former paper. 485 INDEX. «ro: VOL: ¥. ABIA, new species of, 85. Abrocoma, new species of, 475, Acropteris, new species of, 293. Alexander, C. P., on new or little- known Tipulide, 53, 337, 465. Allopterites, new genus and new species of, 275, Ambulyx, new species of, 479, Amnemopsyche, new species of, 292. Amphilimnobia, description of the new genus, 465, Andrewes, H. E., on Oriental Cara- bide, 445. Andrews, C, W., on two new species of fossil tortoises, 145. Anomis, new species of, 252. Anthophora, new species of, 114. Arctiide, new, 286. Arrow, G. J., on the endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China, 321. Arthropods, fossorial, 273, 455. Asilide, notes on, 169, 209, 377, 433. Asota, new name, 289. Aulonocranus, description of the new genus, 47, Babirussa, new species of, 187. Baris, new species of, 460, Bather, F. A., on a new “worm” from Lower Ludlow beds, 124; on Pholidocidaris anceps, 271, Batrachia, new, 281. Baylis, H. A., observations on the genus Crassicauda, 410. Beecaria, new species of, 333. Beddard, F. E., on a new tentaculate Cestode, 2038. Beleses, new species of, 88. Blair, K. G., on the Fabrician types of Heteron era in the Banks col- lection, 153. Borradaile, on a new commensal prawn, 152. Boulenger, G. A., on two new frogs from Brazil, 122; on a new gecko and a new snake from Sumatra, 281, Brade-Birks, Hilda K., and Rev. 8., notes on Myriapoda, 1, 198. Calamaria, new species of, 282. Calantica, new species of, 259. Callochromis, description of the new genus, 46. Calman, W. T., on a new crab from Basra, 62. Carabidee, new, 445, Carabites, new species of, 455. Cechenena, new species of, 481, Cephalodiscus, a key for identifying the species of, 407. Ceratocheilus, new species of, 341. Ceratolimnobia, description of the new genus, 469. Cerceris, new species of, 268, Cerura, new species of, 289, Cestodes, new, 124, 203. Ceutorhynchus, new 459. Champion, G. C., on some eastern Xylophilids, 393. Chaoilta, new species of, 92. Cheesman, Major R. E., © see Wroughton, Rt. C. Chilton, C., on the” freshwater Iso- pods known as Asellus aquaticus, 200, Chrysomelites, new species of, 461. Cichlidee, classification of, 33. Clanis, new species of, 479. Cluvellaria, new species of, 84. Cnides, new species of, 99. Cockerell, T, D. A., descriptions and species of, 486 records of bees, 113; fossil Ar- thropods in the British Museum, 273, 4565. Coleoptera, new, 98, 32], 393. Colochelyna, new species of, 89. Copepoda, new, 134. Cosmodiscus, new species of, 447. Crabro, new species of, 270. Crassicauda, observations on, 410. Cretacea, new, 62, 65, 258. Crocidura, new species of, 119. Crocothemis, new species of, 298. Cryptochilus, new species of, 94. Cryptosalius, new species of, 97. Ctenomys, new species of, 193. Cyathopharynx, description of the new genus, 42, Cymbachus, new species of, 329. Cynomops, description of the new genus, 189. Cy phononyx, new species of, 97. Cyphotilapia, description of the new pyeuus, 43. l’Arcythompsonia, new species of, 158. Decebalus, description of the new genus, 373. Deuteragenia, new species of, 266. Dicranomyia, new species of, 54, 3o7. Dicranoptycha, new species of, 54. l)iptera, new, 53. Dipus, new species of, 279. Distant, W. L., on Cicadide from Indo-China, 336; on some un- described Ethiopian Cicadide, 5bY, Dryadites, new species of, 330. lyacopterus, new species of, 284. Dysmachus, new species of, 379, 433. Edwards, F. W., on a new Tricho- cera from Siberia, 431. Elaterites, new species of, 457. L:ndomychus, new species of, 334, Iengonius, new species of, 322. Entomostraca, notes on, 351. {ptesicus, new species of, 361, Epyris, new species of, 276. Erioptera, new species of, 466, Eumelea, new species of, 290. EKumorphus, new species of, 324. Euryglossa, new species of, 117. Formica, new species of, 278. Fossil arthopods, new, 273. Fossorial Gastropoda, 241. Fossorial Hymenoptera, new, 265, IN DEX. Fossorial Plante, 241. Fossorial Reptilia, 145. Garypus, new