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Division of Mollusigs
‘onal Libroagy

Kote a ae CI/ILECI ATT ‘
:

THE

SHELL-COLLECTOR’S HANDBOOK.

ny 6,5 te Fae wy
Wo. Jey F474
Mole THE
SHELL-COLLECTOR’S
HANDBOOK

FOR THE FIELD.

Division of Mollusks
Sectional Librarv
BY

J. W. WILLIAMS, M.A., D.Sc,
Editor of “ The Naturalists’ Monthly.”

| 2 T24 ex

London :
ROPER & DROWLEY; 29, LUDGATE HILL, E.C.

1888.

sh. PREFACE.

In compiling this little Manual, I must express 3
my indebtness to my friends, Mr. Baker Hudson,
Mr. Brockton Tomlin, B.A., Miss F. M. Hele, Mr.
W. Collinge, Mr. W. Nelson, and Mr. J. W. Taylor,
the Editor of “The Journal of Conchology,’ for
supplying me with much valuable information and
help. To the works and papers of Gwyn Jeffreys,
Alfred Moquin-Tandon, Baudon, Carl Agardh
Westerlund, O. Boettger, Colbeau, Fischer, Ralph
Tate, Macalister, Huxley, Gegenbaur, Balfour,
Rymer Jones, Milnes Marshall, Ashford, Ralph
Tate, Woodward, E. Von Martens, Rimmer,
Roebuck, Nelson, Simroth, Taylor, Adams, Emil
Adolf Rossmassler, Lessona and VPollonera, Gray,
Turton, Catlow, Locard, Picard, Pascal, Dumont,
Mortillet, and Cockerell, I must also express my
obligations.

The varieties described include those which have
been verified by the Council of the Conchological
Society or by myself; and any deviation from the
typical form found by the collector not mentioned
in this volume should be sent to the Referee Council
of the Conchological Society, Leeds, for verification.

J WAV

51, Park VituacEe East, N.W.

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INDEX.

PAGE
Achatina acicula, Miill.......... 140
Acme lineata, Drap............... 143
WL LOD a. tee eeet coisa ceeanee’ 143
IM. StUNIStTOTSUM......0.0- 143
Amalia gagates, Drap............ 89
Vi OLUUACEO nc coa cadeeucseue 89
Wisi ILUETL DEUS saccienn de cocaee 89
Wien hil Oh cnawcetanscat sacs 89
Amalia marginata, Miill........ 89
Vi UPL Aw cous o dte as ovceevse 89
WERTUISTLOCO Soca s sects soc aan OO,
Ancylus fluviatilis, Miill....... 83
MnIC(LPIIELOLLES owe secccess ce 83
Wis COSHILEES™. Sec coweiescedels'e 83
MSESLIGECUE oS ance oTucsicesses 83
Vise JP ODOSWraacrscaicecesdes 83
Vi CCUDLO et nite. cx. adecens ce 83
‘Ancylus lacustris, Linn .........
v. Moquiniana .........+. 84
Wen CGNUDT ESSA 20) disc soconcs
WRU MITLD sae oko eee n Svan cine 84
Anodonta anatina, Linn......... 57
Vins HULGCLEM ete ccncccs duces 57
Wa VENUTECOS cesses nce conce 57
V. COMPLANALGA ........000 aT
Anodonta cy. ih Irate eoepeee 56
Vi THLUOUL . otedocdedecced uae 56
v. cai Saas ates cease 56
Wee CULETISTS =o sadescecedsee 56
MeN NELLIE sac eccecowsvancbe's 56
Wer TOSUNLUL vcclecnosbesss esas 56
Arion ater, INN... .ccs553.cccse00s 85
v. Draparnaudi.......... 85
Wis SULCINED oe 2s. cesseccssses 85
Wi DECOLOT I arcs deecoucoras 85
Ws 2G TESCENS. «.d.s2seeada 85
Vx, MATOINALH....<c0cveees 85
v. pallescens (Moq.)... 85
Wat IELEU AN i Suiicescaa de'acieiaiavels 85
Vis CLOOLTLEROLES Jadses sees 85
v. pallescens (Roebuck) 85
Viel MCUSCULLUM en. viccceeeess 85
Arion Bourguignati, Mab....... 87
Arion flavus, Miill.................. 86

PAGE

Arion hortensis, Fér.............. 86
rE Via fi LSCULIC one sca ceonaeeeer 86

Via TUL CSCENS a nasanescneeees 86

Viel OTUSCD seis vse snndeneeacess 86

Arion subfuscus, Drap........... 86
Via CLLET QILGUOLGE oceans near 87

Balia perversa, int. ..2.-.cccs1ss 134
Via DUPLO. oe ee 134

Va SUNDIED coon eee cee ee 134
Band-formulee 2.325 cacccesseseseeee 109
Bulimus acutus, Miill............ 124
Vici CLONG ALM se. coce ate en 124

Vis CULL wcocneceneeduxecces 124

Wis OL2070 se cac.228. eeeetee 124

Vici SUU2G GLO eee ot nactore ences 124

Via OTL CIE eee .. 124

Vie, MUQTESCENS oases 124

Vis C0OD nce t etensere ees 124
Bulimus Goodallii, Mill. ...... 125
Bulimus Montanus, Drap...... 124
Vis CLOUIO oon ene 125
Bulimus obscurus, Miill......... 125
VA GLOUROS: teas accept osacaees 125
Bythinia Leachii, Shepp........ 61
V.. CLONGALE .<.5...ccacoecace 62

Vil GHOULS, Sac-sescenenescnees 62
Bythinia tentaculata, Linn... 61
VS VETLTLCOS onsen ctasdea se 61

Vi, CLOEOUOLG sone snece oe e 61

Vii UDO eee 61

Vi. DLOLUCKE. 5 ced 2 tee cas 61

Vs TUSCSCONS ca encote contac 61

M. decollatumM.........es0e 61
Carychium minimum, Mill.. 141
Clausilia biplicata, Mont....... 136
Vi MeISONT eee ene ees 137
Clausilia sea Mont....... 137
Ve PCLLUCTOD ss .000 cocensone 137

Vg CLOUNOS pent eaeeeees 137
Clausilia Rolphii, Gray.......... 136

Viet DELUUCTH Ceca sca cts sates 136

vill Index.
PAGE PAGE
Clausilia rugosa, Drap........... 185 Hulimax cinereo-niger, Wolf.. 93
WS LUE ee ry Sa ae 135 Vi iON Gssc eer eee ee 4
Wee IVTEGED os nek chee 135 Eulimax flavus, Linn............. 90
Vie MLCULLOT oak eves Sense 135 Vii TESCO aheaeeasee hte 90
Wis LILINTOUE cove coe leetaie 135 Mal SWJUSOs ee cceee ecerettee 90
AMS CLLECIU Reon een tee nec 185 Wis, ULRESCENS mneet ee cree 90
Wien O ULL shee eens ves\o's 135 Vie COLUDTUNE ee meees tant ee 90
VP WLOLILOS) constitee moot nos 136 Hulimax levis, Miill. ............ 91
IM. AEXETOTSUM s...c00000000 136 Vil CUIGhOT enn eee 91
Cochlicopa lubrica, Miill........ 138 Eulimax maximus, Linn....... 93
VELUULIO Tus ace ee eae osees 139 Ve (GUNETEU/ Ate. Les teen 93
Vin LUOTLCOLDES ccces cake she 139 Vis HETUUSSACTONEe ates 93
WelODMED secsenvenvcrscsseeses 139 Vir, COLLTIUD A. nee eee 93
Visl LES CIM Ae ad as see 139 Via MACULAE Weer eee eeer ee 93
Wich LUIUL Ere tices tottus 139 Vi, SOR SLOTUR st te eee 93
Vise DIETULUL Os sees touteeo 139 Vivi fQSCLALE 2 siedeteadeee 93
Cochlicopa tridens, Pult....... 138 Vin COSCUANE atce sae 93
v. Nouletiana ......0000 138 Vie SUfESCENMSwisreseececssere 93
Vv. Alzenensts .......0.005 138 VindLUTLORGLIe eae eee 93
Vit CRUSULLUUNIG seit o ow renc 138 Eulimax tenellus, Miill.......... 92
TN ASZUSETOUSIEN Beet cscee one 138
Collecting and Preserving Geomalcus maculosus, Allman 88
Land and _ Fresh-water Glossary-) races eeee 145
RIO UIS Rhee irae cemaiet sete es dares 33-36
Conspectus of the Classes, Helix aculeata, Miill. ............ 106
Orders, Families and Genera Vex LOT oe eee 106
of British Land and Fresh- ¢ Helix arbustorum, Linn. ...... 112
WWAGELISICIIS aii. cevecssesecces 39-45 Vie SAU LEU cee eee 112
Cyclostoma elegans, Miill...... 142 Vi DLPCSEPES: coe ee 112
RGD LOLECEE A teeth ce cess 142 Wisi CONOULEM. fe tee ee 112
V. DUPPUTASCENS ....000.06 142 V si fUSCON IX eos tae 112
Vis OCHMOLEUCH cavowvecccces 142 Ve tivepelliguns cee 112
We LLOCSECIS Leer s.easduc toe 142 Vi. MATINOTALG vas eeovere 112
Vp PLULE CC stietntaetene 142 V../ PALlid eee eee 112
Ve MAPMOLALA.....00c0000. 142 Vie fLLUESCEN SUA aeenes 112
We, QlOumoseses. eee 112
A M. stnistrorsum ......00 ial
Dreissena polymorpha, Pall... 58 Helix aspersa, Miill, ............ 107
Vs CONOTLER ac eae 107
Hulimax agrestis, Linn.......... 90 Vie | LODOSO ma dneusevenyene ste 107
Wil 227°. tcaavesacwoagecccs 90 Vi -UNAULAEO ery. cdescearee 107
Wise LLOTIS ork oaeeoccercove tse 90 JV SEEMULOT In Neat teeee 108
Vs QUNCLAEG \ovccccsnsrcees 90 Me) LUG TESCENS weteuspreeees 108
Ci LCLILE TIL tee ae iment ss 91 Vie 1G RUSCOG cee enee aot eee 108
Vien UOT eee ceerecee es 91 WV... @LDCSCEMS: Eee eets et see 108
Vict SU/LUCELEM (ecneecceres co 91 Vie UNICOLOM Sse petunencass dace 108
Wil EUILETLECILE a enenonee cae 91 Vis JLAMINED IN ees snee 108
Vil CLICULOLG este 91 Vi, \OOSCUMOLL Reet 108
Wal 22UO NUCH mates seresea ys 91 Vis LONGED ..sdosoowssecheees 108
v. submaculata .......6. 91 Vie UU7CSCOMS ae Cee eeeee 108
Vi PETESLTSIN, Wien thoes desc aches 91 Vin CLOCLOLELGL A Seeeae eee ea 108
Eulimax arborum, Bouch....... 92 Vie SCHULFUSEO:<ceeee en reetere 108
LAO STA OY TOON ees name 92 v. lutescens ....... eVietnes 108
Vic CLUCTDLCIUSI nes saeneen ever se 92 v. alhofascrata.:......... 108
Vin UL CULE Re eae nen ens 92 Vic QUUNOT. Veg enna taetee 109

Index. 1x
PAGE AGE
Helix aspersa, Miill-continued. Helix hortensis, Miill—contd.
Wet TRLEL Us Ree sees ashes se 109 Vo LEED Es re a ree 111
m. scalariforme ......... 109 Was UILICOLD IN. raesebescnacees 111
IM. SUNTSETOTSUIM <...0...: 109 Mm. sinistrorsum ......... 111
Helix cantiana, Mont. ......... 112 Helix lamellata, Jeff. ............ 106
SV SDTEOD ial sal PRS rec ae 113 Helix lapicida, Linn. ............ 123
v. Galloprovincialis ... 113 Vid 2UGTESCENS Ma qcteessecaes 128
Ni 1/0 OD nee ee ee ee a 113 Vin IUUnoys hase eee. tae 123
Wis, PUUCSCENS: teccadadoee’ 1138 Vis) LLOUTO AT Re ee ee 123
V. PYTAMIAALA ....0e.0c00+ 113 Helix memoralis, Linn. ......... 110
Helix caperata, Mont............. 119 Vici GLDCSCENS) Seven gee ace 110
Wi OUILLCI(BEON stra. Poa oes. 119 VisuSCUMCUT ieee cota 110
aL dt BO Rn cares hhc 119 Vo TULL rk eee ea 110
Wise LUD esas ne sacane s+ 120 Vj: COSEOMIE, Saat cee eee 110
VOLS ONL LES EC Ee We deck o's 120 Viel OLUVOCE case teaethe tees 110
Vic l OUTED Pee eae ta ea as « 120 Wi LCLuerc sce wear ae 110
Vie CAEL eae eat Bi vice ce 120 Vane Z0CLIRELC Pee cee, coches es 110
v. pupenae USERRA ese ss 120 Vil QU bua avn ere ete 110
WEI CICA IO) Case pn ee oe ear EO eee 120 V. AyAloZONatA, .......0000 110
Helix Geeta, MM Ses oes 113 V. TOSCOLADIALH......00000 110
v. leucoloma ORR NR ee 114 V. Gloolabiata «2 ..0..cevss 110
RET ULELU SUS ae. eoeccdiees 114 Vin CRLCRTUPEE 2.5 0.seneee 110
Helix concinna, Jeff. ...;........ 114 V. Gimarginata ......0- 110
We UMILGTI Se ote racer cess 115 Vie LUT aes ae, cee 110
We) CALLE Sak sear 115 Vis COMDPNESSIL 2.6). cdereeaae 110
Helix ericetorum, Miill.......... 120 Visi CONOILE: Ue eee 110
Vet LUGE SCON SIMON Ne hs Satan sae 120 V. PONAETOSA. .......00c0e00e 110
Vee CULO ONAN 205 sta. slows's 120 Visit] OTs ccacon cee otemer once 110
NYA LYE A, ONE 120 Va TIUETION A hecrioe eee eemedos 111
VLG JOT ee ccdals Stes sboss 120 Vis, CUNCEL: | Ssectescsceeceeses 111
Vis UEILOT, cc ous Baad etna cee 120 Vi FASCIA ee eee eee ula
WATILSIILDULLS Coen Sioa cso. 120 IM, SINUStLOTSUM....0..0000. 111
TM. CESHUNCEUNUN -<cdene 610. 120 m. scalariforme .......0 111
IM. StNIStTOTSUM,......0000+ 121 Helix obvoluta, Miill............. 123
Helix fusca, Mont.... ............ 117 Helix Pisana, Mine 52235. ccc-.'s 117
Helix hispida, Linn. ............ 115 Wi CU COLAE (Ree cack 117
Me SPEO TUL ocus vas ates. 115 Vir CLOG eats sh vate cedenscnee 118
VER/USED shesaen sete cores 115 Helix pomatia, Linn. ............ 106
NT TELL ILO et han eee wa'weois 115 Vij CLOTAT EN ee eee 107
V. SUDGIODOSA.......00.0000+ 115 Vis) SUSUR GLOSS eater oaeaaae 107
V, CEpuata ..sseseseceeeee 116 Helix pulchella, Miill............. 122
ES COIEUCUA Mie dene eels soe 6 116 Vis | COSLOQLG) Vcc ceea eae catees 122
SU MELT Diiaiets seh oe Sais 8 spies 116 Ve, LEUIGAEA 1, <eaneanaeene 122
Helix hortensis, Mine sa33, 0s 111 Helix pygmea, Drap............. 122
ARTIUITIO Ins Mee eueeen oN, eo oie lala Helix revelata, Mich. ............ 116
v. roseolabiata..........0. 111 Helix rotundata, Miill. ......... 121
v. fuscolabiata............ 111 Vic SU ULL cts casiaccenenpet 121
nL TIL ema tua aea cans » qa V: LUrioniin ee 121
Va COMUEL GL. thickets sate 2s itll Vie CLLOGLE euisanatees dace. 121
Vi LIL T IUD sess Sans oh'a's 111 v. pyramidalis........ vase Dau
WW UULPDDe Vase tena secicowe. 111 Vie TIUULLOT On atone etiee es 121
V. TOSEOZONAEA ....ccce000. 111 Helix rufescens, Penn. ......... 114
Vy LOLLIICE Mean eon wcissin 111 Wiss TALDCIES” ar une eee 114
MUL LGUIVORAS Nednacdiescase’ 111 Vis GLOGS |. 2 ae ene antes 114
Wey LT CMUCOLG cesescdeseas se 111 Vi 2IU1IUO Teese ee neers 114

x
PAGE
Helix rupestris, Drap............. 121
v. viridescenti-alba...... 122
Helix sericea, Miill. ............... 116
WislCOT20CG Vcc ccesccuvcsseesee 116
WACO T2TULUL Wants oe cotencee 116
Var LOT ee weeten aces doers ek 116
Helix virgata, Da Costa......... 118
Vie @LOUCOIS Me weeds 118
Wa yNU Ul Chins. dissects toades 118
Wie OU USCIOLM eta sscaseesce 118
Vall CUCOZONM vee aceweescdes 118
v. ochroleuca ..... Sescivad 118
Wisk ILEGMIESCOIUS Sarees open cece 118
Vit CESSELLOUA owes cccanasee 118
Wisi LULESCOTIS Pl watt aes acest 118
Wis PEILUSCOMS)-es.cosd-aco er. 118
V. hYPOZONALA .....0.00008 118
Vi SUBMATITLMA .aseeoeee 119
Wik STEU MOLL A Se cedesonte 119
Vie SUORPCT LO svesassescases 119
Vis SILOQLOUGSEa: wncvcousaees 119
VW UCLLUD PPR ateaeon. Scoseves 119
Ni COMUILG LAr ioecoane 119
WIL ON wacerinte teeta coc ete ss 119
Vie KIECILOM I AS.4 ceomaihecaes cde 119
IM. SUNUSENOTSUIM .0.c00c0e 119
Hydrobia similis, Drap. ...... 63
Hydrobia ventrosa, Mont....... 63
VE ILLTONp OS tame cteaes ons cee 63
Vis GECOUIGED ences cewcenne 63
Wie OVOLO): shevescrsencswackes’ 63
WEL CLOMO MUL vasa esy cor sotees 63
Win) CLIUCTUD Gees sdaene ses 63

Limnea auricularia, Linn. ... 76

Wel DELQNO Wace cael sielsncess 76
Wi CPL LON A ot eee nteces 6 77
WAL ELIIUTIUG Misce. caaee ees coe 77
Vie TICE TO Me nia. t va seews vane 77
Vi PAIOMMANCU ened sce va: 77
WV, «| LOUDON: eaeceaks sacs es vse 77
Wis LOOM Peete st loctk's 77
Limnea glabra, Miull............. 82
Wi MROIOT ay. woetzerseeses see 82
Vis CLONG ALAS hiccesneecssces 82
Wl. Gecollatwn ress. ccece 82
Limnea glutinosa, Mill. ...... 73
Vis TMUCTONAUC Nes» ves ap see 73
AN 27 LOMLITE ter te esos 73
Limneza involuta, Thompson 73
Limnea palustris, Mill. ...... 79
Vc COMUE eeeoserdins dss cnes 79
Vie [iASCLOLanaewsidseacees 80
Via UOT seeoteseh cen cease 80

Index.

PAGE
Limnea palustris, Miill—contd.
V. lacunosa ....... pane (BO
Vi. AUSJUNCLO: neck ccascoees 80
Vis ODESH NETS a teem 80:
Vin QLOLA OG tsecede dose ceeeee 80
v. roseo-labiata ........- 80
Viet LUNCLG cnescteescosstreore 80
Vs [COMLCO ch caeestecaeeeeetee 80
M. AngulatumM ....e.ce000 80
MN COPLNALUND Ons.nereeaioe 80
m. decollatum .......0.00. 80
TN), CUA ULL Reee ncen ee aie 80
Limnea peregra, Mill. ......... 73
V. Burnetite acre 74
V. SOLEMLD Hee ke rete 74
V. OVALIFOTMIS ....0.000008 74
Vi) CORAL en teens 74
v. stagnaliformis ...... 74
VirQ2UGLAG) eaten ce reeset 74
Vis OVUGQEE Jcccgcessseerspenee 74
Vs CLOTOSA once one eesetees 15
Vi NLQCUSETES Borers easeeee 75
V ib UbOG ga ebecceceanae 75
Vin CLUINUALa yess epee 15
V. wterMedta .....ees000e 15
Vai OULONGD Maresette son omene 75
Vi DUCE! ionnce cean ee aner 75
Vie MONUCUNG ceekscaceetaae 75
Vie. CLHELEDMacsennanseeeeneer 75
V. SUCCINEFOTINAS ....0.006 76
mM. decollatuin ee acces 76
IM. | SUNUSEVORSUMD ae eemeeee 76
m. scalariforme ....... 76
Limnea stagnalis, Linn. ...... 77
Vii f PAQUISS. cioacuosenaeeeree tire
V.. TOSCOLADIALE ......20000s 78
v. scalariforme ......06+ 78
Vis CLPUNSH: atratensactartet 78
V. VATUEGATA. ....005 Sacndeo: 78
Vc QECOUAEG Seca edeeceeee 78
v. elegantuld,........000. fat tle)
Vi QLD1d Ge teeesee cee 79
Limnea truncatula, Miull....... 81
Wick 700/00 naatece nee eeteneee 1
Vis MUNOT erase ce tase 81
Ve VENENUCOSO a sreveencesvee 81
Vie MUCYOSEONIG (ee. ceesecere 81
Vie CLEGANS Vata erate see ete 81
Vis QUOTA) yee ee eee eee 82
M. SCAlATLFOYME.......000+ 82
Mussel, Fresh-water, Anatomy
OF wcisistorihesesbeecs ope reese some 23--30
Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. ...... 1 EY)

Index. x1

PAGE PAGE

Neritina fiuviatilis, Linn— Planorbis corneus, Linn......... 69

continued. Vi LOU Dok sit daccse succes 69

Ma CERN Vee ore ein dd sina aes 59 Ve GUANO 0. seventies secee Rotel.

Wat 202 U7 CSCEUS ets. sc08ae 59 Planorbis dilatatus, Gould.,... 69

Vici P NUP ASCLEUD) 2. chs cosdses 59 Planorbis glaber, Jeff............. 66.

WRUPVELULL CL ie aes ave dado es 59 Wis COULPTCSS eee tone aecees 67

Planorbis lineatus, Walker..... 65

Paludina contecta, Mill.......... 60 Viti LOT acces vee 65

ME EURESCEIES) ene settee ss 60 Planorbis nautileus, Linn...... 65

Paludina vivipara, Linn. ...... 60 Vie CTISCD bron seecesetes 66

Wei UAIEE COLO Ts oecee. cotdee's dee 60 Planorbis nitidus, Miill.......... 65

V. AtrO-PUrPUTA ......04. 60 Vie LEAD ER ohne 65

Vis QOD reniws elk aneenes 60 Vis MINOT Hacer sar occenae 65

Biysa acuta, Drapeivin.ccceceses 72 Planorbis spirorbis, Miill........ 67

Physa fontinalis, Linn. ......... 71 . Vie COUT TROD sa vnecorceasnes 67

Vis UIUC mare sec veeseecss 72 Vis CLOUDS cese deh asses sb (ofl

Viel CLR UDIna sie saasvaoceescns 72 M. SCALATUFOTME ......00008 67

VG OOLOTQ UN teaectancdisevses 72 Planorbis vortex, Linn........... 67

WenLLOL (Lon taresda Gee st ya cee 72 Vis COMPTESSA Wess scscwesces 67

TMA ELETOTSUM.. c8 .cac0es 72 Pupa marginata, Drap........... 127

Physa hypnorum, Linn.......... 71 Ve QIGTONGELO. Sox ccsocsencs 127

VAIO eta cdliss sees 71 Vio COCNEULD ve taibecsecedeass 128.

Wisk ULI UELELDU Se cos dacecees ff Wis LOLN Oe ponte resn: Caonieeee 128

Vi CUPPEUO a Sere. dustveves 71 Wish PEDLS:; Au tesins eetevcenas 128.

mi. decollatwiin......2...06 ((il Pupa ringens, Jeih ....2....<..s+00s 126.

Pisidium amnicum, Miill....... 49 Vii POULT IEEE sede tee 126.

MeeSUTLOLELO meek sods cesces 49 Pupasccales Drapi.-scrsessecesss 126

v. leviuscula .......... 49 VE \IULNO IS ES sea 126

Mat /LUBESCENSivess wed. cse- 49 Vi COCNEUIG Vancertesssossesle 126.

Bitivm fontinale, Drap....... 49 Vv. Borleaustana .....00.8- 126

v. Henslowand............ 50 Pupa umbilicata, Drap..... gocesr LO)

Win DULEN CUI SS cesacwss e's 50 Vinv CDCNTULG Gs a vevecdacesses 127

Ve PALMA ....60..0000000000 50 Vers SCNUDTOMUU- atic cee sponeds 127

VA OUEN CUS cewtciuss wuoses 50 Vis CUNUD) cacastactesgsoccuces 127

Pisidium nitidum, Jenyns. 51 Vi QLOUIUD See scaweduectears 127
v. splendens Pe Revd ctusee 51

Vig QLOUOSH ia occealp si Ss sensed 51 Snail, The Anatomy of ......... 3-30

Pisidium Rete Gmel. 50 Spherium corneum, Linn...... 46

Wa COLUSQUUSh cath acess ites 50 Vien fMLVESCENS Hise ctdcceseee 46

Nig ETRE DD OS a 50 Vil WUCIEUS OO eetsnet tered 46

NcRUCTUNTOSUP Secteksaoec asec 50 Vii SCQLAUAIA Sate eee seecee 46

WMG ET CULO LTS ime teats seas 50 Wis LOU OU ESA eeae sede cose 46.

Pisidium roseum, Scholtz...... 51 Vins CONUPTESSQ 0 detects 47

Planorbis albus, Mill. ......... 66 Vex DULNOT sas eect 47

v. Draparnaldi ......... 66 v. brunneo-fasciata...... 47

Planorbis carinatus, Miill....... 68 Spherium lacustre, Miill....... 48

Vis QISCUOTIMNES ss. .sk..cee 68 Vv. Brochontand.......0 48

Nic CALA T TS ors ope RE 68 Vis) GOL Uae eto 48

Planorbis complanatus, Linn. 68 WEY CHHOLGLE ene seen see 48

Wei POMOC av) draco cos 68 Spherium ovale, Fer............. 47

Vi ONO UO wc as Smee caress 68 Spherium rivicola, Leach...... 47

PIES TUCT COMIN anv nse ai'cctoties 68 Succinea elegans, Risso.......... 97

Planorbis contortus, Linn...... 69 Misi MUUNMOT cae eetasas cae oa 97

iat HLO LID sad tcuus sodueeees 69 Vis OCHRACEO sae tutors cava’ 97

Wiel CLODVGUGE San cdevnedinnt se 69 Cy Mics QLD UA ven eee ene Recess oF

X1i Index.

