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SERKET

Volume 9 Part 1

May, 2004 Cairo, Egypt

Contents
Page

A new species of genus Eresus from Algeria (Araneida : Eresidae)
Hisham K. El-Hennawy | ]

Studies on some biological aspects of Theridion melanostictum
O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 (Araneida : Theridiidae)

Safaa Abo-Taka, Abdel-Khalek Hussein, Aly Osman,

Gamal Al-Din Zohdi & El-Sayed Hamada 5

Spider studies in Egypt, A review
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 10

Review of spiders of genus Eresus in Egypt (Araneida : Eresidae)
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 25

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Serket (2004) vol. 9(1): 1-4.

A new species of genus Eresus from Algeria
(Araneida : Eresidae)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

A new species of the spider genus Eresus, family Eresidae, is described and
named Eresus algericus. It is the fifth species of that genus described from Algeria.

Keywords: Spiders, Eresidae, Eresus algericus, Algeria, North Africa, Taxonomy, new
species.

Introduction

During my work in revising the species of the north African eresid genus Dorceus
C.L. Koch, 1846, a misidentified specimen (as Dorceus fastuosus) was examined in the
Oxford University Museum of Natural History to find that it belongs to genus Eresus (EI-
Hennawy, 2002).

Among the 18 species and 7 subspecies of genus Eresus Walckenaer, 1805, four
species were recorded from Algeria (Roewer, 1954; Platnick, 2003): E. albopictus Simon,
1873b, E. cinnaberinus latefasciatus Simon, 1910, E. semicanus Simon, 1908, E.
solitarius Simon, 1873a. The specimen of UMO is completely different. Also, it is not
matching with any of the known descriptions of Eresus species. Therefore, it is necessary
to describe it as new species.

The description only depends on a single specimen deposited in the Oxford
University Museum of Natural History, United Kingdom (UMO), formerly known as
Hope Entomological Collection (HECO).

All measurements were taken in millimetres.

Abbreviations used: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; Id = eyes
inter-distances; L = length; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; TL
= total length; W = width.

Eresus algericus new species
(Figs. 1-4. Table 1)

Type Material: Holotype: Male: Algeria: unknown locality, (UMO) B.510, t.-, Lord
Walsingham, 1903.

Diagnosis: Male of this species is recognized by the shape of the terminal element of
conductor of the palpal organ.

Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Description: Male (Holotype): TL 10.79; Cephalothorax L 6.06; Cephalic part: L 3.90,
W 4.15; dark (blackish) reddish brown, covered by black hairs, with two white hair spots
just behind the posterior median eyes. Thoracic part: L 2.16, W 3.65; dark (blackish)
reddish brown, covered by black hairs, with thick band of white hairs on the outer border.
Cephalothorax L : W anteriorly = 1.46; L : W posteriorly = 1.66.

Eyes: posterior medians (PME) largest; three times larger than anterior medians
(AME); posterior laterals (PLE) less than double the diameter of the AME; AME and
ALE equal. Eye measurements (diameters and interdistances): AME 0.16, ALE 0.16,
PME 0.48, PLE 0.26, AM-AM 0.36, AL-AL 2.96, PM-PM 0.72, PL-PL 2.60, AM-AL
1.16, AM-PM 0.16. (Id PME : Id AME = 2.00; Id PLE : Id ALE = 87.84).

Chelicerae: with strong big boss; covered by dense black hairs, especially beside the
fang; there is one tooth against the fang. Sternum (L 3.32) and coxae: reddish brown,
covered by sparse black hairs. Labium (L 1.60) and maxillae (L 1.60): reddish brown,
covered by sparse black hairs, except the distal extremity is white.

Pedipalps: covered by black hairs, except two prolateral parts on patellae and tibiae,
covered by white hair; no apophyses. Palpal organ (Figs. 1-3): terminal element of
conductor is hook-like shaped.

Legs: covered by black hairs, except the distal parts of patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi
which are covered by white hairs, and a few white hairs dorsally on the femora.
Metatarsus IV: without calamistrum.

Table 1: Legs measurements (mm)

Leg I II Ill IV
Femur 3.40 3.60 3.60 4.60
Patella 1.80 1.68 1.80 Dae
Tibia 2.60 2.20 2.00 3.20
Metatarsus 3.00 2.40 2,52 S32
Tarsus 1.80 1.48 1.60 1.60
Total length 12.60 11.36 E152 15.04

Relative length of legs 84 : 76 : 77 : 100. Leg formula IV-I-III-II.
L leg I: L cephalothorax = 2.08.

Spination pattern: ventrally: several on tarsi I-IV, nearly pro- & retro-laterally; few on
metatarsi I-IV; some on tibiae (distal ends); none elsewhere.

Abdomen: L 5.98; covered by black hairs; its outer border with white hairs from above
except a small area at the front of the abdomen. There are four small oval spots without
hair in the anterior half of the abdomen, followed by two transverse lines of white hair;
the anterior line is intersected by a small area of black hair in the middle; the posterior
line is entire (Fig. 4); ventrally covered by black hairs, except the place of the bipartite
cribellum and the creamy white large area above the book-lungs.

Female: Unknown.

Distribution: Only known from Algeria, without definite locality.

Figs. 1-3: Eresus algericus n.sp. Right male palp.

e

0.5 mm

Fig. 1. Retrolateral view.

0.5 mm 0.5 mm

Fig. 2. Prolateral view of tip of conductor. Fig. 3. Ventral view of tip of conductor.

Fig. 4. Eresus algericus n.sp. Abdominal pattern.

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to Dr. Malgosia Atkinson (UMO,
Oxford) who kindly admitted for examination of the type specimen in the collection
during my visit in 1997.

References

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. Revision of the North African spider genus Dorceus C.L.Koch, 1846
(Araneida: Eresidae). Serket, 8(2): 57-72.

Platnick, N.I. 2004. The world spider catalog, version 4.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog /index.html

Roewer, C.F. 1954. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Vol. 2, part b. Bruxelles.

Simon, E. 1873a. Aranéides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l'Europe. 2e Mémoire.
Mémoires de la Societé Royale des Sciences de Liége (2) 5: 187-351, pls. 1-3 (sep. pp. 1-174).

Simon, E. 1873b. Etudes arachnologiques. 2e Mémoire. III. Note sur les espéces européennes de
la famille des Eresidae. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France (5) 3: 335-358, pl. 10
figs. 8-13.

Simon, E. 1908. Etude sur les espéces de la famille des Eresidae qui habitent l'Egypte. Bulletin de
la Societé Entomologique d'Egypte 1: 77-84.
Simon, E. 1910. Catalogue raisonné des arachnides du nord de l'Afrique (1
Societé Entomologique de France, 79: 265-332.

partie). Annales de la

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Serket (2004) vol. 9(1): 5-9.

Studies on some biological aspects of Theridion melanostictum
O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 (Araneida: Theridiidae)

Safaa M. Abo-Taka ', Abdel-Khalek M. Hussein 7, Aly A. Osman

Gamal Al-Din I. Zohdi ', and El-Sayed G.I. Hamada ”
' Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
? Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The theridiid spider Theridion melanostictum was reared in laboratory at 28°C
and 70-80% R.H., feeding on the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae or the
green aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. The female had five spiderling instars while the
male had only four. The life cycle of 7. melanostictum was longer when the spider fed
on T. urticae (about 57.9 and 63 days) than feeding on B. brassicae (about 43.6 and
59.7 days for male and female respectively). The female longevity and total number of
egg sacs/female were higher when feeding was on B. brassicae than when it was on T.
urticae, with an average of 4.5 and 2.8 egg sacs/female respectively. It was observed
that the female daily rate of food consumption was greater than that of the male. Notes
on feeding and mating behaviour are included.

Keywords: Life cycle, Fecundity, Feeding, Spiders, Theridiidae, Theridion
melanostictum, Egypt.

Introduction

Biological control involves the use of natural enemies to control pests, but it is
not possible to characterize a universal effective natural enemy for biological control
(Huffaker et al, 1977). Putman (1967) and Helle & Sabelis (1985) reported that
members of Theridiidae and Linyphiidae are the most effective spider families as
predators of mites especially Panonychus ulmi and species of genus Bryobia. Family
Theridiidae includes 2208 species which belong to 80 genera (Platnick, 2003). This
family is represented in Egypt by 25 species of 10 genera, one of these species is
Theridion melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 (El-Hennawy, 2002). In Egypt, Rahil
(1988) studied the biology of the theridiid spider Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer,
1802) in relation to relative humidity, temperature and prey and Hussein, ef al. (2003)
studied some biological aspects of another theridiid, Anelosimus aulicus (C.L. Koch,

1838). 7. melanostictum is the third theridiid species studied in Egypt. Its life cycle and
food consumption of two kinds of prey in addition to some biological aspects were
studied and recorded in this work. This study may be the first step to get use of this
species in a biological control program.

Material and Methods

Females of Theridion melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 with egg sacs were
collected by hand from vegetable crops using camel hair brush. Each female was placed
in a glass container (5 cm diameter x 9 cm depth) covered by a piece of muslin cloth
hold by rubber band. The newly hatched spiderlings were transferred to separate tubes
(1.5 cm diameter x 16 cm length) and daily supplied with food until completing their
development. The containers and tubes were kept in an incubator at 281°C and 60-
70% R.H. Some biological aspects and the consumption rate of prey types were studied
under these conditions.

Two kinds of prey were daily used in feeding two separate groups of spider
individuals. Castor oil plant leaves, highly infested with the two-spotted spider mite
Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836), were collected to infest potted beans Phaseolus
vulgaris. Also, green aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758), were collected
from infested cabbage leaves. Mites of different stages and aphid nymphs were daily
picked up, counted and introduced to spiders as continuous source of food.

Results and Discussion

Feeding behaviour

The spider always wrap the prey by its silk threads after biting it. It stays for a
few minutes before attacking another prey. It takes about 4 minutes to feed on an
individual of 7: urticae, and about 7 minutes for B. brassicae. Sometimes the spider
wrap several preys with silk and store them to feed on them after some time.

Mating behaviour

When a male of T. melanostictum found a female after her last moult, he moved
around her and made a silk web. Courtship lasted a few minutes. Then the female
stopped moving and the male moved towards her and began mating which continued
for about 12 minutes using his right palpal organ. After that, the male moved away from
the female. After a few minutes, he approached again to continue mating process using
his left palpal organ. At last, the male moved away, and sometimes he attacked a prey
or more, before being attacked by the female.

Oviposition

The female deposits eggs inside spherical transparent egg sacs among silken
threads in hidden places such as neglected parts of plants and litter. Pre-oviposition
period, before the beginning of laying eggs, lasted 13-14 days when feeding was on T.
urticae and 10-11 days when prey was B. brassicae. The female constructed 2-5 egg
sacs during her oviposition period which lasted from 9 to 27 days when feeding was on
T. urticae and constructed 4-5 egg sacs during 19-25 days when prey was B. brassicae.
The number of eggs/egg sac was 13-37 in the first case and 17-37 in the second one.
The post-oviposition period lasted 8-27 days in the first case and 12-15 days in the
second one (Table 1).

Feeding on B. brassicae slightly increased the number of eggs/egg sac and the
number of egg sacs/female than when the prey was T. urticae. This means that B.
brassicae as prey increased the fecundity of T. melanostictum female. This is something
similar to what mentioned by Hussein, ef al. (2003) that feeding Anelosimus aulicus on
a mixed diet of the black aphid Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 and the mite T. urticae
increased the fecundity of the female spider than feeding only on aphids, although they
found that the mite alone was not suitable for rearing A. aulicus.

Table 1: Fecundity of Theridion melanostictum female, feeding
on Tetranychus urticae or Brevicoryne brassicae.

Developmental period of | Tetranychus urticae Brevicoryne brassicae

mage (ays)
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Incubation period

The transparent egg sac of 7. melanostictum becomes dark yellow before
hatching. The incubation period was 13-14 days at 281°C and 60-70% R.H. (Table 2)
regardless of the kind of the prey the mother fed on.

Table 2: Duration of different stages of Theridion melanostictum, feeding on different
stages of Tetranychus urticae or Brevicoryne brassicae.

Developmental

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kind of the prey (Table 2). Feeding on T. urticae, the 1‘ and 2™ spiderling instars were
longer than other instars while the last instar was the shortest one. On the contrary, the
last instar was the longest one and the 3" instar was the shortest instar in case of
feeding on B. brassicae (Table 2).

The mean of life cycle of T. melanostictum was longer when spider fed on T.
urticae (57.9 and 63 days for male and female respectively) than when feeding was on
B. brassicae (43.6 and 59.7 days for male and female).

Sex ratio
During one generation of 7. melanostictum, the male : female ratio was 1 : 1.4
when feeding was on T. urticae and the ratio was 1 : 1.9 after feeding on B. brassicae.

Adult longevity

Adult longevity also differed according to sex and food type. Adult male
longevity was 39.6 and 44.8 days while that of female lasted 43.2 and 59.8 days when
fed on T. urticae and B. brassicae respectively.

Although the life cycle of 7. melanostictum was shorter when fed on B.
brassicae than when fed on T. urticae, the adult longevity was longer when feeding was
on B. brassicae (Table 2).

Food consumption

Feeding on 7. urticae, the mean daily rate of 1° spiderling was 6.3 and 6.2
individuals per male and female respectively. The mean daily rate of male 2"’-4"
spiderlings was 11.4-12.8 individuals while it was 12.6-13.9 individuals for the female
2"'_5" spiderlings. The mean total number of consumed individuals was 453.6 and
567.4 for the total spiderlings of male and female respectively. The mean total number
of consumed T. urticae individuals during longevity of adult male was 286.2, while that
of female was 560.7 individuals (Table 3).

Table 3: Food consumption of Theridion melanostictum feeding on different stages of
Tetranychus urticae (Number of consumed individuals).

Developmental
stage

1" spiderling | 2-10 75.7|1.39] 2-11 68-80 | 73.8
2™ spiderling | 9-15 | 12.8 MCE ace 10-17 | 12.6 | 17.3 |113-171]157.3| 3.7,
3" spiderling | 11-16] 11.4 + fes| eon | w [95] 97 [noms 82-136 1
gr EE
Tainiag = [— [fe eftafels

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Bee ae 33-58 383-483 45-81 446-621] 567.4 lee
Adult Longevity| 29-36 216-322|286.2 37-53 439-649

When feeding was on B. brassicae, the mean daily rate of 1“ spiderling was 2.2
and 2.4 individuals per male and female respectively. This rate gradually increased with
age. It was 4.2-6.1 individuals for the male 2™_4" spiderlings and 4.5-7.5 individuals

for the female 2"7-5" spiderlings. The mean total number of consumed individuals was
141.1 and 228.7 individuals for the total spiderlings of male and female respectively.
The mean total number of consumed B. brassicae individuals during longevity of adult
male was 115.2, while that of female was 263.6 individuals (Table 4).

Table 4: Food consumption of Theridion melanostictum feeding on nymphs of
Brevicoryne brassicae (Number of consumed individuals).

Developmental
stage

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It is evident that the adult female 7. melanostictum consumed prey much more
than the male. This maybe due to his smaller size and shorter longevity than female.

Acknowledgment
Sincere thanks are due to Col. H.K. El-Hennawy (Cairo) who identified the
spider species and revised a draft of the manuscript of this work.
References

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). Serket, 8(2): 73-83.

Helle, W. & Sabelis, M.W. 1985. Spider mites, their biology, natural enemies and control.
Elsevier, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo, pp. 208-210.

Huffaker, C.B., Rabb, R.I. & Logan, J.A. 1977. Some aspects of population dynamics relative
to augmentation of natural enemy action. pp. 3-38 in R.L. Ridgeway and S.B. Vinson Eds.
Biological control by augmentation of natural enemies. Plenum press, N.Y. 480 pp.

Hussein, A.M., Hassan, M.F. & Ahmad, N.F.R. 2003. Biological aspects of Anelosimus aulicus
(C.L. Koch, 1838) (Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae) in Egypt. Serket 8(4): 129-134.

Platnick, N.I. 2003. The world spider catalog, version 4.0. American Museum of Natural
History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog8 | -87/index.html

Putman, W.L. 1967. Life histories and habits of two species of Philodromus (Araneida:
Thomisidae) in Ontario. Can. Entomol. 99: 622-631.

Rahil, A.A.R. 1988. Ecological and biological studies on the spiders at Fayoum. M.Sc. Thesis,
Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ., 133pp.

Serket (2004) vol. 9(1): 10-24.

Spider studies in Egypt
A review

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

The first scientific record of spiders in Egypt was that of Linnaeus (1758). It
was succeeded by several records and taxonomic studies by Forskal, Savigny &
Audouin (in Description de l'Egypte), Koch, Pickard-Cambridge, Simon, and Denis.
Thereafter, in 1950, the native araneologist Hassan was the first Egyptian in this field.
At the end of the 1990’s, a new era began with ecological studies on spiders by several
scientists to extend the scope of spider studies in Egypt beyond the boundaries of
taxonomy. This review includes 6 parts: I. The beginnings, II. The first Egyptian and
his successor, III. Universities theses, IV. Ecological and applied research, V. Artificial
works, and VI. Bibliography.

Keywords: Spiders, Review, Egypt.

I. The Beginnings

Although spiders were well known to people in Egypt since ancient times, we
cannot find any scientific publication on Egyptian spiders before 1758. Aranea
flavissima was the first spider species to be scientifically recorded from Egypt by
Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778. His very brief description (1758), in the 10" edition of
his "Systema Naturae" p.622 [22. Aranea abdomine oblongo flavissimo laevi. M. L. U.
Habitat in Aegypto. Hasselqvist. Thorax fulvus. Pedes glabri.], is not enough to
identify such a species as Simon (1910) stated.

The second scientific record of spiders from Egypt was that of the Swedish
Petrus Forskal, 1732-1763, who visited Egypt in 1761-1762 with a Danish expedition
to Yemen and described four spider species from the region of Cairo : Aranea citricola,
A. insidiatrix, A. rivulata and A. trifasciata. His descriptions were more detailed and, at

least, enough for identification. His work was published after his death, during the
expedition, by Carsten Niebuhr in Copenhagen (1775).

The third and most important study of Egyptian arachnids was the work of
Marie-Jules-Cesar-Lelorgne de Savigny, 1777-1851, who accompanied the French
military expedition of Napoleon in Egypt (1799-1801). His work was completed by his
student Victor Audouin, 1797-1841, because of his professor's blindness. That work
appeared in 1825 under the title "Explication sommaire des planches d'Arachnides de
l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiée par Jules-César Savigny, membre de l'Institut; offrant
un exposé des caractéres naturels des genres, avec la distinction des espéces." Histoire
naturelle, t. I, no.4., a volume of the great book entitled: "Description de l'Egypte ou
Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Egypte pendant
l'Expédition de l'armée frangaise.". This work was reprinted in 1827 in a smaller format.
It was included in volume 22 of that second edition, which was always referred to by
most authors and researchers.

The work of Savigny and Audouin included nine plates (112 figures) of
drawings of arachnids.

- Plates 1-7: spiders (81 species of 30 genera classified in 20 groups) = 71 species + 6
synonyms + 5 nomina dubia (in the most recent classification).

- Plate 8 : figs. 1-3 scorpions : 3 species of Scorpio = 3 spp.; figs. 4-6 pseudoscorpions :
3 Chelifer spp. = 2 spp. + 1 n.d.; figs. 7-10 solpugids : 4 Solpuga spp. = 3 spp. + 1 syn.
- Plate 9 : figs. 1-3 opilionids : 3 Phalangium spp. = 1 sp. + 2 n.d.; figs. 4-13 acarids :
10 spp. of 3 genera = 6(+2) spp. + 1 syn. + 1 n.d.

Every figure group of a species includes a habitus drawing and minor details drawings.

The text and the nine plates were edited and reprinted by El-Hennawy in Serket,
3(2-4) (Audouin, 1993). The exact date of publication and the authority of the scientific
names dealt with in the work of Audouin (1825) were discussed in detail by El-
Hennawy (2000a).

The fourth step was that of the German Ludwig Carl Koch, 1825-1908, who
recorded 15 species of spiders from Cairo, Egypt in his "Aegyptische und Abyssinische
Arachniden" (1875), 7 of them as new species.

The fifth step was the "Catalogue of a collection of spiders made in Egypt, with
descriptions of new species and characters of a new genus" (1876) of the English Rev.
Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, 1828-1917, who previously studied a collection of
Arachnida from Sinai (1870), and spiders of Palestine and Syria (1872a) including
records from Egypt, and new gnaphosoid species from Egypt and other countries
(1874), in addition to a description of a new linyphiid spider from Alexandria (1872b).

The Rev. Pickard-Cambridge visited Egypt in 1864, in his way to Jerusalem (a
holy pilgrimage trip). He devoted his time and life to the study of spiders in his country,
England, and wished to broaden the geographical scope of his interest by studying the
spiders of Palestine (the Holy Land) and Egypt. Cambridge's Catalogue included 164
species from Alexandria to Assuan (63 of them as new species). The total spider
species number raised to 226.

The French Eugéne Simon, 1848-1924, who is the father of arachnology in the
modern times, recorded and described new species of spiders, scorpions, sun-spiders
and pseudoscorpions from Egypt in several papers during the period 1880-1910. Two
of his works (1908 & 1910) about Eresidae spiders and scorpions were published in the
bulletin of the entomological society of Egypt.

Jacques Denis, 1902-1972, continued the French activity by scattered records in
different papers (1935-1965), through his studies of North African spiders, in addition
to his remarkable work on spiders of Siwa Oasis (1947b) which was also published by

1]

the entomological society of Egypt. In this work, he recorded 89 species, 25 of them as
new species.

II. The first Egyptian and his Successor

The first Egyptian araneologist, Abbas Ibrahim Hassan was a professor of
zoology in Cairo University when he described Chaetopelma shabati Hassan, 1950 as a
new species of Theraphosidae from Cairo. He deposited the type material of this
species in the British Museum of Natural History (London). He published another paper
about the Oecobiidae of Egypt (1953). Thereafter, he went to Syria to continue his
pedagogical activity and to stop publishing works about spiders. He prepared
unpublished list of 318 Egyptian spider species, a long work on Egyptian jumping
spiders (Salticidae) and a few short papers. One of his works “Feeding and feeding
apparatus of Chaetopelma shabati’, prepared for publication in 1953, was revised and
published in Serket in 1988.

Number of Egyptian spider species

Number of species

1758 1775 1825 1875 1876 1935 1990 2002

Year
Fig. 1. Number of Egyptian spider species (1758-2002).

In 1982, Hisham K. El-Hennawy presented his first paper on a pompilid wasp
(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and an eresid spider to the first Egypt's National
Conference of Entomology, Cairo 1982 (published 1985). A year later, he presented
his second paper to the 9"" International Congress of Arachnology, Panama 1983
(published 1986). In August 1987, he began publishing SERKET, the Arachnological
bulletin of the Middle East and North Africa. Thirty two issues of eight volumes were
published till now dealing with arachnids of different orders, Araneida, Opilionida,
Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpionida, Solpugida, and pompilid enemies of spiders. He was
the author of most of the published material. Other authors of different countries
enriched Serket with their works. His bulletin did not prevent him from publishing
through international arachnological congresses (Panama, 1983; Geneva, 1995;
Edinburgh, 1997 & South Africa, 2001).

The study of Egyptian spiders is the main topic in his works (1985-2002). In
addition to his new locality records and other works, he published a list of Egyptian
spider genera (1987b), an annotated checklist of Egyptian spider species (1990a), the
distribution of spider genera in Egypt (1992) and recently a list of Egyptian spiders,
revised in 2002 (2002c). [The increase in the number of discovered species of spiders
from Egypt is plotted in Fig. (1).] One of his topics is the study of spiders in protected
areas of Egypt, e.g. Wadi El-Raiyan (1991a) and coastal protected areas on Aqaba gulf
(2003). He also published a book (in Arabic) on the Egyptian Arachnids (El-Hennawy,
2002f). His work on the first record of Amblypygi from Egypt (El-Hennawy, 2002e)
tells us that there are many species and genera of spiders and other arachnids to be
discovered in Egypt. In addition to identifying thousands of specimens studied in
universities theses and other works, he also encouraged the study of biological aspects
of different spider species (see part IV of this work) and participated in some of them
(El-Hennawy & Mohafez, 2003 and Sallam & El-Hennawy, 2003).

III. Universities Theses

There were two unsuccessful trials to prepare M.Sc. theses in Cairo University
(Faculty of Science) in the 1950’s and 1960’s. After a long period of quiescence, a
“diapause”, the universities began to activate the study of spiders again.

[The researchers in the field of agriculture in Egypt used to say “true spiders” for
spiders to distinguish between them and mites, which are widely studied in their field of
work. Hence, this erroneous term is found in the titles of their theses and papers. ]

1. In 1988, Ashraf Rahil presented his M.Sc. thesis: “Ecological and biological
studies on the spiders at Fayoum” to Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (El-
Fayoum). He collected spiders of 11 families (20 genera and 22 species) from El-
Fayoum governorate associated with two field crops (cotton and cucumber) and studied
biology of two spider species of families Clubionidae and Theridiidae.

2. In 1988 also, Mostafa El-Mehalawy presented his M.Sc. thesis: “Some
studies on spider families of Al-Gharbia governorate” to Faculty of Science, Tanta
Uinversity. He collected spiders of six genera from El-Gharbia governorate. He
erroneously recorded Oecobius teliger Cambridge, 1872 (Family Oecobiidae) as new
species from Egypt.

Both Rahil and El-Mehalawy did not continue their studies on spiders for Ph.D. degree.

3. In 1996, Gihan Sallam presented her M.Sc. thesis: “Studies on true spiders in
Giza governorate” to Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. Her study included a
survey of spiders in Giza governorate (August 1992 - December 1994) among fruit
trees (i.e. apple, pear, grape, peach, olive, citrus, guava, and mango), field crops (i.e.
cotton, maize and soybean) and ornamental plants (i.e. dadhi, mulberry, diafla, and
daisy). She recorded 25 species of 18 families (Shereef ef.al., 1996). The thomisid
Xysticus tristrami (Cambridge, 1872) was recorded in Egypt for the first time below
apple trees. Salticidae and Clubionidae were the most abundant families. Biological
aspects of Cheiracanthium sp. (Miturgidae) and Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1825)
(Salticidae) were studied at 25°C and 60-70% R.H., feeding on Ceratitis capitata adults
and Spodoptera littoralis larvae (1-4 stages) respectively (Rakha et.al., 1999; Shereef
et.al., 1999).

4. In 2002, Sallam presented her Ph.D. thesis: “Studies on true spiders in Egypt”
to Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. Her work can be summarized in: A survey
of spiders was carried out in four governorates of both Lower Egypt (El-Qalyubia and
El-Shargia) and Middle Egypt (El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef) during the period from

August 1996 to December 1998. Most of the collected species, of 17 families (23
genera and 25 species), were recorded from the four governorates for the first time. The
relationship between spiders abundance, temperature and relative humidity in the four
governorates was studied in association with the cultivated plants, i.e. olive, orange,
grape and apple. The highest population of spiders was recorded during summer
extended to autumn (Sallam, 2002b). The biological aspects of Thomisus spinifer
Cambridge, 1872 were studied under laboratory condition at 25°C and 60-70% R.H.
The spiderling instars 1-3 were reared on the red spider mite Tetranychus urticae, while
other spiderling instars and adults were reared on the adults of the fruit fly Ceratitis
capitata. The fungicides were slightly harmful (25-50 %) to spiders. The
organophosphorus compound Malathion was obviously harmful (>75%) to spiders. The
mineral oil KZ was moderately harmful (50-75%) on the population density of spiders.
The acaricides Vertimec, Ortus and Cascade were harmful (>75%) to spiders, while
Challenger was moderately effective (50-75%) against spiders.

5. In 2000, Mohamed EI-Erksousy presented his Ph.D. thesis: “Studies on some
true spiders in Egypt” to Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University (Cairo). [Note.
His M.Sc. was on mites.] He carried out a two years survey of spiders (1996-1998) in
12 governorates in Upper Egypt (El-Giza, El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef), Lower Egypt
(El-Qalyoubia, El-Gharbiya, El-Menofyia, El-Beheira, Sharkia, Kafr El-Sheikh, EI-
Dakahlia and Suez Canal) and Cairo to record 37 species of 18 families on different
crops. Spider populations in cotton and clover crops were studied (1997-1998) in El-
Beheira and El-Fayoum governorates. The seasonal fluctuations of spiders were studied
in El-Beheira and Beni-Suef governorates to record the incease of spiders by increasing
hygrothermic conditions. The highest population was in June-August while the lowest
population was in April-May. The effect of pesticide application, for cotton pests
control, on spider population was studied to find that the percentage reduction in spider
final population varied greatly according to their families. The life cycle of Crustulina
conspicua (Theridiidae) was studied under laboratory conditions (26°C, 60-70% R.H.),
feeding on the spider mite Tetranychus urticae.

6. In 2000 too, Mohamed Mohafez presented his M.Sc. thesis: “Studies on true
spiders in Sohag governorate” to Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University (Cairo).
His work included a survey of spiders on 10 different crops in seven districts of Sohag
governorate during two successive years. Collected spiders were classified into 19
families (Metwally ef.al., 2002a). He studied the population density and seasonal
fluctuation of spider species in relation with different crops during two years (Metwally
et.al., 2002b). He also studied the biological aspects of Hersilia caudata Savigny, 1825
(Hersiliidae) under laboratory conditions, 26-28°C and 60-70% R.H. Both mating and
feeding behaviours were described (Metwally et.al., 2001).

7. In 2003, Naglaa Ahmed presented her M.Sc. thesis: “Studies on some
arthropods inhabiting cucurbits and beans.” to Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.
She surveyed spiders and other arthropods inhabiting fields of four legume and five
cucurbit crops. Their seasonal abundance was also studied in El-Qanater agricultural
research station. Sixteen families of spiders were recorded (33 genera and 36 species)
during survey. She studied the life cycle of Anelosimus aulicus (C.L. Koch, 1838),
family Theridiidae, under laboratory conditions (Hussein et.al., 2003). Different instars
were reared on Tetranychus urticae, Aphis craccivora or on a mixture of both of them.
Prey consumption was calculated for different stages. Effect of different diets on
fecundity of the spider was studied. Mating behaviour was also described.

8. In the same year, El-Sayed Hamada presented his M.Sc. thesis: “Studies on
true spiders associated with some vegetable crops.” to Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia

14

University. He collected spiders of 14 families from ten vegetable crops at Gharbia
governorate during two successive years by two methods of collecting (pitfall traps and
picking up with the hands). The most dominant family was Lycosidae followed by
Linyphiidae and Philodromidae (Abo-Taka e7.al., 2003a). He also reared the linyphiid
spider Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) and the theridiid spider Theridion
melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 under laboratory conditions, feeding on the two-
spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and the green aphid Brevicoryne brassicae.
The rate of prey consumption was recorded (Abo-Taka ef.al., 2003b and 2004). The
effects of three different pesticides were studied in the field and laboratory.

9. And also in 2003, Mamdouh Ibrahim presented his M.Sc. thesis: “Studies on
some true spiders associated with certain fruit trees in Ismailia governorate” to Faculty
of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University (Cairo). His work included a survey of spiders of
22 families on different fruit trees in six regions in Ismailia governorate during two
successive years. In the same time, he studied the population density and frequency
occurrence of spider species in fields of Mango trees at Serabium locality. He also
studied the biology of two spider species, the liocranid Mesiotelus tenuissimus (L.Koch,
1866) and the philodromid Philodromus glaucinus Simon, 1870, under laboratory
conditions.

IV. Ecological and Applied Research

In the 1960’s, spiders were increasingly mentioned in numerous studies by
Ahmad H. EI-Kifl as important creatures among the soil fauna (e.g. El-Kifl, 1969). He
was a pioneer in the agricultural studies of soil fauna in Egypt. A few researchers
continued in the same field to mention spiders mostly as a group and sometimes
identified to families (e.g. Negm ef.al., 1976).

Near the end of the 1990’s, a good cooperation between ecology and taxonomy,
or say between applied and pure trends of science, yielded the first published paper in
this field in Egypt. Prof. Dr. Samir Ghabbour encouraged this new trend of research and
had his important role in the first work which was entitled: “Spider populations
associated with different crops in Menoufiya governorate, Nile Delta, Egypt.”
(Ghabbour ef.a/., 1999). In that work, a survey on spiders in 18 different agricultural
crops in the southern Nile Delta was carried out in 1996, using pitfall traps. In summer
crops, density of spider individuals was 2.28+1.29 per trap, compared with 2.38+1.69
in winter crops. Highest densities in summer crops were in tomato, eggplant, and
cucurbit cultivations, while in winter occurred in caraway, cabbage and onion
cultivations. Sweet potatoes had the lowest density. Densities in spring varied from
0.4/trap in taro to 6.55/trap in caraway cultivations. It appeared that plants with a dense
foliage covering the ground (sweet potatoes and taro), constrain the movement of
roaming spiders. Ten spider families were recorded in winter crops compared to twelve
in summer. Lycosidae was dominant in both seasons, constituting about 80%, followed
by Linyphiidae, Philodromidae, Gnaphosidae and Tetragnathidae. Males were trapped
in higher numbers than females. Juveniles constituted 23-26% of the trapped samples,
while subadults were more abundant in winter. Female lycosids carrying egg sacs had
two peaks; one in spring and one in summer, but none was observed in winter.
Correspondence analysis had shown that Ze/ofes complex was more associated with
cabbage, and a group of Lycorma* ferox, Thanatus albini, Dictynidae, and Clubionidae,
with peas, while Erigone dentipalpis, Philodromidae, Tetragnathidae and Dysdera spp.
were more associated with caraway. On summer, Prinerigone vagans, E. dentipalpis,
Linyphiidae, Philodromidae and Salticidae were more associated with potato and Soya

bean crops, while L. ferox, T. albini, Zelotes complex and Trachyzelotes sp. were more
associated with cotton. [*Lycorma = Hogna in recent taxonomic works]

One of the three authors of that, mentioned above, work published another
related work on: “Seasonal abundance and daily activity patterns of spider fauna in
some vegetable crops in Menoufiya governorate, Egypt.” (Hussein, 1999). In his work,
diversity, seasonal abundance and diurnal-nocturnal activity of spider population under
8 vegetable crops were studied in an agro-ecosystem in Menoufyia governorate,
Southern part of Nile Delta, Egypt. A Total of 516 individuals were caught using pitfall
traps during the study period. Six species belonging to six families were identified.
Lycosidae was the dominant family, 86.42% of the populations, followed by
Philodromidae, Linyphiidae and Gnaphosidae, while Theridiidae and Salticidae were
the rare families in occurrence. Thanatus albini (Philodromidae) was the dominant
species (5.43%). The peak of activity (19 ind/hr) and higher values of diversity (9
species) were recorded in summer, while the lowest were in winter (0.08 ind/hr and 3
species respectively). Lycorma ferox (Lycosidae) is active only in night-time as well as
Setaphis subtilis (Gnaphosidae) which showed major activity (75%) during night
against 25% on daytime. Erigone dentipalpis (Linyphiidae) and T. albini are
completely active in daytime, Lycosidae (except L. ferox), Linyphiidae (except E.
dentipalpis) showed major activity on daytime (91.10, 84.21%, respectively). The 3
different daytime parts (the early, mid day and the later third) showed similar values of
activity, diversity, as well as the nocturnal activity in summer, while winter recorded
the lowest values and notable fluctuations between night and daytime. The high
abundance of spiders in August seems to be a result of a combination of 3 factors,
dense vegetation cover, high temperature and enough relative humidity.

The third work, which was published before the two mentioned above, was a
study on the “Biodiversity of spiders in the western desert of Egypt in relation to
agriculture and land reclamation” (Hussein ef.al., 1998). Spider biodiversity was
studied in 5 locations in the Western Desert of Egypt : Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron, Wadi
El-Raiyan, Tahrir Province and the New Valley. Siwa Oasis was considered as a base
for comparison for its richness and high variety abundance of spider fauna. Each of the
studied areas was characterized by certain spider species. The agro-ecosystems of Nile
Delta are characterized by 10 families of spiders different from those of the studied
locations. Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Theridiidae) of the genus of the black widow
spider, was first recorded from the Western Desert of Egypt. Presence and densities of
Thanatus albini (Philodromidae) and Lycorma sp. (Lycosidae) could be considered as
indicators for changes in the desert ecosystem due to human activities.

Hussein (2001a) published his work on “Soil pricking” as a new, easy, simple,
and inexpensive agricultural method, without chemicals application, to intensify spider
efficiency as biological control agent. It aims saving enormous efforts for mass rearing
of spiders as biological control agents against various pests. Pricking the previously
irrigated soil to 7-8 cm depth using a stick (of 1/2 inch diameter) to create holes with
50-60 cm distance in between. These holes encourage the wandering spiders to reside
in the pricked hole, spinning nets on the external edge of holes, catching preys in the
area and on surrounding plants. Applying this method led to intensification and
increasing the spider population to 76% and 107% in cucurbits and lettuce, respectively
during 1998, and 86% and 85% in cucurbits and peanut fields, respectively in 1999
season. Intensifying spiders population led to reduction of different pests e.g. aphids,
jassids, phytophagous mites, white fly, lepidopteran larvae and Nizara viridula with

considerable reduction rate 39.64%, 49.45%, 16.67%, 50.48%, 33.33% and 21.14%
respectively. Moreover no harmful effects for the natural enemies of insect pests were
observed e.g. Coccinella sp.

In the same year, Hussein (2001b) published his study on the effects of
mulching and holing on spider behaviour. He found that spiders behaviour was
considerably affected in holing area and that the established webs increased to 19%,
52%, 76% and 85% after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively.

Hussein et.al. (2002) studied the effect of the mineral oil CAPL / on spiders. An
experiment of completely randomized design was carried out along two seasons, 1999
and 2000, to clarify effect of the mineral oil CAPL / in comparison with vertimec
pesticide on the population density of soil fauna. Results showed that 6 families of
spiders were occurred in the tomato plantation in Berma village, Gharbia governorate.
The dominant family of spiders was Lycosidae (74.1% of the total spider populations)
and the rarest family was Theridiidae. Density of the spiders increased in the mineral
oil plots with 25% and 40% during 1999 and 2000 respectively. A preliminary test was
carried out in the laboratory to determine whether the oil is attractive or not to the
spiders. Results of this test were positive.

Continuing the study of biological aspects of Egyptian spider species, El-
Hennawy & Mohafez (2003) studied the life history of the eresid Stegodyphus dufouri
(Audouin, 1825) under laboratory conditions, feeding on different kinds of prey for
different instars of spiderlings. Some spiderlings were reared together (communal
rearing). The second generation was also kept together for more observation.
Behavioural observations were reported on this spider both in nature and laboratory.
These observations lead to a conclusion that the behaviour of this species is a step on
the way to social life.

Also, Sallam & El-Hennawy (2003) studied some biological aspects of the
titanoecid Nurscia albomaculata (Lucas, 1846) which was found in greenhouses in
Dokki, Giza. Its life cycle was studied in laboratory. Different instars were reared on
different stages of larvae of cotton leaf worm. Food consumption was also studied, in
addition to some biological and ethological aspects.

V. Artificial Works

Depending on the general ignorance of spiders classification and biology, some

researchers found the climate appropriate to publish “artificial” works on spiders. |
could not add those false works to the bibliography at the end of this work, but I have
to discuss them here briefly.
1) Abdel-Rahman, S.1., Ibrahim, A.A. & El-Erksousy, M.H. (2001) Laboratory studies
on the web-weaver spider Dictyna latens (Fabricius) (Araneida : Dictynidae), as a
predator on two prey species: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Tetranychus urticae
Koch. Proc. 1" integrated pest management conf.: 179-182.

The authors did not tell us how they could identify their species Dictyna latens.
Indeed, this species is not recorded till now from Egypt. Hence, the published data are
dubious
2) El-Erksousy, M.H., Shoeib, A.A. & Dahi, H.F. (2002) Studies on biological control
using the spider Anelosimus oulicus (Theridiidae). Proc.2nd Int.conf plant protection
research inst.: 1-2.

The authors reared their species, of 5 spiderling instars, feeding on the cotton
leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). They recorded that their spider fed on about
10 larvae per day during the 5"" instar, and that feeding needs 2-3 minutes per prey !!

The name of the spider is misspelled everywhere in the paper as A. oulicus instead of A.
aulicus !!.

3) Fawzy, M.M.H. & El Erksousy, M.H.M. (2002) Description of new comb-footed
spider Theridion egyptium sp.n. in Egypt (Araneae: Theridiidae). Proc. 1st conf.central
agric. pesticide lab.: 831-835.

The authors described the male and female of a new species without comparing
their specimens with specimens, descriptions or drawings of other species of the same
genus, and without consulting any specialist in Egypt or any other country. They
prepared slides of their specimens as in case of mites. This yielded very ambiguous
drawings in addition to their poor quality (Fig. 2). The work is merely a grouping of
mistakes. It is enough to mention here that one of their drawings (Fig. 3) included a
cribellum, while any beginner in the field of araneology must know that this organ is
neither found in genus 7heridion nor any other genus of family Theridiidae.

—cymbium

cribellum

anterior spinneret

posterior spinneret

median spinneret

Fig. (4). Theridion egyptian n_sp Diagram of male palpal organ. Fig. (3). Theridion eygptium n.sp Anal part of spider showing spinnerets.

Fig. 2. Fourth figure in Fawzy & Fig. 3. Third figure in the same work.
El] Erksousy (2002).

4) El-Erksousy, M.H., Mousa, G.M. & Gomaa, W.O. (2002) The spider Theridion
egyptium Fawzy and Elerksousy as a biological control agent on cotton aphid, Aphis
gossypii Glover. Proc. 2nd Int.conf.plant protection research inst.: 25-26.

The authors said that their spider had only two spiderling instars after emerging
from the egg until reaching maturity, while five instars are the minimum known
number in spiders (Foelix, R.F. 1996. Biology of Spiders. Second Edition. Oxford University
Press & Georg Thieme Verlag, New York, Oxford. 330 pp.: p.222). Also, they mentioned
that the life cycle was about 40 days.

5) El-Erksousy, M.H. (2002) Biological studies on the spider Theridion egyptium
Fawzy And Elerksousy. Proc. 2nd Int.conf. plant protection research inst.: 40-42.

Feeding on the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, the life cycle of the
spider was about 43 days. But also, there were only two spiderling instars as in the
predecessor paper.

Note. Some works were published in obscure periodicals, so they were not available to
the author to be included in this review.

VI. Bibliography

Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G.I. 2003a.
Ecological studies on spider families associated with some vegetable crops (Arachnida:
Araneida) in Egypt. Serket, 8(4): 135-141.

Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G.I. 2003b. Studies
on some biological aspects of Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) (Arachnida: Araneida:
Linyphiidae). Serket, 8(4): 142-146.

Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G.I. 2004. Studies on
some biological aspects of Theridion melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 (Arachnida:
Araneida: Theridiidae). Serket, 9(1): 5-9.

Ahmed, N.F.R. 2003. Studies on some arthropods inhabiting cucurbits and beans. M.Sc.
Thesis, Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ., 105pp.

Audouin, V. 1825. Explication sommaire des planches d'Arachnides de I'Egypte et de la Syrie,
publiée par Jules-César Savigny. In: Description de I'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et
des recherches qui ont été faites en Egypte pendant I'Expédition de l'armée francaise. Histoire
Naturelle. Tome Premier 1809. Paris. 4e partie, pp. 99-186. Atlas: pls. 1-9 (Arachnides).

Audouin, V. 1827. Ditto. 2" edition. vol.22, pp. 291-430.

Audouin, V. 1993. Ditto. Edited by: H. K. El-Hennawy (1 part) Serket, 3(2): 33-76, (2™ part)
Serket, 3(3): 77-121, ot part) Serket, 3(4): 122-171.

Cambridge, O.-P. 1870. Notes on a collection of Arachnida made by J. K. Lord, Esq., in the
Peninsula of Sinai and on the African borders of the Red Sea. Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1870,
pp.8 18-823, pl.50.

Cambridge, O.-P. 1872a. General list of the spiders of Palestine and Syria, with descriptions of
numerous new species and characters of two new genera. Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1872, pp.212-

354, pl.13-16.

Cambridge, O.-P. 1872b. Descriptions of twenty-four new species of Erigone.
Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1872, pp.747-769, p1.65-66.

Cambridge, O.-P. 1874. On some new species of Drassides. Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1874,
pp.370-419, pl.51-52.

Cambridge, O.-P. 1876. Catalogue of a collection of spiders made in Egypt, with descriptions of
new species and characters of a new genus. Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond., 1876, pp.541-630, pl.58-60.

Denis, J. 1935. Sur deux araignées de Cyrénaique. Ann.Mus.Civ.St.Nat.Giacomo Doria
(Genova), 57: 100-104, pl.1.

Denis, J. 1936. On a collection of spiders from Algeria. Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond., 1936: 1027-1060,
Spls.

Denis, J. 1944. Descriptions d'Araignées Nord-Africaines. Bull. Soc. Hist.nat.Toulouse, 79(1):
41-57, 2pls.

Denis, J. 1947a. Deux rectifications synonymiques concernant les araignées.
Bull. Soc. Hist.nat. Toulouse, 82: 103-4.

1g

Denis, J. 1947b. Results of the Armstrong college expedition to Siwa oasis (Libyan desert),
1935. Bull.Soc.Fouad ler Entom., 31: 17-103, 6pls.

Denis, J. 1948. A new fact about Erigone vagans Aud.and Sav. Proc.Zool.Soc.Lond., 1948:
588-590.

Denis, J. 1962. Notes sur les erigonides. X XI. Brachycerasphora, nouveau genre nord-africain.
Bull.Mus.natn. Hist.nat. Paris, 34: 239-246.

Denis, J. 1965. Les Araignées du Fezzan. Bull.Soc. Hist.nat.Afr.N., 55: 103-144.

El-Erksousy, M.H.M. 2000. Studies on some true spiders in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric.
Al-Azhar Uinv. (Cairo) 132 pp.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1985. Preliminary notes on the biology, distribution, and predatory
behaviour of Pseudopompilus humboldti (Dhlb.) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). [Abridged]
Proc.Egypt's National Conf. Ent., Cairo 1982, vol.1: 33-48.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1986. On the relation between Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin) 1827
(Araneae: Eresidae) and Pseudopompilus humboldti (Dahlbom) 1845 (Hymenoptera:
Pompilidae). Proc. LX Int.Congr.Arachnol., Panama 1983, pp.91-93.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1987a. Preliminary notes on the biology, distribution, and predatory
behaviour of Pseudopompilus humboldti (Dhlb.) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Serket, 1(1): 1-11.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1987b. A list of Egyptian spider genera. Serker, 1(1): 12-14.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1987c. New records of Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin) 1825 (Araneida :
Eresidae) from Egypt. Serket, 1(1): 19.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1988. Hasarius adansonii (Audouin, 1825) (Araneida : Salticidae) in Egypt.
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20

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23

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28 AK OK OK OK OB 8 KK

24

Serket (2004) vol. 9(1); 25-35.

Review of spiders of genus Eresus in Egypt
(Araneida : Eresidae)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis,
Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

The type material specimens of Egyptian Eresus species were examined,
redescribed, and photographs and drawings of genitalia were prepared. All Egyptian
Eresus species were reviewed. Eresus pharaonis Walckenaer, 1837 and Eresus
semicanus Simon, 1908 are redescribed. Eresus petagnae Audouin, 1825 is considered
nomen dubium. Eresus pulchellus Lucas, 1864 of Nubia and Eresus albo-marginatus
Lucas, 1864 of Senegal are considered nomina nuda. Eresus walckenaeri Brullé, 1832
is considered a doubtful record from Egypt.

Keywords: Eresidae, Eresus, Egypt, Taxonomy, Spiders.

Introduction

Genus Eresus Walckenaer, 1805 is an old world eresid genus. Its 18 species and
7 subspecies are distributed in Europe, Mediterranean countries, North Africa, West
Asia to China, and Senegal ? (Platnick, 2004).

The first record of Eresus from Egypt was that of Audouin (1825). He described
two species under the names E. petagnae and E. dufourii. The second of them was later
transferred to genus Sfegodyphus by Simon (1885) and redescribed by Kraus & Kraus
(1988). E. petagnae was recorded and mentioned several times by Simon (1873 &
1884) and Cambridge (1876).

After seven years, Brullé (1832) recorded EF. theisii from Turkey, Syria, Egypt in
addition to Greece. Walckenaer (1837) described his new species E. pharaonis
depending on a single specimen from Egypt. In 1864, Lucas described E. pulchellus
from Nubia. It may be from Egypt or Sudan ?

In 1908, Simon described E. semicanus from Alexandria, Mariout and Suez. He
reviewed the known species of family Eresidae and described new species from Egypt.

Two years later, Simon (1910) reviewed and redescribed Egyptian eresids among North
African spiders of different families.

All descriptions mentioned above lack measurements and drawings of genitalia.
The most recent list of Egyptian spiders does not include more than the old records
mentioned above (El-Hennawy, 2002). The absence of new material make the review of
these species difficult. Therefore, it was necessary to re-examine and redescribe the type
material of Egyptian Eresus species to partly fill this gap.

Methods

The available type material of the known species were examined. Drawings of
the right palp of a male specimen and epigyna and vulvae of female specimens were
prepared in addition to their photographs. Measurements of different species were
taken in millimetres.

Abbreviations used: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye;
L = length; MOQ = median ocular quadrangle; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME =
posterior median eye; TL = total length; W = width.

Material from the following collections were examined: MNHN = Muséum
National d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; UMO = Oxford University Museum of
Natural History, United Kingdom (HECO = Hope Entomological Collection).

Description of Egyptian Eresus Species

Genus Eresus Walckenaer, 1805

Eresus: Greek épgiom = to attach, to tie up, fasten (Simon, 1864: 299)

Eresus pharaonis Walckenaer, 1837
(Figs. 1A-1E. Table 1)
Eresus pharaonius Walckenaer, 1837: 396.
Erythrophora pharaonis Simon, 1864: 300.
Eresus pharaonis Simon, 1908: 83-84; 1910: 298.

Etymology: pharaonis: Greek Oapaw = Pharaoh, ancient Egyptian king [of the
Pharaoh, or Pharaonic]

Material examined: MNHN: Eresus pharaonis Walck./ Aegyptus, bottle no.471 (tube
no. AR 839) 19 (with epigynum separated), 1 j.

Description: Female (MNHN B.471 - t. AR 839): TL 30. Cephalothorax: integument
crimson red, covered by creamy white hairs mixed with light brown hairs. Cephalic area
gradually inclined into thoracic area. Cephalothorax: L 13 ?. Cephalic part: L 9.52, W
9.52; square. MOQ slightly protruding forwards. Eye measurements: AME 0.20, ALE
0.24, PME 0.37, PLE 0.24, AM-AM 0.34, AL-AL 6.97, PM-PM 0.82, PL-PL 5.86,
AM-AL 3.19, AM-PM 0.29. Thoracic part: L 3.48 ?, W 8.84. Chelicerae: crimson red,
covered anteriorly by dense orange brown hairs. Sternum L 6.97; Labium L 2.29;
Maxilla L 3.65. Sternum, Coxae: yellowish brown. Maxillae, Labium: crimson red. All
covered by dense creamy white hairs. Legs and Pedipalps: orange-brown covered by
dense creamy white hairs. Tarsi and metatarsi of legs I, II and tarsi and tibiae of
pedipalps darker. Spination: spines only on ventral side of tarsi, metatarsi and distally
on tibiae; rare on I & II, very few on III & IV. Pedipalp with a claw.

26

Dorsal side

Ventral side
Gs E

Fig. 1. Eresus pharaonis Walckenaer, 1837 2 (MNHN).

A, B. Epigynum, ventral view: A. Photograph, B. Schematic drawing.

C. Transverse section of epigynum and vulvae. D. Vulvae photograph, dorsal view.
E. Left vulva, dorsal view. Scale = 0.5 mm (B), 0.25 mm (E).

Table 1. Leg measurements of Eresus pharaonis female (MNHN).

Leg I J Ill IV
Femur 6.80 5.85 4.76 6.80
Patella 3.67 3.40 3.26 4.08
Tibia 3.40 2.99 Zils 4.08
Metatarsus 3.67 3.40 ZZ 4.08
Tarsus 2:31 1.90 ell) 1.63
Total length 19.85 17.54 14.96 20.67

Abdomen: L 19; oval, stout; yellowish white, covered by brown hairs, with 8 sigilla;
abdominal pattern absent. Cribellum: bipartite.

Zi

Genitalia: (Figs. 1A-1E) Epigynum has two depressions. The anterior chitinous ridge
consists of two separate parts. Vulvae are almost confined between the two depressions.
Spermathecae are elongated behind the anterior ridge.

The juvenile specimen is lighter in colour. TL 9.11.

Male: unknown.

Distribution: Egypt: collected by M. Bové, without definite locality (Walckenaer,
1837). Endemic Species, only recorded from Egypt (Roewer, 1954 & Platnick, 2004).

Note on colouration. The colours of this specimen had changed during more than 160
years in alcohol. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to the first description of Walckenaer
(1837), from which the following text is extracted and translated: “Cephalothorax and
legs brown black. Posterior slope side of cephalothorax rounded, brown and covered by
reddish hairs. Clypeus has long hairs which prolong over chelicerae. The chelicerae are
hairy, reddish toward their extremities. Maxillae long, reddish, and very hairy. Sternum
flat, red in the middle, provided with furry hairs on the sides. Legs brown black, short,
robust, with swollen femora, garnished by furry hairs. Abdomen reddish brown, with
some reddish festooned stripes on the posterior part.”

Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908
(Figs. 2A-4B. Tables 2-4)
Eresus petagnae Cambridge, 1876: 554 (misidentification).
Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908: 83; 1910: 294-295, f.5.

Etymology: semicanus: Latin semi- (semis) = half- (one half) + canus = white, hoary
[half hoary]

Material examined: MNHN: Eresus semicanus E.S./ Alexandrie, bottle no.471 (tube
no. AR 836) 14, 39, 16} (with two palps and one epigynum separated). UMO: Eresus
petagnae, B. 507 t.9, 29, 3j Aleyra (Alexandria).

Description: Male (MNHN B.471 - t. AR 836): TL 9.25. Cephalothorax: integument
crimson red, covered by light brown hairs. Cephalic area steeply inclined into thoracic
area. Cephalothorax: L 4.76 ?. Cephalic part: L 3.57, W 4.16; rectangular. Eye
measurements: AME 0.15, ALE 0.14, PME 0.27, PLE 0.17, AM-AM 0.17, AL-AL
3.29, PM-PM 0.41, PL-PL 2.81, AM-AL 1.43, AM-PM 0.08. Thoracic part: W 3.65.
Chelicerae: crimson red, covered by long dense light brown hairs. Sternum L 2.81;
Labium L 1.27; Maxilla L 1.85. Maxillae, Labium: crimson red; Sternum, Coxae:
orange brown; all covered by light brown hairs. Sternum and first coxae darker.
Pedipalps: orange-brown covered by light brown hairs with whitish hairs at joints;
patella and tibia without apophyses; cymbium without processes. Palpal organ (Figs.
2A-2B): tip of conductor bifid (divided). Legs: colouration like pedipalps. Spination:
spines only on ventral side of tarsi, metatarsi and distally on tibiae; few on I, II & III,
numerous on IV. Leg I: metatarsus 0-0-2. Leg II: tarsus 0-2-4; metatarsus 0-1,1-4; tibia
0-0-2. Leg III: tarsus 0-2-4; metatarsus 0-2-4; tibia 0-0-2. Leg IV: tarsus 0-1,1-4;
metatarsus 2-2-2-2-4; tibia 0-0-2.

Abdomen: L 5.17; covered by light brown hairs, with 2 wide longitudinal bands of
whitish hairs dorsally.

28

B

Fig. 2. Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908 ¢ (MNHN).
Male palp: A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. Scale = 0.5 mm.

Table 2. Leg measurements of Eresus semicanus male (MNHN).

Leg I II Il IV
Femur 555 3.02 2.05 3555
Patella 1.80 |e bs ie 1.85
Tibia 2123 1 1.54 2.44
Metatarsus 9: OE 1.96 1.59 Zeit,
Tarsus 1.38 ly, 0.85 1.09
Total length Li AD 9.65 7.90 L1ald

Female (MNHN B.471 - t. AR 836): TL 13.19. Cephalothorax: integument crimson red,
covered by white hairs mixed with light brown hairs. Cephalic area gradually inclined
into thoracic area. Cephalothorax: L 5.03 ?. Cephalic part: L 4.25, W 4.42; almost

22

square. Eye measurements: AME 0.14, ALE 0.17, PME 0.31, PLE 0.20, AM-AM 0.17,
AL-AL 3.44, PM-PM 0.46, PL-PL 3.07, AM-AL 1.48, AM-PM 0.10. Thoracic part: W
4.25. Chelicerae: crimson red, covered by dense white hairs mixed with light brown
hairs. Sternum L 3.34; Labium L 1.43; Maxilla L 2.12. Maxillae, Labium: crimson red;
Sternum, Coxae: orange brown; all covered by creamy white — light brown hairs.
Pedipalps: orange-brown covered by light brown hairs with whitish hairs at joints of
legs; tarsi and tibiae darker; tarsus with claw. Legs: colouration like pedipalps; tarsi,
metatarsi (specially of legs I, II) darker. Spination: spines only on ventral side of tarsi,
metatarsi and distally on tibiae; few on legs I & II, numerous on III & IV.

Table 3. Leg measurements of Eresus semicanus female (MNHN).

Leg I I] Ill IV
Femur 2.91 2.38 2.38 3.44
Patella 1.85 We) 1.48 2A
Tibia 1.85 1.59 1.38 2.33
Metatarsus se es) 1.59 [32 1.96
Tarsus | eal iy) 0.95 0.66 LOT
Total length a 8.26 eb: 10.86

Abdomen: L 9.38; creamy white, covered by light brown hairs, with 8 bare sigilla.
Cribellum bipartite.

Genitalia (Figs. 3A-4B): Epigynum has a trapezoidal chitinous plate. There is a wide
depression between an anterior semi-circular chitinous ridge and the chitinous plate.
Vulvae resemble those of Stegodyphus (Kraus & Kraus, 1988). The MNHN specimen
has vulvae tapering forwards more than in UMO specimen. Spermathecae as depicted in
Figs. 3C, 4B.

Measurements of the other two females and a distinguished juvenile (MNHN):
TL | AbdomenL Cephalothorax L Cephalic partL , W

91 1265 9.66 435 3.54 3.81
Q2 10.88 6.80 4.35 3540 (G81
ivneinl28. & 10:06 5.03 4.62 4.76

Female (UMO B. 507 - t. 9): Different Measurements: TL 17.93 [the smaller female
TL 14.61]. Cephalothorax: L 8.30. Cephalic part: L 5.81, W 5.81; square. Eye
measurements: AME 0.20, ALE 0.22, PME 0.40, PLE 0.22, AM-AM 0.32, AL-AL
4.40, PM-PM 0.60, PL-PL 4.24, AM-AL 2.00, AM-PM 0.08. Thoracic part: L 2.49, W
5.56. Sternum L 4.20; Labium L 2.40; Maxilla L 2.40. Abdomen: L 13.78.

Table 4. Leg measurements of Eresus semicanus female (UMO).

Leg I II Il IV
Femur 4.00 3.48 3.60 4.80
Patella 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.80
Tibia 2.40 2.08 1.80 3.00
Metatarsus 2.08 2.00 1.60 2.60
Tarsus 1.20 120 0.92 1.08
Total length 11.88 10.96 10.12 14.28

30

B C

Fig. 3. Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908 ° (MNHN).
A. Epigynum photograph, ventral view. B. Vulvae photograph, dorsal view.
C. Left vulva, dorsal view. Scale = 0.25 mm.

Distribution: Egypt: Alexandria (about 31°11'08"N 29°53'30"E), Mariout, Suez
(Simon, 1908 & 1910). This species is only recorded from Algeria and Tunisia by
Roewer (1954: 1295) and Platnick (2004). The following note corrects this distribution.
Note. The female specimen of E. semicanus (MNHN) from Birine, Algeria, bottle
no.471 (tube no. AR 842) and the female and juvenile specimens of FE. petagnae
(MNHN) from Djerba, Tunisia, bottle no.471 (tube no. AR 835) do not belong to this
species. They belong to another species which may be undescribed yet.

Note on colouration. The colours of this species’ specimens had changed during more
than 90 years in alcohol. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to the description of Simon
(1908 & 1910), from which the following translation is adopted:

Male: Cephalothorax black, covered by blackish grey hairs, mixed on the rear of
cephalic part with very short red hairs and on the thoracic part with long white scattered
hairs (thoracic part sometimes with marginal red hairs). Abdomen black, pubescent,
covered by black hairs, decorated above by two large bands or by two sets of spots
formed of mixed white and red hairs, and below by white hairs. Chelicerae black with
sparse white hairs. Legs black, covered by black hairs; femora, patellae, tibiae and

31

metatarsi apically with wide white rings. Pedipalp small, black; femur and patella
apically with white rings, the process of bulb unequally bifid. Posterior median eyes
nearly six times larger than the anteriors.

Female: Black. Cephalothorax covered by black hairs and sprinkled with very small
white points formed of very short thick hairs, depressed and acute. Clypeus and
chelicerae, at least in their basal half, densely covered by white or pale yellow hairs.
Abdomen with short black silky pubescence, mixed of some white hairs, sigilla with
fine white borders. Legs black, decorated by white hairs at the joints.

B

Fig. 4. Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908 9 (UMO).
A. Epigynum, ventral view. B. Vulvae, dorsal view. Scale = 0.5 mm.

a2

Species Inquirendae

Eresus petagnae Audouin, 1825

Eresus petagnae Audouin, 1825: 151, pl.4, f.11; 1827: 375-376, pl.4, f.11. Simon, 1873:
357. Cambridge, 1876: 554. Simon, 1884: 326.

This species is recorded from Egypt and Syria (Palestine ?) by Roewer (1954: 1295) and
Platnick (2004) depending on some of the following references:

1. Audouin (1825 & 1827) stated in his brief diagnosis that “this species is analogous
to Eresus frontalis Walckenaer because of the arrangement and size of eyes, but it
essentially differs by lesser number of deep points on dorsal side of the abdomen; they
are only six. The other differences may be in colours.” His drawn specimen seems
juvenile as Simon (1910: 294) stated. It may be E. semicanus, E. pharaonis, or perhaps
Dorceus quadrispilotus Simon, 1908 (Simon, 1910).

2. Walckenaer (1837: 397) considered E. petagnae and E. theis synonyms to
E. imperialis. (= E. cinnaberinus frontalis Latreille, 1819 in Platnick, 2004).

3. Simon (1873) said that “This species seems to be fairly common in Egypt and
Syria. M. Ch. de la Brdlerie brought to me a fairly great number of specimens, but no
one exactly adult.”

4. Cambridge (1876) found adult and immature females of this species under stones
near Alexandria. “But for M. Simon's opinion (... 1873, p. 357), I should have
considered this species to have been identical with Eresus imperialis Duf. (= E.
Jrontalis, Latr.)” (= E. cinnaberinus frontalis Latreille, 1819 in Platnick, 2004).

[The specimens of Cambridge are deposited in UMO. They are 2 females and 3
juveniles. They belong to E. semicanus Simon, 1908.]

5. Simon (1884) mentioned that E. petagnae is widely distributed in Egypt and Syria.

6. Simon (1908: 83) stated that the Egyptian species Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908 is
also found in Tunisia at the isle of Djerba and that it is the species which he wrongly
spoke about under the name of Eresus petagnae in 1884, p.326 (line 12) ?.

[These specimens of Djerba (MNHN) do not belong to E. semicanus but to an
undescribed species. ]

The first description is brief and based as most of the other following descriptions on
juvenile specimens. The adult material of Cambridge (1876) and Simon (1884) belong
to other species. Eresus petagnae has to be considered nomen dubium.

Eresus pulchellus Lucas, 1864

Eresus pulchellus Lucas, 1864: 29. Simon, 1908: 81; 1910: 289. Roewer, 1954: 1296.
Platnick, 2004.

Lucas (1864) proposed three names of new Eresus species: E. siculus from
Sicily (= Eresus walckenaeri Brullé, 1832), E. pulchellus from Nubia, and E. albo-
marginatus from Senegal. The three names were accompanied by very short diagnoses
with a note that their descriptions will be published later. He based his diagnosis of
E. pulchellus on a female specimen collected by M. P.-E. Botta from Nubia, as follows:
“Very small, distinguished from known species by the yellowish longitudinal stripe
which goes over its abdomen dorsally along its length. Length 10 mm.”

33

Simon (1908: 81 & 1910: 289) said that E. pulchellus is probably the male of
Stegodyphus niloticus. (= S. dufouri (Audouin, 1825)). This species is mentioned by
Roewer (1954: 1296) from Nubia and by Platnick (2004) from Egypt. The absence of
description and the unavailability of specimens of this species make it impossible to
state the true identity of this species. It has to be considered nomen nudum. Also, E.
albo-marginatus Lucas, 1864 of Senegal has the same situation.

Doubtful Record

Eresus walckenaeri Brullé, 1832

This species is recorded by Roewer (1954: 1296) from East Mediterranean
countries and Turkestan and by Platnick (2004) as a Mediterranean species. Pavesi
(1878: 389) mentioned that the distribution of Eresus theisii Brullé is Turkey, Syria,
Egypt in addition to Greece. He stated that all the eresid species mentioned in his work,
including E. Petagnae and E. Theisii are very similar, if not identical.
[E. theis Brullé, 1832 = E. walckenaeri Brullé, 1832 (Platnick, 2004)]

There is no definite locality of this species from Egypt in literature and no
available specimens of it from Egypt in the consulted collections. It is here considered a
doubtful record from Egypt.

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to my friends: Dr. Christine
Rollard (MNHN, Paris) who permitted loan of Eresus specimens. Dr. Samir
Ghabbour (Cairo) brought the specimens of Paris Museum to me. Dr. Malgosia
Atkinson (UMO, Oxford) kindly admitted for examination of specimens in the
collection during my visit in 1997. Dr. Jiirgen Gruber (NMW, Vienna) provided me
with references required for this work.

References

Audouin, V. 1825. Explication sommaire des planches d'Arachnides de I'Egypte et de la
Syrie, Publiées par Jules-César Savigny. In: Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des
observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Egypte pendant l'expédition de
l'armée francaise. Histoire Naturelle. Tome Premier 1809. Paris. 4e partie, pp. 99-186.
Atlas: pls. 1-9 (Arachnides).

Audouin, V. 1827. Idem. Ibid. 2" edition. vol.22, pp. 291-430.

Brullé, A. 1832. Expédition scientifique de Morée. Paris, tome III, Ire partie: Zoologie,
2me section: Des Animaux articulé (Araneae, pp. 51-57, pl. 28).

Cambridge, O.P. 1876. Catalogue of a collection of spiders made in Egypt, with
descriptions of new species and characters of a new genus. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, pp.541-630, pl.58-60.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). Serket, 8(2): 73-83.

Kraus, O. & Kraus, M. 1988. The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling
species, species groups, and parallel origin of social living. Verh. naturwiss. Ver.
Hamburg, 30: 151-254.

34

Lucas, H. 1864. Note relative a plusieurs espéces d'Eresus inédites.* Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.
(4) 4(Bull.): 28-29.

Pavesi, P. 1878. Aracnidi aggiunto un catalogo sistematico delle specie di Grecia. Ann.
Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova, 11: 335-396.

Platnick, N.I. 2004. The world spider catalog, version 4.5. American Museum of
Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.
html [Family Eresidae, last updated December 25, 2002]

Roewer, C.F. 1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1.Band 1040pp. Bremen.

Roewer, C.F. 1954. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2.Band Abt.b
pp.925-1751. Bruxelles.

Simon, E. 1864. Histoire Naturelle des Araignées. Edit I. Paris, 540 pp., 207 figs.

