BY CHARLES S. NEWHALL

I

THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

With an introductory note by Nath. L. Britton. With illus-
trations made from tracings of the leaves of the various trees.
8° $2 50

II

THE LEAF COLLECTOR'S HANDBOOK AND HERBARIUM

An aid in the preservation and in the classification of specimen
leaves of the trees of Northeastern America. Illustrated $2 00

III
THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

Fully illustrated. Large S° $2 50

IV

THE VINES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

Very fully illustrated. Similar in general style to " The Trees
of Northeastern America." (In preparation.)

THE SHRUBS

OF

NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

BY

V

CHARLES S. NEWHALL
nl

AUTHOR OF "THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA," ETC.

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK

27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD ST.

LONDON

24 BEDFORD ST., STRAND

<£Jje fmickcrbockcr press
1897

I

Copyright, 1893

BY

CHARLES S. NEWHALL

7 9144-

Electrotyped, Printed, and Bound by

Ube lknicfcerbocftcr press, mew locfc
G. P. Putnam's Sons

THE SHRUBS.

'T is true, among the brotherhood
Of regal trees that hold their place
Like sceptred kings, you have no rank,
Dear children of the humbler race.

Instead you ever seem to stand
In mute appeal for love and care,
With offered gifts of grace and bloom,
In lowly places everywhere.

But, children of the humbler race,
'T is therefor that we give you praise.
You give your souls (your flowers), and we
Our love, through all the changing days.

CONTENTS.

Natural Arrange

List of Illustrations

Preface

List of Families and of Genera
Directions, Signs Used, Etc. .
Guide to the Shrubs (by Flower.

ment.) ......

Guide to the Shrubs (by Leaf.)
Guide to the Shrubs (by Fruit.)
Description of Shrubs (with Illustrations.)

Angiospermse, mostly with Distinct Petals

" United
" with Petals Lacking

Gymnospermae
Shrubs not Elsewhere Named
Explanation of Terms . . .

Glossary

List of Shrubs Worthy of Cultivation
Index to the Shrubs ....

Page
vii

xi

13
17

19

25
29

34-233

34-129

130-192

194-228

230-233

233
236

240

241

. 243

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Figure i

— Shrub Yellow-Root

PAGE

35

Figure 2

— Sweet-Bay

37

Figure 3

— Papaw . . . , .

39

Figure 4

— Barberry

41

Figure 5

— Hudsonia

4i

Figure 6

— St.-Peter's-wort .

43

Figure 7

— Shrubby St.-John's-wort

43

Figure 8

— Prickly Ash .

49

Figure 9

— Hop Tree

5i

Figure 10. — Ilex ....

53

Figure n. — Winterberry

53

Figure 12. — Inkberry

55

Figure 13 — Mountain Holly .

57

Figure 14. — Burning-Bush

59

Figure 15. — Strawberry-Bush

59

Figure 16. — Lance-Leaved Buckthorn

63

Figure 17. — Alder-Leaved Buckthorn

(>S

Figure 18. — Narrow-Leaved Ceanothus

65

Figure 19. — New Jersey Tea .

65

Figure 20. — Mountain Maple .

67

Figure 21. — Bladder-Nut

69

Figure 22. — Smooth Sumach .

7i

Figure 23. — Dwarf Sumach

7i

Figure 2

4. — Poison Sumach

t

75

Vll

Yin

Illustrations

1

-5-

I

gure

26.

F

igure

27.

F

gure

28.

F

gure

29.

F

gure

3°-

F

gure

31-

F

gure

32-

F

gure

33-

F

gure

34"

F

gure

35-

F

gure

36.-

F

gure

37--

F

gure

38.

F

gure

39-

F

gure

40.-

F

gure

41.

F

gure

42.-

Fi

gure

43"

F

gure 44.-

F

gure

45-

F

gure

46,

F

gure

47-"

F

gure

48,

F

gure

49.

F

gure

5°-'

F

gure

51.

F

gure

52--

F

gure

53--

F

gure

54

F

gure

55-

F

gure

56.

F

gure

57-

F

gure

58.

I-

gure

59--

-Poison Ivy

-Sweet Sumach
-False Endigo

-Wild Plum
-Beach Plum .
-Sloe [P. spinosa ]
-Choke-Cherry
-Mkadow-Sweet
-Birch-Leaved Spir^a
-Hardhack
-Nixe-Bark
-Purple-Flowering Raspberry
-Red Raspberry
-Blackcap
-Bland Rose .
-Chokeberry .
-Dogberry
-White Thorn
-Black Thorn
-Cockspur Thorn .
-Dwarf Thorn
-June-Berry .
-Sweet-Scented Shrub
-Wild Hydrangea .
Itea

-Prickly Gooseberry
-Swamp Gooseberry
-Wild Red Currant
-Witch-Hazel
-Angelica Tree
-Round-Leaved Cornel
-Common Elder
-Hobble-Bush .
-Bush Cranberry .
-Maple-Leaved Arrow-wood

77
77
79
83
83
85
85
87

87
89

89

9i
93
95
99

[OI
[OI

[°5
f°5
[07
[07
109
tc9

!3

]5

'5

17

17

l9

!3

:5

ii

[35

^37

[39

Illustrations

IX

Figure
Figure

Figure 60.-
Figure 61.-
Figure 62.-
Figure 63.-
64.-

65--
Figure 66.-

Figure 67.-

Figure 68.-

Figure 69.-

Figure 70.-

Figure 71.-

Figure 72.-

Figure 73.-

Figure 74.-

Figure 75.—

Figure 76 —

Figure

77--
igure 78.-
Figure

Fi

79-
Figure 80.-

Figure 81.-

Figure 82. —

Figure 83. —

Figure 84. —

Figure 85.—

Figure 86.—

Figure 87. —

Figure 88. —

Figure 89. —

Figure

90.—

Fig

;ure 91.-
Figure 92.-
Figure 93.-
Figure 94.-

Arrow-wood .

Downy Arrow- wood .

Withe-rod (V. nudum)

Black Haw .

Snowberry

Indian Currant .

Fly-Honeysuckle

Bush Honeysuckle

Button-Bush

Groundsel Tree .

Common Black Huckleberry

Dangleberry

Squaw Huckleberry .

Common Low Blueberry

Common High Blueberry

Marsh Andromeda

Stagger-Bush

Privet Andromeda

Leucothoe

Leather-Leaf

Mountain Laurel

Sheep Laurel

Clammy Azalea

Purple Azalea

Great Laurel

Rhodora

Labrador Tea

Sweet Pepper-Bush

Fringe-Tree .

Spice-Bush

Leatherwood

Shepherdia .

American Mistletoe

Oil-nut .

Bavberry

PAGE
141

141
143

J43
M5
■45
147
151
!53
i53
J57
i57
161
161

165
167

167
170
170
172

i75
177

181

181

183
183
187
189
191

i95
197
197
201
201
203

Illustrations

Figure 95
Figure 96

Figure 97
Figure 98
Figure 99
Figure 100
Figure 10 r
Figure 102
Figure 103
Figure 104
Figure 105
Figure 106
Figure 107
Figure 108
Figure 109
Figure 1 10
Figure 1 1 1
Figure 1 12
Figure 113
Figure 1 14
Figure 1 15
Figure 1 16

-Sweet-Gale .

-Sweet-Fern .

-Low Birch

-Smooth Alder

-Hazel-nut

— Beaked Hazel-nut

— Hornbeam .

— Dwarf Chestnut Oak

— Bear Oak

— Dwarf Chestnut

— Long-Leaved Willow

— Prairie Willow .

— Dwarf Gray Willow

— Silky Willow

— Long-Stalked Green Osier

—Sage Willow

— Heart-Leaved Willow

— Pear-Leaved Willow

— Salix Myrtilloides .

— Broom Crow-Berry

— Common Juniper .

— American Yew

PAGE
203

203

207

211

2I3
213

215
217

217

219

221

221

221

221

221

225

225

225

225

227

231

2X\

PREFACE.
I.

" C , now that you have finished your book about

the trees, I wish you would make another, this time
about our native shrubs."

"Why?"

" Partly because I want to know the shrubs as I have
learned to know the trees, and partly for another reason.
You remember the little place I have in the country?"

"Yes, a pretty place that could be made prettier."

" Well, I had thought of finding a gardener and telling
him to stock it as he chose, but I have a fancy that the
result would be better every way if I and the children
were to search the woods and so stock it for ourselves."

"And you want me to help you in your miniature
landscape gardening."

" I want you to help me to know all our shrubs, and
among them to know the best for the garden and the
lawn. Will you ? "

"Yes."

II-

In the introduction to The Trees of ATorthea$tern
America, I referred to the interest which one who visits

xii Preface

the woods often takes in personal fellowship with the
individual trees. He is not satisfied to pass through a
forest or a field as one might walk the streets of a crowded
city — unacquainted. His mood is friendly ; therefore he
is pleased when by any chance he can know the trees as
friends, in their home life, intimately and by name.

One has a similar feeling toward the humbler company

of the shrubs.

As I undertook the pleasant work of introduction
between the many who have no technical botanical knowl-
edge and my friend the trees, now I do the same for
them and my friends the shrubs.

III.

The shrubs described in the following pages are those
which are found native in Canada and the United States
east of the Mississippi River and north of the latitude of
Southern Pennsylvania. With these are described the
more important of the introduced and naturalized species.