PAGE
Succinea elegans, Risso—contd.
Is SUINTSEVONSUNL. 6..0.0-0e. 97
Succinea oblonga, Drap......... 99
VaTAUTLIVUS OSs caidas eee See 99
Wi, QRERALUL mess descclentsase 99
Succinea Pfeifferi, Rossm ..... 98
sR OD ULL: .2sc decease 98
v. brevispirata,...... Bice 98
Wi DCRONICOSE st ride staascn ce 98
WOU ESCEIES a conse ctseas 98
Weal UE ESCENSiy. su Sende de oe Sas 98
Vie C2ECTINEAUG. 650 cc-s0es0 98
VEROLOLGI-t Wrectoschec dk tastes 98
Succinea putris, Linn............. 96
VERULENCLLimad cdee aces cecaccs 96
WiC TIUSSUI2M ines secose canes 96
Vip CROTPENRUCTE. co, cece 96
VW HOLEDILL Mameriard a occitie seve 96
Ve SUDGIODOSA,..0..00005.005 97
VentUL EUs Males ccesucekseeces 97
Wy SPOTL A GAS RR eee ee 97

Succinea virescens, Morelet... 97

‘Testacella haliotidea, Drap..... 95
Wa SCUUILLUTD Mc seavsskeote oc 95
Testacella Maugei, Fer........... 95
Unio margaritifier, Linn........ 54
Vc LOUSEY Use cs canvereareesess 5d
Vc SU IUULMLUL, ioe eee iotcetep eae 5d
Unio pictorum, Linn............. 52
SUC ELIA KOTO AO BABAR a 53
Wis POWMETOSTcccncsecesece- 54
© Wal CUEDUTOSENES is cscs esses 54.
Ni LAGLOT ecru teececceneueae 54
Vit) NOSET OEE x cwsanicaveceeass 54
Pi VahCOULDT ESS. sa sansevcigens j4
Unio tumidus, Phillippsson... 452
RTL La ees ee ae 52. |
Vi OUMUUS ORS .o sacoeatcy ores o2 |
Valvata cristata, Miill............ 64
Valvata piscinalis, Miill......... 64
Vis QOCQTESSO so cocewesiannase 64
v. subcylindricd........+ 64
Viel COUITIEALM ema een sane 64

Wis PUSUULG) sneme anes waneeree 64

PAGE

Valvata piscinalis, Miill—contd.

Vi "CLOUN. Faa ane 6

M. S¢nistrorsum ........- 64
Vertigo alpestris, Alder ......... 130
Vertigo angustior, Jeff. ......... 132
Vertigo antivertigo, Drap...... 129

V. SCLOCNEALA.... eee ssenes 129 »

Wi GCLOMCTLOLON eee Ree 129
Vertigo edentula, Drap.......... 132

V. COLUMELLO See eee 132
Vertigo Lilljeborgii, Westr. ... 129

V. O1hCntata wen eae 129

Vertigo minutissima, Hartm.. 133
Vertigo Moulinsiana, Dup. ... 129

Vertigo pusilla, Miill............. 131
Vertigo pygmea, Drap.......... 130
v. quadridentata. ...... 130
Vs POUL: covet aes 130
Vertigo substriata, Jeff. ...... 131
Vertigo tumida, Westvr. ......... 130
Vitrina pellucida, Miuill.......... 100
V. depresstusculd,.......- 100
Vie Dilhoynit’* 0. ccacaaces 100
Zonites alliarius, Miill. ......... 101
Vi OUTtdwla ss. scoscssseess 101
Zonites cellarius, Miill- ......... 101
V. COMPLANALA .....csereee 101
Vi. CONUPACEA'....0.,cduseodnes 101
Vi QLOUNOS I. cscciosudecteeds 101
Zonites crystallinus, Mill. ... 104
v. complanata ......... .» 104
Zonites excavatus, Bean. ...... 104
Vie VULTULG at eee eeereee 104
Zonites fulvus, Miill. ............ 105
Wi. Mortis covcdesseereses 105
V. Alert = eteeneceasaaneeee 105
Vic QUTLCULA. sn sasenan eae 105
Zonites glaber, Studer............ 101
Zonites nitidulus, Drap.......... 102
Vis: NULENS eons ceenaueseceees 102
Ve ALCL Lee tocevedeaeeee 102
Zonites nitidus, Miill............. 103
Vin QLOUNOS: saceseepenacoeneer 104
Aonites purus, AlMEL 2. .es.sem. 102
Vi MAGATILACEA, ...0000000 103
Zonites radiatulus, Alder....... 103
v. viridescenti-alba...... 108

CHAPTER I.
THE ANATOMY OF A SNAIL.

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THE

SHELL COLLECTOR'S
HANDBOOK FOR THE FIELD.

CHAPTER I.
THE ANATOMY OF A SNAIL.

Tue SHELL.—The shell of a Gasteropod is a cone
with the apex more or less oblique. It may be
globose, auriculate, oval, ovoidal, lenticular, pyriform,
ulate, pyramidal, lanceolate, discoid, trochoid, turbi-
nated, auriculate or turretted. Generally it is coiled
round a central axis or columella, each coil being a
whorl, and the shell being then wniz- or multe-whorled.
The columella sometimes opens to the exterior by a
foramen (wmbilicus) which may be closed by a shelly
deposit or wmbilical callus. The line of junction
between successive whorls is the sutwre, and the apex,
or oldest part of the shell, the nucleus. The last
whorl has the name of body whorl, and that portion
of it which overlaps the columella is known as the
‘columellar lobe The aperture of the body whorl is

B 2

4 The ShellCollectons Handbook.

shaped according to the contour of the mantle edge,
and is eeerunnded by a lip or perdtreme. It may be
entire as in the phytophagous species, or prolonged
into siphons as in the carnivorous species.

If the spiral of the shell be turned to the left with
the mouth towards the right, the shell is said to be
sinistral or ladtrope, and if to the right with the
mouth to the left dextral or dexiotrope. Each suc-
cessive growth of the shell is represented by lines—
lines of growth—arranged concentrically with the
nucleus. In the Limacide the shell is rudimentary,
and situated under the mantle.

The colour of the shell exists entirely in the
pertostracum or epidermis, and Camerano (Richerche
intorno alla distribuzione dei colori nel regno animale.
Mem. Acc. Tor. xxxvi. pp. 329, 360), finds that of all
colours black is rare ; brown, grey, yellow, white and
red common; violet relatively abundant; blue not
rare, and green infrequent.

Beneath the epidermis is a densely calcified layer
(honeycomb layer), showing a confused striated super-
ficial portion, and a deeper portion of vertical prisms.
Below this again is the nacreous or mother of pearl
layer, consisting of thickly calcified lamin placed
upon one another, with the axes of the plates, in
successive layers, set at right angles.

In some species the aperture of the shell is closed
normally by a horny or shelly plate (operculum) which
differs from the true shell in having more conchiolin
entering into its composition. In non-operculated
‘land shells, during the winter months the mouth is
closed by a layer of mucus impregnated with cal-

The Shell-Collector's Handbook. 5

careous salts (epiphragm, hypophragm, hybernaculum or
clausilium) which has recently been shown by a
German observer to be a secretion of the liver-
cells.

THE Bopy.—The body is usually divided into two
portions—the one (prostoma) including all in front of
the mantle edge, the other (metastoma) all behind it.
That portion of the body habitually contained within
the shell is often spoken of as the visceral hump.
This visceral hump is covered by a’tent or roof,
extremely vascular in character, called the mantle, a
portion of which is visible externally just below the
peritreme (collar).

The body external to the shell presents ten points
for examination, best seen when the animal is ex-
tended. In front is a rounded extremity—the head—
bearing on its dorsal surface two, posterior or dorsal
tentacles, and two anterior or ventral tentacles, and on
its lower or ventral surface the mouth bounded by two
lateral lips and one inferior lip. The dorsal tentacles
are the longer, and bear at their extremities the eyes.
Both pairs of tentacles can be inverted into the body
at the will of the animal. The foot is the large mus-
cular expansion on the lower surface of the prostoma,
and.by means of it the animal walks. Below the
mouth is the aperture of the pedal gland. Behind the
right lip, and just below the right dorsal tentacle, the
genital apertwre exists. And in the collar on the
right side is a large round foramen—the pulmonary
or respiratory orifice—and closely associated with this,
a smaller aperture obtains, which is the termination of
the duct of the renal organ. Below and to the right

6 Poe SiellU olleotovles Hamidbooks

of the pulmonary aperture, the anus, or vent, 1s
placed, appearing as a slit-like hole.

Tue Dicestive System.—The mouth leads back
into the buccal mass, or pharynx, a reddish muscular
cavity, containing two or four true cartilaginous plates,
which form an early example of an endoskeleton.
(Macalister). On the floor of the pharynx is an up-
growth of connective and muscular tissue, overlying
which, is a chitinous sheet beset with teeth which
point backwards. The whole of this apparatus is
termed the odontophore, and the chitinous plate, with
its teeth, the radula, or lingual ribbon. The odonto-
phore is supported by a pair of cartilaginous plates,
to the anterior and posterior surfaces of which muscles
are attached, so that the radula may perform, by their
alternate contraction and relaxation, a backward and
forward motion. ‘The radula is then a rasping organ,
and bites against one of the cartilaginous plates, which
we have previously mentioned as existing in the
buccal mass. In the Pulmonata, this plate, or jaw, is
vertical, and placed on the upper pharyngeal wall ;
but according to Macalister, in Paludina, there are
opposed lateral jaws armed with flat plates, that are
situated in a horizontal direction. The teeth are
usually strengthened by a siliceous deposit, and, when
worn away, are replaced by the development of some
others from behind.

The radula consists of a central or axial plate
(rachidian teeth, rachis teeth, dentes) and a lateral plate
on each side (wncini). The method of the formula
for describing the numbers and position of these
teeth, is as follows:—‘‘The central teeth of the

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 7

rachidian series are denominated by the sign 1 when
present, and 0 when absent ; the admedian teeth by
the signs 1, 2,3... . according to the number pre-
sent ; while the lateral teeth are noted by the sign 0,
repeated as often as there are lateral teeth on either
side; when the number of admedian or of lateral
teeth is very large, the sign x is used in place of
1,2,3 ....or 0 repeated. For example, when, as
in Afolis, there are no lateral teeth, we write the
formula 0.1.0; that of Amphisphyra, is 1.1.1;
that of Aplysia, 13. 1.13; and that of Onicidium,
54. 1. 54.” (Jeffrey Bell. Comp. Anat. p. 136). In
some of the Helices, the teeth may reach the enor-
mous number of 39,596. The manner of the working
of the radula may easily be observed by watching a
Limnea stagnalis cleaning the conferve from the
_ glass side of an aquarium.

The buccal mass passes back by a thin-walled
esophagus into a spindle-shaped cavity, the crop,
which lies in that part of the visceral hump
situated in the body whorl, and at the sides of which
two large white salivary glands* open by means of
their ducts, one on each side. Following the aliment-
ary canal still on, we next come toa slightly dilated
portion of it, which is known as the stomach, and which
lies near the commencement of the second turn of
spiral, close to the surface of the visceral hump.
Then leaving this, we arrive at the commencement of

* Recent researches show that this salivary gland contains
free sulphuric and free hydrochloric acid, and that there can be
but little doubt it has an amylolytic function in converting
starch into sugar.

8 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

the intestine, which makes a S-shaped turn through
the digestive gland, and then passes into the rectum,
which runs along the right side of the mantle cavity
to the anus. This digestive gland has two lobes—a
right and a left. The right lobe lies in the upper”
half of the body whorl, and is divided into three
lobes, each lobe possessing a duct of its own. These
ducts, however, unite into a common duct before
emptying themselves into the right side of the
stomach. Theleft lobe is situated in the upper turns
of the spiral. It has one duct which opens on the
left side of the stomach, nearly opposite the common
duct of the right lobe. Three kinds of cells have
been demonstrated as existing in this so-called liver,
or digestive gland. One set becomes black on treat-
ment with osmic acid (ferment cells); another con-
tains calcic phosphate and calcic carbonate, and is
concerned in the function of producing the epiphragm
(calcareous or calciferous cells); while the other set
(hepatic cells) excrete yellowish-looking globules, which
are passed away with the feeces, and which, in my
thinking, serve the same function in the snail’s
economy, as the bile in the human body.

THE CrrcuLaTiIne System.—The pericardium is
oval, about an inch in length in the largest species,
and placed to the left of the kidney, and in the roof
of the mantle cavity. It is in communication with
the kidney by a canal—the reno-pericardial canal.

The heart consists of a thin-walled azricle and a
thick-walled ventricle, separated from each other by an
auriculo-ventricular valve. From the front end of the
ventricle the aorta arises, and immediately divides

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 9

into two branches, one taking its course to the apex
of the spire, and supplying the liver, intestine, and
reproductive organs (posterior aorta); while the other
(anterior aorta) runs forward, gives branches to the
salivary glands, head, tentacles, and body-wall, and a
large branch—the pedal artery—which passes back-
wards along the foot to supply it. There are no
capillaries, and the arteries end by funnel-shaped
openings in the lacune of the interstices of the
tissues. From these lacune the blood passes into the
various sinuses of the body. Two of these sinuses
run along the sides of the foot (pedal sinuses), one on
either side, and another (visceral sinus) courses from
the apex of the shell-cavity to the posterior end of the
mantle-cavity, ending in a circular pulmonary sinus.
From this pulmonary sinus efferent vessels carry the
blood to the roof of the mantle-cavity to be aérated,
and then coverge to form a pulmonary vein, which
runs in a straight line along the roof of the respira-
tory chamber back to the auricle, previously
receiving the renal vein from the kidney. The pedal

’ sinuses do not seem to be in direct communication

with the pulmonary sinus, and any blood passing from
one to the other must be transmitted by way of the
lacune. According to the researches of Harless and
Wicke, in the majority of the Pulmonata, the blood is
bluish and richly corpusculated ; in others, whitish and
opaline; while in the Genus Planorbis, it is red in
colour.

THe Respiratory Orcans.—In the Branchio-
gasteropoda—where the organs are so formed as to
breathe air dissolved in the watery medium in which

10 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

they live—the respiratory organs consist of pectinated —
branchiz enclosed in a branchial chamber formed by
a folding-in of the mantle, the water being admitted,
in many species, by a tubular prolongation of the
mantle edge (anterior siphon), and expelled through a
similarly constructed posterior siphon. But in the
Pulmogasteropoda—which inspire atmospheric air—
inspiration and expiration are effected through the
pulmonary aperture. This pulmonary aperture leads
into the mantle-cavity (lung), the upper and lateral
walls of which are formed by a thin fold of the body-
skin (mantle), and the floor by the convex, muscular
dorsal wall of the body. The mantle is extremely
vascular in character, the vascularity being due to the
reticulated arrangement of the afferent and efferent
pulmonary vessels which converge to form the pul-
monary vein. There the blood is arterialised, by the
absorption of oxygen from the air, and the excretion
of carbonic dioxide as a waste tissue product.*

Inspiration is effected by the contraction of the
muscular bulging on the floor of the mantle-cavity.
This produces a flattening of the floor, and, conse-
quently, an enlargement of the cavity, and air rushes
in through the pulmonary orifice to fill up the void.

The return of the muscles to their former state of
relaxation results in an expiration. An analogous con-
dition may be found in the contraction and relaxation
of the mammalian diaphragm.

THE Kipney, Foot-GLanp, AND TatL-GLanp.—The

* Paludina has both branchiz and lung, while Limneza
possesses no branchize, and uses its air receptacle as a hydrostatic
organ.

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. ll

kidney in the Pulmonata is situated between the
pulmonary vein and the heart, and communicates
with the pericardial cavity by the reno-pericardial
canal. It consists of two parts, one thin-walled and
saccular, the other yellowish and of a lamellated
structure. It corresponds with the Organ of Bojanus
of the Bivalves.

The duct of the kidney or wreter commences in its
posterior portion, runs alongside of, but dorsad, to the
rectum, and opens into the mantle-cavity near to the
anus.

The foot-gland or pedal gland is a tubular sac, lined
with ciliated epithelium, which runs the length of the
foot, and opens to the exterior just below the mouth.
A similar tail-gland obtains in the genera Geomalcus
and Arion.

Tue Nervous System.—Lying over the cesophagus
are a pair of pear-shaped masses of nervous tissue—
the supracsophageal or cerebral ganglia—from which
arise nerves which pass to the tentacles and lips, and
a large pair of nerves—the buccal nerves—which
course by the side of the esophagus, to end in two
buccal ganglia placed externally to the ducts of the
salivary glands. These buccal ganglia are united by
a commissure from which arise nerves to supply the
buccal mass.

Below the cesophagus are two closely approximated
ganglia—the subesophageal ganglia—formed of an
anterior portion (pedal ganglia) which is divided from
the posterior portion (viscero-pleural ganglia) by the
passage of the aorta through the centre of the mass.
The pedal ganglia innervate the foot, while from the

1? The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook.

viscero-pleural ganglia nerves pass to the viscera and
the body-wall (pallial nerves). The supra- and sub-
esophageal ganglia are spoken of collectively as the
nerve collar.

The supra- and sub-cesophageal ganglia communicate
with each other by a pair of connectives, and between
these the auditory nerve courses to the auditory
organ.

A microscopic examination of a ganglion shows it
to consist of unipolar, sometimes bipolar, nerve cells,
imbedded in a matrix of neurilemma, which in the
Zonites is said to contain unstriped muscle fibres.

THE Avpirory OrcGans.—The auditory organs
(otocysts) are a pair of small rounded sacs, situated
either in the substance of the pedal ganglia or in
close relation with them ; and in the genus Paludina
are moveable by muscles. Each contains in its
interior a large number of calcareous granules
(otoliths), which strike upon the terminal filaments of
the auditory nerve, and thus communicate a wave of
change to the supra-cesophageal ganglia. In some
Pulmonata the otocyst is in communication by a
canal with the external world.

THE Eyes.—The eyes are carried on the distal ends
of the posterior tentacles, and, from this reason, this
pair of tentacles has been called the ommatophores.
They are simple in character, globular or oval in
contour, and can be regenerated, if destroyed, by the
animal. Accommodation for long distances seems to
be defective, for snails cannot distinguish objects till
they are within a quarter of an inch from the eyes.
Each eye consists of a cornea, lens, and strongly

Whe. Shell Collectors Handbook. 13

pigmented retina, and leads back by an optic nerve —
which when the tentacle is invaginated into the body
is coiled up in a beautiful fashion—to the nerve to
the tentacle, of which it forms a branch.

THE Ouractory OrGans.—Most probably the
olfactory organ is the pedal gland which has already
been described. Still there are authors who localise
the sense of smell in the anterior tentacles, or in the
lobate processes surrounding the mouth.

THe RepropuctTivE OrGans.—The Opisthobran-
chiata and Pulmonata are monecious with the
exception, perhaps, of Limax levis, which, according
to the recent researches of Simroth, has the sexes
distinct (vide 8. B. Ges. Leipsig, 1883, p. 74). The
principal reproductive organ is the hermaphrodite
gland or ovotestis, a yellowish gland situated in the
left lobe of the digestive gland, and near the inner
side of the second whorl. This combines the functions
of ovary and testis, and although the cells composing
it are microscopically alike, yet the regions where the
ova and spermatozoa are developed are distinct and
well defined from one another. Histologically the
ovotestis consists of digitate follicles, in each of which
the ova are developed on the outer wall, and the
spermatozoa in the more central portions, Lodged
in the right lobe of the digestive gland is a yellowish-
white tongue-shaped organ—the albumen gland—from
which a duct arises which unites in some portion of
its extent with another duct from the hermaphrodite
gland—the hermaphrodite duct—forming a common
duct which at length divides into two—one, the
longer, called the vas deferens, and the other the oviduct.

14 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

The vas deferens belongs to the male portion of the
generative organs, the oviduct to the female portion.
We will take these separately.

The vas deferens runs along the side of the female
organs, under the retractor muscle of the tentacle,
and terminates in the penis sac. Before its termina-
tion, a diverticulum is given off as the flagellum, in
which the spermatozoa become, as it were, glued
together to form the spermatophore.

The penis sac is the continuation of the vas
' deferens, and opens to the exterior at the genital
aperture, a little below and behind the right dorsal
tentacle. This tube contains a conical intromittent
organ (penis), and may be everted, at the pleasure of
the animal, by contracting the retractor muscle which
has its origin from the floor of the mantle-cavity and
its insertion into the penis sac just above the penis.

The female reproductive organs are none the less
complicated. Like the vas deferens the oviduct has a
diverticulum, which, in this case, is called the recepta-
culum seminis or spermatheca, and serves to lodge a
spermatophore received from another snail. In some
snails this receptaculum seminis is single, and consists
of not more than one diverticulum. But in the
majority of species—and notably in Helix aspersa—
there is another diverticulum, which becomes dilated
at its cecal extremity, and ends near the division of
the aorta. Below this point the oviduct may be
spoken of as the vagina. The vagina ends in the
penis sac, thus producing a common gential canal or
vestibule. Into the vagina opens the two ducts of the
tufted muctparous glands, and just above or below

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 15

these openings is a large pear-shaped sac—the dart
sac—which contains a calcareous spicule called the
spiculum amoris or dart. The shape of the dart
varies in different species, and the reader wishing to
learn more about its various modifications may
consult the papers of Mr. Ashford, in the past
numbers of the “ Journal of Conchology.” But what
function these darts may serve is an _ unsettled
question. It is, however, a certain matter, that
before two snails engage in coitus they discharge their
darts at each other, and that the one strives to evade
the dart of the other. Possibly they are used as an
amorous greeting. But my friend, Mr. W. Collinge,
in a paper on “ The Darts of the Helicide,” which he
read before the Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Scientific
Association, on October 24th, 1887, considers them as
degenerate weapons of defence, which, in former ages,
were probably much stronger and oftener used—and
doubtless he may, in some measure, be correct.

During coition, one snail exchanges its spermato-
phore with the other, and these become lodged in
the receptaculum seminis of each other, where they
break up again into spermatozoa, and fertilise the
ova as they are coming down the oviduct.

The eggs are laid in a string, which is called the
nidamental ribbon, or enclosed in horny capsules.

16 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

LITERATURE (TO WHICH THE READER MAY ADVAN-
TAGEOUSLY REFER) :

Balfour.
Bell (Jeffrey).

Binney.

Blockmann.

Bobretsky.

Bronn and Keferstein.

Biutschli.

t

“Comparative Embryology.’
Vol. I. 188m.

‘Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology.” 1885.

Terrestial Air-Breathing Mol-
lusca of the United
States. 1851-57.

“Ueber die Entwicklung der
Neritina fluviatilis.” Zezt.
fiir. wiss. Zool., Xxxvi.
1881.

“ Beitrige zur Kenntnis der
Entwicklung der Gastero-
poden.” Jbid., xxxviii.
1883.

“Studien tiber die embryonale
Entwicklung der Gastero-
poden.” Arch. f. Mekr.
Anat., Rik.) / STO:

“¢ Malacozoa.” In Bronn’s
Klassen und Ordnungen
der Their-Reichs. 1862-
66.

“ Entwicklungsgeschichtliche
Beitrage (Paludina vivi-
para).” Zeit. f..\epeae
Zool xxix,,)) POC aes

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 17

Clarapéde.

Claus and Sedgwick.
Cuvier.

Kisig.

Fol.

Gegenbaur.

Haddon.

Huxley.

“ Anatomie u. Entwickl. der
Neritina fluviatilis.” Mul-
ler’s Archiv. 1857.3

“ Klementary Text-book of
Zoology.” Vol. ii. 1885.

“Mémoirs pour servier a
Vhistoire et 4 lanatomie
des Mollusques.” 1816.

“ Beitr. z. Anat. u. Entwickl.
der Geschlechtsorg. von
Lymneus.” Zettschr f.
wiss. Zool., vol. xix.
1869.

“Sur le développement des
Gastéropodes pulmonés.”
Compt. rend., 1875, pp.
523-536.

“Comparative Anatomy.”
English translation. 1878.

“ Beit. z. Entwicklungsgesch.
der. Landgasteropoden.”
Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Vol.
PTE Ww tSak

“An Introduction to the
Study of Embryology.”
1887.

“Notes on the Development
of Mollusca.” Quart.
Journ. Micr. Sci., xxii.
1882.

“The Anatomy of Inverte-
brated Animals.” 1877.

c

18 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

J hering.

Jourdain.

Lankester.

Leydig.

Macalister.

Mark.

Marshall and Hurst.

Meuron

‘“‘ Entwicklungsgeschichte von
Helix. Jenaische Zert-
schrift. Vol. TX. 1875.

“Sur le Développement du
Tube digestif des Juima-
ciens.” Compt. Rend.
xevi,. L6Gaan

Art. . “ Mollusca.” Hcy.
Brittanica (ix.), xvi. 1883.

‘On the Development of
the Pond-snail.” Quart.
Journ. Micr. Sct. Vol.
xiv. 1874.

“On the Coincidence of the
Blastophore and Anus in
Paludina vivipara.” Jbid.
Vol. xvi. 1876.

“Ueber Paludina vivipara.”
Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Vol.
1. 1850:

‘Introduction to Animal
Morphology.” 1876.

‘‘ Maturation, Fecundation,
and Segmentation of
Limax Campestris.” Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Har-
vard. 1881.

‘“‘ Practical Zoology.” 1887.

“Sur les Organs renaux
des Embryons d’ Helix.”
Compt. Rend., xcviil.
1884.

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 19

M’Murrich. “On the Existence of a Post-
oral Band of Cilia in
Gasteropod _ Veligers.”
John Hopkins Univ.
Circ., Baltimore, v.
1885.

‘“ A contribution to the
Embryology of the Pros-
obranch Gasteropods.”
Studies Biol. Lab. John
Hopkins Unw., Balti-
more, il. 1886.

Nicholson. “* Manual of Zoology.” Seventh
| edition. 1887.
Patten. “Eyes of Molluscs and Ar-

thropods.” Mitthed. Zool.
Neapel., vi. 1886.
Pfeiffer. “ Monographia pneumonopo-
morum viventium.” 1852.
Supplement, 1858.

Rabl. ‘“‘ Die Ontogenie d. Siisswasser-
Pulmonaten,” Jenaische
Zeitschrift, Vol. — v.
1879,

“ Bietz. zur. Entwicklungs-
gesch der Prosobranch-
ier.” Sttzungsber. Akad.
Wien., Ixxxvii. 1883.

“ Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Teller-
schnecke (Planorbis).”
Morph. Jahr. Vol. v.

1869.
o2

20

Schmidt.

Warneck.

Zeigler.

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

“ Ueb. Entwick. von Limax
agrestis.” Muller’s Archiv.
1851. 3

“Ueb. d. Bild. u. Entwick.
d. Embryos bei Gastero-
poden.” Bullet. Soe,
natural de Moscou. t.
xxii. 1850.

“ Die Entwicklung von Cyclas
cornea. Lam. (Spherium
corneum, L).” Zeit. fiir.
wiss. Zool., xli. 1885.

CHAPTER II.

THE ANATOMY OF A FRESH-WATER
MUSSEL.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. pe)

CHAPTER II.
THe ANATOMY OF A FRESH-WATER MUSSEL.

THe Swevtt.—The shell of a Lamellibranch—for
that is the class to which the Fresh-water Mussel
belongs—is a bivalve. The valves are united to one
another by an elastic /égament, and near to this liga-
ment is a rounded blunt prominence of the shell
known as the wmbo. The external surface of the
Shell is marked by lines—lines of growth—running
concentric to the umbo. The interior of each valve is
white and iridescent, and near to its dorsal border
are two depressions which mark the insertion
of the anterior and posterior adductor muscles,
called respectively the anterior and posterior adductor
impressions. Joining these two impressions a faint
line can be observed—the pallial line—indicating the
attachment of the pallial muscle of the mantle. Con-
tinuous with the posterior border of the anterior
adductor impression is another depression—the
anterior retractor impression—and near to it a
distinct fourth impression will be noticed—the
protractor «impression. The posterior retractor im-
pression is continuous with the anterior portion of the
posterior adductor impression. At the dorsal margin
the valves are united together along a line, which is

24 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

known as the hinge-line. Near to this line, in some
species as Spherium corneum, there are teeth which
fit into corresponding hollows in the opposite valve.
Those directly under the umbo are called cardinal
teeth, those on either side lateral teeth. The length of
the shell is measured from its anterior to its posterior
margin, and the breadth from its dorsal to its ventral
margin.

Microscopical examination of the shell shows three
layers, the periostracum or outer layer, the prismatic
or middle layer, and the nacreous or inner layer. The
periostracum is thin and horny; the prismatic layer
is composed of polygonal prisms placed side by side in
a pallisade manner, and the nacreous layer consists of
super-imposed calcareous lamine.

Muscuntar System.—The anterior and posterior
adductors run from one valve of the shell to the other.
The anterior and posterior retractors of the foot are
situated near these, and pass from their origins to
their insertion into the foot. The protractor muscle
arises from the protractor impression, and spreads out
in a fan-shaped manner over the upper part of the
foot. Several small muscles—the pallial muscles—
attach the mantle to the pallial line, while some
muscles resembling these, and known as the lesser
retractors, arise in front of the umbo, and spread over
the surface of the digestive gland.