Simon, E. 1873. Etudes arachnologiques. 2e Mémoire. III. Note sur les espéces
européennes de la famille des Eresidae. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France
(5) 3: 335-358, pl. 10, figs. 8-13.

Simon, E. 1884. Etudes Arachnologiques, 16e Mémoire, XXIII Matériaux pour servir a
la faune des Arachnides de la Gréce. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 6 (4): 305-356.

Simon, E. 1885. Etude sur les Arachnides recueillis en Tunisie en 1883 et 1884 par
MM. A. Letourneux, M. Sédillot et Valery Mayet, membres de la mission de
l'Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. In Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie.
Paris, pp. 1-55.

Simon, E. 1908. Etude sur les espéces de la famille des Eresidae qui habitent |'Egypte.
Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 1: 77-84.

Simon, E. 1910. Catalogue raisonné des Arachnides du Nord de I'Afrique (Ire partie).
Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 79: 265-332. figs. 1-13.

Walckenaer, C.A. de 1837. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Aptéres. (Paris) 1: 1-682 pl.
t=15.

* This is the oldest title of this note which had no original title. It was mentioned in this
form in p. 260 of: Tables générales des Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
1861-1880 Paris [1885]. Rédigées par M. Ed. Lefevre.

It was also mentioned in Roewer’s “Katalog der Araneae” (1942, p.17) as:
[Note sur trois Eresus. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 4(Bull.): 28-29.] and by Platnick (2004) as:
[Sur trois nouvelles especes d'Eresus.].

35

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American Museum of Natura
History

Received on: 07-26-04

AMNH LIBRARY

Cairo - Egypt

20uU4

SERKET
Volume 9 Part 2

October, 2004 Cairo, Egypt

Contents

Page

Life Cycle of Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) in Egypt
(Araneida : Theridiidae)

Gihan M. E. Sallam 37

Intraspecific diversity of morphological characters of the
burrowing scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) in
Egypt (Arachnida: Scorpionida: Scorpionidae)

Ismail Abdel-Nabi, Alistair McVean, Mohamed Abdel-Rahman
& Mohamed Alaa Omran 4]

Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974, a new record from Egypt
(Araneida : Oecobiidae)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy 68

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Serket (2004) vol. 9(2): 37-40.

Life Cycle of Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805)
in Egypt (Araneida : Theridiidae)

Gihan M. E. Sallam
Plant Protection Research Institute,
Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805), family Theridiidae, was found among
wild plants in Sallant village, near El-Mansoura city, El-Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Its
life cycle was studied in laboratory. Males reached maturity after 6-7 spiderling instars
(200+12.6 days), and females after 6-8 spiderling instars (223+24.7 days). Different
instars were reared on different stages of larvae of cotton leaf worm. Food consumption
was studied, in addition to an experiment of food preference. Mating behaviour was
briefly described.

Keywords: Life cycle, Feeding, Food preference, Mating behaviour, Spiders, Theridiidae,
Steatoda paykulliana, Egypt.

Introduction

Family Theridiidae is one of the most important families of spiders. It includes
2208 species of 80 genera distributed all over the world (Platnick, 2003). Six species of
genus Sfeatoda Sundevall, 1833 are recorded among 25 species of 10 genera of
Theridiidae in Egypt (El-Hennawy, 2002a, 2002b).

Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) was recorded from Alexandria and
southern Sinai (El-Hennawy, 2002a). There are no studies on S. paykulliana in Egypt till
now, while there is only an unpublished study of Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802)
by Rahil (1988). Therefore, it is necessary to study its life cycle and to try to know its
role in the agroecosystem.

Material and Methods

Adult female of Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) was collected on 28"
March 2003 from Sallant village near El-Mansoura city, El-Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
It was found among wild plants adjacent to cultivated plants. It was reared inside a test
tube where she laid an egg sac on 19" April 2003 which was observed till hatching. The
hatched spiderlings were individually reared inside translucent plastic containers (3 cm in
diameter and 5 cm in length); the upper lid of the container was perforated for ventilation.
All obtained spiderlings were reared under laboratory conditions of 26-28°C and 60-70 %
R.H. They were fed once every two days on different stages of 1‘'-4" instars of larvae of
cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833).

After reaching adulthood, 10 couples of a male and a female were reared in
separate containers to observe mating behaviour and oviposition.

An experiment of food preference by 16 adult females was achieved on three
insect species, 1.e. larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae),
and adults of the Mediterranean fruit-fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and the
Peach fruit-fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders, 1841) (Order Diptera, Family Tephritidae).

Results and Discussion

Egg sac, eggs and incubation period

The egg sac was spherical in shape, white in colour at first and became dark
before hatching. The eggs inside the egg sac were circular and yellow at the beginning,
after laying, and became dark before hatching. On 14"" May 2003, 58 individuals hatched
and emerged from the egg sac through a round pore at the tip of the egg sac, they were
reared under laboratory conditions. The incubation period of eggs of S. paykulliana lasted
for 25 days.

Spiderlings

During rearing the 58 spiderlings of S. paykulliana, 4 individuals escaped before
reaching maturity, 14 individuals died before adulthood, 40 individuals reached adult
stage.

The spiderlings passed through 6-7 instars for males and 6-8 instars for females
during their development (Table 1). Twenty percent of males became adult after six
moults, while the eighty percent moulted seven times. Most females (52.27%) reached
maturity after seven moults, while 8.60% only moulted six times and 39.13% moulted
eight times. The longest duration was that of the 5" instar of female and the 6" instar of
male. The shortest instar was the 1‘ through the 3" ones for both male and female.

In this respect, Rahil (1988) observed that the female of Steatoda triangulosa
(Walckenaer, 1802) passed through 3-4 instars and the male passed through 2-4 instars at
25°C when they fed on Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758). Hussein et al. (2003) studied
some biological aspects of Anelosimus aulicus (Koch, 1838) (Theridiidae), feeding on
Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 and a mixture of both of
them. A. aulicus passed through five spiderling instars before reaching adulthood for both
male and female.

Sex ratio
The sex ratio of adults was 1 : 1.35 (male : female) and this differed that of S.

triangulosa which was 1 : 1.1 (Rahil, 1988).

38

Table 1: Duration of the different developmental stages of the theridiid spider
Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) in Egypt.

Male Female
Mean Mean
[inser | 524 | 13] 61 | 326 | 3 | 6
[Pins | 23-77 | 53 | 12 | 260 | 4 | a
Paes Sas SS ee ee

Food consumption

During the study of food consumption of S. paykulliana, different spiderling
instars and adults were fed on various instars of S. littoralis larvae. Both first and second
instars of spiderlings were fed on the first instar of S. littoralis. Third and fourth instars of
spiderlings were fed on the second instar of prey. Fifth and sixth instars of spiderlings
were fed on the third instar of the prey, while the seventh and eighth instars of spiderlings
were fed on the fourth instar of the prey. Number of consumed preys by different
spiderling instars is in Table 2.

Developmental
Stage

Table 2: Food consumption of the theridiid spider Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer,
1805) in Egypt, feeding on larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833).

Range SD
ne
Pins [otto [a9 | a] 6s} @2 | 39)
a a a eS Se ee

Food preference

This experiment depended on 16 adult females. It was performed to investigate
the feeding preference of the adult female of S. paykulliana, using three different preys.
The preys were S. littoralis, C. capitata and B. zonata. The results revealed that:

Developmental
Stage

39

e 6.25 % of the female spiders immediately attacked larvae and only fed on them.

e 56.25 % of the spiders immediately attacked flies and only fed on them

e 12.50 % of the spiders paralyzed larvae at first without feeding, then attacked flies and
fed on them.

e 25% of the spiders did not feed on any of the available preys.

Mating behaviour

The mating behaviour of 10 couples of a male and a female S. paykulliana was
observed. Mating process was achieved through the following steps:
1. The approach of both the male and the female towards each other until touching of
their legs.
2. Rubbing male's pedipalps by each other.
3. More approach between male and female and overlapping of their legs.
4. Pedipalp of the male comes in contact with the cephalothorax of the female trying to
reach the epigynum (about 5 times).
5. Male inserts the tip of the left palpal organ inside the epigynum of the female with
contracting and relaxing of the male’s abdomen (10 minutes).
6. Male leaves the female with rubbing the pedipalps with each other.
7. Female comes near the male which repeats the steps 3-5 but with the right palpal organ
(8 minutes).

Notes on mating and devouring
1. 30% of the females mated with males and did not devour them.
2. 30% of the females did not mate with nor devour males.
3. 40% of the females did not mate with males and devoured them one day later.
4, In one case, a male mated two times with two separate different females.
It is obvious that devouring male in this species is not related to mating with female.
They may live in the same area for a few days without cannibalism.

Acknowledgment
The author is indebted to Col. Hisham K. El-Hennawy (Cairo) who collected and
identified the spider species and kindly revised a draft of the manuscript.
References
El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002a. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). Serket, 8(2): 73-83.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002b. The Egyptian Arachnids. Publication no. 12 of National Biodiversity
Unit, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Nature Conservation Sector. 110 pp., 16
colour plates (In Arabic)

Hussein, A.M., Hassan, M.F. & Ahmad, N.F.R. 2003. Biological aspects of Anelosimus aulicus
(Koch, 1838) (Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae) in Egypt. Serket, 8(4) : 129-134.

Platnick, N.I. 2003. The world spider catalog, version 4.0. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog8 | -87/index.html

Rahil, A.A.R. 1988. Ecological and biological studies on the spiders at Fayoum. M.Sc. Thesis,
Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ., 133pp.

40

Serket (2004) vol. 9(2): 41-67.

Intraspecific diversity of morphological characters of the burrowing
scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) in Egypt
(Arachnida: Scorpionida: Scorpionidae)

Ismail M. Abdel-Nabi '*, Alistair McVean 7, Mohamed A. Abdel-Rahman!
and Mohamed Alaa A. Omran !

' Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
? School of biological Science, Royal Holloway London University, Egham, Surrey,
TW20 OEX, UK

Abstract

The general objective of the present study is to examine the intraspecific variations in the
morphological characters of the scorpion, Scorpio maurus palmatus, populations inhabiting
different geographic regions in Egypt. Whereas the specific objective is dealing with the impact
of the environmental factors, biotic and abiotic, on the intraspecific variations of this scorpion
species. Scorpions were collected from three locations in South Sinai, i.e. Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-
Agramia, Wadi Rahaba, which represent the arid area and a region in the Western Mediterranean
Coastal Desert (WMCD), which represents the semiarid area. Random soil samples were taken
from all sites for physical and chemical analysis as well as the available plants and insects around
the scorpions burrows were collected and identified. The depths of the scorpions’ burrows were
measured and their different shapes were recorded. Several statistical analyses were carried out
for the tested parameters to explain the complicated interaction between them. Most of the
morphometric measurements (total body length, pedipalp length, pedipalp hand width, number of
setae on legs and number of pectinal teeth) revealed highly significant differences within and
among populations. Pearson correlation matrix of some morphometric measurements and
environmental factors (altitude, soil nature, climate) showed an interaction between them.
Discriminat Functions Analysis (DFA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) showed that
WMCD population is highly distinct from the other populations in Sinai. These results indicated
that: 1- Scorpio maurus palmatus exhibits a general morphological separation between
populations, 2- intraspecific diversity in this species may be due to variation in the environmental
conditions (biotic and abiotic factors), and 3- total body length, pedipalp length as well as number
of setae can be used as good markers to examine intraspecific diversity of most scorpion species.

Keywords: Intraspecific diversity, South Sinai, Western Mediterranean Coastal Desert, Egypt,
Scorpions, Scorpionidae, Scorpio maurus palmatus.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: ismail_nabi@excite.com

Introduction

Scorpions, members of class Arachnida, are very ancient chelicerate arthropods.
Order Scorpionida (Scorpiones) includes 1259 described species in 16 living families and
155 genera (Fet et al., 2000). Scorpions live in tropical and temperate regions of the
world, within 50 degrees North and South of the Equator. They live in forests, savannas,
deserts, and some species are even found in mountains over 5000m of altitude. All
scorpions are nocturnal, hiding during the day under stones, wood, or tree bark, in termite
hills, and other protected places. Some species seem to be attracted by human habitation
and live around the human dwellings and even inside of them (Anderson, 1983).

Although, scorpions are one of the oldest and most common animals in the world,
they had received little attention from the biological point of view. In Egypt, most of
publications dealt with the toxicity of its venom (Omran ef al, 1992a and b; Omran &
Abdel-Rahman 1992 and 1994; Omran & McVean, 2000; Omran, 2003). A few
publications dealt with its morphology, anatomy, embryology and histology (Khalil eg al.,
1983a, b and 1985; El-Bakary, 1990 and 1998); systematics and ecology (El-Hennawy,
1987, 1992 and 2002; Moustafa, 1988); and physiology (El-Bakary, 1986).

Scorpions were known to people since ancient eras. The ancient Egyptians
documented them in their writings. Modern scientific writings did not mention scorpions
until 1825 in the book “Description de l'Egypte” and what was recorded by the French
scientist Savigny and completed by his student Audouin and contained a description of
three species of one family. A few publications followed during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries introducing us to more species of scorpions that live in Egypt. The list
of Egyptian scorpions currently includes 24 species classified under 13 genera of four
different families, Buthidae, Diplocentridae, Euscorpiidae and Scorpionidae, (EI-
Hennawy, 2002).

Genus Scorpio belongs to subfamily Scorpioninae, Family Scorpionidae. It is
recorded from North Africa, Middle East to Iran and Arabia. It is now generally accepted
that there is only one species in this genus: Scorpio maurus (Linnaeus, 1758) which
includes 18 subspecies (Fet et al., 2000). Socrpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg 1828) is
mainly recorded in Egypt from near Alexandria, Wadi Natrun, Cairo, El-Faiyum and
Sinai (El-Hennawy, 1992, 2002). A good full description of S. m. palmatus is included in
the work of Levy and Amitai (1980). It was chosen to study the intraspecific diversity of
scorpions’ morphology in Egypt in this study. It is found on browned sandy soils, loess
and alluvial soils and in stony desert. It burrows and can move stones heavier than itself.
Each scorpion lives alone in a burrow, but concentrations of hundreds of burrows may be
found in certain areas. The burrows have a crescent-shaped opening and run fairly
parallel to the ground for about 10 cm after which it runs downwards for 20 to 70 cm. The
bottom is slightly enlarged. The animal leaves the burrow at night or stands at the
entrance with the pincers slightly raised. Parturition occurs in August-September with 8-
13 young scorpions. S. m. palmatus preys small and large arthropods. It does not sting
readily and the sting is not very painful to humans (Levy & Amitai, 1980). Males have
been observed (Rosin & Shulov, 1961) to produce sounds by rapidly striking the posterior
half of the mesosoma against the ground. This species prefers areas of high precipitation,
dense vegetation and deep soil. Apparently, these factors also provide them with a
suitable microclimate for maintaining optimal water and thermal balance (Warburg ef al.,
1980).

The general objective of the present study is to examine the intraspecific
variations in the morphological characters of the scorpion, Scorpio maurus palmatus,
populations inhabiting different geographic regions in Egypt. Whereas the specific

42

objective is dealing with the impact of the environmental factors, biotic and abiotic, on
the intraspecific variations of this scorpion species.

The study area

The present study was carried out in two different geographical regions in Egypt
(Fig. 1). The first was located in the southern part of Sinai Peninsula, which represents
the arid area and is geographically separated from the rest of the Egyptian land by the
Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez. Three locations in this region were chosen as separate
wadis (valleys) near Saint Catherine (Wadi Sahab 28°4233 N 33°4716 E 910m Altitude,
Wadi El-Agramia 28°4539N 33°5439E 1225m Alt., and Wadi Rahaba 28°25'154'N
33°5954E 1676m Alt.). The second region was located in the Western Mediterranean
Coastal Desert (WMCD), west of Alexandria, which represents the semi arid area
(30°5591 N 2993527 E 30.5m Alt.).

A. Sinai Peninsula
1. Locations and Geography

Sinai Peninsula (Fig. 1) is a triangular plateau (61000 km”) occupying the north-
eastern corner of Egypt (Said, 1990). South Sinai area is about 28400 km?, 46% of the
total area of Sinai Peninsula (South Sinai Governorate, 1997). The study area (Fig. 2) was
located between latitudes 28°10' and 29°10' N, and longitudes 33°15' and 34°39' E. It
covers three main areas representing different vegetation types, altitudinal variation,
landform and climatic variations. These areas are: 1- Wadi El-Agramia in the centre of
South Sinai, 2- Wadi Sahab in the west, and 3- Wadi Rahaba in the east (Fig. 2).

Mediterranean Sea
say AS {
, L

Fig. 1. The study area. A South Sinai,
@ Western Mediterranean Coastal Desert.

Fig. 2. Location map of South Sinai showing the study areas (Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-
Agramia and Wadi Rahaba) around St. Catherine.

2. Geology and Geomorphology
The northern part of Sinai is almost entirely covered by sedimentary rocks, mostly
limestone. In the southern part, the basement rocks occupy about 7000 km? surface area,

43

forming a triangular mass of mountains with its apex at Ras Mohammad to the south. The
Sinai massif contains much granite and other magmatic and metamorphic rocks
(Hammad, 1980). The Sinai massive is dissected by numerous incised wadis. The highest
peak, Gebel (Mountain) Catherine attains an altitude of 2641m above sea level. Due to
the Massif Mountains in the centre, South Sinai has a wide range of altitudinal variation
(Said, 1990). The altitudinal gradient decreases from St. Catherine area going eastward
till Gulf of Aqaba and westward till Gulf of Suez.

The study area has two main landform types: Wadis and Plains. The term wadi
designates a dried riverbed in a desert area. A wadi may be transformed into a temporary
watercourse after heavy rain. Wadi bed is covered with alluvial deposits with different
thickness and structure from location to another. The soil is usually composed of the same
composition as the parent rocks and varied in texture from fine silt or clay to gravels and
boulders (Kassas, 1952 and Kassem, 1981). In general, the depth of alluvial deposits and
smoothness has a negative relation with the altitude. Plains are flat expanses of desert
where deep alluvial deposits are found. The desert plains represent a very late stage in the
arid erosion cycle (Kassas, 1952).

2.1. Wadi El-Agramia (Fig. 2) is one of the most important physiographic features of St.
Catherine area. It is located about 30 km to the northeast of St. Catherine city and covers
an area of about 25 km”. It is a gravel-stream wide plain with surface cobbles and about
10% of the basal area. The area has two main localities; Agramia plain, and Wadi Hargos.
The altitude of the area ranges between 1000 to 1500m above sea level. Geographically,
the exposed rocks in the area are granitoids with some basic to intermediate dykes.
Separate granitic outcrops are sporadically distributed over the general slope of the study
area and towards the entrance of Wadi Hargos (Shendi, 1992).

2.2. Wadi Rahaba (Fig. 2) lies in the south of St. Catherine as a part of Wadi Nasb
Basin. It is filled with alluvial deposits of gravelled and coarse sandy soil surface. The
plain is surrounded by granitic hills. Nasb Basin starts from south of St. Catherine and
runs eastward to Dahab city on the Gulf of Aqaba. This basin includes Wadi El-Asbatya,
Wadi Rasis, Wadi Talat El-Ghofra, Wadi Rahaba, Wadi Nasb and Wadi Zahara. The
nature of soil surface starts rocky (about: 80% coarse sand and gravel, 20% cobbles). At
the end of the basin, the soil surface is covered mainly by fine and coarse sand (Abd El-
Wahab, 2003).

2.3. Wadi Sahab (Fig. 2) lies at about 40 km to the west of St. Catherine area, and 15 km
of Feiran Oasis. It is a tributary of Wadi Feiran. Wadi Sahab is relatively flat and broad,
on its bed there are no big boulders as those found in steep wadis. On the surface there are
little stones. The soil may be considered to be sandy soil because sand constitutes the
greatest part of soil at all depths (El-Naggar, 1991).

3. Climate

According to UNEP (1992), arid and semiarid environments occupy about 37% of
the land on earth. Sixty four percent of the global dry lands and 97% of hyper arid desert
are concentrated in Africa and Asia. South Sinai is characterized by an arid to extremely
arid climate (Danin, 1986). Available meteorological data (rainfall, temperature, relative
humidity, wind speed, and evaporation) of number of stations in South Sinai mainly
collected from the Meteorological Authority, Water Research Centre, El-Tur Meteoro-
logical Station, and Saint Catherine Research Centre are summarized in Table (1).

44

Table 1. Available meteorological data of some stations in South Sinai, Egypt, compiled
from different sources.

St. Catherine 1979-1992 *

«08 peregrine ea ea
rsa) [58] rT «| os] oa[ oo[ oo] ox] oo] or] wa 27
resiumiaiy%) | a] Ba] 4] one] 9| 272] 26a[ sox] 28a] sro] a] 27
[meas tom-cc | 43] val 17] 244] 2x3] soa| aval 69[ 7] 201] | vos
fmintenn-co | v4[ v4 a6| v0] v25[ wa[ ins[ ea] el ais]_ea] a3)
favraetemn co | 79] 13[ va ver] anal sles] a5] a1 [asl ae] 3
Penney | 57] 73] v3| ae[ asa] aa] wa] o9[ ver] wel val
El-Tur 1998-2002 ~
Fwinwscoanmn) | via] wail | we] vas] 3] vee] a] isa] vee] os] 8]
Presto | a7] «| «| sa| eo] wes] cal onl ela [ sta] aa
[mintatemp co) | wa[ 212| 243[ 269[ 297] s06| sa] x4] sal ans] 285] aa
[mineno-cO | 118] 28] isa] vas] 22a[ 259] 262[ 269] 26 | 223] 85] 125
Pawaetee-coy | sal v1 veal aan] asel anal aval seal we ae[ 05] v6

Evap. = evaporation, M. = mean, Max. = maximum, Min. = minimum, Rel. = relative,
Temp = temperature - * Abd El-Wahab(2003) ** El-Tur Meteorological Station

3.1 Temperature

Due to the wide range of altitude, South Sinai is characterized by a wide range of
variation in air temperature. The lowest monthly mean minimum temperature ranges
between 1.4°C at St. Catherine and 15.8°C at Sharm El-Sheikh, while the highest
monthly mean maximum temperature varies between 30.8 and 35.8°C. St. Catherine is
the coolest area in Sinai and Egypt as a whole due to its high elevation (1500-2641m asl).
The low elevation wadis are warmer. Climatic data clarify the aridity situation of the
study area and give an obvious note about climatic changes in St. Catherine and El-Tur
areas.

3.2. Relative humidity and Evaporation

In St. Catherine area, the relative humidity (Table 1) ranges between 24.9% in
May and 49.8% in January. The evaporation there is greater during summer than winter,
with maximum of 17.7 mm in June and minimum of 5.7 mm in January.

3.3. Precipitation

Most of the precipitation in South Sinai occurs during winter and spring.
Considerable precipitation occurs as a result of convective rains that are very local in
extent and irregular in occurrence. Precipitation may occur as snow on the high peaks of
South Sinai Mountains. The mean annual rainfall is 42.59 mm at Saint Catherine. The
annual rainfall of Saint Catherine decreased from 60.4 mm in 1930’s to 42.6 mm in
1990’s (Abd El-Wahab, 2003). Rainfall in South Sinai is characterized by extreme
variability in both time and space. The rainfall data in the historical past and recently
revealed the occurrence of climatic cycles manifested by periods of rainy years
alternating with droughty ones, with a general trend toward more aridity (Fig. 3). The
spatial variability is extent in that one locality may have amount of rainfall that resulted in
floods, and at the same time there is no rainfall in another locality a few kilometres

45

distant. Rainfall data recorded from two different stations at St. Catherine demonstrates
this variability. The first station (1550m above sea level) recorded 72.6 and 119 mm for
the years 1993 and 1994 respectively, while the other station (1350m above sea level)
recorded 47.2, and 48.1 mm for those years respectively (Abd El-Wahab, 2003).

£
E
s
=
=
Cs
a

Fig. 3. Annual rainfall of St. Catherine (1971-1997).
Mean annual rainfall was 42.59 mm.

4. Vegetation and Flora

The Sinai Peninsula has the geographical importance of being the meeting place
of Africa and Asia. Therefore, its flora combines elements from these two continents,
Sahara-Arabian, Irano-Turanua, Mediterranean and Sudanian elements (McGinnies et a.,
1968; Zohary, 1973; and Moustafa, 1990). In general, the vegetation is characterized by
sparseness of plant cover of semi shrubs, restricted to wadis or growing on slopes of
rocky hills and in sand fields and paucity of trees (Danin, 1986). However the lower
altitudes support vegetation only in wadis, while that of the upper altitudes have a diffuse
pattern (Danin, 1978). The vegetation of St. Catherine area is characterized by the
dominance of four families: Compositae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, and Cruciferae
(Moustafa, 1990).

B. Western Mediterranean Coastal Desert (WMCD)

1. Location and Geography
The second study area was the Western Mediterranean Coastal Desert. Scorpions

were collected from Bahig village near Burg El-Arab city which belongs to Alexandria
Governorate (Fig. 1). It is bordered from the east by Alexandria city and from the west by
El-Hammam city. The Mediterranean Sea coast represents the northern border of the
study area. The WMCD is a distinct northern part of the Western Desert. This desert
extends from Alexandria westward about 600 km to Sallum and varies in width from 15
to 30 km in the eastern and central sections to a few kilometres in the west, south of the
cliffs at Sallum. Various names applied to this region such as Marmarica (Hassib, 1951),
Mareotis District (Kassas, 1955), Western Mediterranean Coastal Region (Tackholm,
1956), and Qattara littoral (Meigs, 1966). This coastal desert differs from the Sinai littoral
in the fact that it is calcareous rather than siliceous, it has a higher rainfall and relative
humidity, low wind speed and temperature as well as it has the richest flora in Egypt
other than that of the Gebel Elba area (Tadros, 1953 and MD-MD, 1994).

2. Geology and Geomorphology
At various intervals west of Alexandria, dunes of white oolitic sand form the

coastline. Usually paralleling the sandy coast is a series of two valleys containing salt
marshes alternating with limestone ridges (Shata, 1955). A few relatively short wadis

46

drain the annual runoff from the coastal desert. During heavy rains, they become torrents
carrying large quantities of soil into the sea. With the introduction of irrigation water via
canals from the Nile Delta, the coastal area as far west as El-Hammam is rapidly being
changed. The most remarkable feature in the study area is the presence of a number of
alternating ridges and depressions running parallel to the coast in the east-west direction.
These ridges are formed from limestone with a hard crystallized crust and vary in altitude
and lithological features according to the geological age (Ayyad, 1993)

3. Climate
3.1. Temperature and relative humidity

According to Tornwhite climatic classification methodology the WMCD region is
classified as a semi-arid area. The annual mean temperature is 19.3°C and the annual
mean relative humidity is 63.4%. Available meteorological data (rainfall, temperature,
relative humidity, wind speed, and evaporation) of Alexandria Governorate, mainly
collected from El-Dabaa Meteorological Station and Alexandria-Nouzha Meteorological
Station, are summarized in Table (2).

3.2. Precipitation

The annual rainfall of Alexandria is 109 mm (Table 2). The WMCD from Sallum
to the Nile Delta receives an average winter rainfall of 70-200 mm each year. The amount
of rainfall decreases to about 80 mm at Port Said and to about half that of Alexandria at
E]-Arish in northern Sinai (Migahid et a/., 1955). A considerable amount of dew is
precipitated on the WMCD during the rainless part of the year and is reported to be of
significance to shallow rooted plants (Migahid & Ayyad, 1959).

Table 2: Available Meteorological data of Alexandria Governorate and WMCD, Egypt,
compiled from different sources.

Er OO
feito | af al «| «| s| «|| aps] «| al a
acme te-co| vas] 09] val m7] 255] af m2] 5| ar] nm mal wy
Pin Fenn [en wel on a] ves] va] 02[_m1 [wr] vse] 9]
Favret co | 27] bal _us| soa] a] na] as| ase) x2] 204] ao
Pwasspesmiy [9] ual nsf von] 93] of 99)» [ae] ea] v9) my

1998-2002

Fweaenonm [eo] Ta] eof er] as] o7 o3[ sf v9[ a3[ wef
Pearieniaon | <7] aa] aul as] es] v5] v7] val v9] o | wel ee
Pc temn co | rs] aus|_me[ ase] ze] 205] o17] 306] ora] nel as
Pacman tee.cor | 91] 94[ 09] vel] zis] m5] | 221] vos] el ne
avae Tew. | 83] 46) 163) 09) ans] ans] anal asf an [ x [pel ar

M. = mean, Max. = maximum, Min. = minimum, Rel. = relative, Temp = temperature
* E]-Dabaa Meteorological Station (MD-MD, 1994) ** Alexandria-Nouzha Meteorological Station

3.3. Wind
The annual mean wind speed is about 12.6 km/hr (Table 2). Wind velocity is

greater on the coast than inland; especially in winter (Migahid ef al., 1955) along with salt

47

spray, which is a major limiting factor suppressing development of vegetation on exposed
ridges and cliffs near the seacoast.

4. Vegetation and Flora

The four phytogeographical zones of WMCD have been defined by Kassas (1955)
as follows: (1) Littoral oolitic sand dunes, (2) Sublittoral and inland oolitic limestone
ridges 3 km apart, (3) Salt marsh between the two rocky ridges, and (4) Inland plains.
Grazing and cutting for fuel have completely removed the vegetation from extensive
areas around towns and villages and affected it elsewhere. In areas developed to
agriculture, native plants have been reduced to a few species (Boulos, 2002).

Material and Methods

The present work has been designed to investigate the intraspecific diversity of
the morphological characters of Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) in Egypt.
This scorpion species was chosen for the following reasons: (1) it is distributed in both
arid and semiarid habitats, (2) it lives alone and not in communities inside burrows along
its life cycle, and (3) the unique structure of its venom as well as its pharmacological
properties. The scorpions were collected from two different geographical locations in
Egypt. The first was the southern region of Sinai Peninsula, which represents the arid area
and the second area that represents the semiarid area, was the western Mediterranean
coastal desert (WMCD).

Samples collecting: Scorpions were collected from the study areas, i.e. WMCD, Wadi.
Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba, during August-September, 2001. They were
collected during daytime by observing, surveying and locating the location of their
burrows followed by excavation of the inhabitants (Williams, 1968a). The captive
scorpions were kept alive in separate suitable plastic containers, in order to avoid
cannibalism. At the same time, the depths of the scorpion's burrows were measured and
their different shapes and designs were also drawn. The scorpion specimens’ species from
all sites were identified according to the key of El-Hennawy (1987). Random soil samples
were taken from all sites for physical and chemical analysis. In addition, the available
plants and insects around the scorpion's burrows were collected and identified in Faculty
of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.

Preservation of scorpion samples: For taxonomic and morphological studies, scorpions

were treated according to Williams (1968b), as follows:

1. Killing: Heat shock is accomplished by dropping living specimens into hot water (90-
99°C) until the metasoma straightens out.

2. Fixation: Immediately after killing, specimens were rinsed and left for 12-48 hours in
the following fixative: a. Formalin, commercial strength: 12 parts, b. Isopropyl alcohol
99%: 30 parts, c. Glacial acetic acid: 2 parts, d. Distilled water: 56 parts.

3. Permanent storage: Specimens were rinsed in 50% isopropyl alcohol for an hour and
transferred to 70% isopropyl alcohol for permanent storage in a dark place to avoid
fading.

Morphometric measurements of scorpions

Ten adult individuals of each sex were collected from each location (WMCD,
Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia. and Wadi Rahaba) for morphological analysis. Maturity
was determined by body size and secondary sexual characteristics. In males, the length of
the genital papillae was the primary indicator of maturity; sexually mature males

48

manifested a pronounced papilla compared with immature (Polis & Farley, 1979). For
females, the smallest gravid individual offspring in each population was used as a crude
measure of maturity; all larger females were considered mature.

We analyzed 10 meristic (countable) and 29 continuous characters. The following
meristic characters were measured: number of pectinal teeth (right and left), denticles of
the sixth row on the fixed pedipalp finger (right and left), sixth row denticles of the
movable pedipalp finger (right and left), number of setae on the first and second right
legs, and the third leg (right and left). The continuous measured characters were: total
body length, carapace length, pedipalp length (from base to the tip of the fixed finger),
pedipalp hand (length and width), fourth right leg femur length, mesosoma length,
metasoma length, metasomal segments from 1-5 (length, width and height), telson (length
and width), pectinal teeth length (right and left), and marginal lamellae length of pecten
(right and left). Scorpion mensuration was standardized by Stahnke (1970), and the
continuous measurements were taken with a vernier calliper of 0.05 mm accuracy and eye
piece micrometer (1/100 mm graduation). All measurements are in millimetres.

Analysis of the environmental factors: In an attempt to reveal a relationship between
environmental factors and diversity of scorpions morphology, the following
measurements were taken. Surface soil samples (0-30cm depth) were collected from the
four locations in tightly plastic containers (5 replicas from each site) and transferred to
the laboratory. Soil samples were air-dried, thoroughly mixed and sieved through a 2 mm
sieve to exclude large particles that are less reactive (Robertson et al., 1999).

Physical analysis of soil

1. Grain size analysis: The air-dried samples were disaggregated by hand and then split
using a cone and quarter technique. About 50 grams of the prepared samples were taken
for mechanical analysis using standard sets of sieves. All samples were shacked in Ro-
Shaker for 15 minutes. The collected sieve fractions were accurately weighed and grain-
size parameters were statistically calculated (Folk, 1974).

2. Total moisture content: The actual moisture content of the soil fluctuates depending
upon the composition of the soil, topographic location, and climatic variation. A soil
sample is weighed in a tarred aluminium container, placed in an oven, and dried at 105°C.
Then the sample is reweighed, and the content of moisture is expressed as percentage of
the oven dry weight (Wilde et al., 1972).

Chemical analysis of soil

1. Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen ion activity in the soil solution. Soil pH is probably
the single most informative measurement that can be made to determine soil
characteristics. It can be used to make a rough estimate of availability of some essential
nutrients (Thomas, 1996). Soil pH was measured electrometrically, using pH meter model
HI 8014 Hanna Ins. Italy, in soil suspension of ratio 1 : 5 soil to water. The soil-water
mixture was first shaken for 2 hours then pH was measured (Jackson, 1974),

2. Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Salts

Electrical conductivity (EC) is a numerical expression of the ability of an aqueous
solution to carry an electric current. It is generally related to the total solute concentration
and can be used as a quantitative expression of dissolved salt concentration (Rhoades,
1996). Soil EC was measured in soil water extract 1 : 5 using conductivity meter model
HI 8033 Hanna Ins. Estimation of total dissolved salts (TDS) in (mg/L) was calculated
by multiplying values of EC obtained by 640 (Westerman, 1990).

49

3. Soil Organic Matter (SOM)

Soil organic matter influences many soil properties, including (i) the capacity of
soil to supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metals to plants, (ii) infiltration and
retention of water, (iii) degree of aggregation and overall structure that affect air and
water relationships, (iv) cation exchange capacity, (v) soil colour. SOM was measured
using loss-ignition method carried out at high temperature. This method gives
quantitative oxidation of organic matter (Nelson & Sommers, 1996).

Data Analysis

Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software (Statistical Package for
Social Science, Version 11.01) (Dancey and Reidy, 2002). Tabulation and graphics of
data were done using Microsoft Excel XP. Descriptive statistics analyses including mean,
standard error (Zar, 1984) were applied to all the morphometric measurements of
scorpions and environmental factors in each locality to have a preliminary description
about the status of the morphological characters of the scorpions from the different
locations.

1. Variation within population

To explain variation within each population of scorpions (sexual dimorphism),
comparison between all the morphological characters of males and females in each
location was done. Student's unpaired f-test was used to reveal this hypothesis.

2. Variation among populations

One-way ANOVA was carried out to test this hypothesis for all morphological
characters (variables) of scorpions. ANOVA was applied to find out if there is a
significant difference between males from different sites (site is a covariate) and between
females from separate sites as well. In addition, One-way ANOVA was used to test
variation in the environmental factors between different sites. Duncan's multiple range
post ANOVA test, was carried out to determine which means differ within different areas
for those variables showing significant F ratio. Two-way factorial ANOVA design using
General Linear Model (GLM) was used to examine the effect of site as a covariant and
sex as the other covariant in the diversity of scorpion's morphology.

3. Association between morphological characters and environmental factors

Linear correlation coefficient (r) also called Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient was applied to find out the relationship between morphometric measurements
(meristic and continuous) of scorpions and environmental factors.

4. Canonical Discriminant Functions Analysis (DFA)

Discriminant Functions Analysis (DFA), a multivariate technique, allows input of
several variables to investigate the morphometric relationship among several populations.
It maximizes among-group distances while shrinking within-group dispersion to resolve
patterns among groups (Albrecht, 1980 and Reyment et al., 1984).

5. Similarities in the morphometric measurements between scorpion populations
Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out to measure the similarity distance in
the morphometric measurements among scorpion populations.

50

Results

Habitat Characteristics
Nature of soil

Results in Table (3) illustrate physical and chemical properties of soil samples
collected from the study areas (WMCD, Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi
Rahaba). Statistical analysis of various soil parameters revealed high significant
difference between localities. Soil physical properties: moisture, cobble sand, pepple sand
and very fine sand showed high values of F ratio with high significance between different
localities. The same results were observed in the soil chemical properties; total dissolved
salts and electrical conductivity (Table 3).

Generally, soil of the study areas Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi
Rahaba were light or yellowish brown in colour, sandy, characterized by low content of
silt and clay, alkaline (pH 7.4-8.1), non-saline to slightly saline (EC 0.08-0.11), low
content of soil organic matter (SOM 0.4-0.66%) and low content of soil moisture
(Moisture 0.47-0.53%). On the other hand, soil from WMCD was yellowish brown or
dark brown and it has high contents of soil organic matter, soil moisture, total dissolved
salts, silt and clay when compared with those from South Sinai.

Scorpions’ burrows

Burrows of S. m. palmatus have different structures (Fig. 4). Maximum scorpion
burrow depth was recorded in Wadi Sahab (8846.6 cm) while the minimum depth was
recorded in WMCD (12+1.2). There was a significant difference in the depth of scorpions
burrows between sites (P<0.01) (Table 3).

Table 3: Descriptive and statistical analysis of chemical and physical properties of soil

samples from the different study locations.

roger Sinai
WMCD

nieve oonaiieyteaitay 7] 72 0or | cons ons| 0.1 soon) one 00e| ono
sot Moiswre(s) | _ 407 | oars007] osso0r] asso] 10
Soil Texture

Sand (%)

Fine sand (%) 221424] 4840.1 | 81+038| 106+0.14

Very fine sand (%) 11.340.18 | 1.34+0.06] 4.6+0.19| 4.74009] 810* |

_ 3.7+0.8 | 0.78+0.04] 2240.2 | 1940.06] 7.2* |
Cla 2.6 + 0.6 1.2+0.14] 614011] 4.34039[ 24.8* |
Burrow depth co 12.0+1.2 | 88.0466] 35.0+5.4] 260+3.6|] 49.5* |

* = F ratio is significant at P<0.01 a= Mean + Standard error

Variables
(a=5)

= |

Fig. 4. Variation in the burrow shapes of the scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus. Circles
represent burrow entrances. W = WMCD, E = El-Agramia, R = Rahaba, S = Sahab.

Collected insects and plants: Available insects and plants around the scorpions’ burrows
were collected. Variation in insects populations and plants species among study areas was
also found. The identified insects from the WMCD were Eleodes sp. and Phytomiger sp.
(Order Coleoptera), whereas Adesmia sp., (Order Coleoptera) was collected from the
other locations (Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba). Collected plants from
WMCD were Atriplex sp. and Mesembryanthemum sp. while Ochradenus baccatus and
Anabasis articulata were gathered from Wadi Sahab. A. articulata was collected from
Wadi El-Agramia, and Zilla spinosa, A. articulata and Fagonia mollis were collected
from Wadi Rahaba.

Morphological analysis of the scorpion S. m. palmatus

Colouration: Generally, colouration of S. m. palmatus showed different grades of the
yellow colour, where the body was light olive to yellow, legs lighter, fingers and fifth
segment of metasoma with telson partially darker, and legs with a dark spot at base of
femur. Colour of scorpions that were collected from South Sinai area was slightly
different from that collected from WMCD. The fingers and fifth segment of metasoma in
WMCD population was lighter than that of South Sinai populations.

Morphometric measurements
Variation within population

Scorpion morphometric measurements (continuous and meristic) are summarized
in Tables (4, 5). At first, there was a difference in the sex ratio relative abundance
between males and females in all locations (Table 4). It was noticed that in El-Agramia,
most of the morphometric measurements revealed significant differences between males
and females. These variables are total body length, carapace length, mesosoma length,
pedipalp length, pedipalp hand length, 4 leg femur length, 2™ metasomal segment length
and width, 3"? metasomal segment length, telson length, number of right and left pectinal
teeth, number of 1‘, 2" and 3™ right leg setae. On the other hand, number of pectinal

G2

Table 4: Descriptive and statistical analysis of the continuous morphometric
measurements of the scorpion S. m. palmatus collected from different studied locations.

South Sinai
WMCD
Character W. Sahab W. El-Agramia W. Rahaba

3 Jae ee ee

Sa rere
[aan
;

1° metasomal
segment

24 metasomal
segment

3" metasomal
segment

:
a] 242005 [23004 205011] 192005 | 162008] 17008 | 19008] 172017
Ta] 202000 [i9x00d 1sz009] 17200 | 14008] 152005 | 165006 142 00

Marginal Zz 47+0.16 3.3+0.12| 3.440.06 | 3.64+0.08] 3.4+0.09
Lamellae L
Sa 48+0.13 | 4340.14 3.84016] 3.740.13 | 33+0.09| 3.4+0.06 | 3.6+0.09] 34+0.08

5" metasomal
segment

of Pecten

length [FL a7z0m [oss=a0l o6z0m] 052001 [056=002) osi+0m [05900] oss00n

a= Mean + SE (n=10), * = Significant difference using Students unpaired #-test (p<0.05),
L = length , W = width, H = height, R= Right, F = left.

Variation among populations

Tables 6 and 7 summarize the continuous and meristic morphometric
measurements of the scorpion S. m. palmatus collected from different locations. One—way
ANOVA for males from all locations revealed highly significant difference in all
continuous characters and some meristic characters. The meristic characters that did not
reveal significant difference were the number of denticles of 6"" row on fixed and
movable fingers of right and left pedipalps. The same result was obtained for females but
the meristic characters that did not show significant differences were the number of
denticles of 6" row on only left fixed and movable fingers of pedipalp.

53

Table 5: Descriptive and statistical analysis of the meristic (countable) characters of the
scorpion S. m. palmatus collected from the four different studied locations.

South Sinai

WMCD

3

| 6 | eal ae PE a PE set a BL
| R | 10.9*+ 0.23 10 0383598 20'29" 1M10'3 2/0157] "930591810 2 eR Ome Ores

No. of ;
pectinal
teeth 10.7+ 0.42 | 10.1+0.27 | 10.44+0.16 | 9.7*+0.21 | 10.2402 | 9.3*+0.33 | 1040.14 | 8.8*+0.24

No. of Setae
on leg

No. of denticles of 6" row on pedipalp’s fingers
[a | 705029 | sra0m | ras0as [vans [76505 | Tanne [wieust[61s0e

TR [secon [aaz01s | aaz015 | «oz02 | saz0 | 332016 | 5ax016 | 362016]

a= Mean + SE (n=10), * = Significant difference using Student’s unpaired f-test (p<0.05) R = right, F = left

movable

Table 6: The statistical output of the continuous morphometric measurements of the
scorpion S. m. palmatus collected from the four different studied locations.

Males from all Females from all
Ch J locations locations
ora ANOVA ANOVA
F\3 Fi 3

Metasomal segmen

Marginal Lamellae L
of Pecten
Pectinal teeth length

* = F ratio is significant at P<0.05, ** =F ratio is significant at P<0.01, L = length, W = width, H = height.

54

Table 7: The statistical output of the meristic (countable) characters of the scorpion
S. m. palmatus collected from the four different studied locations.

Character
No. of pectinal teeth

No. of Setae on leg

MAL es ee ees

No. of denticles of 6" row peed eee
on pedipalp’s fingers =e ee

* = F ratio is significant at the 0.05 level. ** =F ratio is significant at P< 0.01 level. R = right, F = left.

Variables showing significant F' ratio were supported with Duncan's multiply
range test to determine which means differ within different areas. Means that do not differ
from one another are displayed in separate column or subset. In males (Table 8), total
body length, pedipalp length, and number of 3" left and right legs setae revealed a
remarkable significant difference between locations (P<0.01). While in females, pedipalp
length and pedipalp hand length (Table 9B) showed this remarkable significant difference
(P<0.01).

Table 8 (A, B): Output of Duncan's multiply range test, showing variation in the
morphometric measurements between males of S. m. palmatus collected from the four
different studied locations. Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

|_| Total Body Length (mm) _| Pedipalp Length (mm
(A) Subset for alpha = .05

‘NiGY Sekt ca See ee ee ee ee ee
JS re a 2 a a
CS CE ae a a 2 ee
CT See a ee ee
(ee ee aS a a a
Sig. | 6.179. | |1.000__ | 1.000__[1.000__[ 1.000__| 1.000 _|

|_| No. of the 3" left leg setae | __No. of the 3" right leg setae _|
(B) Subset for alpha = .05

St yo ek or eee

LS RU ie ee A a

[wmcp | _10[ 20.2000] 20.2000[ | ~S—si«*‘dL 19.9000 | si

tl

[Rahaba | 10[ | 21.6000 [21.6000 | 21.5000
Seb p10 — ih 22 st 21,9000. |
[Sig. T[0.085_ | 0.065 10.143 [1.000 | 1.000 [0.552

The two-way factorial ANOVA model (Site + Sex) for the scorpion morphometric
measurements (Table 10) revealed a highly significant site effect (P<0.01) in all
morphological characters and significant sex effect in the following characters: right and
left pectinal teeth length, 4" leg femur length, pedipalp hand length, pedipalp length,
mesosoma length and carapace length (P<0.05). The interaction between sex and site
revealed a highly significant difference for all morphological characters of S. m. palmatus
scorpions (P<0.01).

55

Table 9 (A, B): Output of Duncan's multiply range test, showing variation in the
morphometric measurements between females of S. m. palmatus collected from the four
different studied locations. Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

|__| Total Body Length(mm) |
(A)

BE hy en eT!
| Rahaba__| 10 |

BAF ER

eo Eas

| Agramia | 10 | 43.1200 |
ESE ee

oO [ieee = ae SEO O |

eee ieee ee Ca ae

|__| Pedipalp Length(mm) _|
(B) Subset for alpha = .05

as a a ea ee ee ee
El-Agramia 10°] 22.2200) =~} =] 104400
Rahaba\ (10) [254000) a) aie sion NF]! foal SALLI TS OD ieittarat eae
pSahab =| 10 | 126.5400.) on ole 00
Ee ee 0 ee
[Sig | Cf 00 | _ 1.00 [| 1.00 [ 1.000{ 1.000] 1.000 | 1.000 |

Table 10: The statistical output (2-Way Factorial ANOVA) of the interaction between sex
and location of some morphometric measurements of the scorpion S. m. palmatus
collected from different studied locations using General Linear Model (GLM).

| Sex| Location | Interaction _
Character ANOVA ANOVA ANOVA
(F ratio) (F ratio) (F ratio)

Pedipalp L unas RT STA vie) aOR!
L

W

Pedipalp hand Length (mm

Pedipalp hand

4” Leg femur L
369.1"

z Bae i ee

cs arch a a TO ae a ie

: |W. Oi 2043 Lo Ue tal ee

z

ee reeg

pie a OD lel

= ee Ce eS ee

3 metavomnet SESW... 0. In | oa oo

ace ee EN OO NTET RE MeeI
: isa. [o_o ene a
Riven s(8 ee SE A MEET aoe ee

Siam! Pda | a ee ST
; Ce Oe a NE ese
canting: 5 Aaee ek RD PRR EN oe SS =
ones as ed a ee ae ee oe
=

gaat naa g2" arr
ect) teetlidene F ss

* = F ratio is significant at the 0.05 level, ** =F ratio is significant at the 0.01 level.
L = length, W = width, H = height, R = right, F = left.

Marginal Lamellae L o
Pecten F 635**

na
g
*
*

56

Relationships between morphological characters and environmental factors

As a first step, we conducted a multiple correlation analysis (Pearson product
moment correlation), entering all morphometric measurements of scorpions (continuous
and meristic) and all environmental variables (altitude, soil physical properties, soil
chemical properties and scorpion burrow depth). Because of the very large number of
tests carried out, only the most significant of these are presented in Table (11).

Pearson correlation matrix of some morphometric measurements and
environmental factors indicated the obvious interaction between them. Total body size
and pedipalp length showed a significant negative correlation with a number of
environmental factors such as altitude (r = -0.67, -0.67), soil pH (r = -0.73, -0.73),
pebbles sand (r = -0.33, -0.4), very coarse sand (r = -0.32, -0.4), clay (r = -0.62, -0.6) and
scorpion burrow depth (r = -0.24, -0.36). At the same time, they showed highly
significant positive correlation with soil total dissolved salts (r = 0.58, 0.64), soil
electrical conductivity (r = 0.59, 0.64), soil moisture (r = 0.51, 0.54) and total organic
matter (r = 0.47, 0.52) respectively.

Significant negative correlation was also recognized between number of right and
left pectinal teeth and altitude (r = -0.41, -0.40), soil pH (r = -0.28,-0.28) respectively.
Number of 1, 2"°, and 3™ right legs setae and number of 3” left leg setae were also
significantly correlated with altitude (r = 0.35, 0.20, 0.26, 0.28), cobble sand (r = -0.52, -
0.63, -0.56, -0.5), coarse sand (r = 0.55, 0.58, 0.63, 0.62) and very fine sand (r = -0.32, -
0.29, -0.54, -0.59) respectively.

Table 11: Correlation between environmental factors and some morphometric
measurements of the scorpion S. m. palmatus collected from different locations
using Pearson Correlation.

Fatitude (my (ree -aerm aire] anne] ossee] 020+] 026] a
Electrical conductivity (u-mohs) | o.sor* | 0.64**| 0.35*| 0.29% | -0.20* | -0.08 -0.3
Total organic matter (%) -0.39**
Moisture (%) 026°
Cobble (%) [aos [002 | 02s | om | sore] o00ee] aor
Pepple (%) ase] oar ois] 010 | 007 | 017

Very coarse (%) fos] oar _o2se] orm | ox? | on | 037
Coarse (%) oo [oor | -o2s'| 017] oss] ose] 0am
Medium sand (%) asiee | oases] 009 | 006 | 020 | 030%] 00
Fine sand (%) asi | oso] 026] oi [| on] aor] a2
site (%) (ane | o2[ 019 | 010 | 013 | a0 | ose] -oasee
Clay (%) oe] 0604 018 | o2*| 008 | -a2e| 036] 036

* Correlation is significant at P< 0.05 (2-tailed), ** at P< 0.01 (2-tailed). | TBL = total body length,
PEDL = pedipalp length, NRP = number of right pectinal teeth, NLP = number of left pectinal teeth,
NIRLS, N2RLS, N3RLS = number of 1“, 2", and 3" right leg setae, N3LLS = number of 3" left leg setae

-0.27*
=) 27 "=

Oo
i)
Ww oo
* *
* *

-0.2

o
vn
co} oo
* aa
* *

0.44**

062%"
-0.03
-0.35*

Oo
wn
\o
*
*

Canonical Discriminant Functions Analysis

A. Males: Canonical Discriminat Functions Analysis (DFA) was used to detect variation
in the morphometric measurements among sites. For males (Fig. 5), the four sites were
very distinct along the first and the second axes. Along the first axis, WMCD has positive

a

values and Wadi El-Agramia, Wadi Rahaba have negative values with Wadi Sahab being
in between. Positive values along this axis were correlated most with total body length,
carapace length, pedipalp length, telson width, number of right pectinal teeth, and
negative values being associated with mesosoma length, metasoma length and 4" leg
femur length. Along the second axis, Wadi Rahaba has positive values and Wadi El-
Agramia has negative ones, while WMCD and Wadi Sahab are in between. Positive
values along this axis were associated with carapace length, mesosoma length, metasoma
length, pedipalp length, number of 2™ right leg setae with negative values of total body
length, 4" leg femur length and number of right pectinal teeth.

Canonical Discriminant Functions

Loc ai ons
0D Group Certroids
@ 4(Fahaba)
© 31 4grama)
o 2(Sahaby
o | (MCD)

Function 2

Function 1

Fig. 5. Canonical Discriminant Functions Analysis (DFA) of S. m. palmatus males.

B. Females: The female DFA plot (Fig.6) was slightly congruent to the male plot. Also,
the four sites were very distinct along the first and the second axes in females plot. Along
the first axis, WMCD has a positive value against negative ones for Wadi Sahab and
Wadi Rahaba, with Wadi El-Agramia being in between. Positive values along this axis
were mainly correlated to carapace length, mesosoma length, metasoma length, pedipalp
length, pedipalp hand length, marginal lamellae length of right pecten, right pectinal teeth
length, 1° and 2" metasomal segment length and width. Negative values being associated
with total body length, pedipalp hand length, marginal lamellae length of left pecten, left
pectinal teeth length, and 5" metasomal segment height.

Along the second axis, Wadi El-Agramia has a positive value while WMCD and
Wadi Sahab have negative values. Positive values correlated with carapace length are:
mesosoma length, pedipalp length, 5 metasomal length, 1 metasomal segment length,
2™ metasomal segment length, width and height. Negative values are associated with
total body length, metasoma length, pedipalp hand length and width, 1 metasomal
segment width and height, and 3" metasomal segment length and height. Data plotted in
Figs. 5, 6 and 7 (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) revealed the following: 1- a significant
discrimination between the four sites, 2- WMCD and Wadi Sahab were congruent to each
other, 3- Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba are also similar to each other, and 4- within
population, males were similar to females.

58

Canonical Discnminant Functions

Locations

D Group Certronis
0 4(Rahaba)

@ 3 (Agrama)

@ 2(Sahab)

eo | (WIMCD)

Function 2

Function 1

Fig. 6. Canonical Discriminant Functions Analysis (DFA) of S. m. palmatus females.

Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups)

Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine

CoB Sed
Label Num

7
8
5
6
3
4
1
2

Fig. 7. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis.

1 = Males, 2 = Females of WMCD; 3 = Males, 4 = Females of W. Sahab;
5 = Males, 6 = Females of W. El-Agramia; 7 = Males, 8 = females of W. Rahaba.

Discussion

Although numerous scorpion species are found in Egypt, intraspecific variation
and diversity in the Egyptian scorpions has never been studied before. In the current
study, not only intraspecific variation in scorpion's morphology was examined but also
environmental and ecological factors that may contribute influence and/or cause this
variation. Because Scorpio maurus palmatus is distributed in two different habitats, arid
and semiarid, in Egypt and even it exists in dense population in some areas it lives

59

solitarily in burrows at high altitude and at the sea level, it was taken as a model to study
intraspecific variation.

As members of populations, individual organisms are part of communities that
over time evolve to suit the environment which they inhabit, providing that these stay
constant long enough for adaptation to occur. An individual species can live only within a
certain tolerance of environmental factors; the effect of too much or too little of any
factor may inhibit growth or even prove fatal (Leeming, 2004). Many physical factors
influence the spatial distribution of scorpions, including temperature, precipitation, soil or
rock characteristics, stone or litter cover and environmental physiognomy (Polis &
McCormick, 1986).

In the present study, coordinates of the study areas and data in Tables 1, 2 and 3
revealed three main important points; 1) the four different localities studied, i.e. WMCD,
Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba, are spatially isolated, 2) each locality
has its different habitat features and 3) the scorpion S. m. palmatus is adapted to survive
in these different environments. Leeming (2004) reported that animal species are adapted
to conditions in their local environments. Many animal species adapt to gradual
geographic changes in climate. Such adaptation is often expressed in the phenotype as a
measurable change in size, colour, or other traits.

Scorpions are almost associated with deserts. The extreme physical and climatic
conditions of the desert environments have engendered in them a number of interrelated
morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations (Hadley, 1972). Burrowing is a
major adaptation of many scorpion species for survival in extreme environments.
Differences in micro-habitat influence burrow depth and morphology. Koch (1977) found
that the burrows of many species of Australian scorpions varied in relation to average
rainfall. Burrows are deeper and more spiralled in arid central areas than in wetter coastal
areas. Burrow depth for Opisthophthalmus scorpions in southern Africa varied with soil
type (Eastwood, 1978). Hardness and physical characteristics of the soil are important for
many species (Polis & McCormick, 1986). In this study, significant variation in both
climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and nature of soils (soil
hardness and texture, soil organic matter and soil moisture) could be the main reasons in
the highly significant difference of scorpions burrows depths and shapes among locations.
The maximum depth and very complicated structure of burrows were recorded in Wadi
Sahab (Table 3, Fig. 4). This may be due to the soil of Wadi Sahab is characterized by the
high content of sand and low content of silt, clay, and organic matter as well as the low
level of soil moisture when compared with the other areas. Scorpions such as
Opisthophthalmus sp. and Scorpio maurus protect themselves from desiccation in
different ways. They shelter in burrows, where temperature and humidity of the burrow
can be regulated, the deeper the burrow the cooler the ambient temperature inside the
burrow (Leeming, 2004).

Among the studied specimens of S. m. palmatus, there are intraspecific colour
variants among populations manifested in the degree of darkness in fingers and fifth
metasomal segment of South Sinai populations which is more obvious and characteristic
than scorpions of WMCD area. This variation may be attributed to the adaptation of the
animal species to gradual geographic changes in climate. Such adaptation is often
expressed in the phenotype as a measurable change in size, colour, or other trait. This
finding is in agreement with Leeming (2004).

Sexual dimorphism in scorpions was reviewed by Kraepelin (1907), Koch (1977),
Farzanpay & Vachon (1979) and Ali et al. (2001). Secondary sexual characteristics may
be placed in the following categories (modified by Koch, 1977): 1) differences in body
size, 2) differences in the shape of body structures, 3) the presence of a feature in one sex

60

but not in the other, 4) stronger development of features in one sex than in the other, 5)
differences in the texture of the body surface, and 6) higher meristic in one sex than in the
other. In general, females are larger than males (Koch, 1977). Sexual dimorphism in body
size appears to be extremely common among scorpions, although in many taxa the
differences are not significant. The shape of structures may often be variable between the
sexes. Dimorphism is commonly expressed by elongation of the pedipalp and/or
metasoma in males (Polis & Sisson, 1990). Finally, the sexes may differ in meristic
characters, such as pectinal tooth counts. Males tend to have more pectinal teeth than
females. Behavioural and ecological differences also exist between males and females
(Polis, 1990). Data in Tables (4 and 5) reveal significant differences in most of the
morphometric measurements (length of: total body, carapace, mesosoma, pedipalp, 4" leg
femur, 2™ and 3" metasomal segments, telson and number of: right and left pectinal
teeth, 1, 2" and 3™ right legs’ setae) between males and females in El-Agramia Plain.
This variation could be attributed to the sexual dimorphism phenomena in scorpions. The
question here is: why only in El-Agramia ? The main reasons that might in the answer
are: 1) El-Agramia Plain is one of the most important physiographic features of St.
Catherine area (Shendi, 1992) and 2) the characteristic local diversity manifested in the
habitat heterogeneity of this wadi system (Semida ef al., 2001 and Abd El-Meniem et al.,
2003). Local diversity is generated and maintained by a complex of factors, such as
altitude, latitude, productivity, climatic variability, age of ecosystem, predation,
competition, spatial heterogeneity or the stage of the biological succession (Fjeldsa &
Lovett, 1997). Local diversity is then a complex function of regional diversity and
faunistic turnover among localities (Caley & Schulter, 1997).

Variation between males and females were not only found in the morphometric
measurements but also exist in the sex ratio relative abundance (Table 4). Difference in
sex ratio relative abundance could be attributed to the mortality rate of males, which may
be higher than females. This difference produces the heavily skewed sex ratio (¢ : 9 =1:
2.5, 1: 3.6, 1: 2.8, 1: 3.1) observed for scorpions that were collected from WMCD, Wadi
Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba respectively. Differential mortality is
attributed to several behavioural differences between males and females. Mature males
are often vagrant and mobile during mating season. This characteristic high activity
predisposes them to a disproportionately higher incidence of cannibalism, predation by
other scorpion species or by vertebrate and invertebrate predators, starvation, and thermal
death. This mobility also makes it likely that mature males feed less and construct more
temporary burrow than females or young males. These findings were observed by Polis &
Sisson (1990) and Ali ef al. (2001).

Species vary in morphological and genetic patterns across their geographical
ranges. These patterns can provide insight into how factors such as natural selection and
population subdivision can mould populations. Investigations of morphological variation
among geographic races have provided insights into mechanisms of character divergence
and speciation (Myers, 2001). In this work, we focused on possible factors responsible
for, and the ecological implications of, the dramatic variation in adult body size, pedipalp
length, number of pectinal teeth and number of leg setae in the desert scorpion S. m.
palmatus.

Body size is a fundamental trait affecting virtually every aspect of an organism's
biology. Size influences the metabolic and structural characteristics of individuals and
their ability to accommodate cold, heat, water, and other environmental stresses (Colder,
1984). Size also influences ecological interactions by affecting an individual's status as
potential competitor, predator, or prey (Ebenman & Persson, 1988). Most species do not
contain adults of uniform size. Researchers study size differences to gain ecological and

61

evolutionary insights, but discovering the cause of variance, even within a single species,
is confounded by the many environmental and selection factors acting now and in the past
to shape this character (Myers, 2001).

This is the first study of the intraspecific variation in the adult body size and its
relative measurements of Scorpio maurus palmatus in Egypt. Total body length in both
males and females revealed high significant differences between the four locations (Table
6). Duncan's multiply range test supports this result (Table 8 and 9). The largest scorpions
(males and females) are found in WMCD population (30m above sea level) while the
smallest are females of Wadi Rahaba population (1676m above sea level) and males of
Wadi El-Agramia population (1225m above sea level). Difference in body size among
populations could be attributed to difference in the size of available prey; large ones are
more efficiently handled by large predators (Case & Cody, 1983). It is important to
mention that the size of the captive preys (beetles) which were collected from WMCD is
larger than the preys of St. Catherine area. Consequently, this factor indicated that why
scorpions of WMCD population recorded the highest adult body size in both males and
females. Myers (2001) found that high feeding rates and prey availability are the most
consistent environmental factors associated with large size in scorpions.

Distance and altitude are other important environmental factors in the variation of
scorpion's body size. The significant negative correlation between total body length and
altitude (Table 10) accords with McCormick & Polis (1986) who found a 20% difference
in body size among adult Paruroctonus mesaensis separated by only 15 km.

Finally, the significant difference between scorpions of WMCD population and
South Sinai populations total body length may be due to the difference in climatic factors
(especially: precipitation, humidity, wind speed and temperature) between these regions.
Scorpions in Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba may suffer from sub-optimal growth
conditions due to the prolonged cold season compared to conditions in Wadi Sahab and
WMCD. Also, strong winds in St. Catherine (South Sinai) area cause dryness the upper
soil layer, destroy seedlings, shorten leaf and flowering periods by increasing
transportation, and suppress animal activity. These observations coincide with those of
Warburg & Elias (1998). Warburg ef al. (1980) reported that Scorpio maurus is by far the
most characteristic species of the Mediterranean region. This species prefers areas of high
precipitation, dense vegetation and deep soil. Apparently these factors also provide them
with a suitable microclimate for maintaining optimal water and thermal balance.

Interestingly the sense organs (leg sensory hairs or leg setae) of specimens
revealed high significant differences among our populations. The large number in the
sensory hairs of scorpions at high altitudes (positive significant correlation coefficient,
Table 10) may be due to special adaptation of these animals. Sensory hairs large numbers
in scorpions increase their ability to receive low frequency waves in warm dry air, which
has poor wave-carrying qualities, or vibrations in densely packed sand. Brownell &
Farley (1979) found that the tarsal sensory hairs are stimulated by substrate vibrations
along with the slit sensilla. These setae respond best to compressional waves, and the
receptors consist of a single bundle of cell bodies below each hair socket, which give rise
to dendritic processes terminating on a cuticular fold at the base of each shaft. Our
observations explaining sensory adaptations in scorpions were in agreement with Fet et
al. (1998).

Canonical Discriminant Functions Analysis (DFA) and Hierarchical Cluster
Analysis (HCA) plots (Figs. 5-7) show that populations close in geographical distance
exhibit similar coordinate in the DFA and HCA graphs. In the males, three populations
(Wadi Sahab, Wadi El-Agramia and Wadi Rahaba) cluster, indicating that overall
morphological distances are not very large. On the other hand, WMCD population is

62

highly distinct from the other populations in St. Catherine area. These results indicate that
morphological differentiation among populations may result from local environmental
conditions (Dillon, 1984).

In the females plots, interestingly even within St. Catherine area, a distinct
morphological distance between population of Wadi Sahab and Wadi El-Agramia was
found. At the same time, El-Agramia is closely related to population of Wadi Rahaba
than the other locations. In the population of sand scorpion, P. mesaensis, the
morphological analysis showed a geographical association among regional sites. A
positive association was found among genetic, morphological and geographical distance
matrices. However, the morphological distance matrix showed a higher correlation value
with geographical distance than genetic distance. The local environmental conditions may
affect scorpion morphology more than genetic structure among populations (Yamashita &
Polis, 1995).

Accordingly, it can be concluded that: 1) Scorpio maurus palmatus exhibits a
general morphological separation between populations, 2) intraspecific diversity in this
species may be due to variation in the environmental conditions (biotic and abiotic
factors), 3) site and sex as covariates (using General Linear Model Analysis) play an
essential role in the intraspecific variation of scorpion's morphology and 4) total body
length, pedipalp length and number of setae on legs can be used as good markers to
examine intraspecific diversity of most scorpion species.

Acknowledgment

The authors are very grateful to Colonel Hisham EL-Hennawy, editor of Serket
for his merit and valuable comments. He also identified the scorpion’s subspecies.

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Serket (2004) vol. 9(2): 68-71.

Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974, a new record
from Egypt (Araneida : Oecobiidae)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974 (Family Oecobiidae) is recorded from Cairo,
Egypt. The male of this species is described for the first time.

Keywords: Male description, Spiders, Oecobiidae, Oecobius amboseli, Egypt.

Introduction

There are 78 species and one subspecies of genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 recorded from
our world (Platnick, 2004). Only four species of them were recorded from Egypt (El-Hennawy,
2002), i.e. O. maculatus Simon, 1870, O. navus Blackwall, 1859, O. putus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876,
and O. templi O.P.-Cambridge, 1876. Hassan (1953) described all these species, partly under
synonymous names. The discovery of other Oecobius species is expected in Egypt.

In 1990, I found a male and a female of an Oecobius species, which is different
from the Egyptian species. The female’s epigynum is very similar to that of the Kenyan
O. amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974; a species, which has only a unique female holotype
(MRAC no. 141741) from Massai Amboseli Reserve, Kenya, collected by P.L.G. Benoit,
8 September 1972, and the male is wanting. The Massai Amboseli Reserve is located at
the foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro, on the border of Kenya with Tanzania. After few years, Dr.
David Penney collected one male and two females of O. amboseli from Uganda. Through
comparing the Egyptian specimens with the Ugandan material, it becomes possible to
confirm the identification and to describe the male of this species for the first time.

Abbreviations used: ALE = anterior lateral eye; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME =

posterior median eye.

Material from the following collections were examined: ACE = Arachnid Collection
of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; MRAC = Musée Royal de I'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium.

All measurements are in mm.

eta he
248 P 5 ees;

Figs. 1-5: Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974. 1, 2. Male. 1. Habitus; 2. Carapace, dorsal
view. 3, 4. Male palp. 3. Prolateral view; 4. Retrolateral view. 5. Female epigynum, ventral view.

Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974
(Figs. 1-11)

Material examined

I. Egypt: One male was collected from the building of the Criminal Investigation
Laboratory, Bab El-Khalq, Cairo, Egypt [30°02'44"N 31°15'09"E Alt. 39m] on 1* January
1990 (ACE 19900101.1), and two females were collected from the same building on 7”
January 1990 (ACE 19900107.1) and g” May 1999 (ACE 19990508.1). All of them were
found walking on the wall. [Note: O. templi is dominant in this locality. ]

A female was collected from the building of Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University,
Cairo, Egypt [30°04'46"N 31°17'07"E Alt. 46m] on 28" June 1987 (ACE 19870628.1),
and a male from the same building on 16” April 1991 (ACE 19910416.1). They were
collected from their nests. [Note: O. putus is dominant in this locality and O. templi is
found too. ]

The five specimens were collected by the author and deposited in the Arachnid
Collection of Egypt (ACE) in Cairo, Egypt.

IJ. Uganda: One male and two females of: Oecobius amboseli; Det. Penney D.
1995; Loc. Uganda, Rubaga, Kampala, outside walls of building; Rec. Penney D., VII.
1994; Mus.R.Afr.Centr. 215071.

69

Diagnosis

Oecobius amboseli can be distinguished from the other known Oecobius species
by genitalic characters: the finely pointed median apophysis and its position with the
embolus of the male palpal organ (Figs. 6-8), and the very simple epigynum distinguished
by a large central fossa and widely separated vulvae of the female (Figs. 9-11).

8

Figs. 6-11: Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974. 6-8. Male palp. 6. Retrolateral view; 7, 8.
Prolateral view (8. detail). 9-11. Female. 9. Epigynum, ventral view; 10. Epigynum, proventral
view; 11. Vulvae, dorsal view.

Description
The Egyptian specimens are in concordance with the characters of genus

Oecobius (Shear, 1970, p.135) and the description of the holotype of Oecobius amboseli
(Shear & Benoit 1974, pp. 717, 719).

70

Male (ACE 19900101.1). Total length: 1.87. Carapace (Fig. 2) yellowish-brown with
blackish border and blackish tinctures in front and behind eyes with a distinctly
projecting sub-triangular clypeus; a few setae are present in the ocular area and behind it;
0.68 long, and 0.87 wide. Eyes: anterior row almost straight, posterior row procurved,
ALE and PME light, PLE largest, ALE smallest, PME irregularly subtriangular, separated
by their diameter. Sternum heart-shaped, with wide base separating between the coxae of
the fourth legs. Legs yellowish-brown, lighter than carapace, densely covered by hairs,
leg I: Femur 0.85, Patella 0.31, Tibia 0.65, Metatarsus 0.61, Tarsus 0.44, Total length
2.86. Length of Patella-Tibia I : Width of carapace 1.103. Abdomen (Fig. 1) spindle-
shaped with white irregular patches among light brown ones densely covered by long
hairs, 1.22 long, and 0.82 wide. Palpal organ (Figs. 3, 4, 6, 7) characterized by its finely
pointed median apophysis and its position with the embolus of the male (Fig. 8).

Colour variation: ¢ (ACE 19910416.1): carapace and legs yellowish-white.

Female (ACE 19900107.1). As male, except for the following: Total length 2.27.
Carapace with three black patches on each side attached to the blackish border and a
broad blackish area behind eyes extending to the posterior edge of the carapace in a
narrower shape, 0.78 long, 0.92 wide. Leg I: Femur 0.88, Patella 0.32, Tibia 0.66,
Metatarsus 0.65, Tarsus 0.48, Total length 2.99. Length of Patella-Tibia I : Width of
carapace, 1.065. Abdomen with a few dark brown patches, 1.53 long, 1.19 wide.
Epigynum is very simple, distinguished by a large central fossa (Figs. 5, 9, 10) and
widely separated vulvae (Fig. 11).

Colour variation: 9 (ACE 19870628.1): carapace and legs yellow, without black patches.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Dr. David Penney (Manchester) and Dr. Rudy Jocqué (MRAC,
Tervuren) who permitted the loan of the Ugandan specimens.

References
El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). Serket, 8(2): 73-83.
Hassan, A.I. 1953. The Oecobiidae of Egypt. Bull.zool.Soc.Egypt, 11: 14-30.

Platnick, N.I. 2004. The world spider catalog, version 5.0. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog8 | -87/index.html

Shear, W.A. 1970. The spider family Oecobiidae in North America, Mexico, and the West Indies.
Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 140(6): 129-164.

Shear, W.A. & Benoit, P.L.G. 1974. New species and new records in the genus Oecobius Lucas
from Africa and nearby islands (Araneae: Oecobiidae: Oecobiinae). Revue Zool. afr. 88: 706-720.

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SERKET

Volume 9 Part 3
May, 2005 Cairo, Egypt
Contents
Page
Arachnids in Mediterranean protected areas of Egypt
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 73

Anagraphis pallens Simon, 1893, a new record from Turkey
(Araneae : Prodidomidae)
Aydin Topcu, Osman Seyyar, Hakan Demir & Kadir Bogac Kunt 85

A new species of genus Eresus from Algeria and Tunisia
(Araneida : Eresidae)
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 87

Survey and populations of spiders and other arthropods in cucurbit
and legume fields in Al-Kanater (Egypt)

Mohamed A. Zaher, Hisham K. El-Hennawy, Mourad F. Hassan,
Abdel-Khalek M. Hussein & Naglaa F.R. Ahmad 9]

Spider populations associated with different types of cultivation and
different vegetable crops in Fayoum Governorate (Egypt)
Nadia H. Habashy, Mona M. Ghallab & Marguerite A. Rizk 101

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Serket (2005) vol. 9(3): 73-84.

Arachnids in Mediterranean protected areas of Egypt

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

This is a preliminary study of four orders of class Arachnida, i.e. Araneida,
Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpionida and Solpugida, in four Egyptian protected areas on the
Mediterranean Sea, i.e. Omayed, Burullus, Zaranik and Ahrash [Rafah] protectorates.
Scattered collecting sites were randomly chosen in every protectorate. Several taxa were
identified, mostly of spiders (27 species and 36 genera of 27 families), followed by six
scorpion species and a minority of pseudoscorpions and sun-spiders. There were many
unidentifiable species and genera. The studied areas need a seasonal survey and more
detailed studies. An ethological observation on the cannibalism in the scorpion
Androctonus australis is included.

Keywords: Arachnida, Spiders, Scorpions, Pseudoscorpions, Sun-spiders, Protected
areas, Mediterranean, Egypt.

Introduction

Most studies in protected areas in the world are devoted to vertebrate animals.
Invertebrate animals are mostly neglected, in spite of their huge number of
species/individuals and their great influence on the surrounding habitats. Arachnids,
especially spiders, constitute a considerable ratio of invertebrates with great ecological
importance. They have a very important role, as predators, in biological balance.

A preliminary study of arachnids in four protected areas on the Mediterranean sea
had been achieved during 2000-2004. It is not a survey of every living species in these
areas. The recorded species may be the most common species. This study was preceded
by a similar study on protected areas on Aqaba gulf (El-Hennawy, 2003).

Identification of spiders is very difficult in a poorly studied arachno-fauna as in
Egypt. Juvenile specimens are useless and unidentifiable, even to genus level. In few
cases, individual juvenile spiders were kept alive until they reached maturity and became
identifiable. The brief description of each of the four protectorates is adopted from
MSEA (2001) and Rashid (2002).

Map 1. Mediterranean protected areas of Egypt. 1 = Omayed, 2 = Burullus, 3 = Zaranik,
4 = Ahrash [in Rafah].

Methods

A preliminary survey of spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions and sun-spiders had
been achieved in four protected areas on the Mediterranean Sea (El-Omayed, El-Burullus,
El-Zaranik and El-Ahrash [Rafah] Protectorates) during 2000-2004 (Map 1). The four
areas were unequally visited. El-Omayed was visited twice; 15-18 August 2000 and 8-11
October 2000. El-Burullus was visited once; 3-8 September 2000. El-Zaranik was visited
ten times; 9-12 August 2000, 2-5 October 2000, 5-8 November 2000, 3-6 July 2001, 24-
27 October 2001, 11 November 2001, 13-16 September 2002, 4-7 May 2003, 23-26 April
2004, and 1-4 June 2004. El-Ahrash was visited twice; 7 November 2000 and 25 October
2001.

Different sites were selected and surveyed as scattered places in each protectorate.
The aim was to discover different areas and habitats and to know what species are there
existing. Those sites are mentioned with their longitudes and latitudes, and sometimes the
altitude, in the ‘Results’ section before the tables of collected spider specimens.

The collecting methods were: 1. Collecting with the hands, 2. Pitfall trapping,
3. Light attracting, 4. Beating net, 5. Sweeping net, and 6. Ultra-Violet light collecting for
scorpions. The identification of specimens was executed in the light of the available
taxonomical knowledge, taking in consideration that the group of Arachnida is poorly
studied in this geographical area. Indeed, it is the first study of arachnids in the
Mediterranean protected areas of Egypt.

Results

Results are here arranged within smaller sections, each deal with the spiders,
scorpions, pseudoscorpions and sun-spiders of one protected area. A list of identified
spider species, alphabetically arranged, is presented at the ‘Discussion’ section with
authors and dates to avoid mentioning them inside the tables.

A. Omayed protectorate

El-Omayed was declared as protected area by the Prime Ministerial Decree No.
671 for 1986, adjusted by Prime Ministerial Decree No. 90 for 1996. Its area is about 700
km’. Type: Desert area and vital peripheral.

The Omayed protected area encompasses a very small segment of the
Mediterranean coastal desert of Egypt, a distinct habitat type and one of the richest
terrestrial biological diversity in Egypt. This is the only protected area encompassing this
habitat type in Egypt, and includes biological components not found in other protected

74

areas in the country. The area has a high floral diversity and a good vegetation cover.
There are around 170 species of wild plants growing in different ecosystems, on sand
dunes and among inland hills. About 70 species of them can be used for medical and
therapeutical purposes like squall, wormwood, plantain and sorrel. There are also 60
species that can be used for different purposes including fuel like buckthorn and
boxthorn, as source of oils like Ghoul Henna, for landscaping like Dirs Eshshayib, for
manufacturing ropes and roofs like reed, and for pasturing like Tafwa. There are about 40
species of plants that have important environmental roles such as detaining sand and
building new layers. A very rich fauna is also present, including several endangered,
endemic and restricted range species. Important faunal elements include the endangered
Four-toed Jerboa Allactaga tetradactyla, the endemic Pallid Gerbil Gerbillus perpallidus.
There are also 14 species of wild birds recorded from the area. The endangered Egyptian
Tortoise Testudo kleinmanni is known from the region.

Collecting Sites:

. Visitors Centre: 30°44'38"N 29°09'S9"E Alt. 110m

. North west of Core Zone: 30°46'06"N 29°11'41"E Alt. 31m

. West of Core Zone (100 m south of site [2])

. El-Gabbasat 1: 30°44'52"N 29°11'25"E Alt. 90m

. El-Gabbasat 2: 30°44'SO0"N 29°11'25"E Alt. 90m

. Southern border of the Protectorate: 30°44'02"N 29°11'00"E Alt. 103m

. Dry low area with small adjacent sand dunes: 30°48'29"N 29°11'32"E Alt. 16m
. Khashm E]-A'eish west of Visitors Centre: 30°44'18"N 29°08'24"E Alt. 90m

9. Northern Slope of Khashm E]-A'eish

10. Eastern border of the Protectorate: 30°46'20"N 29°17'16"E - 30°45'95"N 29°17'24"E
Alt. 53m

11. Military watching point upon Khashm E]-A'eish: 30°45'32"N 29°12'22"E

COND BRWN

I. Order Araneida

Spiders of fourteen families were collected from the eleven studied sites. The
identification of the collected specimens with their numbers, sites and months of
collecting are included in Table 1.

Table 1: Spiders collected from Omayed protectorate.
* = Specimens collected by other colleagues on February 1998.

pO libicnidaeio’ | Chubiona: veproys ei Ads bowleh oe boid | Oct
Dysdera sp. * eu UOe Tibde a ding oi] POC) yp piiReb
? sp. * iim? oi f| Feb

Gnaphosidae Micaria sp. 10
Poecilochroa senilis 2
Pterotricha schaefferi 1-5,7,8,10,11
Zelotes ? sp. 3,8-10

2 sp. 9j 3,5,8,10

Salticidae Menemerus animatus
Mogrus fulvovittatus
? sp. (~ 4 spp.)

Sicariidae | Loxoscelessp. —s—s| 9) 58,10

Thomisidae Thomisus sp.
Xysticus sp. Iso, 4j

3s, 189

II. Order Pseudoscorpionida

any

Aug, Oct
Aug, Oct

Six specimens, 34, 39, of Olpium kochi Simon, 1881, Family Olpiidae, were
collected on August from collecting sites 3 and 7, and one male specimen of the same
species was collected on October from collecting site 10. Most specimens were found
under stones. Only one specimen was found under bark and another walking on sand.

III. Order Scorpionida

Four scorpion species of family Buthidae were recorded during this preliminary
survey; 1. Androctonus australis, 8 specimens from sites 1,3-6 on August and 29
specimens from sites 2,3,5,8-11 on October. 2. Buthacus leptochelys, 6 specimens from
sites 1-3,6 on August and 1 specimen from site 8 on October. 3. Leiurus quinquestriatus,
1 specimen from site 1 on August and 1 specimen from site 8 on October. 4. Orthochirus
innesi, 5 specimens from sites 7,8 on August and 3 specimens from sites 5,8,10 on
October.

All specimens were almost found under stones and sometimes under cement paper
bag (collecting sites 2 and 3) except a specimen of A. australis was found at night inside
a building and two specimens of B. /eptochelys were collected using Ultra Violet light at
night (in collecting site 1 on August).

Ethological observation: When two big scorpions of A. australis were kept
together, each one firmly grasped the metasoma of the other between the fifth metasomal
segment and telson using its pedipalps and did not release it for hours. Leaving them
together overnight, one killed the other by amputating the two pedipalps and the first and
second pairs of legs, and devouring a small part of the prosoma including the victim’s
chelicerae. The same behaviour was repeated by two small scorpions of the same species
when they were kept together as an experiment.

B. Burullus Protectorate

Lake Burullus was declared as protected area by the Prime Ministerial Decree No.
1444 for 1998. Its area is about 460 km’. Type: Wetlands protected area.

Lake Burullus, the second largest natural lake in Egypt, has a wide diversity of
various wetland habitats, ranging from fresh water swamps and reed beds in the south, to
salt marshes and mudflats in the north. Sand dunes, rich in flora, dominate the sand bar
separating the lake from the sea. The marine environment is represented along with sandy
beach habitat, and the exchange between the brackish lake and marine waters provide a
unique ecotonal zone where many marine and aquatic organisms proliferate. Burullus is
by far the least disturbed and polluted of the Delta wetlands and its environs still retain
some aspects of wilderness, which have been lost throughout most of the Delta. About
135 plant species have been recorded from this area. Because of its relative isolation,
Burullus is also an important breeding site for several water birds and wetland species.

76

About 35 species of birds are known to breed at Burullus. The Mediterranean shore of the
lake is of potential importance for breeding endangered marine turtles, Carreta carreta
and Chelonia mydas. The Jungle Cat Felis chaus is known to exist in considerable
numbers.

Collecting Sites:

1. West of Borg El-Burullus: 31°34'34"N 30°57'S1"E
2. West of El-A'‘aqula: 31°31'39"N 30°49'00"E

3. Near El-Maqsaba: 31°29'47"N 30°46'06"E

4. Near Mastaroah: 31°28'30-55"N 30°41'02-15"E

5. Near El-Tolombat: 31°30'51"N 31°03'S1"E

6. Near Shabab El-Kharrigeen: 31°26'14"N 30°30'31"E
7. El-Kom El-Akhdar Island: 31°26'58"N 30°49'24"E
8. Desheema Island: 31°25'00"N 30°40'09"E

I. Order Araneida

Spiders of nine families were collected from the eight sites studied during
September 2000. The identification of the collected specimens with their numbers and
sites of collecting are included in Table 2.

Table 2: Spiders collected from Burullus Protectorate.

Agelenidae Lycosoides sp.

—

Sites

Argiope lobata

Argiope trifasciata
Cyclosa insulana ?
? sp. (2 spp.)

II. Order Pseudoscorpionida

Only one male specimen of Olpium kochi, Family Olpiidae, was collected from
collecting site 2 (west of El-A'aqula village). It was found under cement paper bag,
directly on sand.

III. Order Scorpionida

Seven specimens of only one species, Androctonus amoreuxi, of Family Buthidae
were collected on September from collecting site 2 (west of El-A'aqula village). All

77

scorpions were almost found under cement paper bags and carton paper, sometimes
hidden among paper layers.

IV. Order Solpugida

Only one juvenile specimen of Biton sp., Family Daesiidae, was collected from
collecting site 7 (El-Kom El-Akhdar Island). It was found under a stone among plants.

C. Zaranik Protectorate

Zaranik was declared as protected area by the Prime Ministerial Decree No. 1429
for 1985. Its area is about 250 km’. Type: Wetland protected area of importance for birds.

Zaranik is internationally renowned as an important bottleneck and staging area
for hundreds of thousands of migrant Palaearctic water birds. More than 270 species of
birds have been recorded in the area, including Pelican, Herons, Crested Lark, Quail,
White Stork and Falcons. Three globally threatened bird species occur regularly:
Corncrake Crex crex, Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus and Black-winged Pratincole
Glareola nordmanni. Large numbers of Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber also winter at
Zaranik. Two species of threatened marine turtles are known to breed locally:
Loggerhead Turtle Carreta carreta and Green Turtle Chelonia mydas. The endangered
Dermochelys coriacea has also been recorded. Islets and littoral dunes fringing the
southern margins of the Zaranik Lagoon and adjacent “sabkha” (marshy area) are thought
to hold small populations of the threatened Egyptian Tortoise Testudo kleinmanni. The
threatened Fennec Fox Vulpes zerda and the rare Sand Cat Felis margarita also occur in
small numbers. Lake Bardawil and the Zaranik Lagoon are important artisan and
commercial fishery.

Collecting Sites:

1. Visitors Centre: 31°04'34"N 33°27'S7"E

2. North east of Visitors Centre: 31°04'39"N 33°28'08"E Alt. 24m
3. North west of Visitors Centre: 31°04'39"N 33°27'47"E Alt. 22m
4. Fishers Village: 31°08'05"N 33°28'18"E

5. Sand Bar between lake and sea: 31°08'32"N 33°28'39"E

of islet i: 31°09'03 "N33" 27 1S

7. Islet 2: 31°08'25"N 33°28'03"E

8. El-Mahasna Island: 31°10'06"N 33°20'54"E

9. El-Matli Island: 31°06'34"N 33°26'22"E

10. El-Flousiyat Island 1: 31°07'04"N 33°26'11"E Alt. 15m

11. El-Flousiyat Island 2: 31°07'05"N 33°26'21"E Alt. 13m

12. El-Flousiyat Island 3: 31°07'13"N 33°26'13"E Alt. 16m

13. El-Khoweinat: 31°06'15"N 33°24'33"E Alt. 20m

14. Abu El-Husein: 31°04'26"N 33°30'39"E

15. Abu Madi (Zakar Madi, Abu Aarada): 31°02'48"N 33°23'47"E Alt. 14m
16. Observation centre: 31°07'03"N 33°29'55"E

17. East of main entrance: 31°04'11"N 33°27'43"E

I. Order Araneida

Spiders of twenty-three families were collected from the seventeen studied sites.
The identification of the collected specimens with their numbers, sites and months of
collecting are included in Table 3.

78

Table 3: Spiders collected from Zaranik Protectorate.
* = Specimens collected by another colleague on August and September 2003.

Family

Agelenidae Benoitia lepida 43, 209, jae ig Apr-Aug, Oct,
iso, Ise a2) Peto Nov

Araneidae Argiope lobata 2° 6,10 Aug, Oct
Argiope sp. 2 Z Jun, Aug
Cyclosa sp. 256 May-Jul, Oct
? sp. 5,6,14 Jul-Oct

J
7j
5j
4j Oct
3)
2

ES ee a Ee A

Gnaphosidae | Micaria sp. * 14

Sep

Pterotricha lesserti 156539, 11) |*-1-3,5:8; Apr-Aug, Oct,
TOTS 257 Nov
Zelotes sp. 3G, 5 es 280e 2.3.0, 7,10, «| May, Jul Aug;

a 1sQ, 8) 13,14,17 Sep-Nov
? sp. (6 spp.) 23,62, IsQ,| 1-3,6,10, | Apr-Aug, Oct
18} 14,15,17

? sp. (2 spp.) 2038, 119, 1-3,5,14 | May, Jul, Aug,
2s, 9j Oct, Nov

? sp. (~ 4 spp.) LiG..422; Apr, May, Jul,
4s, 189, 25) 151g Aug-Nov

Mimetidae Aug

Miturgidae Cheiracanthium canariense |\1¢, 39, 2) 2,14,16 Jul, Aug, Nov

Cheiracanthium sp. 6 OES | 2,6,14 Apr, May, Jul-
Oct
Oct
3 l Aug
|
Philodromidae | Ebo sp. Aug
Philodromus ? sp. May, Aug, Sep
Thanatus sp. Jul-Sep
2 sp. Jul
Pholcidae ? sp. May, Jun, Aug,
Salticidae Heliophanus decoratus Aug-Oct
Menemerus animatus 136932, 182, Jun-Sep, Nov
2j
Mogrus fulvovittatus 128s, 2} Apr-Aug, Oct,
Nov
Myrmarachne tristis * 1d Aug
Plexippus paykulli 49, 28d, 1j Jun, Sep, Nov
? sp. (~ 4 spp.) 52, Iso, 14j |1-7,9,10,17 | May, Jul-Nov
Scytodes sp.
Sparassidae Cerbalus psammodes 23 l Apr, Jun
? sp. 2) L135 May, Nov
Aug, Oct

79

Theridiidae Latrodectus pallidus * 12 Aug
Paidiscura dromedaria * 19 Aug
Steatoda ephippiata 19 Jul
Steatoda paykulliana Iso, 1sQ, 1j Nov
Steatoda triangulosa 14, 109, 2) Apr, Jun, Sep,
Nov
Steatoda sp. May
Theridion melanostictum Oct

Theridion sp. Jul

? sp. (3 spp.)

Nov
Thomisus onustus . 1sQ, 1j ; 7 Jul, Aug
Thomisus spinifer * Aug
Xysticus sp. Aug

i
Uloborus walckenaerius Jul, Aug, Oct

Thomisidae

Uloboridae

Zodariidae Lachesana perversa = 17 May
Zodarion sp. 10, 29, 4j DS May, Jul, Sep,
Oct

II. Order Pseudoscorpionida

Ten specimens, 44, 52, 1j, of Olpium kochi, Family Olpiidae, were collected on
May, August, and October from collecting sites 3,4,9,11,13 and 15 from under stones and
rarely in pitfall traps. Five female specimens of Minniza sp., Family Olpiidae, were
collected on October and November from collecting sites 2, 6 and 8 from under stones or
wet algae remnants (site 8). Four specimens, 14, 29, 1j, of Rhacochelifer ? sp., Family
Cheliferidae were collected on May and November from collecting sites 2,15 and 17
from under stones.

III. Order Scorpionida

Two scorpion species of Family Buthidae were recorded during this preliminary
survey. 1. Androctonus bicolor, 4 specimens from site 10 on August and 2 specimens
from sites 1,10 on October. 2. Buthacus leptochelys, 2 specimens on August and 5
specimens on October from sites 1,10. All specimens were found under stones or in big
pitfall traps in collecting sites. Only one specimen of A. bicolor was found at night inside
a building on October.

IV. Order Solpugida

Only one male specimen of Biton ehrenbergi Karsch 1880, Family Daesiidae, was
collected (light attracted) from collecting site 1 on July.

D. Ahrash Protectorate

El-Ahrash (near Rafah) was declared as protected area by the Prime Ministerial
Decree No. 1429 for 1985. Its area is about 8 km’. Type: Developing resources protected
area.

An area of high coastal dunes, about 60m of the sea level, that has good
vegetation cover. Acacia trees have been planted in order to stabilize the dunes and curb
sand movement in the region. The vegetation of the area, despite being heavily

80

manipulated by man and contains several introduced elements, provides a good example
of how plant life can flourish if unmolested. The vegetation of the area provides grazing
and firewood to local inhabitants, but overuse is threatening to degrade and destroy this
resource. Several rare, endemic and restricted animals and plants occur in the region,
some of which are likely to occur in this protected area, and benefit from its conservation
status.

Collecting Site:
-. Visitors Centre: 31°18'21.1"N 34°12'56.6"E Alt. 48m

J. Order Araneida

Spiders of five families were collected from the protectorate. The identification of the
collected specimens with their numbers and month of collecting are included in Table 4.

Table 4: Spiders collected from Ahrash Protectorate.

Specimens Months

Gnaphosidae Pterotricha lesserti
ont cae Cooma
7j
lj
Thomisidae Xysticus tristrami

Discussion

Oct, Nov
Oct, Nov

Arachnids were studied for the first time in the Mediterranean protected areas of
Egypt. All species, with few exceptions, were recorded for the first time from these areas
(El-Hennawy 2002c).

Spiders: Among the 603 collected spiders, only 27 species and 36 genera could be
identified. They belong to 27 families. The identified spider species are alphabetically
arranged in the following list:

Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772)

Argiope trifasciata (Forskal, 1775)

Benoitia lepida (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876)

Cerbalus psammodes Levy, 1989

Cheiracanthium canariense Wunderlich, 1987

Cyclosa insulana (Costa, 1834)

Heliophanus decoratus L.Koch, 1875

Lachesana perversa (Savigny, 1825)

Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872

Menemerus animatus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876

Mogrus fulvovittatus Simon, 1882

Myrmarachne tristis (Simon, 1882)

Paidiscura dromedaria (Simon, 1880)

Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1825)

Poecilochroa senilis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872)

Pterotricha conspersa (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872)

Pterotricha lesserti Dalmas, 1920

81

Pterotricha schaefferi (Audouin, 1825)
Steatoda ephippiata (Thorell, 1875)

Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805)
Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802)
Stegodyphus lineatus (Latreille, 1817)

Theridion melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876
Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805

Thomisus spinifer O.P.-Cambridge, 1872
Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806
Xysticus tristrami (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872)

The percentage of collected specimens of every spider family from the four areas
is calculated (Table 5). Gnaphosidae is at the summit of number of individuals collected
from the four studied protected areas. At the second position: Salticidae, Lycosidae and
Agelenidae in Omayed and Zaranik; Salticidae and Araneidae in Burullus; and
Philodromidae in Ahrash.

Table 5. Percentage of collected specimens of every spider family from the four areas.

Agelenidae
Araneidae
Clubionidae
Dysderidae
Eresidae
Filistatidae
Gnaphosidae
Linyphiidae
Liocranidae ?
Lycosidae
Mimetidae
Miturgidae
Nemesiidae ?
Oecobiidae
Oonopidae ?
Oxyopidae
Philodromidae
Pholcidae
Salticidae
Scytodidae
Sicariidae
Sparassidae
Tetragnathidae
Theridiidae
Thomisidae
Uloboridae
Zodariidae

Mygalomorph spiders appeared once in Zaranik; only one juvenile Nemesiidae ?.
The most significant species are those of the gnaphosid genus Prerotricha. Three species
of this genus are represented in the four areas; P. schaefferi in Omayed, P. conspersa in

82

Burullus, and P. Jesserti in both Zaranik and Ahrash. Also, the theridiid genus Steatoda is
represented by three species in three areas; S. ephippiata in Omayed, S. triangulosa in
Zaranik, and S. paykulliana in both Burullus and Zaranik. S. ephippiata is recorded in
Egypt only from Mid Sinai (El-Hennawy 2002a, 2002b). This record from Omayed
widens its range of distribution in Egypt from East to West.

Cerbalus psammodes, Family Sparassidae, is a new record from Egypt.
Latrodectus pallidus, Family Theridiidae, is here recorded for the first time from North
Sinai. It is known from Nabq protectorate, South Sinai (El-Hennawy 2002a, 2003). The
first Egyptian male Mimetus specimen, Family Mimetidae, was collected from Zaranik.
Cheiracanthium canariense, Family Miturgidae, was discovered for the first time from
Egypt during this study (El-Hennawy 2002a). This species was only known from Canary
Islands.

Zaranik has the highest diversity of spider species. This is related to the diversity
of insects. El-Moursy et al. (2001) recorded 187 species and subspecies, belonging to 49
families of 15 orders, of insects from Zaranik protectorate. There are many other
unidentified species of insects there.

Pseudoscorpions: Three species of pseudoscorpions were recorded during this study
from three areas. Olpium kochi Simon 1881, Family Olpiidae, is the mostly encountered
species in Omayed, Burullus and Zaranik. O. kochi is known in Egypt from Wadi Natron,
Cairo, Assuan and Wadi El-Raiyan (El-Hennawy 1988, 1991). The second olpiid species,
Minniza sp., and Rhacochelifer ? sp. of Family Cheliferidae were only found in Zaranik.

Scorpions: Six scorpion species were encountered during the survey. All of them belong
to Family Buthidae (Table 6).

Table 6: Scorpions recorded from three protectorates with the number of specimens.

B
| Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin 1825) |
| Androctonus australis (Linnaeus 1758) | 37
Androctonus bicolor Ehrenberg 1828 |
| Buthacus leptochelys (Ehrenberg 1829)_ | = 7 | | 7
| Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg 1828)| 2 || |
| OrthochirusinnesiSimon1910 | BT

Genus Androctonus Ehrenberg 1828 is represented in this study by three species,
each of them in only one protected area. A. amoreuxi is only found in Burullus. This
species is widely distributed in Egypt and is already recorded from many regions
including Baltim near Burullus Lake (El-Hennawy 1992). A. australis is only found in
Omayed. It is known from Mersa Matrouh and Sallum, west of this area. 4. bicolor is
only found in Zaranik. It is known before from Mersa Matrouh to Alexandria and Sinai.
Buthacus leptochelys is found in both Omayed and Zaranik. It is known from the
Mediterranean coastal strip including Alexandria to Port Said and Sinai. Both Leiurus
quinquestriatus and Orthochirus innesi are only found in Omayed. L. quinquestriatus is
recorded from Mersa Matrouh and Orthochirus species are known from the region of
Sallum. Omayed has the highest diversity of scorpions among the four studied areas. The
ethological observation recorded between two A. australis scorpions means that there is
no specific tolerance in this species while the seven specimens of A. amoreuxi from
Burullus were kept together without cannibalism for about a week.

Zaranik

es

83

Sun-Spiders: Sun-spiders were only recorded from Burullus and Zaranik. The same
genus, Biton Karsch 1880, was recorded. This genus is widely distributed in Egypt and
Biton ehrenbergi Karsch 1880 is known in Egypt from Cairo, El-Fayum, Luxor, and
Elephantine (Assuan) (El-Hennawy 1998). It is its first record from northern Sinai. This
study leads us to state that it is necessary to make continuous seasonal survey of all
arachnid species in the coastal protected areas of Egypt to elucidate their importance in
their environment. A thing that enables the monitoring of these species in relation to the
environmental changes which affect them in these areas.

Acknowledgments

The author is greatly indebted to the managers of the four protected areas,
Mohammad El-Esawy (Omayed), Fayed El-Shamly (Burullus), Saad El-Din Osman
(Zaranik), and Samir Nassar (Ahrash), and all workers in these areas. Their assistance
was very necessary to this work. Special thanks are to the staff of Zaranik whose
hospitality is unforgettable.

Dr. Gihan Sallam (Cairo) provided me with specimens from site 14 of Zaranik
protectorate collected during August and September 2003. Dr. Abdel-Nasser H. Ali and
Dr. Tarek Tantawi (Alexandria) kindly admitted for examination of spiders in their
collection from Omayed.

Sincere thanks are due to my friends and colleagues: Drs. Hassan H. Fadl,
Mahmoud S. Abd El-Dayem, Magdi S. El-Hawagry, and Mostafa R. Sharaf who
constitute with me the Egyptian field trips team of Entomology and Arachnology. Their
cooperation and assistance helped me much during my trips to protected areas of Sinai.

References

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1988. Pseudoscorpions of Egypt, Key and List of Species (Arachnida :
Pseudoscorpionida). Serket, 1(3): 9-18.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1991. Arachnida of Wadi El-Raiyan (Egypt). Serket, 2(3): 81-90.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1992. A catalogue of the scorpions described from the Arab countries (1758-
1990) (Arachnida : Scorpionida). Serket, 2(4): 95-153.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1998. Arachnida of Egypt I. Order Solpugida. Serket, 6(1): 1-37.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002a. Spiders of Sinai (Egypt), a list of species (Arachnida: Araneida).
Serket, 8(1): 29-34.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002b. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). Serket, 8(2): 73-83.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002c. The Egyptian Arachnids. Publication no.12 of National Biodiversity
Unit., Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs. Cairo. (In Arabic).

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2003. Arachnids in three Egyptian coastal protected areas on Aqaba gulf (Red
Sea). Serket, 8(4): 151-163.

El-Moursy, A., El-Hawagry, M., Abdeldayem, M. & Fadl, H. 2001. Insect diversity in Zaranik
protectorate, Northern Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Natural History, 3: 62-80.

Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, 2001. Egypt's Protected Areas. Image House, Cairo.

Rashid, M. 2002. Existing natural protectorates in Egypt. Hunter and Nature, 2: 13-26.

84

Serket (2005) vol. 9(3): 85-86.

Anagraphis pallens Simon, 1893, a new record from Turkey
(Araneae : Prodidomidae)

Aydin Topcgu, Osman Seyyar, Hakan Demir and Kadir Boga¢ Kunt
University of Nigde, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology,
TR-51200- Nigde/Turkey.

Corresponding e-mail address: pempheris@yahoo.com

Abstract
Anagraphis pallens Simon, 1893 is the first record of Family Prodidomidae in Turkey.
Keywords: Arachnida, Spiders, Prodidomidae, Anagraphis pallens, Turkey.

Introduction

Prodidomidae had been formerly dealt with as a part of the Gnaphosidae due to
gross morphological similarities (i.e., enlarged, well-separated spinnerets), but it was
revalidated to family rank by Platnick (1990) based on more refined spinneret spigot
morphology. The eye pattern almost creates a circle due to the extremely procurved
nature of the posterior eye row intersecting with the straight anterior eyes. The anterior
median eyes of most prodidomids are darkly pigmented whereas the other six eyes are
not. Other characteristics that help in distinguishing these spiders are protruding,
geniculate chelicerae and unarmed tarsal claws (Vetter, 1996).

In Prodidomidae, 160 species belonging to 26 genera have been described
(Platnick, 2005). In fact, no prodidomid species have been hitherto recorded in Turkey
(Bayram, 2002). In the present paper, Anagraphis pallens Simon, 1893 is reported as a
new record for the Turkish araneofauna.

Material and Methods

The present study is based on material deposited in the collections of the
Arachnology Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). Four males and two females were
examined in this study. The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification
and drawings were made by means of a SZX9 Olympus stereomicroscope with a camera
lucida. The sketches of Levy (1999) helped in identification. All measurements are in
millimetres.

Results

Material examined: 4 6 and 1 9 were recorded from Nigde province in the Central
Anatolia of Turkey (34°36'E, 37°55'N). They were collected under stones on 19.VI.2001.
An additional female was collected from Kayseri province (35°10'E, 38°36'N) on
24.V1.2001 by pitfall trapping.

Figs. 1-2: Anagraphis pallens Simon, 1893

Y

ad

Fig. 1. Female epigynum, ventral view.

Fig. 2. Male palp, retrolateral view.
(Scale line = 0.2 mm)

Description: Medium-sized, light-coloured
spiders. Carapace with a distinct fovea. Anterior
lateral eyes slightly larger than all other eyes or
equal to posterior lateral eyes. Anterior spinnerets
larger than posterior spinnerets. Epigynum and Se

male palp (Figs. 1-2) resemble the description of Levy (1999) and Chatzaki ef al. (2002).
Male (NUAM 51/0002-5): Body length 4.90-7.00; carapace length 2.10-3.00, width 1.60-
2.10; length of legs: I 7.64-10.73, II 6.41-9.01, II] 6.11-8.58. IV 8.25-11.58; leg I
segments length: coxa 0.71-1.00, trochanter 0.33-0.47, femur 1.72-2.42, patella 0.89-
1.25, tibia 1.69-2.37, metatarsus 1.30-1.82, tarsus 1.00-1.40.

Female (NUAM 38/0003 & NUAM 51/0006): Body length 6.90-9.80; carapace length
2.90-3.60, width 2.20-3.00; length of legs: I 10.06-11.44, II 8.45-9.60. III 8.04-9.15, IV
10.86-12.35; leg I segments length: coxa 0.93-1.06, trochanter 0.43-0.49, femur 2.27-
2.58, patella 1.17-1.33, tibia 2.23-2.53, metatarsus 1.71-1.95, tarsus 1.32-1.50.
Distribution: South Africa, Libya, Malta, Syria, Israel and Crete (Levy, 1999; Chatzaki
et al., 2002).

References

Bayram, A. 2002. Regional distribution of spiders in Turkey, pp. 887-903. In: A. Demirsoy (Ed.),
Zoogeography of Turkey. [in Turkish] 2 ed. Ankara.

Chatzaki, M., Thaler. K. & Mylonas, M. 2002. Ground spiders (Gnaphosidae; Araneae) of Crete
(Greece). Taxonomy and distribution. I. Rev. suisse Zool., 109: 559-601.

Levy, G. 1999. Spiders of the genera Anagraphis and Talanites (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from
Israel. Israel J. Zool., 45: 215-225.

Platnick, N.I. 1990. Spinneret morphology and the phylogeny of ground spiders (Araneae,
Gnaphosoidea). Am. Mus. Novit., 2978: 1-42.

Platnick, N.I. 2005. The world spider catalog, version 5.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.htm|

Vetter, R.S. 1996. The extremely rare Prodidomus rufus Hentz (Araneae, Prodidomidae) in
California. J. Arachnol., 24: 72-73.

86

Serket (2005) vol. 9(3): 87-90.

A new species of genus Eresus from Algeria and Tunisia
(Araneida : Eresidae)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

A new species of the spider genus Eresus, family Eresidae, is described from
Algeria and Tunisia and named Eresus jerbae.

Keywords: Spiders, Eresidae, Eresus jerbae, Tunisia, Algeria, North Africa, Taxonomy,
new species.

Introduction

Among the 16 species and 7 subspecies of genus Eresus Walckenaer, 1805
(Roewer, 1954; Platnick, 2005), four species were recorded from Algeria: E. albopictus
Simon, 1873b, E. algericus El-Hennawy, 2004a, E. cinnaberinus latefasciatus Simon,
1910, and E. solitarius Simon, 1873a; and only E. cinnaberinus (Olivier, 1789) was
recorded from Tunisia (Simon, 1910).

During my work on reviewing the spiders of genus Eresus in Egypt (El-Hennawy,
2004b), I examined specimens from Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris
(MNHN) to find that there are misidentified specimens as E. petagnae from Tunisia and
E. semicanus from Algeria. These specimens are not matching with any of the known
descriptions of Eresus species. They belong to another species, which is described below
as anew species. The description only depends on the material deposited in MNHN.

All measurements were taken in millimetres.

Abbreviations used: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; Id =
eyes inter-distances; L = length; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median
eye; TL = total length; W = width.

Eresus jerbae new species
(Figs. 1-4. Tables 1-2.)

Type Material: Holotype: Female. Tunisia: Djerba (Ltr.), (MNHN) bottle no. 471 (tube
no. AR 835), misidentified as Eresus petagnae.

Other Material: 19, 2) Tunisia, Djerba (Ltr.), (MNHN) bottle no. 471 (tube no. AR 835)
misidentified as Eresus petagnae; 19 Algeria, Birin (G. Seurat 1913), (MNHN) bottle no.
471 (tube no. AR 842) misidentified as Eresus semicanus.

Diagnosis: Female of this species is similar to the female of Eresus semicanus Simon,
1908. Its genitalia is differentiated by the presence of two small depressions adjacent to
the anterior extremities of the vulvae (Figs. 1-2; white arrows) instead of the single wide
depression of E. semicanus (El-Hennawy, 2004b).

Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Description: Female (Holotype): TL 13.06; Cephalothorax L 3.67; Cephalic part: L
2.72, W 2.97; Thoracic part: W 2.80. Crimson red, covered by creamy white hairs mixed
with light brown hairs in the cephalic area, hairs generally less in density in the thoracic
area. Cephalic area gradually inclined into thoracic area. Cephalothorax L : W anteriorly
= 1.24:10.> W posteriorly — 13.

Eyes: posterior medians (PME) largest; 2’2 times larger than anterior medians (AME):
posterior laterals (PLE) less than 1’2 the diameter of the AME; ALE and PLE equal. Eye
measurements (diameters and interdistances): AME 0.10, ALE 0.14, PME 0.25, PLE
0.14, AM-AM 0.14, AL-AL 2.28, PM-PM 0.31, PL-PL 2.01, AM-AL 0.97, AM-PM
0:07. dd PME 7 Id AME=2.21; Id PLES Id ALE — 0.88):

Sternum (L 2.12) and coxae: lighter than cephalothorax. Labium (L 0.95), maxillae
(L 1.32) and chelicerae: like cephalothorax; covered by light brown hairs mixed with
white hairs. Chelicera with strong boss and a black tooth against the fang; its internal
edge is black.

Legs and pedipalps: orange-brown covered by creamy white hairs. Tarsi, metatarsi and
tibiae of legs I, II partly darker. Tarsi and tibiae of pedipalps darker. Pedipalp with a
claw.

Table 1: Legs measurements (mm)

Leg I II I IV
Femur 2A 1.85 1.59 2.54
Patella 1.22 LZ LA. 1.38
Tibia 122 1.01 0.90 1.59
Metatarsus 1.01 0.95 0.85 L27
Tarsus 0.85 0.79 0.48 0.58
Total length 6.42 Sil 4.99 7.36

Relative length of legs 87 : 78 : 68 : 100. Leg formula IV-I-II-III.
L leg I : L cephalothorax = 1.75.

Spination pattern: spines only on ventral side of tarsi and metatarsi, and distally on
tibiae; few on legs I & I, numerous on legs III & IV.

Abdomen: L 10.61; yellowish white, covered by light brown hairs. Cribellum: bipartite.

Genitalia: Epigynum of this species is similar to that of the female of E. semicanus
Simon, 1908. It has two small depressions adjacent to the anterior extremities of the
vulvae (Figs. 1-2; white arrows) instead of the wide single depression between the
chitinous ridge and chitinous plate of E. semicanus (El-Hennawy, 2004b).

88

Figs. 1-4: Eresus jerbae n.sp. 1-2. Holotype 9 (Jerba Island, Tunisia). 3-4. Paratype 9
(Birine, Algeria). 1, 3. Epigynum, ventral view. 2, 4. Vulvae, dorsal view.

Measurements of Other Material:
A. 192 Tunisia, Djerba (Ltr.), (MNHN) bottle no. 471 (tube no. AR 835) misidentified as
Eresus petagnae.

TL 13.06; Cephalothorax L 4.49; Cephalic part: L 3.65, W 4.16; Abdomen L 9.38
B. 12 Algeria, Birin (G. Seurat 1913), (MNHN) bottle no. 471 (tube no. AR 842)
misidentified as Eresus semicanus.

TL 13.87; Cephalothorax L 5.44; Cephalic part: L 3.91, W 4.25; Thoracic part: W 3.65.
Cephalothorax L : W anteriorly = 1.28; L : W posteriorly = 1.49.
Sternum L 2.97; Labium L 0.90; Maxillae L 1.64. Abdomen L 9.79

Eye measurements (diameters and interdistances): AME 0.14, ALE 0.17, PME 0.30,
PLE 0.17, AM-AM 0.17, AL-AL 3.18, PM-PM 0.48, PL-PL 2.86, AM-AL 1.24, AM-PM
0.09. (Id PME : Id AME = 2.82; Id PLE : Id ALE = 0.90).

Table 2: Legs measurements (mm)

Leg I I gut IV
Femur 2.91 2.38 22 3.18
Patella 1.38 1.43 1.22 1.85
Tibia 1.59 1.38 | i 2 2.01
Metatarsus 1.59 132 iy | Se)
Tarsus 1.01 0.95 0.58 0.85

Total length 8.48 7.46 6.41 9.64

89

Relative length of legs 88 : 77 : 66 : 100. Leg formula IV-I-II-III.
L leg 1: L cephalothorax = 1.56.

Male: Unknown.
Distribution: Algeria: Birine, about 125 km south of Alger (Algiers). Tunisia: Jerba

island (about 33°47'31"N 10°53'51"E).
Acknowledgments

I wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to my friends: Dr. Christine
Rollard (MNHN, Paris) who permitted loan of Eresus specimens, and Dr. Samir
Ghabbour (Cairo) who brought the specimens of Paris Museum to me.

References

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2004a. A new species of Eresus from Algeria (Araneida : Eresidae). Serket,
9(1): 1-4.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2004b. Review of spiders of genus Eresus in Egypt (Araneida : Eresidae).
Serket, 9(1): 25-35.

Olivier A.G. 1789. Araignée, Aranea. Encycl. méth. Hist. nat. Ins. Paris, 4: 173-240.

Platnick, N. I. 2005. The world spider catalog, version 5.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html
[Family Eresidae, last updated November 11, 2004]

Roewer, C.F. 1954. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Vol. 2, part b. Bruxelles.

Simon, E. 1873a. Aranéides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de I'Europe. 2e Mémoire.
Mémoires de la Societé Royale des Sciences de Liége, (2) 5: 187-351, pls. 1-3 (sep. pp. 1-174).

Simon, E. 1873b. Etudes arachnologiques. 2e Mémoire. III. Note sur les espéces européennes de
la famille des Eresidae. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France, (5) 3: 335-358, pl. 10
figs. 8-13.

Simon, E. 1910. Catalogue raisonné des arachnides du nord de l'Afrique (1™ partie). Annales de la
Societé Entomologique de France, 79: 265-332.

90

Serket (2005) vol. 9(3): 91-100.

Survey and populations of spiders and other arthropods in
cucurbit and legume fields in Al-Kanater (Egypt)*

Mohamed A. Zaher ', Hisham K. El-Hennawy ”, Mourad F. Hassan !,
Abdel-Khalek M. Hussein * and Naglaa F.R. Ahmad?
' Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
wie E]-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt
> Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Survey on spiders and other arthropods inhabiting fields of four legume and five
cucurbit crops, as well as seasonal abundance of spiders were investigated at Al-Kanater
Agricultural Research Station during one year to find 16 spider families, of about 33
genera and 33 species. Spring showed the greatest number of spider taxa (29) followed
by 22 in summer, while autumn recorded the lowest number (15). Other associated
arthropods included three classes, 10 orders and about 40 genera, i.e. one order of
Crustacea, three of Chilopoda (Myriapoda), and six of Insecta which included about 40
species in more than 33 genera and 22 families.

Keywords: Survey, Seasonal abundance, Spiders, Insecta, Chilopoda, Crustacea, Egypt.

Introduction

Spiders as predators play an important role in agroecosystems. They are
considered a biocontrol agent against economic pests of various agricultural crops.
Therefore, survey on spiders and other arthropods inhabiting fields of four legumes (peas,
kidney bean, cowpea and broad bean) and five cucurbits (squash, cucumber, sweet
squash, muskmelon, watermelon and watermelon intercropped with maize) crops as well
as its seasonal abundance were investigated at Al-Kanater Agricultural Research Station
during one year (October 2000 - August 2001). Kidney bean, squash and cucumber were
subjected to survey twice a year in an agricultural rotation as summer and winter crops,
while other crops were surveyed once. Watermelon was surveyed as monoculture and
when intercropped with maize.

* This article is a part of M.Sc. Thesis of the last author (NA).

Material and Methods

This study was carried out at Al-Kanater Agricultural Research Station, including
nine vegetable crops of two botanical families. Four belong to Leguminosae and these are
peas, Pisum sativum (from 11 November to 27 March), kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris
(from 11 October to 14 February and from 20 March to 10 July), cowpea, Vigna sinensis
(from 16 May to 21 August) and broad bean, Vicia faba (from 10 January to 29 May).
The other five crops belong to Cucurbitaceae. They are squash, Cucurbita pepo (from 3
October to 13 December and from 10 April to 10 July), cucumber, Cucumis sativus (from
3 October to 29 November and from 10 April to 10 July), sweet squash, Cucurbita
maschata (from 17 April to 10 July), musk melon, Cucumis melo var. reticulata (from 29
May to 17 July) and watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris (from 17 April to 10 July).
Watermelon was also intercropped with maize (from 8 May - 17 July).

Pitfall traps of plastic cups, each 8 cm in diameter and 11 cm deep were used to
survey spiders and associated soil arthropods inhabiting investigated fields (Southwood,
1987). Six traps were used for every investigated vegetable crop, lasted for 48 hour/week
and regularly applied for each crop depending on its duration. Captured arthropods were
carefully stored for identification (Identification of spiders is the responsibility of the
second author (HE)). Population of the spider families were assessed as percentage of the
entire captured spiders in each crop. The family percentage less than 5% was categorized
as rare (r); that of 5-33% = low occurrence (1); that of 33-66% = medium occurrence (m);
and that of more than 66% was described as high occurrence (h).

A list of identified spider species, alphabetically arranged, is presented at the end
of ‘Results’ section with authors and dates to avoid mentioning them inside the tables.

Results

Occurrence of spiders in the studied crops

The family Lycosidae proved to be the dominant among spider families where it
had high occurrence (h) in fields of 11 of the 13 investigated vegetable crops (Table 1).
This coincides with Hussein (1999) who reported that Lycosidae comprised 86.42% of
the whole spider population in 8 vegetable crop fields. This may be due to the ecological
abiotic and biotic factors in such vegetable crops that fit the requirements of members of
this family, e.g. temperature, relative humidity, shelter, leaf texture and abundance and
diversity of the pest prey species. However, the family Lycosidae recorded low
occurrence in winter squash only (5.3%). This may be due to the cold temperature during
winter season when large leaf area of squash plants completely shades the soil from sun.

The family Linyphiidae showed the second rank in occurrence. It recorded
medium occurrence (m) in one crop (broad bean) and low occurrence (1) of the whole
spider populations in 9 crops, i.e. winter and summer kidney bean, peas, winter and
summer cucumber, winter and summer squash, muskmelon and sweet squash. It
constituted 33.33% of the whole spider population in the broad bean field.

The family Theridiidae occurred in low percentages in only three fields of studied
crops averaging 5.78, 6.52 and 5.69% in winter kidney bean, winter squash and summer
squash respectively while it was rare in the other ten crops (Table 1).

It is worth noting that families Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Philodromidae and
Theridiidae occurred in all the 13 studied crop fields where Lycosidae were found in high
percentage followed by Linyphiidae. This may be due to the fitness of the habitat of the
vegetable crops for these spider families.

92

Table 1: Relative abundance of spider families in different studied vegetable crops

during the study period.
Legume Crops Cucurbit Crops

Winter Kidney Bean
Cow Pea
Winter Cucumber
Winter Squash
Summer Squash
Sweet Squash

Peas

Summer Kidney Bean

—
oO
wa)
=
=
iS)
5
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—
oO
=
=
=
Dn

Families

Agelenidae

[Linyphiidae [1
Philodromidae
[Salicidae |
os SSE Be ee Eee ee ee ee
Se See See eee
Se ee ee ee ee eee
2 ana ES Se ae Eee ee eee
2 Ci ae Ee ee eee

r= rare (< 5%), 1 = low (5—33%), m = medium (33-66 %), h = high occurrence (> 66%).

eed dniliini er [5 |
St 29S? Sea
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(22 cee Sees eS eee ee ee
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A

The family Philodromidae was also found in low percentage, i.e. 5.67, 5.0 and
5.48 in 3 crops (winter cucumber, winter squash and watermelon intercropped with
maize), while being rare in the other crops (Table 1). The other recorded families
appeared in rare numbers associated with some crops and disappeared from others. Of
these, the family Gnaphosidae which only disappeared from winter squash while
Salticidae disappeared from winter kidney bean and winter and summer squash. It seems
that there is a possible relation between squash and salticid spider disappearance.

The families Agelenidae, Dictynidae, Dysderidae, Pisauridae, Scytodidae,
Sicariidae and Titanoecidae were found in only two crops from total 13 crops. Along the
study period, two of these rare families Agelenidae and Pisauridae occurred only in
winter kidney bean and broad bean while Scytodidae and Titanoecidae only appeared in
summer season, titanoecids inhabited summer cucumber and summer squash and the
scytodids occurred in summer squash and sweet squash (Table1).

93

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more than family level.

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See
Ps
ie 5 4
He
ba
ie a ol
ae
| 7.46 | 3.42 | 9.25 | 8.65] 9.5 [5.38 | 6.1 | 12.88 |
13.5) 5.15.

(sa
= +
N
N

oniformis

Total

Average

nathidae *

Theridiidae *

Thanatus albini
Pisauridae *

Salticidae *

Sicariidae Loxosceles sp
Steatoda eri

Dysderidae Dysdera sp.

|Gnaphosidae* |

Menemerus sp.

Philodromidae

Micaria sp.
Lycosidae *
Hoegna ferox

Tetra
J = Juveniles could not be identified to

Using total of 50, 162, 114, 96 & 84

Taxa
Agelenidae
Lycosoides sp.
genaria sp.
| Araneidacits 3S)
|Dictynidae*

Table 2: Occurrence of spider families, genera and species in legumes in Al-Kanater Agricultural Research Station.

Summer Squash

=
o
ra)
S|
=|
3
=|
oO
_
o
S|
&
3
Dn

i

Winter Cucumber

ans
oniformis

idae
Cheiracanthium sp.

one dentipalpis
Philodromidae

Gnathonarium dentatum

Prineri

Pardosa injucunda
Scytodidae Scytodes sp.

Thanatus albini
Theridiidae *

Wadicosa fidelis
Salticidae *

Micaria sp.
Setaphis subtilis
Synaphosus sp.
Zelotes sp.
Lycosidae *
Hogna ferox
aa

Steatoda eri
Titanoecidae *

Table 3: Occurrence of spider families, genera and species in cucumber and squash in Al-Kanater Agricultural Research Station.
Winter Squash
Eri

Taxa
Araneidae *
Gnaphosidae *

78 & 78 pitfall traps in winter cucumber, winter squash, summer cucumber and summer squash respectively.

Juveniles could not be identified to more than family level.

Using total of 42, 42,

J

total number.

TN

* = Only identified to family level.

Table 4: Occurrence of spider families, genera and species in the other cucurbits in Al-Kanater Agricultural Research Station.

Muskmelon
eon
1 tal
eee |
par
=a
Eee!
aan
zie!
Te
em
eae!
par!
Pan ae
ie Wars

Watermelon

| Watermelon

rey Oa) by | Ng
it Seid Sold 201s HT)
a, ee ee ee
ae el ee
HEA |
Ms |

Gnathonarium dentatum
Pardosa injucunda

Hogna ferox

Zelotes sp.

Dysderidae Dysdera sp.
Micaria sp.

Gnaphosidae *

Dictynidae *
Lycosidae *

Araneidae *

Wadicosa fidelis

nn

n

is)

dd
= S) [sg]
& S =
&|-9 SYA} |S] .&
ZI3 S SI] 8
El ol 2) 3] 5| ©

oO

o| S}.s8] A/S] &l8
SI SS alslsl-S1s
GS) S/S] 8

©] §}.2 Ol'=
=| S/S 5181s
at Sy ES &
alla GIE|S|4

total number.

TN

quash, watermelon, watermelon intercropped with maize and muskmelon respectively.
* = Only identified to family level.

family level.

Juveniles could not be identified to more than

Using total of 71, 71, 59 & 42 pitfall traps in sweet s

|

Occurrence of spider taxa in legume crops

Results proved the occurrence of about 30 spider species and genera collected
from legume fields, i.e. about 17, 15, 20, 19 and 17 species and genera from winter
kidney bean, peas, broad bean, summer kidney bean and cowpea respectively (Table 2).

The highest occurrence was recorded for the unidentified lycosid genus one G;
(67, 94 and 138 individuals in peas, cowpea and summer kidney bean respectively)
followed by Wadicosa fidelis: 45, 72 and 184 individuals for peas, winter kidney bean
and cowpea respectively.

The rarest taxa of spiders were Lycosoides sp. and Dysdera sp. in winter kidney
bean, Araneidae and Tegenaria sp. in broad bean, Cheiracanthium sp. in winter and
summer kidney bean, Pisauridae in broad bean, Menemerus sp. in summer kidney bean
and Loxosceles sp. in broad bean and summer kidney bean. No females of Steatoda
erigoniformis were obtained by the traps during the study period in broad bean, winter
and summer kidney bean while one female was recorded in peas and another in cowpea.

Occurrence of spider taxa in cucumber and squash

Spiders of about 25 species and genera were collected from cucumber and squash
in winter and summer. Identification of these spiders with their age structure and
population are included in Table (3).

During the winter season, about 14 species and genera were collected. Six of them
were recorded in both crops while four taxa were only collected from cucumber, of which
only one individual of Setaphis subtilis and 8 individuals of Thanatus albini were
recorded. Four taxa were only collected from squash, three of them, i.e. Prinerigone
vagans, Cheiracanthium sp. and an unidentified theridiid, recorded the same lowest
occurrence of one individual while the fourth, P. injucunda, was recorded by 4 adult
individuals. The highest occurred taxa in cucumber and squash were the lycosid G, and
Erigone dentipalpis which recorded 51 and 14 individuals respectively.

During the summer season, about 21 species and genera were recorded. Fifteen of
them were collected from both cucumber and squash. Three taxa were only collected
from cucumber, i.e. Micaria sp., Synaphosus sp. and unidentified salticids that were
represented by 1, 1 and 5 individuals respectively. Other three taxa were only recorded
from squash, each by one individual, i.e. S. subtilis, G. dentatum and Scytodes sp. The
highest populations were recorded for the lycosid G; by 178 and 80 individuals in
cucumber and squash respectively.

Total number of spiders’ populations in winter and summer cucumber (141 and
369) were higher than in squash (46 and 229 individuals) respectively.

Occurrence of spiders in the other cucurbit crops

About 24 spider species and genera were recorded in the other cucurbits, of which
about 16, 18, 14 and 13 species and genera collected from sweet squash, watermelon,
watermelon intercropped with maize and muskmelon respectively (Table 4).

G, of the family Lycosidae recorded the highest occurrence in sweet squash,
watermelon and watermelon intercropped with maize 323, 271 and 101 individuals
respectively. The highest occurrence in muskmelon was recorded by 53 individuals of W.
fidelis. The lowest populations were for an unidentified gnaphosid, G. dentatum and
Scytodes sp. in sweet squash, an unidentified dictynid, Micaria sp. and Kochiura aulica
in watermelon, an unidentified lycosid G2 and Plexippus paykulli in watermelon
intercropped with maize and Dysdera sp., Zelotes sp., an unidentified linyphiid, E.
dentipalpis, an unidentified theridiid and S. erigoniformis in muskmelon. These recorded
the same number of one individual per each.

97

Table 5: Seasonal abundance of spiders in the studied crops.

a ie Res
|Agelenidae Lycosoidessp. | - | 0.08 | - [| = |
ju aot i hegenaria Sie 2 Tjleelat a) O08 Te Ue teaeal
| Araneidae, * "Lin Shs eae das oe] bs a OO oe
| Dictynidae * eae) aang ees
|Dysderidae Dysderasp. |__| 0.05 | - | 0.05 |
|Gnaphosidae* | 0.08 | 0.05 | 014 [=
| Setaphis subtilis | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.07 | - |
. Synaphosus sp. dauic Sir aati Danka) leh sae tvarll wil2O0 a ileeeetal
«1 Zelotes: spi vaca! teblteiail pel) alesis [any lalate bo eR Oa
| Gnathonarium dentatum __|__- _| 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04 _
0.38 | 0.79
| Pardosa injucunda | (0.24 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 1.47 |
18.74
Pic as eicste eA leeie le cic
| Miturgidae Cheiracanthium sp.|__- | 0.10 | 0.21 | - |

| Pisaumaiddag 9 sl noo! aes deal oe 08 2 Pa eee
,SaMticidAe * sy tants! Heston Seg) albany Mla) eit oo he 00 un gee

| Theridiidae #4) ss | 0.04.) 0:10 | 70.08 i] 010655)
| Kochiuravaubicaes (divi ii] OE died DO Veahes ol cen ager

[sp Menemergs Spain Wem ola solbdaaeigh| Wn Tedhe dD =e Ne
1 Plexippus paylolli,.4( s\asilalas Sill eevee 31 leh SESE
| Scytodidae Scytodessp. | = | = | = | 0.04
|Sicariidae Loxoscelessp. | = | = | 0.21 | |
| Tetragnathidae * 7) | 1 |) 0 eae ee

Steatoda erigoniformis
| Titanoecidae” |") _b7; PAPA area opp

PSP average!) a a poles Pepe

* = Individuals only identified to family level. T = Total number / trap.

Seasonal abundance of spiders in the studied crops
About 33 species of 33 genera and 16 families were recorded throughout the four

seasons of the year. Hogna ferox, G1, W. fidelis and P. injucunda (Family Lycosidae),
E. dentipalpis, P. vagans and G. dentatum (Family Linyphiidae), S. erigoniformis
(Family Theridiidae) and 7. albini (Family Philodromidae) were the most abundant
during this study (Table 5). S. erigoniformis was recorded for the first time from
Qalyubiya governorate. However, it was previously recorded from Alexandria and Nile

Delta without definite locality (El-Hennawy, 2002).

98

Table 6: Taxonomic list of arthropod fauna associated with spiders in investigated
vegetable fields.

a
See aT a
Coleoptera Ptinus sp.

| Anthicidae si | Anthicidae ——_—|_Anthicuc crinitus
Carabidae Dichirotrichus sp.
Tachys lucasi

Chrysomelidae Chaetocenema latipennis
Hypocassida subferruginea
Cicindelidae Cicindela melancholica

Curculionidae Sitona sp.
Temnorhinus sp.

Pigesopagiae [J

Scarabaeidae Aphodius nanus
Onthophagous aerarius
Pentodon algerinum
Psammodius porcicollis
Rhyssemus goudoti
Tropinota squalida

Tenebrionidae Gonocephalum sp.

Insecta

Scleron orientale

Zophosis oculosis

5 Co ea OA Fo ee
|Dermaptera si |Dermaptera__| Labiduridae

Hemiptera snc algdindt
Lygaeidae Emblethis sp.
Geocoris acuticeps
Heterogaster sp

Pentatomidae Eusarcoris inconspicuus

Camponotus aegyptiacus
Cataglyphis niger

Monomorium sp.
es meg

| Achetadomestica sid domestica

| Gryllus bimaculatus si bimaculatus

Se oe
ange aay Ei cle ca i
: a pe

Myriapoda

* There are different taxonomic opinions in the classification of these higher taxa.

Spring season showed the occurrence of the highest number (25) of spider taxa,
followed by summer season (23), while winter recorded 21 taxa and autumn recorded the
lowest number of taxa (14). This shows the high diversity of spider taxa during spring
and summer. Three taxa including Lycosoides sp., Tegenaria sp. of the family Agelenidae
and unidentified individuals of Tetraganthidae occurred only in winter, while titanoecids,
Loxosceles sp. and Synaphosus sp. were recorded in spring.

99

Spiders found in the different crops showed the high occurrence of 11 taxa
comprising lycosid unidentified juveniles, G,, W. fidelis and P. injucunda; unidentified
individuals of Linyphiidae, P. vegans and E. dentipalpis; unidentified individuals of
Theridiidae and its S. erigoniformis; T. albini of the family Philodromidae; and Micaria
sp. of the family Gnaphosidae. This may be attributed to their tolerance to variance in
weather conditions and other ecological, biotic and abiotic variables. On the other hand,
K. aulica of the family Theridiidae, Scytodes sp. of the family Scytodidae and
Menemerus sp. and P. paykulli of the family Salticidae were only collected in summer in
few numbers.

Survey of other arthropod fauna

Concerning arthropod fauna other than spiders, members of ten orders of the three
classes, or higher taxa, Crustacea, Insecta and Chilopoda (Myriapoda) were collected
with association of spiders in pitfall traps. These arthropods were presented by orders
Isopoda (Crustacea), Coleoptera, Collembola, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and
Orthoptera (Insecta) and Geophilomorpha, Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha
(Chilopoda, Myriapoda) (Table 6).

Surveyed orders included more than 22 families of which 33 genera and 23
species were identified. The most abundant species recorded during this study were:
Collembola, Acheta domestica (Order Orthopetra), Camponotus aegyptiacus, Cataglyphis
niger, Monomorium sp. and Pheidole megace (Order Hymenoptera), Labidura riparia
(Order Dermaptera), Anthicuc crinitus, Drasterius bimaculatus, Gonocephalum sp. and
Zophosis oculosis (Order Coleoptera).

In conclusion, this study is considered a primary investigation of the occurrence
of spiders and other associated arthropods in legume and cucurbit crops in the southern
part of Nile Delta. However, other studies are still needed to clarify the role of these
arthropods as predators of agricultural pests.

List of identified spider species

Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) Prinerigone vagans (Savigny, 1825)

Gnathonarium dentatum (Wider, 1834) Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897)

Hogna ferox (Lucas, 1838) Steatoda erigoniformis (O.P.-Cambridge,

Kochiura aulica (C.L.Koch, 1838) 1872)

Pardosa injucunda (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) Thanatus albini (Audouin, 1825)

Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1825) Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)
Acknowledgments

The last author (NA) owes more than she can express to the late Prof. Dr. E.A.
Gomaa (Cairo University) who kindly helped her in starting this work and for his
supervision throughout the practical work.

The authors are grateful to Mr. Mostafa Sharaf (ESEC, Cairo) who identified ant
species and to Dr. Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem (Cairo University) who identified other
insects.

References
El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). Serket, 8(2): 73-83.

Hussein, A.M. 1999. Seasonal abundance and daily activity patterns of spider fauna in some
vegetable crops in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 77(2): 677-689.

Southwood, T.R.E. 1987. Ecological methods: with particular reference to the study of insect
population. Chapman and Hall, London, 524 pp.

100

Serket (2005) vol. 9(3): 101-107.

Spider populations associated with different types of cultivation
and different vegetable crops in Fayoum Governorate (Egypt)

Nadia H. Habashy ', Mona M. Ghallab ' and Marguerite A. Rizk 7
' Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Egypt
: Agricultural Research Center, Fayoum Agric. Res. Station, Fayoum, Egypt
E-mail: retal949@hotmail.com

Abstract

This is a study of the effects of 3 cultivation types and 10 agricultural vegetable
crops on spider populations. It was carried out in Fayoum (Middle Egypt) by pitfall traps.
Highest densities of spider individuals were in cabbage monoculture (52), and
pepper/eggplant intercropping (45). The lowest densities of spiders were found in garlic
crop rotation (11) and tomato monoculture (13).

Keywords: Spiders, Intercropping, Monoculture, Crop rotation, Fayoum, Egypt.

Introduction

Spiders play an important role as predators in regulating insect pests in the
agricultural ecosystem. They are classified into about 40,000 species distributed all over
the world in almost every kind of habitat. The population densities and species abundance
of spider communities in agricultural fields can be as high as in natural ecosystems
(Turnbull, 1973).

Crop diversity also leads to an availability of alternative prey, which may increase
spider diversity as well as reducing territory size of spiders, leading to a stable population
of spiders at high densities (Provencher & Vickery, 1988). To conserve and enhance
spider populations, agricultural systems should be manipulated in ways beneficial to the
needs of the spiders. The structural complexity of the environment is directly related to
spider density and diversity. Highly varied habitats provide a greater array of
microhabitats, microclimatic features, alternative food sources, retreat sites, and web
attachment sites. All of which encourage colonization and establishment of spiders
(Riechert & Lockley, 1984; Young & Edwards, 1990; and Rypstra ef al., 1999).

