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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

JOHN BARTON PAYNE, Secretary

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIs SmiITH, Director

Professional Paper 125

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO
GENERAL GEOLOGY

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920

CONTENTS.

[The letters in parentheses preceding the titles are those used to designate the papers for advance publication.]

Page.
(A) An Eocene flora from trans-Pecos Texas, by E. W. Berry (published Sept. 12, 1919)...----.-------------- 1
(B) Gradations from continental to marine conditions of deposition in central Montana during the Eagle and
Judith River epochs, by C. F. Bowen (published Oct. 20, TIQI9) 3, fees Berard cere ee eee ere eee eae 11
(C) Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils from the Arctic coast of Alaska and the auriferous beaches of Nome, Norton
Sound, Alaska, by W. H. Dall (published Jam. 27, 1920)----=- 22 === =- <= 23
(D) The American species of Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina, by J. A. Cushman (published July 26, 1920)... 39
dE: (7s ee een ge Eee eer en se ncraccacen aoe cr apie rodos sae S oC Ormco rSseS sos oD OCGoS 107
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Puares III. Fossil plants from the basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains al exe = sess ee eee eee eee eee 4
IV. Geologic map of Jordan coal field, Mont., with columnar sections, structure sections, and
diagrammatic sections... 22- 2202-252 =a ie 12
WeVil. Alaskan fossils: 2 22cajc oe cesses eee eee ee aa 36-37
VII_XI. American species of Orthophragmina...---.---------- === 22-2 === == 49-54
XII-XXXV. American species of Lepidocyclina.....---.--------- === === 22 == 222-5220 5 5 5 81-105
Ficure 1. Restoration of Geonomites visianii Berry.-...------------------ 2-2-2272 2r rrr 6
2°. Restoration of the leaf of Ilex barillensis Berry shown in Plate III, figure 4b....-.--------------- 8
3. Diagrammatic vertical section of Lepidocyclina...-..---------+---++++2220 00 ttrrt cnt rr 56
INSERT.
Page
Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary marine sedimentary formations of Panama....----~--------+-------- 40)

II

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS.

By Epwarp WrvBer BERRY.

INTRODUCTION.

During the fall of 1916 I received a small
collection of fossil plants which had been ob-

tained during a geologic reconnaissance of the.

trans-Pecos region of Texas, by Charles Law-
rence Baker. <A preliminary report was sent
to Mr. Baker in November of that year and
was quoted in his discussion of the geology
of that region.1 I have since made a careful
study of the collection, and although it con-
tains only a few species the occurrence of fossil
plants in this region is worthy of more definite
and detailed record, especially as these plants
enabled me to assign a definite age to the begin-
ning of the igneous activity of the region and
to establish correlations between the floras of
the Mississippi embayment and the Rocky
Mountain region.

A general account of the geology is contained
in a recent paper by Baker and Bowman, al-
-ready cited. The fossil plants, which are
described in the followimg pages, were found
in the basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains be-
tween 10 and 15 miles south of Toyahvale and
not far east of the main road from Toyah to
Fort Davis. These tuffs are rhyolitic and not
andesitic like those of the Denver Basin, which
contain what appears to have been a contem-
poraneous flora, and they overlie unconforma-
bly beds which are of Pierre (Cretaceous) age,
according to Baker and Bowman’s determina-
tion of the geology.

One is tempted to assign all of what might
be called the Laramide epoch of igneous activ-
ity along the Rocky Mountain front to the
early Tertiary. There certainly appears to

1 Baker, C. L., and Bowman, W.F., Geologic exploration of the south-
eastern front range of trans-Pecos Texas: Texas Univ. Bull. 1753, pp.
123-124, 1917.

have been synchroneity of inception of vol-
canism in the Denver, Raton Mesa, and Barilla
Mountain regions, although farther north, in
Montana, this activity appears to have com-
menced at an earlier date. Rhyolitic lavas
overlie the coal-bearing San Carlos formation,
which is of Upper Cretaceous age, and are pres-
ent also in the Sierra Vieja of Texas.2 The
basalts and phonolites of Uvalde and Travis
counties intrude the Taylor marl (Upper Cre-
taceous) and are commonly considered to be
of Tertiary age. Ash beds are also known to
occur in the Texas Coastal Plain in late Eocene
rocks, while on the other hand Udden reports
volcanic tuffs in the Chisos country which are
said to be interbedded in rocks of Navarro
(Upper Cretaceous) age. It appears evident:
that no reliance can be placed upon the vol-
canism as furnishing even an approximate
datum plane for correlation, although it seems
to be established that the Cordilleran orogenesis
of the Tertiary was accompanied by volcanic
activity on a grand scale.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INDICATED BY
THE FLORA.

The flora here described was found about
340 miles west of the most westerly known
outcrop contaiing fossil plants of Wilcox
(lower Eocene) age, which is on Calaveras
Creek in Wilson County, Tex.; 355 miles west
of the most westerly known outcrop containing
supposed Midway (Kocene) plants; 500 miles
almost due south of the Raton Mesa country,
in southeastern Colorado and northeastern
New Mexico, which yields the flora of the
Raton formation; and 670 miles south of the

2 Vaughan, T. W., Reconnaissance in the Rio Grande coal fields of
Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 164, pp. 76-83, 1900.

1

2 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

Denver Basin, which yields the flora of the
Denver formation.

The tuffs containing this flora are thus
about halfway between the Gulf Coastal Plain
province and the rocks containing the south-
ernmost known early Eocene floras along the
present Rocky Mountain front. The flora is
therefore of great interest for the information
which its study affords regarding former cli-
matic conditions in the region of its occurrence.
Unfortunately the number of plants described
is entirely too small to furnish precise paleo-
ecologic data. At the same time certain lead-
ing features stand out very clearly despite the
small number of forms represented. Baker
and Bowman report an abundance of silicified
logs from the tuffs, some as large as 3 feet in
diameter. I have specimens of at least two
species of petrified wood, which have not yet
been sectioned, but one is of an open-pored,
dicotyledonous type and indicates climatic
conditions quite different from the semiaridity
that now prevails in trans-Pecos Texas.

All the identified forms from these tuffs,
except the two new species, are common to the
floras of either the Midway (?) or Wilcox of
the Coastal Plain or to the floras of the Raton
or Denver of the Rocky Mountain province.
This in itself is conclusive proof that the gen-
eral climatic conditions in trans-Pecos Texas
at that time were very similar to those of the
coastal region to the southeast and of the in-
terior region to the northwest. It also fur-
nishes collateral evidence of the lack of a lofty
mountain axis traversing the western interior
at that time and shows that an interchange of
life forms between the southeastern coastal
region and the interior region was readily pos-
sible—a conclusion sustained by the consider-
able number of species known to be common to
the early Tertiary floras of the Gulf Coastal
Plain and those of the West (Denver, Raton,
Fort Union, etc.).

The presence of two individually abundant
species of palms in the flora from the Barilla
Mountains, one a fan palm and the other a
pinnately veined palm of the feather palm
type, may be noted. The fan palm (Sabalites)
appears to be most like the existing species of
Sabal, the arborescent forms of which are now
essentially coastal types that extend as far
northward as latitude 35°. The botanic affin-
ity of the fossil is, however, not certainly de-

terminable, so that too much reliance can not
be placed on the temperature and moisture
requirements of the existing cabbage palmetto.
The other palm (Geonomites) represents a
group of fossil forms typified in the existing
flora by the genus Geonoma. Geonoma is now
widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
America and finds its maximum representation
in the Amazon River basin. The fossil forms
that have hitherto been referred to Geonomites
are found in assemblages which indicate a
range from humid warm temperate conditions
(for example, those of the Denver flora) to
what appear to have been typically tropical
conditions (for example, those of the flora of
the Italian lower Oligocene). Thus the pres-
ence of a small Geonomites in the Barilla
Mountain region argues for an abundant
supply of moisture, like that required by the
Sabalites, and for a somewhat warmer tem-
perature. The true measures for both tempera-
ture and moisture of this region in Hocene time
may properly be considered as falling some-
where between the extremes indicated for
these two types of palms.

The Juglans, from its distribution during the
Eocene as well as its general geologic history
and the existing ranges of its modern repre-
sentatives, may be taken to indicate warm
temperate conditions of abundant but not
excessive precipitation. The Asimina and
Oreodaphne fit mm nicely with such assumed
conditions, for while both genera have tropical
representatives, others of their species extend
long distances into the Temperate Zone, as for
example Asimina triloba Dunal, our common
American papaw (not to be confused with the
papaws of tropical climes, which belong to a
different family of plants), which is not uncom-
mon in the Middle Atlantic States and is pre-
cariously hardy as far north as Massachusetts.

The Jlex is the only known member of this
flora that might have flourished in an environ-
ment of scanty rainfall, for it appears to have
been an evergreen form or at least of a coria-
ceous, evaporation-resisting type. The differ-
ent species of Ilex, however, show a wide range
in their climatic requirements, and among the
large number of existing species (more than
200) some have succeeded in occupying all the
tropical and temperate regions of the globe
except western North America, Australia, and
New Zealand. In the United States the vari-

AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS. 3

ous species of holly are confined to the south-
eastern part of the country, and several reach
their western limits in east or central Texas.
The occurrence in the Barilla Mountains is
therefore slightly beyond the normal western
limit of range of the existing North American
hollies, but as several species occur in the
Tertiary floras of the Rocky Mountain province
this occurrence is without any special signifi-
cance.

Summarizing the indications afforded by the
different species of plants found as fossils in the
basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains we may
legitimately conclude that they point to warm
temperate climatic conditions with abundant
precipitation and a plentiful supply of ground
water. The actual temperatures can not be
estimated, but hard winters may be regarded
as very improbable, and there is nothing to
indicate that mild winters such as occur at the
present time in the Coastal Plain portions of
the Carolinas and Georgia would have been
prohibitive to the existence of the plants found
in these tuffs. We may therefore picture the
climatic conditions of trans-Pecos Texas during
the period in which these plants flourished as
corresponding to those found at the present
time in the Coastal Plain portion of South
Carolina.

AGE OF THE FLORA.

Although the determined forms are but six
in number and two of the six are new to science,
it is possible to reach somewhat definite con-
clusions regarding the age of the flora. In a
subsequent paragraph the question of the exact
horizon in the Eocene to which this flora
should be referred is considered, but it may be
noted here that the four species which occur
outside of the Barilla Mountains are all found
in the early Eocene of the Rocky Mountain
province or in the corresponding beds of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain, and on the other hand
none of these forms are certainly found in the
Upper Cretaceous of these or any other areas.
It is true that Asimina eocenica has been re-
corded from the Montana group, but as I
pointed out in discussing the presence of this
species in the Midway (?) flora of Texas,’ the
Upper Cretaceous material referred to this
form is not identical with it, nor is it even
referable to the genus Asimina, which is not
yet known from the Upper Cretaceous.

1 Berry, E. W., U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 14, 1916.

Similarly palm remains identified as those of
Sabalites grayanus have been reported from the
Upper Cretaceous of the Western States.
Sabalites is, however, a form genus for fossil fan
palms whose generic affinity is not certainly
known, and it is thus without significance in the
present connection, even if there were any ade-
quate ground for identifying the western
material as Sabalites grayanus, which there is
not.

Another criterion in evaluating the present
flora is furnished by the absence from it of cer-
tain elements. Although negative evidence is
rightly considered of less value than positive
evidence, it remains true that the types of
plants that are most successful in resisting de-
cay and those that almost invariably survive
maceration and thus become fossilized in a
recognizable form when they are at all common
in any region are the gymnosperms. The
Mesozoic has frequently been termed the age of
gmynosperms or the age of conifers, from the
preponderance of the remains of those plants in
the floras of that era, and a considerable pro-
portion of the older Mesozoic types survived
throughout Upper Cretaceous time. These in-
clude the important genera Sequoia, Geinitzia,
Araucaria, Widdringtonites, Brachyphyllum,
Baiera, Czekanowskia, Moriconia, Androvettia,
Thuites, and numerous others. Fragments of
leafy twigs or cone scales are present in many
coarse deposits in which all the other vegetable
material has been reduced to unrecognizable
débris. There are no traces of gymnosperms
in the plant remains found in the basal tuffs of
the Barilla Mountains, and from this negative
evidence, which must be regarded as of consid-
erable importance, I conclude that the age of
these tuffs must be post-Cretaceous.

The genus Geonomites is distinctly a Tertiary
type, for here again, notwithstanding the fact
that species of Geonomites have been reported
from the Upper Cretaceous of southwestern
Texas, I have all the collected material and can
state positively that Geonomites has never been
found in the Upper Cretaceous deposits, the
specimens that have been identified as repre-
senting this genus being obviously those of fan
palms and not feather palms. The other three
genera represented in the flora from the tuffs
of the Barilla Mountains—Jlex, Juglans, and
Oreodaphne—are all genera with a known Upper
Cretaceous ancestry and are commonly found
among Upper Cretaceous collections of plants.

L

Juglans offers but slight evidence either for |

or against the Cretaceous or Eocene age of the
deposits, but the species of both Jler and
Oreodaphne are decisively more modern in
their affinities than any Cretaceous forms
known to me. Moreover, the present small
flora lacks altogether the commoner Upper
Cretaceous dicotyledons, some of which would
almost certainly be present had the deposits
been accumulated during the Upper Cretaceous
epoch. I conclude from these facts that this
flora is of early Eocene rather than of late
Upper Cretaceous age.

The question of the exact horizon in the
known Eocene with which these tuffs should
be correlated is, in the absence of more exten-
sive collections, more or less debatable. It
will be seen from the accompanying table of
distribution that two or possibly three of the
species, namely, Sabalites grayanus, Juglans
rugosa, and Asimina eocenica (?%), are present
in the flora of the Raton formation of the
southern Rocky Mountain region and that
these same three species are also present in
the Denver formation of Colorado. Asimina
eocenica occurs in the Midway (?) formation of
the Texas Coastal Plain, and both Sabalites
grayanus and Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis are
common in the deposits of the Wilcox group
in the Mississippi embayment. The two last-
named species are among the commoner
species in the Wilcox flora, and the Sabalites
is found at many localities and horizons in
beds of Wilcox age. Both occur along the
western shores of the Wilcox Mississippi
embayment, and Sabalites has been found
in beds of this age in western Texas. It is
well recognized by most paleontologists that
the commoner and more widely distributed
forms of a flora or a fauna are less useful in
critical comparisons than the less common
forms—that is to say, the less common forms
have a more precise value, as the commoner
forms generally range through a longer period
of time.

This fact and the further fact that only
these two of the nearly 350 known Wilcox
species have been found in the tuffs of the Ba-
rilla Mountains, whereas one of a known
Midway (7?) flora of but 10 species occurs in
the still smaller flora from the Barilla Moun-
tains, indicate very strongly that the latter
flora should be correlated with the Midway (7%)

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

flora. All the species of both floras are
dicotyledons. The fact that half of the six
known species from the tuffs are found also
in the Raton and Denver fioras strongly
reinforces this conclusion, for in a detailed
‘comparison of these floras with that of the
Wilcox, I have given the evidence for consid-
-ermg them as approximately synchronous
and older than the Wilcox flora.

_ I conclude, therefore, that the basal tuffs
in the Barilla Mountains are post-Cretaceous
_and pre-Wilcox in age and that they and the
volcanic activity which they represent were
probably contemporaneous with the floras
and-similar volcanic activity reflected in the
Raton and Denver formations and elsewhere

in the Rocky Mountain region.
Range of fossil plants found in the tuffs of the Barilla
Mountains, Tex.
=
ie}
Be)
: qd oS |
ale il 2 a |
iS = a :
‘= Ss Az; fF
s I ~ =)
S A ©
5 = a ob
- o e 4
3 e ia ©
=) = eo} =
3 o wlle | a
i = Ss | 7
|
Sabalites grayanus.........-.- lh od | beeen | =<
Geonomitesivasianile =f sere eee ees | eee eee lorena
Juclansnucoste see aes eee x aaa Ee al Seo
Asimina eocenica......-- ---- | ee x SCS carer
Mex barillensis: 2 55:55. 225) See ea| seas | Meee eee
Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis. ......|..--.-|------ Xx

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS.

Phylum ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA.
Class MONOCOTYLEDONAE.
Order ARECALES.

Family ARECACEAE.

Genus SABALITES Saporta.
Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry (?).

Plate I; Plate III, figure 5.

Sabal grayana Lesquereux, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., vol.
13, p. 412, pl. 14, figs. 4-6, 1869. (Not Lesquereux,
1871, 1874, 1876, 1878, or Knowlton, 1900.)

Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry, U. 8S. Geol. Sur-
vey Prof. Paper 91, p.177, pl. 12, figs. 1-3; pl. 14,
fig. 1, 1916.

Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p.

288, 1918.

Flabellaria eocenica Lesquereux, The Tertiary flora, p.
111, pl. 13, figs. 1-3, 1878.

1 Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 148, 1916.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE I

FOSSIL PLANT FROM THE BASAL TUFFS OF THE BARILLA MOUNTAINS, TEX.

Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry (?).

“ds -u ‘Aisagy WueIstA saytmOU0eD

“XG ‘SNIVINOOW VITIMNVE AHL AO SAANL TVSVE AHL WOUd LNVId TISSOu

WaLvId °c UAdVd TVNOISSAIONd AGAUNS TVOIDOTOND ‘Ss “1

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE III

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE BASAL TUFFS OF THE BARILLA MOUNTAINS, TEX.

1-3, 4a, Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis Berry; 4b, Ilex barillensis Berry, n. sp.; 5, Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry (>).

AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS.

Leaves of fan palms are the most abundant
fossils in the basal tuffs of the Barilla Moun-
tains. The material is fragmentary, and as it
represents both large and small leaves more
than one species may be represented. It has
seemed best, however, to consider all the speci-
mens collected as representing different-sized
leaves of a single species, as no differential
characters other than those of size can be
distinguished.

Tt is with considerable hesitation that I
identify these remains as belonging to this
species, and possibly instead of representing
Sabalites grayanus they should be referred to
Sabal ungert (Lesquereux) Knowlton, which is
exceedingly common in the Raton formation
of Colorado and New Mexico and_ possibly

occurs elsewhere in the Eocene of the western
United States. There is also the further
possibility, alluded to by Knowlton, that the
two may represent a single species, and in any
event the convergence of characters is marked
and they are at least closely related. The
following description of Sabalites grayanus 1s
quoted from my account of the Wilcox occur-
rence:

Leaves of large size but mostly fragmentary. Petiole
long and stout, unarmed, enlarged at the base of the leaf,
and tapering into an extended and gradually narrowed
acumen, which is not visible on the upper surface of the
leaf, where the petiole is broadly rounded and a short
and inconspicuous ligule is developed. From the manner
of preservation and attitude of the rays on some of the
specimens it is inferred that the acumen was recurved, as
it is in the existing Sabal palmetto (Walter) Roemer and
Schultes. Rays very numerous, about 100in number, afew
reduced basal ones on each side free, the remainder united
for a variable distance above the base. Their dimensions
and the relative thickness of the venation are variable
features dependent on the size of the leaves. The largest
specimens seen have thick carinate stout-veined rays, 5
centimeters in maximum width. They increase in size
from the base of the leaf upward, and individually they are
narrow at their point of attachment, widening medially
and becoming gradually narrowed into long acuminate
tips. Venation characters variable, largely dependent on
the size of the leaves and the condition of preservation
of the epidermis in the fossil specimens. In well-pre-
served material there are four of five relatively thin inter-
mediate veins. Between each pair of veins there are six
to eight fine veinlets, which are not visible except in
well-preserved specimens.

Sabalites grayanus is a somewhat protean

species which was described by Lesquereux
from the Wilcox clays (‘‘Eolignitic”’) of Lafay-

ette County, Miss. None of Lesquereux’s |

5

type material appears to be extant at the
present time, but it seems probable that it
came from a locality near Oxford. Within
the next ten years after the publication of his
original description of this species Lesquereux
identified it from a large number of localities
in Colorado, Wyoming, and Vancouver Island.
Nearly all of this material is now in the United
States National Museum and in my judgment
does not represent this species. Knowlton !
has recorded five species of Sabal-like palms
from the Raton formation of southeastern
Colorado and northeastern New Mexico. Palm
leaves are the most abundant fossils in that
formation, and the wealth of this somewhat
intractable material (so far as generic and
specific differentiation is concerned) affords
abundant testimony regarding the climatic
conditions and the abundance and variety of
the palms in the early Eocene history of the
Rocky Mountain region.

Genus GEONOMITES Visiani.

Geonomites visianii Berry, n. sp.
Plate IT.

Leaves of medium size, ovate in general out-
line, becoming cleft distad at maturity. Length
(estimated) about 75 centimeters; maximum
width (estimated) about 40 centimeters.
Rachis very stout, as much as 1 centimeter in
diameter in the preserved material, very prom-
inent on the under surface of the leaf, where it
is semicircular in section, not keeled; flat or
channeled on the upper surface. JLaminae in-
serted on the lateral margins of the upper sur-
face of the rachis, consisting of 75 to 100 un-
differentiated rays on each side, which are
united for all or a greater part of the distance
to the margin. The rays are but slightly if at
all plaited and do not contract proximad.
They diverge from the rachis at angles averag-
ing about 30° and curve upward slightly and
regularly as they proceed toward the margin.
They are 6 to 8 millimeters in width, with a
thin principal vein, and 10 to 12 thin parallel
veins on either side of the principal vein. (See
ites al.)

The texture of these leaves appears to have
been coriaceous, for although their substance
has mostly disappeared during fossilization they

1Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, pp. 288-291,
1918.

6 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

representatives of the tribe Geono-
meae. This tribe includes at least
ten genera, three of which, all mono-
typic, are natives of western Africa.
The remaining genera, containing
98 per cent of the known species, are
widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical America. Most of these
seven genera are small, containing
from one to five existing species.
The only large genus of the tribe is
Geonoma, which comprises between
80 and 100 existing species that ex-
tend from the Antilles and southern
Mexico through Central America,
along the eastern base of the Andes
to Bolivia, and along the east coast
of South America to Rio de Janeiro.
Their center of distribution at the
present time is in the basin of the
Amazon. They are prevailingly small
stemless or short-stemmed palms and
are undoubtedly of American origin.
The fossil representatives of the Geo-
nomeae comprise several Eocene and
Oligocene forms of both North
America and Europe which have
been referred to the genus Manicaria
of Gaertner; three forms referred to
Geonoma; and six forms referred to
I'1GURE 1.—Restoration of Geonomities visianii Berry, n. sp. One-fifteenth Geonomites . The earliest known
euadlars “ig species of both Geonoma and Geono-

lie almost perfectly flat in the tuffs, whereas all| mites occur in the early Eocene (Raton and
the other associated plant remains are more or Denver formations) in Colorado and New
less bent or contorted. It is of course possible Mexico. The species Geonomites schimperi,
that the tuffs may represent both water-laid from Yellowstone Park, has been referred to
and wind-blown volcanic ash, a conclusion that the Laramie formation, but the age of the out-
appears probable in regard to the matrix of ¢rop 1s uncertain and is probably Eocene.
most of the dicotyledonous leaves found at this This species has also been recorded from the
locality, which is slightly different in appear- Tertiary of Contra Costa, Calif. Geonomites
ance from the matrix of the Geonomites and is | 9°/dianus Lesquereux, a Denver species, es
been reported from the Eocene of Wyoming.
A species has been reported from the supposed
Upper Cretaceous along the Rio Grande in

suggestive of certain similar leaf-bearing clays
of the Fayette and Catahoula sandstones of
eastern Texas ee are known to have had such ‘Texas, but I have reexamined the material,
an origin, at least in part. On the other hand, “which proves to be that of a distorted fan palm
no lithologic differences are observable between of the Sabalites type, in no wise related to
the Geonomites matrix and that inclosing the | Gegnomites. The earliest known European
bent remains of Sabalites. form, the type of the genus, comes from the

rt’ . . . . | be e

The genus Geonomites, which receives its lower Lutetian of Italy. A second species, re-
name from its resemblance to the existing genus | ferred to Geonoma by its describer, comes from
Geonoma of Willdenow, is more properly con-| the Oligocene of Italy, and a third, likewise
sidered to represent the undifferentiated ances- | referred to Geonoma, comes from the lower
try or the generically indistinguishable fossil! Miocene of Switzerland.

AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS.

Although the geologic record is thus incom-
plete, it would seem to indicate a tropical ori-
gin for the tribe, possibly in late Upper Creta-
ceous time, a spread northward far into western
North America during the early Eocene, and
an invasion of southern Europe, possibly ex-
tending to tropical Africa, during the middle
Kocene or slightly later. An opinion as to
whether the tribe migrated to the Eastern
Hemisphere across the Tropics or in higher
latitudes is not warranted in the present state
of our knowledge.

Geonomites has not yet been found in the
extensive Eocene floras from the shores of the
Mississippi embayment which I have described.
The fact that the bulk of these plants have
been collected from the old eastern shores of
this Eocene gulf may or may not be significant.
The absence of Geonomites in the Wilcox flora
rather lends support to the view that the basal
tuffs of the Barilla Mountains are somewhat
older than the Wilcox—that is, they are of
Midway age. I also conclude that the Raton
and Denver formations along the present
Rocky Mountain Front Range are likewise
older than the Wilcox.

Class DICOTYLEDONAE.
Order JUGLANDALES.
Family JUGLANDACEAE.
Genus JUGLANS Linné.

Juglans rugosa Lesquereux.

Juglans rugosa Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 206,
1868; The Tertiary flora: U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr.
Rept., vol. 7, p. 286, pl. 83, figs. 4, 5; pl. 84, figs.
1-9; pl. 85, figs. 1, 2, 1878. (Not Lesquereux, 1888,
or Hollick, 1899.)

Knowlton, U. 8. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p. 293,
pl. 112, fig. 4, 1918.

This somewhat variable species had a wide
range during the Eocene in western North
America and has been recorded from Canada,
Montana, Wyoming, Yellowstone Park, Colo-
rado, California, Oregon, and New Mexico. It
is distinctly a lower Eocene type and is a
characteristic form in the floras of the Denver
and Raton formations. It was recorded from
the lower Eocene of the Mississippi embayment
region by both Lesquereux and Hollick, but
these occurrences do not represent this species,
which so far as known did not exist in that
region until later in the Eocene. The species

7

is represented by over a dozen specimens,
mostly fragmentary, in the basal tuffs of the
Barilla Mountains,

Order RANALES.
Family ANONACEAE.
Genus ASIMINA Adanson.

Asimina eocenica Lesquereux (?).

Asimina eocenica Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. and Geog.
Survey Terr. Ann. Rept. for 1872, p. 387, 1873;

The Tertiary flora, p. 251, pl. 438, figs. 5-8, 1878.
Berry, U. 8. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 14, 1916.

Three or four not very pecfect specimens in
the basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains are
questionably referred to this species. It was
described by Lesquereux in 1878 in the follow-
ing terms:

Leaves very entire, lanceolate, equally gradually taper-
ing downward to a short, thick petiole and upward to a
point; nervation pinnate, camptodrome. I have seen a
large number of specimens of these leaves, varying in size
from 8 to 15 centimeters long and from 23 to 4 centimeters
broad in the middle, where they are widest, and there
oblong, gradually narrowing upward and downward. The
consistence of the leaves is somewhat thick but not coria-
ceous; the midrib thick, the lateral veins numerous,
parallel, all under the same angle of divergence of 50°,
slightly curved in traversing the lamina, generally simple
or branching once toward the borders, which they follow
in a series of bows, formed by anastomoses with veinlets
or branches. The nervilles are distinctly marked, at least
upon some well-preserved specimens like the one of
figure 8; they are generally joined in the middle of the
areas by oblique veinlets, forming large equilateral meshes,
the ultimate areolation being indiscernible. These leaves
differ especially from our A. triloba by their oblong-
lanceolate shape, those of the living species being generally
enlarged upward and more distinctly oblong-obovate and
proportionally broader. The nervation compared in both
the small and the large leaves of the living species fully
agrees with that of these fossil leaves, the lateral veins
becoming closer and more distinctly marked in the small
leaves, asitisin figure 5. Itis the same with the tertiary
intermediate nerves, which are scarcely, if ever, dis-
tinctly marked upon the small or middle-sized leaves of
the papaw, while they appear, if not numerous, at least
perfectly distinct, in the large ones. A fruit referable to
this genus is described in the Eocene [Wilcox] flora of the
Mississippi as Asimina leiocarpa Lesquereux.

The species Asimina eocenica is common in
the Denver formation of Colorado and occurs
also at Carbon and Black Buttes, Wyo. It is
also present in the Midway (?) Eocene of
Texas. It has been recorded by Knowlton
from the Montana group, but this identifica-
tion I regard as incorrect. It is probably
present in the Raton formation, being not

8

unlike leaves from the Raton which have been
referred to the European Tertiary species
Juglans acuminata Al. Braun. Possibly also
some of the leaves that have been referred to
Nectandra lancifolia (Lesquereux) Berry rs:
represent this species of Asimina.*

Order SAPINDALES.
Family ILICACEAE.
Genus ILEX Linné.
Ilex barillensis Berry, n. sp.
Plate III, figure 4b.

Sessile or subsessile, slightly imequilateral |

leaves of relatively small size, about 6 centi-
meters in length and 2.6 centimeters in maxi-
mum width at or below the middle; with a
pointed tip, a broadly rounded abrupt base, a
conspicuously toothed margin, and a_ sub-
coriaceous texture. The marginal teeth are
large, remote, and irregularly spaced, unlike
on the opposite margins; some approach a
dentate form, others are serrate, and others
salient-serrate. The midrib is stout, rather
prominent, curved. Secondaries fairly stout,
about eight subopposite to alternate pairs;
they diverge from the midrib at approximately
regular intervals and are camptodrome, sending
tertiary branches into the marginal teeth
where those are present. Tertiaries form an
open areolation tending to be quadrangular
in appearance. (See fig. 2.)

This species, which is ob-
viously new, is unfortunately
represented by ascanty amount
of material. In general form
it greatly resembles some of the
existing western liveoaks, as
for example Quercus agrifolia
Née and Quercus chrysolepis
Liebmann, or the so-called
black oak, Quercus emoryt Tor-

. |
rey, of the mountain ranges of

the arid Southwest. The ve-
nation, however, is unlike any-
thing occurring im Quercus, in
which the areolation is closer
meshed and different in char-
acter and the secondaries taper more abruptly,
are less regularly spaced or curved, and are cras-

FIGURE 2.—Restora-
tion of the leaf of Ilex

- barillensis Berry
shown in Plate III,
figure 4b.

1Cf. Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, pl. 90, fig.
1, 1918.

‘than one of exposed,

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

pedodrome in the toothed-margin forms. On
the other hand, the venation in both its gross
and minute features is typical of the genus
Ilex, and the general form is not unlike that
of numerous modern species of that genus, as
for example the serrated forms of the common
English holly or our own Jlex opaca Aiton.
Moreover, the plants associated with the fossil
species lend credence to the view that the
habitat was somewhat similar to that required
by our modern holly, namely, that it was a
bottom-land or mesophytic species, rather
arid, or cool habitat.
While Ilex opaca ranges from Massachusetts to
Florida it is rare in the Allegheny Mountains
and finds its optimum habitat in the bottoms
of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Order THYMELEALES.
Family LAURACEAE.
Genus OREODAPHNE Nees.
Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis Berry.
Plate ITT, figures 1-3, 4a.

Oreoduphne pseudoquianensis Berry, U. 8. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 91, p. 305, pl. 81, figs. a 4, 1916.

This species and Sabalites grayanus are by
far the most abundant forms in the basal tuffs
of the Barilla Mountains. The Oreodaphne
was described by me from the Wilcox Eocene
of Louisiana and contemporaneous beds in
Tennessee in 1916 as follows:

Leaves narrowly elongate-lanceolate and falcate in
general outline, the apex gradually attenuated and the
base somewhat shorter, acuminate. Length ranges from
15 to 18 centemeters. Maximum width, in the lower half
of the leaf, 1.7 to 2 centimeters. Margins entire, very
faintly undulate. Leaf substance very thick. Texture
decidedly coriaceous. Petiole long, stout, and curved,
about 3 centimeters in length. Midrib stout, prominent
on the lower surface of the leaf. Secondaries stout, prom-

'inent on the lower surface of the leaf; three or four coin-

menly subopposite pairs of the same character, above
which in the attenuated tip are numerous thin reduced
pairs, diverging at wide angles. The basal pair are
opposite and subbasal, diverging from the midrib at
angles of about 20°, rather straight in their course and
close to and parallel with the lower lateral margins. The
succeeding two or three pairs, generally subopposite,
arise at intervals of 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters. They diverge
at slightly wider angles, about 30°, and are regularly
curved and ascending, becoming parallel with the lateral
margins, along which they ascend for a considerable dis-
tance, and are eventually camptodrome. The second-

AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS. 9

aries diverge at wider and wider angles and are more
curved in the upper half of the leaf until in the tip they
become very thin and diverge at angles of about 70°,
running straight about halfway to the margin, where they
turn abruptly upward to form wide arches to the adjacent
superiorsecondaries. Tertiary venation largely immersed,
consisting of transverse, slightly curved nervilles.

This species is one of the most distinctive
fossil species of Lauraceae known, and as it is
so much more abundant in the tuffs of the
Barilla Mountains than at the type localities
the foregoing description may be somewhat
amplified, particularly as regards the limits of
variation and the areolation. Thus the small-
est leaves have a length of but 8 centimeters
and a maximum width of but 8 millimeters,

while the maximum width of the largest speci-
mens is 2.25 centimeters. The areolation is
fine meshed and the nervilles, both those at
approximately right angles to the midrib and
those forming wide angles with them, appear
more prominent, giving the areolation a decid-
edly quadrangular appearance, although in
reality the areolation is prevailingly polygonal.

The appearance of these leaves is well shown
in the accompanying illustrations, and they
distinctly corroborate the comparisons made
between the type and the existing Oreodaphne
guianensis Aublet, of northern South America.
In fact, but for the greater development of the
lower secondaries in the fossil, the two are
scarcely to be differentiated.

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS OF DEPO-

SITION IN CENTRAL MONTANA
RIVER EPOCHS.

Bya@: ke

INTRODUCTION.

The large amount of geologically unexplored
territory in western Rosebud and Dawson
counties, Mont., led to an examination by the
writer of a part of this territory for the purpose
of getting general information on its stratig-
raphy and structure. The region proved to be
one of considerable geologic interest.

The work demonstrated (1) that pro-
nounced dome structure exists in a region
heretofore supposed to be underlain by nearly
flat-lying beds; (2) that the Eagle sandstone,
which is a thick formation farther west, thins
eastward and disappears near the western
border of the area herein described; (3) that the
Judith River formation, previously known only
as of fresh-water and brackish-water origin,
grades into a marine formation in passing
eastward from the shore line of the sea along
which it accumulated; and (4) that east of the
meridian of 107° 30’ (approximately) the
deposition of marine sediments was continuous
throughout the Colorado and Montana epochs
of Upper Cretaceous time in this part of the
Great Plains region.

The area herein considered comprises about
1,200 square miles in Rosebud and Dawson
counties and extends from Forsyth northward
for a distance of 40 miles, thence westward
to Musselshell River. Its geographic position
is shown on the key map (Pl. IV).

The area was mapped on a scale of 1 mile
to the inch. Horizontal control was based on
the land survey of the General Land Office
and was obtained by stadia and triangulation.
A stadia traverse along the Bearpaw-Lance
boundary was carried throughout the field.
From this traverse triangulation points were
established which furnished control in other
parts of the field. Elevations were obtained by
means of vertical angles, the initial elevation
being a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul Railway a few miles west of Forsyth.

131049°—20-——2

'in a semiarid climate.

DURING THE EAGLE AND JUDITH

Bowen.

The field sheets thus prepared and the land
plats obtained from the General Land Office
furnished the data from which the accompany-
ing base map (PI. IV) was prepared. This map
shows the principal streams and roads of the
area, as well as the geologic formations ex-
posed. The formation boundaries are repre-
sented by solid lines where they are accurately
determined and by broken lines where, because
of lack of exposures or for other reasons, they
could be located only approximately.

The writer was assisted in the field by C. A.
Bonine, to whom much credit is due for the re-
sults obtained.

SURFACE FEATURES.

The area is a part of the Missouri Plateau of
the Great Plains, and its surface features are
those produced by the erosion of such a region
Erosion has changed a
comparatively level surface into one dissected by
streams and surmounted by numerous buttes.
This sculpturing is most pronounced along
Musselshell River, where in a belt 1 to 3 miles
wide intricately dissected badlands have been
formed. In most parts of the area the sand-
stones of the Judith River and Lance forma-
tions form conspicuous ridges that rise abruptly
from the lower and more nearly level surfaces
occupied by the shale formations. The irreg-
ularities of the surface are due chiefly to dif-
ferences in erosion induced by the unequal
resistance of the formations.