THe Mantie and Mantie-Cavity.—The mantle is
divided into two lobes, a right and a left, which are
continuous with each other on the dorsal side of the
animal. Between the two lobes is the mantle- or
pallial-cavity containing the gills, foot, labial palps,

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 25

and the greater portion of the visceral'mass. It is
divided into two chambers by the base of the gills,
one larger and more ventral taking the name of the
branchial chamber; the other, the smaller and more
dorsal, the name of the supra-branchial chamber. The
hinder of the supra-branchial chamber forms the
cloacal chamber.

The foot protrudes through the anterior end of the
cleft between the mantle-lobes, and the inhalent and
exhalent siphons protrude through the posterior end. »
The inhalent will be distinguished from the exhalent
aperture by possessing tentacular fringes. A current
of water sets in through the inhalent aperture,
circulates through the pallial chamber, and returns by
the exhalent aperture, bearing with it the excretory
products of the body.

_ Tse Atimentary System.—The mouth is situated

between the anterior adductor and the anterior border
of the foot. It is bounded by two triangular pro-
cesses—the labial palps—and passes back by a short
and straight cesophagus into a dilated chamber, or
stomach, which lies in the substance of the digestive
gland, the duct of which opens into it near its
anterior end. The intestine takes a convoluted course,
becomes into intimate relation with the generative
gland, pierces the anterior end of the pericardium,
and running back horizontally as a straight tube
(rectum) passes through the ventricle of the heart
and finally ends by an opening—the anus—on
the dorsal side of the cloacal chamber.

The rectum has a well-marked safalitee of its
inner wall—the typhosole—the function of which

26 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

seems to be the production of a larger absorptive
surface.

The liver or digestive gland lies on the sides of the
stomach, into which it opens by several bile ducts.
It is multi-lobed, and of a brownish colour.

THE Giiis.—The gills lie between the visceral mass
and the mantle. Each gill consists of a pair of
lamelle, and each lamella is composed of a large
number of gill filaments which have become fused
together so as to form a perforated trellis-work-like
structure. The blood circulates through these gill
filaments, which thus form a kind of ciliated grating
through and over which the water is driven.

THE CrrcuLatory Oreans.—The heart consists of
two lateral auricles and one median ventricle, and is
situated just under the hinge-line and above and
behind the digestive gland. The pericardial cavity
is pierced by the intestine.

From the anterior end of the ventricle the anterior
aorta arises, and after entering the visceral mass
divides into visceral and pedal arteries, which supply
the anterior two-thirds of the body, including the
foot, labial palps, anterior part of the mantle, and
intestine. From the posterior end of the ventricle,
the posterior aorta arises, and, after dividing into a
right and a left branch, supplies the remaining portion
of the body.

These vessels, as in the Gasteropods, break up into
lacunar spaces, from whence the blood, after giving
nutriment to the tissues, finds its way into a large
sinus situated under the pericardium, and known as
the vena cava. From this it is carried to the organ

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 27

of Bojanus, and thence by the afferent branchial veins
to the gills, where it becomes purified, losing carbonic
anhydride, and gaining oxygen.

From the gills it is returned by the efferent branchial
veins to the auricles. A plexus of vessels, known as
the organ of Keber, exists near where the efferent
branchial veins open into the auricles ; but its function
has not yet been demonstrated. The blood from the
mantle-lobes is returned direct to the heart, and does
not circulate either through the Organs of Bojanus,
or the gills. i

THE OrGANS oF Bosanus.—The Organs of Bojanus
or the kidneys are two in number, and situated just
beneath the pericardium. Each will be found, on
examination, to consist of a glandular, and a non-
glandular part. The glandular portion communicates
anteriorily with the pericardial cavity, and posteriorly
‘with the non-glandular part or vestibule, from whence
the excretory products are conducted to the exterior
by a thin walled wreter, which opens by the external
renal aperture between the two lamelle of the inner
gill, and just posterior to the external opening of the
generative gland. Urea and uric acid have been
recently demonstrated in these organs, and they serve,
therefore, an excretory function, and correspond to
the kidneys of the higher animals.

THe Nervous System.—The nervous system consists
of three pairs of ganglia—the cerebral, pedal, and the
osphradial or parieto-splanchnic ganglia. The cerebral
ganglia are situated one on each side of the mouth,
and give off labial, pallial, muscular, and anterior
branchial branches. They correspond to the supra-

28 The Shell-Collector's Handbook.

cesophageal ganglia of the snail, and are united by a
commissure which runs in the middle line over the
mouth. From these ganglia two connectives arise,
the cerebro-pedal connectives, which unite the cerebral
ganglia with another pair of ganglia which are orange-
coloured, and situated in the foot, known as the
pedal ganglia.

From the cerebral ganglia also proceed another pair
of connectives—the cerebro-osphradial connectives—to
the osphradial or parieto-splanchnic ganglia, which are
placed under the posterior adductor muscle, giving
branches to the mantle and to the substance of this
muscle. The pedal ganglia give branches to the foot
and the auditory organs.

THe AvupiTory Orcan.—The auditory organ or
otocyst consists of a small rounded or oval sac filled
with fluid, and containing a central otolith. The
auditory nerve is a branch of the pedal ganglion.

THE OspHRADIUM.—An organ in close relation with
the osphradial ganglion, and which consists of a layer
of elongated epithelium, has been called the osphradiwm
by Lankester, and is believed to be olfactory in
function.

THE RepropuctiveE Oreans.—Unlike the Gastero-
pods the Lamellibranchs are dicecious. The generative
glands are macroscopically alike in both sexes,
and it is only on a microscopical examination that the
testis may be distinguished, by its spermatozoa, from
the ovary, with its ova. They are racemose in
character, and occupy a large portion of the upper
part of the foot. Their contents escape into the
surrounding water through the genital aperture which

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 29

opens on the exterior of the body just below the
orifice of the ureter. In the female, however, the ova
do not pass directly out of the body, but congregate
in large numbers between the two lamelle of the
outer gill where they develop into peculiar larval
forms—which at one time were considered parasites
of the mussel—known as Glochidia. Each valve of a
Glochidium-shell is shaped like an _ equilaterial
triangle, with the apex incurved and produced into a
sharp saw-edged tooth. A single adductor muscle is
present ; the foot is small and slightly developed, and
in its place two filaments—the byssal jfilaments—are
seen projecting from the larva.

In this form the embryo is ejected from the gill of
its brood-mother into the water. Then sinking down
to the bottom of the pond the shell gapes widely, for
the single adductor muscle is not strong enough to
keep the valves together. Swimming by the flapping
of its valves, when it becomes a little more developed,
the young Anodon attaches itself by means of its
byssal filaments to either the gill-covers, lips, or fins
of a fish—especially Leuciscus and Gobio—and fixes
its sharp teeth into its body. Remaining for a time
in this parasitic condition, the single adductor muscle
and the byssal threads atrophy, and in their place the
anterior and posterior adductors become developed,
and the foot more developed. Changes goon until the
larva has become like the parent from which it
originated, and then the young Anodon loses its hold,
drops down into the bottom of the water in which it
exists, and commences the every-day life of its mother.

KEFERSTEIN’s ANALOGY.—Keferstein has compared

‘

30

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

a Lamellibranch to a book whose back is represented by
the hinge-line, its cover by the valves, its fly-leaves
by the mantle-lobes, its second and third pages at
each side by the gill lamelle, and its interior by the
visceral mass and foot. The aptness of this compari-
son will now be very readily conceived by the reader.

LITERATURE.

(In this list the general text-books noticed on pages

Bojanus.

Braun.
Davaine.
Deshayes.

Garner.
Leydig.

Lovén.

Schmidt.

Stepanoff.

16 to 20 have not been included.) ~

“Ueber die Anthem-und Kreislaufwerk,
zenge der zweischaligen Muscheln.”
Isis, 1819, 1820, 1827.

“ Postembryonale Entwicklung. d. Siiss-
wasser Muscheln.” Zoologischer Garten.

“Sur le génération des Huitres.” Paris,
1853.

“ Art. Conchifera,” in Todd’s Encyclo-
pedia, Vol. I., 1836.

“On the Anatomy of the Lamelli-
branchiate Conchifera.” Trans. Zool.
Soc., London, Vol. II., 1841.

“ Ueber Cyclas cornea.” Miiller’s Archiv,
1855.

“ Bidrag til Kinned.om Utweckl. af Moll.
Acephala Lammellibr.” Kongl. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Handl., Stockholm,
1848-1850. ,

“ Ueb. d. Entwick. von Cyclas calyculata.”
Miiller’s Archiv, 1854.

“ Ueb. die Geschlechtsorgane u. die Ent-
wicklung von Cyclas,’ Archiv (ff.
Naturgeschichte, 1865.

CHAPTER III.

ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING
LAND & FRESH-W ATER SHELLS,

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 55]

CHAPTER III.

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING LAND AND FERESH-
WATER SHELLS.

I may lay down five golden rules which must never
be forgotten by the shell-collector when out on a
field-excursion. They are these :—

1. Never leave a stone unturned.

2. Never pass by a nettle without a full examina-
tion of its stem, branches, leaves, and the vegetation
which grows below and around it.

3. Never leave untouched, and unexamined, moss
~ at the roots of trees, or the dead leaves under them.

4. Always examine the vegetation on walls, and
re Jen which grows around their foundations.

. Never forget when searching for water-specimens
ee examine the water plants, and the under surface of
any floating log of wood as well as the bed of the
pond, brook, or stream.

These are rules, but, in addition, I would say
examine everywhere, for there is scarcely any portion
of the earth’s surface that will not discover specimens
to an observant eye.

The apparatus eer to collect land-shells and
slugs consists of simply your own nimble fingers, a
slinxp, observant eye, and a few chip or match-boxes
for carrying your specimens home.

D

34 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

Water-shells, on the other hand, will have to be
obtained partly with your fingers, and partly with a
water-net and dredge. Water-weeds, brought to the
bank by means of a stick, can be examined with the
hand at the time, or taken home in bags for examina-
tion at an early leisure. The net will be serviceable
in sweeping the surface of the pond for any floating
specimens, and for the detachment of any shells which
may be attached to the water-plants that are too
firmly rooted to allow the collector to drag them to
the shore with his stick. The net I generally use is
made of strong book-muslin, of an oblong bag-shape,,
attached to a galvanized iron-ring, which is inserted
into a long, but withal wieldable, handle.

The dredge is useful for making an examination of the
bed of the pond or river for Unios and Anodons in
particular. It may be obtained from any seller of
natural-history wares, or made by the collector him-
self. The best form of this apparatus is the one with
a square iron frame, having a small-meshed net
behind, and from the four angles of which ropes are
attached in such a manner that, at some distance
from the dredge, they all end equally at one point,
from which point a single rope extends to the hand of
the collector. The dredge should be so weighted as
to enable it to slide along the bed of the pond without
tilting over its contents.

When you have arrived at your home after a day’s
collecting, the shells obtained should be instantly—
and on that day—killed by means of boiling water,
and the animals extracted. In the case of univalves,
this extraction is made by the employment of bent

The Shell-Collector's Handbook. 35

needles stuck head first into handles. The animals of
the larger specimens will come out easily this way ;
but those of the smaller ones sometimes break inside.
To obviate this difficulty, these last should be killed in
boiling water, to which some salt has been added.
This renders their extraction much easier.

The confervoid growth often found on the shells of
water-snails should be removed by means of a tooth-
brush, dipped in pure water, with plenty of elbow-
grease. Should, however, pure water fail for this
purpose, a very weak solution of potassium hydrate
may be used; but the collector must be careful in
employing this method, for the caustic nature of the
alkali is apt to dissolve away the periostracum of the
shell, in which the colouring matter alone exists.

In the case of a bivalve the animal is extracted by
the use of the small blade of a pocket knife, or, better
still, a small dissecting scalpel, taking care, in doing
so, not to cut the ligament which holds the valves of
the shell together. Then, having well cleaned the
shell, twist it up tightly in paper, so that the ligament
may dry and the valves become firmly set. If this is
not done, the valves will gape.

Slugs should be killed by drowning, and their
mucus removed by careful rubbing with a cloth.
They may may then be transferred to glass tubes
filed with some medium for their preservation.
Several media for this purpose have been recom-
mended. I use a weak solution of chloride of zinc ;
but turpentine, or a mixture of equal parts of
glycerine and methylated spirit, may be used in the
absence of this. Mr. Woodward employs a solution

; D 2

36 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

of calcium chloride, made by dissolving white marble
in hydrochloric acid until all effervescence ceases, and
a saturated solution is obtained.

But by far the most preferable method—and it is
the one I always pursue now—was described by
M. E. Dubreuil in an article entitled “ Procédé pour
la préparation des Limaciens,’ which appeared in
‘“‘ La Journal de Conchologie,” for 1864, pp. 243-245.
The animal is first killed and washed in pure water,
to which, after the lapse of six or eight hours, some
salt is added. <A slit is then made along the lefé side,
and the animal skinned. Thus, by means of two more
longitudinal slits, three preparations can be made—:
one to show the back, one the foot, and the third the
right side with the pulmonary orifice. These are
glued on cardboard, varnished with white shellac
varnish, to which a little corrosive sublimate has been
added, and duly labelled.

In conclusion, do not go to the unnecessary expense
of buying a special cabinet for your shells. Lay them
on cotton wool, in cardboard trays, having one tray to
each species or variety. These trays may then be
stored away in boxes for future reference. And
never forget to label your specimens, writing on each
label the scientific name—and, when requisite, the
varietal name in addition—of the species, locality, and
date of capture.

CHAPTER IV.

CONSPECTUS OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS,
_ FAMILIES, AND GENERA OF BRITISH LAND
AND FRESH-WATER SHELIS.

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The NShell-Collector’s Handbook. 39

CONSPECTUS OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS,
FAMILIES AND GENERA OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS.

(AQUATIC)
Cuass I.—Matacozoa ELATOBRANCHIA, MENKE.
Shell a bivalve, the two valves of which are united
along their dorsal margin by a ligament. Body oval,
headless; mantle bi-lobed; foot lnguiform, some-
times provided with a byssus. Respiration accom-
plished by gills.

ORDER I.—LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Gills four, leaf-shaped, and arranged in pairs on
each side of the body.

Famity I.—Spheriide.
Shell equivalve, subglobose ; hinge with lateral and
cardinal teeth. Body with one or two siphons at its
anterior end.

1. Spherium, Scop.—Shell nearly equilateral.
Mantle with two prominent contractile siphons.

2. Pisidium, C. Pfr.—Shell inequilateral. Animal
with one siphon.

4

Famity Il.—Unionide.
Shell large, oblong, equivalve, inequilateral. Mantle-

40 ~The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

lobes tree all round, except at the posterior edge,
where they form two subuliform orifices.

3. Unio, Philippsson.—Shell firm and _ solid,
cardinal teeth large, lateral teeth lamelliform.

4. Anodonta, Lamarck.—Shell thin, hinge eden-
tulous.

Famity III.—Dreissenide.

Shell boat-shaped, somewhat triangular, equivalve,
furnished with a byssus; umbones placed at the
extreme end; hinge with small teeth or edentulous ;
ligament internal.

5. Dreissena, Van Ben.

Crass I].—Matacozoa Gastropopa, Cuv.
Shell univalve or none (internal). Body with a
distinct head, and two or four tentacles; eyes
situated at the extremity of the dorsal tentacles, or at
the base of them; respiration effected by gills or
lung.
OrpDER [.—PECTINIBRANCHIATA.
Shell spiral, external, operculated. Respiratory
organ consisting of a single pectiniform gill.
| Famity I.—Neritide.
Shell semiglobose; spire small, flat, excentric,
mouth semicircular ; operculum shelly, with a plate-

like appendage on its under side.
1. Neritina.—Lam.

Famity II.—Paludinide.
Shell cone-shaped, venticose; mouth oval; oper-
culum concentrically striated. Body oval; eyes sessile ©

'

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 4]

or placed on pedicels at the base of the tentacles ;
gill internal.

2. Paludina, Lam.—Animal ovoviviparous ; eyes
placed on pedicels ; operculum horny.

3. Bythinia, Gray.—Animal oviparous; oper-
culum shelly.

4. Hydrobia, Hartm.—Operculum horny, thin,
paucispiral ; eyes placed on tubercles.

Famity III.—Valvatide.

Shell conoid, more or less depressed ; mouth
circular ; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Body spiral,
with two tentacles, and provided with a long, plume-
like gill, protruded when the animal is crawling ; eyes
situated on the inner-side of the base of the tentacles.

5. Valvata, Mill.

Orpver [I.—PUuLMONOBRANCHIATA.

Shell generally spiral and external, but sometimes
(Limacide) rudimentary and internal, or wanting.
Body spiral, generally non-operculated, but sometimes
with an operculum ; respiration effected by means of
a lung.

Famity I—Limneide.
Shell spiral or hood-shaped; mouth edentulous.
Tentacles two; eyes sessile.
6. Planorbis, Guettard.—Shell orbicular, flat,
and coiled nearly in the same plane; mouth semi-
circular ; umbilicus distinct; non-operculated. Ten-

tacles two in number, very long; eyes sessile; foot
oval and short.

42 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

7. Physa, Lam.—Shell spiral, thin, polished ;
spire sinistral; non-operculated. Animal with two
long tentacles, with the eyes at their base; mantle
very large so as to cover part of the shell.

8. Limnea, Brug.—Shell oval, thin, translucent ;
mouth oblong; columella with an oblique plait; non-
operculated. Animal with two short triangular
tentacles bearing the eyes at their base ; foot oval.

9. Ancylus, Geoffrey.—Shell conical, oblong,
limpet-shaped ; apex pointed and bent to the right;
spire dextral or sinistral. Animal with two cylindrical
tentacles, with the eyes at their base ;. foot large.

(TERRESTRIAL.)

Famity II.—Limacide.

Shell placed under the mantle, rudimentary or
shield-like. Body united in its whole length with the
foot beneath, there being no ‘ visceral hump’; ten-
tacles four, cylindrical, the dorsal pair bearing the
eyes ; mantle shieldlike.

10. Arion, Ferussac.—Shell consisting of loose
calcareous granules. Mantle shagreened, not striated
concentrically ; respiratory orifice placed on anterior
half of the mantle ; tail provided with a slime gland.

11. Geomalcus, Allman.—Shellsolid, unguiform,
concentrically striated. Body capable of great ex-
tension; mantle finely shagreened ; tentacles short,
eyeless ; respiratory orifice placed more anteriorily
than in Limax; tail provided with a large slime
gland.

12. Limax, Linn.—Shell oval or unguiform.

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 43

Mantle concentrically striated or granulated ; respi-
ratory orifice situated on posterior half of mantle ;
tail carinated, and without a slime gland.

(Subgenus, Amalia, Moq.—Mantle granulated.
Subgenus, Eulimax, Moq.—Mantle concentrically
striate.)

Famity III.—Testacellide.

Shell small, auriculate, external, placed on the
hinder portion of the body, covering the mantle; res-
piratory orifice on the right side below the mantle.

13. Testacella, Cuvier.

Famity 1V.—Helicidee.

Shell spiral. Body distinct from the foot; tentacles
four, retractile, cylindrical, the upper pair being the
longest, and bearing the eyes at their apices.

14. Sueccinea, Drap.—Shell oval or oblong, thin,
transparent ; spire small; mouth large and obliquely
oval; non-operculated. Animal not capable of
entirely entering its shell.

15. Vitrina.—Drap. Shell subglobular, thin,
flattened; mouth large and semilunar; umbilicus.
wanting.

16. Zonites, Montf.—Shell orbicular, depressed,.
umbilicated ; mouth obliquely crescent-shaped.

17. Helix, Linn.—Shell globular, convex, or
flattened ; mouth more or less circular or oval; outer
lip generally thick, and possessing an internal rib,
sometimes reflected and provided with tubercles or
teeth ; umbilicus usually distinct.

18. Bulimus, Ehrenb.—Shell oval or oblong- »

44 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

ovate ; spire obtuse, but much more prominent than
in Helix; mouth oval; umbilicus very small.
Tentacles shorter than in Helix. |

19. Pupa, Lam.—Shell cylindrical or oblong, with
many narrow whorls ; mouth oval or lunate, generally
toothed within; peristome incomplete, thickened,
reflected ; umbilicus very minute.

20. Vertigo, Miill—Shell subcylindrical, with
closely pressed, gradually enlarging whorls; mouth
more or less angular, generally toothed internally ;
umbilicus minute. Resembles Pupa, but differs in
having the ventral tentacles wanting, and in having
the peristome thinner.

21. Balia, Prideaux.— Shell sinistral, elongated,
thin ; mouth ovate, sometimes with a denticle on the
base of the penultimate whorl; peristome thin;
umbilicus narrow.

22. Clausilia, Drap.—Shell sinistral, fusiform ;
mouth pyriform or elliptical and toothed, furnished
with a clausilium* ; umbilicus very small.

23. Cochlicopa, Ferrussac.—Shell oblong or
oblong-oval, very glossy, transparent; ‘mouth pyri-
form ; outer lip thickened but not reflected.

24. Achatina, Lam.—Shell cylindrical, smooth,

* The clausilium is a shelly plate attached to the columella by
an elastic ligament about half a whorl from the mouth, and may
be best seen by breaking away the outer part of the body whorl.
It serves the same function as an operculum, but it is not, as in
that structure, fastened to the animal. When the animal extends
itself out of the shell the clausilium is pushed against the
columella, and when it withdraws, the clausilium flies backwards
on account of the elasticity of its ligament, and closes the mouth

of the shell.

The Shell-Collector's Handbook. 45

thin, glossy; mouth oval, with a notch at its base ;
outer lip thin and not reflected ; umbilicus wanting.

Famity V.—Carychiide.

Shell spiral, oblong; mouth oval, dentated; um-
bilicus very minute. Eyes situated at the hinder base
of the dorsal tentacles ; lower tentacles rudimentary.

25. Carychiidium, Miill.

Famity VI.—Cyclostomatide.

Shell cylindrical or conical, operculated ; mouth
round or oval; operculum testaceous or horny.

26. Cyclostoma, Drap.—Shell conical; opercu-
lum testaceous.

27. Acme, Hartm.—Shell cylindrical; operculum
horny.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF
BRITISH LAND AND FRESH-
WATER SHELIS.

SPHZRIUM CORNEUM. LINN.

SHELL suborbicular, or rounded-ovate, equilateral, with
fine concentric striations, brownish, or yellowish-brown ;
umbones broad and blunt, and nearly central in position ;
ligament short, and not visible externally ; muscular im-
pressions scarcely visible: hinge strong, with a double
cardinal tooth in each valve, and two lateral teeth of a
triangular shape in the right valve, and four teeth in the
left valve. Animal greyish, sometimes reddish or brownish;
siphons pale grey, elongated, truncate. Length 6 lines;
breadth 4 lines; thickness 33 lines.

Habitat.—Ditches, marshes, ponds, canals, and rivers.

v. flavescens. (Macgill.); Paler, not so large, and
more globular. (=C. flavescens. Macgillivary. Moll. Ader-
deen, p. 246.) as

v. nucleus (Stud.): Smaller and nearly spherical.
(=C. nucleus. Studer, Kurz. Verzerchn, p. 98.)

v. Scaldiana (Norm.): Ovate, paler. (=C. Scaldiana
Worm, Cycl., p..5, £1, 2.)

v. Pisidiodes (Gray): Shell subtriangular, slightly
more produced at its posterior slope, ligament only

i

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i. forex bie iy" ee A er, a Bi i eae eid ° oe sae

: “12 sey Re
[4

id

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 47

just visible externally, transverse strive coarser.’ (=S.
Pisidiodes, Gray. Ann and Mag. Nat. Mist. July, 1856.)

v. compressa (Gray): Shell rather compressed, mar-
gins meeting at an acute angle.

v. minor (Gray): Shell smaller, and nearly globular.

v. brunneo-fasciata (Williams): Shell paler than
type, with the umbones shaded with brown colour, in
which there are three just discernible bands forming
segments of a circle, and of a darker brown. Externally
to these, and separated by a band of ground-colour, is
another similar band of the same tint as the others, but
much better defined in outline. -

SPHARIUM RIVICOLA, LEACH.

SHEL larger than S. corneum, S. ovale, or S. lacustre,
oval-ventricose, brownish green, or yellowish horn-colour,
with two or three darker bands and strong concentric
ridges; umbones central, blunt ; ligament very conspicuous
on the outside: muscular scars distinct; teeth and hinge
as In 8. corneum, but stronger. Length of shell 10 lines ;
width 7 lines; thickness 5 lines.
Habitat.—Canals and sluggish streams.

SPHAGRIUM OVALE, FERUSSAC.

SHELL oblong, compressed, pale drab or yellowish in
colour, with faint concentric strize ; anterior side roundish ;
‘posterior side truncate, and sloping towards lower margin ;
umbones small, slightly prominent, and nearly central;
ligament long, narrow, and visible externally; hinge-line
straight on posterior, but incurved on anterior side; teeth
as in S. corneum, but differing in having the cardinal

48 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

‘\

teeth very small and difficult to see. Animal milk-white.
Length of shell 3 inch; width 2ths inch; thickness 4

inch.
Habitat.—Ponds and rivers. Local.

SPHARIUM LACUSTRE, MULL.

SHELL subrhomboidal, rounded or elliptical, much com-
pressed, thin, yellowish-white, or ashy in colour, regularly
striate concentrically ; umbones central, narrow, promi-
nent, and capped with the nucleus of the shell ; ligament
short, slightly visible externally ; muscular impressions in-
distinct ; hinge strong; teeth as in the other species, but
smaller and shorter in proportion. Body whitish, or
slightly rose-coloured; siphons elongated, the branchial
one being cylindrical and truncated at its orifice. Length
of shell 4 lines, width 3 lines; thickness 13 lines.

Habitat.—Ponds and canals.

v. Brochoniana (Bowrg.): Shell much larger and
flatter; umbones, smaller and not so well pronounced. (=.
Brochonianum Bourguignat, Monogr, Spher, p. 20, pl. 3, f.
2S);

v. rotunda (Jeff.): Shell rounder and flatter; epidermis
yellowish-green. (B.C. vol. i,, p. ii.)

v. Ryckholtii (Norm.): Shell small, triangular, and
globular; umbones very pronounced. (=C. Ryckholti,
Norm. Cyel. p. vii., f. v., vi).

More gkes Cy i is
a his oe pa ,

“ae es Pe

or A. rashes Bais &

4nl cabie {

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 49

PISIDIUM AMNICUM, MULL.

SHELL triangular, ventricose, solid, deeply grooved con-
centrically, whitish-grey, or pale brown in colour; anterior
side very rounded; posterior side much produced, and
sloping towards lower margin; lower margin arched;
ligament short, narrow, conspicuous; teeth as in Sphee-
rium, but, in this species, and in all the other Pisidiums,
the lateral teeth are strong and developed in a direct ratio
to the size of the shell; umbones blunt, rather prominent.
Animal whitish or greyish; siphon short, conical, or
cylindrico-conical, obliquely truncated at its extremity.
Length of shell 4 lines ; width 3 lines; thickness 13 lines.

Hatitat.—Canals, ponds, lakes, and rivers.

v. striolata (Moq.): Shell smaller, wrinkles more pro-
nounced.

v. leviuscula (Mog.): Shell larger; wrinkles demi-
effaced.

v. flavescens (Mog.): Shell of an unicolorous pale
yellow.

- PISIDIUM FONTINALE, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL sub-triangular, thin, swollen, greyish-white,
finely striated concentrically ; anterior side abruptly
truncated; posterior side rounded, and gently sloping
towards the inferior margin; umbones prominent and
pointed ; ligament short and scarcely visible; hinge short,
very strong; teeth the same as in last species, but with
the exception that the cardinal teeth are not arranged in
the shape of an inverted V; muscular scars deepish.
Animal whitish, or greyish; siphon sub-conical, short,
and obliquely truncated at the extremity.