A strong relationship between spider density and habitat structure has been
demonstrated by correlations and experimental manipulations. Measures that increase the
structural complexity of the habitat, such as intercropping, mulching and conservation
tillage, are known to enhance spider density and diversity (Rypstra et al., 1999).

In Egypt, spiders represent a considerable ratio, 36.34%, of the total soil fauna,
collected by pitfall traps, in different agroecosystems in Fayoum, Middle Egypt
(Ghabbour & Mikhail, 1993), while their ratio is only 4.44% in the newly reclaimed
desert ecosystem west of the Nile Delta (Hussein, 1993).

This work studies the effect of different types of cultivation, i.e. intercropping,
monoculture and crop rotation, of different vegetable crops on the activity density and
biodiversity of spiders in Fayoum (Middle Egypt).

Material and Methods

Study Area. The locality of the experiment was Sennouras village, Fayoum Governorate,

during the period of May 15 until the end of October 2003. The study area consists of
feddan (1 feddan = 4200m”) divided into five plots and cultivated with different types of
cultivation.

Plot (1): Cultivated with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) intercropped with squash
(Cucumis cucurbita), from May to August, while tomato continued alone, i.e.
monoculture, until the 1*' November.

Plot (2): Cultivated with tomato intercropped with pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) from
May to August, followed by tomato and squash until the 1*' of November as crop rotation.

Plot (3): Cultivated with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), monoculture, followed by garlic
(Allium sativum) as crop rotation.

Plot (4): Cultivated with green pepper (Capsicum frutescens), intercropped with
eggplant (Solanum melongena) from May to August followed by spinach (Spinacia
oleracea) and radish (Raphanus sativus) as crop rotation.

Plot (5): Cultivated with cabbage (Brassica capitata) as monoculture.

Sampling method. The samples of spiders were collected from the study area by the
pitfall trap method as described by Southwood & Henderson (2000). Four traps/week
were regularly applied for each crop. Obtained spiders were preserved in 75% ethyl
alcohol and classified to species level as much as possible. A list of identified spider
species, alphabetically arranged, is presented after table (3) with authors and dates to
avoid mentioning them inside the tables and text.

Frequency and Abundance values. The frequency values of the most abundant species
were Classified into three classes according to the system adopted by Weis Fough (1984).
"Constant" species were considered as those found in more than 50% of samples,
“accessory species” were those found in 25-50% of samples, and “accidental species”
were those found in less than 25% of the samples. On the other hand, the classification of
dominance, abundance, values was done according to Weigmann (1973) system (El-
Shahawy and El-Basheer, 1992) in which the species were divided into five groups based
on the values of dominance in the sample, i.e. percentage of individuals; Eudominant
species (>30%), dominant (10-30%), subdominant (5-10%), resident (1-5%) and
subresident species (<1%).

Results and Discussion
1- Effect of intercropping

Four families were recorded from the intercropping cultivation. The total number
of obtained spiders was 28, 30, and 44 from the three plots of tomato/squash,

102

tomato/pumpkin and pepper/eggplant respectively (Table 1). The highest number of
spiders was obtained in August. It was: 15, 16, and 15 from the intercropping
tomato/squash, tomato/pumpkin and pepper/eggplant respectively.

Lycosidae was the predominant family of spiders with the ratios 89.29, 83.33 and
68.9% in intercropping tomato/squash, tomato/pumpkin and pepper/eggplant respectively
(Table 4). It was considered a constant family according to the system adopted by Weis
Fogh (1984) and it was eudominant family according to Weigmann's system (1973).
Ghabbour et al. (1999) indicated that Lycosidae was the predominant family (79.06%) of
spider fauna in different crops. In addition, Ahmed (2003) indicated that Lycosidae
represented most of the spider population recording 83.77% with very high occurrence.

Linyphiidae was considered an accidental family and a resident in tomato
intercropping squash and tomato/pumpkin but it was a dominant family in
pepper/eggplant intercropping. Coll & Bottrell (1995) studied the effect of intercropping
bean/maize cultivation to report that spiders of families Linyphiidae and Araneidae were
more abundant in dicultures.

In this study, the number of spiders collected from the plot cultivated with pepper
intercropping eggplant is more than other plots. Wallwork (1976) explained that spider
populations are separated by different preferences for microclimatic conditions, although
these preferences may vary within a species, during the reproductive period. In addition,
soil texture may have an important influence on the distribution patterns of spiders that
deposit their cocoons in the soil.

Table 1: Spider families, genera and species, affected by different types of

intercropping vegetables.
Tomato / Pumpkin Pepper / Eggplant

Sex and age Sex and age Sex and age
structure structure structure

Tn Tn Tn
a|2{ se [s} [ale] s fs} fa] of se] 3
ee 2] 3

lem rd Se ps come ry eel

Tomato / Squash

Linyphiidae *

Erigone dentipalpis

Prinerigone vegans
Lycosidae *

Wadicosa fidelis

Lycosidae (one genus)

= Individuals only identified to family level; J = juvenile; Sa = subadult; Tn = total number.

2- Effect of monoculture

Seven families were recorded from the monoculture cultivation. The total number
of obtained spiders was 29, 52, 13 from the three plots of kidney bean, cabbage and
tomato respectively (Table 2).

Cabbage's microclimate was very important factor for the high population density
of spiders. Vlijm & Kessler-Geschiere (1967) explained that microclimate seems to be an

103

important factor in determining distribution patterns. Some spider species, at least, show
narrow tolerances of environmental temperature and relative humidity. However, these
preferences may change with the seasons and with the completion of mating. In addition,
Ghabbour et al. (1999) concluded that, the differences of number might be due to shade
of plants and available humidity expressed as water requirements for each crop in
addition to density of plants/acre. This directly affects abundance of spiders’ prey and
governs occurrence of birds and other spiders’ natural enemies.

Lycosidae was the predominant family with the ratios 68.96, 84.62 and 69.23% in
monoculture cultivation of kidney bean, cabbage and tomato respectively (Table 4). It
was considered a constant and eudominant family. Dictynidae was dominant in kidney
bean and Philodromidae was dominant in tomato monocultures. Both Linyphiidae and
Miturgidae were resident in kidney bean and cabbage. Thomisidae was subdominant
(7.69%) in monoculture tomato while it disappeared from kidney bean and cabbage.
However, some vegetables positively affect the biodiversity and activity of some families
and another type of vegetables has negative effects. The population density is dependant
on the total number of pests that invested plants.

Table 2: Spider families, genera and species, affected by different types of
monoculture vegetables.

Kidney Bean Cabbage
Sex and age Sex and age Sex and age
Taxa
structure structure structure Tn

Boon BETA yeh acs
ie en es
Linyphiidae * =P elo on
Gnathonarium dentatum te
Lycosidae * et Si Mlediliede || | 8 0] a

Wadicosa fidelis See
Lycosidae_(one genus) ea ee el ee

i ae
Cheiracanthium isiacum Reel ere ee ee ee ales
aaa a oe RT
Thanatus albini Pars 4 S| seal asa] 50] wcll alc al
sattckdae* of) ioe ine sO blo aa A le E™ 1
eee
Kochiura aulica SA a Pag ee

[Thoeisides Tanase a] =| | ao
Pot to fp a fo] or [| 2 | le] 7] a) ofa]

* = Individuals only identified to family level; J = juvenile; Sa = subadult; Tn = total number.

3- Effect of crop rotation
Six families were recorded from the crop rotation cultivation. The total number of

obtained spiders was 11, 19, and 14 from the three plots of garlic, radish/spinach and
tomato/squash respectively (Table 3). The lowest number of individuals and diversity of
spider species was found in the plot cultivated by garlic after cowpea, i.e. Plot 3. Crop
rotation generally decreases the individual pest infestation, especially in garlic.

Lycosidae constituted a higher population than other families. This result is
agreed with Ghallab ef al. (In press) and Edwards & Lofty (1969) that crop rotation
decreases species diversity to an even greater extent. Rizk et al. (2002) explained the

104

result that chemical composition of plants is of great importance in guiding the insect in
the selection process. In addition, spiders, in this study, might be affected with volatile

garlic deterrents.
Lycosidae was the predominant family with the ratios 63.64, 68.4 and 57.14% in

crop rotation cultivation of garlic, radish/spinach and tomato/squash, respectively (Table
4). It was considered a constant eudominant family. Philodromidae was dominant in the
three plots. Other dominant families were Theridiidae in garlic and Dictynidae in
tomato/squash.

Table 3: Spider families, genera and species, affected by different types of
crop rotation vegetables.

[Radish Spinach
Sex and age [a i al and age Sex and age
fel Pe aren “Ta sD

Se a i ES Eg
|Linyphiidae Prinerigone vegans | | | VT
Lycosidae * Poesia shisha |
Wadicosa fidelis 25 Sor astenees 2

= Stee one 8 genus)

Co hs
Petite et
Phanats alin Eee etait t
Theres * Bepeteee ot re

Kociurs cui eas me
ra Taos eee

= Individuals only identified to family level; J = juvenile; Sa = subadult; Tn = total number.

List of identified spider species

Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) Prinerigone vagans (Savigny, 1825)

Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge 1874 Thanatus albini (Audouin, 1825)

Gnathonarium dentatum (Wider, 1834) Thomisus spinifer O.P-Cambridge 1872

Kochiura aulica (C.L.Koch, 1838) Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)
Conclusion

This study indicated that the diversity of the spider fauna in a given site is often
related to the structural diversity of the habitat. Indirectly, the surface vegetation affects
spider population density and biodiversity, which is influenced by microclimate of the
plant. Where growth dependent on a mosaic of microclimatic conditions is produced with
shaded areas interspersed with more open exposed area. These variations in sun and
shade have a marked effect on the horizontal distribution patterns of many pests affected

directly on the growth rate of spiders.

Acknowledgment

The authoresses express sincere thanks to Col. H.K. El-Hennawy who identified spiders.

105

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History
Received on: 06-22-05

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SERKET CS B ee

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SERKET

Volume 9 Part 4

October, 2005 Cairo, Egypt

Contents

Page

A Checklist of the spiders of Turkey
Aydin Topcu, Hakan Demir & Osman Seyyar 109

Redescription of Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876)
(Araneida : Lycosidae) from Egypt
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 141

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Serket (2005) vol. 9(4): 109-140.

A Checklist of the spiders of Turkey

Aydin Topcu , Hakan Demir and Osman Seyyar
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Nigde University,
TR-51200, Nigde, Turkey.

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

e-mail: aydintopcu@nigde.edu.tr, osmanseyyar@hotmail.com

Abstract

This checklist of Turkish spiders comprises 613 species and 2 subspecies. Their
distribution in Turkey is presented. Four species, i.e. Alopecosa aculeata, Clubiona
marmorata, Eresus sandaliatus, and Nigma walckenaeri, are here recorded for the first
time from the Turkish araneofauna. Drawings of external genitalia of the four species are
presented.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, New record, Checklist, Turkey.

Introduction

The araneological activity in Turkey can be divided into three periods. In the first
period (1846-1964), araneological records have been mainly based on visits of earlier
researchers, such as Rossi (1846), Ausserer (1871), Pickard-Cambridge (1874), Simon
(1875, 1878, 1879, 1884), Pavesi (1876, 1878), Kulezynski (1903, 1915), Nosek (1905),
Strand (1907), Reimoser (1913, 1919, 1920), Dalmas (1920, 1921), Rouzsky (1925),
Fage (1931), Giltay (1932), Spassky (1932), Bristowe (1935), Caporiacco (1935),
Charitonow (1936), Drensky (1936), Bonnet (1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959), Roewer
(1960), Wiehle (1963), and Guy (1966).

A more detailed study of the araneofauna of Turkey was carried out by Sevin¢
Karol (1964, 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1966c, 1966d, 1966e, 1967a, 1967b, 1968, 1969), in
the second period (1964-1969). The first araneological checklist was published by her.
She reported 302 species belonging to 119 genera in a review of all literature at that time
(Karol, 1967b).

After Karol, new generation of foreign araneologists appeared and made further
contributions of new species and new records to the araneofauna of Turkey (Lehtinen &
Saaristo, 1972; Alicata, 1974; Deltshev, 1980; Millidge, 1981; Deeleman-Reinhold &
Deeleman, 1988). The Italian arachnologist Paolo Marcello Brignoli mainly concentrated
on cave-dwelling species and published many papers on Turkish spiders (Brignoli 1968,
1972, 1978a, 1978b, 1979a, 1979b). Other publications of variable importance included

data on Turkish spiders were those of Wunderlich (1978, 1980, 1984, 1994, 1995a,
1995b, 1995c), Levy & Amitai (1981), Hippa & Oksala (1982, 1983), Platnick & Murphy
(1984), Hippa ef al. (1986), Wesolowska (1986), Griswold (1990), Maurer (1992),
Ovtsharenko ef al. (1992), Schmidt & Smith (1995), Levy (1996, 2004), Saaristo &
Tanasevitch (1996), Saaristo (1997), Bosmans (1997), Bosmans & Van Keer (1999),
Deltshev (1999, 2000), Logunov & Marusik (1999), Senglet (2001), Azarkina (2002,
2004), Buchar & Thaler (2002), Gasparo (2002), Lehtinen (2002), Proszynski (2003),
Muster & Thaler (2004).

Since 1987, Abdullah Bayram, who is the second Turkish araneologist after
Sevincg Karol, started the study of several spider genera of Turkey. He published many
contributions to the araneofauna of Turkey with ecological notes, i.e. Bayram (1987,
1994, 1996), Bayram & Allahverdi (1994), Bayram & Géven (2001), Bayram & Ozdag
(2000), Bayram & Unal (2000), Bayram & Varol (1996, 1999, 2000, 2003), Bayram,
Varol & Tozan (2000), Bayram ef al. (2002a, 2002b). In 2002, he revised Karol’s
checklist (1967b) and reported 520 species belonging to 162 genera from Turkey
(Bayram, 2002). But, this second checklist do not include several important revisions and
faunistical records, i.e. Levy & Amitai (1981), Hippa & Oksala (1983), Deeleman-
Reinhold & Deeleman (1988), Wunderlich (1994), Bosmans & Van Keer (1999). In
addition, other Turkish araneologists have recently contributed to the study of spiders of
Turkey (Varol, 2001; Topgu & Demir, 2004; Tanasevitch, Kunt & Seyyar, 2004;
Tanasevitch, Topcu, & Demir, 2004; Topgu et al. 2005).

This paper presents up-to-date review of the araneofauna of Turkey. It is derived
from: 1) a critical incorporation of all available records from the literature concerning the
distribution of spiders of Turkey, 2) a revision of all of the existing material in NUAM
(Arachnology Museum of Nigde University). The species available in NUAM were
marked by an asterisk in Table (1). This checklist also contains four new records for the
araneofauna of Turkey with drawings of their external genitalia (Figs. 2-5), and a list of
all publications on Turkish spiders, published between 1846 and 2005.

Geographical regions of Turkey

The lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up

the old world, Asia, Africa and Europe, are near to each other. The lands of Turkey are
geographically located in the northern half of the hemisphere at a point that is about
halfway between the equator and North Pole, at a longitude of 36-42°N and latitude of
26-45°E. Because of its geographical location the mainland of Turkey has
zoogeographical significance.
Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: the Black sea region, the Marmara region,
the Aegean region, the Mediterranean region, Central Anatolia (Anatolian plateau)
region, the East and Southeast regions. The uneven North Anatolian terrain running along
the Black sea resembles a narrow but long belt. The land of this region is approximately
1/6 of Turkey’s total land area.

The Marmara region covers the area encircling the Sea of Marmara, including the
entire European part of Turkey, as well as the northwest of the Anatolian Plain. The
Aegean region extends from the Aegean coast to the inner parts of western Anatolia. In
general, the mountains in the region fall perpendicularly into the sea and the plains run
from east to west. In the Mediterranen region, located in the South of Turkey, the western
and central Taurus Mountains suddenly rise up behind the coastline. The Central
Anatolian region is exactly in the middle of Turkey and gives the appearance of being
less mountainous compared with the other regions. The Eastern Anatolia region is
Turkey’s largest and highest region. About three fourths of it is at an altitude of 1.500-

110

2.000 metres. Eastern Anatolia is composed of individual mountains as well as of whole
mountain ranges, with vast plateaus and plains. There are numerous inactive volcanoes in
the region, including Nemrut, Stiphan, Tendiirek and Turkey’s highest peak, Mount Agni,
which is 5.165 metres. The southeast Anatolia region is notable for the uniformity of its
landscape, although the eastern part of the region is comparatively more uneven than its
western areas (Map 1). The abbreviations used in the paper of the geographical areas are
as follows: WBR = West Black Sea Region, MBR = Middle Black Sea Region, EBR =
East Black Sea Region, MR = Marmara Region, AR = Aegean Region, MER =
Mediterranean Region, CAR = Central Anatolia Region, EAR = East Anatolia Region,
and SAR = Southeast Anatolia Region.

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Map 1. Geographical regions of Turkey.

Results

The spider fauna of Turkey is represented by 613 species and 2 subspecies,
included in 43 families: Ctenizidae 1, Nemesiidae 2, Theraphosidae 1, Filistatidae 1,
Sicarlidae 1, Scytodidae 1, Leptonetidae 3, Pholcidae 16, Segestriidae 3, Dysderidae 42,
Palpimanidae 2, Mimetidae 1, Eresidae 3, Oecobiidae 1, Uloboridae 3, Nesticidae 2,
Theridiidae 31, Theridiosomatidae 1, Anapidae 1, Linyphiidae 56, Tetragnathidae 10,
Araneidae 33 (+ 1 subspecies), Lycosidae 63, Pisauridae 1, Oxyopidae 5, Zoropsidae 1,
Agelenidae 41, Cybaeidae 3, Hahniidae 4, Dictynidae 7, Amaurobiidae 14,
Phyxelididae 1, Titanoecidae 3, Miturgidae 5, Liocranidae 4, Clubionidae 5,
Zodariidae 13, Prodidomidae 1, Gnaphosidae 73 (+ 1 ssp.), Sparassidae 6,
Philodromidae 22, Thomisidae 56, and Salticidae 71 (Fig. 1).

This number is established after a critical review of all available records from the
literature concerning the spiders in the Turkey and a revision of all existing materials in
NUAM. The number of species is low compared with the number of species recorded
from other countries, i.e. Bulgaria 985 (Deltshev & Blagoev, 2001), Germany 925
(Koponen, 1993), Russia 1974 (Mikhailov, 2000), because of lack of araneological
studies. The zoogeographic classification of the spiders has been made on the basis of
literature data reflecting their current distribution (Platnick, 2005). In the zoogeographic
categories, Palearctic species are dominant (represented by 179 species), followed by 109
Turkish endemic species (and subspecies) that are only known from Turkey (17.8 %).
Many of the endemic species are mainly distributed in caves in the Mediterranean region.

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Figs. 2-5: 2-4. 9 epigynum, ventral view; 5. ¢ palp, ventral view. (Scale line = 0.2 mm)
2. Alopecosa aculeata (Clerck, 1757), Family Lycosidae
3. Clubiona marmorata L.Koch, 1866, Family Clubionidae
4. Eresus sandaliatus (Martini & Goeze, 1778), Family Eresidae
5. Nigma walckenaeri (Roewer, 1951), Family Dictynidae

Acknowledgments

This work is part of a research Project supported by the Research Fund of Nigde
University (FEB 2003/02). We are extremely indebted to Dr. Seving Karol
(Ankara,Turkey), Mr. Hisham El-Hennawy (Cairo, Egypt), Biologist Dilcan Gonca
Aytekin (Lambourn, U.K.), Mr. John Stanney (British Arachnological Society, U.K.), Dr.
Dmitri Logunov (Manchester, U.K.), Dr. Andrei Tanasevitch (Moscow, Russia), Dr.
Maria Chatzaki (Crete, Greece), Dr. Jorg Wunderlich (Hirschberg, Germany), Dr. Miquel
Arnedo (Barcelona, Spain), Dr. Konrad Thaler (Innsbruck, Austria), Dr. Christo Deltshev
(Sophia, Bulgaria), Dr. Robert Bosmans (Gent, Belgium), Dr. Galina Azarkina
(Novosibirsk, Russia), Dr. Heikki Hippa (Stockholm, Sweden), Dr. Charles Griswold
(San Francisco, USA), Dr. Michael Saaristo (Turku, Finland) for providing literature and
for their valuable help.

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Serket (2005) vol. 9(4): 141-144.

Redescription of Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876)
(Araneida : Lycosidae) from Egypt

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt

Abstract

The female holotype of the very rare Egyptian lycosid spider Pardosa iniqua
(O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) is redescribed.

Keywords: Spiders, Lycosidae, Pardosa iniqua, Egypt, Taxonomy, redescription.

Introduction

Among more than fifty species of family Lycosidae recorded from Egypt (EI-
Hennawy, 2002), Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) is the most rare lycosid species
in the Egyptian fauna. There is only one female specimen of this species deposited in the
collection of the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge in Oxford University Museum of Natural
History, U.K. (QUMNH) [Hope Entomological Collection (HECO)]. No other material of
this species is available until now. Therefore, this redescription depends on the single
specimen deposited in OUMNH. This specimen was previously described twice, by the
author of the species (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) and by Roewer (1959) (Platnick, 2005).

Abbreviations used: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; d =
dorsal; Id = eyes inter-distances; L = length; p = prolateral; PLE = posterior lateral eye;
PME = posterior median eye; r = retrolateral; TL = total length; v = ventral; W = width.
All measurements were taken in millimetres.

Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876)
(Figs. 1-6. Table 1.)

Type Material: Holotype: Female. Egypt: Alexandria, (OUMNH) B.1573, t.8.

Description: Female (Holotype): TL 8.25; Cephalothorax L 3.32, W 2.81.

Cephalothorax brown, covered by short white hairs.

Eyes: posterior medians (PME) largest; 2.8 times larger than anterior medians (AME),
and 1.4 times larger than posterior laterals (PLE); their interdistance (Id PME) equals their
diameter. Eye measurements (diameters and interdistances): AME 0.17, ALE 0.14, PME
0.48, PLE 0.34, AM-AM 0.14, PM-PM 0.48, PL-PL 0.85, AM-AL 0.10, AL-PM 0.10, PM-
PL 0.61. (ALE = Id AME; Id AM-AL = Id AL-PM)

Figs. 1-3:
Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876),
Holotype @.

1. Cephalothorax, dorsal view.

2. Abdomen, dorsal view.

3. Ventral view.

Sternum (L 1.85): brown with a yellow leaf-like design in the middle that does not reach
the end of the sternum.

Labium (L 0.26), maxillae (L 0.69).

Legs: brown yellow with blackish patches on femora. Pedipalp: with a toothed claw.
Relative length of legs 75 : 71 : 74: 100. Leg formula IV-I-III-II.
L leg IV : L cephalothorax = 3.8.

Leg spination: I femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; patella p0-1-0, r0-1-0; tibia v2-2-2;
metatarsus p0-1-1, v2-2-2. II femur dl-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; patella p0-1-0, r0-1-0; tibia

142

pl-0-1, v2-2-2; metatarsus p0-1-1, v2-2-2. III femur d3-3-3-3; patella d1-0-0, p0-1-0,
r0-1-0; tibia d3-0-3, v2-2-2; metatarsus d2-2-2, v2-2-2. IV femur d2-1-2 ; patella d1-0-0,
p0-1-0, r0-1-0; tibia d3-0-3, v2-2-2; metatarsus d2-2-2, v2-2-2.

Table 1: Legs measurements (mm)

Leg I II Ill IV
Femur GO 2.55 253 3.40
Patella 1.27 1.19 1.19 127
Tibia pA) 1.87 1.87 255
Metatarsus 1.96 2.04 2.29 3.66
Tarsus 1.40 Ly 136 1.70
Total length 9.48 8.92 9.26 12.58

Abdomen: L 4.93, dorsally blackish brown, covered by short white hairs mixed with
brown and white setae sparsely scattered in the anterior third of the abdomen. There are
long white hairs on the anterior front of the abdomen, denser in the middle. Abdominal
pattern: pale whitish patches arranged as described by Cambridge (1876). Ventrally: yellow
with median longitudinal brown patch and both sides of the abdomen are blackish brown
mixed with yellow patches.

Genitalia: Epigynum small, its length is 0.11 of the abdomen’s length (Fig. 3). Epigynum
and vulvae as in Figs. 4-6. [Note the difference between Figs. 4-5 and the schematic
drawing of Roewer (1959) (Fig. 7) of the same specimen. ]

Male: Unknown.

Distribution: Egypt: only from Alexandria (about 31°11'08"N 29°53'30"E).

Addendum from Cambridge (1876)

The described specimen of Pardosa iniqua was collected in 1864 and described by
Cambridge (1876, pp.605-606). Roewer (1959) redescribed the same specimen after about
a century of preservation in alcohol. Now, after 140 years of preservation, its colours are
faded. Therefore, the original description of O.P.-Cambridge must be referred to, to know
the real colouration of the specimen.

“The sides of the cephalothorax are rather depressed; a broad, longitudinal, brownish
yellow band, radiating at the thoracic junction, occupies the middle; and the lateral margins
have a broken band of the same colour, the intermediate spaces forming two broad brown
bands; the ocular area is black-brown; and the whole has a dense clothing of yellowish grey
pubescence. The /egs are yellow, the femora banded with black-brown, and the femoral and
base of the tibial joints slightly marked with a similar colour. The falces are brownish
yellow, blackish near their base in front, and marked obliquely towards the extremities with
a dusky brown band. The sternum is black-brown, with a broad, irregularly edged, yellow,
longitudinal central band, which does not, however, reach the hinder extremity.

The abdomen is dull blackish brown above, all the normal characteristic markings being
much obscured; the normal central marking on the fore part is bifid at its hinder extremity,
and has an angular point, directed backwards, near the middle of each side; the hinder part
has two nearly parallel longitudinal rows, each of three or four rather conspicuous pale
spots, furnished with whitish hairs; and between them is an indistinct series of yellowish
angular bars or chevrons; the sides are marked with black-brown spots and broken lines,
which are more thinly dispersed towards the underside, which is yellow, margined with
black-brown, and divided by a longitudinal central dark brown bar.”

9b ae YY
OVE Aa ahi, f
— Ears -

5 6
Figs. 4-7: Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876), Holotype 9. 4-5. Epigynum, ventral
view. 6. Vulvae, dorsal view. Scale=0.27 mm _ 7. Epigynum, Roewer’s Fig.7 (1959).

Acknowledgment

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. James Hogan (OUMNH, Oxford) who
permitted loan of the holotype specimen of Pardosa iniqua.

References

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new species and characters of a new genus. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1876: 541-630.

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Platnick, N.I. 2005. The world spider catalog, version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roewer, C.F. 1959. Araneae Lycosaeformia II (Lycosidae). Explor. Parc natn. Upemba Miss. G. F.
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144

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SERKET

Volume 10 Part |
May, 2006 Cairo, Egypt
a
Contents
Page
Distribution of the “Euscorpius carpathicus” complex
(Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Turkey
Aysegiil Karatas |
Distribution and Systematic Status of Euscorpius italicus
(Herbst, 1800) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Turkey
Aysegiil Karatas 9
Cave dwelling spiders (Araneae) of Turkey
Aydin Topcu, Hakan Demir & Osman Seyyar 18
A new record for the Turkish spider fauna: Oecobius cellariorum
(Dugés, 1836) (Araneae: Oecobiidae)
Rahsen S. Kaya, Ismail Hakki Ugurtas & Abdullah Bayram ZS

White widow, Latrodectus pallidus (Araneida: Theridiidae),
in Jordan and Egypt
Hisham K. El-Hennawy Ds

Biology, mass rearing and observations on the behaviour of Kochiura
aulica (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae)

EL-Sayed H. Abdel-Karim, Gad H. H. Rady, Gamal A. Ibrahim

& Naglaa F. R. Ahmad 35

Life history of Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874
(Arachnida: Araneida: Miturgidae) in Egypt
Mohammad A. Mohafez 44

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eae eA CE CH ISSN: 1110-502X

Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 1-8.

Distribution of the “Euscorpius carpathicus” complex
(Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Turkey

? Aysegiil Karatas
Nigde Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Béliimii,
51200 Nigde, Tiirkiye

E-mail: leiurus9@hotmail.com

Abstract

This study presents old and new distributional localities and some morphplogical
information concerning “carpathicus complex” of the genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876
(Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Turkey. Also taxonomic affinities of the taxa are discussed.

Keywords: Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae, Euscorpius, carpathicus complex, Turkey,
distribution, morphology, taxonomy.

Introduction

Although several studies were made about Turkish Euscorpius Thorell (Birula,
1898, 1917a, 1917b; Hadzi, 1930; Schenkel, 1947; Vachon, 1951, 1966; Tolunay, 1959;
Kinzelbach, 1975, 1982; Bonacina, 1980; Fet, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1997; Lacroix, 1995;
Kritscher, 1993; Crucitti & Malori, 1998; Fet et al., 2003a), the species composition and
taxonomic rank of most populations are still not clear (Fet & Braunwalder, 2000; Fet ef
al., 2004).

Birula (1898) described E. ciliciensis Birula, 1898 from the Middle Taurus of
Turkey. E. ciliciensis were considered either subspecies of E. germanus (Vachon, 1951,
1966) or a taxon belonging to E. carpathicus s.str. (Kinzelbach, 1975). Bonacina (1980)
reestablished E. mingrelicus (Western Balkans and Anatolia to the Caucasus) as a “good”
species and limited E. germanus (C.L. Koch) to the Alpine regions of Italy and described
E. m. phrygius as a new subspecies from Turkey (Western Anatolia). Bonacina (1980)
used the ratio of et-est/est-dsb and gave the ratio ca. 1 in E. germanus and between 1.5
and 3 in E. mingrelicus. Fet (1986) confirmed that E. ciliciensis type material of Birula
belongs to “E. mingrelicus complex”. Fet (1993) analyzed the morphological features of
E. m. mingrelicus from Georgia and Russia. Lacroix (1995) described three new
subspecies of E. mingrelicus excluding the three existing subspecies (viz. E. m.

mingrelicus, E. m. ciliciensis and E. m. phrygius) and limited the nominotypic ssp. E. m.
mingrelicus to the Transcaucasia. Of these, E. m. legrandi was described from Bolu, E.
m. uludagensis from Uludag (Bursa) and E. m. ollivieri from along the coast of Black Sea
between Zonguldak and Artvin. According to the latest treatment, six subspecies of E.
mingrelicus are found in Turkey (Fet & Braunwalder, 2000, Fet et al., 2004). But
taxonomic status of these subspecies is still unclear and questionable.

E. carpathicus was reported from different localities by Hadzi (1930), Schenkel
(1947), Vachon (1951), Tolunay (1959), Kinzelbach (1975) and Crucitti & Malori
(1998). Fet & Braunwalder (2000) discussed current problems in taxonomy and
biogeography of the scorpions of the Aegean area. Fet ef al. (2003a) presented first DNA
phylogeny of the genus Euscorpius including specimens collected both close to the type
locality and another population from western Anatolia. Fet ef al. (in press) discovered
that presence of low genetic divergence accros the range of E. italicus.

Recent studies about E. carpathicus complex were based mainly on morphometric
character sets and DNA analysis. Fet & Soleglad (2002) elevated the Balkan population
to the species level as E. hadzii, verifying species status of E. koschewnikowi from
Greece, and also quoted some Italian subspecies of E. carpathicus to species E. sicanus.
Gantenbein et al. (2001) elevated the Balearic Island subspecies E. c. balearicus to
species level as E. balearicus. Fet (2003) elevated subspecies of E. c. tauricus to species
status as E. tauricus. Fet et al. (2003b) elevated E. c. sicanus known from Italy, Malta
and Greece to species level as E. sicanus and limited the distribution of E. carpathicus to
Romania.

The purpose of this study is to present details on morphological features (total
length, number of patellar trichobotria (ventral and external series), number of pectinal
plates and ratio of et-est / est-dsb) of two different forms, along with old and new
distributional localities of Euscorpius carpathicus complex from Turkey.

Material and Methods

The specimens collected between the years 1998 and 2005 from different
localities in Turkey were studied (Fig. 1). Specimens were investigated and measured
with the stereomicroscope Olympus SZX9 equipped with 0.1 mm accuracy micrometric
ocular. Total length was measured with 0.5 mm accuracy calipers. Scorpions were
identified according to diagnostic external morphological features such as total length,
carination of metasoma and number and position of the trichobothria on the pedipalp and
the ratio of the distances between trichobothria et-est and est-dsb on the fixed finger of
pedipalp. Diagnosis of each form is based on the material examined. The specimens were
collected from different localities of Turkey and were preserved in 70% alcohol. A total
of 56 pooled specimens were analysed. Trichobothrial formulae were given according to
standard techniques (Fet, 1993, 2000).

Abbreviations

Dp: Number of pectinal tooth.

V: Number of trichobothria on the ventral aspect of pedipalp patella.

Te: The same on the external aspect including the following et, est, em, esb, eba, eb,

et: terminal; est: subterminal; em: median; esb: suprabasal; eb,: basal “a”; eb: basal.
et-est/est-dsb: The ratio of distance between the trichobothria et (external terminal)-est
(external subterminal) and est (external subterminal)-dsb (dorsal suprabasal) on the fixed

finger of pedipalp chela.

Fig. 1. Map of sampling localities. Euscorpius sp. 1: 1. Bursa, 2. Gemlik, Umurbey,
3. Canakkale: Ayvacik, 4. Ayvacik, Hemdemtepe, 5. Can, Terzialan; 6. Istanbul,
7. Biiyiikada, 8. Sariyer, 9. Uskiidar, Cengelkéy; 10. Izmir: Urla, Mentes; 11. Sinop,
12. Ada vicinity. Euscorpius sp. 2: 13. Antalya: Alanya, Avsallar; 14. Mugla: Fethiye,
Kelebekler Valley.

Results and Discussion

According to the scored morphological features, all studied specimens were given
in phenotypic groups. Below records of each group (with the original detailed
trichobothrial scores, mean value of et-est/est-dsb and number of pectinal plates) were
given. Number of scored pedipalps was given in brackets.

Family: Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896
Genus: Euscorpius Thorell, 1876
Subgenus: Euscorpius Thorell, 1876
Euscorpius sp. 1 (“carpathicus complex”) (cf. E. koschewnikowi and cf. E.
carpathicus subgroup A1 sensu Fet, 2000)

Material Examined: (total 52 specimens; 30 99, 22 Gd): Bursa: Centrum,
17.VIII.2005: 2 d@ (2005/33); Gemlik, Umurbey, 14.VII.2003: 1 92 (2003/234).
Canakkale: Ayvacik, 08.[X.2003: 1 2 (2003/19); Ayvacik, Hemdemtepe picnic site,
08.1X.2003: 1 6, 3 QP (2003/19.1-4); Can, Terzialan Vil., 07.VII.2003: 1 9, 1 3
(2003/12. 1-2). Istanbul: exact locality unknown, —.1I.1999: 1 ¢ (1999/33); Istanbul:
Adalar, Biiyiikada, 01.VII.2004 1 Q with 23 juv. (2004/53), ibid., 3 99 (2004/57. 1-3),
O1V1I2004:,10, 99, 13 dG (2004/35. 1-23); Sariyer, 25.VII.2002: 3 Gd, 1 9
(2002/75.1-4); Uskiidar, Cengelkéy, 16.IX.2001: 1 2 (2001/28). Izmir: Urla, Mentes
Military Area, 18.VI.2004: 4 99 (2004/101. 1-4). Sinop (Centrum): Balatlar Church,
17.[X.2003: 1 @, 1 Q (2003/37.1-2), 23.VII.2004: 1 2 (2004/57); Ada vicinity,
14.1X.2003: 2 9° (2003/41.1-2).

Morphology: Total length generally was up to 30-35 mm in adults, but up to 38 mm in
the largest specimens, collected from Bursa, Canakkale, and Sinop (Fig. 2). Mean value
of et-est/est-dsb was 1.33 + 0.21 (Range: 1.27 - 1.40). Pedipalps, especially manus, were
very well developed and large. Cutting edges of pedipalp fingers had a very strong basal
scallop in adult males, and were contiguous in females; movable finger had a well
developed median lobe in adult males. Colouration changed from medium brown to
orange brown; pedipalps and carapace are the darkest; carinae of pedipalps were darker,
and chelicerae, mesosoma, legs and telson were lighter and yellowish brown. Metasoma
was relatively thin and sylindirical in shape, but not smooth. Dorsal carinae of metasomal
segments I-IV were very sparsely and finely granulose; ventromedian and ventrolateral
carinae of segment V had moderate granules and intercarinal spaces bears dense and fine

granules.

Trichobothrial counts of pedipalp patella: Among the 52 examined specimens, the
measurements were as follows (in parenthesis, number of scored pedipalps): external: eb:
2 (1), 4 (103), eba: 2 (1), 4 (103), esb: 2 (104), em: 3 (3), 4 (101), est: 3 (1), 4 (103) and
et: 4 (2), 5 (28), 6 (74), and V: 6 (1), 7 (26), 8 (77).

Pectinal tooth counts were scored as follows; in females one specimen lack of
pectines, 6-7 (1), 7-7 (19), 7-8 (7), 8-8 (2). In males, 8-8 (2), 8-9 (6), 9-9 (12), 9-10 (2).

Fig. 2. Adult male (left) and female (right) Euscorpius sp. 1 (“carpathicus complex”)
from Turkey. Male from Istanbul (2004/35-1), female from Sinop Ada vicinity (2003/41).

Comments: This species was recorded by Hadzi (1930) from Istanbul and Crimea. In
this study, the specimens collected from Istanbul under the name E. c. oligotrichus, were
reported with a total length up to 30.5 mm, V: 7-9, Te: 24 and number of pectinal plates:
9-10 in males. Detailed trichobothrial analysis of E. carpathicus from the Crimea were
given by Fet (1997) and it was elevated to species rank as E. tauricus according to DNA
analysis by Fet (2003). Schenkel (1947) recorded one female from Havza (Samsun),
Tolunay (1959) from Sinop and Vachon (1951) from Istanbul. Kinzelbach (1975)
recorded this species from Canakkale, Trakya, Egridir (Isparta), Borgka (Artvin),
Amasya, the Middle Taurus, Denizli and Istanbul with the name E. carpathicus s.str. First
DNA phylogeny of the genus Euscorpius including specimens collected close to the type
locality of E. ciliciensis Birula, and also from western Anatolia suggest that the closest

taxa to the analyzed Anatolian populations are European species E. gamma Caporiacco,
1950 and E. germanus (C.L. Koch, 1837) but not the “E. carpathicus” species complex
(Fet et al., 2003a).

E. carpathicus was traditionally treated as one species widespread from Baleares
to Crimea (Fet et al., 2000). “E. carpathicus complex” is a complicated species complex
and currently under revision using both morphological and molecular techniques (Fet &
Soleglad, 2002; Fet et al., 2003b; Gantenbein ef al., 2001). Currently Fet & Soleglad
(2002) restricted the scope of E. carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) s.str. to Southwestern
Romania and seven subspecies were revalidated as full species in this complex. One of
them is E. koschewnikowi Birula, 1900 from northeastern Greece.

I compared my specimens with E. koschewnikowi and found some differences: In
another study (Fet & Soleglad, 2002) the trichobothrium V4 was seen to be situated on
the external surface, removed from the exteroventral carina of E. koschewnikowi. In this
study, in all specimens given as cf. E. carpathicus or cf. E. tergestinus, V4 was situated
on the ventral surface, internally from the exteroventral carina. As for the metasomal
segments, all segments are considered to be longer than wide in both sexes of E.
koschewnikowi (Fet & Soleglad, 2002) but in studied specimens from Turkey, while in
males all segments (I-V) were longer than wide, in all females segment I was wider than
long and in all the other segments (II-V) were longer than wide. Number of pectinal
plates of E. koschewnikowi were given as 6-7 in females and 8 in males (Fet & Soleglad,
2002). Most of my male specimens have pectines with 9 teeth. Only one male from
Ayvacik (Canakkale) and one of total 13 males from Biiytikada (Istanbul) have pectinal
plates with 8-8 teeth. Also Canakkale specimens are respectively small, adults were only
up to 25 mm, and had more reduced metasomal carination and relatively less developed
pedipalps. Teruel ef al. (2004) reported Euscorpius sp.1 (“carpathicus complex”) from
Bulgaria with v: 6-7, et: 5, Dp in females: 7-7 and in males: 8-8. This occurred quite
rarely in my examined specimens.

Fet (2000) separated a group named EF. carpathicus subgroup A1 belonging to
“carpathicus complex” with modal trichobotrial formulae as V: usually 7 to 8 and et from
5 to 6 from Bulgaria and Greece that corresponds to hybrid subspecies E. c. candiota
Birula, 1903 evaluated by Kinzelbach (1975). Trichobothrial features of my specimens
conform with that of E. carpathicus subgroup A1 stated by Fet (2000).

Euscorpius sp. 2 (“carpathicus complex”) (cf. E. tergestinus and cf. E. carpathicus
subgroup A3 sensu Fet, 2000)

Material Examined (4 specimens; 3 dd, 1 Q): Antalya: Alanya, near Avsallar,
15.1X.1996: 1 @ (1996/37), 20.VII.1998: 1 4 (1998/18); Mugla: Fethiye, Oliideniz,
Faralya, Kelebekler (Butterflies) Valley, 23.VIII.2004: 1 d, 1 9 (2004/38.1-2).

Morphology: Total length was up to 25 mm, pedipalps, carapace, metasomal segments
were brown, mesosoma was light brown, telson and legs were yellowish light brown (Fig.
3). Pedipalps were moderately developed, scalloping of fingers was prominent especially
in males. Dorsal internal and ventral internal carinae of femur and patella were well
developed. Internal surface of femur bears serrulated to crenulated rows of granules.
Dorsal carinae of segments I-IV were distinctly granulate, with moderately developed
granules and could be seen on % proximal part of segment V. Ventromedian and
ventrolateral carinae of segment V were distinctly and moderately granulated.
Ventrolateral carinae could be seen also on 4 distal portion of the segment IV.

Nn

Trichobothrial counts of pedipalp patella: Among the four examined specimens, these
measurements were as follows (in parentheses, number of scored pedipalps): external: eb:
4, eb,: 4, esb: 2, em: 4, est: 4 and et: 6 in all 8 pedipalp patella. Ventral, V: 10 (3), 9 (4)
and 8 (1). There are no differencies in counts of external series. Mean value of the ratio
of et-est/est-dsb (in 8 patella) was measured as 1.2.

Pectinal tooth counts were scored as follows; in females: 6-7(1); in males: 9-9(1),

10-10(1), 8-9(1).

Fig. 3. Adult male (left) and female (right) Euscorpius sp. 2 (“carpathicus complex’)
from Turkey. Male and female (2004/38. 1-2) from Fethiye (Mugla).

Comments: Kinzelbach (1975) notified a species with the name E. mesotrichus with Tv:
10-14. This species was recorded from Sile (Istanbul) (TPT: 11) and on the coast of
Black Sea and Adalar (Prinkipos) Islands in the Marmara Sea (TPT: 10-13). Kinzelbach
(1982) recorded E. mesotrichus from Korikos (Mersin: Kizkalesi) and Ephesus (Izmir:
Selcuk). The occurence of this form in Istanbul was also suspected by Fet & Braunwalder
(2000). According to my recent findings, E. carpathicus s.1. with V= 9-10 occurs only
along the South and Southwestern coast of Turkey and E. carpathicus s.1. with V= 7-8 (8
in 74% in scored pedipalp patella) is found in Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea regions
(Fig. 1). Also Crucitti & Malori (1998) recorded E. cf. carpathicus from Antalya
(Gtizelsu, Adiller, Manavgat) and Konya (Camlik) with TIT (V): 6-13 and em: 3 (2), 4 (8).

Currently Fet & Soleglad (2002) applied the name E. tergestinus to most of the
western populations of former E. carpathicus (France, Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia) and
the name E. sicanus to many Greek populations; at least several more forms of the
“carpathicus complex” were considered as present across the Balkans, all on Aegean
islands and in southern Turkey (Fet ef al., 2004). The most important feature separating
E. sicanus from E. tergestinus and another related species, e.g., E. balearicus, is its
external patellar series eb (and in some populations, also series eb,) has 5 trichobothria.
All specimens examined of E. tergestinus and E. balearicus possess only 4 trichobothria
in these series (Fet ef a/., 2003b). But in the specimens collected from Turkey, series eb
and eb, always had 4 trichobothria. V4 was situated on the external surface in a dimple in
E. tergestinus (Fet & Soleglad, 2002); however, V4 situated on the ventral surface, inner
side of the exteroventral carina in all studied specimens.

Fet (2000) separated a group named E. carpathicus subgroup A3 belonging to the
“carpathicus complex” with modal trichobotrial formulae as V: usually 8-10 and et from

6 to 7 from Aegean Islands (Greece). Trichobothrial features of my specimens conformed
with those of E. carpathicus subgroup A3 of Fet (2000).

It will be possible to conclude whether some features of E. carpathicus sp. 2 (e.g.
carination of pedipalps and metasomal segments, trichobothrial formulae, number of
pectinal plates) conform with that of E. tergestinus and trichobothrial formulae conform
with E. carpathicus subgroup A3, only after analysis of both morphology and DNA of all
populations from Balkans to Turkey. Based on the results of my study, it seems fit to
keep these as E. carpathicus sp. 1 and sp. 2 from “carpathicus complex”. Further
morphological and DNA analysis (Fet ef al., in press) will depict the relationships of E.
carpathicus populations from Turkey with other Balkan and Greek populations more
clearly, as well as the position of Turkish populations in the “carpathicus complex”.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Professor Victor Fet for valuable comments on the manuscript,
and also Associate Professor Ahmet Karatas for preparing map of localities. Also thanks
to my friends and colleagues Dr. Figen Caliskan, Dr. Hakan Caliskan, Dr. Beytullah
Ozkan, Miinir Ucak, and Ahmet Serhat Giines for helping in field studies.

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Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 09-17.

Distribution and Systematic Status of Euscorpius italicus
(Herbst, 1800) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Turkey

Aysegil Karatas
Nigde Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Béliimii,
51200 Nigde, Tiirkiye
E-mail: leiurus9@hotmail.com

Abstract

In this study, the systematic status of Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800) was
investigated based on morphological features of 156 specimens (77 females, 79 males)
collected from the Marmara, Karadeniz, and north-eastern Anatolia area in northern
Turkey, specifically. New data on the distribution of E. italicus in Turkey are presented,
including one record in Kars Province in the north-eastern part of the country, which has
a naturally disjunctive distribution. Turkish material was compared to the European
samples with respect to trichobothrial features, pectinal teeth numbers and the ratio of
et-est/est-dsb. It was established that the European and Anatolian populations had similar
features and Euscorpius italicus awhasicus was not a valid subspecies.

Keywords: Distribution, Systematics, Euscorpius italicus, Polytrichobothrius,
Euscorpiidae, Scorpiones, Turkey.

Introduction

The scorpion genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 of Family Euscorpiidae is widely
distributed across the Western Palaearctic. Its range includes North Africa and south and
central Europe, the Balkans and throughout Turkey to the Caucasus (Fet & Sissom,
2000). This genus consists of more than 15 species divided into four subgenera:
Alpiscorpius, Euscorpius, Polytrichobothrius, and Tetratrichobothrius.
Polytrichobothrius Birula, 1917, consists of two species (Fet ef al., 2004). Euscorpius
italicus (Herbst, 1800) has a naturally disjunctive geographic distribution divided in two
unequal parts: it is found in southern Europe (mainly in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia,
Montenegro, Albania, and north-western Greece) and in a narrow coastal strip along the
Black Sea coast of northern Turkey from Istanbul in the west to Georgia and Southern
Russia in the east (Krasnodar Region) (Fet & Sissom, 2000; Fet & Kovarik, 2003).
Euscorpius italicus was also found by Nordmann in the Caucasus on the shores of the
Black Sea. Later Nordmann called this species Scorpio awhasicus, regarding it as a

“species not yet described”. Kessler mentioned this species under the name Scorpio
awhasicus but defined its relation to Scorpio italicus (Herbst) (Birula, 1917a).

Until now E. italicus has been named as E. i. awhasicus (Nordmann, 1840)
several times by Birula (1917a, 1917b), Vachon (1951), Tolunay (1959), Kinzelbach
(1985), Crucitti (1999) from Tekirdag, Kocaeli, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Trabzon on the
Northern Coastal Region and from Corum (Karg1) on the inner parts of Turkey. In these
studies, the Anatolian, as well as the Caucasian populations were classified as E. i.
awhasicus. Birula (1917a) examined the specimens from Caucasus, Italy, Anatolia and
the Balkans and stated that they did not differ from each other in any feature (number of
pectinal teeth and ventral trichobothria of pedipalp, patella and chela), and that the
Caucasian form could not be separated from the type specimens even as a local race. He
suggested that Scorpius naupliensis C.L.Koch, 1842 should be considered as a local race
of the species because of its fine granulation of the patella. Vachon (1981) studied the
specimens from Italy, Switzerland, Greece and Turkey (Istanbul, n = 1) and listed all
forms of the species as synonyms but noted that the different trichobothrial features of the
Peloponnesian specimens. Kinzelbach (1975), who had previously synonymized all
known subspecies to the nominated subspecies, later suggested E. i. awhasicus to be a
valid subspecies (Kinzelbach, 1985). Bonacina (1982) showed the overall variations in
the number of ventral chelal and patellar trichobothria of the Italian specimens. Currently
no valid subspecies of E. italicus are recognized (Fet & Sissom, 2000). Gantenbein ef al.
(2002) who elevated Euscorpius naupliensis (C.L.Koch, 1837) to species status,
examined six specimens of E. italicus from Turkey and classified the Turkish samples of
E. italicus together with the European specimens. Fet ef al. (in press) demonstrated an
extremely low genetic divergence across the geographic range (Switzerland, Italy,
Greece, Turkey, and Slovenia) of the species.

The distribution of FE. italicus in Turkey along Black Sea Coast is less well
documented. Only a few coastal sites are known between Istanbul and Rize and several
taxonomic problems remain unresolved concerning the status of some Italian, Greek,
Turkish and Caucasian populations (Gantenbein ef al., 2002).

In this study, the Turkish populations of E. italicus were studied for the first time
with respect to meristic morphological features (number of patellar ventral and external
trichobothria, chelal ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth counts and ratio of et-est / dsb)
and the new distributional records of E. italicus from Turkey are presented including one
record in Kars Province in north-eastern part of the country, which has a naturally
disjunctive distribution. Results only belong to material examined were given in tables
and distributional records were plotted on a map.

Populations outside the main geographic range are assumed to have been
introduced by human beings (Gantenbein ef al., 2002). Such populations of E. italicus
have also been reported from other places closer to the main range of the species, but still
disjunctive: Yemen (Birula, 1937), south-western Romania (Vachon, 1981); and
Switzerland (Braunwalder, 2001), and Iraq (Fet & Kovarik, 2003).

This paper aims to elucidate the systematic status of E. italicus and to present data
on the distribution of this species in Turkey. In addition, some data on the biology of this
species in the eastern part of its distributional range is provided.

Material and Methods

A total of 260 specimens of E. italicus: 77 292,79 6 adults, 7 subadults, 20 and
11 juveniles completed the first instar, and 28, 29 and 9 newborn embryos were collected
from different localities in northern Turkey between 1998 and 2005 (Fig. 1). I also

10

examined 156 adult specimens of E. italicus for trichobotrial features, pectinal teeth
numbers and the ratio of et-est / est-dsb.

Measurements were taken with a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX9) equipped
with a micrometric ocular piece (0.1 mm accuracy). Trichobothrial scores were taken
according to the standard convention (Gantenbein ef al., 2002). The nomenclature used
follows that of Vachon (1981), Bonacina (1982) and Gantenbein ef al. (2002).

All specimens are preserved in 75% alcohol at the Department of Biology, Nigde
University (ZDNU).

Abbreviations

Dp: Number of pectinal teeth.

Chela Ventral: Number of trichobothria on the ventral, ventroexternal carina and
external aspect of pedipalp chela.

Tv: Number of trichobothria on the ventral aspect of pedipalp patella.

Te: The number of trichobothria on the external aspect including et, est, em, esba, esb,

6699,

eba, eb, (et: terminal; est: subterminal; em: median; esb,: suprabasal “a”; esb: suprabasal;
eb,: basal “a”; eb: basal).

et-est/est-dsb: The ratio of the distance between the trichobothria et (external terminal)-
est (external subterminal) and est (external subterminal)-dsb (dorsal suprabasal) on the

fixed finger of pedipalp chela.

Fig. 1. Localities of examined material of Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800).
Explanation in text.

Results

Material examined: — Bartin: Amasra (centre) [Ja], 03.X1.2003: 12 (2003/186),
Amasra Castle [1b], 04.X1.2003: 1 @ (2003/230). — Giresun: Kemaliye Kéyii [2],
20.VIII.2001: 14 (2001/86); Bulancak, Inece Village, Davutlu Quarter [3], 01. VIII.2003:

1]

1g, 12 (2003/32.1-2), 25.VII.2004: 19, 24, (2004/62.1-3), Samugiiney Village [4],
20.11.1996: 12, 26 (1996/41.1-3), 21.11.1996: 40g, 222 (1996/184), 20.VIII.2001:
1g (2001/86), 30.VIII.2001: 12 (2001/50), 01.111.2002: 14 (2002/1), 02. VIII.2003: 19,
1¢ (2003/21.1-2). — Istanbul [11a], 25.X1.2002: 54, 322 (2002/74.1-8), 23.X.2005:
222, 266 (2005/100.1-4); Beykoz [5], -.VII.2001: 19 (2001/121), 15.X1.1996: 19
(1996/48), 30.[X.2003: 14 (2003/42), Arnavutkéy [6], 15. VIII.1997: 399 (1997/19.1-3),
Cengelkéy, Military Buildings [7], 18.VIII.2001: 1d (2001/30); Catalca, Ormanli Village
[8], 07.1X.2003: 1¢ (2003/1); Sariyer, Bahgekoy [9], -.VIII.2004 1 2 (2004/34); Sile,
Tekekéy [JO], 10.VIII.2004: 1¢ (2004/71); Sisli [116], 07-X1.2005: 14 (2005/109);
Uskiidar, Camlica [12], 15.VIII.2003: 14 (2003/191), 20.1.2004: 1¢ (2004/23),
04.VI1I.2003: 12, 3¢¢ (2003/190.1-4), Kisikh, Cakaldag Village [13], 08.V.2005: 19
(2005/9). — Kars: centrum, near Faculty of Science-Arts and Kars Castle [14],
15.IV.2002: 19, 1@ (2002/118.1-2). — Ordu: Unye [J5a], 11.IX.2002: 19, 266
(2002/124.1-3), Cinarlik Quarter [15b], 1¢ (2004/01). — Rize: Camlihemsin, Senyuva-
Ulkii villages [76], 20. VIII.2003: 244 (2003/134.1-2). — Sakarya: Kocaali, Dere Quarter
[17], 12.VIII.2002: 1¢ (2002/44). — Samsun: Fatih Quarter [18a], 20.VIII.2003: 229,
13 (2003/35.1-3), 14. VII.2002: 2¢¢ (2002/69.1-2), Kadikéy Quarter [185], 13.[X.2003:
12, 1¢ (2003/36.1-2), Alanh Village [19a], 27.VIII.2003: 529, 2¢¢ (2003/40.1-7),
between Alanli-Birkut Villages [195], 27.VII.2003: 2292, 14 (2003/39.1-3); Bafra
(centre) [20a], 17.VII.2005: 599, 6¢¢ (2005/104.1-11); 23.VIII.2005: 1399, 8¢¢
(2005/66.1-21), Yaka Quarter [20b], 02.VII.2005: 929, 934 (2005/101.1-18), Karpuzlu
Village [22], 24.VIII.2005: 729, S5¢q@ (2005/102.1-12), Kosu Village [22],
26. VIII.2005: 62 2, 6465 (2005/103.1-12). — Trabzon: Besikdiizii [23], 06. VIII.2003: 14
(2003/140); Magka, Ocakh Village [24], 06.VII.2005: 192 (2005/42). — Zonguldak:
Alapli, Kocaman Forest Station [25], 01.XII.2004: 12, 1¢ (2004/72.1-2).

Morphology: In females, pectinal teeth number varied between 8 and 10. The number of
pectinal teeth according to the counted pectines of 77 females were as follows: 8-8 (in 30
specimens or 39%), 9-9 (21 or 27.3%), 8-9 (10 or 13%), 9-8 (9 or 11.7%), 7-8 and 8-10
(2 or 2.6%), 5-9, 9-10 and 7-7 (1 or 1.3%).

In males, pectinal teeth number varied between 9 and 12. The number of pectinal
teeth according to the counted pectines of 79 males were as follows: 10-10 (in 46
specimens or 59%), 10-11 (13 or 16.7%), 11-11 (9 or 11.5%), 9-10 (7 or 9%), 11-12 (2 or
2.6%), 9-9 and 10-12 (1 or 1.3%).

% 2 % of

mit a | Pde wae Cees OO Yara
9-10 11-11 10-12 11-12

9-9

Fig. 2. Percentage of pectinal teeth counts of 77 females and 79 males of
Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800).

Based on the 312 samples scored, in the pedipalp patella the number of eb, eba,
em and est trichobothria did not show much variation. These numbers were generally
fixed at certain characteristic values. For instance, although the eb series varied between
3 to 5, predominantly eb was equal to 4 (296 specimens or 94.9% of 312 samples). The
same was valid also for eb,. It varied between 4 and 7 but predominantly the eb, value
was 6 (295 specimens or 94.6%). The em series varied between 3 to 6, but predominantly
em was 5 (303 specimens or 97.1%). Finally est varied between 3 to 5, and
predominantly est was 4 (306 specimens or 98.1%).

b. eb, c.em

Fig. 3. Statistical data for pedipalp patella trichobothrial counts of Euscorpius italicus
(Herbst, 1800). a: eb = external basal, b: eb, = external basal “a”, c: em = external
median, d: est = external subterminal (number above each column refers to percentage
value in total number of patellae).

As a result of examination of a total of 312 patellae belonging to 156 specimens,
the number of ventral patellar trichobothria varied from 9 to 14; 188 patellae (60.3%) of
scored pedipalps had 12 trichobothria, 70 patellae (22.4%) had 13 trichobothria and 42
patellae (13.5%) had 11 trichobothria. The rest of the trichobothria categories were found
with relatively lower frequencies. Only 2 patellae (0.6%) had 9 trichobothria, 3 patellae
(1%) had 10 trichobothria, and 7 patellae (2.2%) had 14 trichobothria.

Number of esb, trichobothria in the external patellar series varied from 4 to 11;
130 patellae (41.7%) of the scored patellae had 7 trichobothria, 82 patellae (26.3%) had 8
trichobothria, 41 patellae (13.1%) had 6 trichobothria, and 37 patellae (11.9%) had 9
trichobothria. Four categories had frequencies lower than 5%; 13 patellae (4.2%) had 10

—
eS)

trichobothria, 7 patellae (2.2%) had 5 trichobothria, and finally there was one patella
(0.3%) with 4 trichobothria and another with 11 trichobothria.

The number of et trichobothria in the external patellar series varied from 4 to 9;
218 patellae (69.9%) had 7 trichobothria, 55 patellae (17.6%) had 8 trichobothria, 35
patellae (11.2%) had 6 trichobothria and only 2 patellae (0.6%) had 4 trichobothria, one
patella (0.3%) with 5 trichobothria and another with 9 trichobothria. Variability and
statistical distribution of pedipalp trichobothria are shown in Figs. (3-4).

In our analysis of 156 specimens, the number of ventral trichobothria of chela
ranged between 8 and 11. Ventral trichobothria of chela are located on both the ventral
and external aspect of the manus. In most specimens, one trichobothrium is found on the
ventroexternal carina (rarely 2 or 3). For 156 samples, 18 different configurations were
determined in terms of the numbers found on the external, ventro-external carina and
ventral surface of the manus. The percentage of 98.59% of these samples exhibited
trichobothria situated on the ventro-external carina and on the external surface, 85.44%
had one, and 7.51% had two trichobothria.

The following seven configurations were dominant accounting for 82.71% of the

samples: (external + ventro-external carina + ventral)

1+1+8=10, 30.98% [+248 =a ly al27o 2+ TES = 11, Beals
litt Yea 04247 = 19) 42

1+2+7=10, 9.61% 14+14+9=11, 4.22%

€./eSD, d. et

Fig. 4. Statistical data for pedipalp patella trichobothrial counts of Euscorpius italicus
(Herbst, 1800). a: chela ventral, b: patella ventral, c: esb, = external suprabasal “a”, d: et
= external terminal (number above each column refers to percentage value in total
number of patellae).

A total of 41 females and 43 males were measured to determine whether or not
the ratio of et-est/est-dsb reflected a difference between European and Turkish
populations of E. italicus. The mean value of the ratio of chelal fixed finger trichobothria
et-est/est-dsb was determined to be 0.99+40.12 (Range: 0.77-1.30) for females and
0.89+0.13 (Range: 0.66-1.35) for males.

The new distributional record of E. italicus from Turkey was given from Kars
Province in north-eastern part of the country, which has a naturally disjunctive
distribution. But the specimens from Kars Province (one male and one female)
(2002/118.1-2) had no morphometric differences from the other specimens from Turkey.
Trichobothrial formulae (chela ventral, patella ventral, eb, eba, esb, esba, em, est, et) of
female (2002/118.1) 11-10, 12-12, 44, 66, 22, 77, 55, 44, 77; the same of male
(2002/118.2) 9-10, 12-12, 44, 66, 22, 76, 55, 44, 46. The pectinal teeth number of female
was 8-8 and for male it was 10-10.

4 14
12

10

a7 5 , 88 LOO le she Os OOM Ge Poa OSE Leto Ab 30
ip , 94 e062 aloe toad whe Toor JsOOme, 14 2225 2, 38
Female Male

Std. Dev. = 0.13, Mean = 1.00, N = 41.00 Std. Dev. = 0.14, Mean = 0.89, N = 43.00

Mean

FEMALE MALE

Fig. 5. The ratio of et — est / est — dsb trichobotria.

I

Discussion

The statistical data on pectinal teeth and trichobothria from the Turkish specimens
fall within the limits of those known for E. italicus that were indicated by Gantenbein er
al. (2002).

As a result of the statistical analysis of E. italicus populations from Turkey, only
differences in the number of esb, series were determined in comparison with the
European populations. Gantenbein ef al. (2002) indicated that the number of esb, series
for European populations was predominantly 9 but in Turkish populations this number is
predominantly 7. The numbers of all other trichobothria showed similar values.

Gantenbein ef al. (2002) denoted that this ratio in European population of E.
italicus for females as 0.983+0.085 (Range: 0.83-1.15), for males as 0.825+0.111 (Range:
0.69-1.07). My results conform that of European population indicated by Gantenbein et
al. (2002).

According to the diagnostic criteria given by Gantenbein ef al. (2002), especially
the trichobothrial numbers and patterns, and ratio of et-est/est-dsb, it is clear that the
Turkish populations of £. italicus belong to the nominotypic form. This supports the
notion that £. i. awhasicus is not a valid subspecies, as stated by Fet & Sissom (2000) and
Gantenbein et al. (2002).

In Kars province, the presence of two adult specimens indicated a reproducing
population and this population has been introduced by human beings. The closest known
populations of EF. italicus are those in Artvin and Rize in Eastern Karadeniz Region,
which is the likely source of introduction.

My data shows a wide variation in the number of ventral and chelal trichobothria
of E. italicus in Turkey and provided distribution records from Turkey. This also
provides some data on the biology of this species at the eastern part of its distributional
range.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dr. I. Rasit Bilgin, Dr. Yusuf Ersan and Dr. Muhittin Yilmaz
(Kars), Hasan Karsh (Sakarya), Miinir Ugak, Teoman Kankili¢, Mustafa Kiirtiillii and
Dr. Handan Tiirkmen (Nigde), Erdem Hizal (Istanbul), Burcu Gok (Samsun), Hayati
Kurnaz, Bekir Karatas (Giresun), Tayyar Durukan (Zonguldak) and also Dr. Beytullah
Ozkan (Edirne) for collecting specimens.

References

(Birula, A.A.) Byalynitskii-Birulya, A.A. 1917a. Chlenistobryukhie paukoobraznye Kavkazskogo
Kraya [Arthrogastric arachnids of Caucasia]. Part I. Scorpiones. Tiflis: Mémoires du Musée du
Caucase, Sér. A 5: 1-253. [English translation: Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific
Translations, 1964].

(Birula, A.A.) Byalynitskii-Birulya, A.A. 1917b. Faune de la Russie et des pays limitrophes
fondee principalement sur les collections du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie des Sciences de
Russie. Arachnides (Arachnoidea). Petrograd, 1(1): xx, 227 pp. (in Russian). English translation:
1965. Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries. Arachnoidea. Vol. I. Scorpions. Jerusalem: Israel
Program for Scientific Translations, xix, 154 pp.

Birula, A.A. 1937. Notes sur les collections de scorpions recueillis dans le Jémen [Arabie S.E.].
Arch. Mus. Zool. Univ. Moscou, 4: 101-110 (in Russian).

16

Bonacina, A. 1982, Note preliminari sulla sistematica sottospecifica di Euscorpius italicus
(Herbst) (Scorpiones, Chactidae). Riv. Mus. Sc. Nat. BG, 4: 3-16.

Braunwalder, M.E. 2001. Scorpions of Switzerland: summary of a faunistic survey. pp. 279-286.
In: Fet, V. & Selden, P.A. (eds.): Scorpions 200]. In memoriam Gary A. Polis. British
Arachnological Society, Burnham Beeches, Bucks.

Crucitti, P. 1999. The Scorpions of Anatolia: biogeographical patterns. Lavori della Societa
Italiana di Biogeographia, Biogeographia, 20: 81-94.

Fet, V. & Kovarik, F. 2003. A record of Euscorpius (Polytrichobothrius) italicus (Herbst, 1800)
(Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) from Iraq. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem., 67: 179-81.

Fet, V., Gantenbein, B., Karatas, A. & Karatas, A. (in press). An extremely low genetic
divergence across the range of Euscorpius italicus (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Journal of
Arachnology, 33 (3).

Fet, V., Soleglad, M.E. & Gantenbein, B. 2004. The Euroscorpion: taxonomy and systematics of
the genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius, 17: 47-60.

Fet, V. & Sissom, W.D. 2000. Family Euscorpiidae. pp. 355-380. Jn: Fet, V., Sissom, W.D.,
Lowe, G. & Braunwalder, M.E., Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998). New York
Entomological Society, New York, 690 pp.

Gantenbein, B., Soleglad, M.E., Fet, V., Crucitti, P. & Fet, E. V. 2002. Euscorpius naupliensis
(C. L. Koch, 1837) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) from Greece: elevation to the species level
justified by molecular and morphological data. Rev. Jbér. Aracnol., 6: 13-43.

Kinzelbach, R. 1975. Die Skorpione der Agais. Beitrage zur Systematik, Phylogenie und
Biogeographie. Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Abteilung fiir Systematik, 102 (1): 12-50.

Kinzelbach, R. 1985. Vorderer Orient. Skorpione (Arachnida: Scorpiones). 7iibinger Atlas der
Vorderer Orients (TAVO), Karte Nr. A VI 14.2.

Tolunay, A. 1959. Zur Verbreitung der Skorpione in der Tiirkei, Zeitschrift fiir angewandte
Entomologie, 43(4): 366-370.

Vachon, M. 1951. A propres de quelques scorpions de Turquie collectés par M. le Professeur Dr.
Curt Kosswig. /stanbul Universitesi Fen Fakiiltesi Mecmuasi, 16 (B): 341-344.

Vachon, M. 1981. Remarques sur la classification sous-spécifique des especes appartenant au
genre Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 (Scorpionida, Chactidae). Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Natur., Mem.
(B), 88 (suppl.): 193-203. (C.-r. 6@me Coll. d’arachnol. d’express. Francaise (Coll. Intern.
Européen), 1981, Modena-Pisa).

Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 18-24.

Cave dwelling spiders (Araneae) of Turkey

Aydin Top¢u, Hakan Demir and Osman Seyyar
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Nigde,
TR-51200, Nigde, Turkey

Corresponding e-mail: hakandemir@gazi.edu.tr

Abstract

In this study, a faunistic list of 61 species of cave dwelling spiders of Turkey has
been constructed depending on previous literature records of the spider fauna of Turkey.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Caves, Turkey.

Introduction

The geological differences and formations of Turkey have contributed its bio-
variety at an important rate. According to the data of M.T.A. (Directorate of the Institute
of Mineral Research), the caves, covering 2/5 of Turkey, also nestle many species of
spiders that had settled underground during the previous geologic ages and insulated from
the outside for a long time.

Cave dwelling spiders, as zoogeographic agents, are important for biospeleology
(Brignoli, 1979). The first study on fauna of cave dwelling spiders of Turkey belongs to
the French biospeleologist Fage (1931), who revised cave dwelling spiders and described
Palliduphantes byzantinus (Linyphiidae) as a new species dwelling in Yarimburgaz cave
in Istanbul.

Roewer (1959) had a detailed study on arachnids collected from Greece, Crete,
Anatolia, Iran and India by Dr. Kunt Lindberg. In his study, Roewer recorded 37 species
belonging to 17 families from the caves of Turkey. In another study, Roewer (1962)
described Hoplopholcus patrizii (Pholcidae) as a new species and recorded Pachygnatha
degeeri (Tetragnathidae) from a cave in Antalya. Wiehle (1963) collected only one
specimen of Carpathonesticus borutzkyi to record it from Turkey.

In her study called "Turkish Spiders. I. Preliminary List", Karol (1967) talked
about cave dwelling spiders recorded by different arachnologists and attributed to the
authors of these records.

Aygen (1971) and Basar (1971) mentioned records from some caves of different
Turkish cities. They only talked about morphological and behavioural features of the
spiders but they did not inform about the species of the spiders.

Brignoli (1968, 1971, 1972, 1978a, 1978b, and 1979) gave broad information
about systematical and biogeographical features of cave dwelling spiders of Europe,
Aegean Islands and Turkey. He recorded 18 spider species that belong to different
families from the caves of Turkey and described them as new to science.

Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman (1988) recorded 4 species belonging to family
Dysderidae from the caves of Turkey, including Dysderocrates regina as new species.

Deltshev (1972-1995, in Platnick, 2006) studied cave dwelling spiders of the
Balkans and Aegean Islands. Deltshev (1996, 2000) stated that endemic spiders in
Balkans often dwell high mountain peaks and caves. He claimed in his studies that some
endemic spiders of the Balkans might be related to the North part of Turkey.

™. GEORGIA

a a

ARMENIA

“MER “~~
es

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Map 1. Geographical regions of Turkey. WBR = West Black Sea Region, MBR = Middle
Black Sea Region, EBR = East Black Sea Region, MR = Marmara Region, AR = Aegean
Region, MER = Mediterranean Region, CAR = Central Anatolia Region, EAR = East
Anatolia Region, and SAR = Southeast Anatolia Region.

[WBR: Zonguldak; MR: Bursa, Istanbul, Yalova; MER: Adana, Antalya, Burdur, Hatay,
Isparta, Kahramanmaras, Mersin; CAR: Karaman, Kayseri, Konya; EAR: Bitlis,
Diyarbakir, Elazig; SAR: Gaziantep, Mardin. ]

Results and Discussion

Family Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870
Chaetopelma gracile (Ausserer, 1871)
Distribution in Turkey: Kahramanmaras, Giivercinlik, Lor Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867
Filistata insidiatrix (Forskal, 1775)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Suadiye, Magaracik (Roewer, 1959).

Family Sicariidae Keyserling, 1880
Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820)
Distribution in Turkey: Kahramanmaras, Elbistan, Culundu Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Leptonetidae Simon, 1890
Cataleptoneta aesculapii (Brignoli, 1968)
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Alanya, Damlatas Cave (Brignoli, 1968, 1978).

Cataleptoneta sbordonii (Brignoli, 1968)
Distribution in Turkey: Burdur, Insuyu Cave (Brignoli, 1968, 1978); Antalya,
Désemealti, Yagca Village, Mustanini Cave (Brignoli, 1978).

Family Pholcidae C.L. Koch, 1851

Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763)
Distribution in Turkey: Elazig, Harput, Buzluk Cave; Kahramanmaras, Giivercinlik, Lor
Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Hoplopholcus patrizii (Roewer, 1962)
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Dag Cave (Roewer, 1962); Antalya, Désemealti, Karain
Cave (Brignoli, 1972).

Pholcus opilionoides (Schrank, 1781)
Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Inkaya Village, Suini Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Samandag, Magaracik, Btiytik Cave; Diyarbakir, Lice,
Korkha Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Pholcus spasskyi Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Diyarbakir, Lice, Korkha Cave (Brignoli, 1972).

Family Dysderidae C.L. Koch, 1837

Dysdera crocata C.L. Koch, 1838
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer, 1959; Deeleman-
Reinhold & Deeleman, 1988).

Dysdera hamulata Kulczynski, 1897
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave; Mardin, A Cave near Mardin
(Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1988).

Dysderocrates regina Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Akseki, Altinbesik-Dtidensuyu Cave; Konya, Gerikini
Cave (Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1988).

Harpactea agnolettii Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Isparta; Indnti Cave (Brignoli, 1978).

Harpactea pisidica Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Isparta, Egirdir, a cave near Anamas (Brignoli, 1978).

Harpactea sanctaeinsulae Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Konya, Beysehir Gélti, Haci1 Akif Adasi, Hac1 Akif Cave
(Brignoli, 1978).

Harpactocrates troglophilus Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Isparta, Anamas, Zindan Cave (Brignoli, 1978).

Hygrocrates lycaoniae (Brignoli, 1978)
Distribution in Turkey: Konya, Camlik, KGriikini Cave (Deeleman-Reinhold &
Deeleman, 1988).

Family Uloboridae Thorell, 1869
Uloborus plumipes Lucas, 1846
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Nesticidae Simon, 1894

Carpathonesticus borutzkyi Reimoser, 1930
Distribution in Turkey: Zonguldak, Eregli, a cave near Eregli (Wiehle, 1963); Zonguldak,
Kapuz Cave (Brignoli, 1972).

Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck, 1757)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave; Zonguldak, Ere@li, Iliksu Cave;
Elazig, Harput, Buzluk Cave; Bitlis, Ahlat, Sultan Seyit Cave (Roewer, 1959).

20

Family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833
Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872
Distribution in Turkey: Kahramanmaras, Afsin, Guezeu Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859

Centromerus unicolor Roewer, 1959
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Diplocephalus turcicus Brignoli, 1972
Distribution in Turkey: Burdur, Insuyu Cave; Isparta, Anamas, Zindan Cave; Konya,
Beysehir G6lt, Haci Akif Adasi, Haci Akif Cave (Brignoli, 1972).

Gongylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert, 1865)
Distribution in Turkey: Diyarbakir, Lice, Korkha Cave; Bitlis, Ahlat, Sultan Seyit Cave
(Roewer, 1959).

Megalepthyphantes collinus (L. Koch, 1872)
Distribution in Turkey: Elazig, Harput, Buzluk Cave; Bitlis, Ahlat, Sultan Seyit Cave;
Bitlis, Adilcevaz, Kon Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Palliduphantes byzantinus (Fage, 1931)
Distribution in Turkey: Istanbul, Yarim Burgaz Cave (Fage, 1931); Bitlis, Adilcevaz,
Kon Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Troglohyphantes pisidicus Brignoli, 1971
Distribution in Turkey: Konya, Beysehir Golii, Haci Akif Adasi, Haci Akif Cave
(Brignoli, 1971).

Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866

Meta bourneti Simon, 1922
Distribution in Turkey: Yalova, I. ve IJ. SoSucak Cave; Bursa, Inkaya Village, Suini
Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763)
Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Ayvaini Cave; Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer,
1959).

Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Dag Cave (Roewer, 1962).

Family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833
Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817)

Distribution in Turkey: Yalova, Sogucak Village, V. Sogucak Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Pardosa agricola (Thorell, 1856)

Distribution in Turkey: Gaziantep, Arapdede Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856

Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Inkaya Village, Kusini Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837
Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757)
Distribution in Turkey: Mardin, Midyat, Der6mer Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Agelescape affinis (Kulczynski, 1911)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Harbiye, Biiyiik Cave; Bitlis, Ahlat, Sultan Seyit Cave
(Roewer, 1959).
Tegenaria agnolettii Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Désemealti, Mustanini Cave (Brignoli, 1978).

21

Tegenaria anhela Brignoli, 1972
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Désemealti, Karain Cave (Brignoli, 1972, 1978).
Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch, 1843
Distribution in Turkey: Kayseri, Arapli, Harmankaya Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Tegenaria averni Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Mersin, Silifke, Cennet Cave (Brignoli, 1978).
Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Tegenaria elysii Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Mersin, Silifke, Dilek Cave; Mersin, Silifke, Cennet Cave
(Brignoli, 1978).
Tegenaria faniapollinis Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Harbiye, Harbiye Cave (Brignoli, 1978).
Tegenaria ferruginea (Panzer, 1804)
Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Inkaya Village, Suini Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Tegenaria forestieroi Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Karaman, Taskale, Asarini Cave; Isparta, Indnii Cave; Antalya,
Akseki, Dikmen Cave; Konya, Seydisehir, Ferzen Cave; Konya, Seydisehir, Tinaztepe
Cave; Konya, Camlik, K6riikini Cave; Konya, Hadim, Sugiktigi Cave (Brignoli, 1978).
Tegenaria karaman Brignoli, 1978
Distribution in Turkey: Konya, Seydisehir, Ferzen Cave (Brignoli, 1978).
Tegenaria melbae Brignoli, 1972
Distribution in Turkey: Diyarbakir, Lice, Korkha Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Tegenaria pagana C.L. Koch, 1840
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave; Diyarbakir, Lice, Korkha Cave
(Roewer, 1959).
Tegenaria percuriosa Brignoli, 1972
Distribution in Turkey: Isparta, Anamas, Zindan Cave (Brignoli, 1972, 1978); Isparta,
Barla, Barla Cave (Brignoli, 1978); Konya, Beysehir Lake, Haci Akif Island, Haci Akif
Cave (Brignoli, 1978).

Family Amaurobiidae Thorell, 1870
Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer, 1830)

Distribution in Turkey: Zonguldak, Eregli, a cave in Ova Village (Roewer, 1959).
Coelotes terrestris (Wider, 1834)

Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Inkaya Village, Suini Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Phyxelididae Lehtinen, 1967
Phyxelida anatolica Griswold, 1990
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Samandag, Magaracik, Biiyiik Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898
Drassodes lutescens (C. L. Koch, 1839)
Distribution in Turkey: Kahramanmaras, Alikaya Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872
Eusparassus dufouri Simon, 1932

Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Haruniye, Sepulcrale Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Heteropoda variegata (Simon, 1874)

Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Pozanti, Sekerpinar, Akképrii Cave (Roewer, 1959).

22

Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1870
Philodromus collinus C.L. Koch, 1835
Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Inkaya Village, Suini Cave; Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave
(Roewer, 1959).
Philodromus histrio (Latreille, 1819)
Distribution in Turkey: Bitlis, Adilcevaz, Kon Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Family Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833
Ozyptila rauda Simon, 1875

Distribution in Turkey: Zonguldak, Ereli, Insirti, Ercole Cave (Roewer, 1959).
Xysticus audax (Schrank, 1803)

Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Atik (Roewer, 1959).

Family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Carrhotus xanthogramma (Latreille, 1819)
Distribution in Turkey: Hatay, Antakya, Narlica Cave (Roewer, 1959).

Top¢u et al. (2005) recorded 613 species of spiders, belonging to 43 families, that
reported by different authors up to now from Turkey. Many of the known records are
from the West Black Sea Region and Mediterranean region which are covered by karstic
formations, involving caves.

Unlike Roewer’s publications which contained faunistic records, Brignoli‘s
publications contain zoogeographic comments and are the most important ones of all the
existing studies. According to Brignoli, the presence of Carpathonesticus borutzkyi
Reimoser, 1930 and Pholcus spasskyi Brignoli, 1978, indicates the relation between
Anatolia and the Caucasian region.

Aegean originated species such as: Cataleptoneta aesculapii (Brignoli, 1968),
Cataleptoneta sbordonii (Brignoli, 1968) and Hoplopholcus patrizii (Roewer, 1962)
point out the relation of Anatolia with Greece and the presence of family Nesticidae in
Mediterrenean Region, of Turkey, points out its relation with the Arabian Peninsula
through Lebanon in the past.

Brignoli, in his article called "Terzo contributo alla conoscenza dei ragni
cavernicoli di Turchia" (1972), claimed that data in Roewer’s publications are suspicious.
Thus, a spider specimen collected from the Great Cave in Hatay—Samandag was
misidentified as Amaurobius fenestralis (Str6m, 1768) by Roewer (1959). This specimen,
deposited in Gothenburg Zoology Museum, had been examined during Griswold’s
revision study (1990) and described as a new species called Phyxelida anatolica
Griswold, 1990 (Family Phyxelididae).

Among the 61 cave dwelling species, here recorded, Troglohyphantes pisidicus
Brignoli, 1971 (Linyphiidae), Cataleptoneta aesculapii (Brignoli, 1968), Cataleptoneta
sbordonii (Brignoli, 1968) (Leptonetidae) are troglobiont, with eyes completely
disappeared or reduced. These species are endemic like the species of family Agelenidae
that recorded from the caves of Turkey and illuminate the zoogeographic past of Turkey.

The number of examined caves on an araneological base are restricted in Turkey.
However, cave dwelling spiders are sensitive creatures like other cave organisms.
Anthropological effects such as: opening the cave for tourism and pollution in
underground water affect cave dwelling spiders like other cave organisms. For example,
during our recent studies, we did not encounter the species Cataleptoneta aesculapii that
was described by the great Italian arachnologist Brignoli (1968) from the Damlatas Cave
in Alanya.

23

References

Aygen, T. 1971. Magaralarda yasayan hayvan ve bitkiler (I). Iller Bankasi Dergisi, 43 (111.1971):
22-25.

Basar, M. 1971. Bazi Magara Canlilari ve Bunlardan Magara Ozelliklerinin Cikarilmasi.
Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 3: 87-109.

Brignoli, P.M. 1968. Due nuove Paraleptoneta cavernicole dell'Asia Minore (Araneae,
Leptonetidae). Fragm. ent. 6: 23-37.

Brignoli, P.M. 1971. Un nuovo Troglohyphantes cavernicolo ed anoftalmo dell'Asia Minore
(Araneae, Linyphiidae). Fragm. ent., 7: 73-77.

Brignoli, P.M. 1972. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza dei ragni cavernicoli di Turchia (Araneae).
Fragm. ent., 8: 161-190.

Brignoli, P.M. 1978a. Ragni di Turchia V. Specie nuove o interessanti, cavernicole ed epigee, di
varie famiglie (Araneae). Revue suisse Zool., 85: 461-541.

Brignoli, P.M. 1978b. Ragni di Turchia IV. Leptonetidae, Dysderidae ed Agelenidae nuovi o
interessanti di grotte della Turchia meridionale (Araneae). Quad. Speleol. Circ. speleol. Rom., 3:
37-54.

Brignoli, P.M. 1979. Considerations zoogeographiques sur les araignées cavernicoles de Grece.
Biol. Gallo-hellenica, 8: 223-236.

Deeleman-Reinhold, C.L. & Deeleman, P.R. 1988. Revision des Dysderinae (Araneae,
Dysderidae), les espéces mediterraneennes occidentales exceptées. Tijdschr. Ent., 131: 141-269.

Deltshev, C. 1996. The origin, formation and zoogeography of endemic spiders of Bulgaria
(Araneae). Rev. suisse Zool., vol. hors série 1: 141-151.

Deltshev, C. 2000. The endemic spiders (Araneae) of the Balkan peninsula. Ekoldgia
(Bratislava), 19, Supplement 3: 59-65.

Fage, L. 1931. Araneae, Se série, précédée d'un essai sur l'évolution souterraine et son
déterminisme. In Biospeologica, LV. Arch. Zool. expér., 71: 91-291.

Griswold, C.E. 1990. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider subfamily Phyxelidinae
(Araneae, Amaurobiidae). Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 196: 1-206.

Karol, S. 1967. Tiirkiye Oriimcekleri. I. On Liste. pp. 1-37. Ankara Universitesi Basimevi.
Ankara.

Platnick, N.I. 2006. The world spider catalog, version 6.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roewer, C.F. 1959. Die Araneae, Solifuga und Opiliones der Sammlungen des Herrn Dr. K.
Lindberg aus Griechenland, Creta, Anatolien, Iran und Indien. Géteborgs K. Vetensk.-o. vitterh
Samh. Hanadl., 8(4): 1-47.

Roewer, C.F. 1962. Uber einige mediterrane Arachniden. Fragm. ent., 4: 11-18.

Topg¢u, A., Demir, H., Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-
140.

Wiehle, H. 1963. Uber Nesticus borutzkyi Reimoser (Arach., Araneae). Senckenberg. biol., 44:
431-435.

24

Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 25-28.

A new record for the Turkish spider fauna:
Oecobius cellariorum (Dugés, 1836) (Araneae: Oecobiidae)

Rahsen S. Kaya '*, Ismail Hakki Ugurtas ' and Abdullah Bayram °
' Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Uludag University, 16059
Niliifer, Bursa, Turkey
* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kirikkale University, 71450
Yahsihan, Kinkkale, Turkey

* Corresponding author. E-mail contact: rkaya‘@uludag.edu.tr

Abstract

The characteristic features and drawings of Oecobius cellariorum (Dugés, 1836),
which is recorded for the first time from Turkey, are given in this study.

Keywords: Oecobius cellariorum, Oecobiidae, Araneae, New record, Turkey.

Introduction

Oecobiid spiders are characterized by the presence of cribellum and calamistrum,
in addition to a two-jointed anal tubercle fringed with long and curved hairs. The family
Oecobiidae is represented by six genera and 102 species in the world. The genus
Oecobius includes 79 species, and occurs all over the world (Platnick, 2006). Although
most species of Oecobius have been collected only in a few localities, the genus is best
known by some widespread and synanthropic species (Santos & Gonzaga, 2003). Five
species are known from Europe: Oecobius cellariorum (Dugeés, 1836), O. navus
Blackwall, 1859, O. maculatus Simon, 1870, O. rhodiensis Kritscher, 1966 and O.
machadoi Wunderlich, 1995 (Roberts, 1995; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Nentwig ef al.,
2003; Platnick, 2006). The following species are known from the Middle East: O.
cellariorum, O. navus, O. maculatus, O. affinis O.P.-Cambridge, 1872, O. albipunctatus
O.P.-Cambridge, 1872, O. teliger O.P.-Cambridge, 1872, O. trimaculatus O.P.-
Cambridge, 1872, O. putus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876, O. templi O.P.-Cambridge, 1876, O.
amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974, O. alhoutyae Wunderlich, 1995, and O. cambridgei
Wunderlich, 1995 (Platnick, 2006). However, no Oecobius species have been recorded in
Turkey, so far. Only an unidentified specimen of Oecobius is known from the Marmara
Region in the list of Turkish spiders (Karol, 1967; Bayram, 2002).

This paper deals with the characteristic features of Oecobius cellariorum, and
adds a species to the spider fauna of Turkey.

Material and Methods

Two males and eight females of Oecobius cellariorum were collected in the
campus of Uludag University. All of them were collected inside buildings. The
specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the Zoological Museum of the
Department of Biology. The identification was made by means of a Zeiss Stemi SR
Stereo microscope using the keys of Roberts (1995), Heimer & Nentwig (1991) and
Nentwig ef al. (2003). The drawings were made by means of a camera lucida attached to
the microscope. More confirmation depended on comparisons with descriptions and
drawings of Shear (1970, Figs. 3, 4, 13, 28, 48, 49) and Wunderlich (1994, Figs. 17-20).

Results

Family: Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862
Genus: Oecobius Lucas, 1846
Species: Oecobius cellariorum (Dugés, 1836)
Synonyms:
Clotho cellariorum Dugés, 1836: Observations sur les aranéides. Ann. sci. nat., Zool. (2)
6: 161).
Oecobius domesticus Lucas, 1846.
Oecobius cellariorum Simon, 1875.
Oecobius texanus Bryant, 1936.
Oecobius shaanxiensis Qiu & Zheng, 1981.
Oecobius shensiensis Qiu, 1981.
Oecobius sinensis Yin & Wang, 1981.

Description (Figs. 1-3)

Measurements, total length of the body: 2-2.1 mm in male, 2.1-2.3 mm in female.
In both sexes, carapace is wider than long and more or less circular with the front slightly
pointed. Carapace is pale yellow and bordered by a thin black line. Cephalic region is
slightly higher. Eyes are closely grouped over a dark spot on the anterior margin. The
anterior medians and posterior laterals are dark and have dark ridges. The anterior laterals
and posterior medians are light in colour. The posterior medians are irregular in shape. In
addition, the anterior median and posterior lateral eyes are clearly larger than the rest
(Fig. 1). Clypeus is long and pale yellow. Chelicerae are pale. In the centre of the thoracic
region, a dark pattern is present. Sternum is heart shaped, wider than long, and shiny light
yellow in colour. Legs are long, light yellow in colour, with some dark annulations, and
with many thick spines. An abdominal pattern is present in male and female specimens as
illustrated in Fig. (1). Abdomen is oval, rounded at the front and narrowed near the
posterior point. Dorsum appears whitish yellow in colour. The cardiac region is dark, and
some dark patches are located around it. Male has a slimmer abdomen than female.
Venter of the abdomen is yellowish light brown in colour. Epigynum without scapus and
wrinkled at anterior and posterior sides (Fig. 2). Male palpal organ is distinctive (Fig. 3).

Material Examined

Two males and eight females were collected in the campus of Uludag University,
107 m, Bursa (40°13'21"N, 28°51'56"E): 329, 15.08.2004; 229, 04.08.2005; 23,
13.08.2005; 322, 10.09.2005). All specimens were collected inside buildings.

26

Habitat and distribution

Oecobius cellariorum is common especially in buildings. All specimens were
found in the buildings of the campus. This species builds its web on wall corners. The
specimens were collected in their circular sheet webs. Star shaped webs are small and
about 25-30 mm in diameter. They run very quickly when disturbed.

Oecobius cellariorum is a cosmopolitan, but not a common, species. It had been
recorded from some places in the Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic, Australasia, and even
Antarctic ecozones (Tyschchenko, 1971; Brignoli, 1983; Platnick, 2006).

Figs. 1-3: Oecobius cellariorum (Dugés, 1836). 1-2. Female. 1. dorsal view. 2. epigynum.
3. Male palpus, retrolateral view. Scale bars: (1) 0.5 mm, (2-3) 0.25 mm.

Discussion

Male and female specimens are similar in general body shape. Only, male has
slimmer abdomen. The colour, design and other characters are similar to those of
European specimens (Nentwig ef al., 2003). However, body sizes of our specimens are
slightly smaller than those specimens. In our specimens, the body length is 2-2.1 mm in
male, and 2.1-2.3 mm in female, while in European specimens it is 2.2 mm for males, and
2.5-2.9 mm for females. In addition, no significant differences have been determined in
genital structures. The palp and epigyne resemble those of European specimens.

27

In Oecobius, 5 species from Europe, and 12 species from the Middle East are
known. O. affinis and O. albipunctatus are known from Syria. Also, 5 species are known
from Egypt, i.e. Oecobius amboseli, O. maculatus, O. navus, O. putus, and O. templi (E]-
Hennawy, 2004). These species maybe present in Turkey as well but studies on spiders
are still new in Turkey. Similarly, O. navus is a cosmopolitan species and very common
especially in the Palearctic region.

Published articles show that Oecobius cellariorum is dependent on buildings
(Guarisco, 1999; Santos & Gonzaga, 2003). All of the specimens were found in the
buildings in the campus. The buildings are surrounded by some forest trees.

References
Bayram, A. 2002. Distribution of Turkish Spiders. pp. 638-657. In: A. Demirsoy (Ed.).
Zoogeography of Turkey. (in Turkish). Meteksan Publ., Ankara.

Brignoli, P.M. 1983. A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Ed. P.Merrett.
755 pp. Manchester University Press. (In association with The British Arachnological Society)

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2004. Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974, a new record from Egypt
(Araneida : Oecobiidae). Serket, 9(2): 68-71.

Guarisco, H. 1999. House spiders of Kansas. J. Arachnol., 27: 217-221.

Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Verlag Paul
Parey, Berlin, 543 pp.

Karol, S. 1967. Tiirkiye Oriimcekleri. I. On Liste. 34 sayfa. Ankara Universitesi. Fen Fakiiltesi
Yayinlan, Ankara.

Nentwig, W., Hanggi, A., Kropf, C. & Blick, T. 2003. Spinnen Mitteleuropas / Central European
Spiders. An internet identification key. http://www.araneae.unibe.ch Version 8.12.2003

Platnick, N.I. 2006. The world spider catalog, version 6.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.htm|

Roberts, M.J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. HarperCollins,
London, 383 pp.

Santos, A.J. & Gonzaga, M.O. 2003. On the spider genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 in South
America (Araneae, Oecobiidae). J. nat. Hist. 37: 239-252.

Shear, W. A. 1970. The spider family Oecobiidae in North America, Mexico, and the West
Indies. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 140: 129-164.

Tyschchenko, V.P. 1971. Opredelitel' paukov evropejskoj casti SSSR. [Identification Key to
Spiders of the European USSR.] (in Russian) Leningrad, pp. 1-281.

Wunderlich, J. 1994. Zu Taxonomie und Biogeographie der Arten der Gattung Oecobius Lucas
1846, mit Neubeschreibungen aus der Mediterraneis und von der Arabischen Halbinsel
(Arachnida: Araneae: Oecobiidae). Beitr. Araneol., 4: 585-608.

28

Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 29-34.

White widow, Latrodectus pallidus (Araneida: Theridiidae),
in Jordan and Egypt

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41 El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt
E-mail: el_ hennawy@hotmail.com

Abstract

The theridiid “White Widow” spider, Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872,
is recorded from Amman, Jordan and Wadi Kid on Aqaba gulf, southern Sinai, Egypt. It
is mainly described from Jericho, Palestine. Its record from Alexandria, Egypt, in 1872, is
not true. After excluding doubtful records, the distribution of L. pallidus is mainly "Near
Eastern and eastern Mediterranean". The westernmost, Cape Verde Is., and southernmost,
Yemen, records denote the wide distribution of this species. Other records include Russia,
Jran, and Turkey.

The design of the nest of this species is previously described. It was found among
vegetation. In this work, the nests (webs) were found among rocks and inside small stony
caves. The name "White Widow" is used instead of the current common name of
L. pallidus, i.e. "Pale widow".

Keywords: Araneida, Theridiidae, Latrodectus pallidus, Jordan, Egypt, distribution.

Introduction

Among the 86 genera (2227 species) of family Theridiidae, genus Latrodectus
Walckenaer, 1805 includes 31 species distributed in: North Africa, southern Africa and
Madagascar; Mediterranean to Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand; Asia (Saudi
Arabia, Yemen, Socotra, Kuwait, Iran); North and South America; and Spain (southern
Europe) (Platnick, 2006).

A female specimen of the theridiid “White Widow” spider, Latrodectus pallidus
O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 was found near Abu Nusseir, Amman (Jordan) on 1° November
1988 (Fig. 1). Her "nest" was examined and photographed (Fig. 2).

A juvenile theridiid spider was found at the entrance of an empty small stony cave
on November 1994 in Kherieza, Wadi Kid, in Nabq protectorate on Aqaba gulf, southern
Sinai (El-Hennawy, 2003). It was reared until reaching maturity to be a male Latrodectus
pallidus (Fig. 3).

The distribution of this species and its web situation are discussed.

Fig. 1. Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 9, found near Abu Nusseir, Amman,
Jordan. Fig. 2. Her web "Nest", between two rocks.

The First Record - 1872

The Reverend Octavius Pickard-Cambridge described Lathrodectus pallidus as a
new species in his "General list of the spiders of Palestine and Syria, with descriptions of
numerous new species and characters of two new genera" (1872). He described the
female of this species (pp.287-288). The following passages are extracted from his
description:

"The colour of the cephalothorax is yellow-brown, that of the palpi and legs
yellowish; the tarsi, metatarsi, tibiae, and genua of the latter, as well as the digital joints
of the former, being deeply suffused with dark yellow-brown." ... "The abdomen is of a
creamy-white colour with four deep-red-brown spots forming an oblong about the centre
of the upper-side; the two foremost spots are smaller and nearer together than the hinder
ones." ... "Adult and immature females were found in irregular snares spun among low
plants on the plains of the Jordan; while the only situation in which L. erebus was found
was beneath stones. In a similar situation the latter species was also found, not un-
frequently, at Alexandria (Egypt) in 1864."

In 1876, Pickard-Cambridge only recorded L. erebus from Egypt. Females of this
species "were found under stones among the ruins of an old building at Alexandria." He
did not mention L. pallidus. [Note: L. erebus Savigny, 1825 (In: Audouin, 1825 & 1827)
= L. tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790)]

Hence, the distribution of L. pallidus began by "the plains of the Jordan" as a new
species "of the spiders of Palestine". The type material, 22 9, were collected from Jericho
(Levy & Amitai, 1983). The hurried reading of the last paragraph of Pickard-Cambridge's
description of L. pallidus led to the wrong result that it is also found in Egypt (Roewer,
1942; El-Hennawy, 1990 & 2002b).

30

Fig. 3. Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 @, found in Kherieza, Wadi Kid.
Fig. 4. Stony caves of L. pallidus in Kherieza, Wadi Kid, in Nabq protectorate on Aqaba
gulf, southern Sinai, Egypt.

The Two Subspecies

Caporiacco (1933) described the subspecies Latrodectus pallidus immaculatus
from Gialo Oasis, Cufra in Libya. Levi (1959, p.38) stated that there is some doubt that L.
p. immaculatus Caporiacco, 1933 from Libya is L. pallidus; it could be L. geometricus.
Lotz (1994, p.43) stated that the type material of this subspecies is "not found". Due to
this, Platnick (1997 & 2006) considered L. p. immaculatus a nomen dubium.

Brignoli (1983, p.386) and Platnick (1993, p.208) said that: L. pallidus pavlovskii
Charitonov, 1954 (Turkestan) = L. pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 (Levi, 1959).

The Distribution

Levi (1959) mentioned that L. pallidus is recorded from Russia, Syria, Palestine,
Iran, Egypt, Libya (Caporiacco, 1933), a doubtful record. And later (Levi, 1966, p.431),
he said that: "Z. pallidus is Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean in distribution." It is
also recorded from Turkey (Levy & Amitai, 1983), and "presumably in Syria, Jordan and
Egypt (Sinai) but there are no explicit records" (Levy, 1998). Schmidt, et al. (1994) and
Schmidt & Krause (1995) recorded L. pallidus from Cape Verde Islands. Knoflach & van
Harten (2002, pp.351-353) recorded L. pallidus from Yemen too and said that "Its
presence in Yemen is not surprising, but is based only on old museum specimens"
(p.330).

Distribution of Latrodectus pallidus in different catalogues:
1. Roewer, 1942 (p.425): Tripoli, Egypt, Syria, Persian Gulf and L. pallidus immaculatus
Cufra Oasis (Libya).
2. Platnick, 1989 (p.198) & 1993 (p.209): Libya to USSR.
3. Platnick, 1997 (p.277) & 2006: Cape Verde Is., Libya to Russia, Iran.

31

The record of Latrodectus pallidus from Kherieza (28°10'N 34°21'E), Wadi Kid,
in Nabq protectorate on Aqaba gulf, southern Sinai is the first explicit record from Egypt
(El-Hennawy, 2002a, 2002b, 2003). The published record from Alexandria is not true.
There is another record, 12 on August among stones, from northern Sinai, Abu EI-
Husein (31°04'26"N 33°30'39"E) - Zaranik Protectorate (El-Hennawy, 2005).

Being collected from Jericho (Palestine), it is not unexpected to find it in Amman
(Jordan). It is another explicit record.

After excluding Alexandria (Egypt) and Libya from its distribution, it is obvious
that Latrodectus pallidus is mainly "Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean in
distribution" as Levi (1966) stated before. The westernmost, Cape Verde Is., and
southernmost, Yemen, records denote the wide distribution of this species, with many
question marks ??? (Fig. 5).

ree 2 * y
L@venen a
one

3 porn
La

Somalia

q Ethiopia ~, /
. /

Fig. 5. Distribution map of Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 in the world.

The Web and its Situation

As summarized by Lotz (1994, p.43) according to Szlep (1965) "This species is
found only in the desert which has some vegetation. ... the retreat situated up to 60 cm
above ground level ... between twigs of the shrubs. ... it has, in addition to the retreat, a
special catching web." Its "clearly outlined coned retreat tapers obliquely above the
catching web." (Levy & Amitai, 1983, p.59).

Knoflach & van Harten (2002, pp.328, 352) added: The web consists of a tube- to
bell-shaped retreat spun of dry silk and the catching web containing the partially sticky
catching threads (Szlep, 1965). The retreat and catching web are connected by an
irregular, three-dimensional bridge layer. L. pallidus builds an elaborate retreat, which is
10-12 cm long. The web is constructed at a height of 30-60 cm between the twigs of
shrubs (Szlep, 1965). From the retreat a bridge web leads 10-15 cm downwards to the
comparatively small catching area. The catching web mainly consists of long (ca. 20 cm)
vertical catching threads, which arise from a fine-meshed platform and reach the ground.
At the bottom they are covered with viscid droplets for a distance of 2-5 cm (Szlep,
1965).

The female Latrodectus pallidus of Abu Nusseir, Amman (Jordan) was found
inside her nest between two rocks (Fig. 2). Its retreat was vertically straight and attached

to an irregular snare below it. It was about 35 cm up of the ground. There were carcasses
of beetles, mostly of family Tenebrionidae, on the ground surface under the web and
attached to it.

The webs of Latrodectus pallidus in Wadi Kid, southern Sinai were found inside
small stony caves (Fig. 4). It is obvious that webs of this species are not necessarily
related to vegetation.

Colouration and Common Name

"The abdomen is of a creamy-white colour" O.P.-Cambridge (1872). "The
abdomen looks leathery, possibly due to the white coloration" Levi (1959, p.38). The
male has "black spots ... on the pearly-white background" (Levy & Amitai, 1983, p.62).

Knoflach & van Harten (2002, p.330) said that L. pallidus is characterized "by its
pale yellow colour". Hence, its "Common name: Pale widow" p.351.

The preserved museum specimens are really pale but alive ones have beautiful
leathery white or light yellowish colour. The "White Widow" is something famous
among amateurs now (e.g. www.arachnoboards.com). In fact, it is not fair to call L.
pallidus a widow like the famous and dangerous "Black Widow". It may be called "White
Bride" !!

References

Audouin, V. 1825. Explication sommaire des planches d'Arachnides de I'Egypte et de la Syrie,
publiée par Jules-César Savigny. In: Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des
recherches qui ont été faites en Egypte pendant I'Expédition de l'armée francaise. Histoire
Naturelle. Tome Premier 1809. Paris. 4e partie, pp. 99-186. Atlas: pls. 1-9 (Arachnides).

Audouin, V. 1827. Ditto. 2" edition. vol.22, pp. 291-430.

Brignoli, P.M. 1983. A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Ed. P.Merrett.
755 pp. Manchester University Press. (In association with The British Arachnological Society)

Cambridge, O.P. 1872. General list of the spiders of Palestine and Syria, with descriptions of
numerous new species and characters of two new genera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 212-
354, pls. 13-16, figs. 1-13.

Cambridge, O.P. 1876. Catalogue of a collection of spiders made in Egypt, with descriptions of
new species and characters of a new genus. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, pp. 541-630, pls. 58-60,
figs. 1-89.

Caporiacco, L.di. 1933. Araneidi. In: Spedizione scientifica all'oasi di Cufra (Marzo-Luglio 1931).
Ann. Mus. civ. stor. nat. Genova, 56: 311-340.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1990. Annotated checklist of Egyptian spider species (Arachnida : Araneae).
Serket, 1(4-5): 1-49.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002a. Spiders of Sinai (Egypt), a list of species (Arachnida: Araneida). Serket,
8(1): 29-34.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002b. The Egyptian Arachnids. Publication no. 12 of National Biodiversity
Unit, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Nature Conservation Sector. 110 pp., 16
colour plates (In Arabic). Egypt SBN 10077/2003

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2003. Arachnids in three Egyptian coastal protected areas on Aqaba gulf (Red
Sea). Serket, 8(4): 151-163.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2005. Arachnids in Mediterranean protected areas of Egypt. Serket, 9(3): 73-84.

Knoflach, B. & van Harten, A 2002. The genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from mainland
Yemen, the Socotra Archipelago and adjacent countries. Fauna of Arabia, 19: 321-361.

Levi, H.W. 1959. The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Am. microsc. Soc.,
78(1): 7-43.

Levi, H.W. 1966. The three species of Latrodectus (Araneae), found in Israel. J. Zool., Lond., 150:
427-432.

Levy, G. 1998. Araneae: Theridiidae. In Fauna Palaestina, Arachnida III. 227 pp. Israel Academy
of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.

Levy, G. & Amitai, P. 1983. Revision of the widow-spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae:
Theridiidae) in Israel. Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 77: 39-63.

Lotz, L.N. 1994. Revision of the genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Africa. Navors. nas.
Mus., Bloemfontein, 10(1): 1-60.

Platnick, N.I. 1989. Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1981-1987. Ed. P.Merrett 673 pp. Manchester
University Press. (In association with The British Arachnological Society)

Platnick, N.I. 1993. Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1988-1991, with Synonymies and Transfers
1940-1980. Ed. P.Merrett 846 pp. New York Entomological Society. (In association with The
American Museum of Natural History)

Platnick, N.I. 1997. Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1992-1995, with Redescriptions 1940-1980. Ed.
P.Merrett 976 pp. New York Entomological Society. (In association with The American Museum
of Natural History)

Platnick, N.I. 2006. The world spider catalog, version 6.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roewer, C.F. 1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1.Band 1040 pp. Bremen.

Schmidt, G.E.W., Geisthardt, M. & Piepho, F. 1994. Zur Kenntnis der Spinnenfauna der
Kapverdischen Inseln (Arachnida: Araneida). Mitt. internat. entomol. Ver., 19: 81-126.

Schmidt, G.E.W. & Krause, R.H. 1995. Weitere Spinnen von Cabo Verde. Ent. Z., Frankf. a. M.,
105: 355-364.

Szlep, R. 1965. The web-spinning process and web-structure of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, L.
pallidus and L. revivensis. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 145: 75-89.

Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 35-43.

Biology, mass rearing and observations on the behaviour of
Kochiura aulica (C. L. Koch, 1838)
(Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae)

EL-Sayed H. Abdel-Karim ' Gad H. H. Rady ' Gamal A. Ibrahim 7
and Naglaa F. R. Ahmad **
' Faculty of Agriculture, Banha University
* Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center,
Giza 12618, Egypt

Abstract

A stock culture of 150-200 individuals of Kochiura aulica (C.L. Koch, 1838)
(Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae) was collected from olive trees in Giza governorate,
Egypt. K. aulica adults were reared in plastic containers (1750 cc). All rearing units were
supplied three times a week by adult fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830.
The newly hatched spiderlinges were reared on fruit fly adults until reaching adulthood.

Life cycle of K. aulica was studied individually and in groups under laboratory
conditions (28+1°C and 75+10% R.H.), feeding on cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera
littoralis (Boisduval, 1833), second larval stage. Also, adult fruit flies were only used in
group rearing.

Incubation period averaged 13 days in individual and group rearing. Life cycle in
individual rearing was 36.83 & 39.78 days for female and male, respectively. Life cycle
in group rearing was 51.74 and 51.96 days, feeding on S. littoralis and D. melanogaster
respectively. Egg sacs per female per day during the first 20 days of oviposition period in
individual rearing was 3.00 egg sacs while in group rearing it was 0.91 & 1.66 egg sacs,
feeding on S. /ittoralis and D. melanogaster respectively.

K. aulica showed a degree of sociality under laboratory conditions (in spite of
lack to mothers brood care). It was high tolerance between individuals in all stages with
no cannibalism. Egg sacs were laid and spread over rearing containers and were not
attacked by other females. Newly hatched spiderlings aggregated in containers and
showed cooperation in catching and feeding on available prey. This quasi-social
behaviour seemed to be a survival strategy.

Mass rearing of Kochiura aulica was successful along more than two years.

Keywords: Spiders, Theridiidae, Kochiura aulica, Mass rearing, Social behaviour.

* This article is a part of the Ph.D. Thesis of the last author (NA).
Corresponding author. E-mail contact: naglaaahmad@yahoo.com.

Introduction

Among the 110 families of spiders, Theridiidae is the fifth among six families
which number of species exceeds 2000. Family Theridiidae includes 2227 species of 86
genera (Platnick, 2006). Genus Kochiura was described, in 1950. by Archer when he
removed Anelosimus Simon, 1891 from the synonymy of Theridion Walckenaer, 1805.
Now, it includes 8 species; 7 from South America and only K. aulica from Cape Verde Is.
and Canary Is. in west Africa to Azerbaijan in Asia.

K. aulica was mainly described as Theridion aulicum by C.L. Koch in 1838,
transferred to Kochiura by Archer in 1950, then to Anelosimus by Levi in 1956, and
restored to Kochiura again by Agnarsson (2004). This species is considered a solitary
species on the contrary of many permanent-social Anelosimus species, e.g. A. eximius
(Keyserling, 1884) (Avilés, 1997). During our study, we found that the behaviour of this
species is quasi-social. Hence, we decided to begin group or mass rearing of it. This may
be the first step to get benefit of K. aulica as insect pests’ predator, 1.e. a biological
control agent.

Material and Methods

Stock culture and mass rearing of K. aulica

The stock culture of K. aulica was collected from olive trees located in Giza
governorate. Specimens' collecting began in July 2003, by collecting many of the spider
nests containing a mixture of spiderlings, adults and egg sacs. About 150-200 adult
individuals of K. aulica, in the ratio of 22 : 14, were transferred to 1750 cc plastic
container to form a rearing unit. The central part of the container's cover was replaced by
organza textile to facilitate ventilation.

All rearing units were supplied thrice a week by adult fruit flies, Drosophila
melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae). The cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera
littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was also used as prey for both
individual and group rearing. Egg sacs were collected, by means of a soft brush, from the
stock culture before feeding and were transferred to glass tubes of 5 cm diameter and 10
cm height until hatching. The newly hatched spiderlings were counted and each 50
individuals were transferred to a small glass container, 250 cc, covered by muslin or
organza and fed on adult fruit flies. As the new hatch reached the third spiderling instar,
the contents of each 3-4 containers were transferred to larger glass containers, 7 cm
diameter and 20 cm height, covered by muslin or organza and were fed in the same way
until reaching adulthood. Adults were then transferred to plastic containers for mating
and egg laying. Rearing continued since July 2003 until February 2006.

Production of Drosophila melanogaster

Laboratory strain of D. melanogaster was obtained as adults from the Faculty of
Agriculture, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. All stages were kept in 500 cc glass
jars covered by muslin and cultured on artificial diet under laboratory conditions (28+1°C
and 70+10% R.H.). The used diet consisted of: 100 g corn flour, 100 g can sugar, 20 g
dried yeast, and 1000 ml water to be boiled for 5-10 min. Five grams of agar was
separately ripped in 250 ml water in a water bath and added to the previous mixture.
Traces of methyl-4-hydroxy-benzoate and ascorbic acid were added. The prepared diet
was then poured down inside the glass jars to form a layer of 4-5 cm in depth. Jars were
left to cool down to room temperature before introducing adult fruit flies.

36

Production of Spodoptera littoralis

Laboratory strain of S. littoralis was obtained as egg masses and larvae from the
Economic Entomology and Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo
University. All stages were kept in glass jars (20 cm height and 12.5 cm diameter)
covered by muslin and cultured under room temperature.

Larvae were reared on leaves of castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis (L.), which
were washed in running water and dried before being placed in rearing jars. Larvae faeces
were removed and R. communis old leaves were replaced by new ones every two days.
As larvae reached the fifth larval stage, saw dust was placed in the jars to absorb any
excess moisture and to allow pupation at the end of larval stage. Pupae were collected
and put in separate jars under the same conditions.

The newly emerged males and females were allowed to mate. The rearing jars
were lined with paper to provide an egg laying site and daily provided with cotton pads
moistened with 10% honey solution for the nutrition of the adults. Egg masses laid on the
paper were daily removed and transferred to clean jars. Second larval stage produced
from these egg masses were used as prey for K. aulica in both individual and group
rearing.

Life cycle of Kochiura aulica
A. Individuals rearing

Life cycle of K. aulica was studied individually under laboratory conditions
(28+1°C and 75+10% R.H.), feeding on S. littoralis. Bottomless clear plastic containers
(30 cc) were prepared by covering both ends with organza textile. One end was fixed
while the other was removable. These units were designed to be used in experiments with
controlled humidity. Twenty newly hatched spiderlings were reared individually; each
one in its container and fed three times a week. Replicates were put in larger containers
containing over-saturated NaCl solution (Winston & Bates, 1960) and were monitored for
moulting, survival and reaching maturity. Life cycle duration was recorded in addition to
number of egg sacs and sex ratio (males/total).

B. Groups rearing

Life cycle of K. aulica was studied in groups under the same laboratory
conditions on two kinds of prey, i.e. D. melanogaster adults and S. littoralis second larval
stage. Bottomless clear plastic containers (300 cc) were prepared in the same way as in
individuals rearing. Thirty newly hatched spiderlings were reared together in each
container as one group. Each group was fed three times a week. The experiments were
replicated 15 times on D. melanogaster and 20 times on S. littoralis. Replicates were put
in larger containers containing over-saturated salt solution for humidity control. Units
were monitored for moulting, survival and reaching maturity. Life cycle duration, sex
ratio and number of egg sacs were recorded per groups.

Egg sacs were collected before feeding and were transferred into glass tubes (5
cm in diameter and 10 cm in height) and incubated under the same conditions until
hatching. Observations during oviposition period were terminated in case of feeding on S.
littoralis (Fig. 1) because of lack of prey at the mid of the experiment. They were also
terminated after a period that equals the spider's generation time as suggested by Abou-
Setta & Childers (1991) for reaching the maximum value for intrinsic rate of increase for
fauna which lave a long period of oviposition.

a7

Results

Mass rearing of K. aulica

The study of the life cycle of K. aulica in groups acted as a small scale of mass
rearing to compare the quality of this type of rearing with individuals rearing. Obtained
results indicated that incubation period averaged 13 days in the two types of rearing,
feeding on S. littoralis. Total spiderlings duration in individuals rearing (23.83 & 26.78
days for females and males) was shorter than in groups (38.93 & 38.63 days, feeding on
S. littoralis and D. melanogaster, respectively). On the other hand the average number of
egg sacs per female in groups rearing during the first 20 days was less than in individuals
rearing (0.91 compared with 3.00) (Table 1, Fig. 1). The survival, i.e. proportion of
individuals reached maturity, of K. aulica reared in groups ranged between 0.4 and 0.83
compared with individuals rearing, i.e. 0.94 (Table 1).

Table 1: Biological results of rearing Kochiura aulica under different circumstances.

Drosophila | Spodoptera Spodoptera littoralis

Prey type melanogaster littoralis (individuals rearing)

(groups) (groups) male female
oC
Incubation period | 13.03 13.00 ee Re ee
Spiderlings duration | 38.93 38.63 26.78 23.83

iyraio 20] 1.66 | o75| 091 [oa | - | - | 300 [06 |
fais [aa ) [ee
rose [aos oss fom] ase

Fecundity ratio = Number of egg sacs per female per day, 1-20/1-40 = during the first 20/40
days of female's oviposition period, Survival ratio = proportion of individuals reached maturity.

Effect of prey on life cycle of K. aulica reared in groups

Total developmental duration averaged 38.93 and 38.63 days for spiders reared in
groups feeding on D. melanogaster and S. littoralis respectively (Table 1). Survival in the
first case ranged between 0.57 and 0.87 (0.65 + 0.08) and ranged between 0.4 and 0.83
(0.65 + 0.13) in the second case (Table 1).

Effect of prey on reproduction

Average number of egg sacs per female per day during the first 20 days of
Oviposition period was 1.66 and 0.91 for spiders reared in groups feeding on D.
melanogaster and S. littoralis respectively while the average became 4.16 during the first
40 days with feeding on D. melanogaster (Table 1). The comparison of numbers of egg
sacs per female per day under different circumstances is illustrated in Fig (1).

38

Effect of rearing method on sex ratio

Sex ratio (males/total) of K. aulica which reared in groups was 0.38 and 0.39
when fed on D. melanogaster and S. littoralis respectively compared with 0.59 in case of
individuals rearing.

Number of egg sacs/ftemale/day
aise. ea
i SCNBAL cis sean

*

Oy 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 s
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

On 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 3

Days of oviposition

Fig. 1. Number of egg sacs per female of Kochiura aulica per day during the oviposition
period. N=First egg sac. 1,2. Groups rearing. 3. Individuals rearing.

1. Feeding on Drosophila melanogaster. 2,3. Feeding on Spodoptera littoralis.

* = Observations were terminated because of lack of prey.

Notes on the behaviour of K. aulica under laboratory conditions
A degree of sociality was observed in K. aulica behaviour under laboratory
conditions. The behaviour reported herein is for adults and spiderlings as well.

Quasi-social behaviour in adults

1. High degree of tolerance between individuals occurred when large numbers (150-200)
of field-collected individuals were reared in a small container (1750 cc). No cannibalism
was observed, not only when they were fed three times a week, but also under starvation
for 15 days.

2. When a small prey, i.e. adult Drosophila sp. or S. littoralis second instar larva, was
introduced to a group of adult spiders, catching prey and feeding accrued by single
individual and in some cases two individuals shared the same prey. When a relatively
larger prey, as adult fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824), was introduced, more
than one individual cooperated in capturing it and later many of them fed on it (Fig. 2).

3. Egg sacs laid by females were spread out all over rearing containers and were not
attacked by other females. Even more, females prevented some males from coming near
maturing egg sacs, but they did not kill them.

Quasi-social behaviour in spiderlings
1. When large numbers of newly hatched spiderlings (50) were transferred to a small
container (250 cc), they aggregated in the upper part of it, and made a common web.

39

2. Whenever a prey was available, more than one cooperated in catching it regardless of
its size. As it was captured, more individuals fed on it at the same time to the degree that
in some cases they covered the prey's body (Fig. 3).

3. The individuals divided themselves into small groups during feeding according to the
prey's size. After feeding, spiderlings went back to make one group again.

4. Presence of less than three first instar spiderlings was not enough to catch an adult D.
melanogaster.

5. Reaching the third instar, spiderlings began to disperse in the whole container and
hunted individually or in small groups according to prey's size.

A B

Fig. 2. Kochiura aulica, adults cooperate in attacking a Ceratitis capitata fruit fly.
A. At the beginning. B. After a few minutes.

Fig. 3. Kochiura aulica, juveniles cooperate in attacking: A. Spodoptera littoralis, larva,
B. Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly.

Discussion

Mass rearing method

Observing the quasi-social behaviour of K. aulica under laboratory conditions led
to the idea of mass rearing of this species. Tolerance among individuals in all stages was
the main character. Egg sacs and newly hatched spiderlings did not need mother brood

40

care. Newly hatched spiderlings cooperated in catching and feeding on available prey.
Used mass rearing method was easy and inexpensive because the fruit fly D.
melanogaster can be reared on artificial diet with high reproduction rate. D. melanogaster
was used as a common prey in rearing of many spider species (Jackson, 1974).

In the used method, 150-200 adults/plastic container (1750 cc) with sex ratio of
29: 1d (i.e. 8.75-11.66 cc per individual) were fed three times a week on the fruit fly
adults. Dinter (2004) stated that rearing of spiders is very time-consuming and laborious,
because of cannibalism and the need to supply living prey. In his mass rearing method for
Erigone atra, he used a plastic container (12x16.5x5 cm) for every 20-40 adults, i.e.
24.77-49.55 cc per individual. These individuals were fed on Collembola as a continuous
available prey. In addition D. melanogaster was added once a weak. In Dinter's method,
in his larger containers, 59.3% reached adulthood compared with 65% in this method.

Life cycle of K. aulica

Obtained results of spiderlings duration seem to be the shortest compared with
published results for K. aulica, i.e. 26.78 and 23.83 days for male and female,
respectively, reared individually feeding on S. Jittoralis second stage larvae.

K. aulica was reared individually by Rahil & Hanna (2001) under laboratory
conditions (27+1°C and 57.7% R.H.) feeding on 3" and 4" larvae of the coleopteran
Tribolium confusum. They reported 32.62 and 33.33 days for male and female
respectively. El-Erksousy et al. (2002) reared K. aulica under laboratory conditions
(26+2°C and 60-70% R.H.) feeding on S. /ittoralis larvae and reported 44.2 and 47.2 days
for male and female, respectively. Hussein ef al. (2003) reared K. aulica at room
temperature, during different seasons feeding on the acarine Tetranychus urticae, the
aphid Aphis craccivora and mixed diet of them. They recorded 57.1 and 62.45 days for
male and female during summer feeding on mixed diet, 60.83 and 69 days for male and
female during summer feeding on A. craccivora. They recorded the longest duration
during winter feeding on A. craccivora and the mixed diet as 185, 160.8 and 190, 167.93
days for male and female, respectively. Mohafez (2004) reared K. aulica at room
temperature on Achroia grisella and reported 62.43 and 64.1 days for male and female,
respectively.

Egg incubation period in the used method was 13 days compared with a range
between 9.6 and 12.8 days in the published papers of Rahil & Hanna (2001), El-Erksousy
et al. (2002), Hussein et al. (2003), and Mohafez (2004).

These results may reveal that constant temperature and humidity during rearing
had an evident effect on life cycle duration. Also, the kind of prey affected life cycle
duration.

Obtained results indicate that juveniles of K. aulica which were reared
individually developed faster than those reared in groups. These results are in agreement
with Thomas & Parker (2000). Life history durations of K. aulica in groups fed on D.
melanogaster or S. littoralis were approximately similar. Rearing in groups reduced the
males’ percentage and decreased the number of egg sacs per female. This result is in
agreement with Smith & Hagen (1996).

Quasi-social behaviour

K. aulica appeared to have tolerance and cooperation among its individuals.
Tolerance in spiders is considered as a degree of sociality (Darchen & Delage-Darchen,
1986; Riechert et al., 1986; Rypstra, 1986; Seibt & Wickler, 1988; Rypstra & Tirey,
1989; Foelix, 1996; Avilés & Salazar, 1999; El-Hennawy & Mohafez, 2003). K. aulica
individuals cooperated in capturing any available prey. More than three first instar
spiderlings were required to subdue an adult D. melanogaster. This quasi-social

4]

behaviour seemed to be survival strategy. Amir ef al. (2000) said that "Social spiders
cooperate in capturing prey which is then consumed by a group of individuals. By
cooperating, they can handle larger prey than most similar-size solitary species." and "In
social spiders many individuals can feed on the same prey". Foelix (1996) stated that
"Prey catching in Agelena consociata is also communal. ... When prey falls on the sheet
web, its movements attract the attention of all spiders in the vicinity. If the prey is small

. only a single adult spider rushes in, grasps the victim, bites it ... If a larger prey ...
mostly adult spiders attack it". This means that K. aulica shows a degree of sociality in
spite of having no sign of mother's brood care, the thing which is considered necessary to
sociality (Foelix, 1996). This case of sociality suggests that tolerance is the first degree of
sociality. These results are in agreement with Kullmann ef al. (1972) and El-Hennawy &
Mohafez (2003).

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Dr. Mahmoud E. El-Naggar (Agricultural Research
Center, Giza) who supported this work and provided necessary equipments for the
research. Dr. Mohammad M. Abou-Setta (Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza)
supervised the work of the last author (NA) from the beginning until the preparation for
publication. Col. Hisham K. El-Hennawy (Arachnid Collection of Egypt, Cairo)
provided photographs and revised an early manuscript of the work.

References

Abou-Setta, M.M. & Childers, C.C. 1991. Intrinsic rate of increase over different generation time
intervals of insect and mite species with overlapping generations. Annals of the entomological
society of America, 84(5): 517-521.

Agnarsson I. 2004. Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae,
Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141(4): 447-626.

Amir, N., Whitehouse, M.E.A. & Lubin, Y. 2000. Food consumption rates and competition in a
communally feeding social spider, Stegodyphus dumicola (Eresidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28:
195-200.

Avilés, L. 1997. Causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent-sociality in spiders. pp.
476-498, In: J. Choe and B. Crespi, eds., "The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and
Arachnids", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Avilés, L. & Salazar, P. 1999. Notes on the social structure, life cycle, and behavior of
Anelosimus rupununi. Journal of Arachnology, 27: 497-502.

Darchen, R. & Delage-Darchen, B. 1986. Societies of spiders compared to the societies of insects.
Journal of Arachnology, 14: 227-238.

Dinter, A. 2004. A mass rearing method for the linyphiid spider species Erigone atra (Blackwall)
(Araneae: Linyphiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128: 200-203.

El-Erksousy, M.H., Shoeib, A.A. & Dahi, H.F. 2002. Studies on biological control using the
spider Anelosimus oulicus (Theridiidae). Proc. 2" International Conference, Plant Protection
Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt, 1: 1-2.

El-Hennawy, H.K. & Mohafez, M.A. 2003. Life history of Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin, 1825)
(Arachnida: Araneida: Eresidae) in Egypt, a step on the way from asocial to social. Serket, 8(3):
113-124.

42

Foelix, R.F. 1996. Biology of Spiders. Second Edition. Oxford University Press & Georg Thieme
Verlag, New York, Oxford. 330 pp.

Hussein, A.M., Hassan, M.F. & Ahmad, N.F.R. 2003. Biological aspects of Anelosimus aulicus
(C.L. Koch, 1838) (Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae) in Egypt. Serket, 8(4): 129-134.

Jackson, R.R. 1974. Rearing methods for spiders. Journal of Arachnology, 2: 53-56.

Kullmann, E., Nawabi, S. & Zimmermann, W. 1972. Neue Ergebnisse zur Brutbiologie
cribellater Spinnen aus Afghanistan und der Serengeti (Araneae, Eresidae). Zeitschrift des
K6lner Zoo, 14(3): 87-108.

Mohafez, M.A.M., 2004. Ecological and biological studies on spiders in Egypt. Ph.D. thesis,
Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, 178 pp.

Platnick, N.I. 2006. The world spider catalog, version 6.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Rahil, A.A.R. & Hanna, M.A. 2001. Some biological aspects of the true spider Anelosimus
aulicus Koch (Theridiidae: Arachnida). Conference of Sustainable Agricultural Development,
Fayoum Faculty of Agriculture, pp. 195-201.

Riechert, S.E., Roeloffs, R. & Echternacht, A.C. 1986. The ecology of the cooperative spider
Agelena consociata in Equatorial Africa (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology, 14 :
175-191.

Rypstra, A.L. 1986. High prey abundance and a reduction in cannibalism: The first step to
sociality in spiders (Arachnida). Journal of Arachnology, 14: 193-200.

Rypstra, A.L. & Tirey, R.S. 1989. Observations on the social spider, Anelosimus domingo
(Araneae, Theridiidae), in southwestern Peru. Journal of Arachnology, 17: 368-371.

Seibt, U. & Wickler, W. 1988. Interspecific tolerance in social Stegodyphus spiders (Eresidae,
Araneae). Journal of Arachnology, 16: 35-39.

Smith, D.R. & Hagen, R.H. 1996. Population structure and interdemic selection in the
cooperative spider Anelosimus eximius. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 589-608.

Thomas C.J. & Parker, P.G. 2000. Costs and benefits of foraging associated with delayed
dispersal in the spider Anelosimus studiosus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28:
61-69.

Winston, P.W. & Bates, D.H. 1960. Saturated solution for the control of humidity in biological
research. Ecology, 41: 232-237.

43

Serket (2006) vol. 10(1): 44-47.

Life history of Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874
(Arachnida: Araneida: Miturgidae) in Egypt

Mohammad A. Mohafez
Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: mohamedmohafez@yahoo.com

Abstract

Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874 was reared under laboratory
conditions, 26-28°C and 60-70% R.H. After incubation period of 19 days, there were 7
spiderling instars before reaching adult male and 8 instars before reaching adult female.
The second instar spidrling was the longest period, 21.1 and 20.90 days for male and
female, respectively, while the third spiderling instar was the shortest period, 14.4 and
14.3 days for male and female, respectively. The total period of spiderlings was shorter
for male (119.6 days) than female (133 days). Adult longevity and life span were shorter
for male than for the female. The female produced 4.72 egg sacs, each one contained 87-
130 eggs. A mixture of larvae of Spodoptera littoralis and Galleria mellonella was used
for feeding all spiderling instars until reaching adult stage. The food consumption of
different spiderling instars was recorded. Feeding C. isiacum on Drosophila
melanogaster flies and Tetranychus urticae mites was not successful and spiders did not
reach adult stage.

Keywords: Spiders, Miturgidae, Cheiracanthium isiacum, life history, Egypt.

Introduction

Individuals of Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874, family Miturgidae,
are found on different plants in several governorates in Egypt, e.g. on mango, grapes,
citrus, and guava, in Sohag, Giza, and Fayoum governorates. They are always found on
the middle of trees and they live in association with different insects and mites infesting
orchards.

In Egypt, Rahil (1988) studied the biology of Cheiracanthium jovium Denis, 1947
under different temperatures, relative humidity, and prey. Incubation period, hatching
percentage, number of moults, oviposition and post-oviposition periods, mating
behaviour and sex ratio were observed.

Rakha er al. (1999) also studied the biological aspects of Cheiracanthium jovium
at 25°C and 60-70% R.H. They mentioned that female spider, during its limited
oviposition period, deposited about 300-350 eggs in one sac. The incubation period

averaged 14.1 days. Females had 8-9 spiderling instars before reaching maturity and the
developmental duration averaged 230.6 days. Pre-oviposition and post-oviposition
periods were 70 and 77.1 days, respectively. Thus, the total female life span averaged
387.6 days. Male passed through 7-8 spiderling instars with developmental period
averaged 169.7 days.

Material and Methods

Adult females and gravid female spiders of Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-
Cambridge, 1874 were collected and reared under laboratory conditions, 26-28°C and 60-
70% R.H. Spiders were kept in translucent plastic containers (3cm diameter x Scm
height), and supplied with prey. Rearing continued until gravid females laid their eggs.

For individual rearing, newly hatched spiderlings were kept together until the first
moulting. After that, they were transferred to separate single rearing smaller cells (1 x 5
cm). A mixture of the larvae of the cotton leaf moth Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval,
1833) and the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) was used for
feeding all spiderling instars until reaching adult stage. First instar spiderlings oOfC.
isiacum were fed together, a communal or group feeding, on 1“ and 2"° instar larvae of
both S. littoralis, G. mellonella. The 2" and 3" instar spiderlings were fed on 2™ and 34
instar larvae, 4"" instar spiderlings were fed on 4" instar larvae, 5"- 8" instar spiderlings
were fed on biggest size of larvae. The adults also were fed on the same prey along their
longevity.

The adult fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830, and the two-spotted
spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836), were also used for feeding in two
separate experiments to evaluate their efficiency as prey to C. isiacum.

Table 1: Duration of different stages of Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874.

Duration (days)

Developmental

stage

= SSS
pee

and larvae of

Mixture of larvae of
Spodoptera littoralis

Galleria mellonella

17.2 | 0.42 | 188 | 06 |
hae eS | —2.06 |

Results

Spiderlings emerge from the egg sac after incubation period of 19 days. The
spiderlings moult 7 times to reach adult male and 8 times to reach adult female (Table 1).
The first spiderlings stayed with their mother for 5-10 days. They did not feed during
their first days. The duration period of first spiderling averaged 17.2 and 18.8 days for

45

male and female, respectively. When the first spiderling became full grown, it stopped
feeding before moulting to the second spiderling which had the longest period, 1.e. about
21.1 and 20.90 days for male and female, respectively. The third spiderling instar was the
shortest period with the values of 14.4 and 14.3 days for male and female, respectively.
The total period of spiderlings was shorter for male (119.6+6.14 days) than female
(133+5.19 days).

Adult longevity is also different according to sex. Generally, male lived a shorter
period than female. Adult male longevity ranged from 14-50 days with an average of 30.8
days, while that of the female's longevity ranged from 116-183 days with an average of
152.27 days. The life span is evidently shorter in case of males than females. It was
169.4+12.46 and 304+30.20 days for male and female, respectively (Table 1).

Table 2: Fecundity of the female spider Cheiracanthium isiacum.

Parameters

Pre-oviposition 2.58
Oviposition Days
Post-oviposition

Total number of eggs / female during longevity 19.09

Oviposition and fecundity

About 20 days after copulation, the female laid her eggs inside an egg sac (a
cocoon). The female produced 4-6 egg sacs (average: 4.72) during her oviposition period.
The period between each two egg sacs ranged 13-32 days (average: 18.6 days). The
Oviposition period was 53-93 days (average: 75.45 days). The post-oviposition period
was 11-92 days (average: 64.45 days). Number of eggs in each egg sac ranged 87-130
eggs with an average of 106 eggs. The total number of eggs/female was about 424 eggs
(Table 2). In case of the females reared and developed in the laboratory, the number of
eggs/egg sac was 18-35 eggs (average: 23.83 eggs), and the average of total number of
eggs/female was 143 eggs. This elucidates the effect of laboratory rearing on the
fecundity of C. isiacum females.

Table 3: Daily rate of food consumption of Cheiracanthium isiacum in laboratory.

Developmental Pre Male
stage : Mean
1 spiderling instar

2"° spiderling instar

Mixture of

spiderling instar | _/@tvae of
spiderling instar | ?Podeplera
Wtoralls an

Food consumption

The communal or group feeding of the 1" instar spiderlings of C. isiacum, on a
mixture of the larvae of both S. littoralis and G. mellonella, did not permit the calculation
of the daily rate of consumption. The daily rate of consumption of larvae by 2"°-8" instar
spiderlings is recorded in table (3). The average number of consumed larvae and the daily

| 66; |p 332 So eal

Mra ee

larvae of
Galleria
mellonella

46

rate of consumption increased during 4'"-6"" instars, to drop again in the 7" instar. C
isiacum is quick in attacking its prey, seizing it after the head or at its other end of the
body. Feeding on one larva needs about 2-3 minutes.

Feeding on other kinds of prey

Two groups of 1* instar spiderlings of C. isiacum were reared feeding on the fruit
flies, Drosophila melanogaster, and the spider mites, Tetranychus urticae. All individuals
of the first group died during the 1° instar except two spiderlings only which reached the
3" instar. The size of adult D. melanogaster flies may be not suitable, as prey, to the
1* instar spiderlings which are smaller than them.

The spiderlings of the second group, feeding on 7. urticae, were in a better
situation. The periods of 4" to 6" instars became longer (Table 4) and the mortality
increased since the 3™ instar to reach 60% in the 6" instar. All individuals died before
reaching adulthood. It was not possible to count the number of mites consumed because
uncountable colonies of 7. urticae on castor oil leaves were used for feeding.

Table 4: Duration of immature stages of Cheiracanthium isiacum, feeding on
Tetranychus urticae mites.

1*' spiderling instar
2" spiderling instar
3° spiderling instar
t = z z

Duration of different stage
Female

18.5 | 1.64

Spider mite

4" spiderling instar Tetranychus
5" spiderling instar urticae

6'' spiderling instar

7" spiderling instar
All individuals died before reaching adulthood.

* Subadult males had inflated pedipalps in 6" spiderling instar.