The woody vines of the section are not included.
They are reserved for another volume.

I am glad to acknowledge my obligations to Dr.
Thomas Morong, and again to Professor N. L. Britton
of Columbia College. Professor Britton has very kindly
revised the nomenclature of the shrubs. For the localities
I have chiefly followed Gray and Wood. I am indebted
also to the works of Torrey, Emerson, Millspaugh,
Meehan, and others.

LIST OF FAMILIES AND OF GENERA.

Family i. Ranunculace/e (Crowfoot

Fam.)
Family 2. Magnoliace^e (Magnolia

Fam.)
Family 3. Anonace^e (Papaw Fam.)
Family 4. Berberidace^e (Barberry

Fam.)
Family 5. Cistace^e (Rock-rose Fam.)
Family 6. HYPERiCACEiE (St.-John's-

wort Fam.)

Family 7. Rutace^e (Rue Fam.)

Family 8. Ilicine/e (Holly Fam.)

Family 9. Celastrace;E (Staff-tree

Fam.)
Family 10. Rhamnace^e (Buckthorn

Fam.)

Family n. Sapindace^e

Family 12 Anacardiace^e (Sumach

Fam.)
Family 13. Leguminos^e (Pulse Fam.)

13

Genus Xanthorhiza (Shrub

Yellow-root.
Genus Magnolia (Magnolia).

Genus Asimina (Papaw).
Genus Berberis (Barberry).

Genus Hudsonia(Hudsonia).

Genus AScyrum (St.-Peter's-
wort).

Genus Hypericum (St.-
John's-wort).

Genus Xanthoxylum (Prickly
Ash).

Genus Ptelea (Shrubby Tre-
foil).

Genus Ilex (Holly, etc.).

Genus Nemopanthes (Mt.
Holly).

Genus Euonymus (Burning-
Bush.)

Genus Rhamnus (Buck-
thorns).

Genus Ceanothus (New Jer-
sey Tea, etc.).

Genus Acer (Maple).

Genus Staphylea (Bladder-
nut).

Genus Rhus (Sumachs).

Genus Amorpha (False
Indigo).

14 List of Fa7nilies and of Genera

Family 14. RosAcEiE (Rose Fam.) Genus Prunus (Plum,

Cherry).
Genus Spiraea (Meadow-
sweet, etc.).
Genus Physocarpus (Nine-
bark).
Genus Rubus (Blackberry,

etc.).
Genus Rosa (Rose).
Genus Pyrus (Chokeberry,

etc.).
Genus Crataegus (Thorn,

Haw).
Genus Amelanchior (June-
berry).
Family 15. CalycanthAce,e (Caly- Genus Calycanthus (Sweet-

canthus Fam.) scented Shrub).

Family 16. SaxifragAce^e (Saxifrage Genus Hydrangea.
Fam.) Genus Itea.

Genus Ribes (Currant, etc.).
Family 17. Hamamelide./E (Witch Genus Hamamelis (Witch

Hazel Fam.) Hazel).

Family 18. AraliAce^e (Ginseng Fam.) Genus Aralia (Angelica

Tree).
Family 19. CornAce^e (Dogwood Fam.) Genus Cornus (Dogwoods or

Cornels).
Family 20. CaprifoliAce/e (Honey- Genus Sambucus (Elders),
suckle Fam.) Genus Viburnum (Arrow-

woods, etc.).
Genus Symphoricarpos

(Snowberry, etc.).
Genus Lonicera (Fly-Honey-
suckles).
Genus Diervilla (Bush
Honeysuckle).
Family 21. RubiAce*: (Madder Fam.) Genus Cephalanthus (But-
ton-bush).
Family 22. Composite (Composite Genus Baccharis (Groundsel
Fam.) Tree)

Genus Iva, L. (Marsh Elder).
Family 23. EricAce/E (Heath Fam.) Genus Gaylussacia (Huckle-

berry ).

List of Families and of Genera 15

Family 23. Ericaceae (Heath Fam.)-
Continued,

Family 24. Oleace^e (Olive Fam.)

LauracejE (Laurel Fam.)
Thymelace^e (Daphne

Family 25.
Family 26.

Fam.)
Family 27.

Fam.)
Family 28.

Fam.)
Family 29. SANTALACEiE (Sandalwood

Fam.)
Family 30.

Fam.)
Family 31.

Fam.)

El^eagnace^e (Oleaster
Loranthace^e (Mistletoe

MYRicAcEiE (Sweet-Gale
Cupulifer^e (Oak, etc.,

Family 32. SalicaceoE (Willow Fam.)
Family 2>Z- Empetrace/E (Crow-berry
Fam.)

Family 34. Conifers (Pine Fam.)

Genus Vaccinium (Blue-
berry, etc.).

Genus Andromeda.

Genus Leucothoe.

Genus Cassandra.

Genus Kalmia (Laurels, etc.).

Genus Menziesia.

Genus Rhododendron
(Azaleas, etc.).

Genus Ledum (Labrador
Tea).

Genus Clethra (Sweet Pep-
per-bush).

Genus Chionanthus (Fringe
Tree).

Genus Ligustrum (Privet).

Genus Lindera (Spice-bush).

Genus Dirca (Leatherwood).

Genus Daphne (Mezereum).

Genus Shepherdia.

Genus Phoradendron (Am.

Mistletoe).
Genus Pyrularia (Oil-nut).

Genus Myrica (Bayberry,
etc.).

Genus Betula (Birches).

Genus Alnus (Alders).

Genus Corylus (Hazel-nuts).

Genus Carpinus (Horn-
beam).

Genus Qiiercus (Oaks).

Genus Castanea (Dwarf
Chestnut).

Genus Salix (Willows).

Genus Corema (Broom
Crow-berry).

Genus Empetrum (Black
Crow-berry).

Genus Juniperus (Juniper).

Genus Taxus (Am. Yew).

DIRECTIONS.

Note i. The place of any given specimen can be
readily found by help of one or more of the three
"Guides" given on pages i to 10.

The first Guide is arranged for use with the flowers ;
the second, with the leaves ; the third, with the fruit.
Which of the three can be used to the best advantage
will depend upon the time of year.

The descriptions are scientific but not technical.

Note 2. In describing a species, the general items
that have been given under the genus or the family to
which the species belongs are not usually repeated.

Note 3. In using the Leaf Guide and the leaf illustra-
tions it should be remembered that leaves from vigorous
young sprouts are not usually the best specimens. It
is seldom that two leaves, even upon the same mature
plant, exactly agree, but they follow the type, while often
the younger growth varies from it.

Note 4. Those species are considered shrubs (in dis-
tinction from trees) which, as the rule, do not spring from
the ground with a single branching trunk.

Note 5. Signs used : A grave accent (^) over a vowel
indicates that it is accented and long. An acute accent
(') over a vowel indicates that it is accented and short.

Names enclosed in brackets indicate that the shrub is
not native.

17

GUIDE I.

FLOWERS.

Corolla (" crown ") = the circle
of petals.

3. Anther* " 1
1
2. Filament ~"

1. Stamen '

&]i

v— 7. Stigma

. i 6. Style
•.4. Pistil

• .'. 5- Seed-case

8. Receptacle

Calyx (" cup ") = the circle of sepals.

For further explanation of terms see Glossary, page 240.

Class First. — Young seeds enclosed in a seed-case (An-
giospermae), including all shrubs excepting those of
the Pine Family.

Division I. Sepals and petals both present, the latter not united into
one piece (Polypetalous).
A. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten.
1. Sepals attached below the seed-case or cases.

(a) Seed-cases numerous, but clinging together in a solid mass
on a lengthened receptacle. Blossoms one and one-half
inches or more across. Petals and sepals colored alike.
Sweet-Bay in Magnolia Fam. No. 2 (Magnoliaceae),
page 36.
(a) Seed-cases numerous, separate, concealed in an urn-shaped
or cup-shaped receptacle.
{&) Leaves opposite, entire. Calycanthus Fam. No. 15
(Calycanthaceae) page no.
'9

20

Guide

{b) Leaves alternate, toothed. The Rose in Rose Fam. No.
14 (Rosacea?), page 96.
{a) Seed-cases more than one, separate, not enclosed in the
receptacle. Rose Fam. (in part) No. 14 (Rosacea?),
page 80, seq.
(a) Pistil, one.

(b) Flowers yellowish ; leaves opposite, edge entire, dotted
(under a lens). St.-John's-wort Fam. No. 6 (Hyperi-
caceae), page 44.
(b) Flowers white or pinkish ; leaves alternate, toothed.
Plums and Cherries in Rose Fam. No. 14 (Rosa-
cea?), pages 80-84.
(b) Flowers bright-yellow, small, lasting only a day ; leaves
crowded, scale-like or awl-shaped, downy. Hud-
sonia in Rock-Rose Fam. No. 5 (Cistaceae), page 42.
2. Sepals attached to the seed-case.

(a) Seed-case ten-celled, with one seed in each cell. Shad-
bush in Rose Fam. No. 14 (Rosacea;), page 108.
(a) Seed-case two- to five-celled. Chokeberry and Haw in
Rose Fam. No. 14 (Rosacea?), pages 100-104.
B. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite to them.
{a) Flowers yellow ; seed-case with one cell. Barberry Fam.