E

/

50 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

Habitat—Canals, ponds, ditches, and slow-running
streams.

v. Henslowana (Shepp): The valves with a plate-like
appendage near the umbones. (= Tellina Henslowana.
Sheppard, Zinn Trans, xiv.)

v. pulchella (Jenyns): Shell more glossy, strongly
grooved ; umbones less acute. (=P. pulchellum. Jenyns,
p. 18, tab. xxi., f. 1—5.) ;

v. pallida (Gasstes): Shell more tumid and _ paler,
with a few darker rays diverging from the umbonal region
to the inferior margin, irregularly striate.

v. cinerea (Alder): Shell larger and flattter; stri
fainter. (=P. cinmerewm, Alder, Suppl. Cat. Moll.
Northumb., p. iv.)

PISIDIUM PUSILLUM, GMELIN.

SHELL oval, thin, compressed but swollen, finely but
irregularly striated, yellowish-white or greyish-horn
colour; anterior side very rounded; posterior side very
convex and sloping gradually downwards ; lower border
arched; umbones obtuse, short and nearly central; liga-
ment short, narrow, and not visible from the exterior ;
hinge, teeth, and scars the same as P. fontinale. Animal
whitish or reddish ; siphon short, subconic or cylindrical,
truncated.

Habitat.—Marshes, and ditches.

v. obtusalis. (Lam): Shell smaller and much more
tumid ; umbones sharp, pronounced.

v. grandis (Adams): Shell much larger.

v. ventrosa (Moq.): Shell slightly more trigon-shaped,
more ventricose.

v. cireularis (7. D. A. Cockerell) : Shell greyish,
rather shiny, almost circular in outline, subtruncate
anteriorly ; umbones almost central; diam. 3 mill.

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= Wes Bigotry. & KA! 4

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: 7

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 51
PISIDIUM NITIDUM, JENYNS.

SHELL suborbicular, in the upper part rather swollen, in
all the other parts compressed, thin, very shining, finely
and regularly striated; anterior side rounded and some-
what truncate; posterior side slightly produced and
sloping abruptly downwards; lower margin rounded;
umbones obtuse and subcentral with a few separate and
deeper grooves surrounding them; ligament short, not
visible from the exterior ; hinge and teeth as in P. fon-
tinale; muscular impressions distinct. Animal whitish ;
siphon short, funnel-shaped, with a plaited outer margin.
Length of shell 3, inch ; width 3th less.

Habitat.—Ponds and pools.

v. splendens (Baudon! Mss. Mog.): Shell lemon-
coloured.

v. globosa (Adams): Shell spheroidal.

PISIDIUM ROSEUM, SCHOLTZ.

SHELL somewhat oblong or subrhombic, ventricose, thin,
glossy, with deep and regular concentric strize, yellowish-
white or pale-horn colour; anterior side sloping abruptly
downwards and truncate; posterior side produced and
rounded; lower border almost straight; umbones very
excentric, obtuse, prominent; ligament nearly invisible ;
cardinal and lateral teeth small; muscular impressions
not well pronounced. Animal opaline white, orange-
yellow or rose-colour in upper part; siphon subconic,
long, truncated and without plaits.
Habitat.—Ponds and pools.

52 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

UNIO TUMIDUS, PHILIPPSSON.

SHELL ovato-oblong, wedge-shaped, swollen, moderately
thick, solid, brown, often tinged with green in lines of
growth ; epidermis smooth; umbones prominent, rugose,
excentric; lunule lanceolate, narrow; ligament short,
thick, and prominent ; anterior side rounded and sloping
towards the front; posterior side produced and atten-
uated so as to become wedge-shaped ; anterior teeth high,
conical and strong. Animal greyish. Mantle bordered
with brown ; upper orifice elongated and of a brown colour ;
lower orifice pale grey. Length of shell 3 inches; width
13 inches.

Habitat —Canals, ponds, and slow-running rivers.

v. radiata (Colb): Shell thinner; epidermis green-
ish with yellow rays which are interrupted by bands of
the same colour running transversely across the shell;
posterior side more compressed above ; hinge line nearly
straight.

v. ovalis (Mont.): Shell wedge-shaped, dark olive- ,
brown; anterior side broader, abruptly truncate; lunule
broad, deep, oblique. (=Mya ovalis. Montagu, Test.
Brit. pp. 34 and 563.)

UNIO PICTORUM, LINN.

SHELL ovato-oblong, wedge-shaped, ventricose, solid,
greenish-yellow, marked with brown in lines of growth,
and green-coloured towards the posterior margin; pos-
terior side not wedge-shaped, but produced into a bluntly
truncated beak; anterior side rounded; umbones not so
prominent nor so rugose as in U. tumidus; lunule long,

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3 oe <4 hae PENNS ty Aan aes

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is ; ri ghiyr ae" a

The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook. 53

narrow ; hinge line nearly straight ; anterior teeth arched,
crenated, very much compressed; hinder teeth of left
valve small or evanescent; ligament longer than in
U. tumidus. Length of shell 2-3 inches.

7, Up lf
1 Oe I)
HH /h Wy
“| IH} Wy /
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Fig. 1.— Unio Pictorwm.

Habitat.—Ponds, lakes, and slow-running streams.
v. radiata (Mogq.): Shell yellowish, with green rays.

54 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

v. ponderosa (Pasc.): Shell very large, more elongated, -
narrowing towards its posterior extremity, more ventri-
cose, thicker, brown.

v. curvirostris (Norm.): Shell smaller, shortened,
bent, cuneate posteriorily, olive-coloured.

v. latior (Jeff): Shell broader, shorter, yellowish-
brown.

v. rostrata (Zam.): Shell slightly more elongated,
lanceolate behind, brownish (= VU. rostrata, Lam! Anim.
Sans. Vert. vi., 1, p. 77).

v. compressa (Jeff.): Shell broad and flat; upper
margin raised and curved; posterior side greatly com-
pressed and attenuated, assuming a beak-like form, and
having a double ridge and furrow, which runs from the
beak in the younger state of growth; lower margin
straight ; lunule broad, and extending between the beaks
so as to separate them from each other.

UNIO MARGARITIFER, LINN.

SHELL elongate-ovate, thick, heavy, rather compressed,
black brown, strongly striated in the line of growth; um-
bones excentric, incurved, and generally more or less
extensively eroded; lunule indistinct and narrow; liga-
ment very long, and extending to anterior side; anterior
side rounded ; posterior side gradually sloping, rounded at
its extremity, and obtusely keeled above; lower margin
straight; hinge strong; cardinal teeth small, slightly
compressed, thick, subtriangular-conic, the posterior one
of the left valve much developed. Animal dirty grey,
more or less reddish. Length 53 inches; width 23 inches ;
thickness 1 inch.

Habitat—Among the gravel and small stones in the
shallows of quick-running rivers or mountain torrents.

a
x

Bd, otuile gigevies >i sf. onan Dee Bie,
e. tii by) 78 ie ai Ie. 2F RG CF a
; ‘am

aa Tigaye tds hee 4 lingiva, ? Ti hee fe sa}
Pt PRI: dE So vy met an a ‘oi, W440 age ee a |
a Ae. ak. 3 pS idixain = hide

. -

aS 5

i, Cia > US See
cal Se eR (ee
uy Tr

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 55D

v. Roissyi (.Wich.): Shell less arched above, not sinuous
below, larger posteriorily (=U. Roissy’, Mich., Compl.,
p. 112, pl. xxvi., figs. 27 and 28).

v. Sinuata (Zam.): Shell yellowish-brown, broader in
proportion to length than type; lower margin incurved
towards the middle (=U. simuata Lam. Mist. An. s. v.
mm pl. 1, p. 70).

56 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

ANODONTA CYGNEA, LINN.

SHELL very large, oval, compressed in young but ventri-
cose in old specimens, thin, glossy, dull green, more or
less tinged with a dusky tint; umbones small, convex ;
lunule indistinct; umbonal region plaited; hinge-line
straight ; ligament long; anterior side rounded, not
gaping, and abruptly sloping downwards; posterior side
compressed above, gaping, and produced into a rounded
cuneiform point ; lower margin straightish. Animal grey,
yellowish-grey, or reddish-grey.

Habitat.—Lakes, ponds, canals, and muddy rivers.

v. radiata (Mull): Shell larger, with yellow rays
(= Mytilus radiatus, Mull, Verm. hist., ii., p. 209).

v. incrassata (Shepp.): Shell more swollen and solid,
olive brown; upper margin slightly curved on its posterior
side (= Mytilus incrassatus, Shepp. Linn Trans. xii., p. 85,
pl. 6, f. 4).

v. Zellensis (Gimel.): Shell yellowish-brown, broader,
with the upper and lower borders nearly parallel ; posterior
side much produced (= Mytilus zellensis, Gmel., Syst. Nat.,
1788, i., p. 3262).

v. pallida (Jeff.): Shell light yellow or fawn-colour ;
hinge-line rather curved, and raised on the posterior side,
which is produced to a long wedge-like point; lower margin
rounded. (B.C., vol.i. p. 42.)

v. rostrata (Rossm.): Shell oblong-oval ; upper margin
forming a dorsal crest, which is slightly raised and curved ;
anterior side rounded; posterior side attenuated, and
ending in a long curved wedge-like point; lower margin
nearly straight. B. C., vol. i, p. 42. (=A rostrata
(Kokeil), Rossmissler, Iconogr., iv., p. 25, f. 284).

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‘eeplier cae. dai ‘ot aa

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. DE

ANODONTA ANATINA, LINN.

SHELL smaller than in A. cygnea, elliptical-oval in shape,
compressed posteriorly, brown-olive coloured, irregularly- .
wrinkled, and with bands of a deeper hue in the lines of
growth; umbones straight, excentric; umbonal region
compressed, rugose; ligament short, prominent; upper
margin curved and raised into a sort of crest; anterior
side sloping obliquely towards the lower edge, rounded,
and gaping; posterior side curved, and sloping obliquely
downwards to a wedge-shaped point; lower margin
gently curved; muscular impressions more pronounced
than in A. cygnea.

Habitat.—Small rivers, canals and ponds.

_v. radiata (Jeff.): Epidermis marked with green and
yellow rays. (B.C. vol. i. p. 45).

v. ventricosa (C. Pfr.): Shell very tumid in the
middle and umbonal region, larger, more solid, marked
with green and yellow rays. (=A. ventricosa, C. Pfeiffer, ii.
p. 30, pl. ii.)

v. complanata (Rossm.): Shell oval, very compressed,
brown; umbones close to anterior margin; anterior side
abruptly truncated; upper margin raised and curved.
(= A complanata (Ziegler) Rossmissler, p. 24, f. 283).

58 The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook.

DREISSENA POLYMORPHA, PALLAS.

SHELL mussel-shaped, triangular, keeled in centre of both
valves, flattened below, rather solid, olive or yellowish-
brown, marked transversely on the upper part with zigzag
streaks of purple or dark brown; umbones incurved,
small, and placed at the anterior end; ligament long,
narrow, and fitting into a sulcus in the hinge of each
valve; hinge strong, toothless, with a hollow triangular
plate under the umbones in both valves ; upper margin
angular ; anterior margin nearly straight; posterior side
curved; lower margin incurved. Animal blackish, fur-
nished with a byssus.
Habitat.—Canals, lakes and rivers.

a wey L421 PR Tes ee

AS jie ato Yhitalen saloky
ehiriey 1, Jaye? jatady ote Lagos es +
Aeahp.doriistirs tat ached ve Sanka
bhaph sil) dtl -asodd. Joo papel
Feast sien! «»ateliosringis fem a
fee, di agtiiey seiuiisea=\ he er
> dry Qaida ce Agen sials
; vty yeni iti al et
Baris Geos inp add pe
eens. Seyyek (3 cry fates al oye atid “Sonsini
a) Te) ae G&S Yotes gaatie | Pate Tay ; .
Peet! x0 ie “opal nar 36 Hades

*

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 59

NERITINA FLUVIATILIS, LINN.

SHELL semi-globular, slightly oval, solid, glossy, yellowish
or brownish, spotted with white, brown, purple or pink,
and marked with fine but distinct plaits; spire short,
lateral; composed of three whorls, the last one being
excessively disproportionate ; mouth transversely semi-
lunar; operculum semilunar, yellowish, with an orange
border, and underneath a strong, raised, grooved spire
placed at one end. Animal white, head and back of the
neck blackish; hinder part of the foot sometimes black-
spotted; tentacle long, white, with blackish line.

Habitat—In canals and rivers with stony bottoms.

v. cerina (Coldb.): Shell of an uniform straw-yellow
colour.

v. nigrescens (Colb.): Shell black or blackish.

v. trifasciata (Colb.): Shell ornamented with three
spiral dark bands.

v. undulata (Cold.): Shell with some transverse dark
bands.

60 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

PALUDINA CONTECTA, MILLET.
SHELL globoso-conoid, very swollen; whorls seven, of an
unicolorous brown-olive, marked with three brownish
bands on the body whorl, and with two bands of the
same colour on the two preceding whorls; spire blunt,
mucronate; umbilicus narrow, distinct and deep; mouth
of an obliquely rounded oval, slightly produced at the
upper angle; suture very deep; operculum concave, thin,
reddish-yellow, with fine concentric strize, and the nucleus
depressed so as to form a bulging on the under side.
Young specimens are subglobose, obscurely banded,
flattened a little above, and furnished with five ciliated
lines. Animal dark grey, black, or brown, spotted with
yellow.

Habitat.—Canals and stagnant waters.
v. virescens (Jeff.): Shell greenish.

PALUDINA VIVIPARA, LINN.

SHELL conically oval; whorls six and a half, not so swollen
as in P. contecta, and with the sutures not so deep in con-
sequence ; dull yellowish-green, with three broad brown
spiral bands on the body whorl, and two upon each of the
preceding whorls; umbilicus represented by a narrow slit
behind the inner lip; mouth oval and not quite so circular
asin P. contecta; peristome continuous; operculum rather
thick, horny. Animal dark grey, or brown, speckled with
yellow.

Habitat.—Ponds, lakes, canals and slow rivers.

v. unicolor (Jeff.): Bandless.

v. atro-purpura (Lloyd): Shell like the type, but of a
black colour, which, when viewed by transmitted light, is
dark purple.

v. albida (NV. and T.): Shell white.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 61

BYTHINIA TENTACULATA, LINN.

SHELL ovoid, or of an elongated-ovoid, sometimes sub-
conoid, rather glossy, thin, solid, subtransparent, yellowish
horn-coloured ; whorls six, the body whorl large; mouth
oval, angular behind; umbilicus none; operculum oval,
thick, angulated above, and closely fitting. Length of
shell 4 inch; width ths inch. Animal blackish, spotted
with gold colour ; foot two-lobed in front, narrow and
subacute behind; tentacles long, setaceous; eyes black,
large, and sessile.

Hatitat.—Streams, ditches, and canals.

v. ventricosa (Menke): Shell more tumid, globular-
conical in shape, white (= var. a ventricosa, Menke).

v. excavata (Jeff.): Whorls more rounded, and suture
much deeper. (B. C., vol. i., p. 61.)

v. albida (Rimmer): Shell white.

v. producta (Menke): Shell less tumid, in shape
an elongated cone. (Drap., fig. 19. Var. 6. producta
Menke).

v. rufescens (7. D. A. Cockerell) : Shell red-brown.

m. decollatum (Jeff.): Upper whorls wanting in half-
grown and adult specimens; their place being supplied
by a nearly flat and semi-spiral plate, as in Bulimus
decollatus. (B. C., vol. i., p. 61).

BYTHINIA LEACHII, SHEPPARD.

SHELL conoid, very swollen towards the base, yellowish
horn-coloured; whorls four to five, very tumid, rounded,
distinctly separated by a deep suture; mouth nearly
circular, much less angular behind than in B. tentaculata ;

62 The Shell-C ollector’s Handbook.

umbilicus small, oblique; operculum nearly circular,
flattish,and with the nucleus central. Length of shell
+ inch; width 2 lines. Animal whitish, with black and
yellow spots visible through the shell.

Habitat.—Ditches, canals, and sluggish rivers.

v. elongata (Jeff:): Shell smaller; spire more pro-
duced. (B.C., vol. i., p. 62).

v. albida (Rimmer): Shell white.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 63

HYDROBIA SIMILIS, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL ovoid, swollen, sub-opaque, pale horn-coloured ;
whorls five to six, very convex; sutures very deep and
grooved; umbilicus represented by a narrow and oblique
chink; mouth oval; operculum horny, concentric, with
the nucleus lateral. Animal dark grey, tinted with yellow
or brown, and speckled with flaky white.

Habitat.—In ditches between Greenwich and Woolwich
which are flooded by the tide.

HYDROBIA VENTROSA, MONTAGU.

SHELL forming a lengthened cone, yellowish horn-coloured,
thin, glossy, semi-transparent; whorls six to seven,
swollen ; spire long ; suture not channelled as in H. similis;
mouth oval; umbilicus smaller than in H. similis.
Size half that of H. similis. Animal dark grey with black
and grey rings round the tentacles.

Habitant.—In estuaries and in brackish water, or upon -
the mud banks of tidal rivers.

v. minor (Jeff.): Shell smaller, spire shorter.

v. decollata (Jeff:): Shell slightly eroded; spire
truncate.

v. ovata (Jeff.): Shell having a much shorter spire,
consisting of only four whorls, which are more swollen
than usual, and the last considerably exceeds one-half of
the shell.

v. elongata (Jeff.): Shell having its spire propor-
tionally longer, with sometimes as many as eight whorls.

v. pellucida (Jeff.): Shell clear white, nearly trans-
parent.

64. The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

VALVATA PISCINALIS, MULLER.

SHELL globular, thin, light horn-coloured, very finely
spiral-striate, and marked with some obscure concentric
lines ; whorls five to six, rounded, the body whorl being
very large ; spire obtuse, compressed ; mouth circular, with
a complete peristome; umbilicus deep; operculum
greyish-white, circular. Length of shell } inch; width; inch.
Animal yellowish-grey, with slightly apparent milk-white
specks.

Habitat. Bottom of shallow muddy streams, on marsh
lands, or on aquatic plants in ditches and canals.

v. depressa (C. Pfr.) : Spire more depressed ; umbilicus
larger. (= V. depressa, C. Pfeiffer, Deutsch Moll. 1, p. 100,
pl. i1., fig. 33.)

v. subcylindrica (Jeff.) : Shell having the spire more
produced and flattened at the top; umbilicus small.
GENE,,.vol. 1., p. 72):

v. acuminata (Jeff.): Shell having the spire still more
produced, and ending in rather a sharp point. (B. C.
. voli. p. 73).

v. pusilla (Mull.): Shell smaller with stronger striz,
and with four to four and a half whorls (= Nerita pusilla
Mull., Verm Hist. i, p. 171.)

v. albina (Taylor): Shell white or whitish.

m. sinistrorsum (Jeff.): Spire reversed.

VALVATA CRISTATA, MULLER.

SHELL flatly-coiled, pale horn-coloured, striate trans-
versely ; upper surface slightly concave; under surface
umbilicate so as to expose the interior convolutions ;
whorls five, the last being very large; mouth circular,
and with a continuous margin; operculum round, slightly
transparent, of a reddish horn-colour. Diameter of shell
roth inch. Animal dark grey or brown, slate-coloured
underneath, and with a few black specks on its upper part.
Habitat.—Lakes, ponds, canals, and ditches.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 65

PLANORBIS LINEATUS, WALKER.

SHELL quoit-shaped, depressed, glossy, semitransparent,
yellowish horn-coloured; whorls four, with two to five
curved transverse plates inside the last whorl which
appear as whitish lines when seen from the exterior ;
periphery obtusely carinated; mouth obliquely cordate.
The last whorl is larger than the rest of the shell, and
conceals nearly two-thirds of the penultimate whorl.

Animal brown with a reddish or violet tinge, sparsely
speckled with black.

Haiitat.—Slow streams and ponds in the home and
eastern counties of England.

v. albina (Taylor): Shell milk-white and transparent.

PLANORBIS NITIDUS, MULLER.

SHELL depressed, discoid or quoit-shaped, thin, glossy,
semi-transparent, yellowish horn-coloured, more or less ~
reddish; upper surface more convex than the lower
surface ; whorls four to five, the outer whorl being very
large in proportion to the rest, covering one-half of the
preceding whorl, and obtusely carinated in the middle;
suture deepish; umbilicus small, shallow. Diameter of
shell, 23 lines. Animal reddish-brown marked with fine
grey specks.

Hatitat.—On fallen leaves of trees, also on aquatic
plants, in ponds and ditches.

v. albida (Nelson) : Shell white.

v. minor (Jeff. MS.) : Shell small.

PLANORBIS NAUTILEUS, LINN.
SHELL depressed, thin, subpellucid, rather concave above,
rather convex below, dull light brown or grey, not glossy ;
periphery bluntly and indistinctly carinated; whorls
three, the outer whorl strongly marked with transverse
F

66 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

ridges, and larger than the rest of the shell; mouth,
oval; umbilicus large. Diameter of shell ;,th inch.
Animal grey, marked with minute black specks.

Hatitat.—In still waters on aquatic plants.

v. crista (Zinn.): Shell with the transverse ridges
more pronounced, and with the periphery deeply notched
or crested by them. (= Nautilus crista. Linn., Syst. Nat.
ed. x., 1758.,1., p. 709. Planorbis cristatus., Drap., Hist.
Moil., 1805, p. 44, pl. i1., figs. 1-3.)

PLANORBIS ALBUS, MULLER.

SHELL thin, pellucid, whitish, convex above, concave
below, finely striated longitudinally, and marked with very
fine close-set raised circular strize which are clothed with
deciduous bristles ; whorls five, the last one being dispro-
portionally enlarged; mouth roundish-oval: umbilicus
large. Diameter of shell { inch. Animal greyish-white, or
greyish-brown; tentacles pale grey, with a central brown
line ; foot narrow, dark reddish-brown.

Habitat.—Lakes, ponds, and stagnant water.

v. draparnaldi (Shepp.): Shell more closely striate in
line of growth; periphery distinctly carinate ; umbilicus
deeper. (=P. spirorbis. Drap. Hist. Moll. p. 45, pl. ii, f.
8-10.—Helix Draparnaudi, Sheppard. Linn. Trans, xiv.,
p. 158.)

PLANORBIS GLABER, JEFFREYS.

SHELL somewhat convex above, with a central depression,
concave below, smooth, semitransparent, brownish horn- —
coloured; whorls five, rounded, and having the upper side
more convex than in P. albus, the body whorl occupying
nearly one-half of the shell; mouth nearly circular;
suture well pronounced; umbilicus large; circular striz
absent. Body yellowish-grey.
Habitat.—Ponds, marshes, and lakes.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 67

v. compressa (Lloyd) : Shell more concave below than
in the type, and only depressed in the centre on the
upper side; the whorls also are rounder, and do not in-
crease so quickly, making the whole shell more compact.

PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS, MULLER.

SHELL concave above, flat below, or the reverse, thick,
horn-coloured ; whorls five to six, rounder, and with the
keel not so well pronounced as in P. albus, the body-whorl
not exceeding jth the length of the spire; mouth
roundish ; peristome often white-ribbed ; umbilicus wide,
but shallow. Animal grey, tinged with purple or red.
Hatitat.—Shallow and stagnant water, sluggish streams.
v. ecarinata (Jeff.): Shell smaller, light grey, having
one whorl less than usual, and no trace of a keel. B. C.
vol. i.,p. 87. (=P. spirorbis, Mog. Tand, Moll. Fr., p. -
437, pl. xxxi., f. 1-5.)
v. albida (Nelson): Shell white.
m. scalariforme: Shell reversed.

PLANORBIS VORTEX, LINN.

SHELL concave above, flat below, extremely depressed, thin,
pellucid, glossy, brownish horn-colour, marked with fine
and regularly disposed strize in line of growth; whorls six
to eight, gradually increasing in size; the outer whorl
rounded so as to form a sharp keel on its lower margin;
mouth rhombic, compressed ; umbilicus large and shallow.
Diameter of shell 2 of an inch. Animal violet-brown.

Habitat.—Shallow and stagnant waters.

v. compressa (Mich): Shell thinner, flatter; keel
more distinct, sharper, and placed nearly in middle of
periphery. (=P. compressus, Mich., Compl. p. 81., pl. xvi.,
figs. 6-8).

F 2

68 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
PLANORBIS CARINATUS, MULLER.

SHELL nearly flat above, rather convex below, gradually
shelving to the outer edge, thin, glossy, yellowish horn-
colour; whorls five to six, the outer one growing suddenly
larger ; suture deep; periphery prominently keeled in the
middle line; mouth obliquely oval, somewhat angular;
umbilicus small, central. Animal deep reddish-brown,
‘indistinctly spotted with black.

Habitat.—Stagnant waters, and sluggish rivers.

v. disciformis (Jeff.): Shell flatter and thinner, of
a yellowish colour, having the last whorl larger in pro-
portion to the others, and the keel more prominent and
sharp, and placed exactly in the middle. (Jeffreys, Linn.
Trans. Xvi., pp. 385 and 521).

v. albida (Hudson): Shell pellucid white.

PLANORBIS COMPLANATUS, LINN.

SHELL brown horn-coloured, striolate, slightly concave
above, flattish, with a central concavity below ; whorls five
to six, rapidly enlarging, ventricose, the diameter of the
body whorl being equal to one-fourth of the whole; periphery
strongly keeled below; suture deep; mouth rhombic,
rounded in front, often ribbed internally ; umbilicus large
and very shallow. Diameter of shell # of an inch. Animal
deep violet-red, finely speckled with black.

Habitat.—Ponds, canals, ditches, and slow rivers.

v. rhombea (Turton.): Shell smaller, more convex
above, with: a deep concavity beneath, and a blunt keel.
Helix rhombea, Turton., Conch. Dict. p. 47. (Possibly these
are the young of P. complanatus, and not a variety
at all).

v. albina (Jeff.): Shell whitish or colourless. (B. C.
vol. 1.,,p. 91).

m. terebrum (TZurton.): Whorls dislocated from one

Vor

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 69

another, and elevated into a spiral cone, (= Helix cochlea.
Brown. Wern. Trans. ii., t. 24, £. 10—Hela terebra.
Turton. Conch. Dict. p. 62, f. 55).

PLANORBIS CORNEUS, LINN.

SuHeEtt reddish brown in colour, sometimes white, glossy,
nearly opaque, obliquely striate; whorls five to six, rounded
above and below; periphery not keeled; suture deep; »
mouth semilunar; umbilicus broad and shallow. Dia-
meter of shell 3-1 inch. Animal nearly black.

Habitat——Muddy streams, marshes, ponds, and ditches.

1. v. albina (Jeff:): Shell perfectly white. (B. C., vol.
1., p. 94.)

2. v. albinos (Mogq.): Shell whitish, very transparent.
(Mog. Tand. Hist. Nat. Mollusques de France, p. 445.)

PLANORBIS CONTORTUS, LINN.

SHELL nearly flat above, with a deep concavity in the
middle, deeply umbilicate below, solid, opaque, yellowish
or brown-horn colour; whorls eight, compact and narrow;
suture deep; mouth crescent-shaped, very narrow; um-
bilicus large and deep. Diameter of shell ;4ths inch;
thickness ;oth inch. Animal grey or blackish.

Habitat.—Lakes, ponds, and ditches.

v. albida (Jeff.): Shell nearly white. (B. C, vol. 1,
p. 95.)

v. excavata (7. D. A.Cockerell): Shell much depressed,
and sunken above.

PLANORBIS DILATATUS, GOULD.