GEOLOGY.
STRATIGRAPHY.

GENERAL SECTION.

The formations exposed in this area range
in age from Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary (?)
and include the Colorado shale (upper part),
Eagle sandstone, Claggett and Judith River
formations, Bearpaw shale, and Lance forma-
tion. With the exception of the Eagle sand-

11

12

stone, which does not extend east of Mussel-
shell River, these formations are believed to be
continuous throughout the area, but the Judith
River changes from a fresh-water formation in
the western part of the area to a marine forma-
tion in the eastern part. In other words,
marine conditions prevailed over the eastern

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

in the immediate vicinity, but have been pene-
trated by the drill to a depth of about 2,500
feet below the top of the Colorado shale in a
deep well put down at Vananda, in T. 7 N.,
R. 38 E., by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Co. The greater part of this
thickness consists of the dark-gray to black

Geologic formations in the area herein discussed.

System and series. | Group.| Formation.

Thickness
(feet).

Character.

|
Quaternary. |
|

Alluvial gravel, sand, and silt along Yellowstone
and Musselshell rivers and some of the smaller
streams.

Tertiary (?)
cene?).

(Eo-

Lance formation.

mation.

Brown, irregularly bedded sandstone, alternating
with ‘‘somber” gray shale. Upper part (25
feet or more) is somewhat sandy, forming a
transition to the Lance. This transition phase
is probably what has been recognized as Fox

| Hills on Hell Creek about 35 or 40 miles farther

north.

| Dark-gray shale in which occur calcareous concre-

| Bearpaw shale. 900-1, 100 + tions containing marine invertebrate fossils.
Upper member, light-brown to light-gray massive
sandstone. Middle member, light-gray to dark-
THasthi seo gray shale. Lower member, sandstone, weather-
ait tver for 100-200+ | ing brown and giving rise to large boulder-like

masses. The formation is of fresh-water origin
in the western part of the field and of marine
origin in the eastern part.

Montana.

| Upper Creta-

ceous. | Claggett formation.

600-700 +

Dark-gray shale; contains numerous large cal-
careous concretions in upper part, some of
which show well-developed cone-in-cone struc-
ture; marine fossils similar to those in the
Bearpaw.

Cretaceous.

| | Eagle sandstone.

0-21

Buff massive sandstone; does not occur east of
Musselshell River.

| Colorado shale.

bo
w
S
o
im
a

| Dark-gray to black fissile shale, with thin beds
of sandstone and sandy shale in upper part and
thin beds of limestone and sandstone near the
base; shale is only slightly plastic when wet.
Contains marine fossils.

| Kootenai forma-

tion (?).

Lower Creta- |
ceous (?).

| Consists predominantly of red and white shale,
overlain by a thin bed of limestone and sand-
stone.

157+

part throughout the Montana epoch, whereas
in the western part a temporary recession of
the sea allowed the accumulation of fresh-
water deposits. These conditions are illus-
trated in the diagrammatic and generalized
sections shown on Plate IV.

Rocks below the upper part of the Colorado
shale are not exposed in this field or anywhere

shale of the Colorado, but the lower 157 feet
seems to represent some underlying formation,
probably the Kootenai.

The accompanying table presents in con-
densed form the sequence, character, and thick-
ness of the exposed formations and of those
penetrated by the drill in the well at Vananda,
a detailed log of which is given on page 13.

Be

|
DIAGRAMMATIC SE¢
Thicknesses based on d

IMMATIC SECTION

48 miles ——

U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

R30E.

Gon BZ)
CULCELOES
NAS) sea ane

¥ ——
Mi WN LY, : ee
Lo CAG’ se Si SECTIONIALONGILIN ui
AW Hiren aialeereseuenn sane tata cra

Mam 0004 iY

: bata Ze
oA

ani 7a MMAC

LLP
3 R33 E-
RS4E. ie. IA BE7E

aes
NN
NX
N
SEN
NS
SS
N
SN
SS
es

A

Z)
ZO, BE
eee
A 7]

He

S

=
SNSNI

2 LS AN
Rass [SHAY UELGBAGZ
RRO 202402000002
“ete SMV GAEL aos

ACU oy)
Ly gue

\\
NS
CS NX]
SS
Ns
SW
NN
ENN
Mee
NS
NN
SSW
INN

GUL ce
KOC mse

(3
SS \ eae
a ana eae. 7
iS sunifaRBGdES REE 725

MN ee Oa | pte N.
a et POE SS WAT Ea
jimmats SIGIGIE| a7

BLN SOD ser OE
Zi

4i
NAA a
EXPLANATION ; y \ ‘
e THIN

ZZ

Lance formation ro

GIN

Bearpaw shale

SS

Ss
Judith River formation

CRETACEOUS

Columnar section Columnar section
West end of field East end of field

INDEX MAP

Claggett and Colorado shales

Tertiary? Lance formation 470’ :
wh (fresh water) Lance formation 350°
(Fresh woler)
|

=
La

Strike anddip

°

Land cornerfond

ze Bearpaw hag
Generalized section SE
st north end oF
Judith Moantains Separe
reer Musselshell River
6008

Bearpaw shale |,00'+
(marine)

Section at
west side of Porcupine
dome Section at
east side of Porcupine 7
dome

oath Biv cer formation 100-125"
vere)

Cretaceous

All Fresh -water ) \ deposits ludith River formation a

_ A fresh water)

Uy
Yi,

L, Poff.
gy Ve
i, Zag

YS,

4
N
z

KN

- = Feule atuetvar o-2i"

Longitude of Glendive

l

= :
d Claggett a) Det arate shales 3,000’ ay } a ~ 3
logge te formato jon 600! Kea ee A ZK 4 7 N.
a WO LOCOS
GIDL D GG
a
@

i y / - ens Bae
| = Ses = larads ab
= ao VL Lowen b=---- == =5=

9

Cobvert WRU Geological Saray
(2) Section observed by Bowen >
£ Based on log of deep well at

(eee a a a2 oe ie

DIAGRAMMATIC SECTION FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST TO ILLUSTRATE CHANGES OF SEDIMENTS DUE TO OSCILLATIONS OF UPPER CRETACEOUS SEA
Thicknesses based on dats obtained by C.F, Bowen except as otherwise stated In text. (Adapted from Eugene Stebinger, U.S. Gaol. Survey Prof. PaP®r 90, figure 9, p. 67, 1916)

GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE JORDAN COAL FIELD, MONTANA, WITH COLUMNAR SECTIONS, STRUCTURE SECTIONS, AND DIAGRAMMATIC SECTION

5 0 5 40 Miles:
_S—=== ——eeEeE

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONTANA. 13

Log of well drilled by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. at Vananda, in sec. 5, T. 7 N., R. 38 E., Mont.,

between October 23, 1913, and October 17, 1914.

[Elevation of mouth of well, 2,704 feet above sea level.]

Formation.¢ Driller’s description. as Depth.
Feet. Feet.
Shalewsandiyerner ses eee eis sare te Sas ae eee ree eels 23 23
Sand; 30 gallons of water an hour.......-.......-..--.------- 7 30
SHalletay ell ogc cress ee tebee rrr etapa tal als use eens 16 46
IS hina leat 2 ere ley meee pet ea peice eter Saale, cage avaneseloey tee 11 57
Shalevanadlsamd sees see sacs see ers ae oe ise ieee ae 24 81
Judith River formation. Sam Ri se peers ne sper ee in ey: cla, Aer an Be ee aU ae 8 89
Shailesayelllowersiae cis eee sees eaeeisniie ane eerie mee eel oe see 16 105
TSE OCO esc Sey rs ee Es sh LS re nee ee I 14 119
SaGhamndeshvall peewee yep eee ater ees an als ea camecoe ny e ya 24 143
Stal emo eee eae Sree ala ye bn ec ee seep sii? 46 189
Sand; flow of alkaline water, 2,400 gallons an hour... ......-.. 26 215
Claggett shale.¢ Shale; disintegrates when exposed to air. .........---.--.---- 685 900
(2) E
Shale, ¢ black surface; whitens on exposure to air........----- 140 1, 040
Sat eas ee ora escer sess my op atenny cose viray el beta eral ects ayaa tes = chacei veimnats| Sate 907 1, 947
Oyster-shell rim, fossil determined by former State geologist 5 1, 952
of South Dakota as Inoceramus labiatus.
Siovalle, Ghyals BitONNiNS co 6 65oedanoden cosbagadadennacnnuoodsoase 107 2, 059
Ear dino cys ost sissies ctatepe terme erates oe ee aloiein bale eae aloes ter 29 2, 088
Shale, soft; color changes on exposure from dark to light brown. 32 2, 120
Shalewlichtibrowneeeenseree es oee es eae eee eee 40 2, 160
Date ise yay tare eee aera rctarsie ciatete sare n oeietorsie mitie ston ee areal 40 2, 200
SOADStOM Cue arise ciate) ete eek eis nyse ae encore eer 13 2, 213
Shallestwiaitesevsiey= Be aeieree els tre sis tefere elses dc aie wieiste ee Sey eere 23 2, 236
Shalemdarkss Sawer ince Macc ee atin ere Mince suo nee 45 2,281
Shalewblackie sete ce eeu ee a Soe w LR Ue Sk a les 19 2, 300
Colorado shale. Shale Mono wan oss sssies shee rete ee ay peerers tenia yay seie sirens los 100 2, 400
SIO, CES, GAIT. o.oo cundesoonsodoboeosnecoucuacouosoeser 31 2, 431
SIPS) CENabils ame seseoe sosse ype anesescose Son eEanesSaaaren ye 19 2, 450
IAbINEHWOMSS So 0.6 ooooboososeoeceudsceoaysauoeenecEseaddeauec 4] 2,491
hal eee res sie ere ee seis iepeinteniee ee oe Sees ey Ses Ses bate tee 239 2, 730
Shalefandilimeishelllss ase pete a eee eee a eee 15 2,745
Sova, Sou, Ganalila 6 ooo coop osaqepSonneoesobouesdusoanoocace 35 2, 780
Shalejandslameyjshelllsi cece sme ates sae eerie ese ee 20 2, 800
ShaleNsonts cay pete c emt ene aeeie Sear ery se) eee 105 2, 905
Shalletdark irae seen oman oe ges c ete ceeen ae e essen 35 2, 940
Shalejandilimeyjshelllsie eee s nese see eee eaeeeee ane 103 3, 043
Sandstone, hard... .--- 32 3, 075
Limestone, black, sandy |May represent the Mowry shale mem- 18 3, 093
Limestone........-.-. ber. 42 3, 185
Slates. \waeue tect rsees 55 3, 190
Sand, water bearing; water rose within 50 feet of surface... . 10 3, 200
Sandstone; compacti. a errs ernie an ae ee eae sae ene 30 3, 230
PIMOS FO Me erery Sete sere ae eae, see el tas peice ay eer epee mr 2) 19 3, 249
Shailetswniterm ws were eer ne cee ere eee ee ewemanane 23 3, 272
Kootenai (?). Sra evar clieaerey tere copes sess als rae oe teed ee OSE oneal 7 38, 279
Shhalemawi lite weps erecta essere eralersees te eres Aap es ey eeyee ctee 8 3, 287
ISLAM IO RSG |S ce 5 otic Sie es rans Crete ites eg eer ge a Lee 27 3, 314
Shalewiwiliitte mercer ceeeriac ote caste eee cee anes 8 3, 322
Shaler deere ae ey ees ees Naess cians Naren Cea UU eel 35 3, 357

a Correlation revised by author.

b Called Lance in log furnished by railway company.
¢ Called Pierre in log furnished by railway company.
d In view of the lithologic similarity between the Claggett and Colorado the position of this boundary must be regarded as uncertain.
€ Called Niobrara in log furnished by railway company.

14

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.

KOOTENAI (?) FORMATION.

That part of the Kootenai (?) penetrated by
the drill in the Vananda well consists in de-
scending order of 40 feet of sandstone, 19 feet
of limestone, and 98 feet of red and white shale
in alternate layers. There is no information
available as to whether these beds are of fresh
water or marine origin; in lithologic aspect,
however, the beds, especially the red and white
shales, are similar to the fresh-water Kootenai
(Lower Cretaceous) of the Great Falls field.
In that field the Kootenai as described by
Fisher! is 400 to 500 feet thick and consists
predominantly of clay, with thin intercalated
beds of sandstone and limestone, but contains
valuable beds of coal in the lower part and a
basal sandstone from which building stone is
obtained.

COLORADO SHALE.

The Colorado shale is the oldest formation
exposed in this area. It consists of dark-gray
to black fissile shale, with some thin bands of
sandstone and sandy shale in its upper part,
and according to the record of the Vananda
well has more or less sandstone and a thin bed
of limestone at the base. The shale contains
large calcareous concretions in which fossils
occur; some of the sandstone bands are also
distinctly fossiliferous. The formation has a
total thickness, as interpreted from the log of
the Vananda well, of about 2,300 feet. It
probably includes the time equivalents of both
the Benton and Niobrara formations. In this
part of Montana there appears to be no recog-
nizable lithologic distinction between these two
formations, and they are therefore grouped
together under the name Colorado shale. It
may be, however, that detailed paleontologic
work would show the existence of a Niobrara
fauna in the upper part.of the Colorado shale,
even though no lithologic distinction exists.
Weed? and Stanton and MHatcher* have
already pointed out a general resemblance be-
tween the fauna of the upper part of the Colo-
rado in the vicinity of Fort Benton and the
fauna of the Niobrara. It might be possible,

1 Fisher, C. A., Geology of the Great Falls coal field, Mont.: U. S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 356, pp. 22, 30-35, 1909.

2 Weed, W. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Fort Benton folio
(No. 55), p. 2, 1899.

3 Stanton, T. W.,and Hatcher, J. B., Geology and paleontology of the
Judith River beds: U. 8. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, pp. 63, 64, 1905.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

therefore, on purely paleontologic grounds to
separate the Colorado of this area into the
Benton and Niobrara, as in Nebraska, Colorado,
South Dakota, and Wyoming.

In the easternmost areas just mentioned the
Niobrara formation consists chiefly of lime-
stone; farther west it is a calcareous buff shale;
and apparently still farther west it loses its
calcareous aspect, becoming a typical clay
shale that is somewhat arenaceous. This is the
sort of change to be expected in a formation of
this kind when traced toward the source of its
constituent materials.

The Colorado differs from the overlying
Claggett in being darker and more fissile and in
becoming only slightly plastic when wet; be-
cause of this last characteristic the local term
“gumbo”’ is not generally applied to it.

The Colorado occupies an area of about 350
square miles in the central part of the Porcu-
pine dome, which les principally west and
south of the eastern part of this area. It also
occupies another small dome extending west-
ward from a point a few miles east of Mussel-
shell River. Except in the small area west of
the Musselshell, where the Eagle can be recog-
nized, the Colorado and Claggett have not been
differentiated on the accompanying map.

EAGLE SANDSTONE.

The Eagle, which forms a prominent and
persistent lithologic unit farther west, is repre-
sented in this area by a buff medium-grained
sandstone consisting of quartz, feldspar, and
black chert with a small amount of mica in-
closed in a calcareous matrix. It ranges from
a knife-edge to about 20 feet in thickness. The
sandstone is recognizable as a distinct unit at
the western margin of the area, from which
its outcrop has been traced northwestward and
southwestward for many miles. In these more
western areas the formation ranges from 200 to
300 feet in thickness, but it thins eastward, so
that near the east side of T.15 N., R. 29 E.,
where the sandstone is exposed in a clean-cut
face, it is only 21 feet thick, with marine shale
both above and below. From this place the
formation can be traced eastward for about 2
miles, and in that distance the sandstone is seen
to become more and more interlaminated with
thin bands of shale in its lower part. The
sandstone passes under an old river terrace

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN

about halfway between the western margin of
the area and Musselshell River and is not ex-
posed farther east, but at the Musselshell,
where there is a clean-cut exposure from the
Lance down into the Colorado, the Eagle is
either lacking or is represented by a sandstone
3 feet thick.

The pinching out of the Eagle is not due to
an unconformity but to the seaward thinning
of a shoal deposit laid down during a reces-
sional stage of the Cretaceous sea and later
covered by an off-shore deposit as the sea
deepened and the shore line was shifted farther

west.
CLAGGETT FORMATION.

The Claggett consists of 600 to 700 fect of.

dark-gray shale containing numerous calcareous
concretions in which invertebrate fossils occur.
The shale is but slightly consolidated and
becomes very plastic when wet, so that it is
commonly referred to as ‘‘gumbo.” Crystals
of selenite are more or less abundant in the
shale and in places accumulate in considerable
quantities on weathered slopes. At the top of
the formation there is a zone that is especially
prolific in large calcareous concretions, many
of which show a well-developed cone-in-cone
structure. This feature, so far as the writer is
aware, is peculiar to the Claggett throughout a
large part of Montana and does not occur in
either the Colorado or the Bearpaw. It there-
fore constitutes one criterion for the recogni-
tion of the Claggett in central Montana.

JUDITH RIVER FORMATION.

Character and thickness.—The Judith River
formation, as originally defined, includes fresh

and brackish water beds lying above the marine |

Claggett and below the Bearpaw. This defini-
tion was given before the full extent of the
formation was known. The work of theseason
of 1918 has shown that in the area described
the fresh-water deposits when traced eastward
grade into marine deposits of the same litho-
logic character. In this paper the term Judith
River is used to include both the fresh-water
deposits exposed in the western part of the
area and their equivalent marine deposits in
the eastern part.

The fresh-water facies may be considered as
made up of three parts—a lower division of

1Stanton, T. W., and Hatcher, J. B., Geology and paleontology of
the Judith River beds: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, pp. 33-34, 1905.

CENTRAL MONTANA. 15
massive brownish, poorly cemented sandstone,
a middle division of ash-gray shale, and an
upper division of grayish-white to brown mas-
sive to heavy-bedded sandstone. The total
thickness of this facies of the formation is
about 185 feet.

The marine flacies likewise has a threefold
character which corresponds in every way to
the fresh-water divisions except that the middle
shale member is darker. The upper sandstone
is of a light-brown color in the eastern part of
the field but farther west changes to light gray
or dirty white; the lower sandstone is prevail-
ingly brown on weathered surfaces. The
marine facies has a thickness of about 125 feet
near the head of Big Porcupine Creek; it is
reported as 200 feet thick in the Vananda well
and may be thicker than that, as it is believed
that the mouth of the well is below the top of
the formation; but on the east side of the field
the thickness probably does not exceed 100
feet.

Detailed sections of these two facies
given below.

are

Section of Judith River formation (marine) in sec. 8, T. 12 N.,
R. 38 E.
Feet.
Sandstone, massive, yellow to brown (marine shells

ING C IFAM MAOGAS)) SoccebadcanGusccaveoosabouedeasue 20
Talus, sandy, probably sandstone.....-............. 30
Shaleseraystonyellowaeset eee ccnp ececiee eras Srsrslviats 20
Sandstone, massive, gray at top and full of Halyme-

nites, lower part not well exposed..........--.....- 45

115

Section of Judith River formation (fresh-water) on west bank
of Musselshell River, in sec. 16, T. 15 N., R. 30 E.

Shale, Bearpaw. Feet.
Sandstones=a =~) ssieecr Javas ScosoosSeeusenaueS 29
Shaletlichtigrayeeereey ees eee nee eee ean re aeee ee 15
Shale scarbonaceouses.seee eh) ee ne eae eracleeieeee 8h
Nand stonezeceeac ees eee eee een eee SASS ACOE 8
Shale, gray; carbonaceous in upper part.....------ 13
Sandstone.........- SS OSEAN AA ee are 9
Shall Ox, 2s eee selon shi ae ea set res ee eee aps See 35
Sandstone tent se eee aeemiay ae aie ase ee ete 13
Shalemlichtiprayssese = ces ee eee eee eee 15
Sandstone ssa jst seer seer omer eiaeee rose aaa 2
Saas ays rese i eee ers oe ein des ner Ie sO sites 3
Shalescarbonaceouse--=ee nena eee eee 8
Sandstone ss stu seater steep eeee seein ate ae 31
Shale, Claggett, dark gray, sandy at top, transition. ——
1894

Composition.—As revealed by a study of
thin sections the sandstones of both the fresh-
water and marine facies of the formation are
as similar in microscopic appearance as they

16
are in outward physical appearance.
are arkosic and consist of angular, subangu-
lar, and rounded grains of orthoclase, plagio-
clase, quartz, and black chert, with small
amounts of muscovite and biotite, inclosed in
a matrix or cement of calcite, which is more
or less stained with Grains of
limestone are numerous in one specimen of
fresh-water origin and are rather well rounded;
but they are not observed however in any of
the other specimens examined. <A rather
surprising feature is the slight alteration of a
considerable proportion of the feldspar. Many
of the grains, especially of the plagioclase
variety, are perfectly fresh and clear and
show no sign of kaolinization. In the sec-
tions examined the calcite constitutes 50 per
cent or more of the bulk of the rock; of the
granular material feldspar is in general the most
abundant, followed by black chert and quartz,
which vary in amount, in some specimens
the one and in some the other predominating.
Another interesting feature is the small propor-
tion of well-rounded grains. The grains of
chert and quartz are subangular to rounded,
whereas those of feldspar are predominantly
angular and give to the thin sections the
appearance of being made up largely of angu-
lar to subangular fragments. This marked
angularity does not accord well with the
highly assorted condition of the material,
which is remarkably uniform in size and free
from silt or fine particles. This highly as-
sorted condition suggests considerable agita-
tion, either by waves or by currents, whereas
the angularity of the grains suggests but a
moderate amount of abrasion. It is probably
to be attributed to the cleavage of the feldspar
and the smallness of the grains rather than to
the amount of abrasion of the particles. The
texture is fine and varies somewhat in the

iron oxide.

different specimens, the grains ranging from |

about 0.075 0.2 millimeter in
diameter.

Relations.—The Judith River is conforma-
ble with both the underlying and overlying
formations. In the western part of the area
the fresh-water facies overlies about. 600 feet
of the Claggett, including a sandy transition
zone about 35 feet thick, and is in turn overlain

by 1,000 to 1,100 feet of Bearpaw shale. The

to average

They |

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

marine facies overlies 700 feet (Vananda well
record) of the Claggett and is overlain by
about 900 feet of the Bearpaw. In other
words, the marine and fresh-water facies are
at the same stratigraphic horizon, and the
overlying shale is a unit from the locality of
the one to that of the other. The marine
phase represents the seaward extension of the
continental deposits and marks the maximum
retreat of the sea during this stage of minor
oscillation.
BEARPAW SHALE.

The Bearpaw shale includes the marine
shale lying between the Judith River and
Lance formations. It consists chiefly of dark-
gray shale that is similar in lithologic character
to the shale of the Claggett except that so far
as observed it contains no concretions show-
ing cone-in-cone structure. In the upper part
of the formation there is a sandy zone 25 feet
or more thick which consists of sandy shale
and some thin sandstones forming a transition
to the Lance. This is probably the representa-
tive of the sandy shale from which, on Hell
Creek, 35 or 40 miles farther north, Barnum
Brown obtained a Fox Hills fauna and which
he therefore designated the Fox Hills forma-
tion.! A small collection of marine fossils,
all representing a single species of Lingula,
was obtained by the writer in a sandstone that
caps a small outlier in the SW. } sec. 1, T. 14
N., R. 32 E. This sandstone is probably near
the top of the transition zone just described.
The species of Lingula obtained is not suffi-
ciently diagnostic for purposes of close time
correlation. It therefore does not establish
the existence of the Fox Hills at this place,
but it indicates that the sandy transition zone
at the top of the Bearpaw is marine.

The thickness of the Bearpaw ranges from
1,000 or 1,100 feet in the western part of the
area to about 900 feet in the eastern part. As
determined by the fossils which occur in it, the
formation is of Montana age and is equivalent
to a part of the Pierre and possibly includes
also the representative of the Fox Hills. Its
correlation in this area is rendered certain not
only by its included fossils but by its continuity
with the undoubted Bearpaw of other regions.

1 Brown, Barnum, The Hell Creek beds of the Upper Cretaceous of
Montana: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 23, p. 829, 1907.

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO

TERTIARY (?) SYSTEM.

LANCE FORMATION.

Character and thickness.—The section given
below is fairly representative of the lower part
of the Lance formation, the only part exten-
sively represented in this area. This part con-
sists mainly of brownish massive to heavy-
bedded sandstone and interbedded light-gray to
dark-gray shale. Some of the sandstone layers
are well consolidated and form protecting caps
to the softer underlying beds. Large rusty-
brown loglike concretions are common. Though
brown is the prevailing color, some of these
sandstones are dirty white to gray. Ripple
marks and cross-bedding are common struc-
tural features.

The interbedded shale is light-gray to lead-
gray and contains some carbonaceous members,
though these are rare. The shale is uncon-
solidated and weathers rapidly where not pro-
tected by the more resistant sandstone. Thin
layers of impure fossiliferous limestone occur
in a very few places.

In the northeast corner of the area the beds
above described are overlain by a zone con-
sisting chiefly of “somber” gray shale with
interbedded layers of carbonaceous shale and
yellow and brown sandstone. Some of the
sandstone layers, which are as much as 20 feet
thick, are well consolidated and resemble in
every way the sandstones in the lower part of
the formation.

There is no abrupt change between this mem-
ber and the lower member described above.
They seem to represent continuous deposition
and a gradual change from the conditions
favoring the accumulation of sandstone to those
favoring the accumulation of shale. This shale
member, although not definitely included in the
Lebo shale member of the Little Sheep Moun-
tain field, seems to be identical in character with
it. So far as the writer was able to ascertain,
this member pinches out or at least thins
markedly farther west; however, more detailed
work on the overlying beds and a careful study
of the extent and character of the various
phases are necessary in order to establish their
continuity and determine their relations.

MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONTANA.

17

Section of a part of the Lance formation exposed in Table
Butte, in the SE. 4 sec. 32, T.7 N., R. 41 E.

Feet.

Sandstone, massive, cross-bedded, containing clay
Hoel S Sears Steptoe eres eee erro fos e eis ely ci nee 25
Shale, becoming sandy toward top......----------- 80
Shale carbonaceoustessrees steerer eer aeene ene 1
Slaw, salon? Wo) CHA Ds onconooceocdcodscascussadeosue 70

Sandstone, massive, buff; contains bone fragments and

smalllscattering pebbles. - = --25--22-5-s5s2-2-22-- 30
Shralle wuts toes orwemee tit cys eres male eee ne tales 20
SandstonesmassiviewbrowDer ee cee nose een aer 10
“Somber” and yellow clay shale, alternating. ........ 60

296

Composition.—The sandstones of the Lance,
including those interstratified in the dark-
shale member described above, as well as
those which make up the bulk of the lower
distinctly sandy portion of the formation, are
arkosic and are shown on microscopic examina-
tion to consist of the same material as the
sandstones of the Judith River formation,
the only difference being the higher degree of
oxidation of the material of the Lance. In
all the thin sections examined the principal
granular minerals present are feldspar, chert,
quartz, muscovite, and biotite, named in the
order of their abundance; these are embedded
in a matrix of calcium carbonate, which con-
stitutes 50 per cent or more of the bulk of the
rock. Grains of limestone are also sparingly
present in some specimens. The feldspar,
including orthoclase, plagioclase, and micro-
cline, is commonly the predominant granular
minéral. Many of the grains are compara-
tively fresh and unaltered and show cleavage
or crystal boundaries and beautifully marked
striations; others are more or less cloudy and
opaque from the development of kaolin.
Most of them are angular or subangular,
well-rounded grains being exceptional. The
chert, which in the hand specimen is gray
or black, is invariably present. In the thin
section it is clear and transparent and exhibits
a cryptocrystalline texture. It is variable
in amount, being in some specimens almost
as abundant as the feldspar but in others
less abundant than the quartz. The grains
of chert show a much. more marked tendency
toward rounding than those of feldspar.

18

The quartz occurs in subangular to rounded j
grains. It is variable in amount, being almost
wholly absent in one specimen and in others
constituting 25 per cent or more of the granular
material. Muscovite is present in notable
amount and is easily recognized in the hand
specimens; biotite is also sparingly present.
The calcite, which constitutes the matrix of
the rock, shows a finely crystalline texture.
It is commonly more or less stained and
obscured by limonitic material, which in
most of the specimens also occurs to a greater
or less degree in distinct grains. Like the
sandstones of the Judith River, those of the
Lance are medium grained, and their grains
are of fairly uniform size, showing a marked
degree of assortment.

Age and correlation.—Paleontologists are
not agreed as to the age of the Lance forma-
tion, the invertebrate and vertebrate fossils
being regarded as related to Cretaceous types,
whereas the plants are regarded as of Fort
Union age. Under these circumstances the
Geological Survey has only provisionally as-
signed the Lance to the Tertiary system.

The formation is identified in this area
and its relations are established by (1)
the finding of Triceratops remains near the
base of the formation at Castle Butte, north-
west of Forsyth, and the occurrence in it
of many fragments of dinosaur bones in other
parts of the area; (2) its stratigraphic position
between the Bearpaw shale and the Fort
Union formation; and (3) its continuity ‘with
beds that undoubtedly belong to the Lance
in other parts of Montana.

Distribution and surface features.—The
Lance formation occurs at the southern,
eastern, and northern margins of this area
and extends beyond the area in each of these
directions. In general it occupies a zone from
1 mile to several miles broad, its width depend-
ing on the attitude of the beds and the stage
of erosion.

The outcrop of the formation has a marked
effect on land forms. Its lower part produces
a prominent ridge which rises abruptly, in
some places almost precipitously, from the
lower areas occupied by the Bearpaw. From
the margin it extends as a dissected upland
studded with buttes, pinnacles, and other
features characteristic of the weathering of
moderately consolidated beds in a semiarid
region.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

STRUCTURE.

In its broad general relations the structure
in this part of Montana is anticlinal and rep-
resents the southeastward extension of the
Big Snowy anticline. More locally the east-
ern part of the area occupies the eastern and
northern flanks of the Porcupime dome, around
which the beds have a quaquayersal dip and
are therefore in this area inclined southward,
eastward, and northward. As shown on the
accompanying map, the dips in this part of
the area range from 1° or 2° to 40°. This
dome is separated by a broad, shallow trans-
verse syncline from a pronounced anticline in
the vicinity of Musselshell River. On the
west side of the syncline the strata dip 15°
25° E.; on the east side the westward dip is
not more than 2° or 3°. West of this cross
syncline the Big Snowy anticline is the domi-
nant structural feature. Around the point of
this anticline the Judith River formation dips
from 5° on the south limb to 45° on the north.
These steep dips do not continue for any con-
siderable horizontal distance in the direction
of the dip, as the overlying Lance rarely shows
dips of more than 10° along its border and
within half a mile lies essentially flat. It is a
noteworthy fact throughout the area that
the steeply dipping beds become approximately
horizontal within short distances. The fea-
tures above described are shown graphically by
the structure sections along the lines ABC and
EF on Plate IV.

Besides the main structural features out-
lined above there are local irregularities, such
as the anticlines in T. 14 N., Rs. 32 and 33,
37, and 38 E.

SOURCE OF THE SAND.

The feature that most impresses one who
studies the sandstones of the Lance and Judith
River, and, so far as can be judged by a micro-
scopic examination, this applies also to the
Eagle sandstone, is their identity im mineral
composition and the relative abundance of
the predominant minerals. The abundance of
feldspar, the invariable occurrence of black
chert, commonly in considerable amount, to-
gether with quartz and mica, and the almost
complete absence of other granular constitu-
ents strongly suggest derivation either from a
common source or at least from rock of
similar composition, and the uniformity in

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONTANA.

texture and assortment certainly points to
similar physiographic conditions of accumu-
lation. This striking resemblance is still more
remarkable in view of the fact that the for-
mations are separated from one another by
several hundred feet of marine shale. The
conclusion is inevitable that the oscillations
which give rise to the alternate deposits of
shale and sandstone during the Upper Creta-
ceous were of a gentle, rhythmic type.

This conclusion at once raises a question as
to the age of the Rocky Mountain orogenic
disturbance. The petrographic evidence may
ultimately have more weight in deciding this
question than has yet been assigned to it. At
present this evidence seems to warrant the
belief that there was no great physical break
between the deposition of the formations un-
derlying the Lance and that of the Lance and
to corroborate the evidence afforded by the
attitude of the Lance and Fort Union forma-
tions, namely, that the present Rocky Moun-
tains are of post-Fort Union rather than pre-
Lance age.

As to the probable source of the material, it
is hardly profitable in our present state of
knowledge to speculate further than to say
that it was evidently derived from the land
mass to the west that is supposed to have been
in existence during the Cretaceous period. It
would yield interesting data, however, if
observations of this character were extended
over the entire region involved, and it might
then be possible to form more definite con-
ceptions, not only as to the source of the mate-
rial, but also as to the conditions of its accumu-
lation.

UPPER CRETACEOUS HISTORY.

Variations in the character of sediments in-
volving changes from sandstone to shale and
from marine to fresh-water deposits imply cor-
responding changes in physiographic conditions
during the period of their accumulation and
therefore furnish a basis for the interpretation
of the past history of the region in which they
occur.

Such changes occurred in north-central Mon-
tana during the Upper Cretaceous epoch. The
area herein described happens to be favorably
situated in that it furnished more exact evi-
dence than has heretofore been available as to
the magnitude of some of these oscillations of

19

the sea and as to the extent and character of
the formations involved.

An understanding of these conditions will be
facilitated by a study of the diagrammatic
section on Plate IV which extends from Black
Butte, at the north end of the Judith Moun-
tains, about 48 miles west of this area, south-
eastward to the longitude of Glendive, a total
distance of about 210 miles. Section A is
compiled from measurements made by W. R.
Calvert in the Lewiston field and those made
by the writer in 1912; sections B, F, and G are
compiled from data collected by the writer
while examining the area herein described; and
information regarding conditions at Glendive
is based on the record of a well put down near
that place by the Northern Pacific Railway Co.
It is not possible to plot this record because
the exact horizon of the mouth of the well is
not known. The well was begun, however,
somewhere near the top of the Pierre shale and
continued to a depth of 2,710 feet, which would
bring it near the base of the Colorado shale.

Upper Cretaceous time seems to have been
ushered in by a widespread transgression of the
sea extending westward beyond the eastern
front of the present Rocky Mountains. During
the Colorado epoch great quantities of mud
and silt were spread out over the floor of this
epicontinental sea, and its waters teemed with
life, the remains of which were in part entombed
in the accumulating muds that now constitute
the Colorado shale. The fine texture and
homogeneous character of this shale and its
freedom from notable amounts of sandy ma-
terial, except perhaps near its base, indicate
that 1t was laid down under very uniform con-
ditions. This implies that the relative eleva-
tions of land and sea must have remained
nearly constant throughout the Colorado epoch.
So the sea was filled to a depth of more than
2,300 feet by the accumulated mud and as the
land surface was necessarily lowered by the
removal of this material, it seems necessary to
infer that the relations between land and sea
level could not have remained constant unless
the sea floor was being gradually depressed at
about the same rate as that at which the
sediments accumulated.

This gradual submergence was arrested and
the Colorado epoch was brought to a close in
the western part of the epicontinental sea by
an uplift of the western land mass. As a result

20

of this uplift the sea became shallow and
probably withdrew from local areas, and the
accelerated streams brought down great quan-
tities of sand, which were spread over the shal-
low sea floor and now constitute the Eagle
sandstone. As the uplift progressed the sea
withdrew from its former western shore to a
point, in the latitude represented by the dia-
grammatic section on Plate IV, a few miles
east of section A, for from that place westward
the upper part of the Eagle sandstone contains
thin beds of carbonaceous shale and lignite.
The distance seaward to which this uplift was
effective in producing a change of sedimenta-
tion is 2 or 3 miles east of section B, Plate IV,
or about the present site of Musselshell River in
the western part of the area here discussed.
At that place the Eagle sandstone feathers out
between the Colorado and Claggett formations
and thence eastward the deposition of shale
was continuous through the Colorado, Eagle,
and Claggett epochs.

Another submergence in the Claggett epoch
restored the sea over at least a part of the
area from which it had been withdrawn, and
the deposition of shale was extended west-
ward, covering the Eagle sandstone in this
part of Montana. This submergence did not
extend as far northwest, however, as that of the
Colorado epoch, because, as shown by Stebin-
ger,’ the entire interval between the Colorado
and Bearpaw epochs in the vicinity of the front
range of the Rocky Mountains was character-
ized by the deposition of sediments that were
mainly of continental origin.

After 500 to 700 feet of marine shale had
been laid down another emergence set in which
marked the beginning of the Judith River epoch.
This emergence was more widespread than
that of the preceding Eagle epoch, and during
its progress the sea was withdrawn from the
area herein considered to about the longitude
of 107° 30’—that is, to some position between
the points indicated by D and E in the dia-
grammatic section on Plate IV.
sand not transported by the streams from the
adjacent highlands were in part spread out as
continental deposits on the emerged sea floor
and in part carried out to the sea and depos-
ited beneath its surface. Westward from
point B the resulting sandstones and shales of

1 Stebinger, Eugene, The Montana group of northwestern Montana:
U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 90, pp. 62-63, 1914.