No. 4 (Berberidaceae) page 38.
(a) Flowers greenish ; seed-case with two to four cells. Buck-
thorn Fam. No. 10 (Rhamnaceae), page 61.
C Stamens, not more than twice as many as the petals ; when of
just the number, alternate with them.
1. Sepals attached below the seed-case or cases.
{a) Seed-cases, two or more, separate.
(b) Stamens attached to the receptacle.

(c) Flowers greenish or whitish. Rue Fam. No. 7 (Ru-

taceae), page 47.
(c) Flowers brownish-purple. Crowfoot Fam. No. 1
(Ranunculaceae), page 34.
(b) Stamens attached to the sepals. Spiraea in Rose Fam.
No. 14 (Rosacea?), page 86.
(a) Seed-case, one.

(b) Seed-case with one cell.

(c) Petal, only one ; flowers violet or purple. False
Indigo in Pulse Fam. No. 13 (Leguminosae),
page 78.

Flowers

21

(c) Petals, five and equal ; flowers greenish-white or yel-
lowish ; seed, one. Sumach Fam. No. 12 (Anacar-
diaceae), page 70.
{c) Petals, five and equal, but lasting only for a day ; flowers
light-yellow ; seeds, several. Hudsonia in Rock-
Rose Fam. No. 5 (Cistaceae), page 42.
(c) Petals, five and equal ; flowers white ; seeds, several.
Itea in Saxifrage Fam. No. 16 (Saxifragaceae),
page 112.
(&) Seed-case with two to several cells.

(c) Flowers irregular. Rhododendron in Heath Fam. No.

23 (Ericaceae), page 178.
(c) Flowers regular.

(d) Stamens, two (early, three or four) ; petals, four,
barely united at base. Fringe Tree in Olive
Fam. No. 24 (Oleaceae), page 190.
(d) Stamens more numerous than the petals. Maple in
Soapberry Fam. No. n (Sapindaceae), page 66.
(d) Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
(e) Seeds, only one or two in each cell.

(/) Leaves compound, of three leaflets. Hop Tree

in Rue Fam. No. 7 (Rutacese), page 50.
(/) Leaves simple.

(g) Sepals not minute. Euonymus in Staff-
Tree Fam. No. 9 (Celastraceae), page 58.
(g) Sepals minute. Holly Fam. No. 8 (Ilici-
neae), page 50.
(e) Seeds, several or many in each cell.

(/) Leaves compound and opposite. Bladder-Nut
in Soapberry Fam. No. n (Sapindaceae),
page 68.
(/) Leaves simple, alternate.

(g) Edge entire. Ledum in Heath Fam. No.

23 (Ericaceae), page 186.
(g) Edge-toothed. Clethra in Heath Fam. No.
23 (Ericaceae), page 188.
2. Sepals attached to the seed-case.

(a) Young seeds, more than one in each cell.

{l>) Seed-case with one cell ; leaves alternate. Currant and
Gooseberry in Saxifrage Fam. No. 16 (Saxifragaceae),
page 114.

22

Guide

(b) Seed-case with two to several cells ; leaves opposite. .
(c) Petals rounded ; stamens, four to five, very short.
Spindle-Tree in Staff-Tree Fam. No. 9 (Celas-
traceae), page 58.
(c) Petals egg-shape ; stamens, eight to ten, slender.
Hydrangea in Saxifrage Fam. No. 16 (Saxifraga-
ceae), page in.
(a) Young seeds, only one in each cell.

(b) Stamens, ten or five ; leaves simple. Crataegus in Rose

Fam. No. 14 (Rosaceae), page 103.
{b) Stamens, four ; flowers dark-purple. Spindle-Tree in

Staff-Tree Fam. No. 9 (Celastraceae), page 58
(b) Perfect stamens, four ; flowers yellow. Witch-Hazel

Fam. No. 17 (Hamamelideae), page 118.
(b) Stamens, four ; flowers white. Dogwood Fam. No. 19

(Cornaceae), page 124.
(b) Stamens, five ; leaves compound. Angelica Tree in
Ginseng Fam. No. 18 (Araliaceae), page 122.
Division II. Sepals and petals both present ; the latter more or less
united into one piece (Gamopetalous).

A. Stamens more numerous than the united petals. Heath Fam.

No. 23 (Ericaceae), page 155.

B. Stamens of the same number as the united petals, and alternate

with them, or fewer.

1. Sepals attached to the seed-case.

(a) Flowers in few- to many-blossomed heads, tubular, some
with stamens only, others with pistils only ; leaves
alternate, or, in Iva, the lower ones opposite. Iva and
Groundsel Tree in Composite Fam. No. 22 (Com-
positae), page 154.

(a) Flowers not crowded in round balls ; leaves opposite.
Honeysuckle Fam. No. 20 (Caprifoliaceae), page 130.

{a) Flowers crowded in round balls ; leaves opposite. Button-
bush in Madder Fam. No. 21 (Rubiaceae), page 152.

2. Sepals not attached to the seed-case.

(a) Corolla somewhat irregular. Rhododendron in Heath

Fam. No. 23 (Ericaceae), page 178.
(a) Corolla regular.

{b) Stamens of the same number as the united petals.

(c) Stamens free from the petals but inserted with them ;
style one. Heath Fam. No. 23 (Ericaceae), page 155.

Flowers

23

(c) Stamens attached to the base of the barely united
petals ; style none or very short. Holly Fam. No.
8 (Ilicineae), page 50.
(b) Stamens fewer than the four barely united, strap-like
petals (rarely of the same number). Fringe Tree in
Olive Fam. No. 24 (Oleaceae), page 190.
Division III. Petals (and sometimes sepals) wanting (apetalous).

A. Flowers not in slender, drooping, and scaly clusters, nor in scaly

heads.
(a) Seed-cases three to five and separate. Prickly Ash in

Rue Fam. No. 7 (Rutaceae), page 47.
(a) Seed-case one.

(b) Sepals attached to the seed-case.

(c) Parasitic on the branches of trees. Mistletoe Fam.

No. 28 (Loranthaceae), page 199.
(c) Not parasitic ; flowers small, greenish, in short spikes.
Oil-Nut in Sandalwood Fam. No. 29 (Santala-
ceae), page 200.
(b) Sepals not attached to the seed-case, but surrounding it ;
flowers small yellowish ; leaves scurfy. Shepherdia
in Oleaster Fam. No. 27 (Elaeagnaceae), page 198.
(b) Sepals sometimes wanting ; when present plainly not
attached to the seed-case.
(c) Young seeds, two in each cell. Maple in Soapberry

Fam. No. 11 (Sapindaceae), page 66.
(c) Young seeds, one in each cell.

(d) Cells of seed-case three to nine ; leaves narrow,
heath-like. Crow-Berry Fam. No. 33 (Empe-
traceae), page 226.
(d) Cells of seed-case three ; leaves broad. Buckthorn

Fam. No. 10 (Rhamnacese), page 61.
(d) Cells of seed-case one.

(<?) Flowers light-yellow ; three or four in a simple
cluster. Leatherwood in Daphne Fam. No. 26
(Thymelaceae), page 196.
(<?) Flowers light-yellow, many in a compound cluster.
Spice-bush in Laurel Fam. No. 25 (Lauraceae),
page 194.

B. Flowers in slender, drooping, and scaly clusters, or in scaly

heads, and of two sorts, with stamens only (staminate),
and with pistils only (pistillate).

24 Gtiide

(a) Seed-cases two- to seven-celled, with one or two young
seeds in each cell ; in fruit one-celled and one-seeded ;
staminate flowers mostly in slender, drooping, and
scaly clusters. Oak Fam. No. 31 (Cupuliferse) page 206.

(a) Seed-case one-celled with many young seeds ; in fruit one-
celled and many-seeded ; staminate and pistillate
flowers mostly in lengthened and scaly clusters. Willow
Fam. No. 32 (Salicaceae), page 220.

(a) Seed-case one-celled, with one young seed ; staminate and
pistillate flowers mostly in scaly heads ; leaves fragrant
when crushed. Sweet-Gale Fam. No. 30 (Myricaceae)
page 202.

Class Second. — Young seeds not enclosed in seed-cases ;
(Gymnospermae) ; leaves needle-shaped or line-like.
Juniper and Yew in Pine Fam. No. 34 (Coniferae)
pages 230, 232.

GUIDE II.

LEAVES.

A. Leaves simple.*

I. Alternate.

(a) Edge entire. Go to i.
(a) " toothed. Go to 2.
{a) " lobed.

(b) Lobes entire. Go to 3.

(b) " toothed. Go to 4.

II. Opposite.

(a) Edge entire. Go to 5.
(a) " toothed. Go to 6.
(a) " lobed.

(b) Lobes entire. Go to 7.

(b) " toothed. Go to 8.

III. Indeterminate (because of smallness or closeness). Go to 9.

B. Leaves compound.

I. Feather-shaped.
(a) Alternate.

(b) Edge of leaflets entire. Go to 10.
(b) " " toothed. Go to 11.

(a) Opposite.

(b) Edge of leaflets entire. Go to 12.
(b) " " toothed. Go to 13.

II. Hand-shaped. Go to 14.

* The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple leaf by the
absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.

25

26

Guide

GUIDE II.

leaves — Continued.

N0TE.-Names in italics are also given elsewhere under the more frequent

form.