“Tus shell is about the same size as P. nautileus, which
may be considered its nearest ally; but it has one whorl

70 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

/

less, the periphery is angulated, the under side is remark-
ably gibbous, the mouth is very large, squarish, and
scarcely oblique; the outer lip is expanded (‘so as to make
it trumpet-shaped ’—Gould), and the umbilicus is abruptly
contracted, small and deep. Body dark grey, often with
a slight orange tint, closely and minutely speckled with
flake-white; mantle thick, lining the mouth of the shell;
head large and tumid; mouth furnished with broad
lobular lips; tentacles cylindrical and extensile, widely
diverging, broad and triangular at the base. The sheath,
or outer part, is gelatinous, and the core, or inner part, is
of a much darker colour, and apparently greater con-
sistence ; tips rounded; eyes sessile on the inner base of
the tentacles; foot oblong, squarish in front and bluntly
pointed behind; verge curved on the left hand, or um-
bilical side of the shell.”—(Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1869.)

Hatitat.—In the canals round Manchester. Introduced
from America in cotton bales.

i AP
cee , ae
=; acta dees: re! +

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 71
PHYSA HYPNORUM, LINN.

SHELL sinistral, fusiform, with an elongated spire ending
obtusely, thin, very glossy, covered with an epidermis,
yellowish or reddish horn-coloured ; whorls six to seven,
rounded, body-whorl larger than the rest of the shell ;
suture shallow; mouth oval-lanceolate; pillar slightly
sinuate. Length of shell 3-3? inch. Animal blackish ;
mantle simple, and not covering the shell.

Habitat.—Ponds, ditches, and slow-running streams.

v. major (Charp.): Shell larger, more coloured.
Height 10-13 mm. (= v. 6. Charp., Moll. Suiss., p. 19,
pl. i1., fig. 12.)

v. angulata (T. D. A. Cockerell): Shell with a bluntly
angled periphery.

v. cuprella (Rowe): Shell spindle-shaped, highly
polished, semitransparent, copper-coloured, faintly striate
in line of growth; whorls six, convex, with last one far
exceeding in size the rest put together; spire tapering,
blunt at its extremity; suture not deep; mouth oval,
contracted above; inner lip spread on columella, with a
strong and thick fold on its lower side. Body very dark
slate-coloured, with very minute spots of a lighter colour,
truncate in front, tapering to a point behind; edges
slightly lighter than body-colour; tentacles long, slender,
tapering, widely divergent.

m. decollatum (Nelson): Spire decollated.

PHYSA FONTINALIS, LINN.

SHELL sinistral, oval, not covered with an epidermis, semi-
transparent, thin, glossy, pale, greyish horn-coloured ;
whorls four to five, tumid, the first three extremely small,
the last one occupying ?ths or $ths of the shell; suture deep ;
spire extremely short; mouth oblong and wider and larger in
proportion than in P. hypnorum; columella sinuate.
Length of shell $-imch; width j-inch. Animal blackish-

72 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

grey; mantle bilobed, one lobe of which is split into six,

/ \
/
\\\ \ \

Fie. 2. Physa Fontinalis.

the other into nine digitate processes which, when expanded,
lap over the shell.

Alaintat.—Running brooks, canals, ditches, and sluggish
* rivers.

v. inflata (Moq.); Shell larger, more ventricose.

v. curta (Jeff.): Spire extremely short. (=Bulla
Jluviatis, Turt. Conch. Dict., p. 27.)

v. oblonga (Jeff.): Spire considerably produced.

v. albina (Jeff.): Shell milk-white in colour.

m. dextrorsum (Williams): Spire dextral.

PHYSA ACUTA, DRAP.

SHELL of an elongated-ovoid shape, ventricose, somewhat
glossy, with very fine longitudinal striz, light horny, or
whitish in colour; whorls three to five, alittle convex, the last
forming three-fifths of the total height of the shell; sutures
moderately deep; apex acuminate; aperture obliquely

Fia. 3.—Physa Acuta.

and narrowly oval, acute superiorily; peristome interrupted,
with the rudiment of an interior thickening. Alt.8-16 mm. ;
diam. 7-9 mm. Animal deep brown, covered with blackish
spots.

Habitat.—In one of the lily tanks in Kew Gardens.
Imported.

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Tebe Pas ;

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 73
LIMNZA GLUTINOSA, MULL.

SHELL semi-globular, thin, transparent, amber or yellowish
horn-coloured; whorls three to four, inflated, the last
forming nearly the whole of the shell; spire slightly pro-
duced ; suture rather deep; mouth oval; columellar fold
curved, and sharp. Length of shell ch. Animal of a
pale, dull yellow colour, sprinkled with bright brimstone
or whitish spots ; mantle partly covering the shell.

Habitat.—Ditches, ponds, and lakes.

v. mucronata (Jeff.): Shell not quite so globular;
spire more produced.

m. intortum (7. D. A. Cockerell) : Spire very short and
sunken, but slightly raised at the apex; body whorl
swollen above. (Vide fig. 4.)

Fic. 4.—Z. Glutinosa. m. intortum.

LIMNAAA INVOLUTA, THOMPSON.

SHELL ovate, subglobose, thin, fragile, transparent, glossy,
pale amber-colour; whorls three to four, convex, body
whorl occupying the greatest portion of the shell; spire
sunk within the last whorl; suture distinct, shallow;
mouth pyriform, large; inner lip broadly spread on the
penultimate whorl; columellar fold sharp, narrow. Maxi-
mum length 53 lines; maximum breadth 33 lines.
Animal dark yellowish-brown, marked with flake-white
specks at the sides of the head, tentacles, and foot.

Habitat—A small alpine lake on Cromaglaun Mountain,
Killarney, Ireland.

LIMNAA PEREGRA MULL.

SHELL oval, last whorl ventricose, thin, spirally striate,

74 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

varying in colour from pale yellowish-grey to dark red-
dish-brown, whorls five, convex, the body whorl very
large; mouth large, oval, and more than half the length of
the shell; outer lip expanded; inner lip folded on
columella, forming behind it a concealed narrow groove.
Length of shell $ to 1 inch; breadth 3rds of the length.
Animal olive mottled with black and spotted with milk-
white, black, and yellow.

Hathitat.—Stagnant waters, and slow running streams.

v. Burnetti (Alder): Body alittle broader than that of
the typical form, dark olive, spotted with opaque yellow ;
mantle nearly black, with a few paler spots. Shell rather
globular and solid, of a dull aspect, yellowish-brown,
closely and strongly striate in line of growth; epidermis
rather thick: the last whorl nearly covering all the others ;
exceedingly short, nearly truncate, and almost intorted.
B. C., vol.i., p.105 (= Limnza Burnetti, Alder. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. N.S. ii., p. 396.)
_ v. solemia (Zgl.): Shell ventricose, whorls rounded,
spire short, fauve-coloured, sub-transparent.

v. ovaliformis (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell oval, glossy,
semi-transparent, with close and well-marked striz, the last
whorl being very convex; spire a little less than half the
length of the last whorl, moderately long and pointed;
suture rather shallow; aperture oval, with a diameter
rather more than half its length.

v. candida (Porro): Shell white.

v. stagnaliformis (Taylor): Shell somewhat fusiform
in shape, the last whorl large, making about iths of the
total length. Length 35 mill.; breadth 18 mill. Length
of aperture 25 mill.; width 15 mill.

v.nitida'( Zeg/.): Shelllarger, slightly transparent, fauve.

v. ovata (Drap.): Shell ampullaceous, glossy, rather
thinner; whorls very convex, the body whorl being very
large; spire acute, very short; suture deep; aperture
obliquely produced, ¢ths the whole length of the shell.

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The Shell-Collector’s Pomnabook: 75

[subvar decollata (ftzgerald) : With the apex decol-
lated.’

Fic. 5. Limnea Peregra. var. labisa.

v. labiosa (Jeff.): Shell smaller, having the outer lip
remarkably expanded and reflected. L. 0.5., B. 0.35. (B.C.,
voli, p. 105.) Vide fig. 5.

v. lacustris (Zeach): Shell small, thin, glossy, concen-
trically grooved; spire very short; aperture large.
Body of a darker colour. (= Gulnaria lacustris. Leach
Moll. Brit. Syn., p. 107.)

v. lutea (Mont.): Shell very solid indeed ; spire short,
consisting of from 3-4 whorls (= Helix lutea, Mont. Test.
Brit., p. 180, tab. 16, f. 6.)

v. acuminata (Jeff.): Shellresembling v. ovata, except
in having a more produced spire, and a smaller mouth.
(B. C., vol. i., p. 105.)

v. intermedia (Fér.): Shellrather compressed towards
the front margin, and thinner than usual; spire more
produced ; mouth expanded (=Limnza intermedia, Fer.
in Lam. An. sans. vert. vi., pt. ii., p. 162.) B.C., vol. i,
p- 105.

v. oblonga (Jeff.): Shell oblong and compressed in
front. (B.C., vol. i., p. 105.)

v. picta (Jeff.): Shellrather smaller than v. labiosa and
beautifully marked by alternate bands of brown and white,
which are sometimes confluent. (B. C., vol. i, p. 105.)

v. maritima (Jeff.): Shell dwarfed, rather solid ; spire
produced ; suture deep. B. C., vol. i., p. 105.)

v. lineata (Bean.): Shell oblong, ovate, subventicose,
with about twelve long and short (often forked) raised

76 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

transverse lines on the body-whorl giving it an angular
appearance, crossed by numerous longtitudinal striz;
whorls four ; spire short and acute; aperture ovate ; outer
lip thin; inner lip reflected, forming a small hollow behind
it. Length of the largest specimens 6 lines; breadth 4
lines (= Limnea lineata, Bean. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist.
vol, vii, p. 493).

v. succineformis (Jeff.): Shell shaped like a Succinea,
and very thin; whorls 4; spire small and oblique. (B. C.,
vol. i., p. 106.)

M. decollatum (Jeff.) : Shell more or less eroded ; spire
truncate. (B.C., vol.i., p. 106.)

M. sinistrorsum Jeff): Spire sinistral, rather solid ;
spiral ridges well pronounced. (B. C., vol. i., p. 106.)

M. scalariforme (Jeff.): Shell oblong, with deep and
regular transverse striz ; whorls more or less disjointed; —
suture very deep. (B. C., vol.i., p. 106.)

LIMNAA AURICULARIA, LINN.

SHELL globosely ovate, glossy, semi-transparent, yellowish
horn-coloured, with deep and irregular lines of growth ;
whorls four to five, the last one being very much swollen,
and occupying at least §ths of the shell; spire very short
and acute ; mouth vastly expanded, roundish-oval, oblique;
outer lip expanded; inner lip reflected, and forming a
small umbilical chink behind it; columellar fold strongly
curved and sharp. Animal dull greenish-yellow, mottled
with black, and spotted with milk-white, black, and yellow.

Habitat.—Lakes, ponds, canals, marshes, and sluggish
rivers.

v.magna (Colb.): Shell larger; aperture narrower,
outer margin nearly parallel to the columella, which is
straight, the upper edge reaching the commencement of
the spire, which is sharp. Length 32 mill.

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The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook. 77

v.reflexa (Nelson): Shell with outer lip much re-
flected. :

v.ampla (Hartm.): Spire short; aperture oval, ex-
tending beyond the apex. (=Gulnaria ampla. Hartm.
Gasterop, 1842, p 69., pl. v.)

v. minor (Mog.): Shell smaller; aperture more oval.

v. Monnardii (Hartm.): Width of shell exceeding its
height ; spire rudimentary ; aperture rounded, extending
beyond the apex. (=Gulnaria Monnardu, Hartm., L.c.,
psf 1., pl:-vi.)

v. acuta (Jeff.): Shell smaller than the typical form,
more oblong, and having the last whorl and mouth pro-
portionably narrower. Body of a greyish colour, and
closely covered with black spots. (=Limneus acutus,
Jeff., Linn. Trans., xvii., p. 373.)

v.albida (Jeff.): Shell smaller and thinner, white,
with a shorter spire, and less distinct strie. L., 0°675.,
os., Woo. -(B. C., vol. i., p. 109.)

LIMN AHA STAGNALIS, LINN.

SHELL ovate-oblong, subulate, semi-transparent, thin,
brittle, greyish-white, horn or brown-coloured; whorls six
to eight, convex, the last one occupying nearly three-
fourths the length of the shell; spire elongated to an
acute point ; suture deep; mouth oval; inner lip reflected
on columella; columellar fold prominent and very much
curved. Length of shell 13 to 2 inches; breadth 1 inch.
Animal yellowish, speckled with brown and milk-white.

Habitat.—In stagnant and slow-running waters.

v. fragilis (Zinn.): Shell much smaller, narrower,
thinner, amber-coloured. (= Helix fragilis, Linn., Syst.
Nat. Edit., x., 1758.)

738 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

v. roseolabiata (Sturm.): Shell slightly narrower,
brown-black; aperture bordered interiorily with rose-
violet.

v. scalariforme (7. D. A. Cockerell.): Whorls dis-
united. (Vide fig. 6.)

Fic. 6.—L. Stagnalis. var. scalariforme.

v.expansa (T. D. A. Cockerell.): Spire short, body-
whorl large and expanded, mouth of the shell wide; the
length of the spire is about 2ths of the total length of

the shell, which is somewhat less than an inch and a half.
(Vide fig. 7.)

Fic. 7.—L. Stagnalis. var. evpansa.

v. variegata (Hazay.): Whorls variegated with opaque
white markings.

v. decollata (Stmpson.): Spire decollated.

v.elegantula (7. D. A. Cockerell.): Shell dark in
colour, nearly scalariform; suture deep. (V2de fig. 8.)

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 79
v.albida (Jeff.): Like v. fragilis, but white in colour.

Fie. 9—Limnea Stagnalis, Variety APPROACHING L,
Palustris IN SHAPE.

LIMNAA PALUSTRIS, MULL.

SHELL conic-oval, pointed, thick, opaque, varying in colour
from yellow to dark violet brown, strongly striated in line
of growth; whorls six to seven, convex, the last whorl
occupying two-thirds the length of the shell; spire pro-
duced, ending in an acute apex; suture rather deep,
circled by a narrow white line; mouth ovate, outer lip
marked with brown or violet, inner lip expanded, and
partially covering the slight umbilicus. Maximum length
2 inch. Animal yellow-brown or cinereous, mottled with
fine black and yellow spots.

Habitat.—Ponds, marshes, and lakes.

v. corva (Gimel.): Shell larger, swollen, opaque, black-

S00 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

ish, violet-coloured within. (= Heli corvus., Gmel. Syst.
Nat., 1788, p. 3658.)

v. fasciata (Nelson): Shell of the same size and shape
as the type, with three spiral bands of a darker brown
colour on the body-whorl.

v. minor (Taylor): Shell smaller, length 8 mill; diam.
43 mill. )

v. elongata (Mog.): Shell a little larger, slightly nar-
row, opaque, brown; spire very produced.

v. lacunosa (Zg/.): Shell with flattenings, depressions
and protuberances. (=Limnezus lacunosus. Ziegl.)

v. disjuncta (Mogq.): Shell small, slightly turretted,
thin, transparent, fauve; whorls more convex; sutures
deeper. (=Limnea disjuncta? Put., Moll. Vosg., p. 60.)

v. obesa (Taylor): Shell remarkable for its obesity,
the dimensions of the type specimen being alt. 23 mill,
diam, 144 mill.; apert. alt. 123 mill.; diam. 8 mill.

v. albida (Nelson): Shell white.

v. roseo-labiata (Jeff.): Mouth of the shell furnished
inside with a rose-coloured or white rib. (B.C., vol. 1,
p. 114.)

v. tincta (Jeff.): Shell shorter and _ broader, light
brown, with a purplish mouth (=Limneus tinctus, Jeff.
Linn. Trans. xvi., p. 378).

v. conica (Jeff.): Shell conic, greyish-white; suture
deep; umbilical cleft present. (B.C., voli., p. 114.)

m. angulatum (8. C. Cockerell): Shell turretted, with
five tumid whorls, bluntly angled at the periphery; aper-
ture oblong, and nearly twice as long as the spire. Length
of shell 16 mill.; breadth 10 mill. Length of aperture 10
mill.; breadth 6 mill.

m. carinatum (Taylor): Shell with a very strong keel ;
spire slender and pointed. Length 11 mill.; breadth 7
mill ; apert. length 5 mill.; breadth 5 mill.

m. decollatum (Jeff.): Spire decollated.

m. turritum (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell about half an

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The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook. 81

inch in length; whorls five; spire turreted; suture deep;
last whorl more than half the total length of the shell,

Fic. 10.—2Z. Palustris. m. turritum.

and flattened at the sides, instead of being rounded as in
a typical specimen. The upper whorls somewhat eroded.

LIMNAA TRUNCATULA, MULL.

SHett oblong-oval, turreted, glossy, pale brown or
yellowish horn-coloured, striated strongly in line of
growth ; whorls five to six, rounded, deeply separated
from one another, and somewhat truncate above, the
body whorl occupying about 3ths the length of the shell ;
_ Spire produced; apex acute; suture very deep; mouth
ovate-oblong, and nearly half as long as the shell; um-
bilical chink distinct. Length of shell 43-inch. Animal
greyish, finely spotted with black.

Habitat.—Marshes, ditches, waterfalls, pools, and
muddy streams.

v. major (Mogq.): Shell larger, ashy, more tumid. Alt.,
10-15 mm.

v. minor (Mog.): Shell smaller, horn-coloured.

v. ventricosa (Moq.): Shell same size as type, more
ventricose ; spire short; peristome without swelling.

v. microstoma (Drowét): Shell small, spire elongated,
whorls more convex, aperture smaller and narrower (H.
Drouét in Baudon, Moll. Orse, 1862, p. 14.)

v. elegans (Jeff.): Shell much larger, more solid and
slender, greyish-white, marked with coarse spiral ridges ;
spire much produced ; suture oblique ; outer lip thickened.
(&.C., vol. 1., p. 116.)

&

82 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

v. albida (Jeff.): Shell smaller, milk-white. (B.C.,
vol. 1, p. 116.)

m. scalariforme (Jeff.): Shell smaller; whorls nearly
disunited. (B. C., vol. i., p. 116.)

LIMNZA GLABRA, MULL.

SHELL an elongated cone, tapering, thin, glossy, with a
few faintly marked longitudinal striations, horny or
brownish ; whorls seven to eight; mouth elongate-ovate,
not above one-third the length of the shell, and with a
broad internal white rib; umbilical cleft very minute.
Length of shell 1 inch. Animal dark slaty grey, spotted
with black.

Habitat.—Ponds and ditches. ;

Vv. major (Gassies): Shell much larger. Length
23 mill.

v. elongata (Jeff.): Spire more produced, so as to
alter the relative proportions of length and breadth.
(B. C., vol. i., p. 118.)

m. decollatum (Nelson): Spire decollated.

ary

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 83
ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS, MULL.

SHELL dextral, conoid, with the point recurved, and ex-
central, thin, yellowish-grey or horn-colour, and strongly
marked with regularly arranged strize, which radiate from
the apex to the peristome, but more finely striate in line
of growth; mouth ovate, nearly a quarter of an inch in
diameter. Height of shell 4-3th inch. Animal slaty-
grey, spotted with black, sinistral.

Hatitat.—In streams and rivulets attached to stones,
or the shells of Unios and Anodons.

v. capuloides (Jan.): Shell elevated, very convex
anteriorily and laterally, nearly convex behind; aperture
oboval, rounded. (= Ancylus capuloides. Jan. in Porro!
Mal. Com. 1838, p. 87, pl. i., fig. 7.)

v. costata (Fér.): Shell whitish or greyish, ornamented
with very strongly marked striz. (Ferussac. 1822, Art.
Ancyl. in Dict. hist. nat. de Bory Saint-Vincent, t. 1.,
p. 436, No. 5.)

v. stricta (Morelet): Shell very elevated, very convex
in front, compressed laterally ; aperture elliptical, narrow.
(=Anceylus strictus, Morelet, Moll. Portug., 1845, p. 88,
pl. vui., fig. 4.)

v. gibbosa (Bourg.): Shell slightly elevated, extremely
convex, sub-gibbous in front, convex laterally, nearly
straight posteriorly; apex obtuse, overhanging posterior
margin; aperture oboval. (=Ancylus deperiditus, Dup.,
Hist. Moil., 1851, v. p. 494, pl., xxvi., fig. 4; non Desm.—
A gibbosus, Bourg., Cat. Ancyl, in Journ. de Conch., 1858,
p. 185.)

v. albida (Jeff.): Shell milk-white, and more finely
striated, (B. C., vol. i., p. 120.)

ANCYLUS LACUSTRIS, LINN.

SHELL sinistral, semi-ovate, with the vertex subcentral,
horn-colour, tinged with yellow or green, thin, glossy, com-
@ 2

84 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

pressed at the sides; mouth ovate, sub-oblong, mem-
branous. Length of shell 4 in.; breadth 75 inch. Animal
greenish-yellow, spotted with black; eyes sessile, round,
black ; tentacles cylindrical, obtuse and white.

Habitat,—Lakes, ponds, and sluggish streams, attached
to water-plants, and the dead leaves of trees which have
lain some time in the water.

v. Moquiniana (Bourg.): Shell elevated, very convex
anteriorily, convex laterally and posteriorily; apex more
crooked, slightly obtuse; aperture elliptical, narrow.
(=Ancylus Moquinianus, Bourg., in Journ. de Conch., 1653,
mlo7, pl. vi., fig. 9.)

v. compressa (Jeff.): Shell rather larger, and consider-
ably broader and flatter than usual (B. C., vol. 1., p. 122).

v. albida (Jeff.) ; Shell milk-white, with a light-grey
epidermis (B. C., vol. i, p. 122).

eal
ae ae ak ia .
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The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook. 8

OU

ARION ATER, LINN.

SHELL composed of loosely aggregated calcareous granules.
Body varying in colour from black to brown, yellow, and
yellowish-white, rounded in front, attenuated behind, and
covered with coarse and prominent tubercles; mantle
finely shagreened; tentacles black, with the bulbs much
swollen; foot marked with transverse black lines; slime
yellowish. Length 2-5 inches.

Hahitat.—W oods, thickets, gardens, and hedge-banks.

v. Draparnaudi (Moqg.): Animal dark-red, foot-fringe
yellowish or reddish.

v. succinea (Mull.): Animal yellowish, unicolor.

v. bicolor (V. Brock) Mog.: Animal dark brown, or
blackish, sides yellowish or orange.

v. nigrescens (Moq.): Animal blackish, foot-fringe
yellowish or reddish.

v. marginata (Moqg.): Animal black, foot-fringe
yellow, orange, or lead-coloured.

v. pallescens (Mog.): Animal dirty-white, a little
reddish or yellowish.

v. rufa (Zinn.): Animal red or brownish, unicolor.
(=L. rufus, Linn, Syst. Nat., Edit. x., 1758, p. 652).

v. albolateralis (Ashford): Animal! dark-brown or
blackish, with the sides white, and the foot-fringe orange ;
the two last colours being sharply defined from one
another

v. pallescens (Roebuck): Animal light yellow.

v. reticulata (Roebuck): The rugosities are very pale,
dirty-yellow, or nearly white, and the interstices between
them grey, giving the whole body a beautiful and distinct
reticulated appearance. The mantle is uniform grey, and
the foot-fringe is pale and rather orange-tawny, with the
usual black lines.

86 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
ARION FLAVUS, MULL.

SHELL white, opaque, wrinkled. Animal pale yellowish-
grey; head, neck, and tentacles dark grey or blackish ;
mantle clearly granulated, more oblong than in A. ater,
and marked with small white specks ; respiratory aperture
near the centre of the right margin of the mantle; tail
angulated ; slime yellow.

Hatitat— Among dead leaves, and decaying vegetable
matter.

‘ARION HORTENSIS, FERUSSAC.

SHELL composed of granules cemented together into an
oval mass. Animal smaller and more slender than A. ater,
marked with longitudinal grey bands ; mantle with a band
round its margins, and one down its middle; edge of foot
yellow, orange, or red-coloured; slime yellowish. Length,
1-13 inches.

Haiitat.—W oods, hedges and gardens.

v. fasciata (Mog.): Animal grey, with black bands.

v. rufescens (Moqg.); Animal reddish, black bands.

v. grisea (Moq.): Animal pale grey, unicolor.

ARION SUBFUSCUS, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL represented by a few isolated calcareous granules.
Animal of a medium size and cylindrical in outline ;
reddish brown, with two lateral faint blackish bands ;
mantle very convex, slightly gibbous in front, paler than —
back, with two lateral black bands; tentacles blackish ;
back in its hinder portion subcarinated, and finely scaled ;
respiratory aperture nearly median; foot grey, marked
with small transverse black lneoles ; slime saffron-yellow.
Length 40-60 mill.; width 60-10.
Habitat.—W oods and damp places.

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The Shell Collector's Handbook. 87

v. aurantiaca : Animal bright orange, with ill-marked
lateral bands.

ARION BOURGUIGNATI, MABILLE.

ANIMAL whitish-grey ; back blackish, with lateral bands;
keel well pronounced in young individuals, but becoming
more and more obsolete as the slug becomes adult, and
represented then by a pale line; foot whitish; length,
40 mill. (Mabille, Rev. Zool., 1868).

Habitat.—W oods, gardens, and fields.

88 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

GEOMALCUS MACULOSUS, ALLMAN.

SHELL solid, flat, unguiform, marked with concentric
lines of growth. Animal black, spotted with yellow, and
covered with closely-set coarse tubercles; foot brown,
transversely furrowed; sole light yellow, divided into
three bands by a median longitudinal band of a paler
colour; slime gland large.

Habitat.—West Kerry, Ireland.

Peary Ti ee

i
‘

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 89

AMALIA (LIMAX) GAGATES, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL oval, rugous, thick from nucleus to centre; nucleus
subterminal, blunt. Animal varying in colour from lead-
grey and black to dark red, somewhat fusiform in shape;
mantle granulated, oblong, bilobed, rounded behind,
truncated somewhat anteriorily; dorsal tentacles dusty
slate-colour, the ventral pair being paler; back distinctly
carinated ; slime colourless, thick, glutinous.

Habitat.—Gardens and hedgerows. Local.

v. olivacea (Mog.): Animal deep grey ; olive-coloured.

v. plumbens (Mog.): Animal blackish-grey, more
or less lead-coloured.

v. rava (Williams): Animal drab-coloured, slightly
fuscous, with the mantle of a lighter colour than the
back.

AMALIA (LIMAX) MARGINATA, MULL.

Suet elliptical, slightly concave, lines of growth well
pronounced ; nucleus nearly terminal. Animal truncated
in front, attenuated behind, reddish-brown or yellowish in
colour; mantle of an elongated oval shape, granulated ;
head and tentacles dusky; keel prominent, always of a
lighter colour than the rest of the back; slime colourless,
glutinous.

Habitat.—Gardens and fields.

v. rufula (Mog.): Animal yellowish-red.

v. rustica (Millet): Animal greyish, mantle reddish,
with a longitudinal black band on each side; mantle
whitish.

90 . The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
EULIMAX (LIMAX) FLAVUS, LINN.

SHELL oblong or quadrangular, thin, concave; margin
membranaceous ; nucleus slightly prominent. Animal
fleshy, yellow, tessellated with blackish-brown and white,
coarsely tuberculated, keeled towards the end of its tail;
mantle short, broadly rounded behind, concentrically
striated ; head, neck, and tentacles slate-colour ; sole milk-
white ; foot-margin pale yellow; slime yellow.

Hatitat.—Cellars and damp places.

v. grisea (Roebuck): Animal like the type, but with
the ground-colour grey instead of yellow.

v. suffusa (Roebuck): Animal grey, unicolor.

v. virescens. (Fér.): Animal greenish, spots indistinct.

v. colubrina (Pini.): “Flavus, clypeo dorsoque late ac
irregulariter nigro-maculato interstitiis flavis maculas
nigras sequantibus.”

EULIMAX (LIMAX) AGRESTIS, LINN.

SHELL small, oval, concave beneath, thin, rugose ; nucleus
small, slightly excentric; margin membranaceous. Animal
generally yellowish, mottled with dusky and whitish, but
varying greatly in colour; mantle large, broadly rounded
behind, concentrically striated; back with a short keel,
which is always placed obliquely ; foot pale grey, or cream
colour; slime milk white. Length ; to 3 inches.