The clay and |

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

the Judith River formation contain the re-
mains of land and fresh-water vertebrates and
invertebrates, leaves, stems, trunks of trees,
and beds of lignite; whereas east of point E
these deposits contain the remains of marine
organisms.

How far eastward this Judith River uplift
was effective is not known. Sections A to Gin
Plate IV show that the formation gradually
thins from west to east, and apparently it
either disappears or is represented by not
more than 15 feet of sandstone at point H, in
the longitude of Glendive. The well drilled by
the Northern Pacific Railway Co. in sec. 20,
T. 14 N., R. 55 E., about 10 miles southwest of
Glendive, was begun near the top of the Pierre
shale and penetrated a bed of sandstone 15
feet thick at a depth of 745 feet and another
bed 6 feet thick at a depth of 900 feet. The
remainder of the well log is given as shale down
to a depth of 2,710 feet, or near the base of the
Colorado. It is evident, therefore, that in the
longitude of Glendive conditions of sedimen-
tation were practically uniform throughout
Colorado and Montana time and that the oscil-
lations which gave rise to the Eagle and Judith
River deposits to the west did not extend that
far east.

A renewed submergence brought the Judith
River epoch to a close and restored the sea
over the entire known area of the Judith River
formation. During this, the last widespread
submergence, 1,000 feet or more of marine
shale was laid down, constituting the Bearpaw
formation. This submergence was followed by
a widespread emergence that resulted in the
withdrawal of the sea from this part of the
continent, which has since remained above sea
level except in small areas. This uplift was
probably of epeirogenic character, because the
next succeeding deposits seem to have suffered
the same amount of orogenic deformation as
the underlying Bearpaw shale.

On the lowlands produced during this uplift
the continental sediments and associated coal
beds of the Lance and Fort Union were laia
down apparently without interruption and
under only such.changes in conditions as re-
sulted in the alternate deposition of sand and
mud and the more or less extensive accumula-
tion of vegetable growth. This period of depo-

sition was brought to a close by a widespread

orogenic disturbance, accompanied by folding

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO

and thrusting, which produced the principal
tectonic features of the Rocky Mountain sys-
tem. Since that time erosion has reduced the
land surface to its present form, though it may
be that between the epochs of deformation and
erosion the Oligocene and Miocene deposits now
found farther east were deposited over parts of
this region as well.

By way of summary it may be said that
eastern Montana remained beneath the sea and
was not affected by any oscillations of land and
sea level throughout the Colorado and Montana
epochs, whereas in the central part of the State,
at least as far west as the front of the present
Rocky Mountains, there were oscillations of
land and sea level produced either by rhythmic
gentle depressions of the sea floor or by uplifts
of the land mass to the west.
uplifts, which resulted in the deposition of the
Eagle sandstone, was of the shortest duration

MARINE CONDITIONS IN

The first of these |

CENTRAL MONTANA.

21

and was effective in the area here described for
only a few miles east of its western boundary.
The uplift during the Judith River epoch was
of longer duration, to judge by the thickness of
material deposited, and was considerably more
widespread. As a result of this uplift the sea
withdrew to about the longitude of 107° 30’
and the site of sedimentation was shifted to
some point east of the longitude of Forsyth,
perhaps nearly as far east as Glendive. Be-
cause of this change the Montana group is in
the central part of the State divisible into the
Eagle, Claggett, Judith River, and Bearpaw
formations but farther east consists of a single
lithologic unit—the Pierre shale—to which a
thin representative of the Fox Hills sandstone
is added near the eastern boundary. In this
eastern region also there is little if any lithologic
distinction between the shales of the Colorado
and Montana epochs.

‘

a red ee ee ee ee. a wT la a : : 7

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM THE ARCTIC COAST OF
ALASKA AND THE AURIFEROUS BEACHES OF NOME, NORTON SOUND,

ALASKA.

By Wiitt1am Hearty Dat.

INTRODUCTION.

Exploration of the geology of the Arctic and
subarctic shores of Alaska began as early as
the voyages of Kotzebue and Beechey, in 1816
and 1826, and a detailed report on the verte-
brate fossils found there, with a wealth of
illustration, was made by Sir John Richardson
in 1854, in the ‘‘Zoology of the voyage of the
Herald.” Nothing of importance bearing on
the Tertiary invertebrates of this region ap-
pears in the literature of the-nineteenth cen-
tury, and but little on those of the older forma-
tions. A search of the marine sandstone
strata on the right bank of the Yukon near
Nulato, made by me in 1867 and 1868, dis-
closed only a few traces of fossils belonging to
the genus Mytilus and led to the supposition
that the age of the deposit might be Tertiary,
but later investigations place it in the Meso-
zoic. While I was in the Coast Survey service
in 1880 the Pleistocene deposits in Kotzebue
Sound and near Bering Strait previously
referred to by Chamisso, Beechey, and Rich-
ardson were examined,! and numerous verte-
brate remains were collected; but, with the
exception of a species of Pisidiwm, no inverte-
brates were found.

With the explorations of F. C. Schrader and
W. J. Peters, of the United States Geological
Survey, in 1901 ” the first really systematic
geologic reconnaissance of the Arctic coast of
Alaska was begun. They described the strati-
fication of the coastal deposits and collected
marine invertebrate fossils from them, part of
which were submitted to me and determined
to be of Pliocene age. A brief summary of
the species was prepared for the above-cited
report.

When gold was discovered in the beach sands
of the north coast of Norton Sound, near Nome,

1 Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 21, pp. 104-111, 1881.
2U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 20, 1904.

in 1898, attention was attracted to this part of
Alaska, and the Geological Survey, represented
by A. H. Brooks and F. C. Schrader, began
geologic work in the following year, but it was
not until 1905 that any invertebrate fossils
were received from the region; in that year a
small lot of nine species received by F. H. Moflit,
from Mr. J. J. V. Beaver, of Nome, were sub-
mitted to me, and later a report on them was
published in the American Journal of Science.’
The interest attaching to these fossils was so
great that the members of the Survey working
in the region were urged to make special exer-
tions to obtain a larger series.

In 1908 E. M. Kindle, P. S. Smith, and R. D.
Mesler succeeded in obtaining a considerable
number .of specimens from various localities in
the vicinity of Nome, of which I prepared a
preliminary list. 4

Tn the summers of 1912 and 1914 collections
were made on the Arctic coast of Alaska at
Peard Bay, about 30 miles southwest of Point
Barrow, and at Carter Creek, Camden Bay,
about 1 mile from the coast, by E. de K. Leffing-
well. A small series of specimens submitted
by Leffingwell to the United States Geological
Survey was determined by me and considered,
to belong to a stratum of the same Pliocene
age as those obtained farther east on the Aueate
coast by Schrader and Peters.

GEOLOGY.

COLVILLE ‘‘SERIES.’’

The portion of the Colville ‘‘series’”’ referred
to the later Tertiary is thus described by
Schrader :*

This portion of the section is practically free from indu-

rated rock. It consists of nearly horizontally stratified
beds of fine gray, slate-coloted, or ash-colored calcareous

3 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, p. 457, 1907.
4Mofflit, F. H., Geology of the Nome and Grand Central quadrangles,
Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 533, pp. 45-46, 1913.
5 U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 20, pl. 83, pl. 14, A, 1904.
23

24

silts, containing faunal remains. It is tentatively referred
to the Pliocene on the basis of fossils collected in place by
the writer in the bluff (near its top) on the west side of the
Colville about a mile north of the seventieth parallel.
The section assigned to the Pliocene horizon
at Carter Creek, 1 mile from the coast of Cam-
den Bay, on the Arctic shore of Alaska, was
measured by Leffingwell as follows:

Section at Carter Creek.

Top. Feet.
A. Sand with intermixed humus......--.-...------- 30
B. Sand without fossils, some gravel............-.. 80
C. Pale-gray sand with marine fossils ...........-.- 100

The fossils appear from the collections to be
most abundant in the lower 100 feet of the
section.

GUBIK SAND.

Schrader! describes the supposed Pleistocene
deposit of the Colville River region as follows:

Besides the Tertiary Colville series, which underlies the
coastal plain along Colville River, the section here com-
prises deposits supposed to be Pleistocene. Of these,
probably the most important and interesting is a surficial
deposit of brownish sand or loam about 10 to 15 feet in
thickness, which unconformably overlies the beds of the
Colville series, apparently as a continuous mantle. * * *
The deposit consists of fine sand, with apparently an ad-
mixture of considerable silt. In some localities it seems
to be more sandy toward the base and more earthy toward
the top, where it terminates in from one to several feet of
dark-brown or black humus, clothed at the surface with
moss and a little grass. It is ordinarily free from gravel,
but in several instances subangular cherty pebbles, rang-
ing from mere sand grains to fragments as large as one-
fourth inch in diameter, were found. These occur very
scatteringly and are sometimes roughened, as if wind worn.
In some localities a fine gravel seems to intervene between
the base of the deposit and the underlying Tertiary beds,
as if representing the basal part of the deposit. The de-
posit as a rule is structureless, or without stratification
planes. Owing to this fact, together with its surficial and
widespread occurrence and the homogeneity of its mate-
rials, for want of a better term in field work it was called
loess, but in the fear that this term may be undesirable, it
is here named the Gubik sand, after the Eskimo name of
Colville River.

In a low bluff on the coast 15 miles south-
west of Point Barrow settlement and in the
talus from this bluff Leffingwell found five
species of invertebrate fossils, all belonging to
recent species. This deposit is probably Pleis-
tocene and may be tentatively correlated with
the Gubik sand of Schrader, which occupies
a similar position in the section farther east.

1 Op. cit., p. 93.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

NOME ELEVATED BEACHES.

On the south side of Seward Peninsula (orig-
inally given the native name Kaviiak), on the
north shore of Norton Sound, the gold prospec-
tors have revealed the presence of a series of
ancient beaches the gravels of which contain
numerous marine fossils, including a consid-
erable proportion of extinct species leading
to their identification as of Pliocene age. In
referring the horizon containing the numerous
extinct species to a pre-Pleistocene age my
conclusions rest entirely upon the paleontolo-
gic evidence.” It is proper to state that P.S.
Smith and A. H. Brooks, of the Geological
Survey, from physiographic observations, are
disposed to assign a Pleistocene age to the
beaches. In regard to the succession of the
strata there is no difference of opinion.

The present beach near Nome may be consid-
ered the “first beach.” The ‘‘second beach”’
lies inland, at an irregular distance that varies
with the topography but is everywhere less than
a mile, and has an elevation above sea level of
37 feet. The ‘third beach,’ some 24 to 34
miles inland, has been elevated to the height of
79 feet above the sea. Between the second and
third beaches are several less well-defined inter-
mediate beaches, one of which is 22 feet above
sea level, thus being lower than the second
beach, to the south of it. Between the second
beach and the present beach shafts have been
sunk to a depth of 65 to 70 feet which reach at
about 20 feet below the present sea level the
oldest beach of all those now known, which has
locally received the name submarine beach or
beaches. These beaches have been described
in detail by Moffit in the bulletin cited. Doubt-
less still others remain to be discovered.

INDICATIONS OF ELEVATION AND CLIMATE.

The indications of the Tertiary geology of
the northern and northeastern shores of Alaska
are therefore, in substance, that from early
Pliocene (if not even older) time the land
underwent a general elevation, broken by
periods of rest sufficient to allow the formation
of low scarps with their attendant beaches,
and at least one unimportant depression during
the earlier portion of the period. The massive
granite extrusions, such as form Cape Prince

2 Of 62 species 23, or 37 per cent, are extinct.
3 Moffit, F, H., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 533, p. 41, fig. 9, p. 78, 1913.

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA.

of Wales, the Diomede Islands of the Bering
Strait, and a considerable portion of the
Asiatic coast on the west side of the strait,
though probably not all of one age, are almost
certainly all older than the period during which
these beaches were in process of formation.

The presence of widely distributed Eocene
or Oligocene leaf beds and lignitic coals, covered
in some localities by beds of sandstone con-
taining marine Miocene fossils, shows that a
milder climate in earlier Tertiary time, allowing
a profuse growth of oaks, planes, figs, and other
trees, was succeeded during the Miocene by a
depression of much of the land below the sea
level with a much colder climate and consider-
able volcanic activity. This was followed by
a moderate amount of elevation, which has
been practically continuous to the present
time. During the Pliocene the climate seems
to have moderated, judging by the character
of the marine fauna, to be later subjected to
the Arctic temperatures which came in with
the glacial epoch and still persist.

ROUTES OF MIGRATION OF FAUNA.

The bearing of these conditions upon the
theories relating to the immigration of Asiatic
land animals into America is important. A
superficial glance at an ordinary map is likely
to lead the observer who goes no deeper into
the subject to the conclusion that land bridges,
including the Bering Strait region and the
Aleutian Island chain, may reasonably be
assumed as the routes by which Asiatic immi-
grations took place.

I have elsewhere! pointed out the serious
objections to these assumptions that arise
from a more thorough knowledge of the
geology. So far as the Aleutian route is con-
cerned it must be positively rejected as imprac-
ticable. The Bering Strait region offers more
plausibility, yet the evidence so far gathered
from geologic exploration indicates not only
that no closer land connection than at present
has existed between the two continents at
Bering Strait since Miocene time but, on the
contrary, that the present separation is less
than at any period during that time. The
conclusion from our present knowledge is
inevitable either that the postulated land
bridges must have existed in some other

1 Am. Anthropologist, vol. 14, pp. 12-18, 1912.

25

locality or that the assumed migration must
have taken place over the ice of the strait
when frozen, possibly during the glacial epoch.

INTERCOMMUNICATION OF ATLANTIC AND
PACIFIC FAUNAS IN PLIOCENE TIME.

Still another important conclusion is indi-
cated by a study of the characteristics of the
Pliocene marine invertebrate fauna. I have
already stated that the fauna indicates a more
temperate sea than at present washes those
shores. Taken in connection with other data
derived from a study of the North Atlantic
Pliocene deposits in England, Iceland, and
on the New England coast, the present investi-
gation shows that a more free connection prob-
ably existed in Pliocene time between the
North Atlantic and the Bering Sea regions.
This is indicated by the presence in North
Atlantic Pliocene beds, as fossils, of species
still living in Bering Sea, and conversely by
the presence in the North Atlantic recent
fauna of species belonging to groups now extinct
on the Pacific side in the Pliocene at Nome.
F, W. Harmer,’ who is at present revising the
fauna of the Crag of England and Iceland,
has already found genera and species now
extinct in the North Atlantic region but living
in Bering Sea. It is probable that on the
completion of his monograph a still larger
number will be noted.

In an investigation of the fossils of the marl
at Sankaty Head, Nantucket, the lower horizon
of which is probably upper Pliocene, J. Howard
Wilson,* in 1904, found several Bering Sea
species now extinct in the Atlantic region.
The presence of Corbicula in a small Pliocene
lens discovered by Woodworth above the
Miocene beds of Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard,
is proof that on the Atlantic, as on the Pacific
coast, the Pliocene was an epoch in which the
temperature of the sea in that region was higher
than in the preceding and subsequent epochs.
The presence of Rangia in the fossil fauna of
Cornfield Harbor, Chesapeake Bay, is confirm-
atory evidence to the same effect.

There is also evidence of a southward exten-
sion of the cooler-water fauna of the Californian

2 Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, Paleontographical Society, 1913,
pl. 1, 1914; pt. 2, 1916.

3 The Pleistocene formations of Sankaty Head, Nantucket: Jour, Geol-
ogy, vol. 13. pp. 713-734, 1905.

26

Pleistocene on the Pacific coast as far as the
island of Socorro, which will be presented in a
future publication.

LISTS OF SPECIES.

The species collected at each locality on the
Alaskan coast above indicated will now be
enumerated. The collectors’ station numbers
are given when such numbers appear on their
labels. The large numbers are those of the
stations as registered in the official records of
the United States Geological Survey.

Otter Creek, 2 miles from the coast near Nome, 50 feet
below the surface and at an elevation above the present
sea level of about 20 feet. Collected by J. J. V. Beaver,
1905. Those marked with an asterisk now live south
of the line of floating ice in winter, or, roughly, in about
the latitude of the Aleutian Islands. Pliocene.

Pecten islandicus Miller.
Pecten lioicus Dall (temperate type).
Pecten kindlei Dall (temperate type).
*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.
Cardium sp. (fragment).
Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby.
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.
Macoma sabulosa Spengler.
*Panomya ampla Dall.
Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall.
Balanus sp. (fragments).

Station 18a (5074). Second beach, about 14 miles north
of Nome, at Center Creek, 32 feet below the surface and
about 20 feet above the present level of the sea. Col-
lected by E. M. Kindle, 1899. Pliocene.

*Pecten kindlei Dall.
*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.
Mytilus edulis Linné.
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.
*Astarte rollandi Bernardi.
Astarte arctica Gray.
Astarte actis Dall.
Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.
Macoma middendorfhii Dall.
Macoma incongrua Martens.
Macoma sabulosa Spengler.
*Siliqua cf. S. patula Dixon.
Spisula polynyma var. alaskana Dall.
*Mya sp. (aff. M. japonica Jay).
Saxicava aretica Linné.
*Panomya ampla Dall.
Panomya arctica var. turgida Dall.
Chrysodomus mesleri Dall.
Chrysodomus (fragment).
Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall.
Trichotropis insignis Middendorff.
Natica sp.
Natica aff. N. clausa Broderip and Sowerby.
Cryptoctenidia magna Dall.
*Balanus rostratus (Hoek) alaskensis Pilsbry.
*Balanus evermanni Pilsbry.

Extinct.
Extinct.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

Station 2la (5075).
second beach.
Pliocene.

*Magasella aleutica Dall.
Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall.

Station 216 (5076). Five miles east of Nome, from pros-
pect holes in second beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle
and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Older Pliocene.

Pecten islandicus Miller.

Chrysodomus sp. (fragment).

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall.

Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var, alaskana Dall.
*Magasella aleutica Dall.
*Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilsbry.

Station 22a (5077). One and one-half miles east of Nome,
from prospect holes in‘ second beach. Collected by
E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Pliocene.

Pecten islandicus Miiller.
*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.
Mytilus edulis Linné,
Cardium (Serripes) grénlandicum Gmelin.
Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.
Astarte sp. (fragment).
Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby.
Macoma middendorffii Dall.
Macoma incongrua Martens.
Saxicava arctica Linné.
*Mya sp. (aff. M. japonica Jay).
*Panomya ampla Dall.
Buccinum sp. (fragment).
Trichotropis insignis Middendorff.
Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall.
*Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilsbry.

Station 22b (5078). One-fourth to one-half mile east of
Nome, on the second beach, in prospect holes. Col-
lected by E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Plio-
cene.

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.
Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.
Astarte actis Dall.
Macoma incongrua Martens.
Macoma middendorffii Dall.
Saxicava arctica Linné.
*Panomya ampla Dall.
Spisula polynyma Stimpson var. alaskana Dall.
Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall.
*Littorina pallata Say.
Littorina sp. (aff. L. grandis Middendorff).
Cryptoctenidia magna Dall.
*Balanus balanoides (Linné) Pilsbry.
*Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilsbry.

Station 627. Forty miles up Colville River from its mouth
onthe Arctic coast. Collected by F. C. Schrader, 1901.
Pliocene.

Chrysodomus leflingwelli Dall.
Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall.

Station 7067. Peard Bay, about 30 miles southwest of
Point Barrow, from top of high bank. Collected by
FE. de K. Leffingwell, 1914. Pleistocene (?).

Astarte bennetti Dall.

Astarte borealis Schumacher.
Astarte leffingwelli Dall.
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.

Five miles east of Nome, from the
Collected by E. M. Kindle, 1908.

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE

Station A (7068). Carter Creek, 1 mile from the Arctic
coast at Camden Bay, in fine consolidated silt from top
to 30 feet below. Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell,
1914. Pliocene.

*Nucula mirabilis A. Adams (Japan).
Astarte actis Dall (fragment).
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.
Saxicava arctica Linné.

Lora sp.? (fragment).

*Antiplanes sp.? (fragment).
Buccinum sp. (fragment).

*Balanus crenatus (Bruguiére) Pilsbry.

Station B (7069). Carter Creek, 100 yards east of station A
(7068) and 80 feet below it. Collected by E. de K.
Leffingwell, 1914, Pliocene.

Astarte carteriana Dall.

*Antiplanes sp.? cf. A. purpurea Dall.

Station C (7070). Carter Creek, 200 yards east of station
B (7069) and 100 feet below it. Collected by E. de Kk.
Leffingwell, 1914. Pliocene.

Leda sp. (cf. L. arctica Loven).
Leda sp. (cf. L. frigida Torell).
Astarte sp. (fragment).
Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall.
*Cadulus arcticus Dall.
Dentalium sp. (fragment).

*Philine sp. (fragment).

Turris (Antiplanes?) sp. (fragment).

Cryptonatica sp. (aff. C. clausa Broderip and
Sowerby).

Amauropsis sp. (cf. A. islandicus Gmelin).

*Caecum sp. (fragment).

Station 7228. Fifteen miles southwest of Barrow village,
Point Barrow, Alaska, from talus below bluff on the
coast. Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1910-12.
Pliocene,

Macoma sabulosa Spengler,

Astarte actis Dall.

Astarte leffingwelli Dall.
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.
Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilsbry.

Station 7229. Specimens in place at same locality as

station 7228, taken from the bluff. Pliocene (?),
Astarte sp. (fragment).
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.
Chrysodomus fornicatus Gray.

Station 200a (7230). Camden Bay; Arctic coast, at Carter
Creek. Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912.
Pliocene.

Astarte martini Dall.

Astarte sp.

Venericardia nuwokensis Dall.
Buccinum sp. (fragment).

Station 2006 (7231). Same locality as station 7230.

lected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912. ' Pliocene.
Musculus sp. (fragment).
Serripes grénlandicus Gmelin.
Astarte arctica Gray.
Astarte martini Dall.
Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall.
Colus sp. (fragment).
Balanus sp. (fragment).
Balanus balanoides (Linné) Pilsbry.
131049°—20-—3

Col-

FOSSILS FROM ALASKA. 27
Station 19a (7618). One mile north of Fort Davis, east of
Nome, Alaska, near parting of Florence and Otter
Creek gulches (Gallatin mine). Collected by R. D.
Mesler, 1908. Pliocene.
Pecten islandicus Miller.
*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.
Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.
Venericardia crebricostata Krause.
Venericrrdia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby.
Astarte actis Dall.
Macoma incongrua Martens.
*Macoma brota var. lipara Dall.
Macoma balthica Linné.
Spisula polynyma Stimpson var. alaskana Dall.
Saxicava arctica Linné,
Panomya ampla Dall.

*Panomya arctica Lamarck var. turgida Dall.
Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall.
Balanus sp. (fragment).

Station 18a (7619). Center Creek mines, 2 miles northwest
of Nome, at second beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle
and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Pliocene.

*Pecten kindlei Dall.

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.

Astarte actis Dall.

Macoma middendorffii Dall.

Macoma balthica Linné.

Spisula polynyma Stimpson var. ataskana Dall.
Chrysodomus saturus Martyn.

Chrysodomus mesleri Dall.

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall.

Trichotropis insignis Middendorff.

*Natica sp. (aff. N. russa Gould).
Cryptoctenidia magna Dall.
Balanus sp. (fragment).

Station 20a (7260). Half a mile west of Nome, from tail-
ings of Welsh mine on second beach. Collected by
E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Pleistocene.

Astarte fabula Reeve.
Saxicava arctica Linné.

Station 206 (7621). Half a mile west of Nome, from pros-
pect holes on the tundra near Snake River, second
beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler,
1908. Pliocene.

Mytilus edulis Linné.

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.

Astarte sp. (fragment).

Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby.
Macoma balthica Linné.

Macoma middendorffii Dall (fragment).
Chrysodomus sp. (fragment).

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall.

Balanus sp. (fragment).

Station 2 (7622). Half a mile northwest of Nome, from

eravel 10 feet below the surface, near submarine beach,

in prospect holes. Collected by E. M. Kindle and

P. S. Smith, 1908. Pliocene (?).

Mytilus edulis Linné.
*Monia macroschisma Deshayes.
Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.
Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby.
Macoma incongrua Martens.
Macoma middendorffii Dall.
Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall.
Balanus sp. (fragment).

28

Station 1 (7623). Mine on submarine beach 30 feet below
present sea level, halfa mile northwest of Nome. Col-
lected by E.M. Kindleand P. S.Smith, 1908. Pliocene.

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.
Venericardia crassicostata Krause.
Astarte hemicymata Dall.

*Astarte (Gonilia?) diversa Dall.
Macoma balthica Linné.

*Mya sp. (aff. M. japonica Jay).
Chrysodomus sp. (fragment).
Balanus sp. (fragment).

Station 3 (7624). Prospect hole half a mile northwest of
Nome, on submarine beach. Collected by EE. M.
Kindle, 1908. Pleistocene (?).

Astarte fabula Reeve.

Station 7477. Dump of shaft 80 feet deep on the tundra
between Dry and Bourbon creeks 1 mile from beach at
Nome. Collected by F. L. Hess, 1905. Pliocene.

Admete sp.? (fragment).

Chrysodomus sp. (fragment).
*Tachyrhynchus lacteola Carpenter.
*Pecten (Chlamys) n. sp. (fragment). Southern type.

Pecten (Chlamys) islandicus Miller.

Astarte sp. (fragment).

Astarte hemicymata Dall.

*Astarte diversa Dall.

Astarte arctica Gray.

Serripes grénlandicus Gmelin.

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius.

Venericardia paucicostata Krause.

Macoma calcarea Gmelin.

*Mya (n. sp.?) (fragment).

Saxicava arctica Linné.

Balanus rostratus alaskanus Pilsbry.

Myriozoum “‘truneatum Pallas’’ (n. sp.?).

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
GASTROPODA.

Antiplanes? cf. A. purpurea Dall.

A decorticated specimen of about six whorls
presents the appearance of an Antiplanes of
the type of A. purpurea Dall. It is in a state
too dilapidated to serve as the basis of a de-
scription but is worthy of mention as an indi-
cation of the probable presence of this genus in
the fauna.

Station 7069, in the Plocene, horizon B, 80
feet below horizon A, and about 300 feet east
of station 7068. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue
No. 324316. It is about a mile from the Arc-
tic coast in the Camden Bay region; the ma-
trix appears to be a hardly consolidated ash.
There is a possibility that the specimen may
represent a broken and decorticated Colus.

Chrysodomus mesleri Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figures 2, 3.

A fragment only of this species was obtained,
but its characteristics are so pronounced that

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

it can not fail to be recognized when better
specimens are found. The shell had more
than four whorls, with a smooth surface and an
appressed suture strongly undulated by the
ribbing; the penultimate whorl has seven ex-
tremely strong protractively angular axial ribs,
projecting as stout knobs at the shoulder,
which are connected by an obscure spiral
ridge; the interspaces are deep and about as
wide as the ribs; on the upper whorls the series
of knobs develop into a continuous broad un-
dulating spiral ridge and the ribs disappear;
the last whorl is deficient, but the remaining -
portion indicates that it was ribbed, at any
rate near the suture. Height of the penulti-
mate whorl, 25 millimeters; diameter, 36 milli-
meters.

Station 7619 (18a). Pliocene. From the
Center Creek mines, 2 miles north of Nome.
Collected by E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler,
1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324317.

The species perhaps nearest allied to this,
though sufficiently distinct, is C. saturus Mar-
tyn, of the Recent fauna of Bering Sea.

A fragment (fig. 3) from station 5074 (18a)
at Center Creek, 14 miles north of Nome, from
the second beach, is probably of the same
species and indicates that the ribs reached
over the last whorl clear to the beginning of
the twisted and recurved canal.

Chrysodomus leffingwelli Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figure 11.

Shell of moderate size, with more than four
rounded whorls (apex decollate) separated by
a distinct, deep, but not channeled suture;
whorls widest at the shoulder; spiral sculpture
of (between the sutures three, on the last
whorl about 14) strong, somewhat flattened
cords regularly spaced and separated by wider
channeled interspaces in which run from one to
three minor cords which, toward the canal,
may be absent; axial sculpture of (on the last
whorl eight or nine) rather narrow, not very
prominent sigmoid ribs extending from the
suture over the body and becoming obsolete on
the base; these ribs are less distinct on the
spire, and the surface also bears fine, close-set
incremental lines; pillar twisted, inner lip
slightly erased; canal moderately long with a
very feeble siphonal fasciole, slightly recurved ;
outer lip defective in the specimen. Height
of (decollate) three whorls, 74 millimeters;

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA,

diameter at shoulder, 40 millimeters; height
of last whorl, 60 millimeters; of aperture, 40
millimeters.

Station 627, 40 miles up Colville River
from the Arctic coast, with Pyrulofusus schra-
deri. Pliocene. Collected by F. C. Schrader,
1901. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 210853.

This species belongs to the general group
represented by @. lyrata Martyn but does not
agree closely with any of the known recent
forms. Other specimens have the ribs more or
less obsolete.

Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figures 10, 13.

Shell large, solid, dextral, with a short spire

and expanded last whorl; whorls about five, |

rapidly increasing; nucleus large, swollen, of
about two whorls (decorticated in the speci-
men); subsequent whorls sculptured all over
with extremely fine, close-set spiral threads;
axial sculpture of inconspicuous incremen-
tal lines and on each whorl five very promi-
nent rounded sigmoid ribs diminishing toward
the base and stronger at the shoulder, below
which they are very obliquely inclined for-
ward; the interspaces are much wider than
the ribs; the suture is deep but hardly chan-
neled; the whorl rises a little at the posterior
corner of the aperture and on the inner lip
is a thin layer of enamel. The base and aper-
ture of the unique specimen are deficient.
Diameter of specimen at aperture from the
inner lip, about 50 millimeters; estimated
original length, about 75 millimeters.

Phocene at station 627, 40 miles up Col-
ville River from its mouth at the Arctic coast,
in silt beds 80 feet above the river, 5 to 15
feet below the base of loess, 20 feet below the
surface of the soil. Collected by F. C. Schra-
der. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 210854.

Thais (Nucella) nomeana.-Dall, n. sp.

Plate V, figure 9.

This form is represented only by worn
and more or less defective specimens which
resemble the form from the Pliocene of Coos
Bay, Oreg., described by the writer.

It is certainly a precursor of N. lamellosa
Gmelin and would probably by casual ob-
servers be referred to as a variety of that
species. The shell is nearly smooth, only ob-

29

solete traces of spiral sculpture being apparent.
The general aspect is rude, the suture closely
appressed. None of the specimens show any
denticulation on the inside of the outer lip;
there is a strong siphonal fasciole and a very
narrow chink between the fasciole and the
pular, which is thick and callous, though
there are no indications of a thickening of the
inner lip. In size and general characteristics
this form closely approaches N. lamellosa.

Station 5074, Pliocene on Center Creek, about
14 miles north of Nome, from the second
beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle. U. 5S.
Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324318.

Littorina palliata Say.

Plate V, figure 12.

Shell small, smooth, solid, turbinate, of
about four rounded whorls; suture distinct,
appressed; surface with hardly visible in-
cremental lines; the rotundity of the whorls
slightly compressed in front of the suture;
aperture rounded, slightly angulate at the
posterior commissure; outer lip thick, not re-
flected, entire; body and umbilical region
with a thin flattened layer of callus which
merges evenly into the basal lip; base con-
vexly rounded. Height, 12 millimeters; diam-
eter, 12.5 millimeters; last whorl, 10 milli-
meters in height.

Station 5078 (22b). Pliocene. From pros-
pector’s pits on the second beach, one-half
to one-fourth mile east of Nome. Collected by
E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. U.S.
Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324319.

This species is of the type of Littorina pal-
lata Say, of which no living form now in-
habits the Pacific Ocean or any part of the
Arctic coast west of Mackenzie River and
east of the Lena. The specimen retains some
of the yellowish coloration characteristic of
the Atlantic form, and after a scrutinizing
comparison with specimens of Littorina pal-
hata from Rhode Island and with all the
varieties of obtusata from Europe, no characters
have been discovered by which the Nome fos-
sil can be distinguished from Littorina pal-
hata. This is natural enough, as obtusata.
has never been found in America, whereas pal-
lata is excessively common on the New Eng-
land coast in localities where it has not been
supplanted by the introduced Littorina litorea..

a

30

The differences of size, form, and geographic
distribution seem to be conclusive as to the
specific distinction between Littorina obtu-
sata and Littorina palliata. They are not Arc-
tic shells.

Cryptoctenidia magna Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figure 1.

Shell large for the genus, ovate, apex very
anterior, the back behind it roundly arched,
the anterior slope more steeply descending; the
apex blunt, usually eroded; sculpture of fine
radiating threads with subequal interspaces,
more or less cut into segments by incised lines
corresponding to resting stages and equally
distributed over the shell; interior white, the
margins entire, smooth; the muscular impres-
sion narrow, connected in front of the head by
a linear sear indicating the attachment of the
mantle. Height, 10 millimeters; length, 29
millimeters; breadth, 25 millimeters; apex be-
hind the anterior margin, 5 millimeters. A
defective specimen measures 34 millimeters
long and 29 millimeters wide.

Stations 5074, 5078, and 7619. Pliocene
of Center Creek, 14 miles north of Nome, from
the ‘‘second beach,” collected by E. M. Kindle.
Also from prospect holes on the second beach,
one-fourth to one-half mile east of Nome; and
from Center Creek mines 2 miles northwest
of Nome. Collected by E. M. Kindle and R. D.
Mesler, 1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No.
324320.

The species of this genus are very similar to
one another, but this is larger than any of the
recent forms and differs in details of sculpture.

Cadulus arcticus Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figure 8.

Shell small, slender, arcuate, smooth, with
circular section and no swelling ventrally; the
color is white with narrow translucent zones
irregularly disposed. Length, 7 millimeters:
diameter at anterior end, 0.75 millimeter;
height of are described by the ventral curve,
1.2 millimeters.

Station 7070. Pliocene of Carter Creek, in
the Camden Bay region of the Arctic coast,
stratum C, 100 feet below stratum B and 600
feet east of station 7069, 1 mile from the coast.
Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1914. U.S.

Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324322.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

This stratum, from the collector's notes,
seems to be some 220 feet below the uppermost
stratum of the section.

PELECYPODA.
Pecten (Chlamys) kindlei Dall, n. sp.

9 7

4, /
) °

Plate VI, figures

Shell large, rather rude, belonging to the
group of Pecten swifti Bernardi. Right valve
with four broad, low radial ribs separated by
much narrower, shallow, ill-defined interspa-
tial furrows; the whole surface sculptured with
strong radial, more or less paired flattish cords,
often minutely medially grooved and some-
times separating into two distinct radii; the
interspaces are about as wide as the cords and
distinctly channeled; they also retain patches
of a minute reticulated surface lamellation;
the beak is pointed, the anterior ear large,
aliform, with an acute but not deep notch,
leaving a broad concentrically laminate fasci-
ole, the margin of the disk at the notch with a
ctenolium of two or three rather widely sepa-
rated short spinules; the radial threads crossed
by rather coarse incremental lines; the pos-
terior ear is very short, narrow, and oblique;

inner surface of the valve smooth except near

the distal margin, where it reflects the external
sculpture; the adductor scar large, the resil-
lary pit rather small for the size of the shell,
with the lateral margins raised; a narrow,
transversely striated area exists, broader on
the left valve; there are no auricular crura.
Left valve with five narrow radial ribs sepa-
rated by wider shallow interspaces which are
wider on the posterior half of the disk; the sur-
face is covered with radial cords as in the other
valve, but these are finer and closely crowded
on the submargins; the reticular surface layer
is the same as in the left valve, but the right
valve as usual is more convex; anterior ear
triangular, large, with about eight or ten radial
cords; posterior ear narrow and short; both set
off from the submargins of the disk by a deep,
wide furrow; hinge line straight, with a flat
area half as wide as the length of the pit. The
young valves retain a reddish tinge in their
substance. Height of adult valve, 92 muilli-
meters; width of disk, 78 millimeters; of hinge
line, 45 millimeters; diameter, 27 millimeters.
Station 7619, Pliocene of Center Creek
mines, 2 miles north of Nome, from the

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA.

second beach. Collected by FE. M. Kindle and
R. D. Mesler, 1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue
No. 324301.

This species, from fragmentary remains col-
lected by J. J. V. Beaver, of Nome, was iden-
tified by me in 1907,! with P. (C.) swiftt Ber-
nardi, of northern Japan. The present much
more complete material, obtained the following
year, enables me to correct this identification.
The shell indeed much resembles the Japanese
form, but it has not the concentric waves due
to resting stages that appear in P. swifti, and
the posterior ear is of quite different shape.
The two bear to one another much such a rela-
tion as is found between Pecten nodosus of the
Antilles and P. subnodosus of the Pacific coast
of America.