Acknowledgment

The author is indebted to Col. Hisham K. El-Hennawy (Arachnid Collection of
Egypt, Cairo) who identified the Cheiracanthium isiacum and revised the manuscript of
the work.

References

Rahil, A.A.R. 1988. Ecological and biological studies on the spiders at Fayoum. M.Sc. Thesis,
Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ., 133pp.

Rakha, M.A., Nawar, M.S. & Sallam, G.M.E. 1999. Biology of the spider Cheiracanthium jovium
(Araneida : Clubionidae). Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 77(4): 1619-1625.

47

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| History
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SERKET AS pes

Cairo - Egypt

2 2006

SERKET

Volume 10 Part 2

October, 2006 Cairo, Egypt

Contents

Page
A contribution to the gnaphosid spider fauna of Turkey
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae)
Osman Seyyar, Hakan Demir & Aydin Top¢u 49

Mitigating scorpion-sting syndrome in the Middle East:
understanding the substratum preferences of Androctonus
crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Alexander K. Stewart 58)

A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2006)
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 65

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Serket (2006) vol. 10(2); 49-52.

A contribution to the gnaphosid spider fauna of Turkey
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Osman Seyyar’, Hakan Demir’ and Aydin Topcu’
' Erciyes University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, TR-38039 Kayseri
* Nigde University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, TR-51200 Nigde, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail: osmanseyyar@hotmail.com

Abstract

Two species of family Gnaphosidae are reported from Turkey for the first time.
They are Gnaphosa montana (L. Koch, 1866) and Zelotes solstitialis Levy, 1998. The
morphological characters and geographical distribution of the two species are presented.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Gnaphosidae, New records, Turkey.

Introduction

Gnaphosid spiders are generally characterized by having barrel-shaped anterior
spinnerets that are one spinneret diameter apart. In Gnaphosidae, 1975 species belonging
to 116 genera have been described all over the world (Platnick, 2006). This family is the
most abundant and one of the most diverse of all spider families in Turkey. Until now, 87
gnaphosid species belonging to 20 genera were recorded from Turkey (Ovtsharenko er
al., 1992, Top¢u et al., 2005, 2006, Ozdemir et al., 2006, Seyyar et al., 2006, Varol et al.,
2006).

In this study, we report two ground spider species as new records from Turkey.
For each species, the collected material, localities (with GPS co-ordinates), genitalia
drawings and general distribution are given.

Material and Methods

In this study, most of specimens were obtained from pitfall traps and under stones
in central parts of Turkey. Examined specimens are deposited in the Arachnology
Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol.
The identification and drawings were made by means of a SZX9 Olympus
stereomicroscope with camera lucida. For the identification of the species, the works of
Chatzaki et al. (2003), Levy (1998), Ovtsharenko ef al. (1992) and Heimer & Nentwig
(1991) were consulted. Length of leg includes coxa and trochanter. All measurements are
in millimetres.

Results

Gnaphosa montana (L. Koch, 1866)

Material examined: TURKEY: Nigde province, Itulumaz Mountain (1400-1920 m.)
(37°57'N, 34°42'E), 22.VII.2004. Depository: NUAM GNA 51/0117-120 (246, 429).
Collected from under stones.

Male: Body length 9.4-10.2; carapace length 3.2-4.1, width 2.2-2.8; length of legs: I 7.1-
8.7, II 6.2-6.9, III 5.9-6.2, IV 8-9.4; leg I: coxa 0.75-0.9; trochanter 0.3-0.5; femur 1.8-
2.1; patella 0.75-0.9; tibia 1.5-1.9; metatarsus 1.1-1.3; tarsus 0.9-1.1.

Female: Body length 12.3-14.8; carapace length 5.3-6.4, width 3.7-4.8; length of legs: I
15.15-15.5, If 12.15-12.35, Ml 11.35-11.7, IV 16.6-17; les I: coxa 1.8-1°95; trechamten
0.8-0.95; femur 3.2-3.6; patella 1.75-1.85; tibia 2.8-2.95; metatarsus 2.15-2.3; tarsus 1.92-2.
Description: Carapace reddish-brown. Distal leg segments more brightly reddish, eye
area and chelicerae darker. Sternum elliptic. Abdomen with grey hairs. Epigynum and
male palp (Fig. 1) resemble the description of Ovtsharenko ef al. (1992).

World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2006).

if
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if { Nit J y /
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Fig. 1. Gnaphosa montana (L. Koch, 1866). A-B. Male palp. A. ventral view.
B. retrolateral view. C. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

Zelotes solstitialis Levy, 1998

Material examined: TURKEY: Nigde province, (37°58'N, 34°40'E), 03.VII.2004.
Depository: NUAM GNA 51/056-58 (343). Collected by pitfall traps.

Male: Body length 7-7.8; carapace length 3-3.5, width 1.9-2.3; clypeus length 0.1-0.15;
length of legs: I 11.2-12.1, II 9.8-10.4, III 9-9.6, IV 12.8-13.8; leg I: coxa 1.2-1.4,
trochanter 0.3-0.5, femur 2.4-2.7, patella 1.3-1.5, tibia 2-2.3, metatarsus 1.7-2, tarsus 1.5-1.7.

Description: Carapace dark brown to black, flattened or slightly elevated at middle with
short distinct fovea. Posterior median eyes the largest. Chelicerae with 4-5 promarginal
teeth. Opisthosoma greenish brown, spindle-shaped, anterior spinnerets longest. Sternum
oval. Labium longer than wide with dark edges. Legs light brown. Male palp (Fig. 2)
resembles the description of Levy (1998) and Chatzaki et al. (2003).

World distribution: Crete, Israel (Platnick, 2006).

Fig. 2. Zelotes solstitialis Levy, 1998. A-B. Male palp. A. ventral view.
B. retrolateral view. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

Discussion

Zelotes solstitialis is close to Z. caucasius (L. Koch, 1866), but due to the fact
that: 1. the male of Z. solstitialis has no prolateral tegular apophysis, 2. the gathering
point of cymbium and embolus is wide, and 3. the presence of a ventral lobe of tibial
apophysis, it can be distinguished from Z. caucasius. Our Z. solstitialis samples are
similar to the samples of Crete and Israel but their bodies are bigger. The recording of
this species from Turkey widens its distribution. The morphometric measurements and
other characteristic features of our G. montana samples are not different from European
specimens.

Acknowledgment

We are very grateful to Dr. Maria Chatzaki (Crete) for her advice and valuable comment.

51

References

Chatzaki, M., Thaler, K. & Mylonas, M. 2003. Ground spiders (Gnaphosidae; Araneae) from
Crete and adjacent areas of Greece. Taxonomy and distribution. III. Ze/otes and allied genera.
Revue suisse de Zoologie, 1109: 45-89.

Heimer, S. & W. Nentwig. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Verlag Paul
Parey, Berlin, 543 pp.

Levy, G. 1998. The ground-spider genera Setaphis, Trachyzelotes, Zelotes, and Drassyllus
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in Israel. /srael Journal of Zoology, 44: 93-158.

Ovtsharenko, V.I., Platnick, N.I. & Song, D.X. 1992. A review of the North Asian ground spiders

of the genus Gnuaphosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of American Museum of natural
History, 212: 1-88.

Ozdemir, A., Varol, I, Akan, Z., Kiitiik, M., Kutbay, F. & Ozaslan, M. 2006. The fauna of
spiders (Araneae) in the Nizip and Karkamis — Gaziantep (Turkey). Biotechnol. & Biotechnol.
Eq., 20/2006/1: 74-77.

Platnick, N.I. 2006. The world spider catalog, version 7.0. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html.

Seyyar, O., Topcu, A. & Demir, H. 2006. New records of ground spiders (Araneae:
Gnaphosidae) from Anatolia. Zoology in the Middle East, 38: 118-120.

Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-
140.

Topcu, A., Demir, H., Seyyar, O. & Tiirkes, T. 2006. The spider fauna of the Giilek Pass
(Turkey) and its environs (Araneae), European Arachnology 2005 (Deltshev, C. & Stoev, P.,
eds.), Acta zoologica bulgarica, Special Issue. (In press).

Varol, M.I., Mart, C., Ozaslan, M., Bayram, A., Akan, Z., Ozdemir, A. 2006. Investigation on
Spider Fauna of Hancagiz Dam-Nizip (Turkey). Journal of Biological Science, 6(2): 344-346.

Serket (2006) vol. 10(2): 53-64.

Mitigating scorpion-sting syndrome in the Middle East:
understanding the substratum preferences of Androctonus
crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Alexander K. Stewart
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0013, USA
E-mail: seismite@hotmail.com

Abstract

Hundreds of medical and toxicological reports have been published concerning
the venom of medically important scorpion genera (e.g. Androctonus and Leiurus) and
the treatment of their stings. Two particular studies (Radmanesh, 1998; Al-Sadoon &
Jarrar, 2003) reported over 100,000 scorpion-sting cases in Iran and Saudi Arabia in a
five-year period. This “scorpion-sting syndrome” is significant and counter-productive
for human well-being and economic growth. Therefore, a better understanding of
scorpion habits and preferences allows the design of mitigating strategies, which should
reduce envenomation in underdeveloped/developing communities in the Middle East. A
substratum-based study was devised to interpret the refuge and roaming preferences of
Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807). Observations (n = 570) of 15 A. crassicauda
specimens were recorded in north-central Iraq during the summer of 2004. Each scorpion
was given a choice between either a sandy or rubble-like substratum, which mimicked
those found in Iraqi communities. Two main results were obtained: A. crassicauda is
(1) ~2.5 times more likely to choose already-made burrows in the sandy substratum, and
(2) ~2.0 times more likely to roam atop sandy substratum than atop open-framework
rubble. Consequently, four strategies are suggested to militate against infestation in
households and community common areas.

Keywords: Scorpiones, Buthidae, Androctonus crassicauda, sting, Middle East.

Introduction

Scorpion-sting syndrome is a threat to human welfare and productivity in many
countries (see Hutt & Houghton, 1998 for review); for example, Mexico reports over
200,000 cases per annum (Lourengo & Cuellar, 1995; Jimenez-Ferrer et al., 2005) and
other countries report from a couple hundred cases per annum to a few thousand (Table
1). In the Middle East (e.g., Saudi Arabia and Iran) there are two studies presenting over
100,000 sting cases, which were reported during a five-year period (Radmanesh, 1998;
Al-Sadoon & Jarrar, 2003; Table 1). Presumably, most of these scorpion-sting cases
occur because of ignorance of scorpion habits and preferences by the hard-working
people who must cohabitate with them.

Table 1: Representative list of scorpion-sting cases from 12 countries around the world.
Cases are based on published reports; reported numbers are minima.

List of Scorpion-sting Syndrome reports

Country Occurrence Reference Country Occurrence Reference

Dehesa-Davila

Algeria 1,300 Balozat, 1964 Mexico >200,000 et al., 1994
Australia >45 Isbister, 2004 Morocco 40,000 Se —
Colombia >130 Otero et al., 2004 | Saudi Arabia 72,168 Alsadcone

Jarrar, 2003
India 38 SIM yee Trinidad L75 Waterman, 1950

al., 1992
, Goyffon et al.,

Iran >36,463 Radmanesh, 1998 | Tunisia 1S 1982

Ozkan & Kat,

: *
Libya 900 WHO, 1981 Turkey S57 2005

*per 100,000 people.

One of the Middle East’s more problematic genera, Androctonus spp., are
medically important (Ismail et a/., 1994) and a common pest. Al-Sadoon & Jarrar (2003)
reported that about half of the scorpion-sting cases in Saudi Arabia, were from a “black
scorpion” (likely Androctonus spp.). Because of Androctonus spp. abundance and
toxicity, it is crucial to understand their habits, in order to mitigate the danger they pose
to communities. In recent years, there has been a push toward understanding the
toxicology of scorpion venom and the treatment of scorpion-sting syndrome by means of
antivenin (serotherapy) and/or local herbal/plant remedies (Ismail, 1995 & Hutt &
Houghton, 1998, respectively for reviews). Although these studies are crucial to patient
care, there is, however, another approach to this problem, which will prevent scorpion-
sting syndrome — behavioural studies. By better understanding a scorpion’s habits (e.g.,
it’s substratum preferences — where do they prefer to hide and roam?) we can
minimize/reduce sting cases; thereby, reducing strain on community healthcare systems.
If we know where scorpions hide and roam we can eliminate them and/or avoid them.

54

In order to implement either/both of these techniques, a complimentary practice is
required — community education. Education can decrease scorpion-sting syndrome by
means of a three-step program (Stewart, 2006b): 1) Educate communities about scorpion-
sting syndrome and its threat to their welfare and productivity; 2) Educate about
Androctonus spp. (and other harmful species) habits and preferences; and 3) Equip them
with appropriate equipment to locate and eradicate scorpions (i.e. ultraviolet light
source).

See Fig.6
for detail

tier

Fig. 1. Photograph of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807). Circled section is shown
in schematic detail in Fig. 6. Scale bar is in centimetres.

Nn
Nn

Methods

Species studied. Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Buthidae) is a
medically important species (i.v. LDso in mice of 0.32+0.02 mg/kg; Ismail et al., 1994),
which inhabits the Palaearctic region, primarily the Middle East (with congenerics also
found in North Africa; Fet & Lowe, 2000). Adults of this species vary in colour from
light brown to reddish black and can reach lengths greater than 10 centimetres (Fig. 1).
Described as a generalist desert species (Fet et al., 1998), it has been noted as an
anthropotolerant (Crucitti & Cicuzza, 2001) and is commonly found “in the ruins of old,
neglected buildings. ...” (Birula, 1917; quoted from a Nakhichevan native in modern
Azerbaijan).

S) Karkiik ,
4 * As Sulaymaniyah

®@ samara IRAN

2, WA. $e @ BAGHDEE
5 ie
Karbala’ arKaiy
An Najaf”)
An Nasiriyahit. oi
Al Basrahi,
SAUDI {4
ARABIA S

hg
KUWATE tarsian
: N £2) At
4 Ae

Fig. 2. Map of Iraq showing study location (~50 kilometres north of Samarra) marked by
red circle.

Experiment. In northern Iraq (Fig. 2) during the summer of 2004, 15 adult A.
crassicauda specimens were located by a 5-LED shortwave ultraviolet light (385nm,
4.0mW) during evening Nautical and Astronomical Twilights (i.e. when the sun was
greater than 12 degrees below the horizon) in and around derelict structures. Specimens
were found sitting in crevices or pre-made “burrows” at the wall-substratum interface and
roaming within one metre of outside walls or resting vertically on the wall face (not
greater than 0.5 metre up). Pre-made “burrows” appeared to be interstices or the
opportunistic use of removed-animal refuges. The substratum was densely packed silts
and sands with areas adjacent walls being broken and fissured. Specimens were of
undetermined age and varied from 25 to 40 millimetres in length (pro and mesosoma;
Fig. 1). Each scorpion was placed into a terrarium (50cm x 20cm x 15cm), which

56

comprised 50% sand-based substratum and 50% rubble-based (open-framework)
substratum. Each section (sand or rubble) was given one “pre-made” burrow (to replicate
a removed-animal refuge) with the rubble section also having natural interstices, which
the scorpion could also use as a refuge. Atmospheric and substratum environmental
conditions were also measured by means of thermometers (shielded atmospheric and
substratum) and a hygrometer (Table 2).

Table 2: Environmental data showing maxima, minima and means for atmospheric
temperature and humidity and burrow and substratum temperatures.

Temperatures and Humidity (°C)
Ambient
_ Air
Mean 31.9 31.8 523 31.3 18.0
Max 40.6 37.6 38.9 36.6 30.0
Min 25.0 26.2 26.6 26.0 8.0

Sandy substratum Rubbly substratum Burrow Humidity (%)

Observations of scorpion activity were completed by means of low-intensity red
light (when necessary) at 0730, 1630, 2130 and 2330 hrs. During the morning and
afternoon times (0730 and 1630hrs, respectively) there were zero observations of active
scorpions (active = ambulation or motionless state with body raised above substratum
with tarsi and pectines touching substratum; in or out of burrow; Stewart, 2006a).
Activity levels increased to a notable level during the 2130 and 2330 hour time frames.
One observation was made per specimen per time period (e.g., 2130hrs) with four
possible options (Table 3): The scorpion was either 1) Active in sandy substratum pre-
made burrow; 2) Active atop sandy substratum; 3) Active in rubble substratum interstice
or pre-made burrow or 4) Active atop rubble substratum. Subsequent to any specimen’s
experimental use, it was released back to its captured location.

Results

In northern Iraq, 570 observations were recorded during the summer of 2004
regarding A. crassicauda’s substratum preferences. The division of observations into
either in-burrow or atop substratum was entirely related to scorpion’s choice of active
location. Of these 570 substratum observations, 386 were in-burrow (henceforth
considered burrow preference) and the remainder (184) were atop substratum (henceforth
considered roaming preference) (Table 3). Student’s t-tests were performed to determine
difference significance between sand- and rubble-based substrata for both burrow and
roaming preferences. For burrow preference, pre-made burrows in sandy substratum were
chosen 268 times; whereas, the rubble-based burrows were selected 118 times. Burrow
data suggest that A. crassicauda is ~2.3 times more likely to use pre-made burrows in a
sandy substratum (p = <0.05). For substratum roaming preferences, being active on the
sand was observed 122 times versus 62 times on the rubble. This relationship suggests
that A. crassicauda is ~2.0 times more likely to be out and active atop a sandy substratum
(p = <0.05).

Table 3: Substratum preference observations showing the 15 specimens (Greek name)
and their observed locations during the 2130 and 2330 observational periods. One
observation (in burrow or on surface) was possible for each period (2130 and 2330); two

possible per day.
Substratum preference observations
Burrow Preference Roaming Preference

Sone In sandy |In_ rubbly | On sandy | On_ rubbly
BOReY substratum | substratum | substratum | substratum
omicron 26 0

pi 23

|
ro a|watiee 9
ae ns ee

3

sigma
upsilon
15
19
19

phi

omega 22

8
beta2 an ea ee

gamma2 IF 9
ee eee ee
epsilon2 19 pn Oc Safran
zeta? Ce a eR
eta? Tere. ae
sO

Preference of Sandy over 2.3 times 2.0 times
Rubbly Substratum: (p = <0:05) (p'==0105)

Discussion

There are a few plausible reasons for the variation between the sandy and rubbly
substratum choices made by the scorpions; for example, environmental factors or
mechanical and/or chemical sensory cues. Regarding environmental factors, a scorpion’s
best defence against changing environment is to use a more climatically equable burrow
(Hadley, 1974). Although A. crassicauda continually used burrows during this
experiment, the burrows’ environmental conditions were insignificantly different (~1°C
difference for interstitial air and substrata; p = >0.05; Table 2). The most likely reason,

therefore, may be related to the scorpion’s ability to recognize and_ interpret
mechano/chemosensory signals, which are pertinent to its survivability (e.g. locating
prey, relocating its burrow, locating mates, etc.).

Fig. 3. Ventral view of A. crassicauda showing pectines (in pink circle).
Scale bar is | centimeter.

The largest receptors of mechanical and chemical information for the scorpion are
its pectines (Fig. 3), which are ventromedial appendages specialized for detection of
substances (e.g. odours and tastes) and texture on/of the substratum (Gaffin & Brownell,
1997). This sensory information, involving odours, tastes and texture, may assist the
scorpion in a variety of ways: navigation, location of potential mates, tactile use for
spermatophore placement, prey capture and predatory avoidance (Gaffin & Brownell,
1997). In order to maximize the efficacy of pectines, ambulation on an uninterrupted and
predictable substratum is optimal (Fig. 4). The open-framework, rubbly substratum,
however, may not be conducive for pecten sweeping/tapping with the substratum during
its ambulation (Fig. 5). In order for a scorpion to breach obstacle groupings (e.g. rubble

ao

or rock piles) similar to and slightly greater than its body length, it must sacrifice pecten
contact with the substratum. The “free-floating” pectines, therefore, will not be able to
record necessary information about the scorpion’s position or other cues (Fig. 5). As an
adaptive technique, it appears that A. crassicauda opts for an uninterrupted substratum;
thereby, increasing its likelihood of returning to its burrow, locating prey and/or receiving
other mechano/chemosensory uses.

Fig. 4. Photograph of young Iraqi girl standing near a wall showing the main A.
crassicauda “burrow” and roaming locations. Representative scorpions (also noted by
yellow triangles) show the most likely places to find A. crassicauda: concrete block
interstices and cracked/fissured wall bases, both of which are ubiquitous in
underdeveloped/developing communities in the Middle East. Blue blocked area shows
probable roaming location.

Another sensory receptor providing location information to the scorpion’s brain
are their slit sensillae, which are vibration-sensitive portions of their basitarsi near the
tarsal joint on each of eight legs (Fig. 6). Slit sensillae can sense vibrational stimuli and
are mostly responsive to small amplitude accelerations of the tarsi resting on the
substratum (Brownell & van Hemmen, 2001). Together, all eight of these accelerometers
make an array capable of determining direction and distance to a set of surface waves

60

(esp., Raleigh Waves). Because of the rapidity of wave propagation through solids (i.e.,
rocks), scorpions can only detect and interpret Raleigh Waves travelling more slowly
through uncompacted or poorly compacted/porous solids (e.g. sand, concrete, cinder
blocks or stucco). Because of the decreased velocities in these substrata (approximately
40-120 metres sec’! for sand), Brownell (1977) suggested that a scorpion can grasp prey
in one movement (<20 centimetres distant) and is able to detect and orient toward prey up
to 50 centimetres distant (corroborated by Stewart (2006a), personal observations of A.
crassicauda). Two aspects of surface wave propagation may affect A. crassicauda
preference for substratum. In a non-sandy (e.g. rock-based) substratum, surface wave
velocities are too fast to be resolved by the array of slit sensillae, which are too closely
spaced. Because Brownell (1977, 2001) “resolved” a scorpion’s ability to detect surface
waves to less than 50 centimetres, this may be another reason for the reduction in use of
the rubbly substratum. While a scorpion is ambulating a rubbly rock pile, the area of any
piece of rubble may be too small to allow both a warning of predators and prey from a
reaction-safe distance.

Fig. 5. Unlikely location for A. crassicauda. Photograph of a deteriorating building in
Iraq; indicative of living conditions in underdeveloped/developing communities. Note
the significant amount of rubble accumulating at the base of the building. Circular blow-
up shows hypothetical situations where a scorpion is breaching rubble. Note that in
certain situations (noted by the hypothetical scorpions) the ventromedial section
(pectines; noted by yellow triangles) will be ‘free-floating’ and unable to record
information about the substratum.

61

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the tarsus (T) showing location of slit sensilla (SS) and
basitarsus (BT) (modified from Brownell & van Hemmen, 2001).

Regardless of sensory cue (mechanical or chemical) it appears that A. crassicauda
is specially adapted toward uninterrupted, continuous substrata; such as, sandy, silty
substrata (natural) or cinder blocks, concrete and stucco substrata (anthropogenic). For
chemical cues, these substrata ensure a continuous transmission of sensory cues via the
pectines. These substrata, moreover, have slower/detectable Raleigh Wave velocities,
which allow the slit sensilla to interpret distal prey/predator location information. Lastly,
although the anthropogenic substrata are theoretically detectable by the scorpion’s slit
sensillae, it appears that a reaction-safe distance is imperative to scorpion substratum
choice.

Conclusions

Understanding a scorpion’s habits, associated with its sensory capabilities (i.e.
mechano/chemosensory), can help mitigate “scorpion-sting syndrome” in the Middle
East, North Africa and elsewhere by reducing human-scorpion contact. Eradication
and/or avoidance of dangerous scorpions' stings will increase human welfare and
productivity, which in turn, will decrease community/national monetary support for
hospital care of scorpion stings. This is not to suggest that medical and toxicological
reports should become useless, for there will always be scorpion stings. It does, however,
allow medical professionals to investigate other community/national health issues and
concerns. In order to fully affect the mitigation of scorpion-sting syndrome by A.
crassicauda, the following mitigating strategies are presented to national and community
education systems:

1. Ensure all wall-floor conjointments are sealed

2. Fill cracks/interstices at concrete/sand interfaces and repair deteriorated
cinder-block-wall joints

3. Reduce refuges by removing crumbled stucco/wall-covering piling at wall
bases, rubbish and loose materials

4. Use an ultraviolet light to locate scorpions in small crevices/cracks
(primarily in a sandy substratum) in building foundation/walls.

62

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Drs. Thomas V. Lowell (Department of Geology, University
of Cincinnati) and Victor Fet (Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University)
for their assistance and motivation to complete this project and manuscript. Additionally,
I would like to thank Dr. Tammie Gerke (USEPA) and Nicholas J. Waterson (Dept of
Geology, University of Cincinnati) for their assistance and, especially, Jessica W. Heck
for her never-ending support, care and motivation toward all my endeavours.

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Serket (2006) vol. 10(2): 65-76.

A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2006)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41 El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt
E-mail: el_hennawy(@hotmail.com

This list includes names of spider species, recorded from Egypt, with their
distribution localities. It is preceded by a table which includes names of recorded spider
families (40) followed by number of recorded genera (193) and species (385) within
parentheses. A few species maybe considered nomina dubia and some records are not
certain. The verification and corrigenda will be available in a detailed work revising
different spider families of Egypt. This work is a trial to bring the author’s “Annotated
checklist of Egyptian spider species” of 1990 and “A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in
2002)” to be up to date. The recorded localities are plotted on a map. [Abbreviations
used: ? = unknown locality (only Egypt), * = Endemic species, Prot. = Protectorate]

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Egypt.
Order Araneida (Araneae, Aranei)

Suborder Opisthothelae
Infraorder Mygalomorphae

Nemesiidae Fr) Theraphosidae i}
Infraorder Araneomorphae
Agelenidae 5 (7) Liocranidae 1 (2) Scytodidae 1 (5)
Araneidae Ly (22) Lycosidae 20 (44) Segestriidae 2 (2)
Cithaeronidae KGL) Mimetidae GL) Selenopidae 1 (1)
Clubionidae 1 (1) Miturgidae 2 (9) Sicariidae 1 (1)
Corinnidae 1 (1) Oecobiidae 2 (7) Sparassidae 6 (13)
Ctenidae 10) Oonopidae 4 (5) Synaphridae Dy
Dictynidae 5 (6) Oxyopidae 2 (6) Tetragnathidae 2 (3)
Dysderidae LA Palpimanidae 1 (3) Theridiidae 10 (24)
Eresidae 3 (6) Philodromidae 3(18) Thomisidae 10 (25)
Filistatidae 2 (3) Pholcidae (3) Titanoecidae 2 (2)
Gnaphosidae 21 (48) Pisauridae 4 (4) Uloboridae L.@)
Hersiliidae ing She) Prodidomidae 3 (3) Zodariidae 5 (8)
Linyphiidae 8 (8) Salticidae 3Y€72)

TOTAL : 40 Families, 193 genera, 385 species

f Map of Egypt.
1-55. Recording localities.

1- El-Sallum. 2- Marsa Matruh.
3- El-Omayed Prot. 4- EI-
Hammam. 5- Alexandria, Edko,
Mariout. 6- Rosetta. 7- El-Burullus
Prot. 8- Ras El-Barr. 9- Damietta.
10- El-Manzalah (lake). 11- Port
Said. 12- El-Zaranik Prot. 13- El-
Arish. 14- Rafah. 15- Mid Sinai.
16- Taba. 17- Abu Galoum Prot.
18- Dahab and Wadi Yah'med.
19- Nabq Prot. 20- Sharm EI-
Sheikh. 21- Ras Mohammed Prot.
22- En Higiya (north east of Abu
Zneima). 23- Ras Sedr. 24- Ain-
Musa. 25- Suez. 26- Fayed.
Ea a a ie owe PT a eh eee 27- Ismailia. 28- St. Catherine,
Mount Serbal, Wadi Esla. 29- Siwa Oases. 30- El-Uwaynat. 31- El-Baharia Oases, El-
Bawitti. 32- Dakhla Oases. 33- New Valley. 34- Cairo (Heliopolis, Zenhum and Helwan),
Wadi Degla (El-Maadi). 35- Giza, Pyramids, Saqqarah, Dahshur. 36- El-Fayum, Kom
Osheem. 37- Wadi El-Raiyan. 38- Beni Suef. 39- Wadi Rishrash. 40- Manfalut. 41- Assiut.
42- Sohag. 43- Qena. 44- Luxor. 45- Gebel Silsilis. 46- Aswan, Elephantine and Philoe
island; Fatira (Kom Ombo). 47- Wadi-Halfa, Nubia. 48- El-Shalateen, Bir El-Gahliya, Wadi
De’eeb. 49- Wadi Natron. 50- El-Tahrir Province. 51- Kafr El-Sheikh. 52- El-Menoufeia,
Shebin El-Kom. 53- El-Aasher-Min-Ramadan City (65 km east of Cairo). 54- Nile Barrage,
Qalyubia. 55- Salahyeh.

Nile Delta js
(Lower Egypt)
37

31

Western

E
G
Y Desert
F
Jf

Infraorder Mygalomorphae
Family Nemesiidae Simon, 1892
Nemesia cellicola Savigny, 1825 --- Alexandria

Family Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870

Chaetopelma gracile (Ausserer, 1871) --- Alexandria, El-Fayum, Upper Egypt
Chaetopelma olivaceum (C.L.Koch, 1841) --- Cairo

Chaetopelma shabati Hassan, 1950 --- Cairo, El-Fayum *

Infraorder Araneomorphae
Family Agelenidae C.L.Koch, 1837
Benoitia lepida (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Abu Galoum, El-Omayed, El-Zaranik, New
Valley, Siwa Oases, Upper Egypt, Wadi El-Raiyan, Wadi Natron
Benoitia timida (Savigny, 1825) --- Rosetta
Lycosoides coarctata (Dufour, 1831) --- Alexandria, Nile Barrage
Malthonica pagana (C.L.Koch, 1840) --- Cairo
Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) --- Rosetta
Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy, 1785) --- Alexandria
Textrix caudata L.Koch, 1872 --- ?

66

Family Araneidae Simon, 1895

Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) --- southern Sinai

Araneus circe (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria

Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) --- ?

Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772) --- Alexandria, Cairo, El-Burullus, El-Shalateen,
E]-Zaranik, Nabg, Ras Mohammed, St. Catherine, Wadi El-Raiyan, Wadi De’eeb

Argiope sector (Forskal, 1775) --- Nubia, Port Said, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt, Wadi
Natron

Argiope trifasciata (Forskal, 1775) --- Alexandria, Cairo, El-Burullus, El-Tahrir
Province, Siwa Oasis, Wadi El-Raiyan, Wadi Natron

Cyclosa deserticola Levy, 1998 --- ?

Cyclosa insulana (Costa, 1834) --- El-Burullus (?), Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron

Cyrtophora citricola (Forskal, 1775) --- Cairo, Abu Galoum, Nabg, Ras Mohammed,
Siwa Oasis, Wadi El-Raiyan, Wadi Natron

Gasteracantha sanguinolenta rueppelli (Strand, 1916) --- ? *

Gea nilotica Simon, 1906 --- ? *

Gibbaranea bituberculata (Walckenaer, 1802) --- Alexandria, Cairo

Hypsosinga albovittata (Westring, 1851) --- Alexandria

Larinia acuticauda Simon, 1906 --- Luxor, Siwa Oasis

Larinia chloris (Savigny, 1825) --- Siwa Oasis, Suez, Upper Egypt

Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757) --- Rosetta

Larinioides suspicax (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Damietta, El-Fayum,
Rosetta, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron

Neoscona subfusca (C.L.Koch, 1837) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis

Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck, 1757) --- Damietta

Singa lucina (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria, Rosetta

Singa semiatra L.Koch, 1867 --- ?

Siwa atomaria (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Aswan, Cairo, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt

Family Cithaeronidae Simon, 1893
Cithaeron praedonius O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 --- Alexandria

Family Clubionidae Wagner, 1887
Clubiona listeri Audouin, 1825 --- ? *

Family Corinnidae Karsch, 1880
Castianeira antinorii (Pavesi, 1880) --- Cairo (Giza), Siwa Oasis

Family Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877
Anahita pallida (L.Koch, 1875) --- ?

Family Dictynidae O. P.-Cambridge, 1871

Archaeodictyna anguiniceps (Simon, 1899) --- New Valley, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron
Archaeodictyna condocta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Lower Egypt,
Suez

Devade indistincta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Mariout, Siwa Oasis, Suez

Dictyna innocens O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 --- Cairo

Lathys humilis meridionalis (Simon, 1874) --- Alexandria

Nigma conducens O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo, Lower Egypt, Elephantine, Philoe
island (Aswan), Wadi-Halfa

67

Family Dysderidae C.L. Koch, 1837

Dysdera crocota C.L.Koch, 1839 --- Alexandria

Dysdera erythrina (Walckenaer, 1802) --- ?

Dysdera lata Wider, 1834 --- Alexandria, Cairo

Dysdera lubrica Simon, 1907 --- Alexandria, Cairo *
Dysdera pharaonis Simon, 1907 --- Alexandria, Mariout *
Dysdera subnubila Simon, 1907 --- Alexandria, Cairo *
Dysdera westringii O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 --- Alexandria

Family Eresidae C.L. Koch, 1851

Dorceus quadrispilotus Simon, 1908 --- Alexandria, Mariout, west of El-Hammam *
Eresus pharaonis Walckenaer, 1837 --- ? *

Eresus semicanus Simon, 1908 --- Alexandria, Mariout, Suez

Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin, 1825) --- Abu Galoum, Alexandria, Assiut, Aswan, Beni
Suef, Cairo, Damietta, El-Baharia Oases, El-Fayum, El-Menoufeia, Giza, Ismailia,
Luxor, Nile Barrage, Port Said, Qena, Sinai, Siwa Oasis, Sohag, Suez, Wadi El-Raiyan,
Wadi Halfa, Wadi Natron

Stegodyphus lineatus (Latreille, 1817) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Damietta, El-Burullus,
El-Shalateen and Bir El-Gahliya, El-Zaranik, Nabq, Ras El-Barr, Siwa Oasis, southern
Sinai, Suez

Stegodyphus manicatus Simon, 1876 --- Cairo

Family Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867

Filistata insidiatrix (Forskal, 1775) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Lower Egypt, Siwa Oasis
Filistata puta O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria

Sahastata nigra (Simon, 1897) --- Cairo, Luxor, Suez

Family Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898

Aphantaulax albini (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Aphantaulax cinctus (L.Koch, 1866) --- Alexandria

Berinda ensiger (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- ?

Berlandina plumalis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, Cairo
Berlandina venatrix (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria, Aswan, Cairo, Luxor, Sinai,
Siwa Oasis, Wadi Halfa

Drassodes alexandrinus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria *
Drassodes unicolor (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- ?

Haplodrassus dalmatensis (L. Koch, 1866) --- Cairo

Haplodrassus pugnans (Simon, 1880) --- El-Arish

Heser infumatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Cairo

Leptodrassus pupa Dalmas, 1919 --- Suez *

Megamyrmaekion caudatum Wider, 1834 --- ? *

Megamyrmaekion vulpinum (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Aswan, Cairo
Micaria ignea (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- northern and southern (?) Sinai
Minosia pharao Dalmas, 1921 --- Alexandria, Cairo *

Minosia simeonica Levy, 1995 --- southern Sinai

Minosiella mediocris Dalmas, 1921 --- Cairo, El-Fayum, Siwa Oasis, Suez
Minosiella pharia Dalmas, 1921 --- Cairo

Nomisia aussereri (L.Koch, 1872) --- Alexandria, Cairo

68

Nomisia recepta (Pavesi, 1880) --- ?

Odontodrassus mundulus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Cairo, southern Sinai

Poecilochroa antineae Fage, 1929 --- ? *

Poecilochroa pugnax (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Ismailia, Siwa
Oasis, Suez

Poecilochroa senilis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, El-Omayed

Pterotricha conspersa (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Cairo, Helwan, Pyramids (Giza), El-
Burullus, Ras Mohammed, Siwa Oasis

Pterotricha dalmasi Fage, 1929 --- Nabq, Siwa Oasis

Pterotricha lentiginosa (C.L.Koch, 1837) --- ?

Pterotricha lesserti Dalmas, 1921 --- El-Arish, El-Zaranik, Rafah, Ras Sedr

Pterotricha linnaei (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Pterotricha procera (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria, Cairo

Pterotricha schaefferi (Audouin, 1825) --- Alexandria, Aswan, Cairo, El-Omayed, Suez,
Wadi El-Raiyan, Wadi Halfa

Setaphis mollis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria

Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) --- Cairo, Ismailia, Nile Delta, Ras El-Barr, Shebin El-
Kom, Sohag, southern Sinai, Wadi El-Raiyan

Synaphosus gracillimus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- En Higiya (NE of Abu Zneima),
Mount Serbal, Wadi Degla, Wadi Rishrash

Synaphosus intricatus (Denis, 1947) --- Siwa Oasis

Synaphosus minimus (Caporiacco, 1936) --- Dahab, Wadi Yah'med, El-Uwaynat
Synaphosus syntheticus (Chamberlin, 1924) --- Cairo (Zenhum, Helwan), Sohag
Talanites fervidus Simon, 1893 --- ?

Talanites ornatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria *

Trachyzelotes jaxartensis (Kroneberg, 1875) --- Assiut, Luxor

Trachyzelotes lyonneti (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Urozelotes rusticus (L.Koch, 1872) --- Marsa Matruh, Siwa Oasis

Zelotes fagei Denis, 1955 --- ?

Zelotes laetus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Lower Egypt

Zelotes listeri (Audouin, 1825) --- southern Sinai *

Zelotes nilicola (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria, El-Tahrir Province, Nile Delta
Zelotes scrutatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis *

Zelotes tenuis (L.Koch, 1866) --- Alexandria

Family Hersiliidae Thorell, 1870
Hersilia caudata Savigny, 1825 --- Cairo to Aswan
Hersiliola simoni (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria

Family Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859

Bathyphantes extricatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Cairo *
Brachycerasphora parvicornis (Simon, 1884) --- Alexandria *

Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) --- El-Aasher-Min-Ramadan City, Nile Delta
Gnathonarium dentatum (Wider, 1834) --- Nile Delta

Gnathonarium dentatum orientale (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- ?

Meioneta rurestris (C.L.Koch, 1836) --- Alexandria

Microctenonyx alexandrinus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria

Prinerigone vagans (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria, Cairo, New Valley, Nile Delta, Wadi
Natron

69

Silometopus curtus (Simon, 1881) --- ?

Family Liocranidae Simon, 1897
Mesiotelus alexandrinus (Simon, 1880) --- Edko *
Mesiotelus tenuissimus (L.Koch, 1866) --- Alexandria, Ismailia, southern Sinai

Family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833

Allocosa deserticola (Simon, 1898) --- Saqqarah *

Allocosa tarentulina (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria

Allocosa tremens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria
Alopecosella pelusiaca (Savigny, 1825) --- El-Manzalah

Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius, 1777) --- Siwa Oasis, southern Sinai, Upper Egypt, Wadi
Natron

Arctosa depuncta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria

Arctosa leopardus (Sundevall, 1832) --- Alexandria

Arctosa quadripunctata (Lucas, 1846) --- Siwa Oasis

Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805) --- ? *

Crocodilosa virulenta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Cairo *

Evippa arenaria (Savigny, 1825) --- Rosetta

Evippa praelongipes (O.P.-Cambridge, 1870) --- southern Sinai
Evippa ungulata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Aswan, Luxor, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt,
Wadi El-Raiyan

Evippomma simoni Alderweireldt, 1992 --- Wadi Halfa

Geolycosa urbana (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis
Hippasa innesi Simon, 1889 --- Cairo, Suez *

Hippasa partita (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria

Hippasa sinai Alderweireldt & Jocqué, 2005 --- Sinai

Hogna alexandria Roewer, 1960 --- Alexandria *

Hogna ferox (Lucas, 1838) --- Nile Delta, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron
Hogna peregrina (Savigny, 1825) --- Rosetta *

Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817) --- Cairo

Hogna sinaia Roewer, 1959 --- Sinai

Hogna truculenta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria

Hyaenosa effera (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, Cairo
Lycosa cingara (C.L.Koch, 1847) --- ? *

Lycosa cretacea Simon, 1898 --- Saqqarah

Lycosa nilotica Savigny, 1825 --- Alexandria, Aswan, Cairo *

Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus, 1758) --- southern Sinai

Megarctosa argentata (Denis, 1947) --- Siwa Oasis *

Ocyale atalanta Savigny, 1825 --- Wadi Natron

Ocyale pelliona (Savigny, 1825) --- Rosetta

Orinocosa priesneri Roewer, 1959 --- Djebl Bokas (?) *

Orthocosa ambigua (Denis, 1947) --- Siwa Oasis *

Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria *

Pardosa injucunda (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Siwa Oasis
Pardosa inopina (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Wadi Natron
Pardosa inquieta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria *

Pardosa naevia (L. Koch, 1875) --- ? *

Pardosa observans (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria *

70

Pardosa serena (L.Koch, 1875) --- Cairo *

Pirata proximus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria *

Trochosa annulipes L.Koch, 1875 --- Cairo

Wadicosa fidelis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, Aswan, Cairo, Siwa Oasis,
Suez, Wadi Natron

Family Mimetidae Simon, 1881
Mimetus monticola (Blackwall, 1870) --- Cairo

Family Miturgidae Simon, 1885

Cheiracanthium annulipes O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 --- Cairo, Philoe island (Aswan), Wadi
Natron

Cheiracanthium canariense Wunderlich, 1987 --- El-Burullus, El-Zaranik
Cheiracanthium equestre O.P.-Cambridge, 1874 --- Cairo, Siwa Oasis

Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874 --- Cairo, Nile Delta, Siwa Oasis, Sohag,
Wadi Natron

Cheiracanthium jovium Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis

Cheiracanthium mildei L.Koch, 1864 --- southern Sinai

Cheiracanthium pelasgicum (C.L.Koch, 1837) --- Beni Suef, Qalyubia, Rafah
Cheiracanthium siwi El-Hennawy, 2001 --- Siwa Oasis *

Cheiramiona dubia (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) --- Alexandria *

Family Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862

Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974 --- Cairo

Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870 --- Giza

Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 --- Alexandria, Ismailia, Upper Egypt

Oecobius putus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo, Giza, Ismailia, Upper Egypt

Oecobius templi O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo, Upper Egypt, Abu Galoum (?)
Uroctea durandi (Latreille, 1809) --- ?

Uroctea limbata (C.L.Koch, 1843) --- Alexandria, Abu Galoum, Nabg, Ras Mohammed

Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890

Dysderina scutata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Cairo *
Gamasomorpha arabica Simon, 1893 --- Ain-Musa *
Gamasomorpha margaritae Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Opopaea punctata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Ain-Musa, Alexandria
Sulsula pauper (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria

Family Oxyopidae Thorell, 1870

Oxyopes heterophthalmus (Latreille, 1804) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Sinai

Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 --- ?

Oxyopes sinaiticus Levy, 1999 --- Sinai ?

Peucetia arabica Simon, 1882 --- Cairo, Abu Galoum, Nabg, Ras Mohammed,
St. Catherine, Siwa Oasis, Suez

Peucetia virescens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Dakhla Oases

Peucetia viridis (Blackwall, 1858) --- Dahshur (Giza), Sinai

Family Palpimanidae Thorell, 1870
Palpimanus aegyptiacus Kulezynski, 1909 --- ? *
Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820 --- Alexandria, Cairo to Luxor, Nubia

7

Palpimanus uncatus Kulczynski, 1909 --- ? *

Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1870

Philodromus bigibbus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Aswan
Philodromus cinereus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo *

Philodromus clercki Audouin, 1825 --- ? *

Philodromus denisi Levy, 1977 --- Siwa Oasis *

Philodromus glaucinus Simon, 1870 --- Ismailia, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt
Philodromus lepidus Blackwall, 1870 --- Aswan, Cairo, Wadi Natron
Philodromus lugens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria *
Philodromus omer-cooperi Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Philodromus sinaiticus Levy, 1977 --- Ras Mohammed *

Philodromus venustus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo to Manfalut *
Thanatus albini (Audouin, 1825) --- Cairo, El-Tahrir Province, New Valley, Nile Delta,
Siwa Oasis, Sohag

Thanatus fabricii (Audouin, 1825) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis

Thanatus flavescens O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo *

Thanatus flavus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria *

Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757) --- ?

Thanatus fornicatus Simon, 1897 --- Sinai

Thanatus lesserti (Roewer, 1951) --- Cairo

Tibellus vossioni Simon, 1884 --- Siwa Oasis

Family Pholcidae C.L. Koch, 1851

Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 --- Cairo, Siwa Oasis, Sohag, Wadi Natron
Crossopriza semicaudata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Cairo to Luxor
Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Nabg, Wadi Natron
Micropholcus fauroti (Simon, 1887) --- ?

Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) --- Alexandria

Family Pisauridae Simon, 1890

Dolomedes hyppomene Savigny, 1825 --- Damietta *
Nilus curtus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria *
Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1757) --- ?

Rothus atlanticus Simon, 1898 --- Siwa Oasis

Family Prodidomidae Simon, 1884

Prodidomus amaranthinus (Lucas, 1846) --- Alexandria, Cairo
Zimirina vastitatis Cooke, 1964 --- El-Sallum

Zimiris sp. --- Heliopolis-Cairo (inside a house) [Unpublished record]

Family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841

Aelurillus catherinae Proszynski, 2000 --- St. Catherine *

Aelurillus conveniens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Siwa Oasis, Mid Sinai
Aelurillus dorthesi (Audouin, 1825) --- Cairo, Wadi Natron *

Aelurillus hirtipes Denis, 1960 --- Watia Pass (Mid Sinai)

Aelurillus luctuosus (Lucas, 1846) --- Lower Egypt

Aelurillus monardi (Lucas, 1846) --- Cairo, Lower Egypt

Aelurillus sinaicus Prészynski, 2000 --- north of Mid Sinai

Ballus piger O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Upper Egypt *

72

Bianor albobimaculatus (Lucas, 1846) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Siwa Oasis, Suez
Carrhotus occidentalis (Denis, 1947) --- Siwa Oasis *

Chalcoscirtus catherinae Proszynski, 2000 --- St. Catherine, near Taba

Cosmophasis nigrocyanea (Simon, 1885) --- Siwa Oasis

Euophrys catherinae Proszynski, 2000 --- St. Catherine, southern Sinai *

Euophrys granulata Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Festucula vermiformis Simon, 1901 --- Alexandria, Suez *

Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1825) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Ras El-Barr

Heliophanillus fulgens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) ---Alexandria, Cairo, Siwa Oasis, Upper
Egypt

Heliophanillus lucipeta (Simon, 1890) --- Alexandria, Suez

Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1802) --- ?

Heliophanus decoratus L.Koch, 1875 --- Alexandria, Cairo, El-Zaranik, Siwa Oasis,
Suez, Wadi Natron

Heliophanus edentulus Simon, 1871 --- Alexandria

Heliophanus glaucus Bosenberg & Lenz, 1894 --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis

Hyllus plexippoides Simon, 1906 --- ?

Langona alfensis Heciak & Prészynski, 1983 --- Wadi Halfa

Langona mallezi (Denis, 1947) --- Siwa Oasis *

Langona redii (Audouin, 1825) --- Alexandria, Cairo

Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868) --- Alexandria

Menemerus animatus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 ---Alexandria, Cairo, El-Omayed, El-
Zaranik, Ras El-Barr, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt, Wadi Natron

Menemerus gesneri (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Menemerus heydeni Simon, 1868 --- Cairo, Upper Egypt

Menemerus hunteri (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Menemerus illigeri (Audouin, 1825) --- Cairo

Menemerus semilimbatus (Hahn, 1829) --- Cairo

Menemerus soldani (Audouin, 1825) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis

Modunda staintoni (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Upper Egypt, Suez

Mogrus bonneti (Audouin, 1825) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt, Wadi EI-
Raiyan, Wadi Natron

Mogrus canescens (C.L.Koch, 1846) --- ?

Mogrus fulvovittatus Simon, 1882 --- El-Burullus, El-Omayed, El-Zaranik, Nabq,
Ras El-Barr

Mogrus mirabilis Wesolowska & van Harten, 1994 --- Wadi Halfa

Mogrus sinaicus Prészynski, 2000 --- Ras Mohammed, St. Catherine

Myrmarachne kiboschensis Lessert, 1925 --- Cairo

Myrmarachne tristis (Simon, 1882) --- El-Zaranik, Nabq

Natta horizontalis Karsch, 1879 --- ?

Neaetha aegyptiaca Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Neaetha cerussata (Simon, 1868) --- ?

Neaetha oculata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Upper Egypt

Pachypoessa plebeja (L.Koch, 1875) --- Cairo

Paraneaetha diversa Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Pellenes frischi (Audouin, 1825) --- ? *

Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) --- southern Sinai

Phlegra flavipes Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

if.

Phlegra memorialis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt *

Phlegra pori Proszynski, 1998 --- Mt. Catherina (southern Sinai)

Phlegra proxima Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Plexippoides flavescens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- St. Catherine

Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1825) --- Abu Galoum, Alexandria, Cairo, El-Shalateen,
Bir El-Gahliya, El-Zaranik, southern Sinai

Pseudicius spiniger (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Aswan, Cairo, Upper Egypt

Pseudicius tamaricis Simon, 1885 --- Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron

Rafalus christophori Proszynski, 1999 --- St. Catherine

Rafalus feliksi Proszynski, 1999 --- north west Wadi Esla *

Salticus druryi Audouin, 1825 --- ?

Salticus mendicus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria to Aswan

Salticus mouffeti Audouin, 1825 --- Alexandria

Salticus paludivagus Lucas, 1846 --- Alexandria

Salticus propinquus Lucas, 1846 --- Alexandria, Kafr El-Sheikh

Stenaelurillus werneri Simon, 1906 --- ?

Synageles dalmaticus (Keyserling, 1863) --- Alexandria, Cairo

Synageles repudiatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, Siwa Oasis *

Thyene imperialis (Rossi, 1846) --- Aswan, Cairo, El-Tahrir Province, Nabgq, New
Valley, Sharm El-Sheikh, Siwa Oasis, Upper Egypt

Thyenula ammonis Denis, 1947 --- Siwa Oasis *

Yilenus saliens O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria, Cairo, El-Uwaynat, Suez,

Upper Egypt
Yilenus tschoni (Caporiacco, 1936) --- ?

Family Scytodidae Blackwall, 1864

Scytodes bertheloti Lucas, 1838 --- Wadi Natron

Scytodes immaculata L.Koch, 1875 --- Alexandria, Cairo, El-Fayum, Upper Egypt, Wadi
Halfa *

Scytodes obelisci Denis, 1947 --- Luxor *

Scytodes thoracica (Latreille, 1802) --- Cairo, Siwa Oasis

Scytodes velutina Heineken & Lowe, 1836 --- Cairo, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron

Family Segestriidae Simon, 1893
Ariadna insidiatrix Savigny, 1825 --- Alexandria, Cairo
Segestria florentina (Rossi, 1790) --- Alexandria, Lower Egypt, south west Sinai

Family Selenopidae Simon, 1897
Selenops radiatus Latreille, 1819 --- Wadi Natron, Nile Valley

Family Sicariidae Keyserling, 1880
Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Siwa Oasis

Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872

Cebrennus aethiopicus Simon, 1880 --- Nubia

Cebrennus castaneitarsis Simon, 1880 --- Sinai

Cebrennus concolor (Denis, 1947) --- Siwa Oasis *

Cerbalus pellitus Kritscher, 1960 --- Fayed *

Cerbalus psammodes Levy, 1989 --- El-Zaranik

Cerbalus pulcherrimus (Simon, 1880) --- Aswan, Wadi Natron

74

Eusparassus bicorniger (Pocock, 1898) --- ?

Eusparassus dufouri Simon, 1932 --- ?

Eusparassus oraniensis (Lucas, 1846) --- Siwa Oasis

Eusparassus walckenaeri (Audouin, 1825) --- Cairo, El-Shalateen, Bir El-Gahliya, Siwa
Oasis, southern Sinai, Upper Egypt, Wadi Natron

Gnathopalystes crucifer (Simon, 1880) --- (Port Said?) ?

Heteropoda variegata (Simon, 1874) --- ?

Olios suavis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Siwa Oasis, near Gebel Silsilis (Upper Egypt)

Family Synaphridae Wunderlich, 1986
Synaphris letourneuxi (Simon, 1884) --- ? *

Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866

Dyschiriognatha argyrostilba (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria *

Tetragnatha chrysochlora (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Tetragnatha flava (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria, Rosetta *

Tetragnatha isidis (Simon, 1880) --- Alexandria

Tetragnatha nitens (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria, Cairo, Manzalah, Rosetta, Siwa
Oasis, Wadi El-Raiyan, Wadi Natron

Family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833

Argyrodes argyrodes (Walckenaer, 1842) --- Siwa Oasis

Crustulina conspicua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Giza

Enoplognatha deserta Levy & Amitai, 1981 --- St. Catherine

Enoplognatha gemina Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 --- Alexandria, Cairo

Euryopis albomaculata Denis, 1951 --- ? *

Euryopis campestrata Simon, 1907 --- Cairo *

Euryopis episinoides (Walckenaer, 1847) --- Alexandria, Giza, Ismailia

Euryopis quinqueguttata Thorell, 1875 --- Siwa Oasis

Kochiura aulica (C.L.Koch, 1838) --- Alexandria, Nile Delta, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron
Latrodectus pallidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 --- Alexandria, El-Zaranik, Nabq
Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) --- Alexandria, El-Tahrir Province, Salahyeh,
Mid Sinai, Nabq

Nesticodes rufipes (Lucas, 1846) --- Cairo

Paidiscura dromedaria (Simon, 1880) --- Ismailia, El-Zaranik, Nabq

Steatoda ephippiata (Thorell, 1875) --- El-Omayed, El-Zaranik, Mid Sinai

Steatoda erigoniformis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Alexandria, Nile Delta

Steatoda latifasciata (Simon, 1873) --- Mid Sinai, St. Catherine

Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) --- Alexandria, El-Burullus, El-Zaranik,
southern Sinai

Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802) --- Cairo, Wadi Natron, El-Zaranik

Steatoda venator (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria *

Theridion melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria, Nile Delta, El-Zaranik
Theridion musivum Simon, 1873 --- Mid Sinai

Theridion nigrovariegatum Simon, 1873 --- Alexandria, Ismailia, Siwa Oasis, Suez
Theridion spinitarse O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Cairo, Luxor

Theridion varians Hahn, 1833--- Alexandria

TS

Family Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833

Firmicus dewitzi Simon, 1899 --- Wadi Natron

Heriaeus buffoni (Audouin, 1825) --- Ras Mohammed

Misumena atrocincta Costa, 1875 --- ? *

Ozyptila judaea Levy, 1975 --- Sinai (near Taba)

Ozyptila subclavata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria

Pistius truncatus (Pallas, 1772) --- ?

Runcinia grammica (C.L.Koch, 1837) --- Alexandria, El-Arish, El-Bawitti, Fatira, Kom
Osheem

Synema candicans (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria *

Synema diana (Audouin, 1825) --- Cairo to Luxor, Fatira, Kom Osheem, Nabq,
Ras El-Barr, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Esla, Wadi Natron

Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) --- ?

Synema valentinieri Dahl, 1907 --- Upper Egypt *

Thomisus bidentatus Kulezynski, 1901 --- southern Sinai

Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 --- El-Zaranik, Kom Osheem, Ras El-Barr, Siwa
Oasis, southern Sinai, Wadi El-Raiyan

Thomisus spinifer O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 --- Aswan, Cairo to Luxor, El-Arish,
El-Bawitti, Fatira, Nile Delta, Siwa Oasis, Wadi Natron

Tmarus piochardi (Simon, 1866) --- Siwa Oasis

Xysticus bliteus (Simon, 1875) --- Alexandria, Cairo

Xysticus clercki (Audouin, 1825) --- ?

Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757) --- Alexandria

Xysticus ferus O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria, southern Sinai

Xysticus lalandei (Audouin, 1825) --- Cairo, southwestern Sinai *

Xysticus peccans O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- ? *

Xysticus promiscuus O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 --- Alexandria

Xysticus sabulosus (Hahn, 1832) --- ?

Xysticus sinaiticus Levy, 1999 --- ?

Xysticus tristrami (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Cairo (Giza), Rafah, St. Catherine

Family Titanoecidae Lehtinen, 1967
Nurscia albomaculata (Lucas, 1846) --- Alexandria, Cairo (Giza)
Titanoeca tristis L.Koch, 1872 --- ?

Family Uloboridae Thorell, 1869
Uloborus plumipes Lucas, 1846 --- Cairo to Assiut, Nile Valley, near Red Sea, Siwa Oasis
Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 --- El-Zaranik, Siwa Oasis

Family Zodariidae Thorell, 1881

Lachesana perversa (Savigny, 1825) --- Cairo, El-Zaranik

Palaestina eremica Levy, 1992 --- St. Catherine

Ranops expers (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) --- Alexandria, St. Catherine
Trygetus rivadhensis Ono & Jocqué, 1986 --- St. Catherine

Trygetus sexoculatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) --- Suez, west of southern Sinai
Zodarion cyrenaicum Denis, 1935 --- ?

Zodarion nitidum (Savigny, 1825) --- Alexandria, Cairo, northern Sinai
Zodarion pileolonotatum Denis, 1935 --- Siwa Oasis

kK RK RRR RR KR

76

_ History
_ Received on: :

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American Museum

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of Natural

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SERKET CS pet

Cairo - Egypt

3 2007

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SERKET

Volume 10 Part 3
April, 2007 Cairo, Egypt

Contents

Page
Contributions to the spider fauna of Turkey: Arctosa lutetiana
(Simon, 1876), Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805), Lycosa
singoriensis (Laxmann, 1770) and Pirata latitans (Blackwall, 1841)
(Araneae: Lycosidae)
Abdullah Bayram, Tarik Danisman, Zafer Sancak, Nazife Yigit &
[kay Corak EE

Three linyphiid species new to the Turkish araneo-fauna:
Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868), Ostearius melanopygius
(O.P.-Cambridge, 1879) and Trematocephalus cristatus (Wider, 1834)
(Araneae: Linyphiidae)

Abdullah Bayram, Tarik Danisman, Nazife Yigit, IIkay Corak &

Zafer Sancak 82

A contribution to the crab spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae:
Thomisidae)
Hakan Demir, Metin Aktas, Aydin Topcu & Osman Seyyar 86

Scorpions of Kilis Province, Turkey (Arachnida: Scorpiones)
Ersen Aydin Yagmur, Halil Koc, Selda Kesmezoglu &
Mehmet Yalcin 91

A seven-legged pholcid spider from Egypt (Araneida: Pholcidae)
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 106

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Serket (2007) vol. 10(3): 77-81.

Contributions to the spider fauna of Turkey: Arctosa lutetiana
(Simon, 1876), Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805),
Lycosa singoriensis (Laxmann, 1770) and Pirata latitans
(Blackwall, 1841) (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Abdullah Bayram, Tarik Danisman, Zafer Sancak, Nazife Yigit and IIkay Corak
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Kirikkale,
TR-71450 Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: abdbayram@yahoo.com

Abstract

This paper reports four lycosid species as new records for the Turkish araneo-
fauna. The characteristic features and egigynum drawings of Arctosa lutetiana (Simon,
1876), Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805), Lycosa singoriensis (Laxmann, 1770) and
Pirata latitans (Blackwall, 1841) (Lycosidae: Araneae) are included. Habitat and
geographical distribution of the species are presented. The specimens were collected from
different locations of Turkey.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Taxonomy, New records, Turkey.

Introduction

The wolf spiders, Lycosidae, are real hunters that live in a wide variety of
terrestrial habitats. Their general appearance varies among genera and they usually have a
high frontally narrowed and relatively elongated prosoma. They have eight eyes arranged
in three rows. Four small eyes are located above the clypeus, two large eyes above them
are looking forwards, and farther back there are also two big eyes that look upwards.
Posterior median and lateral eyes are arranged in a trapezium. Therefore, lycosids can
look in four directions and have excellent eyesight. Their legs and chelicerae are
generally robust.

A total of 63 species grouped in 11 genera were recorded from Turkey (Topgu et.
al., 2005). There are some ecological studies on lycosids in Turkey (Bayram, 1993,
1994a, 1994b, 1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1996, 1997, 2000; Bayram & Luff, 1993a, 1993b;
Bayram & Varol, 2001; Bayram ef al., 2002; Varol & Bayram, 1995). In Turkey,

7 species of Arctosa (1.e. A. cinerea, fulvolineata, leopardus, perita, personata, simoni
and variana), 4 species of Lycosa (i.e. L. narbonensis, piochardi, praegrandis and
tarantula), 2 species of Pirata (i.e. P. hygrophilus and piraticus), and Aulonia kratochvili
are recorded until now (Bayram, 2002; Top¢u et. al., 2005; Varol et al., 2007).

Material and Methods

The present study is based on the material deposited in the collection of the
Arachnological Museum of Kuirikkale University (KUAM). Only four females were
examined in this study. The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification
and drawings were made by means of a SMZ10A Nikon stereomicroscope with a camera
lucida. The keys of Heimer & Nentwig (1991), Roberts (1995) and Tyschchenko (1971)
were used. All measurements are in millimetres.

Results

1. Arctosa lutetiana (Simon, 1876)

Material examined: 19, Yahsihan (39°50'N 33°30'E, Kirikkale prov.), 23.[X.2006, from
a meadow in the University campus.

Description: Prosoma dark olive brown, laterals have 3-4 grey spots, anteriorly clearly
wider than the eye region. Median stripe on prosoma light colour but indistinct.
Chelicerae hairy and have three teeth on the basal segments. Anterior median eyes bigger
than anterior lateral eyes. Distance between posterior lateral eyes larger than anterior
lateral ayes. Legs reddish brown, have many hairs, grey spotted or annulated. Coxae and
femora yellowish brown. Tibiae III-[V with only one dorsal spine. Tarsus I with a long
bristle proximally. Opisthosoma greenish-brown, with black hairs. Folium furnished
anteriorly with a heart shaped white band, posteriorly with 4-5 triangular white spots, and
laterally with two yellowish spots.

Female (KUAM-LYC.Arc.lute.01): Body length 7.5; carapace length 3.3; leg I: coxa
0.99, trochanter 0.24, femur 2.11, patella 1.01, tibia 1.45, metatarsus 1.43, tarsus 0.96.
Epigynum: Fig. la.

World Distribution: Sweden, Middle Europe, South Europe, Russia (Heimer &
Nentwig, 1991, Platnick, 2007).

2. Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805)

Material examined: 1°, Persembe (41°05'N 37°50'E, Ordu prov.), 25.VII.1995, from a
cultivated hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) garden.

Description: Prosoma dark brown, with thin white lines at margins, anteriorly narrow,
hardly wider than eye region. Rear half of carapace with thin golden brown median line.
The head region projects rather than thorax region. Pedipalps black, but palpal patella
white. Opisthosoma blackish-brown, with white median line anteriorly, and white spots
posteriorly. Legs bright brown but femora I black.

Female (KUAM-LYC.Aul.albi.01): Body length 3.5; carapace length 1.45 mm; leg I:
coxa 0.99, trochanter 0.24, femur 1.29, patella 0.57, tibia 1.18, metatarsus 1.01, tarsus
0.68. Epigynum: Fig. 1b.

World Distribution: Palaearctic region; widespread in northern Europe, but commoner
in the south of the region (Roberts, 1995; Platnick, 2007).

78

Fig. 1. Female epigynum (ventral view) of: a. Arctosa lutetiana, b. Aulonia albimana,
c. Lycosa singoriensis, and d. Pirata latitans. Scale = 0.5 mm.

3. Lycosa singoriensis (Laxmann, 1770)

Material examined: 19, Edremit (38°25'N 43°17'E, Van prov.), 14.VI.1995, from a
steppe far | km from Van Lake.

Description: Prosoma olive brown. In female, basal segments of chelicerae and
pedipalps yellowish brown or orange-brown. Median stripe on prosoma bright, small and
indistinct, with two dark longitudinal patterns. Laterals of carapace with many radially
scattered black bands or spots. Sternum entirely black. Fovea visible. Cephalic region
higher than thoracic region. Distance between posterior lateral eyes larger than between
anterior lateral eyes. Surroundings of anterior lateral eyes dark. Chelicerae hairy. Legs
thick and strong, greyish olive brown. Legs black spotted or annulated, hairy, with dorsal
spines. Trochanters ventrally black. Opisthosoma dark olive brown. Folium anteriorly
with black pattern, medially often with undulated indistinct dorsal band with white spots,
posteriorly with some horizontal white lines. Ventral side of opisthosoma dark.

79

Female (KUAM-LYC.Lyc.sing.01): Body length 24; carapace length 14; leg I: coxa 4,5,
trochanter 1.5, femur 9.5, patella 3.5, tibia 6.5, metatarsus 6, tarsus 4. Epigynum: Fig. Ic.

World Distribution: Palaearctic region: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Russia,
Kazakhstan (Zyuzin, 1985; Platnick, 2007).

4. Pirata latitans (Blackwall, 1841)

Material examined: | 9, Caykara (40°40'N 40°20'E, Trabzon prov.), 22.VII.1995, from a
beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest.

Description: Prosoma dark brown or black, anteriorly not clearly wider than eye region.
Carapace witha median dark V-shaped mark, but this mark is indistinct due to dark
colouration. Lateral sides of carapace with white longitudinal bands. Cephalic region
narrow, higher than thoracic region. Distance between posterior lateral eyes larger than
between anterior lateral ayes. Legs dark brown. Femora I darker than other femora.
Opisthosoma almost uniformly dark brown, but rear half of opisthosoma with paired
white spots and some indistinct light bands along the sides.

Female (KUAM-LYC.Pir.lati.01): Body length 5; carapace length 2.04; leg I: coxa 0.57,
trochanter 0.26, femur 1.36, patella 0.7, tibia 1.16, metatarsus 1.03, tarsus 0.81.
Epigynum: Fig. 1d.

World Distribution: Europe to Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2007).

References

Bayram, A. 1993. Ecological studies on wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) in a mixed
agricultural situation. Doctoral Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, U.K.,
275pp.

Bayram, A. 1994a. The arthropod fauna of grass tussocks on agricultural field margins. Yuzuncu
Yil University, J. Fac. Agric., 4: 139-149.

Bayram, A. 1994b. Effects of food consumption on growth and reproduction of Pardosa pullata
(Clerck) (Lycosidae, Araneae). Yuzuncu Yil University, J. Sci., 5, 5: 41-50.

Bayram, A. 1995a. Nocturnal activity of Trochosa ruricola (De Geer) and T. terricola Thorell
(Lycosidae, Araneae) sampled by the time-sorting pitfall trap. Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank.
series. C.. 37 l=iie

Bayram, A. 1995b. Diurnal activity of Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck, 1757) (Lycosidae,
Araneae). Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank. Series C., 13: 13-20.

Bayram, A., 1995c. Reproduction of a wolf spider Pardosa pullata (Clerck) (Araneae, Lycosidae)
in the field. 2nd Congress for National Ecology and Environment, 11-13 Sept, Ankara, Turkey.
pp. 50-59.

Bayram, A. 1996. A study on the diel activity of Pardosa spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) sampled
by the time-sorting pitfall trap in different habitats. Turk. J. Zool., 20: 381-387.

Bayram, A. 1997. Determination of the diel activity in wolf spider Pardosa pullata (Clerck)
(Lycosidae, Araneae). /st Congress for National Kizilirmak on Sciences, 14-16 May, Kirikkale,
Turkey. 238-248.

Bayram, A. 2000. A study of egg production in three species of wolf spiders (Araneae,
Lycosidae) Pardosa amentata, P. palustris and P. pullata in the field. Israel J. Zool., 46(4): 297-
303.

80

Bayram, A. 2002. Distribution of Turkish spiders. Jn: Demirsoy, A., ed. Zoogeography of Turkey.
Meteksan Publ., Ankara, 1005pp.

Bayram, A., Luff, M.L. 1993a. Cold hardiness of wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) with
particular reference to Pardosa pullata (Clerck). J. Therm. Biol., 18(4): 263-268.