Habitat.—Fields, gardens, and woods. Widely distri-
buted.

v. nigra (Butterell): Animal jet black, tentacles bluish
or brownish-black, with the sole pale.

v. filans (Hoy): Animal greyish-white or ashy; mantle
_ yellowish.

v. punctata (Mog.): Animal greyish or white, with very
small black spots.

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The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook. 91

v.lilacina (Mog.): Animal lilac or brown-lilac, spot-
ess,

v. albida (Picard): Animal greyish-white, spotless, with
sometimes two lateral greyish-bands (scarcely obvious) on
the mantle.

v. sylvatica (Drap.): Animal greyish, mottled.

v. cineracea (Mogq.): Animal greyish-white, mantle ashy
(=type).

v. reticulata (Mull): Animal red or reddish-grey, with
irregular blackish spots.

v. nigricans ( Westerl): Animal grey, variegated with
black spots crowded together; tentacles and neck with a
black line on the sides.

v.submaculata (Williams): Body greyish - white,
streaked with seal-brown on the back, which extends on to
the mantle and covers its posterior two-thirds; the sides
of the body and the anterior third of the mantle are free
from streaks and spotted with black.

v. tristis (Moq.): Animal brownish, mantle with two
lateral brown bands, and sometimes a third intermediate
band.

EULIMAX (LIMAX) LAEVIS, MULL.

SHELL unguiform, convex above, flat beneath, glossy, solid ;
margin sharp, slightly incurved, not membranous ; nucleus
terminal. Animal very glossy, dark brown tinged with
violet, slender; mantle very tumid behind, pale yellowish-
brown, nearly transparent ; sole ash-coloured ; respiratory
orifice near the centre of the right margin of the mantle;
slime almost colourless. Length 3-3 inch.

Hatitat.—In damp situations, under stones, and logs of
wood.

v. maculata (7. D. A. Cockerell): Animal differing
from the typical form in being spotted with dark brown.

,

92 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
EULIMAX (LIMAX) TENELLUS, MULL.

SHELL oval or oblong, somewhat tuberculous; margin
broad, thin, membranaceous; boss indistinct, nearly ter-
minal. Body rounded, compressed towards the tail,
greenish white; head and tentacles black; mantle yel-
lowish, rounded behind, concentrically wrinked; slime
thick, orange coloured.

Habitat.—W oods in North Britain. Extremely local.

EULIMAX (LIMAX) ARBORUM, BOUCHARD-
CHANTEREAUX.

SHELL oval, thin, nearly flat; margin membranaceous ;
nucleus small, subterminal. Body cinereous with yellowish-
white spots, and a dusky band on either side, carinated
near the tail ; mantle concentrically striate, pomted behind;
dorsal tentacles short; foot-margin white; slime colour-
less. Length 13-3 inches.

Habitat——In woods on trees, especially the beech and
walnut.

v. Bettonii (Sordell) : Animal ornamented on the back
with white and fuscous spots; median band white, with
two accompanying fuscous bands; median band on mantle
white, with two alternating white and fuscous lateral
bands; keel short.

v. dicipiens (7. D. A. Cockerell): Animal brownish-
grey, with the markings coalesced so as to produce the
appearance of pale spots on a dark grey ground; lateral
bands ill-marked on mantle, none on body; keel short,
dorsal line partly obsolete.

v. maculata (Roebuck): Animal with the ground colour
as in type, but with the markings reduced to small and
sharply defined black spots of a rounded or elongated form,
and with a thin continuous band on each side which shows
a tendency to break up into spots.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 93
EULIMAX (LIMAX) MAXIMUS, LINN.

SuHEtt oblong, solid, flat, slightly concave; margin mem-
branaceous; nucleus small, subterminal. Body large,
varying in colour from ashy-grey to black, slightly car-
inated towards the tail; tentacles long, vinous coloured ;
mantle buckler-shaped, swollen, produced behind; slime
whitish. Length 3-6 inches.

Habitat. — Cellars, gardens, woods, hedgerows, &c.
Widely distributed.

v. cinerea (Moqg.): Animal ashy, spotless, mantle
bluish-black.

v. Ferrussaci (Mog.): Animal whitish, with four rows
of black spots on mantle and body.

v. cellaria (D’Argenville): Animal ashy, mantle spot-
ted with black, back with bands of the same colour, inter-
rupted, and presenting alternating lines and points.

v. maculata (Picard, Mog.): Animal ashy, mantle and
back with irregular black spots.

v. Johnstoni (Moqg.): Animal ashy, mantle spotted
with black; back marked with spots and two bands of the
same colour. [Subvar lilacina (Roebuck): Animal re-
_ sembling the type, except that the ground colour is lilac,
instead of ashy. |

v. fasciata (Mog.): Animal of a deep ash colour with |
whitish bands, often five in number.

v. obscura (Moqg.): Animal brown, unicolor.

v. rufescens (Mog.): Animal reddish, unicolor.

v. marmorata (7. D. A. Cockerell): Animal light
greyish-brown ; mantle marbled and spotted, darker in the
anterior, and lighter in the posterior part (where it shades
into a grey); the bands are grey, ill-defined, but fairly
distinct, and there are black spots scattered here and there.

EULIMAX (LIMAX) CINEREO-NIGER, WOLE.

RESEMBLES closely Eulimax maximus, with which it was

94 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

till lately associated as a variety. It may, however, be |
distinguished by the following characters: The mantle is
unicolorous and without markings; the pulmonary aper-
ture is margined with the same colour as the ground
colour of the body, but of a deeper tint; the keel is
generally of a different colour from the rest of the body ;
and the sole is divided into three longitudinal bands, the
middle one being white, and the two lateral ones dark.

Habitat.—Gardens and fields.

v. nigra (Mogqg.): Animal black, unicolor.

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ar aa 46 > stay bal ala
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rae ene

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 95
TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL roundish-oval, ear-shaped, depressed; spire short,
composed of one whorl and a half; suture deepish; mouth
roundish, dilated in front. Length of shell {-2ths inch.
_ Animal dirty yellowish-brown, spotted with red, brown,

white or black, capable of great extension; mantle small,
covered by the shell; back rounded with two longitudinal
furrows, which commence from the shell and terminate
near the head; lips capable of being extended so as to
simulate a third pair of tentacles.

Habitat.— Market gardens and fields.

—

Fic. 11.—Testacella Haliotidea.

v. scutulum (Sowerby): Animal yellowish; shell nar-
rower in front than behind. [Subvar, pallida (7. D. A.
Cockerell): Animal pale yellowish, without markings.

Subvar, aurea (7. D. A. Cockerell) : Animal orange, with
brown markings. |

TESTACELLA MAUGEI, FERUSSAC.

SHELL larger and more cylindrical than in T. haliotidea.
Body dark brown-coloured.

Habitat.— Gardens and fields.

96 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
SUCCINEA PUTRIS, LINN.

SHELL ovate-oblong, smooth, glossy, transparent, very
thin, irregularly striate, amber-coloured ; whorls three to
four, convex, body-whorl occupying four-fifths of the
shell; mouth ovate, subvertical, two-thirds the length
of the shell. Length of shell 3-3 inch. Animal reddish-
yellow.

Habitat.—Marshes, banks of ditches and pools, among
flags, grasses, and sedges.

Fig. 12.—Suceinea Putris.

v. vitrea (Mog.): Shell suboval, very thin, slightly
yellowish, transparent. (—Succinea virescens, Morel).

v. Ferussina (Moq.): Shell small, slightly elongated,
deep reddish-fawn coloured.

v. Charpentieri (Dumont and Mortillet.): Shell oval,
slightly elongated, convex, thin, fragile, transparent,
shghtly glossy, light amber-coloured; spire short; whorls
three, oblique, convex, separated from one another by a
narrow suture, the last whorl, which makes up nearly the
whole of the shell, is slightly narrowed in front; strie
large, irregular ; aperture oval, narrow and acute above,
much rounded in front; height 15 mill.

v. olivula (Baud): Animal pale yellowish-grey, shell
having much analogy in shape to S. Pfeifferi, slender,
oblong, narrow, very regularly conic, acute at the apex;
spire very short; last whorl large, slightly contracted, and
forming nearly the whole of the shell; aperture longly

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 97

rounded at the base, more narrow above; columella
slightly concave in the middle, oblique, thin, transparent,
fragile, crystalline, finely striated, pale or deep yellow
amber-coloured with a greenish tint. Height 14-20 mill.

v. Subglobosa (Jeff.): Shell shorter and broader in
proportion to its length, usually much smaller and more
solid. (B.C. vol.i., p. 152.)

v. vitrea (Jeff.) : =Succinea virescens, Morelet. (Vide
mnfra).

v. solidula (Jeff.): Shell much thicker, reddish-yellow.
(B. C. vol. i., p. 152.)

SUCCINEA VIRESCENS, MORELET.

SHELL ovate-oblong, very thin, pellucid, greenish-yellow,
concentrically striated; columella whitish; aperture
ovate ; spire very short. Length 10 mill., diameter 5 mill.
Aperture 8 mill. long ; 43 mill. wide.

Habitat.—Marshes and ditch-banks.

SUCCINEA ELEGANS, RISSO.

SHELL smaller, more slender, and with a spire longer and
more pointed than in S. putris, semi-transparent, amber-
coloured. Animal yellowish-brown or black, making the
shell, when containing the animal, appear of a greyish-
blue, bluish, or greenish-black colour.

Habitat.—Generally found in company with 8. putris.

v. minor (Jeff.): Shell reddish-brown, thinner; spire
shorter ; aperture more expanded.

v. ochracea (Betta): Shell smaller and thicker ; spire
longer; aperture smaller.

v. albida (Taylor): Shell white.

m. Ssinistrorsum (Baud): Whorls disjointed.
H

98 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

SUCCINEA PFEIFFERI, ROSSMASSLER.

SHELL oval, elongated, slightly curved at the extremities,
transparent, pale yellow or reddish in colour; whorls
three, twisted, the body-whorl occupying nearly the whole
of the shell; spire short, conical, with the apex tuber-
culous; suture oblique, well defined, but not deep;
_ aperture an elongated oval, acute above, rounded below,
generally prolonged as far as 3rds of the total height
of the shell. Length 12, diam. 6-7 mill. Aperture, 9
mill. long, 5 mill. wide.

Habitat.—Marshes and marshy places.

v. propinqua (Baud): Shell elongated, ventricose ;
spire short; body-whorl very large; aperture large, oval,
elongated, occupying 3rds of the total height of the
shell.

v. brevispirata (Baud): Shell short, moderately
convex; spire extremely short; body-whorl occupying
nearly the whole of the shell; aperture oval, rounded,
elevated, moderately large, comprising at least grds of
the total height of the shell.

v. ventricosa (Baud): Spire more elevated; body-
whorl convex, large ; aperture large, less elevated, being
a little more than half the total height of the shell.

v. virescens (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell greenish ;
spire elongated ; suture deep.

v. rufescens (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell reddish ;
suture shallow.

v. intermedia (Bean): Shell yellow, acuminated oval
in shape; spire prominent, rose-coloured; suture well-
defined, deep; long. 9, diam. 5 mill; apert. 6 mill. long,
3 mill. wide.

v. elata (Baud): Shell very slender ; spire long, very
tortuous ; body-whorl slightly convex, very contracted at
its origin; aperture oval, slightly elevated, hardly one-
half of the total height of the shell.

=

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 99
SUCCINEA OBLONGA, DRAP.

SHELL small, oval, ventricose, thin, fragile, light horn-
coloured; whorls four, convex; suture deepish; spire
produced, apex blunt; mouth oval and about the same
length as the spire; somewhat resembles in shape
Limnea truncatula, but is distinguished from this species
by the absence of the reflected lip on the columella.

Hatitat.—-Edges of ditches, near the coast, and on sand-
dunes near the sea.

v. humilis (Droiiet): Shell smaller, less elongated;
aperture more rounded. (=Succinea humilis, Droiiet.)

v. arenaria (Bouch): Shell oval, slightly oblong,
ventricose, striz very fine, thin, solid, slightly trans-
parent, deep amber or reddish-horn coloured; spire
composed of from one and a half to four whorls, very
swollen and slightly twisted, the last whorl large; suture
very deep; apex slightly pointed; aperture rounded-
oval, exceeding in length one half of the total height of
the shell. Height 6-8 mill.; diam. 5-6 mill. (=Succinea
arenaria. Bouch. Moll., Pas-de-Calais, 1838, p. 54.)

100 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
VITRINA PELLUCIDA, MULL.

SHELL glassy-green, depressed, thin, glossy ; whorls three
to four, body-whorl very large; spire very short; mouth
somewhat oval; umbilicus wanting. Height of shell ,:th
inch; breadth ¢ inch. Animal elongated, too large to be
contained entirely within the shell, pinkish-grey in colour;
mantle finely spotted with black.

Habitat—Among moss and dead leaves in woods and
hedge-banks.

v. depressiuscula (Jeff:): Shell rather oval, and
flatter on both sides ; spire scarcely raised above the level
of the last whorl. (= V. depressa and V. Draparnaldi,
Jeff. in Linn. Trans. xvi., pp. 326, 327.)

v. Dillwynii (Jeff.): Shell nearly globular, with
the last whorl very convex; spire more prominent. (= J.
Dillwynii, Jefir. l. ¢., p. 506).

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ZONITES CELLARIUS, MULL.

SHELL depressed, dirty-yellow or pale-horn colour, trans-
parent, shining; under-surface clouded with white,
especially about the umbilicus; whorls five to six; mouth
crescent-shaped; umbilicus large, exposing the second
whorl. Diameter of shell } to } inch. Animal dusky-
grey.

Habitat.—Under stones in fields and woods, about walls
in gardens, and in cellars. Universally distributed.

v. complanata (Jeff.): Shell smaller, spire flatter.
(B. C. vol. i., p. 159.)

v. compacta (Jeff.): Shell more compact and convex ;
body-whorl less swollen, not so white beneath. (B.C.
vol. i., p. 160.)

v. albinos (Mogq.): Shell whitish.

ZONITES ALLIARIUS, MULL.

Suet depressed, flat, pale amber or horn-colour, thin,
transparent, very shining, upper surface smooth, and darker
than the lower surface, which is not so white beneath as
in the other species; whorls five, the last not so large
proportion to the others as in Z. cellarius; umbilicus
moderately large, exposing the second whorl; aperture
semilunar, narrow. Diameter {th to + inch. Animal
darker than, but resembling Z. cellarius, emitting an’
alliaceous smell.

Habitat.—Walls, gardens and woods.

v. viridula (Jeff.): Shell greenish-white. (B. C.
vol. i., p. 161.)

ZONITES GLABER, STUDER.

Suett thin, very glossy, semi-transparent, compressed,
convex above, less convex below, transversely striated,

102 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

darkish horn-coloured, with opaque white cloudings around
‘the umbilicus; whorls five to five and a half, convex, the
body-whorl occupying about one half of the shell; spire
slightly produced, with a blunt apex; suture not deep;
aperture forming three-fourths of a circle; umbilicus
narrow, deep. Animal dark bluish gray, striped like a
zebra on each side, and irregularly mottled behind.
Habitat.—W oods and fields.

ZONITES NITIDULUS, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL flattened, subpellucid, dull waxy-coloured above,
paler below, and clouded with opaque white round the
umbilicus; whorls four to five, convex, marked with
irregularly placed striz, which are interrupted by the
sutures, and not continued from whorl to whorl; suture
deepish ; spire slightly produced, with a blunt apex;
aperture semilunar, a little oblique; peristome not re-
flected ; umbilicus large, exposing the second whorl.
Diameter 2ths to 3,ths inch. Animal dark lead coloured,
marked with tubercles of a darker colour.

Habitat—Under stones on hedge-sides, among moss,
in woods and old walls.

v. nitens (Mich.): Shell rather smaller, and of a lighter
colour, with a dull and waxy appearance; last whorl
somewhat larger in proportion to the others, and laterally
expanded. (= Helia nitens, Michaud. Compl. Drap., p.
44, pl. xv., f. 1-5.)

v. Helmii (Alder): Shell pearl-white in colour.
(= Helix Helmii, Gilbertson’s M.S.)

ZONITES PURUS, ALDER.

SHELL depressed, transparent, glossy, whitish or light
horn-coloured, with numerous transverse circular striz ;

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whorls four, convex, the body-whorl occupying nearly
one-half of the shell; spire not much raised, obtuse ;
sutures deep, narrow; aperture roundish, oblique; um-
bilicus narrow, deep, disclosing all the internal spire.
Diam. 5, to } inch. ‘Animal yellowish-grey, tinged with
slate colour, and mottled with minute black specks.

Habitat——Under stones and decayed leaves, in woods
and fields.

v. margaritacea (Jeff.): Shell pearl-white, nearly
transparent. (B.C. voli., p. 165).

ZONITES RADIATULUS, ALDER.

SHELL flattened, shining, transparent, regularly striated,
horn-coloured; whorls four to four and a half, convex,
with the body-whorl large in proportion to the rest, and
the strise extending from whorl to whorl, and not inter-
rupted by the sutures as in Z. nitidulus; spire much de-
pressed, obtuse; suture not very deep; aperture semi-
lunar, oblique; umbilicus moderately deep. Diameter 7;
to 1 inch. Animal dark-brown, marked with rounded
tubercles, between which are placed a few white specks.

Habitat—Among moss and wet grass, in woods and
fields.

v. viridescenti-alba (Jeff.): Shell greenish-white.
(Ferussac described a greenish-white variety of this species
in his Prodromus as Helix vitrina, which seems to be
identical with v. viridescenti-alba of Jeffreys).

ZONITES NITIDUS, MULLER.

SHELL depressed, subglobular, glossy, semi-transparent,
transversely striated, brownish horn-coloured ; whorls
five, body-whorl occupying one-half of the shell; spire
produced, blunt; aperture oblique, roundish, forming

104 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

three-fourths of a circle; outer lip somewhat oblique;

umbilicus narrow, deep. Diameter 3,ths inch; length

half-breadth. Animal bluish-black, with thick tentacles.
Habitat.—Marshes, and banks of streams, ditches, &c.
v. albinos (Moq.): Shell whitish, unicolour.

ZONITES EXCAVATUS, BEAN.

SHELL depressed, thin, sub-orbicular, shining, darkish
horn-coloured ; strize well-defined ; whorls five and a half,
convex ; spire slightly produced ; aperture small, lunate ;
umbilicus large, deep, disclosing all the whorls. Diam. -
maj. 64, min. 58, alt. 22 mill. Animal lead-coloured, with
the mantle closely spotted with milk-white.

Habitat.—W oods, among moss and dead leaves.

v. vitrina (Fér.): Shell greenish-white, transparent.
(=Helkx vitrina, Fér, Tabl. Syst. p. 45 —H. vir fae
Menke. Syn. Moll., p. 20).

ZONITES CRYSTALLINUS, MULLER.

SHELL nearly flat, vitreous, diaphanous, glabrous,
shining; whorls four and a half to five, the body-
whorl being scarcely smaller than the preceding whorl;
sutures well-defined, shallow ; aperture lunate ; umbilicus
small. Diam. maj. 4, min. 33, alt. 13 mill. Animal milk-
white with inky-black dorsal, and greyish ventral ten-
tacles.

Habitat—Woods and hedgerows, among moss and de-
caying leaves.

v.complanata (Jeff.): Shell nearly flat on both sides,
the last whorl proportionately larger than the others.
(B.C volt l.; p: 170).

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 105
ZONITES FULVUS, MULLER.

SHELL conical, smooth, glossy, dark horn-coloured, semi-
transparent; whorls five and a half to six; periphery
bluntly carinated ; spire produced, blunt; aperture cres-
cent-shaped, narrow; umbilicus shallow, not very dis-
tinct.

Habitat—Woods and hedgerows, among stones and
decaying leaves.

v. Mortonii (Jeff.): Shell depressed above, less flat-
tened below, peripheral keel sharper. (Helix Mortoniz,
Jeftr. Zinn. Trans. vol. xvi., p. 332).

v. Alderi (Gray): Shell smaller, darker brown in
colour. (Alder, Mag. Z and B. ii., 108).

v. viridula (Taylor): Shell transparent, greenish-
white.

106 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
HELIX LAMELLATA, JEFF.

SHELL conoid, globose, thin, transparent, yellowish horn-
colour ; epidermis raised into numerous close-set. plaits ;
whorls six, convex; spire slightly depressed, blunt ; suture
deep; aperture crescent-shaped; umbilicus small, very
deep. Diam. 23, alt. 2 mill. Animal yellowish-white,
with the back of a slaty-grey and a mid-dorsal yellowish-
white line.
Habitat.—W oods and groves.

HELIX ACULEATA, MULLER.

SHELL very small, conical, globose, brownish horn-
coloured ; epidermis raised into numerous plaits, which in
the middle of each whorl become produced into spinous
points; whorls four to four and a half, convex; aperture
nearly semi-circular; umbilicus small. Diam. 23, alt. 22
mill. Body varying in colour from slaty to pale-brown.

Habitat.—Woods and hedgerows, among moss and
decaying leaves.

v. albida (Jeff.): Shell of a whitish colour. (B. C. vol.
ap. 1.76).

HELIX POMATIA, LINN.

SHELL very large, globose, ventricose, obliquely striated,
strong, whitish-yellow, banded with pale brown; whorls
four to five, the body-whorl occupying two-thirds of the
shell; spire short, blunt; aperture roundish, lunate ;
inner lip reflected; umbilicus very narrow. Diam. maj.

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The Shell-Collector’'s Handbook. 107

47, min. 39, alt. 39 mill. Animal warty, varying in colour
from yellowish-grey to pale brown; mantle trilobed.
Habitat.— Woods and hedgerows in chalky districts.

v.albida (Moq.): Shell whitish, unicolour.
v. Sinistralis (Paétel): Spire reversed.

HELIX ASPERSA, MULLER.

SHELL conoid, globose, wrinkled, yellowish-brown, marked
with darker bands which are interrupted at intervals by
white or yellowish streaks; whorls four to four and a
half, convex, the body whorl being proportionally large ;
spire short, blunt; aperture oval, lunate; peristome re-
flected; umbilicus indistinct. Diam. maj. 41, min. 32,
alt. 32 mill. Animal dark brown with white specks.

Habitat.—W oods, gardens, and fields.

v. conoidea (Picard): Shell an elongated cone, thin,
fragile; mouth small. (=var 4, Picard. Moll. Somme,
1840, p. 181).

v. globosa (Mog.): Shell larger, nearly globular.

v. undulata (Moq.): Shell smaller, very thin, trans-

108 The Shell-Collector’s’ Handbook.

parent, reddish, with brown and whitish longitudinal,
undulatory wrinklings.

v. tenuior (Shuttlew): Shell smaller, very thin, trans-
parent, reddish, unicolor. (Moll. Corse in Mittheil nat.
Gesellsch, Bern. 1843, p. 17). :

v. nigrescens (Moq.): Shell blackish or of a very
smoky brown-black, nearly unicolour.

v. grisea (Mog.): Shell tawny or greyish, with ex-
tremely pale bands.

v.albescens (Picard): Shell whitish, banded with
reddish, or marked with flame-shaped markings of the
same colour.

v. unicolor (Moq.): Shell light tawny, unicolor.

v. flammea (Picard): Shell reddish, without distinct
bands, but with longitudinal flame-shaped markings, more
or less interrupted. (=var. d. rufescens, 1. flammea,
Picard).

v.obscurata (Mog.): Shell reddish, with some
large pale brown bands that are more or less confused in
the ground colour.

v. zonata (Mogq.): Shell reddish or pale yellowish,
with five narrow bands, of which the three upper ones are
continuous. (var d. rufescens, 2. fasciatus. Picard.
var. quinque fasciata, Reg! Cat. 1848, p. 43).

v. virescens (Moq.): Shell greenish-yellow, unicolor.
(= var. virescens concolor. Reg! loc. cit).

v.exalbida (Menke): Shell yellowish or whitish, uni-
color.

v. semifusca (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell with a band
formula of (123) 45, and with all the space between the
suture, and the situation of the third whorl covered with
chocolate-brown.

v.lutescens (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell yellow,
with pale red-brown bands; lip white.

v. albofasciata -(Jeff.): Shell reddish-brown, with a
single white band. (B.C. vol.i., p. 181).

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 109

v. minor (Moq.): Shell smaller.

v.maxima (Taylor): Shell larger. Diam. maj. 48,
min. 32, alt. 38 mill.

m.scalariforme (Taylor): Spire produced, and
whorls disunited. (Vide fig. 14.)

Fie. 14.—Helix aspersa. m. scalarvforme.

m.sinistrorsum (Zaylor): Spire reversed.

[To express the different modes of banding in this and the
two following species as shortly as possible several formulze
—known as band-formulsze—have been adopted by concho-
logists. The type of each species has five bands, which
are represented by the figures 12345—the 123 referring to
three bands above the periphery and the 45 to two bands
below it. When a band is interrupted it is shown by a
colon, thus 12: 45; when slightiy developed, by the inser-
tion of the figure representing that band below the line of
the others, as 12345; when obsolete by a cypher, as
02345, or 00000; and when two or more bands are con-
fused together into one band it is shown by bracketing the
figures standing for the component bands, thus 123(45),
(123)(45). If more than five bands be present the
extra band is represented by the insertion of the letter x
into the formula, as in 12x345 or 1x2845 .

110 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

HELIX NEMORALIS, LINN.

SHELL subglobose, striated, banded or unicolor; whorls
five to five and a half, convex; spire short, blunt; aper-
ture rounded, semilunar ; outer lip strong, reddish-brown ;
inner lip thin, reddish-brown or chocolate coloured ; um-
bilicus indistinct. Diam. maj. 25, min. 24, alt. 15 mill.
Animal dark-brown, marked with closely-set tubercles.

Habitat.—W oods, hedgerows, and gardens.
. albescens (Moq.): Shell whitish.
. Studeria (Moq.): Shell lilac.
.Tubella (Mogq.): Shell pink.
. castanea (Mog.): Shell brown.
. Olivacea (Gassies): Shell olive-brown.
. Petiveria (Mogq.): Shell fauve.
. libellula (Risso): Shell yellow.
.aurantia (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell orange-col-
oured.

v. hyalozonata (Taylor): Shell with transparent
bands.

v. roseolabiata (Taylor): Peristome and rib pink or
pale-brown.

v. albolabiata (Von. Martens): Shell with mouth and
rib white.

v.interrupta (Moq.): Shell with the bands inter-
rupted.

v. bimarginata (Moqg.): Shell with the peristome
brown exteriorily, and white interiorily.

v. lurida (Mogq.): Shell with half-effaced bands.

v. compressa (Terver) : Shell with the spire de-
pressed.

v. conoidea (Jenner): Shell with the spire shaped like
an elevated cone. Diam. 22-18 mm. :

v. ponderosa (Malm.): Shell very thick, heavy, large ;
yellowish-white underneath, umbilicus often large.

v. major (Fér.): Shell very large.

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v. minor (Mog.): Shell small.

m.sinistrorsum (Westrl.): Shell with spire re-
versed.

m.scalariforme (Taylor): |Shell with whorls sepa-
rated.

[Sheppard has divided the banded varieties into two
groups, the one-banded (v. cincta), and the five banded
(v. fasciata).]

HELIX HORTENSIS, MULLER.

SHELL closely resembling that of H. nemoralis, but
smaller, thinner, and possessing a white or rose-coloured
peristome.

Habitat.—W oods, hedge-banks, and gardens.

v. minor (Mogq.): Shell dwarfed.

v. roseolabiata (Taylor): Shell with pink or rose-
coloured rib.

v. fuscolabiata (von Martens): Shell with a dark
peristome and rib.

v.albina (Mogq.) : Shell whitish or white, bandless
(= v. subalbida. Locard.)

v. coalita (Mog.): Shell with some, or all, of the
bands united together.

v. incarnata (Mogq.): Shell of a bright rose-colour.

v. lurida: (Mogq.): Shell with the bands demi-effaced.
_ v.roseozonata (7. D. A. Cockerell): Shell straw-

colour with red-brown bands.

v. olivacea (Taylor): Shell deep olive-brown.

v. lilacina (Taylor): Shell bluish-violet in colour.

v, arenicola (Macgill): Shell with transparent,
colourless bands.

v. lutea (Mog.): Shell yellow.

v. unicolor (Pasc.): Shell without bands, yellow, rose,
tawny, whitish or white.

m. sinistrorsum (Taylor): Spire reversed.