Related to this species is the P. parmeleei Dall

from the Pliocene of San Diego, Calif., with
which fragments from a Pliocene deposit near
Crescent City, Calif., were identified. The
latter (figured by Arnold?)upon later and more
exact study prove to be indistinguishable from
the true P. swifti of Japan. The minute
structure of the reticulated outer layer of P.
parmeleet is quite distinct from that of P.
swiftt or the present species, but this delicate
structure is so rarely preserved intact m the
fossils that its help in specific discrimination. is
seldom available.

Pecten (Chlamys) lioicus Dall.

Pecten (Chlamys) lUioicus Dall, Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser.,
vol. 23, p. 457, fig. 1, 1907.

From 50 feet below the surface in marine
gravels near Nome, Norton Sound, Alaska,
from a collection received by F. H. Moffit
from Mr. J. J. V. Beaver, of Nome; donated
to the U. S. Geological Survey. U. S. Nat.
Mus. catalogue No. 110480. Pliocene.

No further specimens of this very distinct
species have come to hand.

Pecten (Chlamys) n. sp.

In the material from the dump of an 80-foot
shaft about a mile north of Nome (station 7477)
were fragments of a Pecten undoubtedly distinct
from any known northeastern Pacific species,
but insufficiently complete to warrant naming.
The ribs are high, with wider channeled inter-

1 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, p. 457, 1907.
2 Amold, Ralph, The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California:
U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 47, pl. 41, figs. 5, 5a, 1906.

31

spaces. On the back of the ribs in the middle
of the valve is a strong radial cord on each side
of which is a smaller cord separated from the
median one by a narrow groove. ‘The more
lateral ribs have a groove between two mod-
erately strong cords, the inner cord of the
medial ribs becoming obsolete. The ribs bear
small low imbricating scales. In the inter-
spaces the fine sculpture is minutely tessellate,
the alternate scales sometimes raised, giving a
minutely pustular effect. The medial ribs
are about 3 millimeters and the interspaces
about 4 millimeters wide. The submargins
are feebly and more numerously threaded.
The interior is smooth, grooved in harmony
with the external sculpture. The shell prob-
ably reaches a length of some 3 inches when
adult.
Astarte actis Dall, n. sp.
Plate VI, figures 4, 5.

Shell of moderate size, rounded, very thick,
nearly equilateral, beaks rather pointed, not
conspicuous, usually more or less eroded; lunule
lanceolate, narrow, elongate, shallow; ligamen-
tary nymph strong, the nearly linear escutcheon
extending beyond it 3 or 4 millimeters; outer
surface rather rudely sculptured with coarse
concentric incremental lines; hinge extremely
heavy, in the right valve a strong thick cardinal
with deep pits on each side to receive the two
narrower cardinals of the left valve, the pos-
terior of which is more or less radially furrowed ;
there are traces of an obsolete anterior lateral
in the left valve and of a receptacle for it in the
right valve which vary in distinctness with the
individual specimen; impressions of the adduc-
tors and mantle attachment are usually deep
and distinct; the inner margins of the valves
are entire. Height, 33 millimeters; length, 36
millimeters; diameter, 20 millimeters.

Station 5074 (18a). Pliocene on Center
Creek, about half a mile north of Nome, from
the second beach; collected by E. M. Kindle.
U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324302. Also
station 7619 (18a), Center Creek mines, 2 miles
northwest of Nome; collected by E. M. Kindle
and R. D. Mesler, 1908.

Astarte carteriana Dall, n. sp.
Plate VI, figures 1, 3.

Shell of moderate size, rather inflated, the
general profile like Saxidomus giganteus on a

/small scale; surface sculptured with rather

32

rude incremental lines; anterior end shorter,
beaks rather pointed over a conspicuously de-
pressed but not sharply limited lunular area;
there is no escutcheon; a rather long nymph
supported an external ligament under which in
one specimen in the left valve is an excavated
space having the aspect of the resilifer for a
rather large internal resilium; in front of this
is a single strong cardinal tooth with a well-
marked socket for a cardinal of the opposite
valve; the hinge of the right valve is deficient
in the specimen, but under the lunule there is
a rather well-marked lateral lamina; the pos-
terior end of the shell is rather bluntly rounded,
the base evenly arcuate; the muscular scars
are emphatically excavated, the inner valve
margins smooth. Proportions taken from the
incremental lines of a fractured specimen:
Height, 16 millimeters; length, 25 millimeters;
diameter, about 10 millimeters. The whole
specimen when entire must have had a height
of about 30 millimeters, and a length of more
than 37 millimeters.

Station 7069. Pliocene of Carter Creek,
stratum B, 80 feet below stratum A, and 100
yards east of station 7068. U. 5. Nat. Mus.
catalogue No. 324304.

The specimens of this species consist of three
fragments, only one showing the entire hinge.
The excavation resembling a resiliary pit is
probably the effect of erosion, in which case
the shell would be allotted to the genus Astarte.
At any rate the species can not be a typical
Crassatellites, on account of the well-marked
external ligament. Other specimens otherwise
similar have the hinge of Astarte, though the
teeth are more oblique and less triangular than
in most of the Recent species.

Astarte leffingwelli Dall, n. sp.
Plate VI, figures 6, 8.

Shell of moderate size, with high pointed
prosocoelous beaks curving over a deeply exca-
vated, lanceolate lunule; anterior end shorter,
dorsal margin concave, below evenly rounded;
posterior dorsal margin nearly straight, de-
scending, with a short hgamentary nymph and
a narrow escutcheon nearly three times as long
as the nymph; posterior end rounded, attenu-
ated, base evenly arcuate, with a smooth inner
margin; sculpture nearly smooth, under a lens

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

very fine, even incremental lines; hinge com-
pressed, in the left valve with two thin and
prominent cardinals and a long, little elevated,
but distinct posterior lateral lamina; muscular
scars excavated. Height, 25 millimeters;
length, 32 millimeters; diameter, 12.5 milli-
meters.

Station 7228. Plocene. In talus below low
bluff on the seacoast 15 miles southwest of
Point Barrow; collected by E. de K. Leffing-
well; U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324305.
Also station 7067, about 30 miles southwest of
Point Barrow at Peard Bay; probably Pleisto-
cene; collected by E. de K. Leffingwell.

Astarte martini Dall, n. sp.
Plate VI, figure 12.

Shell small, ovate, with inconspicuous
pointed beaks, dorsal slopes straight, anterior
end rounded, shorter, base evenly arcuate,
posterior end slightly longer, attenuated and
almost obliquely truncated; a narrow elongate
escutcheon and shorter, narrower, slightly
excavated lunule present; sculpture of some-
what irregular, slightly raised, close set, con-
centric, narrow wavelets, becoming almost
lamellose near the edge of the lunule; and
in other specimens reduced to narrow threads
on the disk; hinge heavy, normal, muscular
impressions somewhat excavated, inner mar-
gin smooth. Height, 15 millimeters; length,
19 millimeters; diameter, 10 millimeters.
A larger but defective valve is 25 millimeters

long.
Station 7231. Pliocene. Carter Creek.
Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912. U.S.

Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324307.

Astarte hemicymata Dall, n. sp.
Plate VI, figures 9, 10.

Shell triangular, basally rounded, flattish;
beaks narrow, high and pointed, prosocoelous;
lunule deeply excavated, lanceolate ; escutcheon
feebly defined, narrow, obscure; sculpture of
seven or eight broad concentric flattish waves
with narrower shallow interspaces, obsolete
toward the base, and fine feeble incremental
lines; hinge compressed with (in the left valve
two) slender, somewhat arcuate teeth; muscu-
lar impressions moderately impressed; inner
margins of the valves smooth; anterior end

with faint concentric narrow undulations and | below the lunule evenly rounded into the base;

PLIOCENE
posterior end more attenuated, rounded.
Height, 20 millimeters; length, about 24

millimeters; diameter, 6 millimeters; but the
fragments available indicate that it may
attain double the above dimensions.

Station 7623. Pliocene. From submarine
beach, 30 feet below sea level, half a mile
northwest of Nome. Collected by E. M.
Kindle and P. S. Smith, 1908. U. S. Nat.
Mus. catalogue No. 324308.

Astarte (Gonilia?) diversa Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figure 6.

Shell small, rounded triangular, with promi-
nent prosocoelous pointed beaks; nearly equi-
lateral, the anterior end slightly shorter ; lunule
lanceolate, deeply impressed, concentrically
striated, bounded by a sharp angular keel;
escutcheon narrow, elongated, obscure; umbo-
nal angle about 90°, dorsal slopes straight,
ends. and base evenly rounded; sculpture
divaricate, some specimens with narrow ribs
with the apex central and the interspaces
equal, the- ribs becoming wider and more
irregular toward the ends of the shell, others
with few broad divaricate ribs tending to
obsolescence in the middle of the disk, and
still others having broad, low ribs irregularly
broken up into flattish nodules distributed
divaricately but more or less irregularly;
cardinal teeth short, narrow, two in the left
and one in the right valve; ligament short;
margin of the left valve, under the escutcheon,
grooved; cavity of the valve extending under
the hinge, adductor scars impressed, internal
margins of the valves smooth. Height, 15
millimeters; length, 18 millimeters; diameter,
8 millimeters; but reaching a larger size as
indicated by fragments.

Station 7623 (1). Phocene. Half a mile
northwest of Nome, from submarine beach 30
feet below the level of the sea. Collected by
E. M. Kindle and P. S. Smith, 1908. U.S.
Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324309.

This is a remarkable species. The typical
Gonilia (bipartita Philippi, as Lucina) is a small
Mediterranean shell with a crenulate inner
margin and obsolete lunule. Otherwise the
only systematic difference is of size. The
current descriptions of the original Gonilia are
in error in giving it three cardinal teeth in each
valve and stating that it has no epidermis.

AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA.

33

The latter feature is due to the fact that the
specimens dredged have been decorticated
single valves. As there was an earlier Astarte
bipartita of Sowerby when the Mediterranean
species was assigned to the genus, Philippi’s
specific name could not be retained, and in 1903
I proposed as a substitute the name calliglypta.
The present species may, however, be more
nearly related to the Pacific Rictocyma than to
the Mediterranean Gonilia.

Venericardia nuwokensis Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figure 14.

Shell small, rotund, moderately inflated,
with slightly prominent beaks, dorsal angle
about 85°;sculpture of about 20 radiating ribs
with somewhat narrower channeled inter-
spaces, crossed by rather regularly spaced
low threads which swell into nodules on the
back of the ribs at their intersections; base
semicircular, internally crenulate in harmony
with the external sculpture; hinge normal,
teeth short and very strong for the size of the
shell. Height, 13 millimeters; length, 11 milli-
meters; diameter, 9 millimeters.

Station 7230. Pliocene. Carter
Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912.
Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324310.

Creek.
We &

Macoma middendorffii Dall,
Plate VI, figures 11, 13.

This peculiar species seems rather charac-
teristic of the Pliocene at Nome, although in the
Recent fauna it is more southern in its general
distribution, not having been found living
north of Bering Strait. It has been obtained
at stations 5074, 5077, 5078, 7619, 7621, and

Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall, n. sp.
Plate V, figure 7.

Shell of moderate size, nearly equilateral,
equivalve, gaping at both ends; the umbones
subcentral, inconspicuous, the anterior end
slightly longer; valves thick, with an unsculp-
tured surface, more or less marked by concen-
trie incremental lines; dorsal and ventral
margins nearly parallel, anterior end rounded,
posterior end subtruncate, rounded above and
below; ligament strong and prominent; adduc-
tor scars small, pallial line distinct, entire, with
a small round scar at the ventral anterior end

34

indicating the attachment of an area of the
mantle; hinge edentulous; a small portion of
the periostracum appears to be preserved and
shows a black color. Height at umbones,
23 millimeters; length, 48 millimeters; diame-
ter, 15 millimeters; umbones behind the an-
terior end, 25 millimeters.

Station 7070. Pliocene. Horizon C, 100
feet below horizon B, at Carter Creek, Arctic
coast, in the Camden Bay region. Collected
by E. de K. Leffingwell. U. S. Nat. Mus.
catalogue No. 324311.

This is larger and broader than the C.
kurrvana Dunker, the only species now found
living on the coast, and differs in outline
from the Atlantic C. siliqua Daudin, which
has also a more irregular pallial line and larger
adductor scars.

Mya n. sp.?

The genus Mya is represented in the collection
only by fragments including the more solid
parts of the valve near the hinge. The chon-
drophore is more oblique than in any recent
American species and resembles that of Mya
japonica, but the receptacle of the flatter
valve is entirely different in details from that
of any of the boreal species, all of which have
been compared with it. This leads to the con-
clusion that it represents a distinct species,
but I refrain from naming it until specimens
showing the characters of the entire shell shall
have been collected. Numerous defective
specimens have been examined. Pliocene.

Fragments were collected at stations 18a
and 22a (U. S. G. S. stations 5074 and 5077)
from the second beach within 14 miles of

Nome, by EK. M. Kindle, and at station 7623, |

from the submarine beach, 30 feet below the
sea level, half a mile northwest of Nome, by
E. M. Kindle and P. S. Smith. U.S. Nat.

Mus. catalogue No. 324312.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

BRACHIOPODA.
Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall, n. var.
Plate V, figures 4, 5.

Shell very thin, resembling the typical form
of the species but much more delicate, pale buff,
passing into yellowish gray, surface marked by
irregular lines of growth and sculptured with
radiating incised lines with much wider inter-
spaces; pedicel valve less convex than the
other, the hinge moderately strong. Height,
22 to 25 millimeters; breadth, 22 to 26 milli-
meters; diameter of pedicel valve, 6 millimeters ;
of ventral valve, 9 millimeters.

Station 7618 (19a). Older Pliocene. One
mile north of Fort Davis (Gallatin mine), east
of Nome, near the parting of Florence and Otter
Creek gulches. Collected by R. D. Mesler,
1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324313.

Magasella aleutica Dall.

I have catalogued this species under the name
by which it was originally designated, though
I have asuspicion that it represents the Maga-
sella stage of development of some larger tere-
bratelloid species. It does not agree closely
with the young of Terebratalia frontalis Midden-
dorff, and Terebratalia coreanica Gould has not
been found in the Aleutians. In the absence of
any other available species the question must
be left open. Pliocene to Recent.

POLYZOA.

Myriozoum n. sp.

At station 7477, in the dump of an 80-foot
shaft about a mile north of Nome, occurred
fragments of a Myriozoum which were submit-
ted to R. S. Bassler. He reported: ‘‘This is
usually identified as Myriozowm truncatum Pal-
las but undoubtedly is a distinct species.’’
The horizon is probably Pliocene.

PLATES V-VI.

PLATE V.

Page.

FieurE, il. Cryptoctenidia magna Dall, Jengthy28 millimeters scence oe eee nese ee eee eee eee eee 30
2. Chrysodomus mesleri Dall, fragment showing back of penultimate whorl, diameter 33 millimeters. - - 28
3. Chrysodomus meslert Dall, basal fragment, height 32 millimeters..................-.+------------- 28
4. Hemithyris psittacea alaskana Dall, outside of pedicel valve, length 22.5 millimeters.........-..--- 34
5. Hemithyris psittacea alaskana Dall, outside of ventral valve, diameter 23.5 millimeters. ....-...---- 34
6. Astarte diversa Dall, outside of left valve, length 18.5 millimeters.._...........-.-.-----------:--- 33
7. Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall, impression of interior of right valve, length 47 millimeters........-..-- 33
8. Cadulus arcticus Dall, magnified, length 7.5 millimeters. --.-..-- O56 a Sayan eink nee SN SS ie 30
95, Thais (Nucella) nomeand Dall heicht'62/mulllameterst=-2225- eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 29
i0. Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall, spire viewed from above, diameter 53 millimeters. .-......---.-------- 29
ll Chrysodomus lefingwelli, Dall heicht,73.mullameters® a= se-osee-eoeee ee eee eee eee eee eee 28
12. Lattorina palliata Say, macnitied, diameter 12.5 mullametersee- -2 sees ee eee eee ee 29
13. Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall, profile, base defective, diameter 60 millimeters..............---------- 29
14. Venericardia nuwokensis Dall, outside of right valve, magnified height 13 millimeters........-..-- 33

36

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE V

13

ALASKAN FOSSILS.

PLATE VI

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Ss.

U.

ALASKAN FOSSILS.

FIGURE

PLATE VI.

. Astarte carteriana Dall, exterior of left valve, length 36 millimeters__...........-.---------------
. Pecten (Chlamys) kindlei Dall, exterior of young left valve, height 56 millimeters -.......--.------
. Astarte carteriana Dall, interior of left valve, length 36 millimeters................---------------
. Astarte actis Dall, interior of right valve, length 37 millimeters. ......---...-------------------+-
. Astarte actis Dall, exterior of leit valve, length 37 millimeters. .......--....-----------+-+---------
. Astarte lefingwelli Dall, exterior of left valve, length 31.5 millimeters___...........---------------
. Pecten (Chlamys) kindlei Dall, exterior of adult right valve, height 91.5 millimeters.........---...-
. Astarte lefingwelli Dall, interior of left valve, length 31.5 millimeters. ............-.---..--2-----
. Astarte hemicymata Dall, exterior of (broken) left valve, not quite mature, length 17 millimeters....
weAstanterhemucymata ) alleanteronriotsamenvalivies. secs s ssc cen ce cnieae eee Gee esas nee eerie
. Macoma middendor fii Dall, interior of right valve, height 46.5 millimeters.........-.-...----------
. Astarte martini Dall, length 27.5 millimeters
. Macoma middendorfii Dall, exterior of right valve, height 46.5 millimeters...........-.----------

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THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

By Josrepu A. CusHMAN.

INTRODUCTION.

Orbitoid Foraminifera, on account of their
short stratigraphic range, have proved to be
excellent horizon markers, and, because of
their wide geographic distribution, they are
valuable in correlation. The genus Orbitoides,
as now restricted, is found exclusively in de-
posits of Cretaceous age; Orthophragmina ap-
pears to be confined to the Eocene; but Lepido-
cyclina ranges through the upper Eocene and
Oligocene.

In the present paper are described all the
known American species of Orthophragmina
and Lepidocyclina. 'The species are listed be-
low in groups according to the geologic forma-
tions in which they are found. The relative
ages of the formations are shown in the ac-
companying correlation table, which is copied
from a paper by T. W. Vaughan.’ As stated
in the footnote to the table, I am not in accord
with Douvillé regarding the age of the lime-
stone on Haut Chagres and near David, Pan-
ama, but regard it as Eocene because it con-
tains two species of Orthophragmina. How-
ever, two of the three species of Lepidocyclina
found near David (L. panamensis and L. du-
plicata) occur also near Tonosi, Panama, asso-
ciated with fossils characteristic of the middle
Oligocene, the age of the lower part of the
Culebra formation; and L. chaperi, described
originally from Haut Chagres, occurs in the
Culebra formation at a higher horizon.

American species of Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina.
EOCENE.
Ocala limestone:
Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman.
georgiana Cushman.
mariannensis Cushman.
mariannensis var. papillata Cushman.
vaughani Cushman.
americana Cushman.

1 The biologic character and geologic correlation of the sedimentary
formations of Panama in their relation to the geologic history of Centra,
America and the West Indies: U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, table facing p.
595, 1919.

Ocala limestone—Continued.
Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp.
fragilis Cushman, n. sp.
pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp.
cookei Cushman, n. sp.
attenuata Cushman, n. sp.
floridana Cushman, n. sp.
pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp.
ocalana Cushman, n. sp.
ocalana var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var.
hilli Cushman, n. sp.?
Jackson formation:
Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp.
St. Bartholomew limestone:
Orthophragmina marginata Cushman.
antillea Cushman.
Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman.
Brito formation (Nicaragua):
Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp.
flintensis Cushman.
georgiana Cushman.
David, Panama:
Orthophragmina minima Cushman.
antillea Cushman.
Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman.
panamensis Cushman.
duplicata Cushman.
Haut Chagres, Panama:

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douvillé.

Cuba:
Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman.
pustulata Cushman.
crassa Cushman.
sculpturata Cushman.
subtaramellei Cushman.
Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman.
subraulinii Cushman.
California:
Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, n. sp.
OLIGOCENE,
Marianna limestone:
Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton).
Byram calcareous marl:
Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad).
Chattahoochee formation:

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheénsis Cushman, n. sp.

Antigua formation:
Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman.
undosa Cushman.
gigas Cushman.
favosa Cushman.
canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman.

39

40

Culebra formation:
Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé.
panamensis Cushman?
chaperi Lemoine and R. Douvillé.
Tonosi, Panama (in beds of the age of the Culebra forma-
tion):
Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman.
duplicata Cushman.
Emperador limestone:
Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman.
panamensis Cushman?
Cuba:
Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Dou-
villé.
marginata (Michelotti).
kempi (O’Connell).
morgani Lemoine and R. Douvillé.
crassata Cushman.
canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman.
sumatrensis (Brady).
San Rafael formation, Mexico:
Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA.

The genus Orthophragmina includes those
species of orbitoid Foraminifera in which the
chambers of the equatorial band are rectangu-
lar. Many of the species are stellate, with
produced angles, or, if circular, have a stellate,
raised ornamentation. Others, however, have
the circular form with variously ornamented
surfaces. The genus so far as known in America
and Europe seems to be limited to the forma-
tions of Eocene age, and in America at least
it is largely confined to the upper Eocene.

The structure of the test of Orthophragmina
is essentially the same as that of Lepidocyclina,
which is diagrammatically figured on page 56.
An equatorial band of chambers, which are
rectangular in horizontal section, occupies the
middle portion. At either side are the lateral
chambers, usually polygonal in outline, and
placed one above another in vertical columns.
These columns are here and there separated by
the pillars, masses of compact shelly material
arising from the wall of the equatorial chambers
and thence extending to the surface. The
pillars are especially developed in the thicker
central region and increase in diameter toward
the surface, where they usually appear as
rounded knobs or pustules extending a slight
distance above the general surface of the test.
Their function seems to be to give strength to
the thickened portion of the test.

The lateral chambers and in many species
the equatorial chambers also average much
smaller than those of most species of Lepido-

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

cyclina. In vertical section the lateral cham-
bers of Orthophragmina, where they are not
separated by pillars, have a zigzag line between
adjacent columns, and usually this line serves
when once seen to distinguish the genus in
rock sections.

Very little has been known of the American
species except references to them in papers by
H. Douvillé. In 1917 I described several
species from the Ocala limestone of Georgia
and Florida.'| Those species are included in
the present paper with additional records for
their distribution. Also the material from
Cuba, St. Bartholomew, Panama, Nicaragua,
and California has been added, so that the 17
species and varieties here described cover a
wide region. There are many other species,
but they are not represented by identifiable
material. In southern Europe, especially in
France and Italy, as many as 10 or 12 species
are listed from single localities, showing that
in all probability the number of American
species will be greatly increased in future work.
This paper should therefore be looked upon as
only a pioneer attempt at making a basis on
which a larger study of the American species
can be built.?

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman.

Plate VII, figures 1, 2.

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 52, pl. 9, fig. 3; pl. 10, figs. 2-4,
1919.

Test small, lenticular, comparatively thick;
thickness in the center greatest, about three-
fifths the diameter; circular, gradually thin-
ning toward the periphery but without a defi-
nite border; periphery rounded; surface with
numerous rather large papillae in the center,
gradually smaller toward the periphery.

In vertical section the test, owmg to the
straightness of the slope from center to periph-
ery, is almost diamond shaped; pillars of the
center very heavy, thick, increasing rapidly in
diameter toward the surface, the peripheral
ends projecting above the adjacent lateral
chambers; equatorial chambers of the same
height, the band hardly increasing in diameter
from center to periphery, very small; lateral

1U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, pp. 115-124; pls. 40-44, 1917.

2 A species of Orthophragmina recognized after this paper was in type
is described in a manuscript now awaiting publication in Prof. Paper
128.

Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary marine sedimentary formations of Panama.

[By Thomas Wayland Vaughan. ]

American e European
time sub- | Panama. Jamaica. Other Antilles. Moxicoland Central Southeastern United States. time subdi-
divisions. : visions.
: Menchione al ; Pliocene of Yucatan | Waccamaw marl, Nashua marl, | Sicilian.
Pliocene. Toro limestone. Tiare, aoe Pliocene of Guantanamo, Cuba. and Limon, Costa and Caloosahatchee marl (near-| Astian.
ation Rica, ly contemporaneous). Plaisancian.
Yorktown formation, Duplin marl, F
and Choctawhatchee marl (near- eh sont Sua
ly contemporaneous). sah aled ete
3 | ° St. Marys formation.
Q
=)
Choptank formation. Tortonian.
3 Calvert for- se 3
5 mation: Marks Head marl.
sy
= F a =
C) : izon
= La Cruz marl | Upper horizon | = Per none LA
= (Cuba). in Martinique. ee Die Expo- Helvetian
= : Gatun) po oifiol Sures
— for- | coast | +o Sait
Gatun formation. mae of | _Jsth- Shoal River marl
5 Zz G.H (Gan Nica- eae of member
i : - ones sosta e- 1 .
iS) Marl at Bara- | Lower horizon fad) pi ragua. Alum Bluff})Oak Grove sand any,
zZ Bowden marl. coa,Cuba. | in Martinique. and Tin aus Rica). uaa: formation. } member. Burdigalian.
4 2x Yes Chipola marl mem-
ber.
= | Emperador limestone. A A F A F Aquitanian.
5 Upper part of Anguilla) SA Re ENC RCo bedsiiat Tampa formation. ¢
Sl Culebra. : : Chattian.
— Culebra San Rafael forma. | Chattahoo-
forma- F tion chee tor.
& 5 Lower part of Coral reef . Pepino | Lower hor- = mation.
x tion. Antigua F « a
S Culebra and at Guan- formation formation izon in R li
> | limestone at tanamo, | (Xntigua),| (Porto Santo Aedes
g = Tonosi. Cuba. Spatial | EUICO) s Domingo.
S
—
oo .
a Limestone
© lee it a Or-
thophragmi- Deposits wi
| : a posits with Pec- Byram calcareous
B Chas Haut Bohie Mow upelic : ten aft. P. poul- | Vicksburg J} marl. . | Lattorfian
Sl eal Gh TA Oe || lesane San, soni and large, dis- group. Marianna limestone. (Sannoisian).
A staneatibar are b a coid orbitoids. Red Bluff clay.
vid (contem-
poraneous).
: Frio
: Brito for-
E Cambridge P clay. - 2
5 formation, | St. Bartholomew limestone (St. Bartholomew). | Wi2ulon of Fay- | Jackson for-| Oca1a limestone ee
a Richmond Widely distributed in Cuba; also in Haiti. ast ette mation. ; apa
a faninations (typical anne Bartonian,
P Brito). stone.
S Bilas Cosport sand.
3 . - aiborne } Claiborne} Lisbon formation. Auversian. ¢
: 3 | Eocene of Tonosi. . group. group. )Tallahatta buhr-| Lutetian.
a = i stone.
8 LS)
E ; 8
A 2 Hatchetigbee forma- | Ypresian.c
tion.
3 Wilcox for- Wilcox Bashi formation.
9 a mation. group. Tuscahoma forma-
5 3 tion.
zZ oa Nanafalia formation. | Sparnacian.¢
Midway for- Midway Naheolaformation: Thanetian.¢
mation, group. ut Oe aN .
Clayton limestone. Montian. ¢

a Reported by H. Douvillé and referred to ‘‘Stampien inférieur” = Vicksburgian= Lattorfian; Cushman thinks these deposits should be referred to the upper Eocene and placed

opposite the St. Bartholomew limestone in the table.
b May belong stratigraphically somewhat higher.
¢ Correlation proposed by E. W. Berry.

131049°—20——4

40-1

“3
oo

rete ae
ae a

.
al

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

chambers in vertical columns, up to 20 or more
in a column in the thickest central portion, the
individual chambers at least four or five times
as wide as high in section.

Horizontal sections show the rectangular
chambers of the equatorial region several times
as long as wide, the lateral chambers forming
an irregular network about the sections of the
pillars, often several columns of vertical cham-
bers between the pillars.

Diameter, 1.5 to 3.5 millimeters.

Type specimens from U. S. G. S. station
3475, Boston mine, near Santiago, Cuba;
collected by A. C. Spencer.

This seems to be a common Cuban species,
occurring in material from several stations as
follows:

3448. Limestone from hillside south of Ponupo man-
ganese mine, LaMaya, near Santiago; T. W. Vaughan, col-
lector.

6117. Boulder from the band of limestone on hill east
of railroad and south of Cristo, near Santiago; C. W. Hayes,
collector.

6118. Limestone near railroad on trail to mines south of
Cristo; C. W. Hayes, collector.

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, near San-
tiago; C. W. Hayes, collector.

6120. Loose material, Santiago Province, exact locality
unknown.

6122. Greensand limestone, Boston manganese mine,
3 miles east of Cristo, Santiago Province; A. C. Spencer,
collector.

6123. Resting on ore bed, 4 to 6 feet thick, Ponupo
manganese mine, Santiago Province; A. ©. Spencer,
collector.

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese
mine, Ponupo, Santiago Province; R. T. Hill, collector.

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine,
west of San Luis, Santiago Province; C. W. Hayes, col-
lector.

7666. Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo; N. H.
Darton, collector, 1916.

The embryenic chambers of this species so
far as seen are unequal in size and very com-
parable to those seen in the subgenus Nephro-
lepidina of Lepidocyclina, the larger one kidney
shaped and partly embracing the smaller.

In its general characters this species sug-
gests O. douvillei Schlumberger, but it differs in
several essential details.

Specimens of what is apparently the megalo-
spheric form of this species are abundant in
material from the Pilar mine, Oriente Province,
Cuba; E. F. Burchard, collector. Some of
these are figured in Plate VII, figure 1.

41

Orthophragmina minima Cushman.
Plate VII, figure 3.

Orthophragmina minima Cushman, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull.
103, p. 97, pl. 41, fig. 1, 1918.

Test circular, very small, slightly more than
2 millimeters in diameter; thickness somewhat
less than half the diameter; central portion
very strongly umbonate, nearly rounded to a
point about two-thirds of the distance from
the center to the periphery; from this pomt to
the periphery the surface is nearly flat; surface
of the test comparatively smooth.

The horizontal section through the equa-
torial chambers shows very fine hexagonal
chambers and the embryonic chambers nearly
equal in size.

Plate VII, figure 3, shows well the contour
of the test in vertical section, the strongly
curved central umbonate portion making up
two-thirds or more of the width, and the
peripheral flange with its nearly parallel sides.
The chambers are very small except the embry-
onic central chambers, which are nearly equal
and have a straight division line between. The
lateral chambers are in vertical columns, but
the test is without pillars. In the central
region there may be more than 20 chambers in
a vertical column, and even on the peripheral
flange there are usually three or four chambers
in a column on each side of the equatorial
chambers.

Type specimen from U.S. G.S. station 6512,
in the big white limestone from the river bed
above the ice plant near David, Panama;
D. F. MacDonald, collector.

This is a very small species, yet it has an
abundance of very fine chambers. There is
an exceptional development of lateral cham-
bers in the region of the periphery.

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, n. sp.
Plate VII, figures 4, 5.

Test circular, much compressed; central
portion somewhat raised and slightly umbonate;
surface finely granular or papillate; the papillae
of the central umbonate region largest and most
conspicuous, but others scattered over the
remainder of the surface except at the extreme
periphery, where they are lacking; slope of the
test very gradual from umbo to periphery.

Equatorial chambers typical of the genus,
elongate, rectangular, those of the outer annuli

42 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

14 to 2 times as long as broad; annuli some-
what irregular in width, as is usual in the genus.

The vertical section shows the pillars, which
are represented at the surface by the papillae,
and the narrow band of equatorial chambers.

Type specimens from northeast side of Do-
mengine Creek, near corner of the SW. | sec.
29, T. 18 S., R. 15 E., Mount Diablo base and
meridian, Calif., in Meganos group (Eocene);
Dr. Bruce L. Clark, collector.

This may be the species referred to O. pratti
by Douvillé.' His specimens were from the
peninsula of California.

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman.
Plate VII, figure 6.

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 55, pl. 9, figs. 6, 7; pl. 10, fig.
1, 1919.

Test circular, lenticular, thickest in the
middle, thence gradually thinning toward the
periphery, which is without a carina or thinner
portion; thickness about one-fifth the diam-
eter; surface finely pustulose; papillae larger
and more numerous near the central region,
thence gradually decreasing in size and num-
ber toward the periphery.

The vertical section shows the general form;
equatorial band very thin, increasing hardly at
all toward the periphery; pillars numerous,
somewhat thicker toward the surface.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers elongate, rectangular, length about
three times the breadth; annuli irregular in
width; pillars irregularly rounded, remote,
largest in center, decreasing gradually in size
toward the periphery; intermediate space filled
with the irregularly polygonal lateral cham-
bers.

Diameter 3.5 to 5 millimeters.

Type specimen a section from station 3567,
lowermost 100 feet of Tertiary running in
above serpentine, northwest of Recreo, Matan-
zas Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, collector.
Specimens also apparently of this species were
obtained at station 3448, in limestone on
hillside south of Panupo manganese mine,
La Maya, near Santiago, Cuba; T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

This is a larger, flatter species than 0.
cubensis and is easily distinguished in the
sections.

1Compt. Rend., vol. 161, p. 410, 1915.

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman,
Plate VIII, figures 1, 2.

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 53, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5; pl. 10, figs.
2, 4, 1919.

Test circular, lenticular, very thick in com-
parison with the diameter; central portion
broadly convex, thence straight or even
slightly concave to the rather acute periphery;
surface fairly smooth, with a few raised ends
of pillars making it slightly papillate.

The vertical shows the general
shape; in some specimens thickness at least
two-thirds the diameter; central portion
broadly rounded, with numerous large pillars,
increasing in diameter toward the surface;
lateral chambers very numerous, about three
times as wide as high; usually at least two
columns between each two adjacent pillars,
even in the center; over 30 chambers in the
center in some of the columns are indicated;
equatorial chambers increasing very slowly in
height toward the periphery but more rapidly
than in most species, so that the equatorial
band at the periphery may be double the
width near the center; embryonic chamber
comparatively large, elongate in this section.

The horizontal section shows the usual
elongate, rectangular equatorial chambers; the
pillars subpolygonal, largest in the center,
thence smaller toward the periphery; inter-
mediate lateral chambers irregularly polygonal.

Diameter, 3.5 to 5.5 millimeters.

Type specimen from station 6122, greensand
limestone, Boston manganese mine, Santiago
Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, collector. The
species also appears to be present at the
following stations:

section

3475. Boston mine near Santiago, Cuba; A. C. Spencer,
collector.

6117. Boulder from band of limestone on hill east of

railroad and south of Cristo, neareSantiago, Cuba; C. W.

Hayes, collector.

6118. Fossil limestone near railroad, on trail to mines
south of Cristo, Cuba; C. W. Hayes, collector.

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, Cuba: ©.
W. Hayes, collector.

6123. Ponupo manganese mine, resting on ore bed 4 to
6 feet thick, Santiago Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer,
collector.

6124. Foraminiferal limestone,
mine, Cuba; R. T. Hill, collector.

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine,
west of San Luis, Cuba; C. W. Hayes, collector.

Ponupo manganese

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman,
Plate VIII, figures 3-7.
Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman, Carnegie Inst.
Washington Pub. 291, p. 54, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9, 1919.

Test circular, somewhat sellaeform, in many
specimens very slightly so; central portion
considerably thickened and occupying one-
third to one-quarter the diameter of the test;
peripheral portion much flattened and com-
paratively thin; exterior of central thickened
portion, when well preserved, beautifully
sculptured, with comparatively few raised
papillae, between which the surface is depressed
and reticulated as in 0. marthae Schlumberger ;
peripheral thin portion of the test usually
smooth when the surface is well preserved.

Vertical sections show thickening up _ to
1.5 millimeters in the central portion, while
the periphery may be but 0.25 millimeter in
thickness. Equatorial chambers small, in-
creasing hardly at all in diameter from the
center to the periphery; central embryonic
chambers not well shown in the sections but
at least six to eight times the diameter of
adjacent equatorial chambers. Peripheral por-
tion without pillars; central portion with very
strong pillars, thick, with a diameter of one-
third to one-half their length and increasing
very slightly in diameter toward the surface;
lateral chambers in columns between the pillars,
very thin compared to their breadth. Central
portion of the outline decidedly undulate from
the projecting ends of the pillars.

Horizontal sections show very numerous
equatorial chambers, elongate, several times
as long as broad; lateral chambers in section
appearing as polygonal lighter spaces surround-
ing in a single row the solid, opaque, circular
elliptical, or irregularly polygonal pillar sections;
toward the periphery, where the pillars are
wanting, forming an irregular network—the
same arrangement as in O. dispansa Sowerby.

Diameter, 5 to 7 millimeters.