Bayram, A., Luff, M.L. 1993b. Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae, Araneae)
and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin. Pedobiol., 37: 357-364.

Bayram, A., Varol, M.I. 2001. Determination of the seasonal activity by pitfall traps in
groundliving spiders (Araneae). Ekoloji, 10: 38, 3-8.

Bayram, A., Ozdag, S. & Kaya, R. 2002. New spider (Araneae) records for Turkey: Hyptiotes
paradoxus (C.L.Koch, 1834) (Uloboridae), Diaea pictilis (Banks, 1896) (Thomisidae),
Alopecosa fabrilis (Clerck, 1757) (Lycosidae) and Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757) (Salticidae).
Israel J. Zool., 48(3): 250-251.

Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 543pp.

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 7.5. American Museum of Natural
History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roberts, M.J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe. London,
Harper-Collins Publishers, 447pp.

Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-
140.

Tyschchenko, V.P. 1971. Identification Key to Spiders of the European USSR. Opred Faune
USSR, 105, Leningrad, 281 pp.

Varol, M.I & Bayram A. 1995. Determination of seasonal activity by the time-sorting traps in
wolf and ground spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae). 2nd Congress for National Ecology
and Environment, |1-13 Sept, Ankara, Turkey. pp. 77-90.

Varol, I., Akan, Z., Ozdemir, A., Kutbay, F. & Ozaslan, M. 2007. The spider Aulonia kratochvili
(Araneae: Lycosidae) new to the Turkish fauna. J. Biol. Sci., 7(2): 448-450.

Zyuzin, A.A. 1985. Generic and subfamilial criteria in the systematics of the spider family
Lycosidae (Aranei), with. the description of a new genus and two new subfamilies. Proceedings
of the Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Science, Leningrad, 139: 41-51.

81

Serket (2007) vol. 10(3): 82-85.

Three linyphiid species new to the Turkish araneo-fauna:
Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868), Ostearius
melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1879) and Trematocephalus
cristatus (Wider, 1834) (Araneae: Linyphiidae)

Abdullah Bayram, Tarik Danisman, Nazife Yigit, IIkay Corak and Zafer Sancak
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Kirikkale,
TR-71450 Yahsihan, Kinikkale, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: abdbayram@yahoo.com

Abstract

The characteristic features and genitalia drawings of Cresmatoneta mutinensis
(Canestrini, 1868), Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1879) and
Trematocephalus cristatus (Wider, 1834) (Araneae: Linyphiidae), which are new records
to the spider fauna of Turkey, are presented, in addition to the habitat and geographical
distribution of the species. The specimens were collected from different parts of Turkey.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Taxonomy, New records, Turkey.

Introduction

Linyphiids constitute the most crowded family of spiders. They are generally
small in body size. These ecribellate, sheet-web weavers are mostly found on trees and
bushes, among lower branches, under fallen leaves, in cellars, caves and cracks of rocks.
A total of 56 species grouped into 38 genera are known from Turkey (Bayram, 2002;
Top¢u et al., 2005). Some taxonomical and ecological articles were published on Turkish
spiders during the last two decades (Bayram, 1993, 1996, 2000; Bayram er al., 2000,
2002; Bayram & Goven, 2001; Bayram & Ozdag, 2002; Bayram & Unal, 2002; Bayram
& Varol, 2000, 2003). However, there are no study on the linyphiids of Turkey.

In this study, Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868), Ostearius
melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1879) and Trematocephalus cristatus (Wider, 1834)
(Araneae: Linyphiidae) are newly recorded from Turkey and the characteristic features
and genitalia drawings of the three species are presented. Also, habitat and geographical
distribution of the species are included.

Material and Methods

The present study is based on the material deposited in the collection of the
Arachnological Museum of Kuirikkale University (KUAM). Five specimens were
collected from Giresun, Trabzon and Rize provinces located in the Eastern Black Sea
Region in 1995. These specimens were taken from a hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)
garden, a cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) field surrounded by blackberry (Rubus sp.) and
beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) trees, a hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and a beech
forest. One specimen was taken from a greenhouse of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in
the Western Mediterranean Region in 2005.

The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification and genitalia
drawings were made by means of a SMZ10A Nikon stereomicroscope with a camera
lucida. The keys of Heimer & Nentwig (1991), Roberts (1995) and Tyschchenko (1971)
were used. All measurements are in millimetres.

Results

1. Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868)

Material examined: 1°, Degirmendere (41°00'N 39°40'E, Trabzon prov.), 15.VII.1995,
from a hornbeam forest; 1°, Piraziz (40°56'N 38°28'E, Giresun prov.), 22. VII.1995, from
a cultivated hazelnut garden.

Description: Prosoma light or orange brown, not clearly wider than ocular area. Cephalic
region projects more than thoracic region. Carapace has no patterns but with scattered
short prickles. Anterior median eyes smaller and darker than the others. Anterior lateral
eyes adjacent to posterior lateral eyes. Distance between anterior median eyes larger than
that of posterior median eyes. Chelicerae have the same colour of prosoma, relatively big
and long. Sternum entirely brownish. Rear of the prosoma narrowed, with a slender
pedicel. Legs yellowish, without spotted nor annulated pattern. Leg I is the longest. All
legs very thin and weak, patellae of legs swollen. Opisthosoma olive brown and relatively
small. Folium medially often with three dispersed black spots, laterally with three short
white stripes and longitudinal black pattern.

Female (KUAM-LIN.Cre.muti.01): Body length 2.7; leg I: coxa 0.26, trochanter 0.13,
femur 1.60, patella 0.22, tibia 1.65, metatarsus 1.29, tarsus 0.70. Epigynum: Fig. la.
World Distribution: Palaearctic region (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Platnick, 2007).

2. Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1879)

Material examined: 19, Findikli (41°12'N 41°16'E, Rize prov.), 21.VII.1995, found on
ground in a beech forest; 14, Finike (36°10'N 30°15'E, Antalya prov.), 30.VI.2005, from
a greenhouse of cucumber.

Description: Anterior lateral eyes adjacent to posterior lateral eyes. Anterior median eyes
are smaller than the others which are equal in size. Distance between posterior median
eyes larger than that of anterior median eyes. Prosoma dark brown. Chelicerae and
sternum brown. Opisthosoma brownish while its tip and spinnerets black. All legs
brownish. No spots nor annulation patterns on the legs. Epigynum is distinctive (Fig. 1b).
Female (KUAM-LIN.Ost.mela.01): Body length 2.2; leg I: coxa 0.28, trochanter 0.11,
femur 0.99, patella 0.26, tibia 0.88, metatarsus 0.79, tarsus 0.59.

Male (KUAM-LIN.Ost.mela.02): Body length 2.0; leg I: coxa 0.37, trochanter 0.17,
femur 1.23, patella 0.30, tibia 1.16, metatarsus 1.01, tarsus 0.63. Palpal organ: Fig. Ic.
World Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Platnick, 2007).

83

Fig. 1. Female epigynum (ventral view) of: a. Cresmatoneta mutinensis and b. Ostearius
melanopygius. Male palpal organ of: c. Ostearius melanopygius and d. Trematocephalus
cristatus. Scale = 0.5 mm.

3. Trematocephalus cristatus (Wider, 1834)

Material examined: 246.4, Vakfikebir (41°02'N 39°18'E, Trabzon prov.), 15.VII.1995,
found on ground in a cabbage field.

Description: This species has a very distinctive appearance. The high anterior part of the
prosoma has a hole with eyes placed on an ocular area in front of it. Ocular area dark
brown or black colour. Median eyes quadrangle 1s widest posteriorly and wider than long.
Carapace and sternum yellowish brown. Colour of opisthosoma is the same as ocular
area. No patterns on opisthosoma. Tibia, metatarsi and tarsi black.

Male (KUAM-LIN.Tre.cris.02): Body length 2.1; leg I: coxa 0.17, trochanter 0.11, femur
0.63, patella 0.15, tibia 0.61, metatarsus 0.50, tarsus 0.24. Palpal organ: Fig. 1d.

World Distribution: Palaearctic region (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Platnick, 2007).

84

References

Bayram, A. 1993. Ecological studies on wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) in a mixed
agricultural situation. Doctoral Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, U.K.,
275pp.

Bayram, A. 1996. A study on the diel activity of Pardosa spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) sampled
by the time-sorting pitfall trap in different habitats. Turk. J. Zool., 20: 381-387.

Bayram, A. 2000. A study of egg production in three species of wolf spiders (Araneae,
Lycosidae) Pardosa amentata, P. palustris and P. pullata in the field. Israel J. Zool., 46(4): 297-
303.

Bayram, A. 2002. Distribution of Turkish spiders. Jn: Demirsoy, A., ed. Zoogeography of Turkey.
Meteksan Publ., Ankara, 1005pp.

Bayram, A. & Goven, M.A. 2001. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 (Araneae,
Uloboridae), a spider new to Turkish fauna. Turk J. Zool., 25: 241-243.

Bayram, A. & Ozdag, S. 2002. Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757), a new species for the
spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae). Turk. J. Zool., 26: 305-307.

Bayram, A. & Unal, M. 2002. A new record for the Turkish spider fauna: Cyclosa conica Pallas
(Araneae, Araneidae). Turk. J. Zool., 26: 173-175.

Bayram, A. & Varol, M.I. 2000. Spiders active on snow in eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle
East, 21: 133-137.

Bayram A. & Varol, M.i. 2003. On Poecilochroa variana, recently collected in Turkey for the
first time (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Zoology in the Middle East., 30: 101-104.

Bayram, A., Ozdag, S. & Kaya, R. 2002. New spider (Araneae) records for Turkey: Hyptiotes
paradoxus (C.L.Koch, 1834) (Uloboridae), Diaea pictilis (Banks, 1896) (Thomisidae),
Alopecosa fabrilis (Clerck, 1757) (Lycosidae) and Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757) (Salticidae).
Israel J. Zool., 48(3): 250-251.

Bayram, A., Varol, M.I. & Tozan, I.H. 2000. The spider (Araneae) fauna of the cotton fields
located in the western part of Turkey. Serket, 6(4): 105-114.

Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 543pp.

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 7.5. American Museum of Natural
History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roberts, M.J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe. London,
Harper-Collins Publishers, 447pp.

Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serker, 9(4): 109-
140.

Tyschchenko, V.P. 1971. Identification Key to Spiders of the European USSR. Opred Faune
USSR, 105, Leningrad, 281 pp.

85

Serket (2007) vol. 10(3): 86-90.

A contribution to the crab spider fauna of Turkey
(Araneae: Thomisidae)

Hakan Demir’, Metin Aktas', Aydin Topcu’ and Osman Seyyar®
‘Department of Biology, paeulby of Science and Arts, Gazi University, TR-06500 Ankara, Turkey
*Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Nigde University, TR-51200 Nigde, Turkey
*Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Erciyes University, TR-06532 Kayseri, Turkey

Corresponding e-mail address: hakandemir@gazi.edu.tr

Abstract

The spider species Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775) and Tmarus stellio
Simon, 1875 of family Thomisidae are recorded from Turkey for the first time. The
characteristic features of these species are described and illustrated, and data on their
distribution are included.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, Ebrechtella, Tmarus, New records, Turkey.

Introduction

The great diversity of form and colour shown by the Thomisidae relates to their
exploitation of a wide variety of habitats and their often remarkable capacity for
camouflage, sometimes even to the extent of slowly changing colour. The majority of
species are rather crab-like in appearance, have the first two pairs of legs longer than the
rest, and can walk sideways, as well as forwards and backwards (Roberts, 1995).

As the fauna of Turkey is concerned, Thomisidae must be regarded as an
insufficiently studied family. The thomisid fauna of Turkey consists of 66 species and has
recently been a subject of intensive taxonomic and faunistic studies (Karol, 1966a,
1966b, 1966c, 1968; Assi, 1986; Wunderlich, 1995; Bayram et al., 2002, 2007; Topcu &
Demir, 2004; Marusik er al., 2005; Logunov & Demir, 2006; Demir et al., 2006).

Misumenops tricuspidatus (Aranea tricuspidata Fabricius, 1775) was transferred
to genus Ebrechtella Dahl, 1907 by Lehtinen (2005). Males of Ebrechtella further differ
from the males of Misumenops F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1900 by their simple (not screwed or

otherwise modified) tegulum, simple curved embolus and distally pointed or obtuse
ITA (i.e. intermediate palpal apophysis). The embolus tip is finely striated and the large
orifice of the ejaculatory duct is situated subdistally (Lehtinen, 2005).

The species of 7marus Simon, 1875 are small to medium-sized spiders, character-
ized by the shape of the carapace and abdomen. The abdomen often has a tubercle caudo-
dorsally which resembles a leaf bud or scar. They live mainly on plants and rest with
their bodies and legs pressed against the substratum (Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1985).

Ten species that are belonging to genus Ebrechtella and 212 species of genus
Tmarus have been described through the world (Platnick, 2007). So far, no member of
both genera has been recorded from Turkey (Top¢u ef al., 2005) except the most recent
record of Tmarus piochardi (Simon, 1866) by Bayram et al. (2007). Here, Ebrechtella
tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775) and Tmarus stellio Simon, 1875 are recorded for the first
time from Turkey. Some of their characteristic features are described and illustrated.

Figs. 1-3: Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775). 1-2. Left male palp, 1. ventral view,
2. retrolateral view. 3. Female epigynum, ventral view. 4. Tmarus stellio Simon, 1875,
spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Material and Methods

Most of the specimens were collected in different parts of Turkey by sweeping on
plants. The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The present study is based on
material deposited in the collections of the Arachnology Museum of Nigde University

87

(NUAM). All illustrations were made with a Nikon SMZ-U stereomicroscope with
drawing tube. Male palp was mounted using a double sided tape on the SEM stubs,
coated with gold in a Polaron SC 502 Sputter Coater, and examined with a JOEL JSM
5600 Scanning Electron microscope at 15 kw. All measurements are in millimetres.

Results

Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775)

Identification reference: Lehtinen (2005).

Material examined: Turkey: 2¢ 2Qjuv. (NUAM), Cankiri province, Ilgaz district,
Yenice, 22.09.2004; 14d 2Qjuv. (NUAM), Ankara province, Kalecik district 04.09.2003;
12 1Qjuv. (NUAM), Ankara province, Sereflikochisar district, Inebeyli village,
28.05.2003; 22 (NUAM), Ankara province, Bala district, Aci6z village, 21.06.2003; 19
(NUAM), Yozgat province, Akdagmadeni, Oluk6zii village, 20.07.2005.

Description: Male. Carapace: 1.38-1.42 long, 1.60-1.62 wide; abdomen: 2.13-2.18 long,
1.50-1.78 wide. Carapace red-brownish, ocular area yellow. Abdomen very light
coloured, dorsally with silvery coloured mottles, ventrally cream coloured. Legs yellow.
Palpal organ: Figs. 1-2, 5-6.

Female. Carapace: 2-2.06 long, 2.07-2.16 wide; abdomen: 4-4.1 long, 3.20-3.37 wide.
Colouration as in male, carapace and abdomen yellow coloured. Epigynum: Fig. 3.
World Distribution: Palaearctic (Platnick, 2007). From south-west Europe (rare)
through the whole of Palaearctic Asia to Korea and Taiwan. This species appears more
abundant in the eastern part of its range (Lehtinen, 2005).

Figs. 5-6: Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775), left male palp,
5. ventral view, 6. retrolateral view.

88

Tmarus stellio Simon, 1875

Identification references: Simon (1932), Logunov (1992).

Material examined: Turkey: 12 (NUAM), Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district,
17.06.2003.

Description. Female. Carapace: 1.80 long, 1.75 wide; abdomen: 3.73 long, 3.15 wide.
Carapace as wide as long, brown to greyish white, cephalic area mottled with white,
ocular area white. Abdomen longer than wide, yellowish white to grey, mottled with
brown, ventrally pale yellow, abdominal tubercle small. Legs cream to yellow, spotted
with brown. Spermathecae: Fig. 4.

World Distribution: Palaearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Conclusion

With this study, the number of thomisid spiders in Turkey has increased from 66
species that belong to 13 genera to 68 species belonging to 14 genera. The morphometric
measurements and other characteristic features of these species are not different from
those of European specimens of the same species.

References

Assi, F. 1986. Note faunistique sur les Thomisidae et les Philodromidae du Liban (Araneae).
Revue Arachnologique, 7: 41-46.

Bayram, A., Ozdag, S. & Kaya, R. 2002. New spider (Araneae) records for Turkey: Hyptiotes
paradoxus (C.L.Koch, 1834) (Uloboridae), Diaea pictilis (Banks, 1896) (Thomisidae),
Alopecosa fabrilis (Clerck, 1757) (Lycosidae) and Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757) (Salticidae).
Israel Journal of Zoology, 48(3): 250-251.

Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Bolu, H. & Ozgen, I. 2007. Two records new for the Turkish
Araneofauna: Tmarus piochardi (Simon, 1866) and Monaeses israeliensis Levy, 1973 (Araneae:
Thomisidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 2(1): 129-136.

Demir, H., Topgu, A. & Tiirkes, T. 2006. A new species of the genus Xysticus C.L. Koch from
Turkey (Araneae: Thomisidae). Zootaxa, 1364: 45-49.

Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. 1985. The crab-spiders of southern Africa (Araneae: Thomisidae). 5.
The genus J7marus Simon, 1875. Phytophylactica, 17: 115-128.

Karol, S. 1966a. Description d'une araignée nouvelle en Turquie (Araneae, Thomisidae).
Communications de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Ankara, 11(C): 1-5.

Karol, S. 1966b. Sur une nouvelle espéce du genre Xysticus (Araneae, Thomisidae) en Turquie.
Communications de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Ankara, 11(C), 7-9.

Karol, S. 1966c. Spiders of Ankara and environs with a description of a new species Xysticus
turcicus (Araneae, Thomisidae). Communications de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université
d'Ankara, \1(C): 15-32.

89

Karol, S. 1968. Description de deux espéces nouvelles de Thomisidae (Araneae) de Turquie.
Bulletion du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, 39: 908-911.

Lehtinen, P.T. 2005. Taxonomic notes on the Misumenini (Araneae: Thomisidae: Thomisinae),
primarily from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. In: Logunov, D.V. & Penney, D. (eds.),
European Arachnology 2003 (Proceedings of the 21st European Colloquium of Arachnology, St.-
Petersburg, 4-9 August 2003). Arthropoda Selecta, Special Issue 1: 147-184.

Logunov, D.V. 1992. A review of the spider genus 7marus Simon, 1875 (Araneae, Thomisidae)
in the USSR fauna, with a description of new species. Siberian biol. J. (1): 61-73.

Logunov, D.V. & Demir, H. 2006. Further faunistic notes on Cozyptila and Xysticus from Turkey
(Araneae, Thomisidae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 31: 40-45.

Marusik, Y.M., Lehtinen, P.T. & Kovblyuk, M.M. 2005. Cozyptila, a new genus of crab spiders
(Aranei: Thomisidae: Thomisinae: Coriarachnini) from the western Palaearctic. Arthropoda
Selecta, 13(3): 151-163.

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 7.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roberts, M.J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe. London,
Harper-Collins Publishers, 447pp.

Simon, E. 1932. Les arachnides de France. Synopsis générale et catalogue des espéces
francaises de l’ordre des Araneae. Tome sixiéme, quatriéme partie. Encyclopédie Roret, Paris,
6(4): 773-978.

Topcu, A. & Demir, H. 2004. New crab spider (Araneae: Thomisidae) records for Turkey. /srael
Journal of Zoology, 50: 421—422.

Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-
140.

Wunderlich, J. 1995. Zur Kenntnis west-paldarktischer Arten der Gattungen Psammitis Menge
1875, Xysticus C.L. Koch 1835 und Ozyptila Simon 1864 (Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae).
Beitrdge zur Araneologie, 4: 749-774.

90

Serket (2007) vol. 10(3): 91-105.

Scorpions of Kilis Province, Turkey
(Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Ersen Aydin Yagmur', Halil Koc!, Selda Kesmezoglu” and Mehmet Yalein®

'Ege University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Zoology Section, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
“Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Forensic Medicine Institute, istanbul, Turkey
*Gaziantep University, Science and Art Faculty, Biology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: ersen.yagmur@gmail.com

Abstract

This study is based upon the material of the field studies in Kilis Province, which
is located in the southeastern part of Turkey and has not previously studied in detail. In
this work, between 7 April and 29" July 2006, a total of 60 scorpion specimens were
collected and 7 species belonging to 6 genera and 3 families were studied. They belong to
five species of family Buthidae (Androctonus crassicauda, Compsobuthus matthiesseni,
Leiurus quinquestriatus, Mesobuthus eupeus, M. nigrocinctus), one species of Iuridae
(Calchas nordmanni), and one species of Scorpionidae (Scorpio maurus). The species C.
matthiesseni, M. eupeus, M. nigrocinctus, C. nordmanni and S. maurus are recorded for
the first time from the province. Furthermore, C. matthiesseni is found in the eastern
Mediterranean region for the first time. In addition, a key to Kilis scorpion species is
presented, ecological notes about these species are provided, and the scorpion fauna of
Kilis is compared with that of Gaziantep.

Keywords: Fauna, Scorpions, Buthidae, Iuridae, Scorpionidae, Kilis, Turkey.

Introduction

Kilis is a province of Turkey located in the southern central part of the country
along the Syrian border. Kilis Province was a southern part of the province of Gaziantep
and became an independent province since 1994. It comprises the southern foothills of
the Taurus Mountains west of the Euphrates River and the northern edge of the Syrian
Plain. Western and middle parts of Kilis are located in the eastern Mediterranean region
while the eastern part of Kilis is located in the southeast Anatolian region.

During the last 50 years, few studies have been carried out and summarized the
data of the distributional and biogeographical patterns of the scorpion species which
inhabit the Mediterranean region and the southeast Anatolian region (Birula, 1917;

Vachon, 1947, 1951, 1971; Tolunay, 1959; Tulga, 1960; Kinzelbach, 1975, 1980, 1982,
1984, 1985; Levy & Amitai, 1980; Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987; Kovarik, 1996; Crucitti,
1993, 1998, 1999, 2003; Crucitti & Cicuzza, 2000, 2001; Karatas, 2001; Crucitti &
Vignolhi, 2002; Karatas & Karatas, 2003; Yagmur, 2005). Few geographical records were
the result of scientific expeditions to Kilis Province (Kinzelbach, 1984; Karatas, 2001).

Kilis, Gaziantep and Adiyaman are very important provinces because of the
overlapping of the ecogeographic and climatic zones of the Mediterranean region and the
southeast Anatolian region of Anatolia. The analysis of the scorpion pattern of these two
regions gives an idea to understand the distributional patterns of the Middle East scorpion
fauna (Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987).

The purpose of this study is to introduce the scorpion species which live in Kilis
Province as a contribution increasing our knowledge of Turkish scorpion fauna.

Material and Methods

Field work was achieved between 7" April and 29" July 2006. We have collected
and examined 60 specimens from 17 different localities in Kilis Province (Figs. 1, 3-7, 9).
Scorpions were collected by hand from under stones during the day and with UV light at
night between 20.00 — 24.00. All the material mentioned in this work is preserved in 70%
alcohol and deposited in the private collection of Ersen Aydin YagSmur (PCEAY). The
specimens were identified using an Ivymen ZO2 stereomicroscope.

Results

Five species of family Buthidae and one species of each of family Iuridae and
family Scorpionidae were identified. These species can be identified by the following
key. Mesobuthus gibbosus was not collected from Kilis but it is included in the key
because of its near affinity to the collected Mesobuthus species.

A key to Kilis scorpion species

1. Sternum triangular, pedipalp patella without ventral trichobothria ........... Buthidae ... 3
-. Sternum pentagonal, pedipalp patella with ventral trichobothria ...............::ccsscesseeeeee 2

2. Manus of pedipalp very broad and about as wide as long, pedipalp patella with three
ventral trichobothiia)..7...c62 pease ee ee ee Scorpionidae, Scorpio maurus

-. Manus longer than wide, pedipalp patella with one ventral trichobothrium
Iuridae, Calchas nordmanni

3. Movable finger of pedipalp with three principal distal granules and one terminal

PT AMUS « gsssnaiccde Madea eee ere eet cote Chae eae oe ee aes Androctonus crassicauda
-. Movable finger of pedipalp with four principal distal granules and one terminal granule
ssasa sion ducbude SOURIS POUR cA, ME SNE eat cska sce tact once tote Peete icici Ooh ce ee 4
4. First two segments of mesosoma with five keels ..............26 Leiurus quinquestriatus
-, First two segments of mesosomia with! three keels c:.222e85 ie) eee ee ee 5

5. Manus of pedipalp narrow, tergal crests of mesosoma exceed posterior margin of
tergites, ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V without posterior granules
GMM ANGER eevee se ticyennede cancer ag snaeteece tc Usaha ee ae aetna Compsobuthus matthiesseni

92

-. Manus of pedipalp broad, tergal crests of mesosoma do not exceed posterior margin of
tergites, ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with posterior granules enlarged,

Rett UE Ac, = ee ee ee Oe PMs, OR aoe cles, ceascacunveccccs Mesobuthus ... 6
Gy hourly Sepmicnt OL motasamia with tem KEEISi1..........0i.c.ccosecescetetioacdesésleseserscececessoceseeces 7
-. Fourth segment of metasoma with eight keels .........0.cccccceeeeseeees Mesobuthus eupeus

7. Fixed finger of pedipalp with 12 oblique granular rows; 13 on movable finger, chela
slender [length/width: 5.52+0.35 in males and 5.10+0.39 in females (vid. YaSmur, 2005)]
anche PM aes td ses (nn oc indensdZe agile <ugne du ade cvaoinonces Mesobuthus nigrocinctus
-. Fixed finger of pedipalp with 11 oblique granular rows; 12 on movable finger, chela
coarse [length/width: 4.49+0.09 in males and 4.56+0.09 in females (vid. Yagmur, 2005)]
SN a eee cag Be Res. sos vss Sv annvsie ivi tononenellesoecousanvics Mesobuthus gibbosus

Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837
Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807)

Scorpio crassicauda Olivier, 1807
Type Locality: Kashan, Iran.
Androctonus crassicauda Vachon, 1948

Synonyms:

Buthus crassicauda Simon, 1872

Prionurus crassicauda Pocock, 1895

Buthus (Prionurus) crassicauda Birula, 1896

Buthus (Prionurus) crassicauda crassicauda Birula, 1896

Examined material and stations: 2¢¢, 19. Akinci (Seve) Village, Central District, ca.
36°41'N 37°15 'E, 28.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur.

Comments: This species is known from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Egypt (Sinai),
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab
Emirates and Yemen (Fet & Lowe, 2000; Hendrixson, 2006). It was reported from
Diyarbakir (Vachon, 1947), Elazig, Malatya, Mardin, Sanliurfa (Vachon, 1951), Icel
(Tolunay, 1959), Adiyaman (Crucitti, 1999; Crucitti & Cicuzza, 2001), Kilis (Karatas,
2001), Gaziantep (Yagmur, 2005). A. crassicauda was found only in one locality south of
Kilis Province (Fig. 1), while Karatas (2001) recorded it from Kilis without definite
locality. Yagmur (2005) stated that this species penetrated into middle and eastern part of
Gaziantep Province and said that no specimen was collected from the part of province
that belongs to the eastern Mediterranean region. The distributional characteristics are
similar to Kilis and Gaziantep.

Ecological Notes: This species was generally described as a xerophilic species.
According to Amr & Abu Baker (2004), it is a desert adapted species. It has been
collected near and inside the village and even in barns, cattle sheds and rooms of
farmhouses so it is a strongly anthropotolerant species. The observations and collecting
material show us that this species do not live sympatrically with other species, while
Yagmur (2005) recorded it with C. matthiesseni and S. maurus in the same habitat and
reported that lowest activity temperature registered for it, in the air, was 15°C.

D3

Fig. 1. Map showing Androctonus crassicauda specimens’ locality in Kilis Province:
Akinci (Seve) Village.

Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905)

Buthus acutecarinatus matthiesseni Birula, 1905
Type Locality: Qum, Markazi Province, Iran.
Compsobuthus matthiesseni Vachon, 1949

Synonyms:

Buthus acutecarinatus matthiesseni Birula, 1910

Buthus acutecarinatus Taborsky, 1934

Compsobuthus acutecarinatus matthiesseni Kinzelbach, 1985

Examined material and stations: 2¢¢, 429. 1¢; Central District, Cdrten Village, ca.
36°46'N 37° 16'E, 29.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 29 9; Musabeyli District, Hasancali Village,
1 km west, ca. 36°54'N 36°46'E, 27.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 19; Central District, Konak
Village fork in road, the road from Kilis to Gaziantep, 12th km, ca. 36°44'N 37°14'E,
22.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 14; Musabeyli District, Kiiciikahmethéyiigii (Kérahmet-
héyiigii) Village, ca. 37°01'N 36°56'E, 28.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 19; Elbeyli District,
Uzunali Village, 1.5 km northeast, ca. 36°41'N 37°26'E, 30.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur.

Comments: C. matthiesseni (Fig. 2) is known from Iran, Iraq (Sissom & Fet, 1998),
Turkey (Kovarik, 1996) and Syria (Kovarik, 2003). The first record of this species was
presented by Kovarik (1996) from Diyarbakir. Then it was found in Adiyaman (Crucitti
& Vignoli, 2002) and Gaziantep (Yagmur, 2005). This species is distributed in the
middle, eastern, northeastern and southeastern parts of Gaziantep (Yagmur, 2005;
Yagmur, unpublished data) but there isn’t any record from the part that belongs to the
eastern Mediterranean region of Gaziantep. C. matthiesseni is here recorded for the first
time from the eastern Mediterranean region in Turkey (Fig. 3).

94

Fig. 2. A picture of Compsobuthus matthiesseni.

Ecological notes: It is usually found under stones in steppe areas or on stony ground
covered with bushes where it coexist with C. nordmanni, L. quinquestriatus, M.
nigrocinctus and S. maurus, According to Yagmur (2005), this species shares same
habitat with VM. eupeus, L. quinquestriatus, and he noted that lowest activity temperature
was 13°C for it. The distributional characteristics of this species are similar in Kilis and
Gaziantep.

Fig. 3. Map showing Compsobuthus matthiesseni specimens’ localities in Kilis Province:
1. Cérten Village, 2. Hasancali Village, 1 km west, 3. Konak Village fork in road (the
road from Kilis to Gaziantep, 12th km), 4. Kiiciikahmethéyiigii Village and 5. Uzunali
Village 1.5 km northeast.

95

Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828)

Androctonus (Leiurus) quinquestriatus Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828
Type Locality: Upper Egypt and Sinai, Egypt.
Leiurus quinquestriatus Vachon, 1949

Synonyms:

Androctonus (Leiurus) quinquestriatus brachycentrus Ehrenberg in Hemprich &
Ehrenberg, 1829

Androctonus (Liurus) quinquestriatus aculeatus Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg,
1831

Androctonus troilus C.L. Koch, 1839

Buthus beccarii Simon, 1882

Buthus voelschowi Werner, 1902

Buthus quinquestriatus libycus Birula, 1908

Examined material and stations: 344, 1322.29; Musabeyli District, Asag Kalecik
Village, ca. 36°56'N 37°01'E, 22.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 19; Elbeyli District, 1.5 km
south, ca. 36°39'N 37°28'E, 30.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 299; Musabeyli District,
Hasancali Village, 1 km west, ca. 36°54'N 36°46'E, 27.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 19;
Musabeyli District, Hasancali-Yedig6z Villages fork in road, ca. 36°52'N 36°48'E,
27.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 34:5, 629; Central District, Kiipliice Village, 1 km east, ca.
36°43'N 37°13'E, 29.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 12; Musabeyli District, Yuvabasi Village, 1
km east, ca. 36°52'N 36°57'E, 22.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur.

Fig. 4. Map showing Leiurus quinquestriatus specimens’ localities in Kilis Province:
1. Asagi Kalecik Village, 2. Elbeyli 1.5 km south, 3. Hasancali Village, 1 km west,
4. Hasancali-Yedigéz Villages fork in road, 5. Kiipliice Village, 1 km east and
6. Yuvabasi Village, 1 km east.

96

Comments: L. quinquestriatus is known from Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iraq,
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Niger, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen (Fet & Lowe,
2000). This species was recorded for the first time from Turkey (Adiyaman) by Tulga
(1960). Additional records were given from Hatay (Kinzelbach, 1984, Karatas, 2001),
Kilis (Kinzelbach, 1984), Mardin (Crucitti & Vignoli, 2002) and Gaziantep (Yagmur,
2005). This species is quite common in the southeastern Anatolian region. Few localities
were reported in the eastern Mediterranean region (Kinzelbach, 1984, Karatas, 2001,
Yagmur, 2005). The distributional characteristics of this species are similar in Kilis and
Gaziantep (Fig. 4).

Ecological notes: The specimens were collected from under stones among steppe
vegetation or on stony ground covered with bushes. C. matthiesseni, M. nigrocinctus and
S. maurus are inhabitants with L. quinquestriatus in the same area. Acording to YagSmur
(2005), C. matthiesseni, M. eupeus, M. nigrocinctus and S. maurus live within the same
habitat patch with L. quinquestriatus. He recorded that lowest surface activity
temperature was 13°C and vertical distribution was up to 1225 m.

GAZZIANTEP
foe ae bie
be:

Fig. 5. Map showing Mesobuthus eupeus specimens’ locality in Kilis Province:
Cangalli Village.

Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839)

Androctonus eupeus C.L. Koch, 1839
Type Locality: Caucasus.
Mesobuthus eupeus Vachon, 1950

Synonyms:

Androctonus thersites C.L. Koch, 1839
Androctonus ornatus Nordmann, 1840

oF

Androctonus cognatus L. Koch, 1878
Buthus afghanus Pocock, 1889
Buthus phillipsii Pocock, 1889
Buthus pachysoma Birula, 1900

Examined material and stations: 3¢¢, 229. Elbeyli District, Cangalli Village, ca.
36°43'N 37°31'E, 20.i1v.2006, E.A. Yagmur.

Comments: MZ. eupeus, is known from Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China,
Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (Province of
Astrakhan), Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (Fet & Lowe, 2000).
This species is spread over most of the eastern Anatolian region (Artvin, Kars, Erzurum,
Agri, Kars, Van), all parts of the southeastern Anatolian region (Birula, 1917; Crucitti,
1993, 1999; Crucitti & Cicuzza 2000, 2001; Crucitti & Vignoli, 2002), Central Anatolia
(Kayseri, Nevsehir and Nigde) (Karatas & Karatas, 2003) and The Aegean Region
(Akhisar/Manisa) (Teruel, 2002). The limit of M. eupeus is Gaziantep in the southeastern
Anatolian region (Fet & Braunwalder, 2000). The present study gives the first record of
M. eupeus, found east of Kilis Province (Fig. 5). It was already recorded from central,
eastern and northeastern parts of Gaziantep (Yagmur, 2005).

Ecological notes: M. eupeus is collected from steppe and stony area near an agricultural
field. No other species was recorded from the same habitat with M. eupeus. Yagmur
(2005) reported this species with C. nordmanni, C. matthiesseni, L. quinquestriatus, M.
nigrocinctus and S. maurus in the same habitat and noted that surface lowest activity
temperature was 8°C for it.

Mesobuthus nigrocinctus (Ehrenberg, 1828)

Androctonus (Prionurus) nigrocinctus Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828
Type Locality: Beirut, Lebanon.
Mesobuthus nigrocinctus Fet et. al., 2000

Synonyms:

Buthus nigrocinctus Simon, 1872

Buthus gibbosus (part) Kraepelin, 1891

? Mesobuthus sp. Kinzelbach, 1984

? Mesobuthus gibbosus ssp. (?) Kinzelbach, 1985
? Mesobuthus sp. Kabakibi et.al., 1999

Examined material and stations: 9¢¢, 929, 2 juveniles. 1¢, 229; Musabeyli
District, Asagi Kalecik Village, ca. 36°56'N 37°01'E, 22.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 19;
Musabeyli District, Cinar Village, ca. 37°00'N 36°59'E, 29.vii.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 53.0,
4°29, 1 juvenile; Central District, Cérten Village, ca. 36°46'N 37°16'E, 27.v.2006, E.A.
Yagmur. 1d, 12, 1 juvenile; Musabeyli District, Htiseyinoglu Village, ca. 36°56'N
36°56'E, 22.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 1¢; Central District, Konak Village fork in road, the
road from Kilis to Gaziantep, 12th km, ca. 36°44'N 37°14'E, 22.1v.2006, E.A. Yagmur.
14; Musabeyli District Kiiciikahmethéyiigii (KGrahmethoytigii) Village, ca. 37°01'N
36°56'E, 28.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 19; Central District, Ktipliice Village, 1 km east, ca.
36°43'N 37°13'E, 29.vi.2006, E.A. Yagmur.

98

GAZ

IANTE

Ne

Fig. 6. Map showing Mesobuthus nigrocinctus specimens’ localities in Kilis Province:
1. Asagi Kalecik Village, 2. Cinar Village, 3. Cérten Village, 4. Hiiseyinoglu Village,
5. Konak Village fork in road (the road from Kilis to Gaziantep, 12th km),
6. Kiictikahmethéytigii (KGrahmethdyiigti) Village and 7. Kiipliice Village, | km east.

Comments: M. nigrocinctus was described for the first time from Lebanon by Ehrenberg
(Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828). It was recently recorded from Israel (Fet et al., 2000)
and Turkey (Crucitti & Vignoli, 2002) from Adiyaman and Hatay Provinces. Afterwards,
Yagmur (2005) recorded this species from Gaziantep, and more recent findings of it from
middle, east, north and south-west of Gaziantep were reported. He suggested that
Mesobuthus gibbosus is distributed west and north-west of Gaziantep. Our record is the
first time from Kilis. In spite of the record of Crucitti & Vignoli (2002) of M gibbosus
from one locality of Gaziantep, southeast Anatolia, Yagmur (2005) stated that only
eupeus and M. nigrocinctus occur at the same area, and that there is no other Mesobuthus
species distributed in southeast Anatolia. Also, both M. eupeus and M. nigrocinctus were
recently found from the same area (Yagmur, unpublished data). The zoogeographical
distribution and present findings of M nigrocinctus in Kilis Province support Yagmur's
(2005) findings (Fig. 6).

Ecological notes: The specimens were collected by turning rocks, under stones in the
scarce vegetation of oak forested area or in the mountainous area with scarce vegetation.
Acording to Yagmur (2005) and present study, the distribution of M. nigrocinctus is
allopatric with M. gibbosus and sympatric with M. eupeus. Fet et al. (2000) and Varol er
al. (2006) noted that this species was sympatrically found with S. maurus and
Compsobuthus schmiedeknechti. Similarly, M. nigrocinctus was syntopically found with
C. matthiesseni, L. quinquestriatus and S. maurus. Yagmur (2005), in his studies in
Gaziantep Province, emphasized that C. nordmanni, L. quinquestriatus and S. maurus
were predominantly found with M. nigrocinctus in the same area. Fet ef al. (2000)
appended notes on vertical distribution of M. nigrocinctus between 1300-1700 m, and

Bo

Yagmur (2005) gave a detail that surface lowest activity temperature was 13°C for this
species.

Family luridae Thorell, 1876
Calchas nordmanni Birula, 1899

Calchas nordmanni Birula, 1899
Type Locality: Ardanuch, Artvin, Turkey.

Synonyms:
Chactas nordmanni Mello-Leitao, 1942
Paraiurus nordmanni Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987

Examined material and stations: 49 9. 299; Elbeyli District, Canak Village, Sekizler
Village fork in road, 1 km west, ca. 36°40'N 37°22'E, 30.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 299;
Elbeyli District, Uzunali Village, 1.5 km northeast, ca. 36°41'N 37°26'E, 22.iv.2006, E.A.
Yagmur.

Fig. 7. Map showing Calchas nordmanni specimens’ localities in Kilis Province:
1. Canak Village (Sekizler fork in road) 1 km west and 2. Uzunali Village 1.5 km
northeast.

Comments: C. nordmanni was originally described from Artvin (Coruh Vadisi) (Birula,
1899). Then, this species was collected from Erzurum, Antalya, Siirt (Kinzelbach, 1980,
1982), Diyarbakir, Elazig, Batman, Siirt, Sirnak, Hakkari, Sanliurfa (Vachon &
Kinzelbach, 1987), Samos Isl. (Sissom, 1987), Megisti Isl., Malatya ve Hatay, Halfeti
(Sanhiurfa), Nemrut Mountain (Adiyaman) (Fet & Braunwalder, 2000), Bilecik (Francke
& Soleglad, 1981) and Gaziantep (Yagmur, 2005). This species is spread in central and
eastern parts of Gaziantep (Ya&mur, 2005; Yagmur, unpublished data). The distributional
characteristics of this species is similar in Kilis and Gaziantep (Fig. 7).

100

Fig. 8. A picture of Calchas nordmanni.

Ecological notes: This species is endemic to some of Greek Islands (near western and
southern coastal borders of Turkey) and Turkey. This represents a small population with
limited distribution. C. nordmanni is usually found under stones in steppe vegetation,
covered with basalt stones (Fig. 8). This scorpion's niche is overlapping with C.
matthiesseni. Ya&mur (2005) recorded the coexistence of M. eupeus, M. nigrocinctus and
S. maurus in the same habitat and that vertical distribution of C. nordmanni was up to
1000 m.

Family Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802
Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758

Scorpio maurus Linnaeus 1758
Type Locality: Africa.

Synonyms:

Buthus (Heterometrus) palmatus Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828
Buthus testaceus C.L. Koch, 1838

Heterometrus propinquus Simon, 1872

Heterometrus arabicus Pocock, 1900

Heterometrus townsendi Pocock, 1900

Heterometrus fuliginosus Pallary, 1928

Examined material and stations: 4 ¢¢, 19, 1 juvenile. 1 juvenile; Polateli District,
Belen6zii (Ravanda) Village, 2 km north, ca. 36°48'N 37°0S'E, 07.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur.
12; Central District, Cdrten Village, ca. 36°46'N 37° 16'E, 29.iv.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 13;
Central District, Gézkaya Village, 1 km northwest, ca. 36°50'N 36°48'E, 27.v.2006, E.A.
Yagmur. 244; Musabeyli District, Hasancali Village, 1 km west, ca. 36°54'N 36°46'E,
27.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur. 1¢; Musabeyli District, Kiicgiikahmethdyiigi (K6rahmet-
héyuigii) Village, ca. 37°01'N 36°56'E, 28.v.2006, E.A. Yagmur.

101

Comments: S. maurus is spread in North Africa, Middle East and Arabian Peninsula.
This species is known from Elazig to Mersin and to the Amanos Mountains (Levy &
Amitai, 1980). Kinzelbach (1985) indicated on the map that this species exhibited wide
spread in Mersin, Adana, Hatay, Gaziantep, Kilis, Adiyaman, Sanhurfa, Diyarbakir,
Batman, Siirt, Bitlis, Van, Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin. But he did not record any locality
from Kilis Province. According to Crucitti & Vignoli (2002), this species occurs in
Mersin, Adana, Hatay in the eastern Mediterranean region; nevertheless it is under
Suspect in Kahramanmaras; and well known in Adiyaman, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa,
Diyarbakir and Mardin in southeast Anatolia. We suggested that S. maurus is spread all
over Kilis Province, and Yagmur (2005) also stated that this species is spread all over
Gaziantep (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9. Map showing Scorpio maurus specimens’ localities in Kilis Province: 1. Belenézti
(Ravanda) Village, 2 km north, 2. Cérten Village, 3. Gézkaya Village, 1 km northwest,
4. Hasancali Village, 1 km west and 5. Kiic¢iikahmethéyiigii (K6rahmethoyiigii) Village.

Ecological notes: This species is fossorial and constructs its burrow under stones. It was
collected from under stones in steppe vegetation where sparse, dense or without oak
forested area. Warburg (1997) stated that, this oakwook scorpionid, formerly the most
abundant scorpion in the Mediterranean region, showed a marked decline in numbers. S.
maurus is collected with C. matthiesseni, L. quinquestriatus and M. nigrocinctus in the
same habitat. Yagmur (2005) reported that C. nordmanni, L. quinquestriatus, M. eupeus,
M. gibbosus and M. nigrocinctus coexist with S. maurus. Vertical distribution of S.
maurus was reported up to 1600 m (Karatas, 2001) and lowest surface activity
temperature registered was 8°C (Yagmur, 2005).

Discussion

The Kilis material includes 60 specimens that belong to seven species: A.
crassicauda, C. nordmanni, C. matthiesseni, L. quinquestriatus, M. eupeus, M.

102

nigrocinctus and S. maurus. Kilis Province has rich scorpion fauna that includes seven of
17 species [Androctonus crassicauda, Calchas nordmanni, Compsobuthus matthiesseni,
Euscorpius carpathicus, E. italicus, E. mingrelicus, E. tergestinus, Iurus dufoureius
asiaticus, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Mesobuthus caucasicus, M. eupeus, M. gibbosus,
Scorpio maurus fuscus (Fet et al., 2000), Buthacus macrocentrus, Hottentotta saulcyi,
Mesobuthus nigrocinctus (Crucitti & Vignoli, 2002), Compsobuthus schmiedeknechti
(Varol et al., 2006)] of Turkish scorpions.

The most venomous scorpion, L. quinquestriatus (16 specimens) [with LD,, =
0.25 mg/kg (Simard & Watt, 1990)] and M. nigrocinctus (20 specimens) were very
common in the province. We also found another venomous scorpion, 4. crassicauda
[with LD;, = 0.40 (Simard & Watt, 1990)], only 3 specimens in the study area.
Observations indicated that L. quinquestriatus prefers to live far away from the human
settlements. On the contrary, A. crassicauda enters the farmhouses and barns. Similarly,
M. nigrocinctus and M. eupeus were found near or inside the human settlements too.
Both L. quinquestriatus and A. crassicauda are dangerous for human life. It is interesting
that M. gibbosus could not be found in Kilis Province despite a few researchers collected
it in the neighbour province Gaziantep (Crucitti & Vignoli, 2002; Yagmur, 2005) and
Hatay (Karatas, 2001).

Considering distributional affinities of the genera, genus Mesobuthus has Central
Asian-Balkan range and genus Calchas has Aegean-Anatolian range while the genera
Androctonus, Compsobuthus, Leiurus and Scorpio have Saharo-Sindian distribution.
Since Kilis is situated in the southeastern Anatolian transitional region, the scorpiofauna
of this area is a mixture of the species with different zoogeographical origin. Therefore,
Kilis has rich scorpion fauna relatively more than other provinces of Turkey.

C. nordmanni, C. matthiesseni, M. eupeus, M. nigrocinctus and S. maurus are
reported in this study as new geographical records for Kilis Province.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Mehmet Ozkoriik, Salim Dudakli and Tevfik Octik for their
help in the field, Prof. Dr. Saadet Saygideger (Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey)
for providing equipments, Lorenzo Prendini (AMNH, New York, USA) and Alexander
V. Gromov (Institute of Zoology, Almaty, Kazakhstan) for their valuable comments on
the draft of the manuscript.

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105

Serket (2007) vol. 10(3): 106-107.

A seven-legged pholcid spider from Egypt
(Araneida: Pholcidae)

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt
E-mail: el hennawy@hotmail.com

Abstract

The second seven-legged spider is here recorded. It belongs to family Pholcidae.
This male Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 was collected from Burg El-Arab, in the
Mediterranean region north of Egypt.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneida, Pholcidae, Seven-legged, Egypt.

Among a collection of arthropods from the western area of the Mediterranean
coast of Egypt made by Drs. A.H. Ali and T. Tantawi of the Faculty of Science of
Alexandria University, | found a seven-legged pholcid male spider. It was collected from
the area of El-Mallahat near Burg El-Arab, about 50 km west of Alexandria (30°55'36"N,
29°31'SO"E, elevation 20m), on 19 September 1998, by Drs. A.H. Ali and T. Tantawi. It
is now deposited in the Arachnid Collection of Egypt (ACE 19980919-01).

This specimen is identified as Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837, a pantropical
pholcid species (Platnick, 2007) which is widely distributed in Egypt (El-Hennawy,
2006). It has four right legs and only three left legs. There is only one leg instead of the
1“ and 2™ left legs (Fig. 1).

The first recorded seven-legged spider was a female Larinioides suspicax (O.P.-
Cambridge, 1876) of Family Araneidae (El-Hennawy, 2002). It was also collected from
the Mediterranean region of Egypt. It had only three legs at the left side too.

This is the second case of a seven-legged spider which I could find in Egypt.
There is no other published records of this kind until now.

Fig. 1. Seven-legged Artema atlanta male, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right).

Acknowledgments

I thank Drs. Abdel-Nasser H. Ali and Tarek Tantawi (Alexandria) who collected
the examined pholcid specimen and made it available to me.

References

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. A seven-legged araneid spider from Egypt (Araneida: Araneidae). Serket,
8(2): 84-85.
El-Hennawy, H.K. 2006. A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2006). Serket 10(2): 65-76.

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 7.5. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.htm|

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SERKET

Volume 10 Part 4
November, 2007 Cairo, Egypt
Contents
Page
A new locality for Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)
(Amblypygi: Charinidae) in Turkey
Osman Seyyar & Hakan Demir 109
The comb-footed spiders fauna of the Central Anatolia Region
and new records of theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae)
for the Turkish fauna
Tuncay Tiirkes & Orhan Mergen 12

A review of the genus Synema Simon, 1864 (Araneae: Thomisidae)
in Turkey with a new record, Synema utotchkini Marusik &
Logunov, 1995

Hakan Demir, Metin Aktas & Aydin Topcu 120

Three new ground spider records for the Turkish spider fauna
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae)
Osman Seyyar, Hakan Demir & Aydin Top¢u 123

Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870 (Araneae: Oecobiidae)
a new record for the Turkish spider fauna
Rahsen S. Kaya, Ismail Hakki Ugurtas & Abdulmiittalip Akkaya 25

Sun-spiders of Turkey (Arachnida: Solpugida), list of species and
key to genera
Hisham K. El-Hennawy 130

SERKET volumes 1-10 (1987-2007) - List of Contents pp. 135-141

Subscription for volume 10 (2006-2007):
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Correspondence concerning subscription, back issues, publication, etc. should be
addressed to the editor: Hisham K. El-Hennawy
Postal address: 41, El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt.
E-mail: el_hennawy@hotmail.com
Webpage: http://groups.msn.con7/serket
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ISSN: 1110-502X

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Serket (2007) vol. 10(4): 109-111.

A new locality for Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)
(Amblypygi: Charinidae) in Turkey

Osman Seyyar' and Hakan Demir”
' Erciyes University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, TR-38039 Kayseri, Turkey
? Gazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, TR-06500 Ankara, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: osmanseyyar@hotmail.com

Abstract

Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) (Charinidae) is recorded from a new
locality in Turkey. Seven specimens were collected from Asagiaricakli village near
Bah¢e district from the south of Turkey. Identifying photographs and distribution map of
this species in Turkey are given.

Keywords: Amblypygi, Charinus ioanniticus, Turkey.

Introduction

Members of the Amblybygi are commonly known as whip spiders. Whip spiders
are mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical terrestrial ecosystems but most genera have
localized distribution, where they occur under rocks, in rock crevices, caves, cave-like
places and under bark of trees. They have flattened bodies and spiny pedipalps that are
lengthened in many species, particularly in adult males. The carapace is wider than long
and the chelicerae are two-segmented. They lack the flagellum found in other Pedipalpi
(Harvey, 2003).

The studies on amblypygid fauna of Turkey, despite its outstanding
zoogeographical interest, is nearly unknown. Only one study was made by Kovarik &
Vlasta (1996) on amblypygid fauna of Turkey. In their study, Charinus ioanniticus
(Kritscher, 1959) had been recorded from Turkey for the first time. Other specimens of
C. ioanniticus had been collected from different localities and their data were published
by Weygoldt in 2005. In the present study, we add identifying photographs and new
locality to the distribution of C. ioanniticus in Turkey.

Material and Methods

In this study, seven specimens were collected from south of Turkey. Examined
specimens are deposited in the Arachnology Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). The

specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification was made by means of a
SZX61 Olympus stereomicroscope. In the identification of this species, the works of
Kritscher (1959), Kovarik & Vlasta (1996), El-Hennawy (2002) and Weygoldt (2005)
were consulted.

Figs. 1-3: Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) male. 1. General habitus. 2. Right
pedipalp, dorsal view. 3. Genitalia.

Results

Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)
Figs. 1-4

Lindosiella ioannitica Kritscher, 1959: 454-457, figs 1-4; Kraus, 1961: 491.

Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher): Weygoldt, 1972: 123, 129, fig. 22c; Delle Cave, 1986:
150-151, fig. II ; Kovarik & Vlasta, 1996: 57-58; Weygoldt, 2000: 74, 126; El-Hennawy,
2002: 452-453, figs 1-2; Harvey, 2003: 6; Weygoldt, 2005: 44-47.

Material. 1 male and 4 juveniles, Asagiaricakli village, Bahge district, Osmaniye
Province, south of Turkey (37°11.418N-36°36.525E), 02 May 2007, 375m; 2 juveniles,
22 May 2007, same locality (Figs. 1-3).

Remarks. During our trips, we found one male and 6 juvenile amblypygid samples. All
specimens were collected from under-surface flat and broad boulders from desiccated
brook-bed out of Asagiaricakli village. The stony building where we found all specimens,
was covered by Platanus trees and their debris. Although most of Turkish specimens

110

were from small and humid caves which were only a few meters long, where they
appeared at night close to floor (Weygoldt, 2005), we collected this species from a stony
building area at daytime. The former records of C. ioanniticus and this new one show that
this species is distributed around the south of Turkey (Fig. 4). It is expected that careful
searching will reveal further localities in this area.

World distribution. Egypt, Greece, Israel and Turkey (Weygoldt, 2005).

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Fig. 4. Distribution map of Charinus ioanniticus in Turkey. 1. Hatay, Samandag (Cevlik
village); 2. Antakya (7 km east of Yesilkent); 3. Adana (12 km north of Kozan);
4. Osmaniye, Bah¢e (Asagiaricakli village) (New Locality).

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to Hisham K. El-Hennawy (Egypt) for his invaluable comments
and photographs and Prof. Peter Weygoldt (Germany) for his important advices.

References

El-Hennawy, H.K. 2002. The first record of Amblypygi from Egypt. Journal of Arachnology, 30:
452-453.

Harvey, M.S. 2003. Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world. Amblypygi, Uropygi,
Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. xit385 pp. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood,
Australia.

Kovarik, F. & Vlasta, D. 1996. First report of Amblypygi (Charinidae: Charinus ioanniticus)
from Turkey. Klapalekiana, 32: 57-58.

Kritscher, E. 1959. Ergebnisse der von Dr. O. Paget und Dr. E. Kritscher auf Rhodos
durchgefiihrten zoologischen Exkursionen. II. Pedipalpi (Amblypygi). Annalen des Natur-
historischen Museums in Wien, 63: 453-457.

Weygoldt, P. 2005. Biogeography, systematic position, and reproduction of Charinus foanniticus
(Kritscher 1959) with the description of a new species from Pakistan (Chelicerata, Amblypygi,
Charinidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 85: 43-56.

111

Serket (2007) vol. 10(4): 112-119.

The comb-footed spiders fauna of the central Anatolia region
and new records for the Turkish fauna (Araneae: Theridiidae)

Tuncay Tiirkes' and Orhan Mergen”
' Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ni&de University, TR-51200 Nigde, Turkey
* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, TR-06532 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: tuncayturkes@nigde.edu.tr

Abstract

Twenty nine species of Theridiidae were collected from Central Anatolia. Five
species, Neottiura bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767), Simitidion simile (C.L. Koch, 1836),
Theridion betteni Wiehle, 1960, Theridion blackwalli O.P.-Cambridge, 1871, and
Theridion nigrovariegatum Simon, 1873 are recorded for the first time from Turkey. A
few identification morphological hints of those five species, in addition to figures of their
male palp and females epigynes, are included. The characteristic features of these species
are not different from those of European specimens.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Theridiidae, Fauna, Central Anatolia Region, Turkey.

Introduction

Members of the family Theridiidae exhibit great variety in shape and colouration;
the majority have an abdominal pattern, but some are uniformly greyish or black and
resemble those small members of the Linyphiidae, known as ‘Money spiders’. However,
tarsus IV is characteristic, with a comb of serrated bristles on the under surface (Roberts,
1995). The comb-footed spiders (Theridiidae) constitute one of the largest spider
families, with 2281 species in 96 worldwide distributed genera (Platnick, 2007). They are
among successful spider families. So far, 10 genera and 46 species were recorded from
Turkey (Bayram, 2002, 2007; Topcu et al., 2005; Tiirkes & Mergen, 2005a, 2005b).

Material and Methods

The material was collected during the years 2003-2005. The specimens were
preserved in 70% ethanol. The identifications and drawings were done by means of a
Nikon SMZ-U stereomicroscope with a camera lucida. The keys of Heimer & Nentwig
(1991), Roberts (1995) and Locket & Millidge (1953) were consulted for identification.
The studied specimens were deposited in the Arachnology Museum of Nigde University
(NUAM). All measurements are in millimetres. [IMH = identification morphological hints]

Results and Discussion

Achaearanea lunata (Clerck, 1757)
Material examined: 19, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 10.VII.2003.
World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Crustulina sticta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1861)

Material examined: 14, 4929, Karaman province, Ermenek district, 28.V.2005; 399,
Konya province, Hadim district, 27.V.2005; 229, Konya province, Ortakéy district,
13.V.2005; 14, Karaman province, Kazimkarabekir district, 27.V.2005; 19, Ankara
province, Cubuk district, 16.V.2003; 19, Ankara province, Evren district, 28.V.2003.
World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Dipoena braccata (C.L. Koch, 1841)
Material examined: 1 9, Cankiri province, Ilgaz district, 22. VII.2004.
World distribution: Europe, Mediterranean (Platnick, 2007).

Dipoena erythropus (Simon, 1881)
Material examined: 244, Ankara province, Nallihan district, 23.VI.2003.
World distribution: Europe (Platnick, 2007).

Enoplognatha mordax (Thorell, 1875)

Material examined: 1, Kayseri province, Pinarbasi district, 23.VI.2005; 19, Cankin
province, Saban6zii district, 29. VII.2005; 19, Ankara province, Bala district, 21.VI.2003.
World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757)

Material examined: 2¢', Ankara province, Polath district, 18.VI.2003; 1¢, 299,
Ankara province, Elmadag district, 15.V.2003; 499, Ankara province, Cubuk district,
16.VII.2003; 399, Ankara province, Kalecik district, 23.VII.2003; 399, Ankara
province, Beypazari district, 07.VI.2003; 1d, Ankara province, Ayas district,
20.V1.2003; 229, Ankara province, Akyurt district, 23.VII.2003; 229, 244, Ankara
province, Kizilcahamam district, 10.VII.2003; 14, Ankara province, Cubuk district,
25.V1.2003; 529, Ankara province, Nallihan district, 17.VII.2003; 429, 1¢, Yozgat
province, Akdagmadeni district, 18.VII.2003; 29 9, Aksaray province, Ortakéy district,
29.V1.2004; 19, Kayseri province, Pinarbasi district, 20.VII.2003; 2929, Kursehir
province, Mucur district, 26.V1.2004; 19, Sivas province, Zara district, 19.VII.2003; 10,
72, Cankini province, Kursunlu district, 27.VII.2005; 72 9, Cankiri province, Ikizéren
district, 22. VII.2004; 14, 729, Cankin province, Cerkes district, 27.VII.2005; 599,
Cankin province, Korgun district, 28.VII.2005; 629, Cankiri province, Ilgaz district,
28.VII.2005; 14, 12, Nevsehir province, Urgiip district, 22.V1.2005; 14, 529, Sivas
province, Hafik district, 21.VII.2005; 229, Sivas province, Dogansar district,
21.VII.2005; 599, Yozgat province, Akdagmadeni district, 20.VII.2005; 329, Sivas
province, Yildizeli district, 22.VII.2005; 34¢¢, Kayseri province, Yesilhisar district,
22.V1.2005; 14, 19, Sivas province, Susehri district, 21.VII.2005.

World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn, 1833)
Material examined: 229, Aksaray province, Yenikent district, 29.VI.2004; 1d, 229,
Ankara province, Ayas district, 14.V.2003; 599, Kirsehir province, Akpinar district,

| a5)

21.V1.2005; 19, Kirsehir province, Kaman district, 21.VI.2005; 19, Sivas province,
Koyulhisar district, 21.VII.2005; 329, Ankara province, Cubuk district, 25.VI.2003;
42°, Nevsehir province, Urgiip district, 22.VI.2005; 12, Ankara province, Giidiil
district, 24.V.2004; 192, Nigde province, Ulukisla district, 17.VI.2005; 192, Ankara
province, Serefliko¢hisar district, 09.VII.2003; 19, Ankara province, Kazan district,
16.V1.2003; 12, Nigde province, Ciftlik district, 27.V1I.2004; 599, Kirsehir province,
Akpinar district, 21.VI.2005; 19, Kirsehir province, Kaman district, 21.VI.2005; 19,
Sivas province, Koyulhisar district, 21.VII.2005; 19, Cankini province, Ilgaz district,
28.VII.2005: 42 9, Nevsehir province, Urgtip district, 22.V1.2005.

World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Episinus angulatus (Blackwall, 1836)

Material examined: 19, Ankara province, Polatli district, 18.VI.2003; 12, Ankara
province, Cubuk district, 29.V.2003; 1¢, Ankara province, Ayas district, 20.VI.2003;
14, Yozgat province, Center district, 18. VII.2003.

World distribution: Europe to Russia (Platnick, 2007).

Episinus truncatus Latreille, 1809

Material examined: 14, 12, Nevsehir province, Géreme district, 26.VI.2004; 14, Ankara
province, Kazan district, 16.V1I.2003; 14, Kirsehir province, Mucur district, 26.V1.2004;
14, Cankini province, Ilgaz district, 22.VII.2004; 14, 229, Kirsehir province, Cigekdag
district, 19.VH.2005.

World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Euryopis quinqueguttata Thorell, 1875

Material examined: 229, Nigde province, Ulukisla district, 17.VI.2005; 222, Nigde
province, Eskigiimiisler district, 29.V.2005.

World distribution: Europe to Turkmenistan (Platnick, 2007).

Kochiura aulica (C.L. Koch, 1838)

Material examined: 19, Ankara province, Gélbasi district, 24.VI.2003; 1d, Ankara
province, Bala district, 09.V.2003; 19, Ankara province, Beypazari district, 07.V1.2003;
19, Ankara province, Kalecik district, 30.V.2003; 1399, Eskisehir province, Seyitgazi
district, 14.VII.2004; 14, Ankara province, Evren district, 28.V.2003; 1¢, 19, Aksaray
province, Yenikent district, 29.VI.2004; 3992, Kinkkale province, Keskin district,
25.V1.2004; 34.4, 629, Kirsehir province, Mucur district, 26.VI.2004; 52 9, Nevsehir
province, Kozakh district, 24.VI.2005; 1029, Kursehir province, Mucur district,
21.VI.2005; 19, Sivas province, Hafik district, 21.VII.2005; 1329, Nigde province,
Altunhisar district, 18.VI.2005; 1¢, 12929, Aksaray province, Giizelyurt district,
16.VI.2005; 14, Konya province, Cihanbeyli district, 13.V.2005; 19, Kayseri province,
Pinarbasi district, 23.VI.2005; 89 9, Kayseri province, Tomarza district, 23.VI.2005; 19,
Kirsehir province, Akpinar district, 21.VI.2005; 19, Nevsehir province, Urgiip district,
22.V1.2005.

World distribution: Canary Islands, Cape Verde Is., south and middle Europe to
Azerbaijan ((Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Roberts, 1995; Platnick, 2007).

Lasaeola tristis (Hahn, 1833)

Material examined: 244, Nigde province, Ulukisla district, 17.VI.2005; 229, Ankara
province, Nallihan district, 23.VI.2003.

World distribution: Europe to Tajikistan (Platnick, 2007).

114

Neottiura bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767)

IMH: Body length: female 2-2.5 mm. Prosoma light brown with dark brown median
band. Chelicerae and sternum brown. Legs light yellow, long and cylindrical.
Opisthosoma dark brown with ovoid shape. Epigyne (Fig. 1).

Material examined: 299, Cankin province, Cerkes district, 27.VII.2005; 19, Cankin
province, Ilgaz district, 28. VII.2005.

World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Robertus arundineti (O.P.-Cambridge, 1871)

Material examined: 299, Ankara province, Giidiil district, 24.V.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Kizilcahamam district, 21.V.2003.

World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Simitidion simile (C.L. Koch, 1836)

IMH: Body length: female 2-2.5 mm. Prosoma yellowish-brown. Chelicerae light brown.
Sternum yellowish-brown, laterally dark brown. Legs yellowish-brown with dark brown
marks. Opisthosoma dark brown. Folium grey, sinuate. Epigyne (Fig. 2).

Material examined: 19, Ankara province, Kalecik district, 23.VII.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Kazan district, 16.VI.2003; 829, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district,
17.V1.2003; 12, Karaman province, Kazimkarabekir district, 27.V.2005; 429, Nigde
province, Ulukisla district, 17.VI.2005.

World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778)

Material examined: 14, 19, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 09.VI.2003; 19,
Ankara province, Camalan district, 17.VII.2003; 229, Kayseri province, Yesilhisar
district, 23.VI.2004; 19, Nigde province, Uluagac district, 16.06.2001; 1¢, Ankara
province, Kizilcahamam district, 30.VII.2003; 19, Ankara province, Nallihan district,
17.V1I.2003; 19, Sivas province, Susehri district, 21.VII.2005; 529, Kayseri province,
Develi district, 23.VI.2005; 19, Karaman province, Ermenek district, 28.V.2005.

World distribution: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Material examined: 4¢'¢, 1499, Ankara province, Cubuk district, 16.VII.2003; 229,
Eskisehir province, Mihaliccik district, 13.VII.2004; 19, Ankara province, Nallihan
district, 23.VI.2003; 399, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 17.V1.2003; 229,
Cankiri province, Ilgaz district, 22.VII.2004; 499, Ankara province, Pazar district,
17.VI.2003; 14, Aksaray province, Ortakéy district, 16.VI.2005; 19, Cankiri province,
Cerkes district, 27.VII.2005; 12, Sivas province, Hafik district, 21.VII.2005; 299,
Konya province, Seydisehir district, 15.V.2005; 599, Konya province, Doganhisar
district, 13.V.2005; 52 9, Konya province, Aksehir district, 14.V.2005.

World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda castanea (Clerck, 1757)

Material examined: 14, 499 Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 10.VII.2003; 16,
999, Ankara province, Beytepe district, 02. VII.2003; 19, Eskisehir province, Beyyazi
district, 14. VII.2004; 1¢, 222 Nigde province, Bor district, 08.VIII.2005; 12, Ankara
province, Bala district, 21.VI.2003; 1¢, 329, Ankara province, Nallihan district,
23.V1.2003; 599, Kayseri province, Sarioglan district, 23.VI.2005; 19, Nevsehir

its

province, Urgiip district, 22.VI.2005; 19, Aksaray province, Agacéren district,
16.V1.2005; 12, Yozgat province, Yenifakili district, 24.V1.2005.
World distribution: Palearctic, Canada (Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875)

Material examined: 19 9, Sivas province, Susehri district, 21.07.2005.

World distribution: Madeira, Canary Islands, England, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Corsica,
(Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805)

Material examined: 2929, Ankara province, Elmadag district, 15.V.2003; 329, Ankara
province (Sereflikoghisar district), 09.V.2003; 19, Nigde province, Ciftlik district,
27.V1.2004; 229, Ankara province, Ayas district, 14.V.2003; 19, Ankara province,
Evren district, 28.V.2003; 229, Ankara province, Gélbasi district, 05.VI.2005; 19,
Ankara province, Polath district, 11.V.2003; 19, Kayseri province, Yahyali district,
21.VII.2003; 19, Ankara province, Haymana district, 25.V.2003; 19, Kirsehir province,
Mucur district, 26.VI.2004; 192, Ankara province, Kazan district, 16.VI.2003; 299,
Ankara province, Beypazari district, 14.V.2003; 4992, Konya province, Bozkir district,
15.V.2005; 19, Konya province, Ere§li district, 16.V.2005; 19, Konya province, Hiiyiik
district, 14.05.2005; 12, Karaman province, Kazimkarabekir district, 27.V.2005; 229,
14, Ankara province, Beytepe district, 09.1V.2005.