Mi BY The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
HELIX ARBUSTORUM, LINN.

SHELL globose, thin, marked concentrically with very
minute strize, brown, marked with yellowish spots and a
single blackish band, which girdles the middle of each
whorl; whorls five to six, convex, the last whorl making
two-thirds of the shell; spire short, conoid, obtuse;
aperture rounded, lunate; peristome white, reflected.
Diam. maj. 24, min. 20, alt. 16 mill. Animal dark olive-
green or bluish-black, coarsely tuberculated.

Habitat—Woods, hedgerows, and among the willows
and reeds of river banks and ditch sides.

v. Baylei (Zecog): Shell smaller, more conoid, ex-
tremely thin, very transparent, light greenish-yellow in
colour.

v. alpestris (Zg/l.): Shell half the usual size, spire
more raised. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 12 mill.

v. conoidea (Westrl): Shell large, conical, irregularly
striate, with transverse, somewhat confluent, pale yellow
markings, subperforate. Diam. 24, alt. 26 mill.

v. fusca (Fér.): Shell very thin, subtransparent,
brown, nearly unicolour.

v. Repellina (Charp): Shell more flattened, thin,
transparent, pale.

v. marmorata (Roffr): Shell similar to type, but
destitute of bands.

v. pallida (Taylor): Shell yellow, or whitish-yellow,
with bands.

v. flavescens (Mog.): Shell yellowish, nearly uni-
color.

v. albinos (Moq.): Shell whitish, spotless.

m. sinistrorsum (Fér.): Shell reversed.

HELIX CANTIANA, MONT.

SHELL depressed, subglobose, thin, pellucid, yellowish-
horn coloured, tinged with rose towards the aperture, and

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 113

generally marked with a faint white line near the peri-
phery ; whorls six to seven, convex, the body-whorl com-
prising nearly one-half of the shell; spire short, blunt;
suture rather deep ; aperture lunate, slightly reflected and
marked with a white or rose-coloured rib; umbilicus
small, narrow, deep. Diam. maj. 21, min. 18, alt. 13-14
mill. Animal pale yellowish, covered with greyish tuber-
eles.

Habitat—On nettles and in marshy places in the
Southern Counties.

v. albida (Taylor): Shell entirely opaque white.

v. Galloprovincialis (Dup.): Shell with the last
whorl less depressed, strize finer and more equal, lighter in
colour; umbilicus narrower; peristome white interiorily,
reddish exteriorily. (=Helix Galloprovincialis, Dup.,
Mist. Moll. ii., 1848, p. 204).

v. minor (Mog.): Shell as in preceding var., but
smaller.

v.rubescens (Moq.): Shell as in var. Galloprovin-
cialis, but with the last whorl reddish.

v. pyramidata (Colb.) : Shell smaller, spire more
raised, pyramidal.

HELIX CARTUSIANA, MULLER,

SHELL depressed, globose, subpellucid, minutely striated :
whitish horn-colour marked with a milk-white spiral band
just above the periphery, not so glossy as in H. cantiana ;
whorls six to seven, the body-whorl comprising nearly one
half of the shell; spire acute, more depressed than in H.
cantiana; suture deepish ; aperture lunate with a white
internal rib; umbilicus minute. Diam. maj. 14; min. 11;
alt. 74 mill. Animal yellowish, closely tuberculated, each
tubercle being dotted with brown.
I

114 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

Habitat—Among grass on the Kent and Surrey
Downs.

v. leucoloma (Stabile): Shell small with white peri-
stome and rib.

v. rufilabris (Jeff.): Shell smaller with the inside rib
of a reddish colour. (Westerlund in his “ Fauna Europa”
describes this var. as “ testa-globoso-depressa, polita, anfr.
sat lente accrescentes, apert. rotundato-lunata, anguste
sed alte rufescenti labiata, margine intus rufo-brunneo ;
d. 8-10, a. 6-8 mm.)

HELIX RUFESCENS, PENNANT.

Suet depressed, subglobose, subcarinated, varying in
colour from ashy-grey to rufous brown, and generally with
a white band at the periphery; whorls six to seven, con-
vex, the body-whorl comprising about one-half of the
shell; spire short, blunt ; aperture semi-elliptical, oblique,
with a white internal rib; umbilicus narrow, distinct.
Diam. maj. 14; min. 10; alt.6 mill. Animal dusky ash-
coloured, with well pronounced tubercles ; dorsal tentacles
long, slender ; ventral tentacles short.

Habitat.—Under stones and logs of wood in woods,
gardens, and hedge-banks.

v. rubens (Mog.): Shell more or less reddish. (= var.
4, Bouch. Moll. Pas-de-Cal. p. 46.)

v.alba (Moq.): Shell entirely white (= var. 1. Bouch.
loc. cit.)

v. minor (Jeff.): Shell smaller ; spire more raised.
f—s._C. vol. 1. p.' 195.)

HELIX CONCINNA, JEFF.

CLOSELY allied to Helix hispida, from which it may be
distinguished by the following characters :—Shell larger,

“ aed hap oH na # at

eiectchis: te tober ty ray <t
ins ee wh ’ |

- re ike aati Germ te
Memmi Ive shir He) clocy Ga) Te an Han

—. Se : s! Ze i. vl bias re ;

4 y
aT) yy ait "tae er.
Lan ' Tex, . A J

rhe iene
4 fi a

2D Oar ped o-
nt ial t 7 +1

ith gait enn eh Ne a
A hn ia ts

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 115

less globose, hairs more liable to fall off, and in con-
sequence the shell often appears glabrous; umbilicus
wider. Animal reddish-brown, minutely tuberculated ;
foot narrow.

Habitat—Under stones, among ‘nettles and Arum
maculatum, as well as at the roots of grass in moist
places.

v. minor (Jeff.): Shell smaller and white; spire
more depressed than usual. (B.C. vol. 1, p. 197.)

v. albida (Jeff.): Shell white. (B.C. vol. 1., p. 197.)

HELIX HISPIDA, LINN.

SHELL depressed, suborbiculate, thin, semitransparent,
transversely striated, yellowish-brown, epidermis covered
with fine white recurved hairs; whorls six to seven, con-
vex, the body-whorl comprising one-third of the shell;
spire somewhat raised, blunt ; aperture semilunar, oblique,
sometimes provided with an internal rib ; umbilicus small,
narrow, deep. Diam. maj. 10; min. 9; alt. 52 mill.
Animal greyish-brown or slate-colour, mottled with black
tubercles speckled with milk-white ; foot thick, yellowish-
white.

Habitat—Among moss, grass, and under stones in
shady places.

v. subrufa (Mog.): Shell thicker, reddish, glabrous.
(=v. f. Drap. Hist. Moll. 1805, p. 104—var. a minor,
Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 228.)

v. fusca (Menke): Shell light brown in colour.

v.nana (Jeff.): Shell much smaller but with a strong
labial rib; spire depressed. (B.C. vol. 1, p. 199.)

v. Subglobosa (Jeff.): Shell more globular, and much
thinner, horn-colour or white; umbilicus very small.
(B. C. vol. 1, p. 199.)

E:2

16 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

v. depilata (Alder): Shell usually more depressed,
glabrous ; whorls more round; peristome more thickened ;
columella more angulated. |

v,conica (Jeff.): Shell smaller, spire more raised.
(B. C. voli, p. 199.)

v.albida (Jeff.): Shell white or colourless, thinner.
(B. C., voli., p. 199.) :

HELIX SERICEA, MULLER.

SHELL subglobular, conical, thin, pellucid, dark-brown or
greyish-white, marked with a few faintly marked reddish-
brown streaks ; epidermis covered with fine, long, downy
hairs, which, when broken off, give the shell a granulated
appearance; whorls six, very convex, the body-whorl
comprising nearly one-half of the shell; spire much
raised, obtuse; aperture crescent-shaped, provided with
a small, internal, white rib; umbilicus very small, deep.
Diam. maj. 16; min. 143; alt. 93 mill. Animal yellowish-
grey; mantle reddish-brown, spotted with milk-white.

Habitat.—Woods and damp places.

v. cornea (Jeff.): Shell horn-colour, very thin, glossy
and semi-transparent; labial rib perceptible on the out-
side. (B.C. vol.i., p. 201.)

v. carinata (Taylor): Shell sharply angled at the
periphery ; aperture diam. 4 mill.; alt. 24 mill.

v. albida : Shell white or whitish.

HELIX RELEVATA, MICH.

Suet depressed, subglobose, orbicular, thin, diaphanous,
glossy, greenish horn-coloured, hispid, striated and
corrugated; whorls four and a half, convex, ventricose,
the body-whorl comprising two-thirds of the shell; spire

a
Bi cern cie peat 1h ON gi
=a oa ae, | SR al an ‘ce
e ¥ Paneer. wot - A shy altel
a Pe To =e =) Rae ine
aa prwlac bay ore vy) ee ae i 4

, 2

Be Ph cst:
PT 4 xy — a ibe ae
ap Fal tink. | ieey - esis | i. ine - eoe
Smenretraud wed.gx.2ie sors.
Gh \sa0l n ey Cire’ rar lesan 4r tert
Pia Tebrads ori, Se oie ree in
Giyext ato eayvto> Vier - 7
i ey dvrtiys (4! phe vores Bataan’ Vs
Peticoow, jodily-Sareic wor
aed De O60 f

; 7 Seriarerolers 0 i A. flier ae aie “Bi \ + oie

a soiiebaded liste pT; w tray yo TW vert Kiet ah
: ’ a

, PABA ent a } “win ALeea’t ey .
bagi 4 ees > hae thes in Wass anee i
Ae ig Gree
“ re Mer. fp
a wees an ou ©
Re S nact toi

2 teat “Ray * Sey aly A ar eS Bs Wat te
“i

- ' iar: ‘i ims un leche Ae = Sahwy ¢ +. snr ine .
ne eS oa ath cyte arly
eed ss i) ee sitken (oss aise
> : as : aes ; ’ re Wea
a f ich ; oe
a .
) 2 : ‘
n iA f ey

| 44 ne yrs} pei? ;

iPr roxy Se ety otis Pin al ont

mie ar! Tease odartay eden 4 Wis i or Oke ‘
eee SAP oy 2 re aX Slocty ; tia AM : AL f, 45
Ons Pmt riihwy ss iwient-oe |

paerite ee i

we . bard +? ‘fF
Te i ae. ’
ma 7 = .

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. ERE

very slightly produced, blunt; suture very deep; aperture
nearly circular, not provided with a rib; umbilicus small,
narrow, moderately shallow. Diam. maj. 7; min. 6;
alt. 5 mill. Animal yellowish-grey; mantle yellowish-
brown, speckled with brown and milk-white.

Habitat —Among nettles in shady places.

HELIX FUSCA, MONTAGU.

SHELL subconical, depressed, very thin, fragile, pellucid,
glabrous, glossy, horn-coloured, marked with strongly
developed, irregular, transverse wrinkles; whorls five to
five and a half, convex, the body-whorl comprising slightly
more than half of the shell; spire somewhat produced,
blunt; suture shallow; aperture lunate; outer lip re-
flected over the umbilicus; umbilicus very narrow. Diam.
maj. 9; min. 7; alt. 5 mill. Animal yellowish-grey,
speckled with black.

Habitat.—On the under sides of the leaves of sycamores
and alders, among decayed leaves in woods.

HELIX PISANA, MULLER.

SHELL subglobose, yellowish-white, marked with chocolate
brown bands and dots of the same colour, so as to give the
shell a mottled appearance; whorls five to five and a half,
convex, the body-whorl comprising about two-thirds of
the shell; spire somewhat produced, blunt; aperture
lunate, dilated, forming three-fourths of a circle ; peristome
reflected; umbilicus small, oblique. Diam. maj. 20;
min. 18; alt. 14 mill. Animal yellowish-grey, tinged with
reddish.

Habitat.—Sandhills near the coast.

v. lineolata (Mogq.): Shell whitish, with numerous
fine brown or red lines, above and below.

118 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

v. alba (Shuttl.): Shell white or pale yellow in
colour. |

HELIX VIRGATA, DA COSTA.

SHELL somewhat globular, conical, white or cream-colour,
marked with a single dark-brown band in the middle of
the body-whorl, and with several bands beneath ; whorls
six, convex, the body-whorl comprising more than one-half —
of the shell; spire sub-elevated, apex brownish; aperture
purplish-brown, rounded, ovate ; umbilicus narrow, deep.
Diam. maj. 19; min. 17; alt. 12 mill. Animal pink or
_ yellowish white; tentacles dark grey.

Habitat.—Sandhills near the coast.

v. albicans (Grate/): Shell entirely white or whitish,
without markings.

v. rufula (Mog.): Shell deep red.

v. bifasciata (Bouch.): Shell white, with two brown
continuous bands above, and several bands, more or less
entire, below.

v. leucozona (Taylor): Shell violet-brown or reddish-
brown, with a white zone at the periphery, and sometimes
with a paler area around the umbilicus.

v. ochroleuca (Mogq.): Shell white, with a large yellow
band above, and several semi-eftaced bands below.

v. nigrescens (Gratel): Shell with some bands and
spots of a black-brown colour (= var. 5. nigrescens,
Gratel. Moll. Land. 1829.)

v. tessellata (Bouch.): Shell with some interrupted
bands above and below.

v. lutescens (Mogq.): Shell entirely yellowish.

v. pelluscens (Shuttl.): Shell extremely thin, sub-
transparent (= Helix pelluscens, Shuttlew ; in Coll. Blam.
Reg. Cat., 1848, p. 315.)

v. hy pozonata (Moq.): Shell white, unicolor above,
with several bands below.

= or
ME Ss!
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ry

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ic Se Ges See eee CBE ek bron bine
ae cepa dh tee) Meshes a-€ Whelan. tisfe
Py yt) of) Slit ooops nanan
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a SS Se Pai: Lach yyy “pedi

_ { C=

~ - a 5 be BLE Le. r ats ACY at | Ae } ) a Vie rofl flees me

= Peearnyra: ei ce Mesvict fv AY att réitic) 1277 "Bn 4
oY oni 2) ry a rey it) nek} ) yhistnaghy pate Me oa Bi
SS RAL zai 1) Meagan} io fae (ARO eine! ma
a 2 iin eens weil fat RH ie
za d eis Ree hk? ACh eA tives rhiostt ime ths! e ; seu ic?
, “f oi fide, ‘deters. ( aie t y ive tone revel
A - Te hl 4 Fa Hit ; wert ree. fee
a Reedy, 7
tet Prades Dh. Weel .
ee eA ON) fry ok
* 7 OS ng rae ct. Pee Viren ty md ‘
Bat OAs gor, Walnohar aaa

es ebitar |] are kbar ea. 1 Es Wi | slabattang Ges: Shae! veered al
‘ s i mee PPAOA ST) 7 FOI, Foot LA By 4 Rn ¥ vu
_ 5 Se PEAS done Viathe aii aie 7 able
he ond A a eet bi A: Laishic Pati. (RIG FSS eee

io egal wate, ee a et oe,
Tic: BS -) CO Sea eee eae eae

mmm th Gehescdeesh ks), eis Gthhiya Sadar oe ay
Bmmeets wigenficts, SrQKts: ban Zip! eae
; Pare Mee tiie ‘te Fecal noise, Reereor Bae a

es icy doar arr AA Ios ne
Og a Re te

is if
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— 2

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‘fn S83) aie se
Pen ihe yr

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 119

v. submaritima (Des Moul.): Shell smaller, slightly
pyramidal, darker in colour. (= var. e. submaritima, Des
Moul., Moll Gir, Suppl.in Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord., 1829,
p. 16.)

v. subalbida (Pozret): Shell white, with one con-
tinuous band above, unicolorous below. (= Hel sub-
albida, Poir, Podr., p. 83.)

v. subaperta (Jeff.): Shell of a whitish hue; spire
more depressed ; umbilicus wider. (B. C. vol. i., p. 210.)

v. subglobosa (Jeff.): Shell smaller, with a double band
above the periphery, last whorl larger in proportion to the
others; umbilicus wider. (B.C. vol.i., p. 210.)

v. carinata (Jeff): Shell yellowish-white, compressed
above ; periphery strongly keeled. (B. C. vol. 1., p. 210.)

v, alba (Taylor): Shell white.

v. major (Taylor): Shell larger. Diam. 20 mill.

v. minor (7 aylor): Shell smaller. Diam. 63 mill.

m. Sinistrorsum (Taylor): Spire reversed.

HELIX CAPERATA, MONTAGU.

HELL depressed, subconical, marked with numerous rib-
like strize, which run concentrically, whitish or dull
yellowish-white, banded with brown; whorls six; peri-
phery bluntly carinated; spire slightly produced, apex
_ tipped with black or brown; suture rather deep; aperture
rounded, lunate, marked with a strong white rib; um-
bilicus large, deep. Diam. maj. 11; min. 92; alt. 7 mill.
Body ash-colour, streaked with brown, tuberculated.

Hattat.—Under stones and among herbage in dry
places.

v. obliterata (Picard): Shell white, with transverse
markings.

v. alba (Picard): Shell pure white, without markings.

120 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

v. fulva (Mog.): Shell dark brown or brownish, with
some transverse whitish lines.

v. bizonalis (Moqg.): Shell whitish, with two con-
tinuous bands above, and several below.

v. ornata (Picard): Shell smaller, whitish, with one
brown continuous band above, and two to six below.
(= var. ¢., ornata, Picard, Moll Somme., 1840, p. 230).

v. Gigaxii (Charp.); Shell smaller, more depressed,
reddish, spotted above, and marked by two bands below.

v. subscalaris (Jeff.): Shell conical, whorls more
convex. (B.C. vol.1., p. 214).

v, major ((Jeff.): Shell larger. (B.C. vol. i. p. 214).

HELIX ERICETORUM, MULLER,

SHELL depressed, circular, semitransparent, greyish or
whitish, banded with chestnut brown; whorls six;.
spire slightly produced, apex obtuse, brown; suture
deepish; periphery not keeled; aperture nearly circular ;
umbilicus large, open, exposing three or four whorls. Diam.
maj. 17; min. 143; alt. 8 mill. Animal reddish-brown or
yellowish-grey, with colourless tubercles.

Habitat.—Dry heaths and downs ; chalky districts near
the sea.

v. lutescens (Mog.): Shell dirty-yellowish, unicolour.

v. leucozona (Mog.): Shell reddish, with one white
line on the last whorl, and often several white and
brown lines below.

v. alba (Charp.): Shell entirely white.

v. major (Locard): Shell large; diam. 20-10 mill.

v. minor (Moq.): Shell smaller.

v. instabilis (Zegl.): Shell smaller, or a darker colour,
and sometimes streaked or spotted; spire more raised ;
umbilicus narrower (= WH. instadilis, Ziegler.) B. C.
Wid. Ps. 217.

m. disjunctum (Turton): Whorls disjointed.

uae
a

4
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5 eee eet ee te PAE Pa

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en se
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: ' ts
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i ‘. . .
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; ‘ Pil i Ere
; ¥ tee J) iii

7 eS Sey ae eT » > wsea ke
iis sus Toi gy WF COPS hr ae i
fin hii os jist Pusey ait hae,

‘
.

ee fSoahor velviie

: eich iii ios (est saa ;

troy * a ;e i 7
7 aye x Lia uAt Lhe ae
a : noi | y

The S/.ell-Collector’s Handbook. 12)

m. sinistrorsum (Jeff.): Spire reversed. (B.C. vol. 1,
p. 217.)

HELIX ROTUNDATA, MULLER.

SuHExL depressed, circular, thin, yellowish or reddish-grey,
marked with brown and _ yellowish-grey spots, which
radiaté from the centre; whorls six to seven; spire
slightly produced, with a glossy apex; suture deepish ;
periphery bluntly carinated; aperture semi-lunar, thin,
not reflected, with a white internal rib in old specimens ;
umbilicus large, deep, exposing all the whorls. Diam.
maj. 8; min. 73; alt. 3 mill. Animal slaty-grey, spotted
with black.

Habitat.—In decaying wood, among fallen leaves, under
stones. Very common.

v. rufula (Moq.): Shell tawny, spotless.

v. Turtonii (Flem.): Shell almost flat above. (= Hele
rotundata. Turt., Dict., 1819, p. 53.—H. rotundata, var B.,
Turt. Shells, Brit., 1831, p. 59.)

v, alba (Mog.): Shell entirely whitish or nearly so,
spotless, transparent.

v. pyramidalis (Jeff.): Shell sub-conical; spire more
raised. (B.C. vol.i., p. 219).

v. minor (Jeff.): Shell smaller. (B.C. vol. i., p. 219).

HELIX RUPESTRIS, DRAPARNAUD.

Suett depressed below, sub-conical, slightly glossy, with
strong, oblique, transverse strize, blackish-brown ; whorls
five; spire somewhat produced, apex smooth; suture
deep; aperture nearly circular; umbilicus very large,
deep. Diam. maj. 31; min. 3; alt. 23 mill. Animal dark
slaty-grey or dusky-red.

122 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

Hatitat.—Between the bricks in old walls and castle
ruins, calcareous soils.

v. viridescenti-alba (Jeff.): Shell! greenish-white..
f.C. vol. 1.,p.‘221.)

HELIX PYGMAA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL very minute, nearly circular, depressed, thin, pale
brown horn-colour; whorls four; spire somewhat pro-
duced, apex glossy; suture deep; aperture semi-lunar :
umbilicus large, deep. Diam. maj. 13; min. 13; alt. 3 mill.
Animal slaty-grey or darkish-brown, speckled with black. _

Habitat—Among dead leaves, under stones, and at the —
roots of grass. Moderately common.

HELIX PULCHELLA, MULLER.

SHELL sub-depressed, milk-white, glossy, semi-transparent,
convex equally above and below ; whorls three and a half,
the body-whorl exceeding in size the rest of the shell;
spire shghtly produced; suture rather deep ; aperture cir-
cular; peristome very thick, reflected so as to form a
double peristome ; umbilicus large, deep. Diam. maj. 3;
min. 24; alt. 14 mill. Animal milk-white; eyes black.

Habitat.— Under stones, among moss and grass in damp
places.

v. costata (Miill.): Shell not so glossy, slightly red-
dish, with numerous transverse, curved, membranous ribs:
as well as intermediate striz. (= H. costata, Mull., Verm.
Hist. ii., 1774, p. 31).

v. levigata (Mog.): Shell glossy, whitish ; peristom
blunt.

het wsctaanti ve oe
eat SP es Parties

4
ne 44
ee as

ES. MG k= BHA
on . “Tes. ae Brite eres wi if

tS ene ae
rd ee Ne

= Ree Pl attics - OU RAG eK e Say Ons
pe 7 bi ' ' mei +

fa * 2 A3 ar
: hs se ; * : Z

ip Tes op bane?

. 3 ets yn? Arte | Bi Wyo, 7m oterre q ce, ;
. cal ; } ais ; , s ' pay i} thats =<

Bile, 0 bs hor erat i cl
ce — . as hie 1 OSS

4 Reet Mn)i.tiern on Fo Ko 4 * fanhve’y } am rah o
Penne ely ae wee) Su doo Or, RHE ee: vi
Pt : ony mt EY oe ¢ mn) :

Cte

ci ;
: ; bwaid hares dane“ ee vi fig
Aides AALS AIG ade BLY, eee
‘he h MM Ste CORR OEQ ED. Of gee @
: } ; rs at ; .
Reenter (oh Slice oahkeerd Abie oefid ed age

: Pre Siirive. WAP ends ove 7 ted. a tak: lanlvaronal *

ve Prag wis ¢ bend w—loed wilt be med coeacheg

Retiree Ofsicdtov ib bs son (iF OO wid
igi iat tFridaviies Ghia alle poachagielatay

banite fie 3 glee ST wtiet, Dili ee

a Rigieh srerncrd-:in?\y ta wiie bes vod tps

Rene Wha tin t:). 4) eco wd cures bad le ae

> j

fl

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 123
HELIX LAPICIDA, LINN.

SHELL depressed, lenticular, acutely carinated at the peri-
phery, greyish or yellowish-horn colour, streaked irregu-
larly with rufous-brown ; whorls five; spire very little
produced, apex blunt, smooth; suture well defined, shal-
low ; aperture oval, somewhat angulated above and below;
outer lip whitish, reflected, and with the inner lip forming
a perfect peristome; umbilicus large, deep. Diam. maj.
17; min. 15; alt. 64 mill. Animal yellowish-brown.

Hahitat.—Woods, hedge-rows, walls, and rocky places
in calcareous districts.

v. nigrescens (Taylor): Shell of an uniform, very dark
brownish-black, except the apex which is paler, and the
. peristome which is white.

v. minor (Moq.): Shell dwarfed, brown.
v. albina (Menke): Shell whitish, unicolor.

HELIX OBVOLUTA, MULLER.

SHELL depressed, subdiscoidal, opaque, solid, dull rufous-
brown ; whorlssix and a half; spire depressed, sunk below
the upper level of the body-whorl; suture rather deep ;
aperture triangular, marked with two protuberances;
peristome thick, pinkish-white, much reflected ; umbilicus
large, deep. Diam. maj.18; min. 12; alt. 6 mill. Animal
light reddish-brown above, and pale greyish-brown below.

Habitat—Among the moss near the roots of shady trees.
Rare.

124 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
BULIMUS ACUTUS, MULLER.

SHELL conical, turretted, irregularly striate, yellowish-
white with streaks of pale brown, and sometimes a reddish-
brown or blackish band below the periphery ; whorls eight
to nine, rounded; spire tapering, blunt; suture rather
deep; aperture oval; outer lip thin, reflected ; umbilicus
narrow, rather shallow. Length 15; diam. 53 mill.; ap.
5 mill. long., 3 wide. Animal light yellowish-grey.

Habitat.—Downs and dunes on the south and west
coasts.

v. elongata (Cr. and Jan.): Shell more slender. (= Buli-
mus elongatus, Crist. and Jan., Cat. x., No. 1772.)

v. inflata (Mogq.): Shell a little ventricose.

v. bizona (Mog.): Shell with the striz obliterated,
greyish or whitish, with two dark bands on the body-
whorl.

v. strigata (Menke): Shell with broad whitish, or
white, ribs alternating with transverse semi-translucent
brownish-grey streaks.

v. articulata (Zam.): Shell with transverse white
ribs, alternating with broad stripes of violet brown.

v. nigrescens ( Taylor): Shell violet-brown, with a few
fine, whitish, transverse striz, and a pale area around the
umbilicus,

v. alba (Requien): Shell entirely white.

BULIMUS MONTANUS, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL oblong, conical, semi-transparent, glossy, with
spiral, fine, close-set strize, pale brownish horn-colour or a
deeper brown; whorls six and a half to seven and a half,
compressed, the body-whorl comprising slightly less than
half the shell; spire tapering, apex blunt ; suture oblique,
shallow; aperture oval, pinkish or brownish internally ;
peristome thick, reflected over the umbilicus; umbilicus

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— .
ra wa
; ne ei: 7 5
7 7 » a
bo 7 f in
:
| :
a)” ; y - mM

dae

aaa fe “ a fey)

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 125.

narrow, rather deep. Length 15, diam. 6 mill. Ap.
within 53 mill. long, 3 wide. Animal greyish-brown or
dark red, speckled with black.

Habitat—Among fallen beech leaves, and in woods of
the Southern Counties.

v. albina (Mogq.): Shell whitish, unicolor.

BULIMUS OBSCURUS, MULLER.

Suet oblong, oval, thin, glossy, semitransparent, brown ;
whorls six and a half, rounded; spire elongated, apex
blunt ; suture rather deep: aperture oval ; peristome white,
very much reflected; umbilicus narrow, not deep.
Length 10, diam. 43 mill. Ap. within 5 mill. long, 2 wide,
Animal pale brown or rosy-grey above, darker below ;
tentacles subulate.