Type specimen 3478, from Nuevitas, Cuba;
A.C. Spencer, collector. Sections were also ob-
tained in material from the Cadiz mine, Oriente
Province, Cuba; E. F. Burchard, collector.

This species in general appearance resembles
O. marthae Schlumberger, especially in its char-
acteristic surface ornamentation, but the verti-
cal section seems to be verydi fferent from that
figured by Schlumberger.

1Schlumberger, Soc. géol. France Bull., sec. 4, vol. 3, pl. 12, fig. 51, 1904,

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp.

Plate VIII, figures 8-10.

Test small, lenticular, circular, compara-
tively thick in the center, thence gradually
becoming thinner and at the peripheral portion
in the adult extending out into a broad, thin
flange; central disk with numerous deep pits,
circular or polygonal, usually four or five in
the central region of larger size, the surround-
ing ones gradually smaller as they are more
distant from the center; remainder of the surface
reticulate, from the lateral chambers as they
come to the exterior.

Equatorial chambers of the usual rectan-
cular form of this genus.

Vertical sections (Pl. VIII, fig. 10) show the
large number of lateral chambers in each
column and the flangelike peripheral portion
not shown in the exterior views of the worn
specimens (figs. 8, 9).

Type specimens (U. 8S. N. M. No. 32820)
from U. 8. G. S. station 6411, Brito forma-
tion, coast about 2 miles northwest of Brito
Harbor, Nicaragua; C. W. Hayes, collector.

Orthophragmina marginata Cushman.
Plate IX, figures 1, 2.
Orthophragmina marginata Cushman, Carnegie Inst.
Washington Pub. 291, p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, fig. 4,
1919.

Test circular, lenticular; central portion
strongly raised and umbonate; regularly curved
down to the broad peripheral flange, which
is again thickened near the peripheral margin;
surface comparatively smooth, very slightly
granular but not at all papillate.

In vertical section the central portion is seen
to be strongly biconvex, not much wider than
either part of the surrounding margin-like thin-
ner portion, again thickening toward the ex-.
treme peripheral margin, which is rounded.
Equatorial chambers small, in the center very
narrow but increasing slightly although grad-
ually toward the periphery, where they are not
more than 0.1 millimeter in height. The
chambers are convex on the peripheral side,
almost semicircular in some specimens. Lat-
eral chambers very small and often difficult to
distinguish even with an enlargement of 20 di-
ameters (Pl. IX, fig. 2). In the central portion
there are large numbers of layers of the lateral
chambers, often 30 to 40 on either side of the
equatorial band. This number decreases as the

At

convexity becomes less, and over the flattened
margin there are but six to eight layers of lat-
eral chambers. At the border this number is
somewhat increased, but it falls off again at the
extreme outer margin. There are traces of
pillars in the central umbonate region, but they
are not prominent.

Diameter of type specimen 12 to 14 milli-
meters.

Type specimen and others from U.S. G.S.
station 6924, from the St. Bartholomew lime-
stone at point on northwest side of St. Jean
Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands; col-
lected by T. W. Vaughan. The St. Bartholo-
mew limestone is of upper Eocene age, accord-
ing to Vaughan.

There are sections which resemble this closely
in the material from U. 8S. G. S. station 6512,
in the big white limestone from the river bed
above the ice plant near David, Panama; col-
lected by D. F. MacDonald.

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman.
Plate IX, figures 3-6.

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 108, p. 115, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2, 1917.

Test small, circular, much compressed;
slightly thickened in the central portion, thence
gradually sloping to the periphery; surface
slightly pustulate but not papillate, almost
smooth in some specimens; the raised pustules
generally in concentric lines.

The horizontal section shows very narrow
rectangular chambers in the equatorial band
and the embryonic chambers with one small
and spherical, almost entirely surrounded, ex-
cept at one side, by the much larger second
chamber.

Diameter, about 5 millimeters.

The type locality is U. S. G. S. station 7117,
in the lower portion of the Ocala limestone, in
bluff on west bank of Flint River 12 miles
above the Georgia Southwestern & Gulf Rail-
way bridge near Oakfield, Lee County, Ga.;
upper bed, No. 2 of section; C. W. Cooke, col-
lector. Other stations mentioned with the
original description are mostly along Flint
River in Georgia, in fine-grained light-colored
limestone. It also occurs at station 3626, in a
similar fine-grained limestone at Philema, Lee
County, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

A specimen which seems identical with this
species was obtained at station 6408, in the
Brito formation, on the Pacific coast of Nicara-
gua, 2 miles northwest of Brito Harbor; C. W.
Hayes, collector. This specimen shows the size
and exterior well, while others show the equa-
torial chambers. With this is a species of
Operculina, which also occurs with it in Geor-
gia, and a specimen of QO. georgiana, as noted
under that species (p. 45).

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman.
Plate TX, figure 7.

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 3, 1917.

Test circular, much flattened, of medium
size; central region very slightly raised and
umbonate, thence gradually sloping toward
the periphery; whole test very thin; surface
ornamented throughout with fine but dis-

tinctly raised, almost spinose papillae, ar-

ranged in concentric lines parallel to the periph-
eral margin.

Equatorial chambers in horizontal section
very narrowly rectangular.

The vertical section shows 8 to 10 lateral
chambers in a vertical column in the central
portion, the walls convex on the side nearer
the surface, the whole series convex at each
papilla instead of parallel to the equatorial
series, the papillae being formed by the local
convexity of the lateral chambers rather than
by pillars as in some other species.

Diameter of adult specimens, 10 to 14
millimeters.

The type locality is U. S. G. S. station 6768,
in soft white Ocala limestone on Chipola River
at wagon bridge half a mile east of Marianna,
Fla., No. 1 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector.
The species is abundant at this locality. Addi-
tional records are the following:

7192. Same locality as the type station, No. 3 of sec-
tion; C. W. Cooke, collector, a single horizontal section in
hard limestone.

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12
miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala.,
half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Camp-
bellton road, in Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, col-
lector. Abundant in soft Ocala limestone.

7125. West bank of Flint River in Baker County about
3 miles below Dewberry Ferry (Baconton Landing) and
about 13 miles above Newton, Ga.; a single specimen of
small size; J. E. Brantly and ©. W. Cooke, collectors.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman.
Plate X, figure 1.

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman, U. 8. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 108, p. 117, pl. 41, figs. 2, 3; pl. 42, fig.
3; pl. 43, figs. 2, 3, 1917.

Test typically almost square, the angles
slightly projecting and the sides slightly con-
cave near the angles, convex in the center,
small; diameter usually about 6 millimeters
for adult specimens; diagonals of the square
occupied by raised radial areas with a central
umbonate mass a little more than a milli-
meter in diameter; intermediate triangular
areas thin and flat; entire surface with very
numerous, evenly distributed, prominent papil-
lae, those of the central umbo and the middle
line of the radial ridges slightly larger than
those of the rest of the surface.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers elongate, rectangular, those of the
radial portions more crowded than those of the
intermediate flattened areas.

In vertical section the lateral chambers
are most numerous over the radial and um-
bonal regions.

The type locality for this species is station
3387, Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint
River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur
County, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. It
was recorded also from several stations along
Flint River in Georgia and from station 7348,
on left bank of Suwannee River about a mile
above Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

Additional records include stations in Geor-
gia, Florida, and Alabama, as follows:

3758. Camp Perry, Fla.; 8. W. McCallie, collector; a
few specimens.

3760. On Georgia Southern & Florida Railway half a
mile south of Tivola, Ga.; 8. W. McCallie, collector.

6161. Flint River, Bainbridge, Ga.; L. W. Stephenson,
collector.

6747. Steamboat Point, on west side of Sepulga River
at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, 7.3 N., R.13 E.,
Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector; speci-
mens fairly common with other Ocala limestone species.

6785. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad at Dutton’s phos-
phate spur, one-half to three-fourths mile south of Herlong’s
Station, Columbia County, Fla.;T. W. Vaughan and C. W.
Cooke, collectors; specimens rare but typical.

7127. East bank of Flint River, one-fourth mile below
Norman’s Ferry, Mitchell County, Ga.; loose blocks
excavated from channel; C. W. Cooke, and J. E. Brantly,
collectors.

45

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12
miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala.;
half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-
Campbellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

A single specimen of this species was found
at station 6408, in the Brito formation on the
Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 2 miles northwest
of Brito Harbor; C. W. Hayes, collector.
This occurs with two other Georgia species, as
noted under O. flintensis.

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman.
Plate X, figures 2, 3.

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman, Carnegie Inst.
Washington Pub. 291, p. 53, pl. 10, fig. 2; pl. 15,
figs. 1-3, 1919.

Test stellate, usually with five arms, oc-
casionally six; arms well distinguished from
the central body and extending outward
freely, thickest in the central region, thence
gradually sloping to the angles between the
arms and gradually merging into the median
axis of the arms; the arms themselves thickest
in the middle, thence sloping to the sides,
which are thin and angled; ends of the arms
round-pointed; surface with numerous granu-
lations, more pronounced in the central portion.

Vertical sections show the general shape,
the equatorial band of chambers increasing
slightly if at all from the center to the periph-
ery, pillars well developed, especially in the
central region, but not numerous, usually
several columns of lateral chambers between
them.

Diameter, 1.5 to 2 millimeters.

The type locality for this species is station
6122, greensand limestone, Boston manganese
mine, Santiago Province, Cuba. According
to the sections obtained, the species evidently
also occurs at the following stations:

3475. Boston mine, near Santiago, Cuba; A. C. Spencer,
collector.

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, Santiago
Province, Cuba; C. W. Hayes, collector.

6123. Ponupo manganese mine, Santiago Province, Cuba,
resting on ore bed 4 to 6 feet thick; A. C. Spencer, col-
lector. E

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese
mine; R. T. Hill, collector.

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine,
west of San Luis, Cuba; C. W. Hayes, collector.

7666. Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo,
N. H. Darton, collector.

Cuba;

46

This species is very close to O. tarameller
Munier-Chalmas but is decidedly smaller, all
the specimens seen from Cuba being less than
2 millimeters in diameter between the tips of
the arms.

The specimens from station 6120 are weath-
ered out and are numerous and of greenish
color.

O. taramellei was described from Villa Lady
Bruce (Biarritz); Monte Spilecco (Vicentin);

and Schénegg, near Kressenburg.

Crthophragmina antillea Cushman.
Plate X, figures 4, 5.
Orthophragmina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, figs. 2, 3;
pl. 4, figs. 2, 4, 1919.

Test flattened, octagonal, surface with eight
raised ribs radiating from the central, some-
what raised umbo to the periphery; triangular
areas between, thin and flattened; umbonal
area raised and rounded, with definite pillars
appearing as differences in coloration in the
type; radial ribs with numerous raised areas
and pillars scattered along their whole length.

Vertical sections show the greater diameter
of the equatorial chambers at irregular inter-
vals and the irregular, almost serrate character
of the upper and lower surfaces due to the
fine projections of the surface, especially along
the ribs.

Horizontal sections through the equatorial
chambers were obtained only in small frag-
mentary bits but enough to show the typical
rectangular chambers of the genus.

Diameter, about 12 millimeters.

Type specimen from U.S. G.S. station 6895,
spur on southeast side of bay northwest of St.
Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands;
T. W. Vaughan, collector. Sections apparently
of this species came from station 6924, point
on northwest side of St. Jean Bay, St. Barthol-

omew, Leeward Islands; T. W. Vaughan,
collector. Specimens are very numerous in

these sections, but the surface does not weather
out well in the material examined.

There appear to be from five to eight layers
of superimposed lateral chambers, as shown
in the sections. A few of the smallest speci-
mens show the embryonic chambers, but they
are not well preserved. Plate X, figure 5,
shows the general characters of the vertical
section. Occasional oblique sections show the
rectangular equatorial chambers characteristic

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

of Orthophragmina. Sections very similar to
those figured are included in material from
station 6512, in the big white limestone from
the river bed above the ice plant near David,
Panama, collected by D. F. MacDonald.

The species is close to O. mariannensis
Cushman from the Ocala limestone at Mari-
anna, Fla.

The type specimen is the one mentioned by
Vaughan! as Orbitoides sp., “large, stellate
form.”

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman.
Plate XI, figure 1.
Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman, U. 8. Geol. Sur-

vey Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 5; pl. 42,
fig. 2; pl. 44, 1917.

Test flattened, conspicuously stellate, the
angles extending out acutely with curved re-
entrants, of medium size; central region umbo-
nate, from which extend 8 to 11 (typically 8)
raised ribs, running to the peripheral angles;
umbo and ribs finely papillate; depressed areas
between flat and rather remotely and finely
papillate except toward the periphery, where
the papillae are slightly more conspicuous.

The horizontal section shows much elon-
gated rectangular equatorial chambers, the
lateral chambers irregularly polygonal in
section.

Vertical section with the embryonic chambers
very unequal; distinct pillars between the
vertical columns of lateral chambers, increas-
ing in diameter toward the surface.

Diameter, 15 to 18 millimeters.

Abundant at the type locality, station 6768,
Ocala limestone on Chipola River at wagon
bridge half a mile east of Marianna, Fla.; No.
1 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. A single
specimen .was recorded from station 3387,
Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River,
7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County,
Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. Additional
stations are as follows:

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at
bend three-fourths mile northeast of Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad station at Bainbridge, Ge.; C. W. Cooke and W.
C. Mansfield, collectors.

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12
miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala.,
half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Camp-
bellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, col-
lector.

1 Vaughan, T. W., Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book No. 13,
for 1914, p. 359.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman var. papillata

Cushman.
Plate XI, figure 2.
Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman var. papillata
Cushman, U. 8. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, p.
117, pl. 43, fig. 1; pl. 44, 1917.

Variety ciffering from the typical form of
the species in the much more prominent,
higher ribs, which are semicylindrical and
very strongly papillate; number of ribs also
slightly greater than in the typical form; a
few specimens have 8, but 9 to 12 or even 16
ribs are more common.

The type station for this variety is the same
as that for the species, station 6768. It was
also recorded from stations along the Flint
River in Georgia. Additional records for this
variety are as follows:

7130. East benk of Flint River,6 miles above Bain-
bridge, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and J. E.
Brantly, collectors; a single very typical specimen.

_ 8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12
miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala.,

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Camp-
bellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

Orthophragmina vaughani Cushman.
Plate XI, figure 3.

Orthophragmina veughant Cushman, U. 8. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 108, p. 118, pl. 48, figs. 4, 5, 1917.

Test flattened, small, 8 to 10 millimeters in
diameter, quadrate or octagonal in outline,
stellate; main ornamentation consisting of a
central raised umbonate portion with four
radiating raised areas to the main angles of
the test, broad and rather low, about halfway
to the periphery considerably increasing in
height and width, finely papillate toward the
center, much more coarsely so toward the
periphery; intermediate spaces much de-
pressed, with a smooth U-shaped area near
the inner angle next to the raised portions; the
peripheral part raised and strongly papillate,
the peripheral portion of this raised area at the
margin strongly convex or even bluntly angled.

The ornamentation of this species is unique.
It is evidently a rare species, being known only
from the type locality, U.S. G. S. station 3387,
Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River
7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County,
Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

47

Orthophragmina americana Cushman.
Plate XI, figure 4.
Orthophragmina americana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey
Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 49, fig. 4; pl. 41, fig. 1;
pl. 42, fig. 1.

Test large, flattened; peripheral margin with
a series of projecting angles corresponding to
the peripheral terminations of the radiately
arranged raised ornamentation or thickenings;
peripheral margin between the projecting
angles very thin; central region with a thick-
ened umbo 2 millimeters or more in diameter,
from which radiate the raised riblike areas to
the peripheral angles; these ribs high and nar-
row at their inception, lower and wider as they
approach the periphery; ribs up to 20 in num-
ber; some starting from the umbo, others
initiated later, arising independently in the
intermediate areas, usually not symmetrically
placed; surface comparatively smooth; sur-
face indications of pillars usually inconspicuous
or lacking.

In vertical section the equatorial chambers
are rectangular, the area of the raised radial
portions consisting of more numerous lateral
chambers in the columns, curving about the
axis at the rib at either side, those of the inter-
mediate depressed areas parallel with the equa-
torial layer and few in number.

Tn horizontal section the equatorial chambers
are rectangular, four or five times as long as
wide, those of the axis of the radial portions
narrower than those of the intermediate de-
pressed areas.

The type locality for the species is U.S. G.S.
station 6768, Ocala limestone on Chipola River
at wagon bridge a quarter of a mile east of
Marianna, Fla.; No. 1 of section; C. W. Cooke,
collector. Another station is 3387, Ocala lime-
stone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles
above Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga.; T. W.
Vaughan, collector. Other specimens came
from station 8259, Ocala limestone about 6
miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 miles
northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood,
Ala.; half a mile from its intersection with
the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson
County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

This is a fine species, one of the largest of the
genus.

7

nay
e
r AA

PLATES VII-XI.

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE
FIGURE

FIGURE

PLATE VII.

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman (p. 40).

. Rock section showing several specimens, X 20, mostly of the megalospheric form. Pilar mine, Oriente

Province, Cuba.

_ Vertical section probably of a microspheric specimen, < 20. Cuba (U.S. G. 5. station 3448).

Orthophragmina minima Cushman (p. 41).

. Vertical section, 20, showing general outline and numerous very fine chambers. White limestone in

river bed above ice plant, David, Panama (U.S. G. 8. station 6512).

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman (p. 41).

4, Exterior view of partly grown specimen, X 10.

or

Exterior view of adult specimen, X 10. Both specimens from the Eocene of California (Meganos group of
Clark).

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 42).

. Slightly oblique section showing equatorial chambers, pillars, and lateral chambers, X 20. Cuba (U.S.

G. S. station 3567).
50

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE VII

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE VIII

vai
MONK salt

Sayin

iy wo
w oy Ne MY,
plan

10
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA.

PLATE VIII.

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman (p. 42).

FieureE 1. Vertical section, < 20, showing general thick form, equatorial band, large number of lateral chambers,
and the pillars.
Figure 2. Vertical section of larger specimen, X 20. Both specimens from Cuba (U. 8. G. 8S. station 6122).

Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman (p. 43).

Ficure 3. Exterior view showing the few pillars of the central portion and reticulate peripheral portion, x 5.
Cuba (U. 8. G. 8. station 3478).

Fieure 4. Slightiy oblique section, X 20. Gloria mine, Oriente Province, Cuba. The black of the chamber
cavities is due to infiltrated manganese in this and the specimen of figure 7.

Fieure 5. Vertical section showing heavy pillars, X 20. Cuba (U.S. G.S. station 3478).

Figure 6. Oblique section showing the large pillars, each surrounded by a single series of small lateral chambers,
xX 20. Cuba (U.S. G. 8S. station 3478).

Ficure 7. Vertical section, X 20, probably of megalospheric specimen, showing the structures shown in figure 6
but at right angles, the elongate large pillars, and vertical rows of lateral chambers (in black). Same
locality as figure 4.

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. (p. 43).

Fieures 8, 9. Exterior views of two specimens, < 20, showing the deep pits of thecentral region and the reticulate
pattern over the remainder of the surface. These and the following from the Brito formation
(Eocene) of Nicaragua.
Ficure 10. Vertical sections showing the peripheral flange as developed in adult specimens, X 20.
51

PLATE IX.

Orthophragmina marginata Cushman (p. 43).

Ficure 1. Exterior view of partly broken specimen, X 5. St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U.S.
G. 8. station 6924).
Fiaurep 2. Vertical section, X 20, of half aspecimen from the same locality.

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman (p. 44).

Ficure 3. Exterior view, 10, of specimen from the Brito formation of Nicaragua (U. 8. G. S. station 6408).
Ficuren 4. Sectional horizontal view of type specimen, X 20, showing proloculum and second chamber, which nearly
encircles it, and the annular rings of narrowly rectangular chambers. Ocala limestone of Georgia
(J.S.G. 8.7115).
Ficures 5,6. Vertical sections, X 20, showing the numerous enlargements along the line of equatorial chambers
and the pillars ending in the papillae of the surface. Nicaragua (U.S. G. 8. station 6408).

He

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman (p. 44).

Figure 7. Surface view of type specimen, X 8. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. 8S. G. S. station 6768).
52

PLATE IX

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA.

5

131049°—20

PLATE X

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

Y

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURV

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA.

PLATE X.

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman (p. 45).

Fiaure |. Surface view of type specimen, X 8.

Ocala limestone of Georgia (U. S. G. S. station 7348).

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman (p. 45).

Ficures 2, 3. Surface views X 20, Boston manganese mine, Santiago Province, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 6120).

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman (p. 46).

Ficure 4. Surface view of type specimen, X 5.
station 6895).

St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U. 8. &.

Ficure 5. Portion of vertical section, X 20. Same locality as figure 4.

53

PEATE OSI

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman (p. 46).

Ficure 1. Surface view of specimen, & 4. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768).
Orthophregmina mariannensis var. papillata Cushman (p. 47).
Figure 2. Surface view of specimen, X 6. Ocala limestone of Georgia (U. S. G. S. station 7126).
Orthophragmina vaughani Cushman (p. 47).
Fiaure 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 8. Ocala limestone of Georgia (U.S. G. S. station 3387).
Orthophragmina americana Cushman (p. 47).

Fiaure 4. Surface view of type specimen, X 4. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. 8. G. S. station 6768).
54

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XI

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

Although numerous species and varieties of
orbitoid Foraminifera from many parts of the
world have been described, almost nothing has
been published on the American species. In
1833 Morton! described Nummulites man-
telli, which was later taken by Giimbel in 1868
as the type of a subgenus of Orbitoides that he
named Lepidocyclina. This is now recognized
as a genus, and L. mantelli (Morton) is the
type species. In 1865 Conrad? published a
brief description of Orbitolites supera, which
may now be known as Lepidocyclina supera
(Conrad). These are the only species of or-
bitoid Foraminifera from the Coastal Plain
region of the United States of which descrip-
tions had been published prior to the publica-
tion of my paper on orbitoid Foraminifera of
the genus Orthophragmina from Georgia and
Florida? in 1917. Two species of Lepido-
cyclina from Panama (L. canellei and L. cha-
erv) were described by Lemoine and R.
Douvillé* in 1904, and H. Douvillé® has re-
cently described two species from Trinidad
(L. pustulosa and L. tobleri).

Several works refer to American species
under names which were erroneously applied
to them, but most of these species do not even
belong to the genus Lepidocyclina.

From the collections of the United States
Geological Survey, especially those obtained
by T. Wayland Vaughan and C. Wythe Cooke,
there has been placed in my hands a mass of
material representing the Eocene and Oligo-
cene deposits of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal
Plain of the United States. In addition I
have examined collections from Panama ob-
tained by Mr. Vaughan and the geologist of the
Panama Canal Commission, Donald F. Mac-
Donald; from Antigua and St. Bartholomew,
by Mr. Vaughan; from Cuba, by Messrs.
Vaughan, Darton, Hayes, Spencer, and Mein-
zer; and from Mexico, by E. T. Dumble,
geologist for the Southern Pacific Railroad.
These collections, with miscellaneous lots from
many other localities, contain a great many
specimens of Lepidocyclina and are repre-
sentative of many regions.

1 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 291, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1833.

2 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., No. 2, p. 74, 1865.

3 Cushman, J. A., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.Paper 108, pp. 115-124, pls.
40-44, 1917.

4 Soc. géol. France, Paléontologie, Mém. 32, 1904.

6 Compt. Rend., 1917, pp. 843, 844, figs. 1-6.

55

A study of the collections shows that this
general region contains a few widely dis-
tributed species which have already been found
elsewhere, but by far the largest number of the
species are undescribed, although some of
them show relationships with species from
other areas.

As a rule the species seem to have a very
short vertical range and may therefore be
used as index fossils for those formations in
which they occur. The stratigraphy of the
Coastal Plain region is now well coordinated,
and it is possible to place the species very
definitely, but in many other regions the de-
tailed stratigraphy is not fully known, and
comparisons are more difficult.

It is evident that in America Lepidocyclina
is found both in the upper Eocene and in the
lower and middle Oligocene as now under-
stood. The detailed structure and the bio-
ogic relations of the various species are inter-
esting but are reserved for discussion in a future
paper.

In general the habitat in which Lepidocyclina
was first developed was in fairly quiet waters
of a tropical temperature and probably at
depths less than 25 fathoms. The associated
genera, Operculina, Heterostegina, Carpenteria,
and Gypsina, are, so far as their living repre-
sentatives show, characteristic of such con-
ditions.

As an aid in understanding the structure of
Lepidocyclina for one not used to the terminol-
ogy the accompanying diagrammatic figure of
a vertical section has been introduced. The
structure involves two distinct masses of cal-
careous material—that belonging to or origi-
nating from the median layer (stippled in the
figure) and that belonging to the lateral layers
(solid black in the figure). In the central re-
gion are the embryonic chambers, one or more,
in the megalospheric form of any species
usually large and rounded. Surrounding these,
usually in a single plane, are numerous equato-
rial chambers, shown in the diagram as two
series on opposite sides of the embryonic cham-
bers increasing in height from the center toward
the periphery. Above and below this band of
equatorial chambers, and usually covering them
except near the periphery, are the numerous
lateral chambers, usually seen in vertical sec-
tion piled one above another in vertical col-

56

umns.
usually solid masses of calcareous material origi-
nating at the wall of the horizontal series and
extending to or toward the surface of the test.
These pillars in some species rise above the sur-
face and form the pustules or papillae of the
surface ornamentation.

A horizontal section such as shown in Plate
XXIX, figure 8, is made at right angles to
that shown in the diagram and passes through
the plane of the equatorial chambers.
a section shows that the equatorial chambers
in this genus have typically a hexagonal form,
although this may often be modified to an
ogival form or in certain species even to the

In many species pillars are developed, |

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

Undoubtedly other species will be found

when more geologic work is done in the different

Such |

areas, and probably more careful detailed
collecting will show that special varietal
forms of the various species occur at different
horizons. Most of the species represented
in the collections now available are here de-
scribed, that the information thus far
obtained may be used as a basis for further
work and in helping to solve problems of
stratigraphic correlation. It is hoped that

so

this paper may be followed by a paper giving
some of the interesting facts of structure and
biologic relations that are shown by the species
of this genus.

((({(CUUt

\

FIGURE 3.—Diagrammatic vertical section of Lepidocyclina. Material of the wall of the embryonic chambers (the two large ones in the center),
of the equatorial chambers (the two central bands passing to right and left), and the pillars in light stipple. Walls of the lateral chambers

in solid black. Areas of the chamber spaces white.

rhomboid. Thus a_ horizontal section will

discriminate this genus from the other orbitoid
genus, Orthophragmina, with which it occurs,
as in Orthophragmina the equatorial chambers
are elongate and rectangular.

Of the Coastal Plain species the following
seem to be characteristic of certain formations:

Chattahoochee formation (middle Oligocene):
L. chattahoocheensis.
Byram calcareous marl (lower Oligocene):
L. supera.
Marianna limestone (lower Oligocene):
iL. mantelh.
Ocala limestone (upper Eocene):
Especially in Florida:
LL. ocalana.
,. ocalana var. subdecorata.
.. floridana.
.. pseudocarinata.
. pseudomarginata.
. attenuata.
. fragilis.
J cookei.
Especially in Georgia:
L. georgiana.
Jackson formation (upper Eocene):
Especially in Louisiana:
L. mortoni.

I
I
I
L
L
L
I

de

By means of the subjoined key it may be
possible to identify American material that is
sufficiently well preserved.

Key to the American species of Lepidocyclina.

Test of two distinct portions, a central thickened portion

and a very thin peripheral portion:
Central portion deeply pitted:

Pits few and large, test strongly sellaeform,

diameter 15 to 18 millimeters L. favosa.

Pits numerous and small, test slightly sellaeform,
diameter 15 to 25 millimeters.

Ty:

chattahoocheénsis.
L. pseudocarinata.

Central portion smooth
Central portion papillate:
Papillae fine, central area small..L. attenuata.
Papillae coarse, central area large....LZ. cookei.

Test comparatively thin with small central umbo:
Test of medium size, flat, diameter 20 to 35 millimeters:
Surface smooth

Test large, diameter 50 to 100 millimeters:

Umbo small, surface slightly papillate, lateral
chambers few, only 6 in a vertical column
pillars small and scattered L. undulata.

Umbo prominent:

Surface papillate, pillars numerous, lateral
chambers 20 or more in a vertical column
L. georgiana.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

Test comparatively thin with small central umbo—Con.
Test large, diameter 50 to 100 millimeters—Contd.
Umbo prominent—Continued.
Surface reticulate or smooth, pillars few
lateral chambers 7 to 10 in a vertical
GOIN. coocacuHsadboucos osuUe L. gigas.
Test small, diameter 8 to 20 millimeters:
Pillars absent, lateral chambers few, 4 to 6.

Pillars present, lateral chambers numerous:
Embryonic chambers subequal, equatorial

chambers hexagonal.....--.--- -L. chaperi.
Embryonic chambers very unequal, equa-
torial chambers rhomboid....L. vaughani.

Test thickened at center, not distinctly umbonate but
gradually thinning toward the periphery:
Test very strongly sellaeform:
Pillars numerous, test small, diameter usually
Ato! 8 mulllimeters: 725.2 a22ces22- L. floridana.
Pillars few, test small, diameter usually 8 to 12
mule fersseeeee ea eee see ease L. perundosa.
Pillars absent, test larger, diameter usually 25
millimeters or more........---------- L. undosa.
Test not greatly thickened, slightly sellaeform:
Centrally papillate, pillars largely in the central
region:
Diameter 25 to 35 millimeters
Peo eens Nano atea eee ete L. schlumbergert.
Diameter 12 to 15 millimeters
Se teore oy is ete repose L. pseudomarginata.
Surface finely papillate throughout:

Lateral chambers 10 to 12........ DI. supera.
Lateral chambers 7 to 8..-...-.-- LT. mortoni.
Surface smooth or reticulate, lateral chambers
DS tON2 Oe eset e nee wee aeceeceeminne L. ocalana.

Test not sellaeform, lenticular:

Diameter 20 to 30 millimeters, center pustulate,
pillars numerous, increasing gradually in diam-
eter to the surface.........-.----. L. subrauinn.

Diameter 10 to 15 millimeters, center pustulate:

Pillars numerous, increasing to full diameter
in first third of length, then uniform to
the surface, not thickened at periphery
Ee aes en eG Ae kre L. marginata.

Periphery much thickened....L. duplicata.

Diameter less than 10 millimeters:

Diameter 8 to 9 millimeters, chamber walls
WeAy WinWOle se scosoucanecodacese LL. crassata.

Chamber walls thin, pillars absent:

Surface smooth or reticulate, lateral
chambers 10 to 12......--.- L. canellet.

Surface centrally pustulate, lateral cham-
bers GitomlO Sees =e seca L. sumatrensis.

Chamber walls thin, pillars present:

Center pustulate, reticulate between,
diameter 2 to 5 millimeters, embryonic
chambers reniform, lateral chambers
Qo ddeonsossconssde decane othe MOOG HOn

Center pustulate, smooth between, diam-
eter 5 to 7 millimeters, embryonic
chambers reniform. ..-- - L. macdonald.

Center pustulate, embryonic chambers
several, unequal....... L. panamensis.

Center papillate, lateral chambers 6 to 7
SUSE eee ee Sane orem ange L. antillea,

57

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) Giimbel.
Plates XTI-XIV.

Nummulites mantelli Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p.
291, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1833; Synopsis of organic remains
of the.Cretaceous group, p. 45, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1834.

Orbitoides (Lepidocyclina) mantelli (Morton) Gtmbel,
K.-bayer Akad. Wiss. Abh., vol. 10, p. 718, 1868
(1870).

Orbitoides mantelli D’Orbigny, in Lyell, Geol. Soc. London
Quart. Jour., vol. 4, p. 11, 1847 (1848); Prodome de
paléontologie, vol. 2, p. 406, No. 1296, 1850.

Carpenter, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 6,
p. 32, pl. 6, figs. 20, 21, 31, 1850.

Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, Introduction to the
study of the Foraminifera, pp. 298, 300, pl. 20, figs.
5, 6, 8, 11, 1862.

Biitschli, in Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des
Thier-Reichs, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 22, 1880; in Stein-
mann, Elemente de Paliontologie, vol. 1, p. 36,
fig. K, 1888.

De Gregorio, Annales géol. paléont., vol. 8, p. 261,
pl. 46, figs. 16, 17, 1890.

Lepidocyclina mantelli Lemoine and R. Douvillé, Soc.
géol. France Mém., Paléontologie, No. 32, p. 10,
pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 18; pl. 3, figs. 7, 12, 1904.

Orbitoides mantelli mut. umbrellopsis De Gregorio, Annales
géol. paleont., vol. 8, p. 262, pl. 46, figs. 21-26, 1890.

Test thin, flattened, circular, often slightly
undulate; adults from 25 to 35 millimeters in
diameter, in exceptional specimens 41 milli-
meters; central region slightly protuberant on
both sides of the test, the umbo thus formed
being limited to the central portion and only
2 to 3 millimeters in diameter; surface smooth
in well-preserved specimens, or slightly pus-
tulate, owing to the irregular elevation of the
outer walls of adjacent lateral chambers; in
eroded specimens irregularly scrobiculate;
young specimens with the central umbonal
protuberance more marked than in adults.

The horizontal section (Pl. XIII) shows
the irregular hexagonal equatorial chambers,
the annuli very irregular in width; lateral
chambers also generally hexagonal or at least
polygonal, without pillars; embryonic chambers
of the megalospheric form, two subequal, the
dividing wall straight.

Vertical sections (Pl. XII, figs. 4, 5) show
the band of. equatorial chambers increasing
somewhat in height toward the periphery,
where they make up almost the entire thick-
ness of the test; the lateral chambers broad
and low, several times as broad as high, over-
lapping instead of in regular vertical columns,
and thus showing the absence of pillars; embry-
onic chambers of the megalospheric form,

58

showing their subequal form and_ straight
dividing wall.

Morton’s Nummulites mantelli was taken
by Giimbel as the type species of his genus
Lepidocyclina, and it is therefore especially
important to fix this species very definitely.
Fortunately, as already noted, although no
type specimen is available, the published data,
though meager, are nevertheless sufficient.
Morton’s description,! ‘Flattened, thin, be-
coming sharp at the edge, and having a central
pustuloid elevation, diameter from half an
inch to an inch and a half,’ combined with
the figure, is enough to determine this species,
which is ‘innumerable in the whitish loose-
grained limestone near Claiborne, Ala.”’

The diameter given by Morton, half an inch
to an inch and a half, and by Lemoine and
R. Douvillé, 25 to 35 millimeters, gives the
maximum size almost exactly. In fact, where
there is an abundance of the material it is
most striking to see the very slight range of
diameter of well-developed specimens away
from 35 millimeters. As may be supposed,
from what is known of the life history of
recent Foraminifera, the great mass of adult
fossil Foraminifera represent not animals that
have died from usual causes but individuals
that have divided their cell contents in the
reproductive process and left the test empty.
This process, taking place at a certain stage
in the life history of the individual, leaves an
abundance of empty tests of adults and com-
paratively few tests of young individuals in
thesame bottom sample, and therefore accounts
for the great abundance of individual tests
of the maximum adult size.

In 1890 De Gregorio ” gave four “mutations”
of “Orbitoides mantelli.”” His figures 16 and
17 are copied from the originals of Morton,
and of the other illustrations, figures 21 to 26,
which show the ‘‘mutation’’ (text) or ‘ var.”
(explanation of plate), called by De Gregorio
““umbrellopsis,” represent the typical LZ. man-
teli. Figures 21 to 23 are not well character-
ized but are sufficiently so, and figures 24 to
26 are very typical of the early stages of L.
mantelli. The description, ‘“Papyracea, dila-
tata, exilis, in medio utroque latere vix sub-
tuberculata,’”’ certainly adds nothing to dis-

1 Am Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 291, 1833.
2 Annales géol. paléont., vol. 8, pp. 261, 262, pl. 46, figs. 16-32, 1890.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

tinguish this from typical L. mantelli. More-
over, De Gregorio leaves no form for the
typical, dividing all his material into the four
“mutations.”’ Therefore it seems reasonably
certain that var. wmbrellopsis De Gregorio is
but a synonym. Of the other three ‘muta-
tions,” the figures of which are evidently
much enlarged from small specimens, little
need be said here except that they evidently
are neither L. mantelli nor forms of that species.

As is shown by the records, L. mantelli is
characteristic of certain definite horizons near
the base of the Oligocene in Alabama, parts
of Mississippi, and northwestern Florida. From
all the material examined it seems to occur
usually alone, without other species of its
group, a peculiarity that distinguishes it from
certain species of similar size in the upper
Eocene.