Sweet-Bay, page 36.
Papaw, page 38.
Mountain Holly, page 56.
Cornel, alternate leaves, page 127.
Groundsel Tree, page 154.
Genus Gaylussacia (Huckleberries
and Dangleberries), excepting
Box Huckleberry, page 204.
Genus Vaccinium (Blueberries and
Bilberries), excepting Dwarf
Blueberry and some Bilberries,
page 162.
Genus Andromeda, page 166.
Leather-leaf, page 171.
Mountain Laurel, page 174-
Genus Rhododendron (Azaleas,
etc.), excepting Sweet Pepper-
bush, page 182.
Leatherwood, page 196.
Daphne, page 198.
Shepherdia, page 198.
Buffalo-Nut, page 200.
Bayberry, page 202.
Willows in part, page 220.

Barberry (thorny), page 38.
Ilex monticola, G, page 52.
Winterberry, page 52.
Inkberry (toothed toward apex),
page 54.

Aft. Holly, page 56.

Buckthorns, page 61.

New Jersey Tea (strongly three-
ribbed), page 64

Ceanothus, narrow-leaved (strong-
ly three-ribbed), page 64.

Genus Primus (Plum, Cherry, etc.),
page 81.

Genus Spiraea (Spiraeas), page

86.
Genus Pyrus (Chokeberry, etc.),

page 100.
Genus Crataegus in part (Thorns),

page 104.
Genus Amelanchier (Shad-bush),

page 108.
Itea, page 112.
Witch-Hazel (teeth large and

rounded), page 118.
Groundsel Tree (teeth large and

remote), page 154.
Dwarf Huckleberry, page 158.
Box Huckleberry, page 159.
Dwarf Blueberry and var., page 162.
Low Blueberry, page 163.
Some Bilberries, page 164.
Privet Andromeda, page 169.
Leucothoe, page 169.
Leather -Leaf, page 171.
Sweet Pepper-Bush, page 188.
Spice-Bush, page 194.
Genus Myrica (Sweet Fern, etc.,

foliage fragrant), page 205.

Leaves

27

Family Cupuliferae (Birch, Alder,
Hazel-nut, Hornbeam, Oak,
Chestnut), except Bear Oak,
page 206.

Willows in part, page 220.

Oak, Bear, page 218.

Sweet-scented Shrub, page no.

Hydrangea, page in.

Hobble-Bush, page 134.

Genus Viburnum, in part (Downy
Viburnum, Arrow-wood, Soft
Viburnum, Black Haw, V. nu-
dum, V. cassinbides), page 140.

Bush Honeysuckle, page 150.

Marsh Elder, page 154.

Nine-bark, page 88.
Raspberry, Flowering, page 90.
Genus Crataegus (in part Thorns),

page 104.
Genus Ribes (Gooseberries), page

114.

St.-John's-worts (leaves minutely

dotted) page 44.
Genus Cornus (Cornels) excepting

C. alternifolia, page 126.
Viburnum nudum, page 140.

•' cassinbides, page 142.

Snowberry, page 144.
Wolfberry, page 144.
Indian Currant, page 146.
Genus Lonicera (Honeysuckles),

page 148
Button-Bush, page 152.
Genus Kalmia (Laurels), page 174.
Fringe-Tree, page 190.
Privet, page 190.
Mistletoe, page 199.
Juniper (in threes, needle-like),

page 230

Burning-Bush, page 58.
Strawberry-Bush, page 60.

7

Sweet Fern, page 205.

Mt. Maple, page 66.

Genus Viburnum in part (Cran-
berry Tree, Dockmackie, Few-
flowered Viburnum), page 134.

Hudsonias, page 42.

Broom Crow-Berry, page 226.

Black Crow-Berry, page 228.

Juniper, page 230.

Yew, American, page 232.

10

Prickly Ash, page 47.
Trefoil Shrubby, page 50.
Ivy, Poison, page 76.
Indigo, False, page 78.
Lead Plant, page 78.

11

Shrub Yellow-Root, page 34.
Prickly Ash, page 47.
Trefoil Shrubby, page 50.
Sumachs, page 70.
Ivy Poison, page 76.

28 Guide

Genus Rubus (Raspberries, Black- 13

berries, etc.), except Flowering Bladder.Nut (three leaflets), page
Raspberry, page 92. ,~

Genus Rosa (Rose), page 98. Elde^ page ^

Angelica Tree, page 122

12 14

GUIDE III.

FRUIT.

Class I. — Fruit releasing the ripened seed by decaying:

A. Fleshy or pulpy, with one or more seeds.

(a) Seeds, two or more, and in distinct cells (Apple, Shad-
bush). A pome. Go to i.

(a) Seed, one to many, not in distinct cells (Huckleberry).
A berry. Go to 2.

B. Fleshy (or sometimes nearly dry), with one or more " stones."

A drupe or an etgerio.
{a) Solitary, with one or in Papaw with several large stones

(Cherry, Papaw). Go to 3.
{a) Solitary, with one to several small stones (Sumach). Go

to 4.
(a) Clustered on one receptacle, each drupelet with one small

stone (Raspberry). Go to 5.

C. Not fleshy, with one or in the " samara " sometimes two

ripened seeds
(a) The coat dry, tipped with the remains of the style, and free

from but enclosing its one small seed (Groundsel

Tree). An achenium. Go to 6.
{a) The coat, a thin membrane forming a " wing " around or

at the sides of the fruit (Trefoil Maple). A samara.

Go to 7.
(a) The coat a cup, a wrap, or a scale (Acorn, Hazel-nut,

Alder). A glans, a nut, or a nutlet. Go to 8.
29

;o

Guide

Class II. — Fruit releasing the ripened seeds by split-
ting- :

(<?) Splitting on one side, one-celled (Spirsea, Shrub Yellow-
Root). A follicle. Go to 9.

((?) Splitting on two sides, one-celled, with seeds in one row
(False Indigo). A legume. Go to 10.

(</) Any form of dry fruit that splits up and down, and is not
otherwise named. A capsule. Go to n.

(a) A cone-shaped aggregation of capsules (Sweet-Bay). A
cone of capsules. Go to 12.

Note. — Names in italics are repetitions made because of real or apparent resem-
blance to the class with which they are placed.

1 Deerberry (many-seeded), page

160.
Bilberries (many-seeded) page 164.
Privet (two to four-seeded) page

190.
Shepherdia (one seed), page 198.
Mistletoe (one seed), page 199.
Yew (red, one seed), page 232.
Juniper (one to three seeds) page

230.

Roses (apparently pomes, really

acheniums), page 80.
Chokeberry, page 100.
Dogberry, page 102.
Thorns (Crataegus), page 104.
Shad-Bush, page 108.
Sweet-scented Shrub, page no.

Barberry (oblong, red, one to few-
seeded), page ^8.

Gooseberries, page 114.

Currants, page 118.

Elders (three-seeded), page 130.

Snowberries (snow - white, two-
seeded), page 144.

Wolfberry (white, two-seeded,
page 144.

Indian Currant (dark-red, two-
seeded), page 146.

Fly Honeysuckles (several seeded),
page 146.

Huckleberries (ten-seeded), page
156.

Blueberries (many-seeded), page
162.

Papaw, page 38.
Plums, page 81.
Choke-Cherry, page 84.
Viburnums, page 136.
Fringe-Tree, page 190.
Spice-Bush, page 194.
Leatherwood, page 196.
Daphne, page 198.
Buffalo-Nut, page 200.

Ilexes (stones four to eight), page

54-
Mt. Holly (stones four to five),
page 56.

Fruit

31

Buckthorns (stones two to three),

page 61.
Sumachs (stone one)page 70.
Ivies (stone one) page 76.
Thorns (Crataegus, stones one to

five), page 104.
Angelica Tree (stones five), page

122.
Dogwoods (Cornels, stones two),

page 126.
Viburnums (stone one), page 134.
Fringe-Tree (stone one), page 190.
Mistletoe (stone one), page 199.
Sweet-Gale (stone one), page 204.
Bayberry (stone one), page 202.
Sweet- Fern (stone one), page 205.
Broom Crow-Berry (minute stones

three to four), page 226.
Black Crow-Berry (stones six to

nine), page, 228.
American Yew (red, stone one),

page 232.

Raspberries, page 90.
Thimbleberry, page 92.
Blackberries, page 94.

Roses (apparently a pome), page

80.
Sweet-scented Shrub (apparently

a pome), page no.
Marsh Elder, page 154.
Groundsel Tree, page 154.
Shepherdia (apparently a berry),

page 198.

Shrubby Trefoil, page 50.
Mountain Maple, page 60.

8

Birches (scale-like nutlets), page
206.

Alders (scale-like nutlets), page

209.
Hazel-nuts, page 212.
Hornbeam, page 214.
Oak, page 206.
Dwarf Chestnut, page 218.

Shrub, Yellow-Root, page 34.
Spiraeas, page 86.
Nine-Bark, page 88.

10

Hudsonias (two to six-seeded),

page 42.
Prickly Ash (one to two-seeded),

page 47.
False Indigo (two-seeded), page

78.
Lead-Plant (one-seeded), page 78.

11

St.- John's-worts (one to five-celled,
many-seeded), page 44.

Prickly Ash, (one-celled, one to
two-seeded), page 47.

Burning-Bush (three to five-celled,
few-seeded), page 58.

Strawberry-Bush (three to five-
celled, few-seeded), page 60.

Bladder-Nut (three-celled, three to
twelve-seeded), page 68.

New Jersey Tea (three-celled,
three-seeded), page 64.

Narrow-leaved Ceanothus (three-
celled, three-seeded), page 64.