World distribution: Europe, Mediterranean to Central Asia (Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda phalerata (Panzer, 1801)

Material examined: 4929, Ankara province, Nallihan district, 23.V1.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Polatli district, 18.VI.2003; 19, Ankara province, Beypazari district,
07.VI.2003; 229, Nigde province, Altunhisar district, 27.VI.2004; 299, Cankin
province, Eldivan district, 22. VII.2004; 19, Ankara province, Kazan district, 16.V1I.2003;
192, Nigde province, Camardi district, 27.VI.2004; 12, Konya province, Seydisehir
district, 15.V.2005; 19, Karaman province, Kazimkarabekir district, 27.V.2005.

World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802)

Material examined: 49 9, Ankara province, Beytepe district, 03.VI.2003; 229, Ankara
province, Gélbasi district, 29.V.2004; 19, Ankara province, Cubuk district, 04.1X.2003;
192, Ankara province, Bala district, 21.VI.2003; 14, Nigde province, Center district,
18.VII.2004; 14, Kirsehir province, Cigekdag district, 19.VII.2005.

World distribution: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2007).

Theridion betteni Wiehle, 1960

IMH: Body length: female 2.5-3.5 mm. Prosoma yellowish-brown with dark brown
ocular area and dorsal longitudinal band. Chelicerae yellowish-brown. Sternum dark
brown with yellowish-brown patches. Legs yellow with dark brown spots. Opisthosoma
dark brown. Folium grey with brown design. Epigyne (Fig. 3).

Material examined: 229, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 17.VI.2003; 19,
Ankara province, Nallihan district, 17.VII.2003; 192, Cankin province, Cerkes district,
17.VI.2003; 19, Kirsehir province, Kaman district, 21.VI.2005; 19, Kayseri province,
Develi district, 23.VI.2005.

World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

116

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= £
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To) N
NI! Oo
am)
1 2
: S
=
E | .
a ow
3 4
E
E|
it
| S
oO
5a 5b

Figs. 1-5. 1. Neottiura bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767), 2. Simitidion simile (C.L. Koch,
1836), 3. Theridion betteni Wiehle, 1960, 4. Theridion blackwalli O.P.-Cambridge 1871,
5. Theridion nigrovariegatum Simon, 1873.

Figs. 1-4, 5b. Epigyne, ventral view. ed: coiled duct; ep: epigynal pit; spt: spermatheca.
Fig. 5a. Male palp, retrolateral view. con: conductor; cym: cymbium; e: embolus;
subteg: subtegulum; teg: tegulum; tib: tibia; pat: patella.

Theridion blackwalli O.P.-Cambridge, 1871

IMH: Body length: female 2.5-3.0 mm. Prosoma dark brown, almost black. Chelicerae
yellow. Sternum black. Legs light yellow with dark brown marks. Opisthosoma
yellowish-grey with black design. Epigyne (Fig. 4).

Material examined: 229, Ankara province, Akyurt district, 23.VII.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Cubuk district, 25.VI.2003.

World distribution: Europe, Russia, Ukraine, North Africa (Platnick, 2007).

Theridion impressum L. Koch, 1881
Material examined: 14, 19, Ankara province, Gélbas1 district, 24.V1I.2003; 39 9, Cankin
province, Ilgaz district, 22.VII.2004; 2¢¢, Ankara province, Beypazari district,

Y7

07.VI.2003; 16, 49°, Cankin province, Cerkes district, 21.VII.2004; 2¢3', 19, Ankara
province, Bala district, 21.V1I.2003; 2¢¢, 399, Sivas province, Zara district,
19.VII.2003; 229, Yozgat province, Saraykent district, 18.VII.2003; 19, Eskisehir
province, Sariyar district, 13.VII.2004; 1¢, 19, Nevsehir province, Goreme district,
26.V1.2004; 12, Aksaray province, Taspinar district, 28.VI.2004; 19, Kayseri province,
Pinarbasi district, 20.VII.2003; 19, Sivas province, Bogazéren district, 19.VII.2003;
253, 229, Ankara province, Cubuk district, 25.VI.2003; 229, Ankara province,
Nallihan district, 23.VI.2003; 192, Nigde province, Camardi: district, 27.V1I.2004; 19,
Eskisehir province, Seyitgazi district, 14.VII.2004; 19, Kayseri province, Yahyali
district, 22.VI.2005; 14, 19, Sivas province, Susehri district, 21.VII.2005; 19, Cankin
province, Kursunlu district, 27.VII.2005; 429, Cankiri province, Cerkes district,
27.V1I.2005; 329, Cankiri province, Ilgaz district, 28.VII.2005; 2292, Sivas province,
Hafik district, 21.VII.2005; 499, Cankiri province, BayramGren district, 27.VII.2005;
344, 629, Ni&de province, Altunhisar district, 18.VI.2005; 14, Aksaray province,
Giizelyurt district, 16.VI.2005; 29 9, Cankin province, Korgun district, 28. VII.2005.
World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

Theridion melanurum Hahn, 1831

Material examined: 192, Ankara province, Sereflikochisar district, 28.V.2003; 19,
Ankara province, Nallihan district, 23.VI.2003; 229°, Ankara province, Cubuk district,
25.V1I.2003; 729, Ankara province, Kazan district, 16.VI.2003; 1¢, 629, Ankara
province, Ayas district, 30.V.2004; 899, Ankara province, Elmadag district,
23.VII.2003; 229, Ankara province, Akyurt district, 23.VII.2003; 699, Ankara
province, Kizilcahamam district, 10.VII.2003; 229, Kirsehir province, Mucur district,
26.V1.2004; 29 9, Kirikkale province, keskin district, 25.VI.2004; 12, Aksaray province,
Ortakéy district, 29.VI.2004; 299, Eskisehir province, Beyyazi district, 14.VII.2004;
19, Eskisehir province, Cifteler district, 14.VII.2004; 19, Cankiri province, Sabanézii
district, 22.VII.2004; 229, Konya province, Kulu district, 13.V.2005; 19, Sivas
province, Koyulhisar district, 21.VII.2005; 22°, Aksaray province, Aga¢éren district,
16.VI.2005; 24:3, Konya province, Cihanbeyli district, 13.V.2005; 19, 2¢¢, Konya
province, Yunak district, 13.V.2005; 49 9, Kirsehir province, Mucur district, 21.V1.2005;
19, Konya province, Hadim district, 27.V.2005.

World distribution: Holarctic, Azores (Platnick, 2007).

Theridion mystaceum L. Koch, 1870

Material examined: 14, 19, Nigde province, Ulukisla district, 25.V.2001; 329, Ankara
province, Nallihan district, 23.VI.2003; 329, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district,
10. VII.2003; 19, Ankara province, Cubuk district, 25.VI.2003; 22 9, Aksaray province,
Ihlara district, 28.VI.2004; 19, Cankin province, Ilgaz district, 22.VII.2004; 23,
Konya province, Aksehir district, 14.V.2005; 229, Nigde province, Camardi district,
17.V1.2005; 229, Kayseri province, Yahyali district, 22.VI.2005; 399, Kayseri
province, Himmetdede district, 24.VI.2005; 192, Cankiri province, Cerkes district,
27.V1I.2005; 22 9, Cankin province, Korgun district, 28.VII.2005; 19, Sivas province,
Yildizeli district, 22.VII.2005; 19, Kayseri province, Pinarbasi district, 23.V1I.2005;
22°, Aksaray province, Giilaga¢ district, 18.VI.2005; 19, Yozgat province, Yenifakil1
district, 24.V1I.2005; 39 2, Karaman province, Ermenek district, 28.V.2005.

World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

118

Theridion nigrovariegatum Simon, 1873

IMH: Body length: male 2.5-3.0 mm, female 3.0-3.5 mm. Prosoma yellow with
yellowish-brown median band. Chelicerae and sternum yellow. Legs yellowish-white.
Opisthosoma grey-white with black spots, median band black, ventrally grey-brown with
two black marks. Male palp (Fig. 5a). Epigyne (Fig. 5b).

Material examined: 1¢, Ankara province, Bala district, 21.VI.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Beypazari district, 07.VI.2003; 1d, 19, Ankara province, Cubuk district,
25.V1.2003; 14, 19, Kursehir province, Mucur district, 26.06.2004; 14, Kursehir
province, Kaman district, 21.06.2005; 2929, Ankara province, Nallihan district,
23.VI.2003; 229, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 17.VI.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Ayas district, 20.V1.2003; 12, Cankiri province, Ikizéren district, 22. VII.2004;
12, Cankiri province, Ilgaz district, 28.VII.2005; 14, Ni&de province, Ulukisla district,
17.V1.2005; 19, Nevsehir province, Urgiip district, 22.VI.2005; 229, Yozgat province,
Akdagmadeni district, 20.VII.2005; 19, Cankiri province, Ilgaz district, 28.VII.2005.
World distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2007).

Theridion varians Hahn, 1833

Material examined: 199, Ankara province, Kizilcahamam district, 21.05.2003; 19,
Aksaray province, Ihlara district, 28.VI.2004; 192, Cankin province, Kursunlu district,
21.VII.2004; 4¢¢, 329, Ankara province, Ayas district, 20.VI.2003; 19, Ankara
province, Polatl district, 18.06.2003; 399, Aksaray province, Ortakdéy district,
29.V1.2004; 14, Ankara province, Giidiil district, 21.V.2003; 1¢, Kayseri province,
Pinarbasi district, 23.V1I.2005; 49 2, Nevsehir province, Urgiip district, 22.06.2005.
World distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2007).

References

Bayram, A. 2002. Distribution of Turkish spiders. Jn: Demirsoy, A., ed. Zoogeography of Turkey.
Meteksan Publ., Ankara, 1005 pp.

Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Yigit, N., Corak, 1. & Sancak, Z. 2007. New records for the Turkish
araneo-fauna: Theridion varians Hahn, 1833, Dipoena melanogaster (C. L. Koch, 1837) and
Achaearanea riparia (Blackwall, 1834) (Araneae: Theridiidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 40:
119-120.

Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Verlag Paul
Parey, Berlin, 543 pp.

Locket, G.H. & Millidge, A.F. 1953. British spiders. Vol. II. Ray Society, London, 137: vi +449 pp.

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roberts, M.J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. Harper-Collins,
London, 383 pp.

Topcu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-
140.

Tiirkes, T. & Mergen, O. 2005. Records of spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae and Araneidae) new for
the Turkish fauna. Zoology in the Middle East, 36: 119-120.

Tiirkes, T. & Mergen, O. 2005. New records of spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) for the Turkish
fauna. /srael Journal of Zoology, 51(3): 237-238.

119

Serket (2007) vol. 10(4): 120-122.

A review of the genus Synema Simon, 1864
(Araneae: Thomisidae) in Turkey with a new record,
Synema utotchkini Marusik & Logunoy, 1995

Hakan Demir’, Metin Aktas' and Aydin Topgu”
' Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, TR-06500 Ankara, Turkey
‘ Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Nigde University, TR-51200 Nigde, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: ozyptila@gmail.com

Abstract

The distributional status of the recorded Turkish species of genus Synema Simon,
1864 is determined. Synema utotchkini Marusik & Logunov, 1995 is recorded for the first
time from Turkey. Zoogeographical remarks and chorotype information are here
presented for the three Turkish Synema species.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, Synema, new record, Turkey.

Introduction

Genus Synema Simon, 1864, is represented by 7 species and 4 subspecies in
Palearctic region (Platnick, 2007). They are brightly coloured and their abdomens usually
have a distinct colourful pattern. Synema spiders live in vegetation and occasionally
inside flower corollas. Their movement is quick and their preys are caught by ambush
(Levy, 1975). Both Turkish and foreign researches made important contributions to the
Turkish thomisid fauna. They recorded 71 species and 1 subspecies. Only two species of
them belong to genus Synema: Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) and Synema plorator
(O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) (Topgu et al., 2005; Marusik ef al., 2005, Logunov & Demir,
2006; Logunov, 2006, Demir et al., 2006, 2007; Bayram et al., 2007). However, the
previous works were densely made in central Anatolian region, Black Sea region, and
Mediterranean region (Central parts) of Turkey respectively. Nevertheless, it is
impossible to say that the fauna of Turkey has been completely investigated. Since
Turkey appears of continental properties, variable within very short distances in terms of
climatic features and field structures. Besides, the number of studies are not enough to
cover the whole fauna. In this study, a third species of Synema is recorded for the first
time from Turkey. With this record, the number of thomisid spiders in Turkey has
increased to 72 species and | subspecies belonging to 14 genera.

Material and Methods

Studied specimens were collected from different regions of Turkey by sweeping
net over plants. They were preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the collection of
the Arachnology Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). Identification references
consulted are: Levy (1975), Roberts (1995), and Marusik & Logunov (1995). Male palp
of Synema utotchkini Marusik & Logunoy, 1995 was mounted using a double sided tape
on the SEM stubs, coated with gold in a Polaron SC 502 Sputter Coater, and examined
with a JOEL JSM 5600 Scanning Electron microscope at 15kw. Distribution of species in
Turkey is summarized in remarks according to Top¢u ef. al. (2005) [MR = Marmara,
AR = Aegean, CAR = Central Anatolia, EAR = East Anatolia, and MER = Mediterranean
Regions]. One Chorotype, or zoogeographical characterization of the species, designation
is identified for each taxon according to Vigna Taglianti ev. al. (2000).

Results
Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775)
Material examined: 3¢¢, Hatay province, Erzin district, Isos harabeleri, (36°58'N,
36°07'E), 47m, 04.05.2007; 14, Kilis province, Polateli district, Cakaldere village,
(36°47'N, 37°05'E), 652m, 03.05.2007; 2¢¢, Adana province, Yumurtalik district,
Narlidren village, (36°52'N, 35°49'E), 49m, 04.05.2007; Osmaniye province: 499,
Bah¢e district, Asagi Aricakli village, (37°11'N, 36°36' E), 375m, 02.05.2007; 44,
899, Diizici district, Yarbasi village, (37°10'N, 36°25'E), 380m, 22.05.2007; 299,
Toprakkale castle, (37°03'N, 36°08'E), 70m, 01.05.2007; 2¢¢, 19, Kadirli district,
Karatepe, Cakicilar village, (37°16'N, 36°13'E), 100m, 24.05.2007; 944, 599, Bahge
district, Asai Aricakli village, (37°11'N, 36°36'E), 375m, 22.05.2007; 1¢, Zorkun
plateau, Karinca yaylasi, (36°58'N, 36°19'E), 1520m, 23.05.2007; 2¢¢, 229, Bahce
district, Yaylali village, (37°17'N, 36°37'E), 1086m, 22.05.2007; 244, Kesmeburun
village, (37°09'N, 36°10'E), 70m, 23.05.2007; 32°, Yarpuz village, (37°03'N, 36°25'E),
903m, 23.05.2007.
World Distribution. Palearctic (Platnick, 2007). Remarks. It is distributed in MR, AR,
CAR, MER in Turkey. It may be distributed in all regions of Turkey.
Chorotype. This species has the Palearctic chorotype.

Synema plorator (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872)

Material examined: 3¢¢, 822, Osmaniye province, Diizi¢i district, Yarbasi village,
(37°10'N, 36°25'E), 380m, 02.05.2007; 3929, Kahramanmaras province, Tiirkoglu
district, Kizilenis village, (37°20'N, 36°46'E), 655m, 22.05.2007.

World Distribution. Slovakia to Israel, Central Asia (Platnick, 2007).

Remarks. Until now, this species was only known from Marmara Region in Turkey
(MR). It is secondly recorded from Turkey by our record (MER, EAR).

Chorotype. This species has the Palearctic chorotype.

Synema utotchkini Marusik & Logunov, 1995 (Figs. 1-2)

Material examined: 3¢¢, Kahramanmaras province, Géksun district, Kocakonak
village, (38°12'N, 36°25'E), 1604m, 20.05.2007.

World Distribution. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (Platnick, 2007); Turkey (New Record).
Remarks. New to Turkey. It is found in East Anatolia Region (EAR) and It may be
distributed in south Turkey. As seen above, the species is mainly distributed in Central
Asia. The record from Turkey widens its distribution southwards.

Chorotype. This species has the Turanian chorotype.

IZ

es Kom

Figs. 1-2. Synema utotchkini Marusik & Logunov, 1995, left male palp, 1. ventral view,
2. retrolateral view.

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support of this work (Project No. 106T133).

References

Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Bolu, H. & Ozgen, I. 2007. Two Records New For The Turkish Araneofauna:
Tmarus piochardi (SIMON, 1866) and Monaeses israeliensis Levy, 1973 (Araneae: Thomisidae). Munis
Entomology & Zoology, 2(1): 129-136.

Demir, H., Aktas, M., Topgu, A. & Seyyar, O. 2007. A contribution to the crab spider fauna of Turkey
(Araneae: Thomisidae). Serket, 10(3): 86-90.

Demir, H., Topgu, A. & Tiirkes, T. 2006. A new species of the genus Xysticus C. L. Koch from Turkey
(Araneae: Thomisidae). Zootaxa, 1364: 45-49.

Levy, G. 1975. The spider genera Synaema and Oxyptila in Israel (Araneae: Thomisidae). /srae/ Journal of
Zoology, 24: 155-175.

Logunov, D.V. 2006. Notes on Xysticus kempeleni Thorell, 1872 and two closely related spider species
(Araneae: Thomisidae). Acta Arachnologica, 55(1): 59-66.

Logunov, D.V. & Demir, H. 2006. Further faunistic notes on Cozyptila and Xysticus from Turkey
(Araneae, Thomisidae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 31: 40-45.

Marusik, Y.M. & Logunov, D.V. 1995. The crab spiders of Middle Asia (Aranei, Thomisidae), 2. Beitrdge
zur Araneologie, 4: 133-175.

Marusik, Y.M., Lehtinen, P.T. & Kovblyuk, M.M. 2005. Cozyptila, a new genus of crab spiders (Aranei:
Thomisidae: Thomisinae: Coriarachnini) from the western Palaearctic. Arthropoda Selecta, 13(3): 151-163.

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History, online at
http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html

Roberts, M.J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. Harper-Collins, London, 383 pp.
Top¢u, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-140.

Vigna Taglianti, A.V., Audisio, P.A., Biondi, M., Bologna, M.A., Carpaneto, G.M., De Biase, A., Fattorini,
S., Piattella, E., Sindaco, R., Venchi, A. & Zapparoli, M. 2000. A proposal for a chorotype classification of
the Near East fauna, in the framework of the Western Palearctic Region. Biogeographia, 20: 31-59.

122

Serket (2007) vol. 10(4): 123-124.

Three new ground spider records for the Turkish spider fauna
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Osman Seyyar', Hakan Demir* and Aydin Topcu®
"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Erciyes University, TR-38039, Kayseri, Turkey
* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, TR-06500 Ankara, Turkey
* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Nigde University, TR-51200, Nigde, Turkey
Corresponding e-mail address: osmanseyyar@hotmail.com

Abstract

Three species of Gnaphosidae are recorded from Turkey for the first time. They
are Berinda amabilis Roewer, 1928, Nomisia palaestina (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) and
Pterotricha lesserti Dalmas, 1921. Their localities (with GPS coordinates), descriptions
and geographical distributions are given.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Gnaphosidae, New Record, Turkey.

Introduction

Gnaphosid spiders are generally characterized by having barrel-shaped anterior
spinnerets that are one spinneret diameter apart. In Gnaphosidae, 1990 species belonging
to 114 genera have been described all over the world (Platnick, 2007). This family is the
most abundant and one of the most diverse of all spider families on Turkey. Until now,
90 gnaphosid species belonging to 21 genera were recorded from Turkey (Ovtsharenko ef
al., 1992, Topcu et al., 2005, 2006, Ozdemir et al., 2006, Seyyar et al., 2006a, 2006b,
Varol et al., 2006). Three gnaphosid species are here recorded for the first time from
Turkey.

Material and Methods

In this study, most of specimens were obtained from pitfall traps or found under
stones in central parts of Turkey. Examined specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol
and deposited in the Arachnology Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). The works of
Chatzaki et al. (2002a, 2002b) and Levy (1995) were consulted for identifying the
species by means of a SZX9 Olympus stereomicroscope.

Results

Berinda amabilis Roewer, 1928 was recorded from Nigde (37°57'N, 34°33'E) in Central
Anatolia, Turkey. Two males (NUAM GNA 51/001-2) were found under stones on
19.VI.2001. Description 3: Body length 6.9-7.6 mm. Prosoma oval, yellow to red-brown,
narrow at cephalic part and widening at thoracic part. Scutum orange, covered with strong
bristles. Sternum oval. Maxillae as in Ze/otes. Labium longer than wide. Anterior row of
eyes slightly recurved, posterior row slightly procurved or straight. Opisthosoma yellow
grey. Anterior spinnerets long and cylindrical. Male palp resembles the description of
Chatzaki (2002a). World distribution: Crete, Russia, Central Asia (Platnick, 2007).

Nomisia palaestina (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) was recorded from Bor district in Nigde
Province (37°57'N, 34°33'E) and Giilek town in Mersin Province (37°12'N, 34°45'E).
Three females (NUAM GNA 51/046-47, NUAM GNA 33/005) were found under stones
during July 2002. Description 2: Body length 10.2-8.50 mm. Prosoma reddish-brown.
Sternum oval, reddish-brown. Opisthosoma grey-brown, with darker chevron-shaped
spots. Legs yellowish brown, leg IV the longest. Epigynum resembles the description of
Chatzaki (2002b). World distribution: Greece, Syria, Israel (Platnick, 2007).

Pterotricha lesserti Dalmas, 1921, was recorded from Nigde (37°58'N, 34°40'E). Only
one female (NUAM GNA 51/059) were collected by hand in July 2004. Description 9:
Body length 8.7 mm. Prosoma yellow with a distinct fovea, narrow at the front. Posterior
median eyes elliptic. Sternum oval, reddish-yellow. Opisthosoma light yellow, with brown
and light brown spots. Epigynum resembles the description of Levy (1995). World
distribution: Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia (Platnick, 2007).

Acknowledgment

We are very grateful to Dr. Maria Chatzaki (Crete) for her advice and valuable comment.

References
Chatzaki, M., Thaler, K. & Mylonas, M. 2002a. Ground spiders (Gnaphosidae; Araneae) of Crete (Greece).
Taxonomy and distribution. I. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 109: 559-601.
Chatzaki, M., Thaler, K. & Mylonas, M. 2002b. Ground spiders (Gnaphosidae: Araneae) of Crete and
adjacent areas of Greece. Taxonomy and distribution. II. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 109: 603-633.
Levy, G. 1995. Revision of the spider subfamily Gnaphosinae in Israel (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Journal of
Natural History, 29: 919-981.
Ovtsharenko, V.I., Platnick, N.I. & Song, D.X. 1992. A review of the North Asian ground spiders of the
genus Gnaphosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of American Museum of natural History, 212: 1-88.
Ozdemir, A., Varol, I., Akan, Z., Kiitiik, M., Kutbay, F. & Ozaslan, M. 2006. The fauna of spiders
(Araneae) in the Nizip and Karkamis—Gaziantep(Turkey). Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq., 20/2006/1: 74-77.
Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History, online at
http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.htm|
Seyyar,O., Demir, H. & Topgu, A. 2006. A contribution to the gnaphosid spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae:
Gnaphosidae). Serket, 10(2): 49-52.
Seyyar, O., Topcu, A. & Demir, H. 2006. New records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from
Anatolia. Zoology in the Middle East, 38: 118-120.
Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-140.
Top¢u, A., Demir, H., Seyyar, O. & Tiirkes, T. 2006. The spider fauna of the Giilek Pass (Turkey) and its
environs (Araneae). In C. Deltshev & P. Stoev (eds.), European Arachnology 2005. Acta zoologica
bulgarica, Suppl. 1: 287-295.
Varol, M.I., Mart, C., Ozaslan, M., Bayram, A., Akan, Z. & Ozdemir, A. 2006. Investigation on Spider
Fauna of Hancagiz Dam-Nizip (Turkey). Journal of Biological Science, 6(2): 344-346.

124

Serket (2007) vol. 10(4): 125-129.

Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870 (Araneae: Oecobiidae)
a new record for the Turkish spider fauna

Rahsen S. Kaya *, Ismail Hakki Ugurtas and Abdulmiittalip Akkaya
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Uludag University, 16059, Niliifer, Bursa, Turkey
* Corresponding e-mail address: rkaya(@uludag.edu.tr

Abstract

The characteristic features and drawings of both male and female genitalia of
Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870, which is recorded for the first time from Turkey, are
presented in this study.

Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Oecobiidae, Oecobius maculatus, New Record, Turkey.

Introduction

The distinctive morphological character of Oecobiidae is the anal tubercle which
is rendered highly conspicuous by a fringe of long curved hairs, together with the
conformation of the spinnerets (Murphy & Murphy, 2000). The family is represented by
6 genera and 103 species worldwide. There are 79 species and | subspecies of genus
Oecobius Lucas, 1846 recorded all over the world (Platnick, 2007). This genus was well
studied in Africa (Shear & Benoit, 1974), North America, Mexico and the West Indies
(Shear, 1970), India (Tikader, 1962), South America (Santos & Gonzaga, 2003), and the
Mediterranean region (Wunderlich, 1994). Genus Oecobius and the oecobiid spiders of
Turkey are still inadequately known (Karol, 1967; Bayram, 2002; Topgu ef al., 2005).
Only one species, Oecobius cellariorum (Dugés, 1836), was recorded from Turkey (Kaya
et al., 2006). The second Oecobius species, Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870, is here
recorded for the first time from Turkey.

Material and Methods

Studied specimens were collected by the authors from two localities (Fig. 1):

1. Antalya (Manavgat): near the Oymapinar Dam (Manavgat - Antalya)
[36°53'52"N, 31°31'53"E, Alt. 65m]: 10 females on 30 April 2006; 1 female on 1 May
2006; 8 subadult males and 24 juveniles on 28 October 2006, and 6 males on 17 March
2007. All of them were found under stones. (Note: Oecobius maculatus is very common
and dominant in this locality where O. cellariorum is also present and collected.)

2. Bursa (Uludag Mountain): One male specimen was found under a stone in
the region of Kaplikaya Valley (Uludag Mountain — Bursa) [40°10'11"N, 29°07'04"E,
Alt. 400m], on 18 May 2007.

The identification was made using the keys of Nentwig ef al. (2003) and
Wunderlich (1994; figs. 29, 30a-b). The drawings were made by means of a camera
lucida attached to a Zeiss Stemi SR microscope and the measurements were made by
Olympus SZ 51.

Abbreviations used: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye;
L = length; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; TL = total length;
W = width. All measurements are in millimetres.

TURKEY

2» © We sw MH PK kon
————E———

Fig. 1. Localities of the collecting sites from which the specimens were collected:
1. Oymapinar Dam - Manavgat (Antalya),
2. Kaplikaya Valley — Uludag Mountain (Bursa).

126

Results

Family: Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862
Genus: Oecobius Lucas, 1846
Species: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870
Synonyms:
Oecobius annulipes maculatus Hassan, 1953
Oecobius kahmanni Kritscher, 1966; Hansen, 1988; Thaler & Noflatscher, 1990
Thalamia kahmanni Lehtinen, 1967

Description (Based on living specimens, rather than preserved ones.)

Female: TL 2.17- 2.62. Cephalothorax L 0.80-0.85, W 0.90-0.97; circular shaped with its
front slightly pointed and wider than long, yellowish-brown, marginal line black; with
brownish area surrounding eyes and extending backwards to posterior margin of
carapace, this area is anteriorly constricted between AME, extending down to tip of
clypeus; with three pairs of marginal dark spots on the carapace, and hairs on margins
and beside ocular area. Clypeus is prolonged and yellowish. Chelicerae are pale, with
dark spots. Ocular area is the highest point of carapace. Eyes in two rows, anterior row of
eyes slightly procurved, posterior row procurved, ALE and PME light, AME and PLE
dark and have dark ridges, PLE largest, ALE smallest, PME irregular in shape. Labium
nearly triangular, wider at the base. Sternum is heart-shaped, bordered by a thin black
line and densely covered by hairs. Legs (Table 1) yellowish, densely covered by hairs,
some spines arranged irregularly. Legs are annulated as follows: Femur with two rings,
ventrally entire; patella with one ring; tibia with two rings, one incomplete dorsally, the
other is dorsally entire; metatarsus with two rings; tarsi without rings but slightly darker
distally. Sternum, labium and endites pale yellowish. Palpi dusky towards distal end.
Abdomen L 1.60-1.85, W 1.32-1.47; rounded at the front and narrowed near the posterior
point; densely covered with hairs; dorsum appears yellowish-brown, mottled white, with
darker un-mottled cardiac mark; its anterior margin with dark band extending laterally
about one-half length of abdomen; cardiac region is dark, and 2-3 pairs of dark patches
are located on the abdomen.

Table 1: 2, Legs measurements (mm).

Leg Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus
| 0.75-0.92 0.22-0.32 0.65-0.67 0.55-0.70 0.45-0.52

Il 0.82-0.92 _0.25-0.35 —_0.70-0.77_ —_(0.60-0.80 —_0.50-0.55
Hl 0.82-0.92 0.25-0.32 0.60-0.72 0.55-0.67 _0.47-0.50
IV 0.85-0.97 0.27-0.32 0.65-0.80 0.67-0.85 _0.50-0.52

Male: As female, except for the following: ocular area slightly higher, abdomen slimmer,
and legs thinner than in female. TL 1.50-1.85; Cephalothorax L 0.60-0.80, W 0.87-0.92;
Abdomen L 1.12-1.30, W 0.70-0.90. Legs (Table 2).

127

Table 2: 6, Legs measurements (mm).

Leg

Femur

Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus
I 0.62-0.90 0.22-0.25 0.55-0.60 0.57-0.70 0.45- 0.50
Il 0.70-0.95 0.25-0.27 0.62-0.70 0.60-0.80 0.50-0.55
Ill 0.50-0.80 0.22-0.25 0.57-0.67 0.55-0.57 0.47-0.52
IV 0.67-0.87 0.25-0.32 0.65-0.72 0.65-0.72 0.47-0.50
Diagnosis

Oecobius maculatus can be distinguished from the other known Oecobius species
by its genital characters: the large blade-shaped radix apophysis and its position of the
male palpal organs (Figs. 2-5), and the epigynum of the female that is distinguished by
the position of the short scape which is far from the epigastric furrow (Figs. 6-7).

Bg wy, g: Yor:
a
se, “0 YH, ee
BS & y 4
I? S 4, Be \
wen S BHY\)
4 ~ x x ; SA eae |
iN fa SS.8 2 FZ. ae.

hr, ™
"Try yy)
OOP ry

3 > 5 / 7

Figs. 2-7: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870.
2-3. Male palpus, prolateral view. 4-5. Male palpus, retrolateral view.
6-7. Female epigynum, ventral view. Scale bars: (3, 5) 0.5 mm, (7) 0.4 mm.

128

Habitat and distribution

All specimens were found under stones. Especially female specimens were
collected from their star shaped nests. They run very quickly when disturbed.

Oecobius maculatus is not a common species. It had been collected from Italy,
Greece and France (Wunderlich, 1994). This species occurs in Mediterranean region to
Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2007).

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jorg Wunderlich (Germany) and Hisham K. El-Hennawy
(Egypt) for their help in identification of the spiders and their valuable comments. The
authors are indebted to Ummiigiil Cigdem, Sema Ozay and Yekta Giileren for their help
in the field studies and many thanks go to Dr. Murat Seving for his valuable suggestions.

References

Bayram, A. 2002. Distribution of Turkish spiders. pp. 638-657. Jn: Demirsoy, A., ed.
Zoogeography of Turkey. Meteksan Publ., Ankara, 1005 pp. (in Turkish)

Karol, S. 1967. Tiirkiye Oriimcekleri. I. On Liste. Ankara Universitesi Fen Fakiiltesi Yayinlar,
Ankara, 34 s.

Kaya, R.S., Usurtas, 1.H. & Bayram, A. 2006. A new record for the Turkish spider fauna:
Oecobius cellariorum (Dugés, 1836) (Araneae: Oecobiidae). Serket, 10(1): 25-28.

Murphy, F. & Murphy, J. 2000. An Introduction to the spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian
Nature Society. Malaysia. 624 pp. + 32 plates.

Nentwig, W., Hanggi, A., Kropf, C. & Blick, T. 2003. Spinnen Mitteleuropas / Central European
Spiders. An internet identification key. http://www.araneae.unibe.ch Version 8.12.2003

Platnick, N.I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History,
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.htm|

Santos, A.J. & Gonzaga, M.O. 2003. On the spider genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 in South
America (Araneae, Oecobiidae). J. nat. Hist. 37: 239-252.

Shear, W.A. 1970. The spider family Oecobiidae in North America, Mexico, and the West Indies.
Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 140: 129-164.

Shear, W.A. & Benoit, P.L.G. 1974. New species and new records in the genus Oecobius Lucas
from Africa and nearby islands (Araneae: Oecobiidae: Oecobiinae). Rev. Zool. Afr., 88(4): 706-720.

Tikader, B.K. 1962. Studies on some spiders of the genus Oecobius (Family Oecobiidae) from
India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 59: 682-685.

Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9(4): 109-140.

Wunderlich, J. 1994. Zu Taxonomie und Biogeographie der Arten der Gattung Oecobius Lucas
1846, mit Neubeschreibungen aus der Mediterraneis und von der Arabischen Halbinsel
(Arachnida: Araneae: Oecobiidae). Beitr. Araneol., 4: 585-608.

129

Serket (2007) vol. 10(4): 130-134.

Sun-spiders of Turkey (Arachnida: Solpugida),
list of species and key to genera

Hisham K. El-Hennawy
41, El-Mantega El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt
E-mail: el_ hennawy@hotmail.com

Abstract

This work includes a list of 33 species and | subspecies of 12 genera of 5 families
of order Solpugida recorded from Turkey. Twenty species are endemic. The distribution
of every species is included. A key to the recorded families and genera is prepared.

Keywords: Sun-spiders, Solpugida, Arachnida, Turkey.

Introduction

It is necessary to know the solpugid species recorded from a country before
starting the study of this arachnid order in this country. Therefore, the following list is
prepared as a first step to assist the arachnologist who likes to study Order Solpugida in
Turkey. This preliminary list is extracted from the works of Roewer (1934, 1941) and
Harvey (2003). The other references are listed within them. A key to the previously
recorded genera from Turkey is prepared depending on the keys of Roewer (1934) and
El-Hennawy (1990).

The idea of preparing this work came after reading the work of Bayram ef al.
(2005) in their study of the arachnid fauna of Kirikkale Province and my visit to Turkey
due to the kind invitation of my friend Kadir Kunt and the Turkish Arachnological
Society this year where I met my friend Mohammad Ismail Varol who was eager to know
more and more about the Turkish solpugid species.

In this study, 33 solpugid species and | subspecies are recorded, classified within
12 genera and 5 families. Twenty species are endemic, only recorded from Turkey. The
distribution of every species is included in the list after species name and the page
number in Harvey’s catalogue (2003).

List of Turkish species of Order Solpugida

Barrussus pentheri (Werner, 1905) * p.283: Turkey [Lifos, Erciyes Dagi, Kayseri, and
Eregli-Bor].

Biton (Biton) tauricus Roewer, 1941 * p.225: Turkey [Toros Daglari (Taurus)].

Biton (Biton) zederbaueri (Werner, 1905) p.226: Turkey [Illany Dagi]; Israel.

Blossia anatolica (Roewer, 1941) * p.213: Turkey [Toros Daglari (Taurus) ].

Eusimonia nigrescens Kraepelin, 1899 p.284: Turkey; Greece, Syria.

Galeodes anatoliae Turk, 1960 * p.256: Turkey [Tuz Golii].

Galeodes arabs arabs C.L. Koch, 1842 pp.256-257: Turkey; Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen.

Galeodes araneoides (Pallas, 1772) pp.257-258: Turkey [izmir and south of Izmir
(Smyrna), /zmir, Bodrum (Halicarnassus), Mugla]; Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia, Syria, Turkmenistan, Ukraine.

Galeodes armeniacus Birula, 1929 p.258: Turkey? [near Ararat mountain]; Armenia,
Azerbaijan.

Galeodes darendensis Harvey, 2002 * p.262: Turkey [9 km east of Darende, Malatya].

Galeodes forcipatus Roewer, 1934 * p.263: Turkey [Eskisehir, Eskisehir].

Galeodes graecus C.L. Koch, 1842 pp.263-264: Turkey; Armenia, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Egypt, Greece, Syria.

Galeodes gromovi Harvey, 2002 p.264: Turkey [Berdiik, Van]; Azerbaijan, Iraq.

Galeodes lapidosus Roewer, 1934 * pp.265-266: Turkey [Makri, Mugla].

Galeodes lycaonis Turk, 1960 * p.266: Turkey [Aci G6lii].

Galeodes marginatus Roewer, 1961 * p.266: Turkey [Yumurtalik, Adana].

Galeodes ruptor Roewer, 1934 p.269: Turkey [northern Diyarbakir, Diyarbakir]; Greece.

Galeodes schach Birula, 1905 p.269: Turkey?; Iran.

Galeodes separandus Roewer 1934 * p.270: Turkey [near Erzurum, Erzurum].

Galeodes subsimilis Roewer, 1934 * p.271: Turkey [near Erzurum, Erzurum].

Galeodes taurus (Roewer, 1934) * p.271: Turkey [northern Diyarbakir, Diyarbakir}.

Galeodes toelgi Werner, 1922 * p.271: Turkey [Gavur Daglari (Amanos Daglar1), Hatay].

Galeodes viridipilosus Roewer, 1941 * p.273: Turkey [Toros Daglari (Taurus)].

Gluviopsida taurica Roewer, 1933 * p.229: Turkey [northern Diyarbakir, Toros Daglari
(Taurus), Diyarbakir}.

Gluviopsilla discolor (Kraepelin, 1899) p.229: Turkey [Izmir (Smyrna), /zmir]; Algeria,
Greece (Rhodes), Somalia, Syria.

Gluviopsis paphlagoniae Turk, 1960 * p.230: Turkey [Eregli, Konya].

Gnosippus anatolicus Roewer, 1961 * p.231: Turkey [32 km west of Kayseri, Kayseri].

Gylippus (Gylippus) quaestiunculus Karsch, 1880 * p.278: Turkey [Kubek].

Gylippus (Gylippus) syriacus (Simon, 1872) p.278: Turkey; Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Syria.

Gylippus (Paragylippus) caucasicus Birula, 1907 p.279: Turkey; Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia.

Gylippus (Paragylippus) caucasicus koenigi Birula, 1913 * p.279: Turkey [ca. 10 km east
of Oltu, Abusar Daglari, Erzurum].

13]

Gylippus (Paragylippus) monoceros Werner, 1905 * p.279: Turkey [Lifos, Erciyes Dag,
Kayseri].

Karschia (Karschia) mastigofera Birula, 1890 p.286: Turkey [Kars, Kars]; Armenia,
Georgia.

Rhagodia obscurior (Penther, 1913) p.297: Turkey; Iran.

[* = endemic species]

Key to Solpugid Families of Turkey

1. Anus : ventrally located Family RHAGODIDAE

Tarsal segmentation : 1-1-1-]

Heavy-bodied; short-legged; small to large (10-60 mm)

Leg | : tarsi : with a pretarsus + 2 claws

metatarsi : with a dense ventral clothing of short spinelike setae

Male cheliceral flagellum : paraxially immovable; composed of 2 flattened, curled, setae
that form a nearly complete, slightly curved, truncate, hornlike tube on the mesial surface
Distribution : northeastern Africa, southwestern Asia, and Near East.

[27 genera, 98 species]

-. Anus : terminally located oe

2. Tarsal claws of legs 2 to 4 : setaceous Family GALEODIDAE

Tarsal segmentation : ]-2-2-3

Long-legged; small to large (12-70 mm)

Leg | : tarsi : without claws or with | or 2 claws

Male cheliceral flagellum : paraxially movable; a single, capitate (terminally enlarged)
seta located on the mesial surface

Distribution : northern Africa, and Asia.

[8 genera, 199 species]

-. Tarsal claws of legs 2 to 4 : smooth sind

3. Leg 1: tarsi : without claws Family DAESIIDAE
Tarsal segmentation : 1-1-1-1 to 1-2-2-4

Long-legged; tiny to moderate-sized (6-23 mm)

Male cheliceral flagellum : paraxially movable, ovate to irregular membranous structure
attached to the mesial surface by a disk

Female genital opercula : not differentiated from other abdominal sternites and not
specifically variable

Propeltidium : exterior lobes : fused.

Distribution : Africa, southern Europe, Near East, and South America.

[7 subfamilies, 28 genera, 189 species]

-. Leg 1 : tarsi: with 1 or 2 claws

Tarsal segmentation : 1-1-1-1

Small to moderate-sized (8-26 mm); long-legged

Female genital opercula : differentiated from other abdominal sternites and specifically
variable 4

132

4. Chelicerae : multidentate Family KARSCHIIDAE

Propeltidium : exterior lobes : posteriorly fused

Male cheliceral flagellum : paraxially immovable; fanlike to coiled, whiplike seta located
on the mesial surface, with associated modified setae and a dorsal cheliceral horn -

Tiny to moderate-sized (8-20 mm).

Distribution : Asia and Near East to southeastern Europe and northwestern Africa.

[4 genera, 40 species]

-. Chelicerae : not multidentate Family GYLIPPIDAE

Propeltidium : exterior lobes : free

Male cheliceral flagellum : paraxially immovable; dorsal, more or less membranous
process associated with one or more strongly modified setae

Small to moderate-sized (11-26 mm).

Distribution : central Asia to Near East.

[5 genera, 26 species]

78 KK KK OK Ok 2K OK OK KK KKK
I. Family DAESIIDAE Key to Sub-Families and Genera
eee eal Ceemiemanom: WV Pad oc eco tect looses wenstes cece se Subfamily Gnosippinae
Ventral spination of tarsus 2-3: 1.2.2.2.2, and tarsus 4: 2.2.2.2.2.2 ...... Gnosippus [1 sp.]
MMe SENG: NaN Nao, ooo carcass wcne tan secccnarcsecsasescciees Subfamily Blossiinae
Ventral spination of tarsus 2-3: 2.2.2.2, and tarsus 4: 2.2.2/2.2 ............ Blossia {1 sp.]
Elm OSES COTS CUPS (79 7p SES ES ee Subfamily Gluviopsinae

Ventral spination of tarsus 2-3: 1.2.2.2.2, and tarsus 4: 2.2/2/2.2.2 ... Gluviopsis [1 sp.]
2.2/2/1.2.2 ... Gluviopsilla [1 sp.]

DD 2) DIOR 2: Gluviopsida || sp.]
PU ARR AM SEOMICMUALION: [—222 "4 . oi cccc ce ceeecceseccecscescccecdeccsreszs Subfamily Daesiinae
Ventral spination of tarsus 2-3: 1.1/0, and tarsus 4: 2.2/0/2/0 ...............44 Biton [2 spp.]
Il. Family GALEODIDAE Galeodes {18 species]
III. Family GYLIPPIDAE Gylippus [2 subgenera]
1. Male chelicerae with 2 principal setae; female genital sternites evenly rounded
Pi Teme NTE NE sem ne ye re fe eet aot aaa Seep es Cx ce fe oi aacenaseet Gylippus (Gylippus) {2 spp.]

-. Male chelicerae with only | principal seta; female genital sternites clearly clefted
Pt OR AEN ca 8 ar aA ar autem edbicin ine! Gylippus (Paragylippus) [2 spp, | ssp..]

IV. Family KARSCHIIDAE Key to Genera

1. Ocular area anteriorly with a blunt top, carrying 2 little bristles. Male flagellum like
PMO PGI oso veep dina = ic sv as o adv ende cpunanegbovedssucseredeesscinese DANTHSSUS [1 Sp.|
-. Ocular area normal, only with bristles or occupied with tubular hairs in male .......... 2

133

2. Male flagellum with a strongly differentiated bristles tuft. Female cheliceral movable
finger with 2 or more small intermediate-teeth between front and main teeth
sald gheibie dione GRE LASS « PSE RE ah es tee ee ee Karschia {\ sp.|
-. Male flagellum, prolaterally, with a curved, more or less, blunt horn; Ocular area and
also the front edge of male's propeltidium only with normal bristles and_ hairs
She vie apapisipuerSskee vinimsisssigip ORTSRS oe ep nle i ciete oe Bg aE ee PEE ee Eusimonia {| sp.]

V. Family RHAGODIDAE Rhagodia || species]

Acknowledgments

1 am grateful to my Turkish friends and colleagues Prof. Dr. Abdullah Bayram
(University of Kirikkale), Dr. Mohammad Ismail Varol (University of Gaziantep), and
the Araneologist Kadir Boga¢ Kunt (Turkish Arachnological Society) for inspiring me
with the idea of this work.

References

Bayram, A., Danigman, T., Yesilyurt, F., Corak, 1. & Unal, M. 2005. Kirikkale Ilinin Araneo-
Faunas1 Uzerine (Arthropoda: Arachnida). Ekoloji, 14, 56: 1-8.

El-Hennawy, H.K. 1990. Key to Solpugid Families (Arachnida : Solpugida). Serket, 2(1): 20-27.

Harvey, M.S. 2003. Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world. Amblypygi, Uropygi,
Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. xi+385 pp. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood,
Australia.

Roewer, C.F. 1934. Solifugae, Palpigradi, in: "Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs",
Leipzig, Bd.5, Abt.4(4): 1-723.

Roewer, C.F. 1941. Solifugen 1934-1940. Veréff.Deutsch Kol.-Ubersee Mus.Bremen, 3(2): 97-192.

28 A ok 2k 2k 2 2K 2K KOK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

134

S ER Kee fF

Volumes 1-10 (1987-2007)
List of Contents

Contents of Volume 1

Part 1, August 1987

001 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Preliminary notes on the biology, distribution, and predatory behaviour of
Pseudopompilus humboldti (Dhlb.) (Hymenoptera : Pompilidae). - pp. 1-11.

002 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A list of Egyptian spider genera. - pp. 12-14.

003 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A simplified key to Egyptian scorpion species (Arachnida : Scorpionida). - pp.
15-17.

004 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Stegodyphus lineatus (Latreille) 1817 (Araneida : Eresidae) in Jordan. - p. 18.
005- El-Hennawy, H.K. - New records of Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin) 1825 (Araneida : Eresidae) from
Egypt. - p. 19.

Part 2, March 1988

006 - Hassan, A.I. - Feeding and feeding apparatus of Chaetopelma shabati Hassan, 1950. - pp. 1-12.

007 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Scorpions of Jordan. - pp. 13-20.

008 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A new record of Compsobuthus werneri (Birula) 1908 (Scorpionida : Buthidae)
from Egypt. - p. 21.

Part 3, December 1988

009 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Key to Pseudoscorpionid families (Arachnida : Pseudoscorpionida). - pp.1-8.
010 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Pseudoscorpions of Egypt, key and list of species (Arachnida
Pseudoscorpionida). - pp. 9-18.

011 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Scorpions of Jordan, additional note. - p. 19.

012 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Hysterochelifer tuberculatus (Lucas, 1846) (Pseudoscorpionida : Cheliferidae) in
Jordan. - p. 20.

013 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Hasarius adansonii (Audouin, 1825) (Araneida : Salticidae) in Egypt. - p. 21.

Part 4-5, March 1990
014 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Annotated checklist of Egyptian spider species (Arachnida : Araneae). - pp. 1-49.

Contents of Volume 2

Part 1, September 1990

015 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Arachnida in the diet of Acanthodactylus scutellatus (Audouin, 1825) (Reptilia :
Lacertidae). - pp. 1-8.

016 - Cokendolpher, J.C. - Harvestmen of Egypt (Arachnida : Opiliones). - pp. 9-13.

017 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Key to Scorpion families (Arachnida : Scorpionida). - pp. 14-19.

018 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Key to Solpugid families (Arachnida : Solpugida). - pp. 20-27.

Part 2, October 1990
019 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Bibliography of Pseudoscorpionida 1980-1989. - pp. 28-61.

Part 3, September 1991

020 - Parker, J.R. - The Revd. O. Pickard-Cambridge in Egypt. - pp. 62-69.

021 - Smith, A.M. - Tarantulas of Egypt (Araneida : Theraphosidae). - pp. 70-80.

022 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Arachnida of Wadi El-Raiyan (Egypt). - pp. 81-90.

023 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - New locality records of Thomisidae in Egypt (Arachnida : Araneida). - pp.91-92.
024 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Stegodyphus pacificus Pocock, 1900 (Araneida : Eresidae). A new record from
Jordan. - pp. 93-94.

Part 4, January 1992
025 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A catalogue of the scorpions described from the Arab countries (1758-1990)
(Arachnida : Scorpionida). - pp. 95-153.

135

Contents of Volume 3

Part 1, September 1992
026 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Distribution of spider genera in Egypt (Arachnida : Araneida). - pp. 1-32.

Part 2, August 1993

027 - Audouin, V. - Description de I'Egypte, Explication sommaire des planches d'Arachnides de Egypte
et de la Syrie. (Edited by: H.K.El-Hennawy) (1st part). - pp. 33-76.

Part 3, September 1993 028 — Ibid. (2nd part). - pp. 77-121.

Part 4, October 1993 029 - Ibid. (3rd part). - pp. 122-171.

Contents of Volume 4

Part 1, September 1994

030 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Index Aranearum. Part | (Liphistiidae, Atypidae, Antrodiaetidae,
Cyrtaucheniidae, Idiopidae). - pp. 1-32.

Part 2, December 1994

031 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Index Aranearum. Part 2 (Ctenizidae, Actinopodidae, Migidae,
Mecicobothriidae, Microstigmatidae, Hexathelidae, Dipluridae). - pp. 33-62.

Part 3, December 1995
032 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Index Aranearum. Part 3 (Nemesiidae, Barychelidae). - pp. 63-91.

Part 4, March 1996
033 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Index Aranearum. Part 4 (Theraphosidae, Paratropididae). - pp. 92-142.

Contents of Volume 5

Part 1, December 1996
034 - Shereef, G.M., Nawar, M.S., Rakha, M.A. & Sallam, G.M.E. - Ecological studies on spiders in Giza
governorate. - pp. 1-31.

Part 2, January 1997

035 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Notes on Pseudopompilus humboldti (Dahlbom, 1845) [Hymenoptera :
Pompilidae] and Stegodyphus lineatus (Latreille, 1817) [Araneida : Eresidae]. - pp. 32-39.

036 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Bibliography of Pseudoscorpionida 1990-1995. - pp. 40-59.

Part 3, September 1997
037 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Index Aranearum. Part 5 (Hypochilidae, Austrochilidae, Gradungulidae,
Filistatidae, Sicariidae, Scytodidae, Drymusidae, Leptonetidae). - pp. 60-89.

Part 4, December 1997
038 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - The Genera of Spiders. - pp. 90-130.

Contents of Volume 6

Part 1, December 1998
039 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Arachnida of Egypt. I. Order Solpugida. - pp. 1-37.

Part 2, August 1999

040 - Kovarik, F. - Review of European scorpions, with a key to species. - pp. 38-44.

041 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Catalogue and Bibliography of Family Hersiliidae 1825-1998 (Arachnida:
Araneida). - pp. 45-72.

Part 3, December 1999
042 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Sun-spiders of the Arab countries (Arachnida : Solpugida). - pp. 73-104.

Part 4, February 2000

043 - Bayram, A., Varol, M.I. & Tozan, I.H. - The Spider (Araneae) fauna of the cotton fields located in the
western part of Turkey. - pp. 105-114.

044 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - The first landmark in the route of Egyptian Arachnology : "Explication
Sommaire des Planches d'Arachnides de I'Egypte et de la Syrie" (1825). - pp. 115-128.

SERKET volumes 1-6 (1987-2000) - List of Contents pp. 129-134.

136

Contents of Volume 7

Part 1, April 2000

045 - Kovarik, F. - Pandinus (Pandinops) pococki sp.n. from Somalia, and Pandinus pugilator, a junior
synonym of Pandinus (Pandinops) bellicosus comb.n. (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae). - pp. 1-7.

046 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Catalogue and Bibliography of Family Oecobiidae 1809-1995 (Arachnida:
Araneida). - pp. 8-37.

Part 2, November 2000
047 - Kovarik, F. - Revision of family Chaerilidae (Scorpiones), with descriptions of three new species. -
pp. 38-77.

Part 3, February 2001

048 - Kovarik, F. - Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998) by V. Fet, W.D. Sissom, G. Lowe &
M. Braunwalder (New York Entomological Society, 2000: 690 pp.) Discussion and supplement for 1999
and part of 2000. - pp. 78-93.

049 - Ali, M.O., Saber, S.A., El Menshawy, O.M., El Bakary, Z. & Sarhan, M. - A Comparative
Morphological Study of the Pectines of three Scorpion species (Scorpionida, Buthidae) from Assiut, Egypt.
- pp. 94-105.

050 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Photography of Arachnids, A simple technique. - pp. 106-107.

Part 4, November 2001

051 - Metwally, A.M., Mowafi, M.H. & Mohafez, M.A. - Biological aspects of Hersilia caudata Savigny,
1825 (Arachnida: Araneida: Hersiliidae). - pp. 108-113.

052 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Catalogue and Bibliography of Genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839
(Arachnida: Araneida: Miturgidae). - pp. 114-155.

Contents of Volume 8

Part 1, April 2002

053 - Kovarik, F. - A checklist of scorpions (Arachnida) in the collection of the Forschungsinstitut und
Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. - pp. 1-23.

054 - Metwally, A.M., El-Naggar, M.E., Mowafi, M.H. & Mohafez, M.A. - Spiders associated with
economic plants in Sohag, Egypt. - pp. 24-28.

055 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Spiders of Sinai (Egypt), a list of species (Arachnida: Araneida). - pp. 29-34.
056 - Sallam, G.M.E. - Survey and ecological studies on spiders in four governorates of Egypt. - pp. 35-42.

Part 2, October 2002

057 - McVean, A., Omran, M.A.A. & El-Nagar, M.H. - The demography of scorpion envenomation in
Bedouin from St. Catherine, Sinai (Egypt), native remedies and precautions, a review on the efficacy of
scorpion antivenom and a testable proposal for preventative treatment. - pp. 43-56.

058 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Revision of the North African spider genus Dorceus C.L.Koch, 1846 (Araneida:
Eresidae). - pp. 57-72.

059 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2002). - pp. 73-83.

060 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A seven-legged araneid spider from Egypt (Araneida: Araneidae). - pp. 84-85.

Part 3, April 2003

061 - Kovarik, F. - Eight new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 from Africa and Asia (Scorpiones:
Buthidae). - pp. 87-112.

062 - El-Hennawy, H.K. & Mohafez, M.A. - Life history of Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin, 1825)
(Arachnida: Araneida: Eresidae) in Egypt, A step on the way from asocial to social. - pp. 113-124.

063 - Kovarik, F. - Butheoloides cimrmani sp. n. from Ghana (Scorpiones: Buthidae). - pp. 125-127.

Part 4, October, 2003

064 - Hussein, A.M., Hassan, M.F. & Ahmad, N. - Biological aspects of Anelosimus aulicus (C.L. Koch,
1838) (Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae) in Egypt. - pp. 129-134.

065 - Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G. - Ecological studies on
spider families associated with some vegetable crops (Arachnida: Araneida) in Egypt. - pp. 135-141.

066 - Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G. - Studies on some
biological aspects of Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) (Arachnida: Araneida: Linyphiidae). - pp. 142-145.

137

067 - Sallam, G.M. & El-Hennawy, H.K. - Biological aspects of Nurscia albomaculata (Lucas, 1846)
(Arachnida: Araneida: Titanoecidae) in Egypt. - pp. 147-150.

068 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Arachnids in three Egyptian coastal protected areas on Aqaba gulf (Red Sea). -
pp. 151-163.

Contents of Volume 9

Part 1, May 2004

069 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A new species of genus Eresus from Algeria (Araneida : Eresidae). - pp. 1-4.
070 - Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G. - Studies on some
biological aspects of Theridion melanostictum O.P.-Cambridge, 1876 (Arachnida: Araneida : Theridiidae).
- pp. 5-9.

071 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Spider studies in Egypt, A review. - pp. 10-24.

072 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Review of spiders of genus Eresus in Egypt (Araneida : Eresidae). - pp. 25-35.

Part 2, October 2004

073 - Sallam, G.M.E. - Life Cycle of Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) in Egypt (Araneida :
Theridiidae). - pp. 37-40.

074 - Abdel-Nabi, I., McVean, A., Abdel-Rahman, M. & Omran, M.A. - Intraspecific diversity of
morphological characters of the burrowing scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) in Egypt
(Arachnida: Scorpionida: Scorpionidae). - pp. 41-67.

075 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974, a new record from Egypt (Araneida :
Oecobiidae). - pp. 68-71.

Part 3, May 2005

076 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Arachnids in Mediterranean protected areas of Egypt. - pp. 73-84.

077 - Topgu, A., Seyyar, O., Demir, H. & Kunt, K.B. - Anagraphis pallens Simon, 1893, a new record from
Turkey (Araneae : Prodidomidae). - pp. 85-86.

078 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A new species of genus Eresus from Algeria and Tunisia (Araneida : Eresidae). -
pp. 87-90.

079 - Zaher, M.A., El-Hennawy, H.K., Hassan, M.F., Hussein, A.M. & Ahmad, N.F.R. - Survey and
populations of spiders and other arthropods in cucurbit and legume fields in Al-Kanater (Egypt). - pp. 91-
100.

080 - Habashy, N.H., Ghallab, M.M. & Rizk, M.A. - Spider populations associated with different types of
cultivation and different vegetable crops in Fayoum Governorate (Egypt). - pp. 101-107.

Part 4, October 2005

081 - Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. - A Checklist of the spiders of Turkey. - pp. 109-140.

082 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Redescription of Pardosa iniqua (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876) (Araneida : Lycosidae)
from Egypt. - pp. 141-144.

Contents of Volume 10

Part 1, May 2006

083 - Karatas, A. - Distribution of the “Euscorpius carpathicus” complex (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in
Turkey. - pp. 1-8.

084 - Karatas, A. - Distribution and Systematic Status of Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800) (Scorpiones:
Euscorpiidae) in Turkey. - pp. 9-17.

085 - Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. - Cave dwelling spiders (Araneae) of Turkey. - pp. 18-24.

086 - Kaya, R.S., Ugurtas, I.H. & Bayram, A. - A new record for the Turkish spider fauna: Oecobius
cellariorum (Dugés, 1836) (Araneae: Oecobiidae). - pp. 25-28.

087 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - White widow, Latrodectus pallidus (Araneida: Theridiidae), in Jordan and
Egypt. - pp. 29-34.

088 - Abdel-Karim, E.H., Rady, G.H.H., Ibrahim, G.A. & Ahmad, N.F.R. - Biology, mass rearing and
observations on the behaviour of Kochiura aulica (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Arachnida: Araneida: Theridiidae). -
pp. 35-43.

089 - Mohafez, M.A. - Life history of Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P.-Cambridge, 1874 (Arachnida:
Araneida: Miturgidae) in Egypt. - pp. 44-47.

138

Part 2, October 2006

090 - Seyyar, O, Demir, H. & Topgu, A. - A contribution to the gnaphosid spider fauna of Turkey
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae). - pp. 49-52.

091 - Stewart, A.K. - Mitigating scorpion-sting syndrome in the Middle East: understanding the substratum
preferences of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae). - pp. 53-64.

092 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A list of Egyptian spiders (revised in 2006). - pp. 65-76.

Part 3, April 2007

093 - Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Sancak, Z., Yigit, N. & Corak, |. - Contributions to the spider fauna of
Turkey: Arctosa lutetiana (Simon, 1876), Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805), Lycosa singoriensis
(Laxmann, 1770) and Pirata latitans (Blackwall, 1841) (Araneae: Lycosidae). - pp. 77-81.

094 - Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Yigit, N., Corak, 1. & Sancak, Z. - Three linyphiid species new to the
Turkish araneo-fauna: Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868), Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-
Cambridge, 1879) and Trematocephalus cristatus (Wider, 1834) (Araneae: Linyphiidae). - pp. 82-85.

095 - Demir, H., Aktas, M., Topgu, A. & Seyyar, O. - A contribution to the crab spider fauna of Turkey
(Araneae: Thomisidae). - pp.86-90.

096 - Yagmur, E.A., Koc, H., Kesmezoglu, S. & Yalgin, M. - Scorpions of Kilis Province, Turkey
(Arachnida: Scorpiones). - pp. 91-105.

097 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - A seven-legged pholcid spider from Egypt (Araneida: Pholcidae). - pp. 106-107.

Part 4, November 2007

098 - Seyyar, O. & Demir, H. - A new locality for Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) (Amblypygi:
Charinidae) in Turkey. — pp. 109-111.

099 - Tiirkes, T. & Mergen, O. - The comb-footed spiders fauna of the Central Anatolia Region and new
records of theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) for the Turkish fauna. — pp. 112-119.

100 - Demir, H., Aktas, M. & Topcu, A. - A review of the genus Synema Simon, 1864 (Araneae:
Thomisidae) in Turkey with a new record, Synema utotchkini Marusik & Logunov, 1995. - pp. 120-122.
101 - Seyyar, O., Demir, H. & Topcu, A. - Three new ground spider records for the Turkish spider fauna
(Araneae: Gnaphosidae). — pp. 123-124.

102 — Kaya, R.S., Ugurtas, 1.H. & Akkaya, A. - Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870 (Araneae: Oecobiidae) a
new record for the Turkish spider fauna. — pp. 125-129.

103 - El-Hennawy, H.K. - Sun-spiders of Turkey (Arachnida: Solpugida), list of species and key to genera.
— pp. 130-134.

SERKET volumes 1-10 (1987-2007) - List of Contents pp. 135-141.

7K Ae OK Ag 2K OK Ae OK ok 2 OK OK OK OB OK OK OR OK OK OB OK OK KK KK

List of Contents - Systematic
Arachnida - Araneida - Hymenoptera - Opilionida - Pseudoscorpionida -
Scorpionida - Solpugida

Arachnida
Audouin, V.: 029.
El-Hennawy, H.K.: 015, 022, 044, 050, 068, 076.

Araneida (Araneae, Spiders)

Abdel-Karim, E.H., Rady, G.H.H., Ibrahim, G.A. & Ahmad, N.F.R.: 088.

Abo-Taka, S.M., Hussein, A.M., Osman, A.A., Zohdi, G.I. & Hamada, E.G.: 065, 066, 070.

Audouin, V.: 027, 028, 029.

Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Sancak, Z., Yigit, N. & Corak, 1.: 093.

Bayram, A., Danisman, T., Yigit, N., Corak, I. & Sancak, Z.: 094.

Bayram, A., Varol, M.i. & Tozan, I.H.: 043.

Demir, H., Aktas, M. & Topgu, A.: 100.

Demir, H., Aktas, M., Topgu, A. & Seyyar, O.: 095.

El-Hennawy, H.K.: 001, 002, 004, 005, 013, 014, 015, 022, 023, 024, 026, 030, 031, 032, 033, 035, 037, 038,

139

El-Hennawy, H.K. & Mohafez, M.A.: 062.

Habashy, N.H., Ghallab, M.M. & Rizk, M.A.: 080.

Hassan, A.I.: 006.

Hussein, A.M., Hassan, M.F. & Ahmad, N.: 064.

Kaya, R.S., Ugurtas, I.H. & Akkaya, A.: 102.

Kaya, R.S., Ugurtas, 1-H. & Bayram, A.: 086.

Metwally, A.M., El-Naggar, M.E., Mowafi, M.H. & Mohafez, M.A.: 054.
Metwally, A.M., Mowafi, M.H. & Mohafez, M.A.: 051.

Mohafez, M.A.: 089.

Parker, J.R.: 020.

Sallam, G.M.E.: 056, 073.

Sallam, G.M. & El-Hennawy, H.K.: 067.

Seyyar, O. & Demir, H.: 098.

Seyyar, O, Demir, H. & Topgu, A.: 090, 101.

Shereef, G.M., Nawar, M.S., Rakha, M.A. & Sallam, G.M.E.: 034.
Smith, A.M.: 021.

Topgu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O.: 081, 085.

Topgu, A., Seyyar, O., Demir, H. & Kunt, K.B.: 077.

Tirkes, T. & Mergen, O.: 099.

Zaher, M.A., El-Hennawy, H.K., Hassan, M.F., Hussein, A.M. & Ahmad, N.F.R.: 079.

Hymenoptera - Family Pompilidae (Spider wasps)
El-Hennawy, H.K.: 001, 035.

Opilionida (Opiliones, Harvestmen)
Audouin, V.: 029.

Cokendolpher, J.C.: 016.
El-Hennawy, H.K.: 044.

Pseudoscorpionida (Pseudoscorpiones, False Scorpions)
Audouin, V.: 029.
El-Hennawy, H.K.: 009, 010, 012, 015, 019, 022, 036, 044, 068, 076.

Scorpionida (Scorpiones)

Abdel-Nabi, I., McVean, A., Abdel-Rahman, M. & Omran, M.A.: 074.

Ali, M.O., Saber, S.A., El Menshawy, O.M., El Bakary, Z. & Sarhan, M.: 049.
Audouin, V.: 029.

El-Hennawy, H.K.: 003, 007, 008, 011, 017, 022, 025, 044, 050, 068, 076.
Karatas, A.: 083, 084.

Kovarik, F.: 040, 045, 047, 048, 053, 061, 063.

McVean, A., Omran, M.A.A. & El-Nagar, M.H.: 057.

Stewart, A.K.: 091.

Yagmur, E.A., Koc, H., Kesmezoglu, S. & Yal¢in, M.: 096.

Solpugida (Solifugae, Sun Spiders, Camel Spiders, Wind Scorpions)
Audouin, V.: 029.
El-Hennawy, H.K.: 015, 018, 022, 039, 042, 044, 050, 068, 076, 103.

26 2k 2k 2k 2K 2 ok 2K 2k 2K OR OK OK OK OK OR OK OR OK RK EK EK

140

New Species, New Names

Araneida

Cheiracanthium siwi El-Hennawy, 2001 from Egypt (Serket, 7(4): 114-155).
(A new name of C. tenue Denis, 1947, a primary junior homonym of C. tenue L. Koch, 1873).

Eresus algericus El-Hennawy, 2004 from Algeria (Serket, 9(1): 1-4).

Eresus jerbae El-Hennawy, 2005 from Tunisia & Algeria (Serket, 9(3): 87-90).

Scorpionida

Pandinus (Pandinops) pococki Kovarik, 2000 from Somalia (Serket, 7(1): 1-7).

Chaerilus petrzelkai Kovarik, 2000 from Vietnam (Serket, 7(2): 38-77).

Chaerilus tichyi Kovarik, 2000 from Malaysia
Chaerilus tryznai Kovarik, 2000 from China (Tibet),

Compsobuthus becvari Kovarik, 2003 from Pakistan (Serket, 8(3): 87-112).
Compsobuthus jakesi Kovarik, 2003 from Iraq

Compsobuthus kabateki Kovarik, 2003 from Egypt

Compsobuthus kafkai Kovarik, 2003 from Iran

Compsobuthus kaftani Kovarik, 2003 from Iran

Compsobuthus plutenkoi Kovarik, 2003 from Iran

Compsobuthus seicherti Kovarik, 2003 from Sudan

Compsobuthus sobotniki Kovarik, 2003 from Iran

Butheoloides cimrmani Kovarik, 2003 from Ghana (Serket, 8(3): 125-127).

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