It has been suggested that the absence of
pulars in this and other species is evidence of
a primitive character, but this I do not think
necessarily true. L. mantelli occurs geolog-
ically later than other species that show very
strongly developed pillars, and, as noted in
the description of L. georgiana, a condition
lacking pillars may follow an early develop-
ment in which pillars were characteristic.
From this evidence, and the fact that the
umbo in the adult shows a tendency to flatten,
it would seem that L. mantelli may be really
a senescent species rather than a primitive one.

In every lot of material in which the species
occurs in considerable numbers a very few speci-
mens are found which exceed the normal maxi-
mum diameter of 35 millimeters. These range
from 38 to 41 millimeters, and their rarity,
together with their larger size, seems to indicate
that they are the microspheric form of the
species. The embryonic chambers are not
shown clearly, although present in the larger
specimens (PI. XIII; Pl. XIV, fig. 1). Lemoine
and R. Douvillé record the occurrence of both
microspheric and megalospheric forms but
give no data as to their relative size.

In the American literature the name “Orbi-
toides mantelli”” has covered many things, and
it is evident from the material in various collec-
tions that the name has been used very loosely.
The list of stations given here will serve to
check those references in the literature in which
they are mentiored. References to other sta-

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

tions from which I have not seen material
should be checked from collected material if
it is extant.

H. Douvillé* figures sections of L. mantelli
that appear to show very small pillars near
the equatorial chambers, which become obso-
lete very early in their development. Such a
structure would tend to show the senescent
rather than primitive character of this species.

Instead of ZL. manteili initiating the appear-
ance of Lepidocyclina in America in the upper
Eocene, as stated by Douvillé, the species comes
relatively high in the series and is a character-
istic or index fossil of the Marianna limestone,
which in the areas where it is most definitely
developed is the middle formation of the Vicks-
burg group of the lower Oligocene, as shown by
Cooke? in his correlation table.

L. mantelli, like most of the other species of
the genus, was not very long lived, and is con-
fined in great numbers to a narrow horizon.

A few of the following records may need
revision, as the material is poor, but most of
them are well characterized.

In his original description Morton gives the
following sentence: ‘‘Innumerable in the whit-
ish loose-grained limestone near Claiborne,
Ala.” Although Morton’s type specimen does
not seem to be extant, it is very easy to deter-
mine from his very short description and the
rather crude figure coupled with the above
sentence just what L. mantelli is. Various other
species have been referred to it from time to
time, and these references need correction.
Typical LZ. mantelli has been obtained at the
following stations from which I have seen
material:

298. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombig-
bee River, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

301. Marianna limestone (?), Gainestown,
County, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

306. Marianna limestone (?), Feagin, Covington County,
Conecuh River, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

2397. Marianna limestone, near residence of Bush
Slaughter, 7 miles southwest of Claiborne, 2 miles east of
Howards Landing, Monroe County, Ala.; Frank Burns,
collector.

2956. Marianna limestone (?) ‘‘Orbitoides papyraceus,”’
2 miles southwest of Whatley Station, Clarke County, Ala.;
Frank Burns, collector, 1897.

3296. Marianna limestone, north side of Salt Mountain,
5 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala. (below
coral-reef horizon); T. W. Vaughan, collector, 1898.

Clarke

1Compt. Rend., 1918, p. 263.
2 Cooke, C. W., Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 8, p. 187, 1918.

59

5609. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombig-
bee River, Ala.; T. W. Vaughan, collector, 1908.

5619. Oligocene (Vicksburg group), 2 miles west of Nero,
Monroe County, 5 miles north of Mero’s (Blackshire Head-
quarters), south bank of Lovetts Creek, Ala.; G. ©.
Matson, collector, 1910.

6702. Marianna limestone, hillside a quarter of a mile
east of Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Railroad, 24 miles
north of Millry, Washington County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

6710. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombig-
bee River, Ala.; bed 7 of section, soft white ‘‘chimney
tock”’; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6711. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Ala.; bed
4 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6716. Marianna limestone, ravine east of road about
three-quarters of a mile north of Monroeville, Monroe
County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6717. Marianna limestone, 1 mile north of Monroeville,
Monroe County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6721. Marianna limestone, gully south of station at
Drewry, Monroe County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6728. Marianna limestone, road from Perdue Hill to
Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; exposed in gully west of
road, bed 1 of section (bottom 250 feet above Alabama
River); C. W. Cooke, collector.

6729. Marianna limestone, road from Perdue Hill to
Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; bed 3 of section; C. W.
Cooke, collector.

6732. Marianna limestone, Murder Creek at bridge east
of Castieberry, Conecuh County, Ala.; bed 1 of section;
C. W. Cooke, collector.

6733. Marianna limestone, bed 2 of same section as 6732.

6748. Marianna limestone, west bank of Conecuh River
at bend about a quarter of a mile below mouth of Sepulga
River, Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6750. Marianna limestone, Rock House Bluff, right
bank of Conecuh River, near line between secs. 28 and 29,
T. 3 N., R. 14 E., Covington County, Ala.; talus from
upper bed; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7164. Glendon limestone member of Marianna limestone,
Jackson-Rockville road, 200 yards north of Salt Creek,
Clarke County, Ala.; bed 3 of section; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

7208. Marianna limestone, Whitsett’s quarry, about 3
miles south of Cullomburg, Ala.; beds 2-4 of section; C.
W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7238. Marianna limestone, Murder Creek at bridge east
of Castleberry, Ala.; bottom of bed 1 of section; C. W. Cooke
and W. ©. Mansfield, collectors.

The specimens from the following stations
seem to be L. mantelli:

119. Tertiary, Bogue Homo rocks and prairies, Jasper
County, Miss.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

259. Vicksburg group, about middle beds of the bluff
in hard marlstone, Vicksburg, Miss.; Burns, collector.

334. Vicksburg «group, south side of Eucutta Creek,
Wayne County, Miss., on a high hill 5 miles west of Shu-
buta, Clarke County, Miss.

337. Vicksburg group, Heidelberg, Jasper County, Miss.,
sec. 25; L. C. Johnson, collector.

2636. Oligocene, Wayne County, Miss.; Burns, collector.

60

4331.

ledge

Two miles above Byram, on Pearl River, Miss.;
about middle of the formation; A. F. Crider,
collector.

6548. Marianna limestone, rock quarry 4 miles east of
Brandon, Rankin County, Miss., south of Rankin on
Alabama & Vicksburg Railway; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

6644. Marianna limestone, Goodwater Creek, 3 miles
southeast of Vossburg, Miss.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6645. Marianna limestone, roadside on hill in sec. 2,
14 miles south-southeast of Heidelberg, Jasper County,
Miss.; beds 1-5 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6767. Marianna limestone, west side of Marianna, Fla.

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman, n. sp.
Plate XV, figure 1; Plate XVI, figure 2.

Test circular, flat, thin; central portion
elevated slightiy more on one side than on the
other; gradually sloping from the thickened
center to the peripheral portion, which is flat;
umbonal region in the very center strongly
papillate, with a few large papillae about
which may be as many as eight of the lateral
chambers, forming a concentric series of
reticulations; papillae smaller as the distance
from the center of the test increases.

A vertical section near the edge shows the
equatorial chambers about three times as
high as broad; lateral chambers numerous,
very low and broad, in vertical columns.

Type specimen (U. 8. N. M. No. 135220)
from the Guallava sandstone of Costa Rica,
collected by R. T. Hill. Specimens from
U.S. G. S. station 6722 (Ocala limestone, old
quarry three-fourths mile west and three-fourths
mile north from Monroeville, Ala.), collected
by C. W. Cooke, seem to be close to this species.

In its general form L. hilli strongly resembles
L. mantelli (Morton), but the slope from the
central umbo is carried out over a wider area
and the large papillae of the center with the
smaller ones over a large part of the surface
will at once distinguish it from that species.
The umbonal region with the depressed con-
centric series of reticulations about the large
papillae suggests L. morgani, which is in other
respects very different.

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman.

Plate XV, figures 2-5.
Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. la, 2, 8, 9; pl. 15,
fig. 5, 1919.
Test large, slightly papillate, lenticular; the
umbhonate region scarcely if at all raised; whole

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

test undulate or saddle-shaped, often bent
nearly double.

Vertical sections (Pl. XV, fig. 4) of this
species show pillars very constant but of small
diameter scattered throughout the central
half of the test and a few toward the peripheral
portion; equatorial chambers fairly high and
with a series of 6 to 8 rather large perforations
in the peripheral wall; lateral chambers thick-
walled and rather large, comparatively few,
usually not more than six in a vertical column.

Equatorial chambers (Pl. XV, figs. 2, 3)
hexagonal in horizontal section.

Diameter in the largest specimens apparently
exceeding 100 millimeters when complete.

The type locality for this species is U. S.
G. S. station 6863, High Point, Antigua,
Leeward Islands; collected by T. W. Vaughan.
Specimens were abundant at this station.
Other material from Antigua apparently re-
ferable to this species was obtained at stations
6858, Wetherell Point; 6874, Blizzards Mill;
(?) 6880, west side of Otto’s estate, west
side of Golden Grove road; 6881, bluff on
north side of Willoughby Bay; and 6942,
boulders on south side of Monks Hill, Falmouth.

This seems to be the largest known species
of Lepidocyclina, being larger than L. elephan-
tina. The material here figured from station
6881 (Pl. XV, fig. 5) is for the most part com-
posed of smaller specimens which may possibly
belong to another species but which have the
saddle-shaped form of the larger specimens.
The specimens make up a large proportion of
the mass of the rock.

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp.

Plate XVI, figure 1; Plate XVII, figures 1-3; Plate
XVIII, figures 1, 2.

Test large, flattened, or slightly undulate
or sellaeform; largest specimens measuring
70 millimeters in diameter, more general run
of specimens 25 to 50 millimeters; central
region in young and medium-sized specimens
prominently umbonate, in the largest ones
much less so; surface in the earlier stages scro-
biculate toward the margins, becoming rather
strongly papillate toward the center and espe-
cially on the umbonal region; umbo small,
usually less than 5 millimeters in diameter.

The horizontal section (Pl. XVIII, fig. 1)
shows the chambers of the equatorial band

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

either hexagonal or with the peripheral angle
changed to an even convex curve; walls of me-
dium thickness; annuli irregular.

Tn vertical section (Pl. XVI, fig. 1) the equa-
torial chambers increase in height toward the
periphery, where they are at least four times
as high as their diameter; lateral chambers
compressed, broad and low in the central
region with as many as 20 chambers in each
column but soon diminishing in number
toward the periphery of the test, the outer
third of the region with but one to three
chambers superimposed, the thin test being
-made up largely of the high equatorial cham-
bers; pillars mostly in the umbonal region,
thence gradually decreasing in number toward
the periphery of the test; in section, narrow
wedge-shaped, the distal end broadest and
somewhat convex, gradually tapering toward
the proximal end, usually showing longitudi-

nal laminations in section, in some specimens”

with the greatest width in the central region
and thinning again toward the periphery.

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station
7097, Ocala limestone, on the east bank of
Flint River above the old factory at bend
three-quarters of a mile northeast of the Atlan-
tic Coast Line Railway station at Bainbridge,
Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, col-
lectors. It has also been collected in the
Ocala limestone at the following stations:

3387. Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bain-
bridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

7099. East bank of Flint River about half a mile above
Red Bluff, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12
miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Alla.,
half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Camp-
bellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, col-
lector.

At all four of these stations L. georgiana
is accompanied by Orthophragmina georgiana
Cushman. At station 8259 a single specimen

was noted, not well characterized but referred

here provisionally.

Specimens of L. georgiana occur at the
following stations:

3382. Hales Landing on Flint River, 7 miles below
Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

3383. Blue Springs, Ga.; exterior molds of specimens
apparently L. georgiana; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

3390. Below Plant System wharf, Bainbridge, Ga.,

T. W. Vaughan, collector.

61

3397. Back of old factory about 14 miles above Bain-
bridge, Ga. (same locality as station 7097); T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

4974. West side of St. Andrews Bay Road, southwest of
Chipley, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector.

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River 7 miles
southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.;T. W. Vaughan, ©. W. Cooke,
and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals,
Mitchell County, Ga., 84 or 9 miles below Newton,
from lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, col-
lector.

7130. East bank of Flint River 6 miles above Bain-
bridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, collectors.

7149. East bank of Flint River below wagon bridge at
Bainbridge, Ga.; W. C. Mansfield, collector.

8331. Old gristmill on Aycock Creek, 100 yards above
crossing of Twilight Road, 3 miles southwest of Boykin
station, Miller County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

In the region about Marianna, Fla., L.
georgiana occurs at the following stations:

7194. Ocala limestone, soft cream-colored limestone,
bed 4 of section, at mouth of cavern 200 yards southwest
of wagon bridge over Chipola River east of Marianna, Fla. ;
C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. In this part
of the section it occurs with other typical Ocala species
of Lepidocyclina.

7195. Bed 5 of same section, white limestone, apparently
has this species.

7199. Same locality, contact of beds 4 and 5; W. C.
Mansfield, collector.

Specimens from station 7242, bottom of
bed 5 of section on west bank of Chipola River
at wagon bridge half a mile east of Marianna,
Fla., collected by W. C. Mansfield, are appar-
ently L. georgiana but are not sufficiently
well characterized to make the determination
absolute. An interesting assemblage, among
which are specimens that may be referred to
L. georgiana, was found at station 7672, on
Chipola River at Louisville & Nashville Rail-
road, three quarters of a mile east of Mari-

| anna, Fla., by C. W. Cooke.

This is the large species referred to in the
literature on Georgia, especially as Orbitoides
papyracea, mainly on earlier identifications of
R. M. Bagg, jr. The O. papyracea of later
authors following Giimbel and Boubée is really
an Orthophragmina, for which the name OQ.
pratu Michelin must be used according to
Schlumberger. Our material is Lepidocyclina,
and the name O. papyracea as used in the litera-
ture in references to the following places should
be L. georgiana Cushman: Albany, Ga., west
end of wagon bridge'; limestone at Red Bluff,

1 Vaughan, T. W., in Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Georgia
Geol. Survey Bull. 26, p. 317, 1911.

62

7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.'; bluff on east
side of Flint River back of old factory about
2 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.’?, Hales Landing,
on Flint River 7 miles below Bainbridge, Ga.’
I have seen and checked material from all
these localities.

The species is a very large one in at least
some of its individuals, but the range in size is
very considerable, and it may be very likely
that the largest specimens are the microspheric
form of the species and the smaller ones the
megalospheric. The material is not sufficiently
well preserved to permit a study of the embry-
onic chambers in detail.

There is evidently a progressive develop-
ment in form of the test and character of the
ornamentation of the surface. In the smaller,
younger specimens the umbonal portion is
strongly raised and the whole test is promi-
nently papillate, although the umbonal portion
shows the papillae most prominently. In older
specimens the papillae are largely limited to
the central region and the umbonal region of
the testis not nearly so much raised in compari-
son as in the young. This character is similar
to that seen in the young of ZL. mantelli and
already noted.

At the following Georgia stations T. W.
Vaughan collected molds of the exterior,
probably of L. georgiana: 3618, west end of
wagon bridge, Albany; 3624, 1 mile east of
Americus; 3625, 2 miles east of Americus. A
single specimen showing equatorial chambers
of a Lepidocyclina, which may be L. georgiana,
was obtained at Saffold, Early County, Ga.
The rock is very hard and filled with pits,
indicating possibly in part a small nummulite.
This material is similar to that obtained at
station 7094, on the west bank of Flint River
at the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge at
Bainbridge, which also has the same character.

A specimen from station 4959, Rich Hill,
Crawford County, Ga., collected by L. W.
Stephenson, may be the young of this species.

L. georgiana is characteristic of the Ocala
limestone occurring at many stations with
several species of Orthophragmina.

The following additional stations in Georgia
have furnished material which, though not
inwardly well preserved, probably should be
referred to L. georgiana:

1 Vaughan, T. W., in Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Georgia
Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 320, 329, 1911.
2Tdem, p. 332.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

3293. Left bank of Flint River at Bainbridge, Decatur
County; A. II. Brooks, collector.

3380. Base of bluff at Little Horseshoe Bend, just below
the mouth of Blue or Russell Spring, Flint River, Decatur
County; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

3768. Twelve miles north of Bainbridge and 3 miles west
of Flint River; S. W. McCallie, collector.
6110. Steamboat landing, Bainbridge.
6159. Red Bluff, Flint River; L.

collector.

6160. Flint River, north of Blue Spring, 4 miles below
Bainbridge, Decatur County; L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6161. Flint River at Bainbridge; L. W. Stephenson,
collector,

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River, 7 miles
southwest of Bainbridge; T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke,
and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7098. Red Bluff, Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge;
C. W. Cooke, collector.

7106. Flint River at mouth of Spring Creek, Sumter
County, 2 miles above Seaboard Air Line Railway bridge;
C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, collectors.

7127. East bank of Flint River in Mitchell County, a
quarter of amile below Normans Ferry, in loose blocks ex-
cavated from channel; C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly,
collectors,

7129. East bank of Flint River 1 mile below Windell’s
Landing, about 6 miles above Red Bluff; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

W. Stephenson,

The species is also present in Alabama at
station 6747, in the Ocala limestone at Steam-
boat Point, on the west side of Sepulga River
at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3
N., R. 13 E., Escambia County; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

In its gross appearance L. georgiana is sug-
gestive of L. gigas Cushman, from Antigua, but
the papillate character is much more clearly
shown in L. georgiana and is correlated in the
vertical section with the numerous pillars.

The largest specimens of L. georgiana seem
to show definite senescent characters in the loss
of the papillate character of the surface, which
becomes much smoother in the adult, and in
the relatively less prominent umbo in the larger
specimens. The senescent feature is especially
shown. in the pillars, which in the younger speci-
mens are conical, the outer end being the widest,
whereas in the largest specimens they become
smaller in the outer portion and as a result in
section are somewhat fusiform.

Some of the external molds of the specimens,
especially those obtained 3 miles southwest of
Boykin station, Miller County, Ga., by C. W.
Cooke, show even more clearly than the speci-
mens themselves the relative abundance and
distribution of the external papillae formed by
the distal ends of the pillars.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA,

This is by far the largest species of the Coastal
Plain and is surpassed in size only by L. ele-
phantina Munier-Chalmas, of Europe, and L.
undulata Cushman, of Antigua.

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman.
Plate XIX, figures 1-4.

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Pub. 291, p. 64, pl. 1, figs. 3-5; pl. 5, fig. 4, 1919.

Test large, flattened, somewhat lenticular,
circular in outline; central portion slightly um-
bonate; thence gradually thinning toward the
periphery, which is bluntly angular; surface
generally flat and smooth, occasionally slightly
undulating.

The vertical section shows the equatorial
chambers increasing somewhat in height from
the central area toward the periphery, the per-
ipheral end of each chamber slightly convex
toward the exterior; lateral chambers broad
and low, in vertical columns, usually from 7 to
10 in each column in the central portion of the
test outside the umbo, thence gradually de-
creasing in number toward the periphery.
Pillars are developed at irregular intervals but
are few in number and of very small diameter.

Horizontal sections (Pl. XIX, fig. 4) show
the hexagonal equatorial chambers, the annu-
lar rows of which are very uneven in size, and
the subequal embryonic chambers.

Diameter of largest specimens 80 millimeters
or more.

The type locality for this species is U.S. G.S.
station 6862, Antigua, Leeward Islands, lower
bed at Hodges Bluff; T. W. Vaughan, col-
lector. Specimens from this locality are
numerous and very fine. Material that is
poorer but apparently specifically the same
occurs at stations 6854, Rifle Butts, and
6857, on the southwest side of Wetherell
Mill, both in Antigua.

This species is very near to L. elephantina
Munier-Chalmas, but the two early chambers
do not seem to be at all alike, those of L. ele-
phantina being very dissimilar in size and
shape, whereas those of L. gigas so far as made
out seem to be much more nearly equal, as is
usual in American species of Lepidocyclina.
Plate XIX, figure 4, shows the two early cham-
bers of this species.

This is a very fine and large species and
seems to be abundant at the type station.

63

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman var. mexicana Cushman,
n. var.

Plate XIX, figure 5; Plate XX, figures 1, 2; Plate X XT,
figures 1-3.

Test differing from the typical L. gigas in the
somewhat smaller size and the comparatively
greater thickness at the umbo; the surface is
apparently more reticulate, but this may be
due to the different conditions of preservation
in the two areas.

Diameter of the test as much as50 millimeters
or more; thickness in the umbonal region, 7
millimeters.

The vertical section (Pl. XIX, fig. 5) is
very similar to that of L. gigas, but has a
rather less number of lateral chambers, and the
whole test except the umbonal region is some-
what thinner.

Type specimen and others from Mexico col-
lected by E. T. Dumble. The type, from the
Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico, is
referred to by Dumble * under the name “ Orbi-
toides papyracea.”’ Large specimens that seem
very similar occur in the material collected by
Dumble from the San Rafael formation at
Cerro Cortado, Topila Hills, 15 miles south-
west of Tampico. Some of the Topila Hills
material contains other species, but they are
not sufficiently well preserved for positive de-
termination at present.

Lepidocyclina fragilis Cushman, n. sp.
Plate XXII, figures 1, 2.

Test of medium size, 10 to 12 millimeters in
diameter, very thin, flattened or very slightly
sellaeform; central portion very slightly thick-
ened but usually forming no definite umbo
distinguishable from the remainder of the
test; surface very smooth except where eroded
and at the periphery, where the walls of the
equatorial chambers form a slight reticulation
of the surface; whole test thin and fragile;
thickness usually about 1 millimeter or less.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers to be hexagonal and with fairly thick
walls. Embryonic chambers not seen.

The vertical section shows the equatorial
band of chambers unusually low throughout,
increasing very little from center to periphery;
the chambers toward the center thin-walled

1Dumble, E. T., California Acad. Sci. Proc., 4th ser., vol. 8, p.
147, 1918.

64

and broader than high; those toward the pe-
riphery are thick-walled, slightly higher than
wide, and the vertical walls shghtly convex
and thickened; lateral chambers very low and
broad, in central region with not more than six
chambers in a vertical column, generally lessen-
ing in number toward the periphery, where
there may be but one or even none. No
pillars apparent.

Type specimens from U. S. G. S station
7194, Ocala limestone, at mouth of cavern
about 200 yards southwest of wagon bridge
over Chipola River, east of Marianna, Fla.;
bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mans-
field, collectors. Specimens also occur at the
following stations:

3760. Tivola tongue of Ocala limestone on Georgia
Southern & Florida Railroad half a mile south of Tivola,
Ga.;S. W. McCallie, collector.

6747. Ocala limestone at Steamboat Point on west side
of Sepulga River at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T.
3 N., R. 13 E., Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of
Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla., northeast of
Mayo; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above
Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

This is a very thin species and consequently
fragile. The outer equatorial chambers, which
are unprotected by the lateral chambers, have
thickened walls that give greater strength to
this thin peripheral portion.

The species seems to be characteristic
Ocala limestone.

of

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douvillé.
Plate XXII, figures 3, 4.

Lepidocyclina chapert Lemoine and R. Douvillé, Soc. géol.
France, Paléontologie, Mém. 32, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1904.
Cushman, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 92, pl. 35,
figs. 1-3; pl. 36, 1918.

Test of medium size, diameter from 8 to 20
millimeters, circular in outline, somewhat
saddle-shaped; central portion slightly thick-
ened, thence gradually and evenly thinning
toward the periphery; surface where well pre-
served slightly papillate, usually roughened by
erosion, toward the periphery often somewhat
reticulately depressed above the equatorial
chambers.

Vertical section usually curved; lateral cham-
bers numerous, breadth much greater than
height, columns separated by distinct pillars,

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

comparatively few except in the central region,
where there are a few larger than the others;
embryonic chambers of the double type, the
two chambers nearly equal in size and sepa-
rated by a straight common wall.

The horizontal section shows similar condi-
tions of the embryonic chambers and distinctly
hexagonal equatorial chambers.

Lemoine and R. Douvillé described this spe-
cies from Panama (Haut-Chagres, San Juan).
The specimens figured came from U. S. G, S.
station 6025, from marl at the south end of
Bohio Ridge switch, on the relocated line of
the Panama Railroad, collected by T. W.
Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald, and from sta-
tion 6019-f, on the west side of the Gaillard Cut
near Las Cascadas. These specimens seem to
represent the microspheric form of this species.

A specimen from station 6526, Chiriqui,
Canal Zone, shows a section which from its
general proportions seems to suggest strongly
L. chapert.

H. Douvillé' records this species from Salt
Mountain, Ala., but the material from the high-
er levels at this locality seems to be referable to
L. suwpera (Conrad).

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman.
Plate XXII, figure 5.

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
103, p. 93, pl. 37, figs. 1-5; pl. 36, 1918.

Test of medium size, 10 millimeters or more
in diameter, flat; surface somewhat umbonate
in the central portion, gradually sloping to
the peripheral portion, the outer half of which
is nearly flat. Wall smooth except for fine
papillae. The peripheral portion of the test
when well preserved is typically much thick-
ened, the edge thick and squarely truncated.

The horizontal section shows the peculiar-
ity of the chambers, many of which, especially
those of the outer peripheral portion, are
thomboid; those of the inner portion are more
typical and hexagonal. These are shown
especially well on the sections of the larger
specimens, those of the smaller specimens
showing only the regular hexagonal character
of the earlier chambers.

No very good vertical sections were obtained
in the thin sections, but several accidental
sections show the characters well. The embry-

1Compt. Rend., 1918, pp. 264, 265.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

onic chambers are rather large, of the usual
American type, of two nearly equal chambers,
lateral chambers in vertical columns with a
very few rather well developed pillars.

Type specimen from station 6021, from the
Emperador limestone in cuttings of the Panama
Railroad near Caimito Junction, Panama,
U. S. N. M. catalogue No. 324739, collected
by T. W. Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald.
Specimens were abundant in this light-gray
to cream-colored sandy limestone. Specimens
were also abundant in the collection from
station 6673, at the same locality, obtained
later by MacDonald. Specimens that are
apparently the same species are abundant
in a fossiliferous limy sandstone collected by
MacDonald at station 6255, half a mile south

of Miraflores station on the wagon road to.

Panama.

One of the most characteristic features of
this species is the much thickened peripheral
border, the increase toward the extreme edge
being very rapid, leaving the periphery itself
sharply truncate. This gives the appearance
in hand specimens of a sharply defined outline
and in sections of the limestone is still more
striking when vertical sections are seen.

Specimens from Georgia (U.S. G.S. station
7095, east bank of Flint River at old factory
2 miles above Bainbridge, occurring in chert
and embedded in clays referred to the Chatta-
hoochee formation; W. C. Mansfield, collector)
have very much the characters of L. vaugham,
especially in the chambers of the horizontal
section. None of the specimens show the
periphery well, so that its characteristic form is
not available for comparison.

Lepidocyclina chattahcocheénsis Cushman, n. sp.
Plate XXIII, figures 1-4; Plate XXIV, figures 1, 2.

Test of medium size, flattened or somewhat
undulate; largest specimens measuring 25
millimeters in diameter, most specimens less,
16 to 22 millimeters; central region much thick-
ened, prominently umbonate, making up about
one-third of the test, nearly 5 millimeters
through in the center of the thickened region
in large specimens; the thin flattened periph-
eral border usually smooth or very finely pap-
illate; the umbonate central region pitted with
numerous small depressions.

131049°—20——_6

65

The horizontal section shows the chambers
of the equatorial band either hexagonal or
with the peripheral angle an even convex
curve; walls rather thin; annuli somewhat
irregular in thickness.

In vertical section (Pl. XXIII, fig. 4) the
equatorial chambers increase in height toward
the periphery, where they are at least three
times as high as their diameter ; lateral chambers
compressed, broad and low, somewhat convex
in the central region, where there are as many
as 40 chambers in the central columns, dimin-
ishing in number toward the periphery, where
in the flattened flangelike portion there are
from 3 to 5 chambers superimposed, not
together equaling the height of the equatorial
chambers at the periphery. Pillars in the
umbonal region strongly developed, wedge-
shaped in section, the distal ends broadest
and projecting beyond the lateral columns of”
chambers, giving the characteristic pitting of
the surface.

Type specimen a vertical section from U. S.
G. S. collection 3392, from the Chattahoochee
formation at Glenns Well, 5 miles southeast of
Bainbridge, Ga., collected by T. W. Vaughan.
Specimens apparently identical with this species
were obtained in material from the following
localities :

3388. Upper fossiliferous horizon, Red Bluff on Flint
River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

3397. Old factory about 14 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.;
T. W. Vaughan, collector.

3647. Five miles south of Jackson, Ala.;T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

7074. Coralliferous flint, Hales Landing, west bank of
Flint River, 7 miles southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.;T. W.
Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, and W. ©. Mansfield, collectors.

? 7075. East bank of Flint River just above Lamberts
Island, about 104 miles below Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W.
Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7133. Silicified fragments, lower end of Fort Scott bluff,
west bank of Flint River, about 12 miles above River
Junction, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

In some of its characters this species resem-
bles LZ. favosa Cushman, from Antigua, but it is
less undulate and its umbonal region is not so
prominent nor so distinctly reticulate as in
L. favosa. L. favosa does not attain so large
a size as L. chattahoocheénsis. The number of
lateral chambers in the central columns in the
species here described is unusually large.

66
Lepidocyclina favosa Cushman.
Plate XV, figure 5 (B).
Lepidocyclina favosa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Pub. 291, p. 66, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2b; pl. 15, fig. 4, 1919.

Test of medium size, compressed, strongly
undulate or saddle-shaped; the central portion
umbonate, much curved, thick; the remainder
of the test thin and flangelike; central umbonate
mass with an ornamentation of polygonal areas
caused by rounded raised ribs; remainder of
the test fairly smooth, but in most specimens
irregularly eroded.

The vertical section shows numerous distinct
pulars in the umbonate region, broad at the
exterior and narrowing to a point near the equa-
torial chambers; flattened peripheral portion
with few indistinct pillars.

Diameter, 15 to 18 millimeters for typical
specimens.

The type locality for this species is U. S.
G. S. station 6881, Antigua, Leeward Islands,
bluffs on north side of Willoughby Bay.

This is a very strikingly ornamented species
and hardly likely to be mistaken for any other,
especially with its very strong saddle shape in
addition. It was not seen in any other mate-
rial from the Antigua formation but is very
abundant at this station, as the photograph
(Pl. XV, fig. 5) will show.

Lepidocyclina pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp.
Plate XXIV, figures 3, 4.

Test of medium size, 18 millimeters in diame-
ter in the largest specimen, generally without
sellaeform curves; central portion thickened
but only slightly convex; the thickened portion
occupying about two-thirds of the surface of
the test; peripheral portion flattened and thin,
the change from the thickened center abruptly
marked; surface smooth except for scrobicu-
lations due to the erosion of the surface.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
band of chambers hexagonal.

The vertical section shows the equatorial
band of chambers increasing gradually in size
toward the periphery, where the height is
three to four times the width; walls thick, very
shightly convex; lateral chambers numerous in
the central portion, rapidly diminishing in
numbers at the point where the abrupt change
occurs from the central thickening to the thin
periphery; outer surface curved; inner surface
flattened, not greatly compressed; lateral

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

chambers over the peripheral carina usually
wanting; the entire border almost completely
formed by the equatorial band.

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. collection
6810, Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.’s
phosphate plant No. 10, 1 mile northwest of
Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. It was
also found at the following stations in Florida:

5031. Ocala, Marion County; G. C. Matson, collector.

6790. 300 feet south of the Alachua Manufacturing Co.’s
plant at south edge of Alachua, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W.
Cooke, collectors.

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.’s phosphate plant No. 6,
14 miles south of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 14 miles
northwest of Newberry, Alachua County; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

7194. Ocala limestone, mouth of cavern about 200 yards
southwest of wagon bridge over Chipola River east. of
Marianna; bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mans-
field, collectors.

7341. Left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwan-
nee County; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile
below Fort McComb; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7367. Willow Sink, 14 to 2 miles west of Chiefland,
Levy County; C. W. Cooke, collector.

In Georgia specimens from two localities
appear to be identical with this:

6160. Flint River north of Blue Spring, 4 miles below
Bainbridge; L. W. Stephenson, collector.

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at
bend three-quarters of a mile northeast of Atlantic Coast
Line Railroad station at Bainbridge; C. W. Cooke and
W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

This species may be distinguished from
most of the other species of the Ocala lime-
stone by its carinate appearance and from the
only other species of the same formation that
has this same character, L. cookei, by its
smooth or irregularly scrobiculate surface
when eroded, as contrasted with the very
papillate surface of L. cookei. It will probably
be found to have a wider geographic range
than is here indicated, but it is not a common
species in comparison with L. ocalana or L.
floridana, with which it is associated.

Lepidocyclina cookei Cushman, n. sp.

Plate XXIV, figures 5, 6.

Test rather small, 10 millimeters in diameter
in the largest specimen, thick, very convex in
the central portion, at the periphery extending
out into a thin border, the transition rather
sharply marked; surface very strongly papil-

AMERICAN

late over the whole central portion; the thin
periphery smooth except for erosion and the
reticulate markings formed by the walls of the
equatorial chambers.

Sections were not made, as the species
seems to be very rare, but accidental breaks
show that the equatorial chambers are hex-
agonal and of uniform size, the height in-
creasing as usual toward the periphery but
not excessively so; lateral chambers wanting
over the thin periphery; numerous pillars are
indicated by the closely set papillae of the
surface of the thickened central portion.

Type specimen from U. 8S. G. S. station
6812, Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.’s
phosphate plant No. 6, 1} miles south of
Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. The
only other specimen known is from station
4965, half a mile southwest of Fort White,
Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector.

From the available material the species
seems to be rare in the Ocala limestone, but
probably it has a wider range than is indicated
by these records.

Lepidocyclina attenuata Cushman, n. sp.

Plate XXIV, figures 7, 8.

Test of medium size, in all specimens ex-
amined close to 12 millimeters in diameter,
plane or slightly sellaeform; central portion
strongly umbonate, the thickened portion
occupying about one-fourth the diameter;
remainder of the test thin; central portion
finely papillate; peripheral portion smooth or
scrobiculate where eroded. Chambers of the
equatorial zone hexagonal.

The vertical section shows the equatorial
chambers low in the central portion and in-
creasing rapidly in height toward the pe-
riphery until at the edge they are three to four
times as high as broad, outer wall convex;
lateral chambers very numerous in the thick-
ened umbonal region, where there are 20 to
25 chambers in a vertical column, rapidly de-
creasing in numbers as the edge of the umbo is
reached, thence gradually reduced toward the
periphery, chambers low and broad, several
times as wide as high; walls comparatively
thin; pillars numerous, slender, increasing
gradually in diameter toward the surface.

Thickness of umbonal region 3 millimeters
in a test 12 to 13 millimeters in diameter.

SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

‘the outer border convexly curved,

67

Type specimen from U.S. G. S. station 6814,
quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 14 miles
northwest of Newberry, Alachua County,
Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

Other Florida specimens were obtained at
the following stations:

4974. Six miles southwest of Chipley, on west side of
St. Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector.

5031. Ocala, Marion County; G. C. Matson, collector.

6824. East bank of Suwannee River at Seaboard Air
Line Railway bridge opposite Ellaville, Fla., bed 1 of
section; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of
wagon bridge over Chipola River east of Marianna; bed 4
of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7199. Contact of beds 4-and 5 of same section: W. ©.
Mansfield, collector.

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above
Troy Springs; C. W. Cooke, collector.

U.S. N. M. No. 112507, Richards quarry, Ocala.

It is apparently present in Georgia at station
3380, base of bluff at Little Horseshoe Bend,
just below mouth of Blue or Russell Spring,
Flint River, 4 miles below Bainbridge, Decatur
County; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

It. may be distinguished from the other
species of the Ocala limestone by the promi-
nent umbonate portion, occupying but a
quarter of the diameter of the test, and the
large proportion of flattened periphery.

Lepidocyclina floridana Cushman, n. sp.
Plate X XV, figures 1, 2.

Test small, thin, very sellaeform; usual size
of specimens from 4 to 8 millimeters in diam-
eter; sellaeform condition very regular, the
bending of the test being somewhat greater in
measurement than half the diameter of the
test. In a specimen measuring 7 millimeters
in diameter the entire deviation from the plane
through the center is as much as 4 millimeters;
surface appearing smooth to the unaided eye
but with slight magnification shown to be
finely papillate from the projection of the ends
of the vertical pillars, especially in the central
part of the test but more or less so over the
whole test.

The horizontal section shows the chambers
of the equatorial band with the characteristic
hexagonal shape, those near the periphery with
annuli
irregular.

The vertical section shows the chambers of
the equatorial band in the central part square
in section, the height about equaling the width

68

but gradually increasing toward the peripheral
portion of the test, where the chambers become
about three times as high as their width, and
the walls, instead of being straight, are con-
vexly curved toward the periphery of the test;
lateral chambers much compressed, broad and
low, eight or nine in a vertical column in the
central region, diminishing very evenly in
number toward the periphery, where there is
but a single chamber on each side of the test.
Pillars numerous, rather evenly distributed,
very slightly increasing in diameter toward
the surface, only slightly laminated, coming
slightly above the surface at the distal ends,
causing the papillate surface.