32

Guide

Wild Hydrangea (two-beaked,
two-celled in lower part, many-
vnli'il ), page in.

[tea (two-celled, eight to twelve-
seeded), page 112.

Witch-hazel (two-celled, two-
seeded), page 118.

Bush Honeysuckle (two, appar-
ently four-celled, many-seeded),
page 150.

Button-Bush (two- to four-celled,
two- to four-seeded), page 152.

Andromedas (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 166.

Leucothoe (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 169.

Leather-Leaf, five-celled, many-
seeded) page 171.

Laurels (Kalmia, five-celled, many-
seeded), page 174.

Rhododend rons (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 182.

Labrador Tea (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 186.

Sweet Pepper-Bush (three-celled,
many-seeded), page 188.

Willows (one-celled, many-seeded),
page 220.

12

Sweet-Bay, page 36.

DESCRIPTION OF SHRUBS

( With Illustrations)

CLASS FIRST

{A ngiospermcE)

Division I

PETALS MOSTLY NOT UNITED

(Polypetalous)

33

i. Family RANUNCULACE^. (Crowfoot Fam.)
Genus Xanthorhiza. (Marshall.)

From two Greek words meaning "yellow" and "root."

Fig. i.— Shrub Yellow-Root. X. apiifblia, L'Her.

Flowers, small, dark purple, in slender drooping clusters,
appearing with the leaves. Petals, five, not united,
much smaller than the five sepals, slightly two-lobed,
raised on a claw. Stamens, five to ten. Seed-cases,
free from the sepals.

Leaves, once or twice compound (odd-feathered). Leaflets,
three to five, stemless, lobed and toothed, and two to
three inches in length.

Bark and Roots, bitter, deep yellow.

Fruit, in clusters, oblong, one-celled, one-seeded ; splitting
once lengthwise ; about one eighth of an inch long ;
a follicle.

Found, along shady banks of streams in Pennsylvania
Southwestern New York, and Kentucky, and south-
ward among the mountains.

A bushy plant, two to three feet high. A yellow dye
is made from its roots.

34

Fig. i.— Shrub Yellow-Root. (Xanthorhiza apiifolia, L'Her.) Leaf, and

spray of flowers with young leaf.

35

36 Magnolia < Magnoliacece)

2. Family MAGNOLIACE^E. (Magnolia Fam.)
Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia.)

From " Magnol," the name of a botanist of the 17th century.

Fig. 2.— Sweet-Bay. Swamp Laurel. Small Magnolia.
M. Virginictna, L. ( M. glauca, L.)

Flowers, solitary, at the ends of the branches, two to
three inches across, white, very fragrant. Petals, six
to nine, not united. Sepals, three, colored like the
petals. Stamens, more than ten. Seed-cases, many,
free from the sepals, mostly clinging together over
the lengthened receptacle. June to August.
Leaves, three to six inches long, simple, alternate, edge
entire, thick and smooth, dark-green and polished
above, white below, the mid-vein green and distinct,
the side veins indistinct.
Bark, smoothish, light-gray, aromatic, and bitter.
Fruit, an oblong cone, fleshy or somewhat woody, red.
When mature the cells of this " cone" split, and the
enclosed bright-red seeds (one or two to each cell)
drop out and hang suspended by delicate spiral
threads. An aggregation of capsules. September.
Found, in swampy ground, from Massachusetts southward,
oftenest near the coast.
A bush, or sometimes a small tree, four to twenty-five
feet high. Southward it is often still higher, and its
leaves are evergreen. All parts of the bush, as in the
other magnolias, have an intensely bitter aromatic juice.
" The fresh bark has long been considered as a bitter,
aromatic tonic and gentle laxative." " The bark, cones, and
seeds have been used medicinally from the time of the
aborigines, especially against rheumatism and as an anti-
periodic." In wet ground it can be successfully cultivated.

La,

J

Fig. 2.— Sweet-Bay. (M. Virginiana, L.) (a) Flower. (l>) Fruit.

37

38 Papaw ( Anonacece)

3. Family ANONACE/E. (Papaw Fam.)

Genus Asimina, Adams. (Papaw.)

Fig. 3. — Papaw Custard-Apple. A. triloba (Z.J, Dunal.

Flowers, one and a half inches across ; dull purple, in
drooping clusters, appearing with the leaves. Petals,
six, thick, in two rows, not united. Sepals, three.
Stamens, numerous in a rounded mass. Seed-cases,
few, free from the sepals. March, April.

Leaves, simple, alternate, edge entire, five to ten inches
long, reverse egg-shape. Apex, pointed or some-
times rounded. Base, taper-pointed, or slightly
rounded ; thin, rusty-downy when young, soon be-
coming smooth and polished.

Bark, silvery-gray, smooth and polished ; young shoots
downy.

Fruit, about three inches long by one and one half inches
thick, egg-shape, yellow, pulpy, about ten-seeded ; of
disagreeable odor when green ; sweet and edible after
frost, when it turns black without and within, and
becomes in color and consistency almost custard-
like. October.

Found, from western New York to Southern Iowa, and
southward.

A bush or small tree of unpleasant odor when bruised ;
densely clothed with long leaves.

4. Family BERBERIDACE^. (Barberry Fam.)
Genus Berberis, L. (Barberry.)

From the Arabic name of the fruit.

Fig. 4. — Barberry. B. vulgaris, L.

Flowers, yellow, drooping, in many-blossomed clusters.
Petals, six, not united, reverse egg-shape, concave,

Fig. 3. — Papaw. A. triloba (L.), Dunal.
39 (a) Flower. (b) Fruit, two-thirds natural size.

40 Barberry ( Berberidacece)

with two glandular spots on the inside of each near
the base. Sepals, six (with two to six small bracts
beneath), rounded, attached beneath the seed-case.
Stamens, six, irritable, opposite the petals. Seed-
case, one, free. May, June.

Leaves, simple, alternate or often clustered in rosettes ;
edge finely toothed, each tooth tipped with a delicate
bristle ; sour. On the new shoots the leaves often
take the form of branching spines.

Wood and inner bark yellow.

Fruit, in drooping clusters, scarlet, oblong, with one to
few seeds ; edible, but too acid to be agreeable ex-
cepting in "preserve" ; a berry. September.

Foinid in thickets in fields and along roadsides ; abun-
dantly in New England, where it has become
thoroughly naturalized since its introduction from
Europe, less commonly elsewhere.
A curious thorny bush, three to eight feet high, with

bluish-ereen foliage, attractive in flower and more attrac-

tive in fruit. The bark and roots, used with alum, yield

a yellow dye.

In some regions, an old opinion is said still to linger,
— that the presence of the barberry causes blight in the
grain field.

There is a curious fact reported concerning the flowers
which is suofSfestive of human nerves. When not " doc-
tored," the least touch upon one of their stamens will
cause it to spring like a tiny thread of steel, but treat the
bush with laudanum or any opiate and the stamens be-
come limp, or with a poison like arsenic and they become
rigid, as wholly irresponsive in either case as would be a
human nerve.

o^> 9 ,^

<W&^

(a)

<=^

i

cS't-f. 4*

(Ol)

\

Fig. 4. — Barberry. (B. vulgaris, L.) {a) Fruit.

Fig. 5. — Hudsonia. (H. tomentosa, Nutt.) (a) Flowering branch, (b) Section of

flower, enlarged.
41

42 Rock-rose (Cistacecz)

The peculiar spring arrangement of the stamens helps
to secure the desirable cross-fertilization of the flower.
The honey being between the base of the stamens
and the seed-case, when an insect in searching for the
sweets touches a stamen he "springs" it. Thereupon he
receives a smart rap and a dusting from the pollen-covered
anther, and so is frightened away to other flowers.

5. Family CISTACE^E. (Rock-rose Fam.)
Genus Hudsonia, L. (Hudsonia.)

From the name of an early English botanist.

Fig. 5. — Hudsonia. H. tomentbsa, Nutt.

Flowers, bright-yellow, small, with stalks sometimes pres-
ent and short, but usually wanting, crowded along
the upper parts of the branches. Petals, five, not
united, lasting only for a day. Sepals, five, two of
them minute, and all of them much smaller than the
petals. Stamens, nine to thirty. Style, long and
slender. Seed-ease, one, free, with one cell and two
to six seeds. May to June.

Leaves, scale-like, about one twelfth of an inch long,
closely pressed to the branches and covering them,
downy and whitish.

Fruit, oblong, one-celled, two- to six-seeded, enclosed in
the calyx. A pod.

Found, on sandy shores from Maine to Maryland and along
the great lakes westward to Minnesota.

A very bushy heath-like little shrub, usually less than
one foot high, and oftenest found growing in thick, matted
patches.

&*i(ji' 6

Fig. 6.— St.-Peter's-wort. (A. stans, Michx.)
Fig- 7.— Shrubby St.-John's-wort, L. (Hypericum prolificum, L.)

43

44 St. -Johns-wort ( Hypericacecz)

Hudsonia. H. ericbides, L.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, on smooth slender stalks.

Leaves, greenish, one sixth to one third of an inch long,
and spreading from the branch.

Found, along the coast from Maine to Virginia.

6. Family HYPERICACE^. (St.-John's-wort Fam.)

Flowers, yellow. Petals, four or five, not united. Sepals, four or five.
Stamens, many. Seed-case, one, free, one- to five-celled ; many-
seeded.