Hatitat.—Under stones or moss in woods and on old
walls.

v. albines (Moq.): Shell whitish, unicolor.

BULIMUS GOODALLII, MILLER.

SHELL subperforated, elongated, turretted, apex obtuse,
thin, striated, pellucid, horn-coloured; whorls seven to
eight, scarcely convex, the body-whorl occupying one~
third of the shell; columella subtortuous; aperture ob~.
long, ovate; peristome simple, acute. Length 63, diam. 2
mill, Ap. 2 mill. long, 1 wide.

126 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
PUPA SECALE, DRAPARNAUD.

- SHELL subcylindrical, conical, glossy, rufous horn-coloured, —
_ obliquely striated in line of growth; whorls eight to nine,
gradually increasing; spire produced, apex blunt; suture
moderately deep; aperture semi-oblong with seven or
eight laminar teeth,—two or three on the columella,
two on the columellar lip, and four on the outer lip;
peristome slightly reflected; umbilicus small, oblique.
Length 8, diam. 3 mill. Ap. 23 mill. long, 2 wide.
Animal reddish or brownish-grey above, slaty-grey below ;
mantle speckled with black.

Habitat—Roots of trees, under stones, and in the
eracks in oolite limestone.

v. minor (Mogq.): Shell smaller.

v. edentula (Taylor): Peristome edentulous.

v. Boileausiana (Charp): Shell withthe larger denticle
entirely double, and with a supernumerary projecting
denticle at the angle of the columellar border.

PUPA RINGENS, JEFF.

SHELL conical, subcylindrical, globose, glossy, light-brown
or yellowish horn-colour; whorls six to six and a half;
spire short, obtuse; suture well-defined, shallow; aper-
ture subsemicircular, with five folds; peristome pale red-
dish-brown, reflected ; umbilicus oblique, distinct, narrow.
Length 4, diam. 2 mill. Ap. scarcely 1 mill. long.
Animal yellowish-grey or slate-colour above, streaked with
dark lines, white below.

Habitat.—Under stones, among moss and dead leaves
in moist woods.

v. pallida (Jeff.): Shell of a lighter colour, sometimes
whitish. (B.C. vol. i., p. 245).

i ea fser. tet ncbo ius

ASHES UA son

este rit si ie Ap aia ae
raat BES HS

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¥

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 127

PUPA UMBILICATA, DRAPARNAUD.

‘SHELL oblong, cylindrical, glabrous, glossy, diaphanous,
-yellowish-brown or dark horn-colour ; whorls six to seven,
rounded; spire short, blunt; suture shallow, oblique ;
aperture obliquely semi-oval, with a single denticle
at the angle formed by the junction of the outer lip;
outer lip broad, much reflected, white, yellowish-vrey,
pink or reddish-brown internally ; umbilicus small, narrow.
Length 4, diam. 2 mill. Ap. 12 mill. long. Animal grey-
ish-brown, with the head and tentacles spotted with black.

Habitat.—Under the bark of old trees, in clefts of rocks,
and old walls, under stones, and among decayed leaves.

v. edentula (Mog.): Peristome of the shell without
denticles. (=—Pupa umbilicata, var. 6, Turton. Shells
Brit., p. 98).

v. Sempronii (Charp.): Shell small, aperture without
denticle, lip not white.

v. curta (Pase.): Shell shorter, ovoidal, tumid.

v. albina (Mog.): Shell entirely white.

PUPA MARGINATA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL ovate, cylindrical, glabrous, finely striated,
yellowish-horn or light brown in colour; whorls six to
seven, convex, slightly compressed; spire short, apex
blunt; suture rather deep; aperture subsemicircular, pro-
vided with asmall denticle, which is placed in the middle
of the base of- the last whorl, and with a strong, white
external rib behind the outer lip; umbilicus narrow.
Length 33; diam. scarcely 2 mill.; ap. 13 mill. long.
Animal grey-black above, paler, and covered with black
specks below.

Habitat.—Under stones, among moss and dead leaves.

v. bigranata (Rossm.): Shell with a dentiform palatal

128 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

callosity. (= Pupa bigranata, Rossm, Icongr. ix., x.,.
p. 25, fig. 645.)

v. edentula (Moq.): Shell edentulous.

v. albina (Menke): Shell whitish, unicolor.

v. brevis (Laud); Shell very short, robust, callosity
thick, peristome white.

4 1a)

or ka pl

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<< Ss, } gts,
Vy eroybaa 2s Att
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th fs
&

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 129
VERTIGO ANTIVERTIGO, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL dextral, oval, ventricose, shining, chestnut-brown
coloured ; whorls four and a half, the body whorl com-
prising about one-half of the shell; spire short, apex
blunt ; suture rather deep; aperture oblique, subcordate,
provided with from six to eight teeth; outer lip reflected,
strengthened by arib; umbilicus distinct, narrow. Length
23; diam. almost 13 mill.; ap. 3 mill. long. Body greyish-
black.

Habitat.—In marshy places, under stones on the banks
of streams and rivers.

v. sexdentata (Mont.): Aperture with six denticles.

v. octodentata (Hartm. Stud.): Peristome with eight
denticles.

VERTIGO LILLJEBORGI, WESTERLUND.

SHELL oval, thin, light yellowish horn-colour ; whorls four
- anda half, globose, the body-whorl being larger than the
rest of the shell; spire short, apex very obtuse; suture
exceedingly deep ; aperture semi-oval,with from four to five
denticles—two on the outer lip, one on the collumellar lip,
and one on the middle of the columella; outer lip thin,
reflected, with a white external rib; inner lip indistinct ;
umbilicus open. Length 2-24; diam. 1-14 mill. Animal
dark-grey above, paler below.
Rare.
v. bidentata (Jeff.): Labial or palatal teeth wanting.
(B. C. vol. 1., p. 256.)

VERTIGO MOULINSIANA, DUP. NON JEFF.

Suet differing from that of V. Lilljeborgi, in being more .
swollen and barrel-shaped, and in having the labial rib
much stouter:

Rare.

130 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
VERTIGO TUMIDA, WESTERLUND.

SHELL ovate, ventricose, dark reddish-yellow or reddish-
brown; spire conical above, short, blunt; whorls four and
a half to five, convex; aperture wide, inequally cordate,
with six denticles—two parietal, two columellar, and two
palatal; between the columellar and palatal denticles are
two tubercles; outer margin of peristome simple, thin,
strong above, and greatly curved. Length 13; diam. 12
mill.
Rare.

VERTIGO PYGMAIA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL dextral, ovate, cylindrical, rather ventricose, faintly
striate, reddish-brown; whorls four and a half to five,
rounded, body-whorl comprising about one-half of the
shell; spire short, blunt; suture well-marked; aperture
semi-oval, with four or five teeth—one on the colu-
mella, two or three on the internal side of the outer
lip, and one in the middle of the base of the penultimate
whorl; umbilicus narrow, rather deep. Length 23;
diam. 23 mill.; ap. 3 mill. long. Animal slaty-grey.

Habitat.—Under stones, logs of wood, and at the roots
of grass.

v. quadridenta (Stud.): Shell with only two palatal
plications.

v. pallida (Jeff.): Shell thinner, lighter in colour.
(B. C. vol. i., p. 258.)

VERTIGO ALPESTRIS, ALDER.
Suet. differing from that of V. pygmeea in being more
cylindrical, lighter in colour, and in the absence of any
rib. The tentacles and the foot are longer than in
V. pygmea.

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The Shell-Collector’s ITandbook. 151

Habitat.—Among grass and dead leaves in the Northern
Counties.

VERTIGO SUBSTRIATA, JEFFREYS

SuHExt shortly ovate, strongly striated, subopaque, light
yellowish horn-colour; whorls four and a_ half, very
ventricose; spire short, abrupt, blunt; suture very deep ;
aperture oblique, subpyriform , with six teeth; two or
three inside the outer lip, two on the base of the
penultimate whorl, and one, sometimes two, on the
columella ; umbilicus small, contracted by a basal ridge.
Length 2; diam. 43 mill.; ap. $ mill. long. Animal grey;
snout bilobed.

Hatlitat.—Among dead leaves and grass, under stones,
in marshy places.

VERTIGO PUSILLA, MULLER.

SHELL sinistral, ovate, somewhat fusiform, glossy, thin,
transparent, pale yellowish horn-colour; whorls four and
a half to five, very ventricose, the last two of equal
breadth; suture deep; aperture subquadrate, with a
sinuation on the outer margin, and with six or seven
denticles,—two inside the outer lip, two on the base of
the penultimate whorl, and two or three on the columella:
outer lip thickish, furnished externally and internally with
a strong rib of a yellowish-white colour ; umbilicus small,
porated by a basal rib. Length 2; diam. 1 mill.;
ap. # mill. long. Animal brownish or greyish-slate colour ;
mantie yellowish-brown.
Habitat—Among moss and decaying leaves, under
stones in woods, old walls and dry banks. |
K 2

152 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

VERTIGO ANGUSTIOR, JEFFREYS.

SHELL sinistral, smaller and narrower than Vertigo
pusilla, fusiform, glossy, semitransparent, pale fulvous ;
whorls four and a half, slightly ventricose; spire some-
what produced, blunt; suture deepish; aperture triangu-
larly subcordate, with from four to five denticles,—one on
the columella, two on the inside of the outer lip, and two
on the base of the penultimate whorl; outer lip provided
with a strong, yellowish-white rib, thick; umbilicus
small, contracted by a basal ridge. Length scarcely 2;
diam. hardly 1 mill.; ap. ? mill. long. Animal greyish,
with a yellowish-grey mantle.
Habitat.—Roots of grass in marshy places.

VERTIGO EDENTULA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL dextral, ovate, cylindrical, thin, glossy, pale brown
or horn-coloured, transversely fmarked with faint striz ;
whorls five to six and a half, gradually increasing; spire
conical, blunt ; suture moderately deep ; aperture subsemi-
oval, toothless; umbilicus narrow, deepish. Length 33 ;
diam. 12 mill.; ap. 13 mill. long. Animal pale grey, with
darker tentacles.

Habitat—Under stones, among moss and dead leaves,
in moist places and woods,

v. columella (von Martens): Shell somewhat longer,
and having the last whorl a little broader than the next.
(= Pupa columella (von Martens), Benz, Ueber Wriirten-
burg, Faun., p. 49.)

a ft .

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- : ees PS es oe erie nit . = pb ove
BIN Ys fc Ss | yy 25 Phen, ivans ahs otp eae

diss i con dn aa
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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. ia

VERTIGO MINUTISSIMA, HARTMANN.

SHELL dextral, cylindrical, narrower and smaller than
V. edentula, elegantly striated, glossy, horn-colour ; whorls
five and a half, rounded, increasing in size to the third,
and then continuing of the same breadth; spire produced,
very obtuse ; suture deepish : aperture oblong, subcircular,
edentulous, curved inwards towards the centre of the
lower lip; umbilicus.oblique, narrow. Length 2; diam.
2 mill.; ap. nearly 2 mill. long. Animal grey, spotted
with black; mantle greyish-brown.
Habitat.— Under stones on hillsides.

134 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

BALIA PERVERSA, LINN.

SHELL sinistral, fusiform, turretted, transparent, glossy,
yellowish horn-colour, streaked with white, irregularly
striated ; whorls seven to eight, convex ; spire turretted,
blunt, unstriated, polished; suture deepish; aperture
rounded, pyriform, with sometimes a denticle near the
middle of the base of the penultimate whorl; umbilical
chink narrow. Length 93; diam. 22 mill.; ap. 22 mill.
long, 13 wide. Animal dark brown, tinged with grey.

Habitat.—Under the bark of old trees, and among the
lichens growing upon them.

v. viridula (Jeff.): Shell greenish-white, transparent.
PBC; vol,.i., p. 274.) .

v. simplex (Moqg.): Peristome without callosity,
whitish.

a

RES RARER AOE

"AEs j J

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 135

CLAUSILIA RUGOSA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL cylindrical, fusiform, diaphanous, glossy, chocolate-
brown or horn-coloured, marked with whitish streaks,
and with closely-set, strong striz; whorls ten to
thirteen, the body-whorl slightly narrower than the
two preceding it; spire tapering, blunt; suture bor-
dered with white, oblique; aperture oval, pyriform,
furnished with several plaits—two more or less pro-
minent ones on the base of 'the penultimate whorl,
with one to three smaller plaits between them, and
two on the columella, one semilunar, the other small and
indistinctly spiral; outer lip white, reflected, detached;
basal crest sharp, angular; umbilicus narrow; clausilium
oblong, oval; length 12-14; diam. hardly 3 mill.. Ap. 22
mill. long, 2 rile. Animal greyish-brown.

Piuhitat. —Under stones, on walls, and trunks of eee
and ash trees.

v. dubia (Drap.): Shell larger, more ventricose.
(= Clausilia dubia, Drap. Hist. 70, t. 4, f. 10; Alder, Cat.
Supp. 8, Mag. Zool and Bot. i., 111.)

v. Everetti (Miller): Shell shorter, whorls fewer.
(= Clausilia Everetti. Miller, Ann. Phil., n. s. xix., 377,
1822.)

v. gracilior (Jeff.): Shell longer and more slender.
(B. C. vol. i., p. 279.)

v. tumidula (Jeff): Shell smaller, shorter, and more
ventricose. (B. C. vol. i., p. 279.)

v. Schlechtii (Zelebor): Shell generally larger, more
elongated, smoother, and more transparent than var.
dubia, pale brown, frequently resembling in external
appearance Clausilia laminata both in smoothness and
transparency.

v. parvula (Turton): Shell smaller, more slender.
(= Clausilia parvula. Leach, MSS., B. M., Turton, Zool.

136 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

Journ. ii., 556; Man. ed. i., 74, f. 58 ; Jeffreys, Linn. Trans.
Xvi., 352; non Studer.)

v. albinos (Moq.): Shell whitish.

m, dextrorsum (Jeff.): Shell resembling a Pupa in
shape; spire dextral. (B.C. vol. i., p. 279.)

CLAUSILIA ROLPHII, GRAY.

SHELL fusiform, glossy, thin, reddish or yellowish-brown,
closely and strong striated ; whorls nine to ten, ventricose ;
spire blunt; suture shallow, oblique; aperture rounded,
pyriform, sinuous on the outer side, with plaits as in C,
rugosa, but the lower one on the base of the penultimate
whorl is less prominent and sometimes cruciate ; peristome
detached, thick, white; umbilicus ill-defined; clausilium
oblong. Length 13; diam. 3 mill. Ap. nearly 3 mill. long,
2 wide. Animal dark reddish-brown; mantle yellowish-
white, spotted with white.

Habitat—Among dead leaves, under stones, and the
bark of trees in woods.

v. pellucida (Taylor): Shell colourless, transparent.

CLAUSILIA BIPLICATA, MONT.

Suextt fusiform, slender, diaphanous, yellowish-brown,
marked with closely-set, strong striz, some of which are
streaked with white; periphery obtusely angulated;
whorls twelve to thirteen, compressed; spire tapering,
blunt; suture oblique, shallow; aperture pyriform, canali-
culated, with the same plaits as in C. rugosa and C.
Rolphii, except that the teeth between the folds on the
base of the penultimate whorls are not represented ;
peristome white, thick, detached ; basal crest prominent ;
clausilium oval. Length 16-17; diam.4 mill. Ap. 4 mill.

sve till 29 ¥ att a

4 ws Fa bee

q ae es a aes

BA \ios

Sorin hii |

3 ; oe er Putt te.
-

Tryst \ a

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 137

jong, 3 wide. Animal reddish-grey; foot ashy-grey,
speckled with white.

Habitat.—W oods and hedges, and on the bark of willow
trees.

v. Nelsoni (Jeff.): Shell rather more slender than the
usual form, almost totally devoid of striation, and trans-
lucent, the axis being visible through the shell; the last
whorls tinged with a very pale reddish-brown passing into
whitish in the upper part.

JLAUSILIA LAMINATA, MONT.

SHELL large, fusiform, thin, highly polished, finely striated:

yellowish-brown; whorls twelve, compressed; spire tur-

retted, apex obtuse ; suture oblique, shallow ; aperture oval,
pyriform, with two very strong plaits on the base of the
penultimate whorl, and three or four labial plaits
which are distinctly visible from the outside; peris-
tome white, thick; basal crest slight; umbilicus small ;
clausilium with a marginal notch near its base. Length 17 ;
diam. 4 mill. Ap. 44 mill. long, 3 wide. Animal greyish-
brown.

Habitat—Among decayed leaves in beech woods, and
on the bark of trees.

v. pellucida (Jeff.): Shell thinner, more transparent,
and very glossy. (B.C. vol. i., p. 285.)

v. albinos (Mog.): Shell entirely white.

138 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
COCHLICOPA TRIDENS, PULT,

SHELL fusiform, glossy, semitransparent, transversely
striated, pale yellowish-brown; periphery rounded in old, but
sharply carinated in young specimens; whorls seven, the
penultimate and body-whorls broader than the others ;
spire produced, blunt; suture shallow, fringed with a
moniliform band; aperture pyriform, oblique, furnished
with three or more folds—one on the columella, one in the
middle of the base of the penultimate whorl, and another
on the inside edge of the outer lip, while between these
there are often additional denticles ; peristome sinuous,
strengthened by a flesh-coloured rib. Length 7; diam.
3mill. Ap. oblique 22 mill. long. Animal slaty-grey,
speckled with black.

Habitat—Among moss and decaying leaves in moist
woods.

v. Nouletiana (Dup.): Shell rather larger and thinner,
with a single denticle only on the outer lip.

v. Alzenensis (S¢. Simon): Outer lip bearing two
deeply-seated denticles in addition to those described in
the typical form.

v. erystallina (Dup.): Shell greenish-white, trans-
parent, glossy.

m. Sinistrorsum (Taylor): Spire reversed.

COCHLICOPA LUBRICA, MULLER.

SHELL oblong, ovate, glossy, transparent, smooth,
yellowish-brown, or greenish-white ; whorls five to five and
a half, convex, body-whorl comprising about one-half of
the shell; spire produced, blunt ; suture rather deep with
a wrinkled band; aperture oval, elliptical, without teeth
or plaits; outer lip thick, strengthened by a reddish in-
ternal rib; inner lip thin. Length 6; diam. 23 mill.

7 9 ra @
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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. — 139

Ap.24 mill. long, 15 wide. Animal slaty-grey ; mantle
brownish-grey, speckled with white.

Habitat.—Among moss, decayed leaves, under stones.
and logs of wood

v. minor (fischer): Shell smaller.

v. lubricoides (Fer.): Shell smaller, more slender.

v. ovata (Jeff.): Shell much smaller and oval ; spire:
shorter. (B. C. vol. i., p. 293.)

v. fusca (Mogq.); Shell of a more or less deep brown
colour.

v. hyalina (Jeff): Shell. greenish-white. (B. C..
vol. i., p. 298.)

v. viridula (Jeff.): Shell shaped like v. lubricoides,
but greenish-white. (B. C. vol. i., p. 293.)

140 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
ACHATINA ACICULA, MULLER.

Suett fusiform, cylindrical, thin, very glossy, faintly
striated, white; whorls five and a half to six, rapidly
enlarging, body-whorl comprising about one-half of the
shell; spire attenuated, obtuse; suture oblique, deep;
aperture lanceolate, acutely angulated above, notched
deeply at its base; outer lip flexuous; inner lip thin;
umbilicus absent. Length 42; diam. 1; mill. Ap. 2 mill.
long, ? wide. Animal white; tentacles eyeless.

Habitat.—In gravel pits, and at the roots of grass and
trees.

7

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 14]
CARYCHIUM MINIMUM, MULLER.

SHELL fusiform, oblong, glossy, finely striated transversely,
white ; whorls five to five and a half, convex, body-whor]
comprising nearly one-half of the shell; spire with an
acute apex; suture deepish: aperture auriculate, with
three denticles—one on the columella, one on the inside of
the outer lip, and the third on the centre of the penulti-
mate whorl; peristome thick, reflected; umbilical chink
oblique. Animal yellowish-white, bilobed in front,
rounded behind.

Habitat.—Among decaying leaves and moss, under
stones in moist situations.

142 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.
CYCLOSTOMA ELEGANS, MULLER

‘SHELL oval, greyish or yellowish-brown, irregularly streaked
and blotched with purplish-brown, ridged by numerous
ribs running spirally; whorls four and a half, enlarging
rapidly, tumid; spire, produced, blunt, purplish ; suture
very deep; aperture subrotund; umbilicus narrow, not
deep ; operculum shelly. Length 13-14; diam. 83-9 mill.
Animal dark-greyish brown, bilobed anteriorily ; mantle
speckled with milk-white on its upper part.

Haiitat.—Hedgerows, margins of woods, among loose
stones and moss.

v. violacea (Des Mouls): Shell violet or brown-
violet, spotless, bandless, slightly transparent,

v. purpurascens (Mog.): Shell purplish, with reddish
bands.

v. ochroleuca (Des Mouls): Shell yellowish, without
bands or markings, rather transparent.

v. aibescens (Des Mouls): Shell whitish, spotless,
bandless.

v. pallida (.Woqg.): Shell very pale yellowish, with
some spots and demi-effaced bands.

v. marmorata (Lrown): Shell glabrous, unstriated.

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The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 143
ACME LINEATA, DRAPARNAUD.

SHELL cylindrical, attenuated, glossy, strongly striated
transversely, yellowish-brown or dark-brown; whorls six
to seven, compressed somewhat; apex obtusely rounded ;
suture shallow, well-defined ; aperture roundish-oval, con-
tracted above; outer lip thin, flexuous, reflected; inner
lip thin; umbilicus minute; operculum horny. Alt. 2-3;
diam. 3-2 mill. Animal milk-white, speckled with brown.

Habitat—Among decaying leaves and moss in wet
situations, especially near the sea.

v. alba (Jeff.): Shell white or colourless, transparent.
(B. C. vol. i., p. 308.)

m. sinistrorsum (Jeff): Spire reversed. (B. C.vol.i.,
p. 308.)

Sp a

a? 2

nore

*

=

“.

GLOSSARY.

AcUMINATE.—Taper-pointed.

Acutr.—Forming a sharp angle.

ALLIACEOUS.—Having the smell of garlic.

AMPULLACEOUS..—In the form of a bladder or short
flask.

ANGULAR ]

ANGULATED J"

Apex.—The summit of the spire.

ATTENUATED.—Gradually tapering to a point.

AURICULATE.—Ear-shaped.

—Having angles.

Bi-LoBED.—Provided with two lobes.

Cautosity.—A thickening.
CaRINATED.—-Provided with a keel.
Concave.—Hollow ; opposed to conver.
CONIC
ConicaL >.—Shaped like a cone.
CONOID
Convex.—Rounded into a nearly spherical form;
opposed to concave.
L

146 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

CorpATE.— Heart-shaped.
CRENATED.—Scalloped.
CrucraTEe.—In the form of a cross.
CUNEATE
Cunzrrona}— WV edse-shaped.
CYLINDRICAL.—Shaped like a cylinder.

Decipvovus.—Falling-off.

DeEntTATED.—Toothed.

DENTICLE.—A small tooth.

Pesos | -—Applied to a shell with the spire turn-

ae f ing to the right, and with the aperture
/ looking towards the left.

DiapHanovus.—Transparent.

Discorp.—Disc-shaped.

Epentvutovus.— Without teeth.

Euipricat.—Shaped like an ellipse.

EQuiLaTERAL.— With sides of equal length.

EQuivaLve.— With valves of equal dimensions.

EvaNeEscent.— Vanishing from notice; imperceptible.

Excentric.—Applied to the nucleus when it is not in
the centre of the shell.

FLEexvuovus.—Bent
FustrorM.—Spindle-shaped.

GiBpBous.—Swollen.

GLoBosE.—Having, or approaching a spheroidal form.
GLOBULAR.—Somewhat, or nearly globose.
GRANULATED.— Having numerous small elevations.

Hispip.—Hairy.

INEQUILATERAL.— With sides of unequal length.
InTOoRTED.—Twisted in.

LAMELLIFORM.—Shaped like a thin plate, or lamella.
LancroLaTe.—Lance-shaped.

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook. 147

LAOTROPE.—Sinistral.

' Lentrcuntar.—Lens-shaped.
LINEOLATE.—Marked with fine or obscure lines.
Lunate.—Crescent-shaped.

Monitirorm.—Necklace-shaped ; beaded.

Mvcronate.—Tipped with a short and abrupt small
apex.

Motrisprrat.— With many spirals.

Non-OPERCULATED.—Not provided with an operculum.

OBLoNG.—Considerably longer than broad, and with

nearly parallel sides. °
OxzovaLt.—Oval, with the broader end towards the
apex.

OsrusE.— Blunt.

OPERCULATED.—Provided with an operculum.
ORBICULAR.—Flat, with a circular outline.
Ovat.—Broadly elliptical.
OvatE.—Egg-shaped.

Ovorp.—Nearly oval.

OvorDAL.— Somewhat ovoid.

PavcrisPIRAL.— With few spirals.
PECTINIFORM.—Shaped like a comb.
PrELLUcID.—Transparent ; diaphanous.
PENULTIMATE.—Applied to the last whorl but one.

QUADRANGULAR.—Having four angles, and, conse-
quently, four sides.

Ruomepic.—Shaped like a rhomb.
RuomBorpaAL.—Shaped like a rhomboid.
Rorunp.—Rounded in outline.

RuGOSE :
Peccsgy:—Wrinkled.

Sus.—Denotes in compounds somewhat or slightly.
L 2

148 The Shell-Collector’s Handbook.

SEMILUNAR.—Crescent-shaped.

SrssiLE.—Destitute of a pedicle.

Setaceous.—Bristle-like.

SHAGREENED.—Granulated.

SInIstRAL.——Applied to a shell when the spire turns
towards the left, and the aperture points to
the right.

SrnvaTE.— With a strongly wavy or recessed margin.

Sinvous.— Wavy.

SPH #ROIDAL.—Shaped like a sphere.

STRIATE

STRIOLATE

SuLcus.—A groove.

\ Marked with fine lines or ridges. |

TESTACEOUS.—Shelly.
TRANSLUCENT.—Not quite transparent.
TRIANGULAR.—Shaped like a triangle.
TRILOBED.—Provided with three lobes.
TrocHoID.—Wheel-shaped.
TruncaTe.—As if cut off at the apex.
TUBERCULATED.—Marked with tubercles.
TuBERCULOUS.—Shaped like a tubercle.
Tumip.—Swollen, enlarged, inflated.
TURBINATED.—Top-shaped.
TURRETTED.—Shaped like a tower.

ae | —Awl-shaped.

[LIFORM

Umpiiicatep.—Provided with an umbilicus.
Uncurrorm.—Nail-shaped.
VENTRICOSE.—Swollen.

Virreous.—Glassy.

CONCHOLOGY, &c.
G. B. SOWERBY,

(LATE OF GREAT RUSSELL STREET)
Has removed his valuable stock of SHELLS, &e., to more commodious
premises,
tet ik OA ee: ROAD ws. WwW.
(NEAR THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON),

Selections may be made on the premises, orspecimens sent on approbation.
G. S. has also on hand a considerable stock of CORALS, SPONGES,
ECHINODERMS, &e., suitable for Museums and Priv ate Collections

ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS.
New Hdition, Enlarged and Revised. With Twenty-six Coloured Plates,.
giving a figure of every known species. Price £1 15s.

THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM.
BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.Z.S.

Part 44 (completing the fifth volume) contains the completion of the
monographs of the genera CONUS and VOLUTA. With Thirteen
Coloured Plates and an Index to the whole work. Price £1 5s.
The entire monograph of the genus CONUS, £3 15s.

The entire monograph of the es nee ee (w ith Cymba and Melo),

S.
Volume V., Complete, £10.

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Gq i 4 . :
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(oe) L ,
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A very extensive assortment of BRITISH AND FOREIGN SHELLS
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Cheap Collections of Shells for Species Specimens ~
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