Type specimen from U.S. G. 8. station 6805,
Ocala limestone, at plant of Oakhurst Lime Co.
(plant No. 2, Florida Lime Co.), south of
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 2 miles south-
east of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.
Material containing this species has been col-
lected at the following stations in Florida:

329. Deep wells at Padlock, Suwannee County; L. C.
Johnson, collector.

362. Fort White, Suwannee County; L. C. Johnson, col-
lector.

3629. Alachua; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

4965. Halfa mile southwest of Fort White; G. C. Matson,
collector.

4974. Six milessouthwest of Chipley, on west side of St.
Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector.

6717. Fort White.

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road,
1 mile west of North Alachua station, Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad, Alachua County; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

6790. Three hundred feet south of Alachua Manufac-
turing Co.’s plant at south edge of Alachua; H. Gunter
and ©. W. Cooke, collectors.

6804. Quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest edge
of Ocala; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6807. Plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 64 miles north of
Ocala, at Zuber, Marion County; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin
station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of
Ocala; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

6810. Cummer phosphate plant No. 10, 1 mile northwest
of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.’s phosphate plant No. 6, 14
miles south of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector.
6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co.,

northeast of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6858. Near Alachua.

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals,
Mitchell County, 84 or 9 miles below Newton, from
lumps blasted irom the channel; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of
wagon bridge over Chipola River, east of Marianna; bed
4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors,

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee
County; C. W. Cooke, collector.

14 miles

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above
Troy Springs; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile
below Fort McComb; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7354. Manatee Spring, Levy County, C.
collector.

7367. Willow Sink, 14 to 2 miles west of Chiefland,
Levy County; C. W. Cooke, collector.

U.S.N. M. No. 112507. Richards quarry, Ocala; Joseph
Willcox, collector.

In Alabama the species has been found at
station 6747, Steamboat Point, on west side
of Sepulga River, at sharp bend near middle
of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 13 E., Escambia County;
C. W. Cooke, collector.

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman.
Plate X XVI, figure 1.

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 63, pl. 11, fig. 8, 1919.

W. Cooke,

Test very much curved in two directions,
so that the two planes of each set are nearly
parallel to one another and nearly at right
angles to those of the other set, strongly
‘“‘saddle-shaped”’; surface smooth when well
preserved but usually somewhat cancellate,
owing to erosion.

A vertical section is difficult to obtain on ac-
count of the very much doubly curved shape of
the test but shows no pillars, the lateral cham-
bers about three times as long as high, central
chamber large, equatorial chambers increasing
gradually in size toward the periphery, height
and breadth of equatorial chambers about
equal.

Owing to the shape of the test the horizontal
section is only fragmentary, but it shows
chambers roughly triangular with the outer
surface convexly curved.

Diameter, 8 to 12 millimeters.

Type specimen, section (U. S. N. M. No.
328194) from station 3478, Nuevitas, Cuba;
A. C. Spencer, collector.

This is a very sellaeform species about one-
half the size of L. wndosa Cushman, from An-

tigua.
Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman.

Plate XXV, figure 3.
Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Pub. 291, p. 65, pl. 2, fig. 1a, 1919.

Test of medium size, much compressed,
strongly undulate or saddle-shaped, not at all
umbonate, thin throughout; surface slightly
granulate, otherwise smooth, where worn
usually netted by the walls of the chambers.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

Vertical sections show apparently an entire
absence of pillars throughout; equatorial cham-
bers nearly square in section, walls straight;
lateral chambers very numerous, lowand broad,
very thin-walled, 12 to 15 in a vertical column
in the thicker portions of the test.

Horizontal sections show typical hexagonal
equatorial chambers.

Diameter as much as 25 millimeters or more.

Type material (U. S. N. M. No. 328198)
from Antigua, Leeward Islands, U. S. G. S.
station 6869, Long Island, T. W. Vaughan,
collector. The species is very abundant in
this material, making up a large proportion
of the rock mass. Specimens are associated
with Heterostegina.

This may be distinguished from other species
of Lepidocyclina by its saddle-shaped test,
the flat, nonumbonate center, the finely
netted surface in worn specimens, and the
absence of pillars in the vertical section, with
the thin-walled chambers.

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douvillé.

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douvillé,
Soc. géol. France, Paléontologie, vol. 12, Mém. 32,
p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 10; pl. 2, fig. 6, 1904.
Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p.
57, 1919

Test large, compressed, lenticular, thickest
in the central region, from which it gradually
thins out toward the periphery, somewhat
flexuous and slightly saddle-shaped; surface
fairly smooth or somewhat finely granular, the
eranules representing the ends of the small
pillars; surface often uneven, owing to the
raised peripheral walls of the lateral chambers.

The vertical section shows the general shape,
thin, gently curving from the center to the
periphery, slightly curved; the pillars numerous
and comparatively small, a very few larger
pillars in the central region; vertical columns
of lateral chambers with numerous low, flat-
tened chambers making up each column.

The horizontal section shows hexagonal
chambers, but more numerous equatorial ones
with the outer wall convexly curved, walls
rather thick.

Diameter, 25 to 35 millimeters.

Lemoine and R. Douvillé regard this as a
mutation of L. dilatata. They record this spe-
cies especially from Spain at four localities.
In Cuba it has been found at stations 7512,
Ocujal; 7518, south side of Los Melones Moun-

69

tain near west end; 7522, Mogote Peak; 7543,
limestone outcrop, east side of Yateras River;
7664, north slope of La Piedra, northeast of
Jamaica, northeast of Guantanamo, collected

by N. H. Darton.

Lepidocyclina pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp.
Plate XXXVI, figures 2-4.

Test of medium size, 12 to 15 millimeters in
diameter, slightly sellaeform; central portion
thickened and occupying nearly half the dia-
meter of the entire test, entire thickness about
one-fourth the whole diameter of the test;
peripheral portion thin; central thickened por-
tion strongly papillate from the projecting
ends of the pillars, which gradually decrease
in number as the thinner peripheral portion is
approached; line. of demarcation not abrupt;
papillae of the central portion very numerous
and rather evenly distributed.

Equatorial chambers hexagonal, showing at
the surface only on the extreme periphery;
the remainder of the thin portion toward the
center covered with one or more layers of
lateral chambers.

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station
3683, Archer, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector.
A very small specimen (U.S. N. M. No. 136425)
may be the young of this species. It is from
Johnson’s sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C.
Johnson, collector. Other specimens were
obtained at the following stations:

7194. Ocala limestone, Marianna, Fla.; bed 4 of section,
at mouth of cavern; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield,
collectors.

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee
County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

This species resembles L. marginata, but the
central region is much more finely papillate,
the number of papillae being double that in
L. marginata. It seems to be a rare species
in the Ocala limestone.

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douvillé.
Plate X XVI, figures 5-7.

Orbitolites supera Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
Proc., No. 2, p. 74, 1865.

Orbitoides supera Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser.,
p. 31, 1867:

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douvillé, Compt. Rend.,
1918, pp. 263, 264, figs. 6-8, 11.

vol. 43,

Test flattened or slightly sellaeform, typically
circular in outline but occasionally irregular,

70

with lobes at one side or elongated oval; thick-
est in the central region but not distinctly um-
bonate, gradually decreasing in thickness to the
periphery; surface apparently smooth but with
slight enlargement becoming papillate, the
papillae, which are the ends of the pillars
rounded and projecting above the general sur-
face slightly, or where the test is eroded be-
coming more prominent. Diameter as much
as 18 millimeters in adult specimens; thickness
about 2 millimeters.

The horizontal section shows the chambers
of the equatorial band to be irregularly hexag-
onal, the chambers with thick walls, the annuli
irregular, occasionally much crowded, the
chambers then compressed and elongate oval;
embryonic chambers not seen.

The vertical section shows the equatorial
band to be unusually thin, increasing some-
what in thickness toward the periphery, where
the height of the chambers is 2 to 24 times the
radial width; lateral chambers numerous, 10 to
12 in a column in the thickest portion of the
test, thence decreasing gradually in number
toward the periphery; chambers very much
compressed, 6 to 8 times as wide as high, ellip-
tical, the walls thick, usually much thicker
than the chamber itself; pillars very numerous,
increasing rapidly in diameter toward the sur-
face, most numerous in the thicker central por-
tion but in lesser numbers scattered over the
surface well toward the periphery.

Conrad describes this species from the upper
bed at Vicksburg (hence probably the specific
name swupera) in the following words:

Smaller than the preceding [L. mantelli] and compara-
tively thicker without the raised central point. Diameter
thirteen-twentieths of an inch. This species is readily
distinguished by the convex center and is limited to the
Oligocene strata.

L. supera seems to be a characteristic species
of the upper part of the lower Oligocene, now
known as the Byram calcareous marl. It has
been found at the following stations in Missis-
sipp1:

259. Vicksburg.

2664. Vicksburg; C. W. Johnson, collector.

3722. Vicksburg, bluff just above the second sawmill on
the river, horizon No, 2 from the top; T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

3729. Top of bluff opposite second sawmill, Vicksburg;
T. W. Vaughan, collector.

5623. West bank of Pearl River, Byram, Hinds County;
G. C. Matson, collector.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

6449. Upper fossiliferous zone, Confederate Avenue,
600 to 700 feet north of the bridge over Glass Bayou, Vicks-
burg; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6454. Pearl River just above bridge at Byram; ©. W.
Cooke, collector.

6458. Rock quarry 4 miles east of Brandon, south of
Rankin, on Alabama & Vicksburg Railway, Rankin
County; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

6648. Chickasawhay River at wagon bridge a quarter of
a mile west of Woodward and 2 miles northwest of Waynes-
boro County; C. W. Cooke, collector.

The following localities in Alabama seem to
have this species:

;
/

3646. Salt Mountain, Clarke County, near the top of the
series; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

3648. Salt Mountain, near top of the hill; T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

H. Douvillé'! has recorded L. supera from
Vicksburg and Byram, Miss., from a locality
southeast of Claiborne on Conecuh River, Ala.,
and from Bainbridge, Ga. I have had much
material from Bainbridge but have had no
material that seemed to fit this species. The
embryonic chambers of a specimen from Bain-
bridge, figured by Douvillé, are very thick
walled and seem much more like some of the
Ocala species. Douvillé gives ZL. supera as oc-
curring in the ‘‘upper Jackson-Zeuglodon bed.”

The species there that is superficially like L.
supera in some respects is that here described
as L. mortont.

So far as the material I have had shows, L.
supera is confined to the Byram marl and for-
mations of equivalent age.

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp.
Plate X XVII, figures 1-4; Plate X XVIII, figures 1, 2.

Test flattened, usually somewhat sellaeform,
thin; central portion thickest but not umbo-
nate; surface very finely papillate throughout,
the papillae most numerous in the central por-
tion. Diameter as much as 20 millimeters;
thickness slightly more than 1 millimeter.

The horizontal section shows the chambers
of the equatorial band hexagonal in general,
but the peripheral portion more commonly a
convex curve instead of a sharp angle; embry-
onic chambers subequal in the megalospheric
form, thick-walled.

The vertical section shows the chambers of
the equatorial band very low, in the center
slightly wider than the height but toward the
periphery slightly larger and slightly higher

1Compt. Rend., 1918, pp. 264, 265.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

than the width, walls thick and at right angles,
not showing the convexity of the outer wall so
common in most species; lateral chambers
seven or eight in a column in the thickened cen-
tral portion, broad and low, the outer wall usu-
ally convex, making the chamber cavity
roughly lunate, the walls of the inner chambers
nearest the equatorial chambers often much
thickened and the chamber cavity reduced to
mere slits, the walls often double the thickness
of the entire equatorial band at that point, the
walls of the outer layers much thinner and the
chamber cavities somewhat wider but not pro-
portionately so; pillars very numerous, more or
less irregular, often anastomosing, especially
toward the surface.

Type specimen from the Jackson formation
at U. S. G. S. station 2638, bluff at Mont-
gomery, Grant Parish, La.; T. W. Vaughan,
collector, 1894. The species is represented
by abundant specimens from the marl at
this place. The same species was collected
at station 4270, at the same locality, by T. W.
Vaughan, in 1900. Very similar specimens
occur at the following stations:

7161. Ocala limestone, roadside 500 feet east of Jones
Field Branch, sec. 35, T. 8 N., R. 3 E., 5 miles southeast of
Whatley, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7377. Jackson formation, bluff on south side of Suck
Creek, Clarke County, Miss., about three-quarters of a mile
from mouth (in the NE. } sec. 3, T. 10 N., R. 7 E., in
“Zeuglodon bed”’; E. N. Lowe and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

Both microspheric and megalospheric forms
of the test occur. The pillars are peculiar in
their anastomosing condition and are shown in
the horizontal section (Pl. X XVII, fig. 3).

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp.

Plate XXVIII, figures 3,4; Plate X XIX, figures 1-3.

Test of medium size, flattened, usually
slightly sellaeform; usual diameter of speci-
mens from 16 to 18 millimeters, with the range
of adult specimens from 15 to 21 millimeters;
the two sides of the tests differing; one side
typically prominently umbonate in the central
portion, thence gradually sloping to the pe-
riphery ; the opposite side thickened in the center
but not umbonate, evenly curved from one side
to the other; the umbonate side showing more
clearly the sellaeform shape than the more
evenly curved side; surface typically smooth or
somewhat scrobiculate from unequal erosion
of the outer layer of lateral chambers.

Gal

The horizontal section shows the chambers
of the equatorial band usually with the outer
portion of each chamber convexly curved, on
the whole hexagonal, walls comparatively
thick, thinner near the periphery; annuli irregu-
lar; embryonic chambers subequal, thick-
walled.

In vertical section the chambers of the equa-
torial zone increase but very slightly in height
toward the exterior; lateral chambers much
compressed, broad and very low, from 15 to 20
in a vertical column in the umbonal region but
rapidly diminishing in number toward the pe-
riphery. Pillars very numerous, moreso in the
central region but well distributed throughout
the test except at the peripheral portion, in
section wedge-shaped, distal end broadest,
thence tapering gradually to the center, usu-
ally showing longitudinal laminations in sec-
tion, outer end flat or very slightly convex, not
coming above the adjacent lateral chambers
and therefore not causing a papillate surface,
as isso usual with a species in which the pillars
are numerous; in some specimens the pillars
seem to become obsolete before the surface is
reached.

Type specimen from U.S. G.S. station 6804,
Ocala limestone, quarry No. 1, Florida Lime
Co., Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. Tests
of this species have been found also at the

following stations:

322. Quarry of chimney rock near railroad half a mile
west of Gainesville, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

329. U.S. N. M. catalogue No. 136397, Fort White, Fla.;
L. C. Johnson, collector.

355. Bennett’s bone bed, Nixon, Levy County, Fla.;
L. C. Johnson, collector.

362. Fort White railroad station, Suwannee County,
Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

365. U. 8. N. M. catalogue No. 136425, Johnson’s lime
sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

378b. Near the ‘‘sink” 2 miles south of Gainesville,
Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

380. Vicinity of Gainesville and Arredonda, Alachua
County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector.

2284. Martin station, Marion County, Fla.; W. H. Dall,
collector, 1891.

2325. Fort White, Columbia County, Fla.

3629. Alachua, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

3682. Six miles southwest of Gainesville,
Weatherby, collector.

3683. Archer, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector.

3685. Martin’s station, Fla.; W. H. Dell, collector.

3688. Richard’s quarry, Ocala, Fla.; Joseph Willcox,
collector.

3781. Bank of Allapaha River, Statenville, Echolls

Fla.;

‘ County, Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector.

72

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia
County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector.

5030, 5031. Ocala, Marion County, Fla.; G. C. Matson,
collector, 1908.

6717. Fort White, Fla.

6747. Steamboat Point, on west side of Sepulga River
at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 13 E.,
Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6785. Dutton’s phosphate spur, on Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad, one-half to one-fourth mile south of Herlong
station, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road,
1 mile west of Alachua station, Atlantic Coast Line Rail-
road, Alachua County, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan, collector.

6790. Three hundred feet south of Alachua Manufac-
turing Co.’s plant, south edge of Alachua, Alachua County,
Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

6803. Hilltop on land of Evans Hale, 2 miles west of
Arredonda and 1 mile north of Kanapaha station, Alachua
County, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

6805. Plant of Oakhurst Lime Co., (plant No. 2, Florida
Lime Co.), south of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 2 miles
southeast of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6807. Plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 64 miles north
of Ocala, at Zuber post office, Marion County, Fla.; C. W.
Cooke, collector.

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin
station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of
Ocala, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

6810. Cummer phosphate plant No. 10, 1 mile northwest
of Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.’s phosphate plant No. 6,
14 miles south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W.
Cooke, collector.

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 14 miles north-
west of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke,
collector.

6858. Near Alachua, Fla.

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River 7 miles
southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.;T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke,
and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at bend
three-fourths of a mile northeast of Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad station at Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W.
©. Mansfield, collectors.

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals,
Mitchell County, Ga.; 84 or 9 miles below Newton, from
lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of
wagon bridge over Chipola River, east of Marianna, Fla.;
bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield,
collectors.

7195. Same locality as 7194, bed 5 of section; C. W. Cooke
and W. C. Mansfield, collectors.

7242. West bank of Chipola River at wagon bridge east
of Marianna, Fla.; bottom of bed 5 of section; W. C. Mans-
field, collector.

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of
Florida Railway, northeast of Mayo, Suwannee County,
Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee
County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

7341. Left bank of Suwannee River, at Branford,
Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7345. East bank of Suwannee River 24 miles above
Branford, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile
below Fort McComb, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7360. Rock quarry east of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
about 34 miles south of Floral City and about 14 miles north
of Pineola, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7365. Pineola, Citrus County, 5 miles south of Floral
City, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7367. Willow Sink, 14 to 2 miles west of Chiefland,
Levy County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

7672. Ocala limestone, Chipola River at Louisville &
Nashville Railroad, three-fourths mile east of Marianna,
Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

U.S. N. M. No. 112507. Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla.;
Joseph Willcox, collector.

U. S. N. M. No. 137924. Archer; Fla.; W. H. Dall,
collector.

Specimens from U.S. G. S. station 7689
(Tivola tongue of Ocala limestone, Tivola, Ga.;
C. W. Cooke, collector) are evidently this
species with the variety swbdecorata, described
below.

Both the species and its variety seem to be
highly characteristic of the Ocala limestone in
west-central Florida and are very abundant.
The development and subsequent reduction of
pillars seem to indicate senescent characters
even in the upper Eocene. The species seems
to be to a great extent replaced in Georgia and
elsewhere by the very much larger ZL. geor-
giana, unless it occurs there at different hori-
zons.

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman var. subdecorata Cush-
man, n. Var.

Plate XXVIII, figure 5.

Variety differmg from the typical species in
its usually thinner, more distinctly umbonate
test, and surface with prominent papillae, even
near the periphery.

In most material in which typical L. ocalana
occurs this variety also is present. In size and
general characters the two are similar, but the
variety is distinctly papillate throughout, a
character which may be accompanied by the
thinner and more umbonate test. As a rule
this is not as common as the typical form, but
in one or two lots of material it seems to be
fairly common while the typical form is rare or
absent.

It was noted in material from the following
stations:

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

365. Johnsons Sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson,
collector.

3629. Ocala limestone, Alachua County, Fla.; T. W.
Vaughan, collector.

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia
County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector.

4974. Six miles southwest of Chipley, Fla., on west
side of St. Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector.

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road,
1 mile west of North Alachua station on Atlantic Coast
Line Railroad, Alachua County, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan,
collector.

6804. Quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest
edge of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

6807. Plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 64 miles north of
Ocala, at Zuber post office, Marion County, Fla.; C. W.
Cooke, collector.

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin
station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of
Ocala, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors.

6810. Cummer Lumber Co.’s phosphate plant No. 10, 1
mile northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W.
Cooke, collector.

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.’s phosphate plant No. 6, 14
miles south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W.
Cooke, collector.

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee
County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector.

Specimens from station 7689 (Tivola, Ga.;
C. W. Cooke, collector) seem to be this variety.

Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman.
Plate XXX, figures 1-6.
Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 291, p. 62, pl. 11, figs. 6, 7; pl. 12,
figs. 5, 6, 1919.

Test circular, much thickened in the central
portion, which occupies about one-third the
diameter of the test; peripheral portion much
flattened, thin; thick central portion irregularly
papillate, peripheral portion smooth, showing
almost no tendency to become saddle-shaped.

The vertical section shows the general thick-
ness, central lenticular body, and thin pe-
riphery, central portion with very numerous
pillars increasing in diameter toward the sur-
face; lateral chambers crowded between the
pillars, very numerous in the vertical columns
and much wider than high; equatorial cham-
bers increasing in diameter toward the pe-
riphery, the outer margin convex and with a
series of fine pores.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers, which are polygonal, the outer mar-
gin strongly convex; pillars subpolygonal with
the lateral chambers making irregular polyg-
onal meshes between, toward the periphery,

73

making up the entire test as the pillars de-
crease in number.

Diameter as much as 24 millimeters; thick-
ness in center 4.5 millimeters.

The type locality of this species is U.S. G. S.
station 3478, Nuevitas, Cuba, collected by
A. C. Spencer. Other specimens that appar-
ently belong to this species occur at station
7666, Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo,
Cuba, collected by N. H. Darton.

In diameter and general shape this species
suggests L. raulinii Lemome and R. Douville,
but it has very definite pillars and a papillose
surface at the center.

Certain specimens collected by E. T. Dumble
from the Meson formation at San Jose de las
Rusias, Mexico, seem very close to this species.

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R.
Douvillé.
Plate XX XI, figures 1-2.

Nummulites marginata Michelotti, Soc. ital. sci. Mem.,
vol. 22, p. 297, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1841.

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R.
Douvillé, Soc. géol. France, Paléontologie, vol. 12,
Mém. 32, p.16, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 2, figs. 7, 9, 11, 20;
pl. 3, figs. 3, 8, 9, 18, 1904.

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 60,
pl. 12, figs. 1, 2, 1919.

Test of small or medium size, lenticular,
thickest in the central region, thence tapering
gradually to the periphery, which in the adult
forms a thin flange about the thicker central
portion; central portion with numerous prom-
inent pustules, rather evenly placed and of
good size, representing the outer end of the
pillars, flange smooth except for roughness
caused by weathering.

The vertical section shows the general shape
already noted, the numerous pillars giving an
undulate outline to the central thickened re-
gion, pillars rather crowded at the center but
separating toward the periphery, increasing
very rapidly in diameter in the first quarter or
third of their length, thence keeping about the
same diameter to the surface; lateral chambers
in single columns between the pillars; equa-
torial band of chambers rather narrow and
thin, increasing in height toward the periphery.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers to be in general hexagonal, occasion-
ally with the peripheral portion convexly
curved; the lateral chambers also hexagonal,

74

especially in the central region, where they are
compressed by the pillars.

Diameter as much as 12 or 15 millimeters,
but usually less.

Lemoine and R. Douvillé record this species
from Italy and Spain. It was noted from the
following localities in Cuba:

7512. Ocujal.

7513 (?). Orbitoidal limestone, outcrop where Palmer
trail joins Ocujal trail.

7518. South side of Los Melones Mountain near west end.

7519. Orbitoidal limestone from drift near top of land-
slide next north of Los Melones.

7521. Limestone at top of Mogote Peak.

7522(?). Mogote Peak.

7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River.

7664. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica,
northeast of Guantanamo, N. H. Darton, collector.

Lemoine and R. Douvillé had only the micro-
spheric form of the species, but the Cuban
material contains megalospheric specimens.
The embryonic chambers are rather thick-
walled and unequal in size.

Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douvillé.
Plate XX XIII, figures 12-14.

Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douvillé, Soc.
géol. France, Paléontologie, vol. 12, Mém. 32, p. 17,
pl. 1, figs. 12, 15, 17; pl. 2, figs. 4, 12; pl. 3, fig. 2, 1904.
Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 59,
pl. 11, figs. 1-3, text fig. 7, 1919.
Lepidocyclina ci. L. marginata H. Douvillé, Soc. géol.
France Bull., 3d ser., vol. 18, p. 1001, 1900.

Test small, discoidal, much thickened in
the central portion, from which it tapers rather
rapidly to the subacute periphery; central
protuberant portion with a series of large
pustules ranging from 5 to 12 ormorein number,
of which one is usually central; reticulate be-
tween, the margins stellate; periphery of the
test thin and slightly reticulated by the walls
of the equatorial chambers.

Vertical sections show the general form and
curvature of the surface of the test, the few
pillars in the central region rapidly increasing
in diameter toward thesurface; lateral chambers
with the outer wall convex, averaging about
three times as wide as the height in the central
region, with as many as 10 chambers in the
vertical columns; equatorial chambers not
increasing rapidly in height, those at the pe-
riphery not more than double the height near
the center,

Horizontal sections show the embryonic
chambers, which are unequal, the larger one

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

partially surrounding the smaller, as in the
subgenus Nephrolepidina of H, Douvillé, and
the equatorial chambers more or less diamond
shaped also as in that subgenus. In otherspeci-
mens the outer wall of the chamber is convex.

Diameter, 2 to 5 millimeters.

Specimens seemingly identical with this
species were found by O. E. Meinzer at the
following stations in Cuba:

7513. Limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins
Ocujal trail.

7516. West end of Los Melones Mountain.

7543, Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River.

7554. South of El Jigue, 5 miles above mouth of Yateras
River on west side.

Specimens probably of this species but
sections not as perfect as might be desired were
obtained from stations 7519, limestone from
drift near top of landslide next north of Los
Melones, and 7522, Megote Peak.

Lemoine and R. Douvillé record this species
from four localities m Aquitaine—Abesse,
Mimbaste, St.-Etienne-d’Orthe, and Le Man-
dillott; from four localities in Spain—Baena,
Pont du Guadalquivir, Sella, and Pefiaguila;
and from Madagascar. The stage is indicated
as Aquitanian but not definitely given.

It is a very distinctive species and the Cuban
specimens seem to differ in no essential charac-
ters from those figured by Lemoine and R.
Douvillé.

Exteriors of specimens from station 7664,
north slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica,

northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba, are shown in
Plate XX XIII, figures 12 and 13.

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman.
Plate XX XI, figures 3-6,

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washing-
ton Pub. 291, p. 61, pl. 11, figs. 4, 5, 1919.

Test of medium size, lenticular, compara-
tively thick in the center, thence tapering
toward the sides; central portion convex,
changing to a concave curve toward the pe-
riphery; surface irregularly pustulate, especially
where somewhat weathered.

The vertical section shows the general shape,
convex at the center, broadly rounded, thence
contracting rapidly toward the periphery, where
the curve is concave, to the rather poorly devel-
oped peripheral border; height or thickness of
the test about one-third the diameter; embry-
onic chamber large and very thick walled, often

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

showing one or two accessory chambers also
thick walled and rather conspicuously per-
forate; young specimens show that for a time
the embryonic chamber is the greater part of
the test; equatorial band of chambers rather
large, even at the beginning, the outer wall
convex and coarsely perforate; lateral chambers
comparatively thick walled, several times as
broad as high, somewhat lenticular in section,
highest in the middle, thence tapering toward
the sides; a comparatively small number of
pillars in the central part originating in the wall
of the embryonic chamber and extending to
the surface.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers regularly hexagonal, fairly thick
walled, those of various annuli of very differ-
ent sizes.

Diameter as much as 9 millimeters, maximum
height 3 millimeters or more.

The type locality for this species is U.S. G.S.
station 7513, orbitoidal limestone, outcrop
where Palmer trail joins Ocujal trail, Cuba.
Specimens are also numerous in material from
stations 7512, Ocujal; 7519, orbitoidal lime-
stone from drift near top of landslide next
north of Los Melones; 7521, limestone at top
of Mogote Peak.

This is a very heavy, thick-walled species
throughout, and in section may be easily dis-
tinguished from any of the other Cuban or
West Indian species.

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé.

Plate XXXII, figures 1-5.
Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and Douvillé, Soc. géol.
France, Paléontologie, Mém. 32, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 1;
pl. 3, fig. 5, 1904.
Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 91, pl. 34,
figs. 1-6, 1918.

Test comparatively small, diameter of largest
specimens slightly less than 4 millimeters,
thickness a little more than one-fourth the
diameter; circular in outline, central portion
somewhat raised and evenly rounded, near the
periphery flattened or even slightly concave;
surface in well-preserved specimens finely
granular or even finely papillate but not
strongly so, often appearing smooth to the
unaided eye. In worn specimens the surface
appears as a series of regular hexagonal, honey-
comb-like reticulations due to the edges of the
lateral chambers.

periphery the largest.

15

In vertical section the lateral chambers are
seen to be arranged in vertical columns, one
directly above another, from the equatorial
chambers to the surface, about 12 chambers
in each vertical column in the central region,
the lateral walls hardly thicker than the upper
or lower surfaces. Chamber of adjacent col-
umns arranged alternately; no distinct columns
present. Equatorial chambers gradually in-
creasing in size toward the periphery, single
throughout, extending peripherally beyond the
lateral chambers and in surface view in well-
preserved specimens appearing as a hexagonal
reticulation. . Embryonic chambers nearly
equal in size, nearly semicircular in section,
their common wail straight.

The horizontal section shows the equatorial
chambers regularly hexagonal; those toward the
Embryonic chambers
similar to those shown in the vertical view.

Lemoine and R. Douvillé described and fig-
ured this species from Pefiablanca, Panama,
and also noted it from Martinique and Angola.
The material from Panama recorded by Dall
and by Bagg! as Orbitoides forbest Carpenter
(catalogue No. 135216, U.S. N.M.) is Lepidocy-
clina canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé. Figures
1, 3, 4, and 5 in Plate XXXII are from mate-
rial collected by Hill at Bohio, Panama, where
it is very abundant. This is the same station
as 6027 of Vaughan and MacDonald (orbitoidal
marl, a quarter of a mile northwest of Bohio
railroad station). Inthismaterial L. canellei is
very abundant and makes up a considerable
proportion of the marl.

Specimens in the collection of the U. S.N. M.
(catalogue No. 107158) from the Oligocene of
of Trinidad (Leda bed, Naparina), collected by
Guppy, are also very evidently Lepidocy-
clina canellet.

Specimens of L. canellei were very abundant
at station 6891, foraminiferal limestone at
Balamonas, Canal Zone, where they were col-
lected by D. F. MacDonald.

A limestone at station 6892, 450 feet south
of switch at Mamei, Canal Zone, contains nu-
merous specimens also collected by MacDonald,
of a Lepidocyclina which in general shape in
section resembles L. canellei, but the material
is very cherty and the finer structure is not
well preserved.

1 Hill, R. T., The geologic history of the Isthmus of Panama: Harvard
Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 28, pp. 272, 275, 1898.

76

A few small weathered specimens from sta-
tion 6019a, Gaillard Cut, opposite Las Casca-
das, and. from station 6023, along the relocated
line of the Panama Railroad at Rio Frijol,
seems to belong to this species also. They
occur in the Culebra formation.

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé var.
yurnagunensis Cushman.

Plate XXXII, figures 6, 7; Plate XX XIII, figures 1-9.

Lepidocyclina’ canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé var.
yurnagunensis Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Pub. 291, p. 57, pl. 12, figs. 7, 8, text figs. 6a, 6b,
1919.

Test differing from the typical form of the
species mainly in the form of the lateral
chambers, which are somewhat broader and
with the upper wall decidedly arched;
embryonic chambers either two, subequal or
very unequal, or several, the equatorial
chambers hexagonal or obscurely diamond
shaped.

Type material from U. S. G. S. station
7548, flexure 2 miles south of Yurnaguna,
Cuba; collected by O. E. Meinzer.

At this station the material is composed
largely of this species, as is shown by the
section in Plate XXXII, figure 7. None of
these sections happens to be exactly vertical.
The variety shows the embryonic characters
of all three of H. Douvillé’s subgenera—equal
chambers, as in the type from Panama,
TIsolepidina (Pl. XXXIII, fig. 4); unequal,
one small, the other partly encircling and
kidney shaped, as in WNephrolepidina (PI.
XXXII, figs. 5-8); and with two irregular
large embryonic chambers and two or more
small ones, as in Pliolepidina (Pl. X XXIII,
fig. 9). The last-mentioned condition is also
shown in Plate XXXII, figure 6.

In gross appearance, color, and general
characters this material very — strikingly
resembles that from Bohio, Panama, the type
locality for L. canellet.

Specimens of this variety seem to be present
in the Antiguan material from Hodges Bluff
(U. S. G. S. station 6862) and Rifle Butts
(U. S. G. S. station 6854).

Other Cuban localities are stations 7516,
west end of Los Melones Mountain, and 7543,
limestone on the east side of Yateras River;
O. E. Meinzer, collecter.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and
Chapman.

Plate XX XIII, figures 10, 11.

Orbitoides sumatrensis H. B. Brady, Geol. Mag., 2d ser.,
vol. 2, p. 536, pl. 14, fig. 3, 1875; Jaarb. Mijn. Ned.
Oost.-Indié, vol. 7, pt. 2, p. 165, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1878.

Newton and Holland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
7th ser., vol. 3, p. 259, pl. 10, figs. 7-12, 1899.

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis Jones and Chapman, in Andrews,
A monograph of Christmas Island, London, p. 244,
pl. 20, fig. 6, 1900.

Newton and Holland, Tokyo Coll. Sci. Jour., vol. 27,
antG sp ll pla tioar/ 9033

Lemoine and R. Douvillé, Soc. géol. France, Paléon
tologie, vol. 12, Mém. 32, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 2,
fig. 15; pl. 3, fig. 6, 1904.

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p.
60, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, 1919.

Test small, discoidal, thickened in the central
portion, from which it tapers gradually to the
subacute periphery; central protuberant por-
tion more or less pustulate throughout, but
these protuberant spots of small size and
covering the larger part of the area more or
less evenly; surface otherwise smooth;
periphery thin.

Vertical sections show the general form and
curvature of the test, pillars entirely lacking,
lateral chambers with the outer surface con-
vex, three or four times as wide as high; 6
to 10 chambers in a vertical column.

Horizontal sections show the embryonic
chambers, which are unequal, the larger curved
about the smaller semicircular one; equatorial
chambers irregularly hexagonal or lozenge
shaped.

Diameter, 2 to 5 millimeters.

L. sumatrensis has been found in Cuba at
the following stations:

7513. Limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins Ocujal
trail; O. E. Meinzer, collector.

7516. West end of Los Melones Mountain; O. E. Meinzer,
collector.

7519. Limestone from drift near top of landslide next
north of Los Melones; O. E. Meinzer, collector

7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River;
O. E. Meinzer, collecter.

7554. South of El Jigue, 5 miles above mouth of Yateras
River, on west side; O. E. Meinzer, collector.

7664. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica,
northeast of Guantanamo; N. H. Darton, collector.

This species was described by Brady from
Sumatra. It is recorded elsewhere in the east
from Formosa and the East Indies, and Le-
moine and R. Douvyillé record it from Italy,
Spain, and France.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LFPIDOCYCLINA.

In Cuba it occurs usually in company with
L. morgani, and in this connection it is inter-
esting to note that both species are listed by
Lemoine and R. Douvillé from all four of the
stations in Spain and from three of the four
stations in France.

This species may easily be distinguished
from L. morgani by its lack of pillars. The pus-
tulate appearance of L. sumatrensis is due to
the convex surface of the lateral chambers,
those of adjacent columns being of unequal
height at the surface. A figure, evidently of
this species, by Miss O’Connell ! shows a verti-
cal section at the left. The specimen came
from a limestone quarry at Arroyo Seboruco,
12 miles from Felton, Cuba.

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman.
Plate XXXIV, figures 1-3.

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
103, p. 94, pl. 40, figs. 1-6, 1918.

~

Test circular, rather small, about 5 to 7
millimeters in diameter, thickest in the central
region, thence gradually sloping to the periph-
ery, which for a short distance in from the
edge is nearly flat; wall rather smooth except
the central portion of the umbonal region,
which has a few pustule-like raised spots at the
surface ends of the vertical pillars.

The vertical section shows the test widest in
the middle, gently sloping nearly to the periph-
ery, edges nearly parallel for a short distance
to the peripheral edge or even slightly increas-
ing in thickness. Lateral chambers in the cen-
tral portion in definite vertical columns, occa-
sionally slightly overlapping. Equatorial cham-
bers not increasing very rapidly in height in
megalospheric specimens, those at the periph-
ery hardly more than double the height of
those near the center of the test. Embryonic
chambers in the megalospheric form large,
usually of two nearly equal chambers, but in
oblique cutting these may appear somewhat
unequal.. (See Pl. XXXIV, fig. 2.)

Horizontal sections show chambers somewhat
similar to those of L. vaughani but with the
inner half of two walls at nearly right angles,
the outer wall broadly rounded. The oblique
section (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 3) shows the pillars.