species of, 274. Gustropoda, notes on, 241, 426. Gecko, new species of, 281. Gelasma, new species of, 292. Geological Society, proceedings of the, 207, 483. Geometride, new, 290. Geranumyia, new species of, 341. Gerres, new species of, 420. Gnaphon, description of the new genus, 454, Gurney, K., on the copepod Cylin- dropsyllus brevicornis, &c., 134; on certain British freshwater Entomostraca, 351. Hammuapteryx, new species of, 276. Hemibates, description of the new genus, 49, Hesperomys, new species of, 190. Heteromera, notes on, 153. Hinton, M. A. C., on the subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters, 308 ; on new subspecies of Spalax monticola, 312; on some African zorils, 367; on the Irish otter, 464. Homoptera, new, 336, 369, Horsiella, description of the new genus, 134. Hyla, new species of, 123, é Hymenoptera, new, 84, 113, 265. Hypsidee, new, 286, Ichneumonidz, notes on, 150, Insects, new, 479. Isopods, freshwater, 200, Jeannel, R., on some Trechine in the British Museum, 98. Lecteria, new species of, 59. Leistus, new species of, 448. Lemuriana, new species of, 370, Leptochroiis, description of the new genus, 46, Leptodactylus, new species of, 123, Leptura, new species of, 462. Limnochromis, description of the new genus, 43; uew species of, 152. Limnotilapia, description of the new genus, 39. Lorocera, new species of, 449. Macrocentrus, new species of, 93. Mammals, new, 31, 119, 140, 142, 144, 185, 188, 279, 283, 804, 308, 312, 360, 367, 464, 473. Marmosa, new species of, 195, INDEX, Maroboduus, description of the new genus, 369, Marumba, new species of, 480. Medinoschiza, new species of, 91. Megachile, new species of, 117. Megapterites, new genus and new species of, 278. Megarhogas, new species of, 92, Mellivora, new species of, 197, Milichius, new species of, 332. Mogannia, new species of, 336. Molophilus, new species of, 468. Morton, K. J., on Odonata trom Mesopotamia, 293. Myriapoda, notes on, 1, 198. Myzine, new species of, 265. Nematodes, observations on, 410. Neodasophrys, description of the new genus, 440. Neomuda, description of the new genus, 374. Neotilapia, description of the new genus, J8. Nephrotoma, new species of, 350. Newton, R. Bullen, on freshwater fossils from Central South Africa, 241. Noctuide, new, 250. Nomada, new species of, 118. Nyctemera, new species of, 286. Ochromys, description of the new genus, 142, Odonata, new, 293. (Ecophylla, new species of, 277. Ophryastites, new species of, 459, Oudeboschia, descripiion of the new genus, 375. Oxyambulyx, new species of, 479. Paludestrina jenkiusi, anatomy of, 425. Pampsilota, new species of, 86. Panka, new species of, 370. Pararhymbus, description of the new genus, 335, ; Parasphecodes, new species of, 118. Paratropeza, new species of, 346, Paraxerus, new species of, 311. Pelidnotites, new species of, 462. Periclimenes, new species of, 132. Pericopis, new species of, 287. Phaloe, new species of, 288. Phytobenus, new species of, 394, Pingasa, new species of, 290, Pisces, new, 33, 152, 163, 419. Plants, fossorial, 241. Peecilictiz, description of the new genus, 367, 487 Promachus, new species of, 173, 210. Protoscolex, new species of, 126, Prout, L. B., on new moths in the Joicey collection, 286. Pseudindalmus, description of the new genus, 330. Psilotympana, new species of, 371. Pycnoscelus, new species of, 275, Regan, C. T., on the classification of the family Cichlidz, 33; on anew Cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, 152; on the African Cichlid fishes of the genus Tylochromis, 163; on freshwater fishes from Mada- gascar, 419. Reithrodon, new species of, 473. Reptilia, new, 145, 281. Rhamphidia, new species of, 55. Rhamphidina, description of the new genus, 343. Rhamphidioides, description of the new genus, 344, Ricardo, Miss G., notes on the Asilide, 169, 209, 377, 433. Ridewood, W. G., a key for identi- rea the species of Cephalodiscus, 407. Robson, G. C., on the anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi, 425, Rothschild, Lord, on some new Indo-Malayan Sphingide, 479. Scapteromys, new species of, 477. Sceliphron, new species of, 267. Sesarma, new species of, 63. Siobla, new species of, 88. Sowerby, A. de Carle, on a new three-toed jerboa from China, 279. Spalax, new species of, 313. Sphingide, new, 479. Spinaria, new species of, 92. Stagira, new species of, 372. Stellenboschia, description of the new genus, 376, Stizus, new species of, 269, Stramentide, new name, 69, Swinhoe, Col. C., on the geogra- phical distribution of the genus Anomis, Hiibner, 250, Sylvilagus, new species of, 31. Tadarida, new species of, 283, Taipinga, new species of, 371. Tamiops, new species of, 304, Taphozous, new species of, 142, Taxonus, new species of, 87, Tenthredella, new species of, 90, Thallomys, description of the new genus, 141, 488 Thomas, 0., on new species of Sylvi- lagus from Colombia, 31; on a new shrew and two new foxes, 119; on the generic positions of “Mus” nigricauda, Thos, and woosnami, Schwann, 140; on a new Taphozous from the Sudan, 142; ona new marmoset from the Peruvian Amazons, 144; some notes on Babirussa, 185; on mammals from Jujuy, 188; on two new Asiatic bats, 283; on new squirrels of the genus Ta- miops, 804; on neotropical bats of the genus Eptesicus, 360; on some African zorils, 367 ; on new species of Reithrodon &c. from Argentina, 473. Tipula, new species of, 61, 349, 471. Tipulide, new, 53, 337, 465. Trechus, new species of, 101. Trentepohlia, new species of, 56, 348, 471. INDEX. Trichocera, new species of, 432. Trigona, new species of, 115. Turner, R. E., on Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera, 84 ; on the Ichneu- monide in the British Museum, 150; on fossorial Hymenoptera, 265. Tylochromis, description of the new genus, 37 ; new species of, 165. Uraniide, new, 293. Utetheisa, new species of, 286. Vulpes, new species of, 121. Withers, T. H., on the cirripede genus Stramentum, 65; on the cirripede subgenus Scillelepas, 258. Wroughton, R. C., and Cheesman, Major R. E., on a new species of Mellivora from Somaliland, 197. Xylophilus, new species of, 395, Zelma, description of the new genus, 451. Zonga, new species of, 373. END OF THE FIFTH VOLUME, PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, - RED LION COURT, FLEET STREDT. a BRADE-BIRKS, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. I. lie, Nat. Hist. S..9. Vol. V. Pl. IT. BRADE-BIRKS. Ann. Yy Mag. : ep e s40 ee _. —— ie hoes Pe Sa - — ae ae bia ¢ hie * 7 to WITHERS. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. STRAMENTUM PULCHE LLUM MW] Vol. Vs WITHERS. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. IV. ; v4 . ) ae a a r “ Was te 4 yw = - are Rae PY Dollman, phot STRAMENTUM HAWORTHI S, W. Williston ty! ‘ > > 2 pe = pee oe «SO c= pote e er TEM? aul ea eae f- 4 « = e% F ce “wh ‘ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 8. 9. Vol. V. Pl. V. GURNEY. Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe). fit aay eos . @ GUBNEY, Ann, § Mag. Nat. Hist. 8S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. VI. Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe). Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. VIL. NEWTON. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. VIII. GASTROPOD AND CHAROPHYTE Remains in a Chalcedonised rock from Central South Africa. ae 7 r i 7 hide 35h) ae eet ss oD aD 7 ee at ae Meet ae heen tyr an Oe “ a »é 4 © 7 9." Vol. Ve, Pts is Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. SWINHOE. pOi fede le Vig. 2. Fiz. 4. Fig. 3, 1. A, exacta. 2. A. mesogona, 3. A. sabulifera. 4. A. involuta. SWINHOE. Fig. %. Y, Fig. 8. 5. A. dona. 6. A. brima; 7. A. fulvida. 8. A. busana. SWINHOE. Ann. & Mag. Not. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. Nas Fig. 11. 9. A.revocans. 10, A. scitipennis, 11, A.amboinensis, 12. A, combinans. ia oe eAt ST Get a * ' ‘ . , a 17

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