Leaves, simple, opposite, entire, dotted when held to the light or under
the lens. Stipules, none.

Fruit, dry, one- to five-celled, splitting lengthwise, a many-seeded
capsule.

A Guide to the Genera.

Petals, four ; Sepals four, in very unequal pairs, (i) Ascyrum (St. Peter' s-wort.)
" five ; " five, alike (2) Hypericum (St. John's-wort.

(1) Genus Ascyrum, L. (St. Peter' s-wort.)

From two Greek terms meaning " without " and " roughness."

Fig. 6. — St.-Peter's-wort. A. stans, Michx.

Flowers, usually three together, showy, at the ends of the
branches. Petals, reverse egg-shape ; the two larger
sepals round, about one half inch across ; the smaller
ones lance-shaped. Styles, three or four. Seed-case,
with one cell. June to August :

Leaves, ten twelfths to one and one fourth inches long,
one third as wide, stemless, rather thick, oval or ob-
long, somewhat clasping around the branch.

St.-yohri s-wort ( Hyper icacece) 45

Branches, two-edged, erect.

Fruit, splitting into two to four pieces.

Found, in pine barrens from Long Island to Pennsylvania
and southward.

A small, stout shrub, with stem erect and straight, one
to two feet high, and branching above.

Saint Andrew's Cross. A. Crux- Andrea, L.

Flowers, one to three in a leafy cluster at the ends of the
branches. Petals, oblong. Outer sepals, oval and
twice as long as the flower-stem, the inner ones
minute. Styles, two. Seed-case, with one cell.

Leaves, one half to one inch long, stemless, thin, narrowly
reverse egg-shape, narrowed to the base. Branches
two-edged toward their ends, drooping.

Frtcit, splitting into two to four pieces.

Found, in Nantucket, and from the pine barrens of New
Jersey westward and southward.

A drooping shrub, one to two feet high, with many
branches.

(2) Genus Hypericum, Tourn. (St.-John's-wort.)

In the old mythology the St.-John's-wort was dedicated
to Baldur, the Sun God, on account of its golden flowers.
When the old religion gave way to Christianity, Baldur's
Day became St.-John's-day, and Baldur's flower St. John's
flower.

The genus was once in high repute for its supposed
ability to guard against evil spirits, and for other magical
powers. On this account the various species were often
planted around dwellings. In Scotland the plant is said
still to be carried as a charm ; and in France and Germany,

46 St. -Johns-wort (Hypericacece)

on the day of the nativity of St. John the Baptist, the
peasantry trim their homes with it in honor of the saint,
and to gain his favor.

" I must gather the mystic St.-John's-wort to-night,
The wonderful herb whose leaf will decide
If the coming year shall make me a bride."

Translated from the German.

" Trefoil, Vervain, Johris-wort, Dill,
Hinder witches of their will."

Fig. 7. — Shrubby St.-John's-wort. H. pr-olificum, L.

Flowers, orange-yellow, three quarters of an inch across,
crowded in simple or compound leafy clusters.
Stamens, very numerous. Seed-case, three-celled.
Styles, three more or less united. July, August.

Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, narrow ;
edge often wavy ; apex usually obtuse ; base nar-
rowed.

Branchlets, two-edged.

Fruit, one third to one half inch long.

Found, from New Jersey to Michigan and southward.

A very ornamental little shrub, usually two to four
feet in height, but variable in size.

Hypericum densiflorum. Pursh.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :

Flowers, one half to two thirds of an inch in diameter, in
crowded compound clusters.

Leaves, about one inch in length.
Frttit, one third to one quarter inch in length.
Found, from the pine barrens of New Jersey to Kentucky
and Arkansas, and southward.

Rue (Rutacece) 47

Kalm's St.-John's-wort. H. Kalmianum, L.

Flowers, one inch across, three to seven in a close cluster.

Styles, five. Seed-case, five-celled.

Leaves, one to two inches long, crowded and narrow.

Branches, somewhat four-sided, with two of the edges
slightly winged.

Fruit, egg-shape.

Found, on wet rocks at Niagara Falls, and among the
northern lakes.

7. Family RUTACEjE. (Rue Fam.)

Flowers, small, greenish-white, in clusters ; sometimes taking the stam-
inate and the pistillate forms on different shrubs. Petals, three to
five, not united. Sepals, three to five, or wanting. Stamens, in
the staminate flowers, as many as the petals and alternate with
them ; in the pistillate flowers, either imperfect or wanting. Seed-
cases, one to five, free from the calyx.

Leaves, compound, alternate, dotted when held to the light ; edge of
leaflets entire or nearly so. Stipules, none.

Bark, pungent or bitter.

Fruit, one- to two-seeded, one-celled, splitting into two pieces, thick
and fleshy, a fleshy pod ; or two-celled, two-seeded, thin, and
winged all around ; a samara.

Guide to the Genera.

Stems prickly ; Seed-cases three to five, separate. (i) Xanthoxylum (Prickly Ash).
Stems not prickly ; Seed-case, one with two cells. (2) Ptelea (Shrubby Trefoil).

(1) Genus Xanthoxylum, L. (Prickly Ash.)

From two Greek words meaning "yellow " and " wood."

Fig. 8. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.

X. Americanum, Mill.

Flowers, in small, dense clusters at the sides of the
branches, appearing before the leaves, and sometimes
taking the pistillate form on one tree, and the stam-
inate on another. Petals, four to five. Sepals, four

48 Rtte ( Rtttacece)

to five, or obsolete. Seed-cases, three to five, separate,
but with their slender styles more or less united.
April, May.

Leaves, alternate. Leaflets, in two to four pairs, with an
odd one at the end ; edges entire or nearly so ; sur-
face smooth above (or when young, downy), downy
beneath.

Branches, and often the leaf-stalks armed with short,
stout, brown prickles.

Fruit, thick and fleshy, one-celled, splitting lengthwise
into two parts ; one- to two-seeded. Seeds, black,
smooth, and shining.

Found, in rocky woods, and along river banks ; often
forming thickets ; common, especially northward.

A shrub four to twelve feet high, or in cultivation
sometimes twenty feet high. All its parts are bitter and
aromatic. The leaves furnish a home remedy for rheu-
matism, toothache, etc. When crushed they yield a strong
lemon odor, due to an oil contained in the transparent
dots. The bush serves well for hedges.

It is said that the Indians use the prickly ash as a
medicine under the name of Hantola ; that they chew the
bark for aching teeth ; make decoctions, mostly of the
roots, for rheumatism and colic; and, mixed with bear's
grease, use it for poultices.

In typhoid cases the tincture of the berry is consid-
ered very helpful. " In typhus fever, typhus pneumonia,
and typhoid conditions generally, I am compelled to say
that I consider the tincture of prickly-ash berries superior
to any other kind of medicine." — Dr. King as quoted by
Millspaugh.

Rtie (Rtttacece)

49

Fig. 8.— Prickly Ash. (X. Americanum, Mill.)

(a) Flowering twig. (t>) Staminate flower, enlarged.

5o Holly (Ilicinece)

(2) Genus Ptelka, L. (Shrubby Trefoil.)

From the Greek name of the elm, given because of the similarity of the fruits.

Pig g — Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. P. trifoliata, L.

Flowers, of marked odor, in small compound clusters at
the ends of the young branches. Staminate, pistil-
late, and perfect flowers sometimes form on the same
bush. Petals, sepals, and stamens three to five.
Seed-case, two-celled. Style, short. June.

Leaves, of three leaflets, two to four inches long, with
edges entire or nearly so, and downy when young.

Fruit, " orbicular," two-celled, two-seeded, with the edge
broadly winged throughout ; nearly one inch across ;
intensely bitter, and used as a substitute for hops ;
a samara.

Found, in rocky places from Long Island to Minnesota,
and southward.

A shrub six to eight feet high, well fitted for orna-
ment, being neat in appearance, not liable to attack from
insects, and hung late in the season with large bunches
of hop-like fruit. Its leaves and flowers are late in un-
folding.

8. Family ILICINE/E. (Holly Fam.) \

Flowers, in staminate and pistillate forms, white or greenish, small,
along the sides of the branches (axillary.) Petals, four to eight,
separate, or slightly united at the base. Calyx, minute. Stamens,
as many as the petals, and alternate with them. Seed-case, free
from the calyx, four- to eight-celled, four- to eight-seeded.

Leaves, simple, alternate, edge-toothed or entire.

Fruit, berry-like drupes about the size of peas, with four to eight
stones.

Guide to the Genera.

Petals oval or reverse egg-shape ; Leaves toothed. (1) Ilex (Holly, etc.).
Petals narrow and pointed; Leaves entire (or } , x XT - ., ,.,. „ n %

sometimes slightly toothed). \ ^ Nemopanthes (Mt. Holly).

Fig. 9. — Hop Tree. (P. trifoliata, L.)

(a) Fruit, (b) Staminate flower, enlarged.

51

52 Holly (Ilicinece)

(i) Genus Ilex, L. (Holly, etc.)
Fig. 10. — Ilex montana, T. and G. /. monticola, G.

Flowers, with their parts in fours or fives (or rarely in
sixes). Sepals, delicately fringed with fine hairs.
Staminate flowers usually in clusters ; pistillate
usually solitary, with very short stems.

Leaves, three to five inches long, egg-shape or long oval,
sharply toothed, mostly smooth. Apex and base,
pointed.