The type locality for this species is U. S.
G. S. station 6523, orbitoidal limestone

1 Kemp, J. F., Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., vol. 51, fig. 6, 1916.

Gl

2 miles north of David, Panama, collected by
D. F. MacDonald, Specimens were abundant
at this station, occurring with L. panamensis
and L. multiplicata.

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman.
Plate XXXIV, figures 4-6.
Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
103, p. 94, pl. 39, figs. 1-6; pl. 42, 1918.

Test circular, small; central portion very
strongly umbonate, thick, rapidly decreasing
in thickness peripherally; peripheral portion
thin and flattened; the raised central portion
only one-third to one-fifth the entire diameter,
which ranges from 3 to 6 millimeters, with
occasional specimens, perhaps representing the
microspheric form, 10 or 12 millimeters in

diameter; surface smooth except for the um-

bonal portion, which has a few large pustule-
like projections marking the ends of the internal
pillars.

The vertical section shows very peculiar em-
bryonic chambers, not the usual type for Ameri-
can species, but with a broad and much
flattened central chamber two to four times as
broad as high and a compressed, partly encir-
cling chamber, in section usually cut on the
opposite sides of the central chamber. These
central chambers in section are nearly as wide
as the whole umbonal portion of the test. In
some specimens there seems to be an irregular
mass of three or four more or less nearly spheri-
calchambers. Lateral chambers usually about
twice as wide as high, the outer wall often
somewhat arched toward the exterior of the
test, arranged in vertical columns. Pillars not
distinct except in the central portion, where
there are a few strong ones increasing rather
rapidly in diameter toward the periphery, usu-
ally about 9 or 10 chambers in a vertical col-
umn in the center of the umbilical region. The
peripheral region has but a thin coating of
lateral chambers, the last-formed layer present
only on the outer half of the periphery and
often none at all present on the last quarter of
the test toward the periphery, the surface being
made up by the upper and lower walls of the
equatorial chambers. Equatorial chambers
numerous, comparatively broad, the peripheral
wall convex outward toward the periphery, the
chambers at least as wide as high.

In horizontal section the equatorial chambers
appear usually somewhat irregularly hexagonal

78

near the center, more or less rhomboid toward
the periphery, with the outer peripheral wall
curved.

So far as described material is concerned
this is an unusual form for American species
of Lepidocyclina, especially in its embryonic
chambers.

Type specimen, vertical sections (U.S. N. M.
catalogue No. 324741). The species is fairly
abundant at stations 6586 e and 6587, near
the mouth of Tonosi River, Panama; D. F.
MacDonald, collector. It was also collected

by MacDonald at station 6512, in the river |

bed at David, Panama.

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman.
Plate XX XV, figures 4, 5.

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Pub. 291, p. 63, pl.-3, fig. 3, 1919.

Test compressed, circular, rather evenly
biconvex, lenticular; central portion highest,
thence gradually thinning toward the periph-
ery; central area strongly papillate: remain-
der of the surface less strongly so.

The vertical section shows equatorial cham-
bers increasing in height toward the periphery,
those of the central region measuring less than
(0.1 millimeter, those of the periphery as much
as 0.5 mulimeter in height; outer wall of the
equatorial chambers very squarely truncated.

Lateral chambers not numerous, in the cen- |
tral thickened region only 6 or 7 chambers in |

a column, and this number is gradually reduced
toward the periphery. Central region and
whole test in lesser degree marked by very
heavy and numerous pillars, greatest width
near the outer end, thence gradually tapering
toward the center; outer ends rounded, form-
ing the papillae of the surface. In the central
region the surface area occupied by the pillars
is greater than that taken up by the lateral
chambers.

In horizontal section, or at least in the some-
what broadly oblique section, the equatorial
chambers are of the curved Lepidocyclina form
instead of the more typical hexagonal shape.

Diameter of test averages about 5 millime-
ters.

The type locality for this species is U. S.
G. S. station 6897, conglomerate and sand-
stone below upper limestone bed, Anse Ecaille
side of pomt between Anse Ecaille and Anse

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919.

Lézard, St. Bartholomew; T. W. Vaughan,
collector. Material apparently weathered out
from the matrix is abundant here and also at
station 6897 b, point between Colombier Point
and bay next to St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholo-
mew; T. W. Vaughan, collector. Hand speci-
mens showing sections of this heavy-pillared
species were abundant in a hard, cherty mate-
rial at stations 6902, in the southeast section
of the southwest side of the island near Negre
Point, St. Bartholomew, at an elevation of 360
feet, and 6903, N. 67° E. from summit of Negre
Point across low saddleback of point, at an
altitude of 220 feet.

This species is related in many ways to
Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman, from the
white limestone at David, Panama. The gen-
eral vertical section is much more heavily pil-
lared in L. antillea, although the figure, not
being exactly central, shows this much less
strongly than many of the weathered sections
in hand specimens. The material from the
white limestone at David, Panama (U.S. G. S.
station 6512), referred to as L. panamensis,
may belong to LZ. antillea, and also the sections
resembling L. macdonaldi.

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman.
Plate XX XV, figures 1-3.

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull.
103, p. 96, pl. 41, figs. 2-4, 1918.

Test of medium size, 10 to 14 millimeters
in diameter, very much thickened in the um-
bonal region, usually the thickness about one-
half the diameter; central portion without the
flattened periphery, subspherical, thinning rap-
idly toward the periphery, then thickening
again at the margin, which is doubly plicate
in some of the best-preserved specimens, Sur-
face of the umbonal portion studded with
numerous fine papillae marking the surface
terminations of the pillars; peripheral portion
nearly smooth.

The vertical section shows the enabryonic
chambers as very small, apparently micro-
spheric in the specimens sectioned, appearing
spiral, as is usual in the microspheric form,
Lateral chambers numerous, flattened or len-
ticular, the numerous pillars as wide as or
wider than the intermediate columns of cham-
bers, especially in the central portion; rapidly
increasing In size toward the surface. Equa-

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA.

torial chambers very small near the center,
gradually increasing in size toward the periph-
ery, where they become multiple instead of
single, as is usually the case, and make three
or four vertical series, each with numerous fine
apertural pores on the outer convex wall.

The horizontal section shows the increase
in size of the equatorial chambers, which to-
ward thc center seem hexagonal and toward
the periphery almost rhomboid, with the outer
half convex.

Of somewhat similar character in respect to
the duplication of equatorial chambers are
L. multipartita (Martin), from Java, and L.
insulz natalis var. inequalis (Jones and Parker),
from Christmas Island.

Type specimen, U: S. N. M. catalogue
No. 324742. Specimens were very abundant,
weathered out of an orbitoid limestone, 2
miles north of David, Panama; D. F. Mac-
Donald, collector. They occur also with other
species of Lepidocyclina at station 6586e, near
the mouth of Tonosi River; D. F. MacDonald,
collector.

79

Lepidocyclina kempi (O’Connell) Cushman.

Orbitoides kempi O’Connell, Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans.,
vol. 51, p. 18, figs. 5, 6, 1916.

Under the name Orbitoides kempi Miss
O’Connell figured sections from a limestone
quarry at Arroyo Seboruco, 12 miles from
Felton, Cuba. Although the description is
not very clear, the figured section (fig. 5)
shows the species to belong to the genus
Lepidocyclina. Measurements given are, total
diameter, 7+ millimeters; central thickness,
2.5 millimeters. The general characters that
can be made out from the description and
figures would seem to indicate that it may very
probably be L. marginata (Michelotti). This
suggestion is strengthened by the fact that in
figure 6 appears a vertical section, very evi-
dently of ZL. swmatrensis Brady, a species, so
far as seen in the Cuban material I have
examined, occurring with LZ. marginata in four
out of eight stations. I have refrained from
placmg this definitely as a synonym of L.
marginata until specimens are available for
comparison.

PLATES XII-XXXYV.

131049°—20—-7

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

bo

PLATE XIf.
Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) Giimbel (p. 57).

Surface view, X 2, megalospheric form. St. Stephens Bluff on Tombigbee River, Ala. (U. 8. G. S.
station 298).

Surface view, 2, microspheric form. West bank of Conecuh River at bend about a quarter of a mile below
mouth of Sepulga River, Escambia County, Ala. (U.S. G. S. station 6748).

Surface view, X 2, microspheric form. 7 miles west of Claiborne, 2 miles east of Howards Landing, Monroe
County, Ala. (U.S. G. S. station 2397).

. Transverse section, X 10, showing the very slight increase in the height of the equatorial chambers. Lime-

stone 6 miles southeast of Shubuta, on Carson Creek, Miss. (U.S. G. S. station 2636).

. Transverse section, X 15. North side of Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala.

(U.S. G. S. station 3296).
82

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XII

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XIII

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA

PLATE XIII.
Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) Gtimbel (p. 57).

Accidental section of microspheric specimen, X 9, showing the equatorial chambers and the irregular width of the
annuli. White limestone 2 miles southwest of Whatley Station, Clarke County, Ala. (U.S. G. S. station 2956).
83

PLATE XIV.
Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) Giimbel (p. 57).

Ficure 1. Accidental section as in Plate XIII, with the central chambers of the microspheric form, & 18 (U.S.G.S.
station 2956).

Ficure 2. Accidental section of megalospheric form, x 9, showing the two subequal embryonic chambers. Same
locality as figure 1.

84

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XIV

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XV

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE

bo

me CO

Or

PLATE XV.

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman n. sp. (p. 60).

. Surface view of type specimen, X 5, from the Guallava sandstone of Costa Rica (U.S. N. M. No. 135220).

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman (p. 60).

. Portion of section showing the equatorial chambers, X 20, from lower bed at Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Lee-

ward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6862).

. Similar section, X 20, from Rifle Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6854).
. Vertical section, X 20 (U.S. G. S. station 6862).
. Rock specimen, natural size, largely made up of Lepidocyclina undulata (A) and L. favosa (B). Blufis

on north side of Willoughby Bay, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. 8. G. 8. station 6881).
85

PLATH XVE-

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60).

Ficure 1. Vertical section, X 15, showing the pillars of the central portion. Ocala limestone, east bank of Flint River
6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. 8. G. S. station 7130).

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60).

Ficure 2. Surface view of type specimen, x 15, showing the reticulate character of the exterior with the few pillars
of the central portion. Guallava sandstone of Costa Rica.
86

PLATE XVI

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

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ECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

AMERICAN SP

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 120 PLATE XVII

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATH XVII.
Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60).

Ficure 1. Surface view of megalospheric specimen, X 2. Higher umbo than in larger microspheric specimen (fig. 2).
Ocala limestone, east bank of Flint River 6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. 7130).
Ficure 2. Surface view of microspheric specimen, X 2. Ocala limestone.
Ficure 3. Surface details of umbonal portion, < 10. Ends of pillars appear as pustule-like projections. Ocala lime-
stone, Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. 8. G. S. station 3387).
87

PLATE XVIII.

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60).

Ficure 1. Peripheral portion of specimen showing the surface ornamentation and near the edge the section of the
equatorial chambers, X 10. Flint River, Bainbridge, Ga. (U.S. G. 8S. station 6161).
Ficure 2. Very large specimen, exterior, 2, showing the umbo and in places the equatorial chambers. Ocala lime-
stone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. station 3387).
88

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XVIII

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U.

S. GEOLOGICAL

SURVEY

AMERICAN

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XIX

PLATE XIX.

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman (p. 63).

Ficures 1, 2. Surface views of microspheric specimens, with the umbonal portion not greatly raised, natural size.
Lower bed, Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. 8. G. 8. station 6862).

Figure 3. Surface view of megalospheric specimen with prominent umbo, natural size. Same locality as figures 1, 2.

Ficure 4. Section showing the subequal embryonic chambers and the hexagonal equatorial chambers, 20. Rifle
Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6854).

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 68).

Ficupe 5. Transverse section, X 5. Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

131049°—20 8 89

PLATE XX.

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63).
Fiaure 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Fiaure 2. Surface view of portion of same specimen, X 15, showing pitted, reticulate pattern produced by the erosion
of the surface.
90

xX

PLATE

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

SURVEY

S. GEOLOGICAL

J

U.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXI

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XXII.
Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63).

Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
San Rafael formation, Topila Hills, near Tampico, Mexico.
San Rafael formation, Cerro Cortado, Topila Hills, Mexico.

Figure 1. Surface view, X 2.
Ficure 2. Surface view, X 2.
Fiaure 3. Vertical sections, X 10.

FiGure 1.

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 3.

Ficure 4.

FIGURE 5.

PLATE XXII.
Lepidocyclina fragilis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 63).

Surface view, X 5. Ocala limestone at mouth of cavern, 200 yards southwest of wagon bridge over Chipola
River east of Marianna, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 7195).

Surface view of portion of specimen, * 10. Ocala limestone, left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of
Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 7337).

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douvillé (p. 64).

Surface view, X 5. Upper part of Culebra formation, Panama Railroad, southern switch, Bohio Ridge,
Panama (U.S. G. S. station 6025).

Portion of horizontal section, showing early chambers of the microspheric form, & 20. West side of Gaillard
Cut near Las Cascadas, Panama (U.S. G. S. station 6019/).

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman (p. 64).

Specimen showing equatorial chambers and umbo, X 10. Emperador limestone in cuttings of the Panama
Railroad near Caimito Junction, Panama (U.S. G. S. station 6021).

92

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXII

4 2

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

XXII

PLATE

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

JIRVEY

SI

GEOLOGICAL

- S.

U

CLINA.

OF LEPIDOCY

S

®)
ui

AMERICAN SPECIE

Figure 1.
FIGuRE 2.
FIGURE 3.

FIGuRE 4.

PLATE XXIII.

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheénsis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 65).

Surface view, X 5. Five miles south of Jackson, Ala. (U.S. G. 8. station 3647).
Surface view of central portion of same specimen, showing the pitted umbonal region, X 10.
Edge view of weathered specimen, X 5. Old factory about 14 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. 8. G.S.
station 3397).
Vertical section of weathered specimen, X10. Chattahoochee formation at Cato Glenn’s well, 43 miles
southeast of Bainbridge, Ga.
93

Fiaure 1.

Figure 2.

FIGURE 3.

Ficure 4.

~)

FIGuRE 5
Fiaure 6.

FiGure 7.

Fiaure 8.

PLATE XXIV.
Lepidocyclina chattahoocheénsis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 65).

Surface view, X 5. Chattahoochee formation, Red Bluff on Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.
upper fossiliferous horizon (U.S. G. S. station 3388).
Central portion of same specimen, X 10.

Lepidocyclina pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 66).

Surface view, X 5. Ocala limestone, left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwannee County, Fla.

(U.S. G.S. station 7341).
Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.’s phosphate plant No. 6, 14

miles south of Newberry, Fla. (U.S. G. 8. station 6812).
Lepidocyclina cookei Cushman, n. sp. (p. 66).

Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone (U.S. G. 8. station 6812).

Central portion of same specimen, X 10.

Lepidocyclina attenuata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 67).
Surface view, 2. Ocala limestone, Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla.
Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone, quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 14 miles north-
west of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla. (U.S. G. 8S. station 6814).
94

XXIV

PLATE

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

AM

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXV

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XXV.

Lepidocyclina floridana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 67).

Ficure 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 10, showing reticulate surface without pillars and strong saddle shape.
Ocala limestone, quarry one-eighth mile southeast of Martins Station, 9 miles north of Ocala, Fla. (U.S.
G. S. station 6808).

Ficure 2. Surface view of similar specimen, 10, from same locality.

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman (p. 68).

Ficure 3. Rock specimen largely composed of Lepidocyclina undosa, irom Long Island, Antigua, Leeward Islands

(U.S. G.S. station 6869).
95

PLATE XXVI.

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman (p. 68).

Fiaure I. Section through the embryonic chamber and portions of two sides of the saddle-shaped test, 10. Nuevitas,
Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 3478).

Lepidocyclina pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 69).

Ficure 2. Surface view of young specimen with the peripheral portion not greatly developed, <5. Ocala limestone,
Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee County, Fla. (U.S. G. 8. station 7338).

Ficure 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone, Archer, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 3683).

Figure 4. Central portion of same specimen, X 10.

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douvillé (p. 69).

Ficure 5. Surface view, X 2. Byram marl, bluff just above the second sawmill on the river, horizon No.2 from the
top, Vicksburg, Miss. (U.S. G. S. station 3722).

Ficurgs 6, 7. Aberrant specimens, < 2. Byram calcareous marl, west bank of Pearl River, Byram, Hinds County,
Miss. (U.S. G.S. station 5623).

96

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXVI

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXVII

N

Se REP Ie Thy

cree Beier. e
r te ae rs ys ee Tee Se 4
npbtin tag oder Fee

ae, : EB,
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2, ~~ v,

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ut Apis ees IES .

rss, 2
: = ne, I ei
= Bs. ey: ote a ‘ = ‘

: eet te RASS tty

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XXVII.
Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. (p. 70).

Figure 1. Vertical section, X 20, showing the numerous large, wedge-shaped pillars.
Ficure 2. Vertical section, X 15, showing the very heavy walls and the comparatively small chamber spaces.
Figure 3. Oblique section, X 20, showing the relative arrangement of pillars and chambers.
Frcure 4. Horizontal section, X 20, showing the equatorial chambers.
All specimens from bluff at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La. (U.S. G. 8. station 4270).
131049°—20-—9 97

PLATE XXVIII.

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. (p. 70).

Figure 1. Enlarged surface view, x 10, showing the surface distribution of the ends of the pillars. Bluff at Mont-

gomery, Grant Parish, La. (U.S. G. 8. station 4270).
FicureE 2. Surface view of same specimen, X 2.

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 71).

Ficure 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Ocala limestone, quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., Ocala, Fla. (U. 8.

G. 8. station 6804).
Ficure 4. Portion of the surface of another specimen, X 10.
station 365).

Johnson’s lime sink, Levy County, Fla. (U.S. G. 8.

Lepidocyclina ocalana var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var. (p. 72).
Ficure 5. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Johnson’s lime sink, Levy County, Fla. (U.S. G. 8. station 365).

98

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXVIII

Ag Lg ater
Ff nine eed

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXIX

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XXIX.

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 71).

Ficure 1. Vertical section, X 20. Ocala limestone, plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 6} miles north of Ocala, at Zuber
post office, Marion County, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 6807).
Ficure 2. Opposite half of same section.

Ficure 3. Horizontal section, X 20, of microspheric form of the species from same locality.
99

Ficure 1.
Ficure 2.

FIGURE 3.
Figure 4.

Figure 5.
Figure 6.

PATE SOG

Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman (p. 73).

Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Nuevitas, Cuba (U.S. G. 8. station 3478).

Slightly oblique section, showing a few of the equatorial chambers and the pillars and lateral chambers, «20
Limestone at Sierra Guaso, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7666).

Portion of vertical section, X 20, showing equatorial and lateral chambers and the numerous pillars. Same
locality as figure 2.

Portion of vertical section, X 15. Meson formation, San Jose de las Rusias, Mexico.

Larger portion of same specimen, X 10.

A few of the outer chambers in vertical section < 20, showing the perforations in the peripheral wall of the
equatorial chambers. Same locality as figure 4.

100

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXX

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXI

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XXXI.

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. Douvillé (p. 73).

Ficure 1. Surface view of specimen, X 5. Limestone on south side of Los Melones Mountain, near west end, near
Guantanamo, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7518).
Ficure 2. Surface view of smaller specimen, X 5, from same locality.

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman (p. 74).

Ficure 3. Oblique section, X 20. Orbitoidal limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins Ocujal trail, near Guantanamo,
Cuba (U. 8. G. 8. station 7513).

Ficures 4, 5. Embryonic chambers, showing the thick wall and thinner ones of the subdivisions, X 60. Sections of
limestone from drift near top of landslide next north of Los Melones, Cuba (U.S. G. 8. station 7519).

Ficure 6. Vertical section of young specimen, X 40, from same locality.

101

PLATE XXXII.

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé (p. 75).

Figure 1. View of exterior, X 10. Bohio, Panama (U. 8. N. M. catalogue No. 135216). 4

Fiaure 2. Horizontal section, X 20, showing hexagonal equatorial chambers and irregularities in the annuli due to
repairs by the animal of breakage in the test. West side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas, Panama
(U. 8. G.S. station 6019a).

Fiaures 3, 4. Vertical sections, in figure 3, through the embryonic chambers, shown in figure 4, at one side. Bohio,

Panama.

Fiaure 5. Slightly oblique section, X 20, showing narrow zone of equatorial chambers and two broader zones of lateral

chambers, the latter without pillars. Bohio, Panama.

Lepidocyclina canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman (p. 76).

Fiaure 6. Slightly oblique section, * 20, showing the embryonic chambers (Pliolepidina of Douvillé). Flexure 2
miles south of Yurnaguna, Cuba (U.S. G. 8. station 7548).
Fiaure 7. Section of limestone, < 20, showing abundance of specimens of this variety. Same locality as figure 6.

102

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXII

3 ad
Led
\

‘€9

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXIII

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PIGAGNE) KOXOXGIIIIG

Lepidocyclina canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman, n. var. (p. 76).

Ficure 1. Lateral chambers, X 85. Type locality, flexure 2 miles south of Yurnaguna, Cuba (U.§8. G.S. station 7548).

Ficure 2. Lateral chambers, 85, closely resembling those of this variety (fig. 1). Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Lee-
ward Islands (U. 8. G. 8. station 6862).

Figure 3. Embryonic chambers with the early equatorial chambers, X 85. Type locality (U.S. G.S. station 7548).

Fieure 4. Embryonic chambers, < 85 (Isolepidina form of Douvillé). Type locatity.

Figure 5. Embryonic chambers, X 85 (Nephrolepidina form of Douvillé). Type locality.

Ficure 6. Similar chambers, X 85. Limestone from east side of Yateras River, Cuba (U. 8. G. 8. station 7543).

Figure 7. Similar chambers, X 85. Rifle Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U.S. G.S. station 6854)

Ficure 8. Sumilar chambers, * 85. Hodges Bluff, Antigua (U. 8. G. 8. station 6862).

Figure 9. Embryonic chambers, 85 (Pliolepidina form of Douvillé). Limestone on east side of Yateras River,
Cuba (U. 8. G. S. station 7543).

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and Chapman (p. 76).

Fieures 10,11. Vertical sections, X 20. Limestone at west end of Los Melones Mountain, Cuba (U. 8. G. 8. station
7516). ;
Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douvillé (p. 74).

Ficure 12. Surface view, X 8. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba (U. 8. G. §. station 7664).

Ficure 13. Vertical section, < 20. Same locality as figure 12.

Fiaure 14. Portion of vertical section, X 20. Limestone on east side of Yateras River, Cuba (U.8.G.S8. station 7548).
103

FIGURE

FIGURE £

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

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6.

bo

PLATE XXXIV.

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman (p. 77).

. Exterior view, X 10, showing pillars appearing at the surface as raised areas. Jimestone 2 miles north of

David, Panama (U.S. G. 8. station 6523).
Vertical section, * 20, showing embryonic chambers. Same locality as figure 1.

. Oblique sectios, 20, showing equatorial and lateral chambers with pillars. Same locality.

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman (p. 77).

. Embryonic chambers of megalospheric form showing spiral indications, X 85. Limestone 2 miles north

of David, Panama (U. 8. G. 8. station 6523).

Vertical section of megalospheric embryonic chambers, X85. Nearmouth of Tonosi River, Panama (U.S.
G. 8. station 6586e).

Section showing four specimens, all with the embryonic chambers sectioned, X 20. Same locality as
figure 5.

104

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLALE XXXIV

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

U.S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXV

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA.

PLATE XXXyYV.
Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman (p. 78).

Ficure |]. Exterior view of type, X 5, showing raised center and depressed area inside the raised periphery. Lime-
stone 2 miles north of David, Panama (U. 8. G. 8. station 6523).

Figure 2. Portion of vertical section, X 20, showing great increase in width of equatorial zone, multiplication of the
chambers toward the periphery, heavy pillars, and wide lateral chambers. Same locality as figure 1.

FreureE 3. Portion of oblique section, X 20, showing pillars and lateral chambers with a few equatorial chambers
having perforate peripheral walls. Same locality.

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman (p. 78).

Fieure 4. Vertical section, X 20, north 67° east from summit of Negre Point across low saddleback of point, St. Bar-
tholomew, Leeward Islands (U. 8. G. 8. station 6903).
Fiaure 5. Distribution of pillars and lateral chambers in horizontal section, X 60. Same locality as figure 4.

131049°—20——10 105

INDEX.

Names in italic are synonyms; figures in black face indicate descriptions; figures in italic indicate illustrations.

A.
Page
Alaska, Arctic coast of, Colville ‘‘series’”? on............-.-.----:-- 23-24
Arctic coast of, elevation of, as an indication of age.-----.---- 24-25
fossils\collectedion sees seen peer e ree eee en eee ee eae eee 23, 25-28
EO) yA Wes oakdseaeceaconEacSU COST Cenc CAS pe E ECR aAEenee 23-26
Gubik:sandionessesss-e esse ee 24
climate of, in Tertiary time 25
migration of Asiatic animals to 25
Am tiplanesctereAcsDUnDULCA =P Pere re Reeeree reer eer erent eee ones 28
Asimin‘a climaterequiredibymes. s-esec ee eels cence sienna secs 2
COECONTOH, JUSS CIENEWDs (WM) osae5 socoocdbecsocuscuscesooosocaunEs 7-8
OVHO Oils b coo noomaomeaoenoasese bac cedsuouuooucaCeCUEaGaonad 3,4
ASEMOACUHS IDEIIL ial, F Vaccosesonascesessosovesoaousacsdesusouesen 31, 37
Caner, IDEN. SD sccaccoucsesaascoacpsedapoaccascecde 31-32, 37
(Gonilia?) diversa Dall, n. sp 33, 36
hemicymata Dall,n.sp...-.------- 32-33, 37
leffingwelli Dall, n. sp.-..---------- Sab See Eo ane 32, 37
Wee bat IDLE fl, Gn cesconccosanaaonncneopasoaccsenedeuananed 32, 37
Atlantic Ocean and Bering Sea, intermigration of marinefaunas of 25-26
B.
Bakeries wossilsicollectedsbyessseeeeeene een ee ee ene eee een eece 1
Bering Sea and Atlantic Ocean, intermigration of marine faunas of. 25-26
Bonine, ©. A., acknowledgment to. ...-..---2--------2-------2--- 11
CadulusjarcticuSeDallintispeeesesecisceniseeeee score seeeeees eee
Carter Creek, Alaska, section on
Ghrysodomusileffingwellixs= seas eeeenaeeeeeee eee cee
mieslerisDall Snes p sere sees eaeeeesiececaatesceeeeeee eee 28, 36
Clormal, 98, A @tieGl sconcansuavenguossoscscssecaonoaceHeauRasssce 70
Cryptoctenidia magna Dall, n.sp-..--.-------..-------+----------- 30, 36
Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall, n. sp....-..--------------------- 33-34, 36
F.
JH DVQTTTIG: COGAN songs sdesnssacco cs coop qo ouesSedaeSaqconDeuSEHas 4
IORI, ANE ECE YHOO) pooppoaocesocaceeccs soos deaconeoceosecsOo0e 1, 3-4
Texas, climate indicated by.-.------------------------------- 2-3
locality of. -..-.---------------- Sareea ee EA 1-3
G.
Geonomites, climate required by ..-.-.-.-.----------------------- 2
We binit 133975905 Des coouac cece se oso seepcobseecoaueesoseseEd 4,5-7
INO Ol coqasdnsnesacos see con daccoboscasoseopcocouaucdoosane 3-4
ETS
Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall, n. var..--...--- 34, 36
I.
Mexa climate equine bypasses clsels eet seins eons tale eel 2-3
BIEN G Ieuan, We S D-csscoseccosnopecubSueooonesseCoDassese 5,8
age Of...-.-------------- +--+ +--+ 2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 34
Uo
Jordan coal field, Mont., Bearpaw shale in 16
iBentontormationiNnese-cer oe eee eee eae 14
Claggett formation in : 15
Coloradojshalesin'er qc ces see meees least alae aenee 14
Cretaceous formations in.....-------------------------------- 14-16
Cretaceous slipper historys0fece secre emcee eel seia ei 19-21
Eaglesandstonein.......-.--.-------------------------------
formations in, section of.......--.---------------------------!
XO OI0N 9) (igs ocoscoscaoosenenacnoccoseaRneonosenEacosesar
REM WYAY Olsconseassosasusesecsudsanccocossccedos

Judith River formation in
Kootenai (?) formation in
Nance formation eimercsse cece ee eee econ eetetermeieiesteereret

Page

Jordan coal field, Mont., location and area of..--...............- 11

INiobraraylormationlineessseeeeee esse eee eee eee eee eee enone 14

sandstones in, source of

Stratigraphyofeee-eseeee ee ee eee

structureiof- =-=5----

surface features of

Mertianya(e)stormationunlesesesee se eee eeeee eee ee ee eee eee eee 17-18
Juglans, climate required by...-......----- th PS epaeiee See eeeeeee 2

TUgOsSawWes q WER Uke em see eee rie eee eee eee eee eee enaee

EXE Olics eanqdasasspaedoncds caaeooadoascaedeuLeLesosuen nase 3,4

Key tom eee aacan= aac seer ee eee ee Eee cee eee
MSG Os Sccasaccce
antillea Cushman
attenuata) Cushman snesprerassseceeren eee ee emer eee eee eee
localities\collectedifromees-seseeeee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 67
canellei Lemoine and R. Douvillé.............2-.-..----- 75-76. 102
Valo ylrmasunensis|Cushmansss-e-ee-- eee eee 76, 102, 103
chaperi Lemoine and R. Douvillé. ....-....--....-.-------. .. 64,92
chattahoocheénsis Cushman, n.sp..........-.-.----------- 65, 93, 94
localitiesicollected ifrommetereeeen a eee a eee nee eee 65
cookei Cushman.....-...- ide sutest ner 66-67, 94
crassata Cushman...-- 74-75, 101
duplicata, Cushman 78-79, 105
favosa} Cushman tereemeece eee e eet eee hee Cee eee eee eee 66,95
HoridanayCushmantenyspssseeeceeeee eee eee eee renee ere nee 67, 68, 95
localities|collectedtfrom==sse=eere cece e ee eeee ee eereeeeeee 68
fragilisi\Cushmans=nsSpseeeee eee cere ee eee o eee eee eee 63-64, 92
localities{collectedsirom=aaseeseeeseee ee eee ase n eee eee 64
georgiana Cushman; musp sees eee eee eee ee ere 60-63, 86, 87, 88
localities|collected#inomsss-as-ceee see e ease cence eee 61, 62
gigasiCushmanestm-cerer seer Cee eee eee eee ee receace neces 63, 89
var. mexicana Cushman, n..var......-.-.---.-.---- 63, 89,20, 91
hilli\Cushman nas pkecsceterec er eee cence ee ereeeeeeeees 60, 85, 86
kempi (O’Connell) Cushman ........-....-------2--2-2-2-+-+- 79
miacd onaldit Cushman 1. erer-iei\osice errs aris eee ise eee 77, 104
mantelli (Morton) iGiimbelles- a iss2e eee eae ne 57-59, 82-84
localities\collectedifinomer=-neses-eet bert ee eee 59-60
marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. Douvillé.. .... 73-74, 101
localitiesicollected fromeeas sass eee see cere ee eee e eee 74
morgani Lemoine and R. Douvillé......-..--....-..-....-..- 74
mortoni Cushman, 0. Sp..-.---.------------------------ 70-71, 97, 98
ocalanayCushman; myspa-seerceeeeeee ee eee eee cee 71-72, 98,99
localities;collectedifromees ay eassaace asc eeeee eee eee 71-72
var. subdecorata Cushman, n.var..-) 222222222282 eee eee 72,98
panamensis Cushman ..-.---.---.---------------+-------- 77-78, 104
perundosa; Cushman 98 crelnisiae ee sees -eieisnsieetnl = Si 68, 96
pseudocarinata;Cushmanvne spy hace eee seeee ee eee eee
localities|collected \irom==eeses-e ease eons
pseudomarginata Cushman, n.sp...-.--
schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douvillé
subraulinii Cushman.......--------------++----------------- 73, 100
sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and Chapman ...... 76-77, 103
localitiesicollectedfrompecese-e cee erase eee eee aeee 76

supera (Conrad) H. Douvillé
localities collected from
undosa Cushman......-.------
undulata Cushman.......------
vaughaniCushmanbrreecereeeteceraceeeeciereeneeoee nea
Lesquereux, Leo, cited..-.-.--.------------------- Sookeobsodadace
MittorinajpalliataySaysneccteieicieccieccioitcmmcisincsiseecce nies cieiceincine

108 INDEX.
M. Page Page
Macomarniddendorfill Dall pscsse--cesieeesee ee ekieeaeeeeneeeeeee 33, 37 | Orthophragrhina georgiana Cushman ...._---..-----.-------- 45-46, 53
Mapasella aleutica Dallic--..< cc sem ans eee eer teaaaeeaeeeetees 34 georgiana localities collected from....... ----...-....... Pera 45
EWN Srasscoscdasas onocasono-Basacener noecee se abacssasaso5e 34 hayesi Cushman, n.sp. (?).----.----------- Shopadss seecsesnss 43, 61
Myriozoum n. sp-..---------- DASGRE spa SaSane SeoeSe sous sdonesscoEs 34 marginata Cushmanie ee eee see ees ese ---- 43-44, 52
< marian en Sis\Oc.s Een see eee 46, 54
ays SU EAT) TOLD] ee ChE SS E70 7 47, 54
Nome, Alaska, elevated beaches near.....--.--------------------- 24 Minima Cushman’. 2-222 Sess ee he eee eee 41, 50
Nummulites mantelli Morton ....--------------------------------- 57 DuUstulatalCushiian Sees see 42, 50
LG OEP RENO s cebnceessecenenebS6 suasaeeecetocescesse 73 Sculpturatal Cushinan sess sees eet eee see eee ee 43, 51
‘OF P
Orbitoidesvarelotes ses sces-eeeacen re eeeer cease ser cere 39 x
(Lepidocyclina) mantelli (Morton) Giimbel 57 | Panama, Tertiary marine sediments of, tentative correlation
mantels DLOnbIgny= cep aeeese eee eee eee ere ee pea 57 LAO) fb mermocenodmonoentinssasesssaoscocuspaSscencs 40
mut. wmbrellopsis De Gregorio... ..---------------------- 57 | Pecten (Chlamys) kindlei Dall, n. sp-...---------------------- 30-31, 37
SURO Do aca a are cb ise sees ct cos scade Ses oe see seaSseesouessos= CSO GION bso sseSse ce ce cenosaseoosscrsssashoraesebetscon sane 31
SUDENC, COMTAC are rater wlate oleate a aa alm la lea eel ale teeta =e NaS Daoneooe Se cossscsoosSaSHadeeoeeos Jonsemee soceooseSnSsEE ste 31
Onxvitolites:supena! Contadiae anes er aal= eee een Pyrilofiususischraderi: Dall n:|\spa-- ssseeee= seas ee sere ee ae eee 29, 36
Oreodaphne, climate required by
pseudoguianensis Berry S.
BOO or spascsoacse Nena aecce bapa qEpES she caAeaBoSaeocaaC 3-4) | SCUGUONAY GIG eS UCL CLEKa em ereeine stein ola = tae ee eral 4
@rthophragminay ag etl soir are cia tasers arate ated = lm =o a tntee = eimteteataeiato Sabalitesclimatemequiredibyeeres-e-eeeeree eee eee 2
American species of, features of. PTA yanus (uesqwerettx:) Benny C2.) = ese eee eel eee eee 4-5,4,6
WO ie soencteocubossdocssass coon boson sooseaenocnousedecwe RYO s55 tos gad sonsos = soqsobocsessteosuecas nee senSneS 3-4
antillea\Cushmaniascen-seeese eres ane Eee aaereeaee Schradersl.i Ca cited: emeerere Elen =s Ren eese ee Se P eee eas eee 23, 24
clarki|Cushmanysneis pierces n=e ee ae eee eee eee eee ee Seward Peninsula, Alaska, elevated beaches on.........--------- 24
localities collected from...
crassa Cushman...----------- Tq.
localities collected from....--.---------+++++++---- Table Butte, Mont., section of Lance formation in..-....---....-. 17
cubensis Cushman... ....-------+-+++++++++-++2+2e+ee2e2e-- Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall, n. sp..-.-------------------------- 29, 36
localitiesicollectedifromPe-s=-ceee mss -e esses eee ee eeeene
flintensis! Cushman saceee sees ea ee = eee ee ee eee eee ee V.
floridana; Cushman tr asemcee = at aaeraerer ree sere eee een Wananda; Mont. lociofiwelliatmen:satnseeee =e eee ee eee 13
localities collected from -5--- =~ <-j-eomcen- =n nine =e nelle Venericardia nuwokensis Dall, n. sp...---.----------------------- 33, 36

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