Fruit, the size of a pea ; fleshy, red or purple. Nutlets,
four to six, each finely lined along the back ; a drupe.

Found, in damp woods in the Catskill and Tahonic
Mountains, and in Cattaraugus County, N. Y.,
through Pennsylvania as far east as Northampton
County, and southward along the Alleghanies.

A shrub sometimes taking the size and shape of a
small tree.

Soft Ilex. /. mot/is, Gray.

This species quite closely resembles the preceding,
except in these items :

Flowers, the staminate clusters with very many blossoms.

Leaves, soft, downy beneath.

Found, in Burgoons Gap, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania,
and along the mountains in the Southern States.

Fig. ii. — Winterberry. Black Alder. /. verticillata (L.J, Gray.

Flowers, the staminate in stemless clusters, with the parts
in fours, fives, or sixes ; the pistillate, solitary or
clustered, with the parts in sixes (or rarely in fives,
sevens, or eights). Flower-stems, all very short.
July.

Holly ( Ilicinece)

53

Fig. 10. — Ilex. (I. montana, G. and T.)
Fig. ii. — Winterberry. I. verticillata (L.), G.

54 Holly (Ilicinece)

Leaves, variable, reverse egg-shape to oval and wedge-
shape, downy beneath, especially along the vines,
strongly net-veined. Apex and base pointed. Leaf-
stems, short.

Fruit, about the size of a small pea, fleshy, bright red.
Nutlets, six to eight, smooth, moon-shape, often
continuing in place long after the leaves have fallen ;
a drupe. September, October.

Found, in moist woods or swamps ; common.

A shrub, usually about eight feet high ; very notice-
able among the autumn trees and bushes because of its
show of fiery-red berries. Its bark is tonic, astringent,
and antiseptic, and is often used with the effect of Peru-
vian bark in intermittent fevers. "It is probably as well
known to domestic practice as any indigenous shrub."

Smooth Winterberry. I. Icevigata (Pursh.), Gray.

This species differs from the last chiefly in these
items :

Flowers, the staminate forms on stems nearly one inch
long. June.

Leaves, shining above, smooth beneath, and only minutely
downy on the veins. Leaf-stems, one half to five
sixths of an inch long.

Fruit, larger than the last (about one third inch in diam-
eter) and ripening earlier. September.

Fotmd, in wet ground from the mountains of Virginia
northward.

Fig. 12. — Inkberry. /. glabra ( '£.), Gray.

Flowers, small and white, with the parts mostly in sixes ;
the staminate blossoms in a three- to six-flowered

Holly (Ilicinece)

55

Fig. 12. — Inkberry. I. glabra (L.), G,

56 Holly (Ilicinece)

cluster, the fertile ones usually solitary. Flower-stem,
about one half inch long, slender, and minutely
hairy. June.

Leaves, one to one and three quarter inches long, thick,
dark, and very shiny above, both surfaces smooth,
veins beneath scarcely perceptible ; wedge-shape or
oblong, notched toward the apex, with a few (usually
five) remote teeth.

Fruit, the size of a small pea in the axils of the leaves,
round, black, shining, often remaining through the
winter ; not edible. Stones, four to six, smooth ; a
berry-like drupe.

Found, in sandy and low ground from Cape Ann, Massa-
chusetts, southward near the coast.

A pretty evergreen shrub two to four feet high, well
worthy of cultivation because of its neat shape and shin-
ing evergreen leaves.

It is considered of value medicinally (in fevers), but
its chief use is for decoration. Quantities of it are sent
from the southern counties of New Jersey to the New
York florists, who easily keep it in good condition for
several months.

(2) Genus Nemopanthes, Raf.

Probably from the Greek words meaning "thread," "foot," and " flower," in
reference to the thread-like stalk of the blossom.

Fig. 13. — Mountain Holly. N. mucronata (L.), Trelease. N.

fascicularis, Raf.

Flowers, usually solitary, small, greenish-white, on long,
slender stems. Petals, four or five, narrow, pointed,
as long as the stamens, separate. Sepals, in the
staminate flowers in the form of minute teeth ; in the

Holly (Ilicinece)

57

Fig- I3-— Mountain Holly. N. mucronata (L.) Trelease.

58 Staff -Tree (Celastracece)

pistillate only rudimentary. Stamens, four or five,
with slender filaments. Seed-case, hemispherical.
May, June.

Leaves, one to two inches long, egg-shape to reverse egg-
shape, edge entire, or sometimes slightly toothed ;
smooth. Leaf-stem, slender.

Fruit, the size of a pea, red, nearly round, on slender
stems. Nutlets, four or five, somewhat angular ; a
berry-like drupe. August.

Found, in damp ground from the mountains of Virginia
northward.
A much-branched shrub four to eight feet high, with

smooth ash-gray bark ; the young shoots purple or olive,

with round gray dots.

I found the pretty bush first on an open, rocky point
in Lake Placid, among the Adirondacks. It was set
thick with bright red berries, and its whole aspect, owing
to the toughening of the wind and sun, was tangled and
"chunky." Afterward I found it where it had been more
delicately reared, in the damp shade of the neighboring
woods, with straighter and slimmer branches, and paler
foliage.

9. Family CELASTRACE^. (Staff-Tree Fam.)
Genus Euonymus, Tourn. (Burning-Bush, etc.)

From two Greek words meaning " good " and " name."

Fig. 14.— Burning-Bush. Waahoo. Spindle-Tree.

E. atropurphreus, Jacq.

Flowers, dark purple, small, regular in loose clusters of
three to six blossoms, at the sides of the branches ;
the parts of the flower commonly in fours. Stamens,

Staff-Tree (Celastracece)

59

c&* '*■

Fig. 14.— Burning-Bush. (E. atropurpureus, Jacq.)
Fig. 15. Strawberry-Bush. (E. Americanus, L.)

60 Staff -Tree (Celastracece)

very short, alternating with the petals, and inserted
on a disk which occupies the lower part of the calyx,
and is stretched over the seed-case, partly adhering
to it. Seed-case, free from the calyx, two to five-
celled, with one to four seeds in each cell. Style,
short or none. Stem, of the flower-clusters, slender,
one to two and one half inches long. June

Leaves, two to five inches long, simple, opposite, toothed,
variable in shape, oval and oblong to reverse egg-
shape. Leaf-stem, one half to one inch long. Branch-
lets, four-sided.

Fruit, very showy, smooth, deeply lobed ; when ripe
splitting up and down into three to five valves, and
so showing the bright red covers of the seeds within.
Cells, three to five. Seeds, few (one to four in each
cell), elliptical ; a capsule.

Found, in shady woods widely distributed, and in cultiva-
tion.

A smooth-barked shrub, six to seventeen feet high,
often cultivated, and very attractive in autumn with its
abundant drooping clusters of " burning " berries. A
medicine of some repute has been prepared from it called
"Waahoo."

Fig. 15. — Strawberry-Bush. E. Ameruanus, L.

This species differs from the last chiefly in the follow-
ing items :

Flowers, greenish, or greenish-purple, and mostly in fives.

Leaves, one to two inches long, nearly stemless.

Fruit, rough, warty, and depressed. Seeds, smaller and
egg-shape or oval.

Buckthorn ( Rhamnacece ) 61

Found, in damp and shady places from New York to
Illinois, and southward.

An upright or sometimes straggling shrub, two to five
feet high.

10. Family RHAMNACECE. (Buckthorn Fam.)

Floivers, greenish or white, small and regular (sometimes with the
petals wanting). Petals, when present, four to five, not united.
Sepals, four to five. Stamens, of the same number as the petals,
and alternate with them. Seed-case, free from the calyx, or some-
times united to it, two- to five-celled. Seeds, one in each cell.
Stamens and petals inserted along the edge of a fleshy disk, which
lines the tube of the calyx, and in Ceanothus unites it to the lower
part of the seed-case.

Leaves, simple, alternate, fine-toothed.

Fruit, a berry-like drupe or a capsule.

Guide to the Genera.

F1°WliE'-garedmiSe; FrUk fl6Shy ^ berry"[ (0 Rhamnus (Buckthorns).
Flowers/white ; Fruit dry and at length split- ) } Ceanothus (New jerseyTea, etc.).
ting ; a capsule. )

(i) Genus Rhamnus, Tourn. (Buckthorns.)

Fig. 16. — Lance-Leaved Buckthorn. R. lanceolata, Pursh.

Flowers, yellowish-green, small, at the sides of the
branches; found sometimes in two slightly different
forms on different bushes, but both forms perfect.
Petals, four and deeply notched. Sepals, four. Sta-
mens, four. Seed-case, free, two- to four-celled. May.

Leaves, oval and oblong, pointed, or on the flowering
shoots sometimes blunted.

Fruit, about the size of a small pea, black and fleshy.
Seeds, two, deeply grooved ; a berry-like drupe.

Found, from Pennsylvania to Illinois and Tennessee,
and westward.
A tall, unarmed shrub.

62 Buckthorn ( Rhamnacece)

Fig. 17. — Alder-Leaved Buckthorn. R. alnifblia, UHer.

Flowers, greenish, small, in clusters at the sides of the
branches ; the staminate and the pistillate forms
usually found on different bushes. Petals, wanting.
Sepals, five. Stamens, five. Seed-case, two- to four-
celled, free from the calyx. June.

Leaves, one to three inches long, about one half as wide.

Fruit, about as large as a currant, somewhat pear-shape,
black and fleshy. Seeds, three, deeply grooved along
the back ; a berry-like drupe.

Found, in rough fields and swamps from Maine to Penn-
sylvania and Nebraska, and northward ; common.

A shrub two to four feet high, without thorns.

Common Buckthorn. [R. cathdrtica, Z.]

This species is a native of Europe. It is cultivated
widely in the form of thorny hedges, and is occasionally
found growing wild in the Eastern States. The leaves
are egg-shape ; the fruit three- to four-seeded.

As far back as the 13th century it was noticed for its
medicinal qualities. During the 16th century all medical
writers commented on it. It is now fallen into disuse, its
cathartic effect being considered too violent.

Carolina Buckthorn. R. Caroliniana, Walt.

Flowers, greenish, small, perfect ; in one form in clusters,
in another solitary, with short stem. Petals, five.
Sepals, five. Seed-case, free. June.

Leaves, two to five inches long, obscurely toothed, strongly
veined.

Fruit, black, fleshy, berry-like. Seeds, three, not fur-
rowed ; a berry-like drupe.

Buckthorn (Rhamnacece)

cf^±,/c

63

Fig. 16. — Lance-Leaved Buckthorn. (R. lanceolata, Pursh.)
Fig. 17. — Alder-Leaved Buckthorn. (R. alnifdlia, L'Her.)

64 Buckthorn ( Rhamnacece )

Found, in wet places, from New Jersey southward.
A thornless shrub, or sometimes a small tree.

(2) Genus Ceanothus, L. (New Jersey Tea, etc.)

Fig. 18. — Narrow-Leaved Ceanothus. C. ovatus, Desf.

This species differs from the next chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, somewhat larger, in nearly hemispherical clusters

that are about one and one half inches in diameter.

May.
Leaves, narrow oval to narrow egg-shape, usually pointed

at both ends, and smooth, or nearly so ; the glandular

teeth of the edge often black-tipped.

Found, among dry rocks, Western Vermont and Massa-
chusetts, and westward. It is rare in the East.

Fig. 19. — New Jersey Tea. Red-Root. C. Americanus, L.

Flowers, white, in lengthened clusters at the summit of
the flower branches. Petals, five, spreading, hooded,
attached by slender claws, longer than the calyx.
Calyx, five-lobed, incurved, the lower part attached
with the thick disk to the seed-case, and remaining
long after the lobes and the ripened fruit have fallen.
Calyx and flower-stem colored like the petals. Seed-
case, three-celled. July.

Leaves, three quarters to three inches long, egg-shape,
dark, dull green ; very prominently three-veined from
the base, toothed, downy, or often nearly smooth.
Apex, pointed or obtuse ; base often slightly heart-
shape.

Fruit, small, dry, three-lobed and three-celled, splitting
up and down into three parts. Seeds, not furrowed,
one in each cell. A capsule.

<7<prf

Fig. 1 8.— Narrow-Leaved Ceanothus. (C. ovatus, Desf.)

(n) Flower enlarged.
Fig. 19. — New Jersey Tea. (C. Americanus, L.)

(b) Fruit.

66 Soapberry (Sapindacece)

Found, widely distributed in dry woodlands and fields
from Canada to Florida.

A shrub one to three feet high, springing from a large
dark red root. During the American Revolution and in
the Civil War, in some of the Southern States its leaves
served for tea. Its root is sometimes used for dyeing.

Common as the shrub is, it was late before I learned
to know it ; but since that time until now, when it has
come to be one of my familiar friends, always the prettiest
thing about it has seemed to me to be its quaint and tiny
silver-lined cups, emptied of their ripened seeds and shin-
ing on their dried stalks among the flowers and leaves of
a new year's growth.

It was once widely advertised that the true China tea
plant had been discovered in a county of Pennsylvania,
and that its identity was certified by an expert from
Assam. A company was even formed for its cultivation
and sale. The fraud was soon detected ; they were
using the leaves of the New Jersey tea. An infusion of
these leaves tastes like the poorer grades of imported
teas, but probably it has none of the tonic effects of real
tea.

ii. Family SAPINDACECE. (Soapberry Fam.)

(i) Genus Acer, Tourn. (Maple.)

Fig. 20. — Mountain Maple. A. spicatum, Lam.

Flowers, greenish, small, regular, crowded in lengthened
and upright clusters, which become drooping in fruit ;
either perfect or in the staminate and pistillate forms
on separate plants, appearing after the leaves. Petals,
narrow, generally five, not united. Sepals, of the

Soapberry (Sapindacecz)

67

Fig. 20.— Mountain Maple. (A. spicatum, Lam.)

6S Soapberry ( Sapindacece)

same number, colored. Stamens, six to eight. Styles,
two, long and slender, and united only below. Seed-
case, free, two-lobed and two-celled, with two young
seeds in each cell (only one ripening). June.

Leaves, simple, opposite, three- (or slightly five-) lobed,
the lobes toothed ; downy beneath ; more or less
heart-shaped at base. Bark, light gray.

Fruit, in drooping clusters, two-winged, two-seeded ; a
double samara or "key."

Found, usually in clumps in moist and hilly woods, widely
distributed from Maine to Wisconsin, and northward ;
and southward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and
Kentucky.

A shrub six to fifteen feet high, easily distinguished
by its bark and leaves from its near relation and frequent
neighbor, the Striped Maple ( A. Pennsylvdnicum, L.J,
which is often of no greater height, though ranked with
the trees, and which has a similar liking for damp and
hilly woods. The latter has larger and differently shaped
leaves (Fig. 74, Trees of Northeastern America), and a
greenish bark, peculiarly marked lengthwise with stripes.

(2) Genus Staphylea, L. (Bladder-Nut.)

From a Greek word meaning " cluster."

Fig. 21. — American Bladder-Nut. S. trifblia, L.

Flowers, white, handsome, in short, drooping clusters at
the ends of the branchlets. Petals, five, not united.
Stamens, five, alternating with the petals. Sepals,
five, whitish. Styles, three, lightly united. Seed-
case, free from the calyx, but with its base slightly
sunk in the fleshy receptacle ; with three cells, each
cell containing several young seeds.

Soapberry (Sapindacece) 69

Fig. 2i.— Bladder-Nut. (S. trifdlia, L.)
(a) Fruit.

Sumach ( Anacardiacecc )

Leaves, compound, opposite ; leaflets three to five, toothed,
pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Branches, green-
ish-striped.

Fruit, the most remarkable thing about the plant, large,
inflated, three-sided, three-parted at the top, three-
celled, each cell with one to four smooth, hard seeds,
with an odor much like that of a pea-pod. A capsule.

Found, in moist woods and thickets northward from North
Carolina and Tennessee.
A handsome shrub, six to ten feet high.

12. Family AN AC ARDIACEyE. (Sumach Fam.)
Genus Rhus, L. (Sumachs.)

Possibly from a word meaning " red."

Flowers, greenish, yellowish, or reddish, small, regular, often in the
staminate and pistillate forms. Petals, five, not united. Sepals,
five. Stamens, five, alternate with the petals. Styles, three. Seed-
case, free, one-celled, with one seed.

Leaves, compound, alternate.

Fruit, nearly round, small, not splitting when ripe, one-seeded. An

almost dry drupe.

Guide to the Species.

(a) Leaflets, more than three.

(b) Edge of leaflets toothed.

(c) Leaf stem and branchlets smooth, (i) Smooth Sumach.
(c) " very downy. (2) Stag-Horn Sumach.

(b) Edge of leaflets entire.

(c) The common leaf-stem winged between the leaflets. (3) Dwarf

Sumach.
(/) The common leaf-stem not winged. (4) Poison Sumach.
(a) Leaflets, three.

(6) Edge of leaflets entire, or with a few sharp teeth. (5) Poison Ivy.
(b) Edge of leaflets with large rounded teeth. (6) Sweet Sumach.

Fig. 22.— (1) Smooth Sumach. R. glabra, L.
Flowers, small, greenish-red, in dense terminal pyramid-
shaped clusters. June, July.

Leaflets, eleven to thirteen, two to three and a half inches
long, toothed, pale beneath. Leaf-stem and branch-
lets, smooth.

Sumach ( Anacardiacece)

71

Fig. 22. — Smooth Sumach. (R. glabra, L.)
Fig. 23.— Dwarf Sumach. (R. copallina, L.)

Su mach (A naca rdiacece)

Fruit, red, with crimson hairs, very sour. Stone, smooth.

A dry drupe.
Found, very widely distributed in waste and barren places.

A shrub five to fifteen feet high, smooth throughout
(excepting in its fruit) with straggling branches, often in
extensive clumps and thickets. The bark of this and of
other Sumachs is used in tanning. An infusion of the
berries makes a pleasant and cooling drink in fevers.
Also the berries yield a red dye. In autumn the leaves
take a brilliant shade of crimson. The Sumachs are often
cultivated ; they are easily raised from seed, or they may
be propagated from root cuttings.

(2) Stag-Horn Sumach. R.typhina,L.

Flowers, small, greenish-yellow, crowded in upright, pyra-
mid-shaped, terminal clusters. June.

Leaflets, closely resembling those of the preceding species
(the Smooth Sumach), eleven- to thirty-one-toothed,
whitish and more or less downy beneath. Leaf-stem
and branchlets, especially toward their ends, covered
with a very dense velvet-like and often crimson-tinged
down.

Frtiit, rounded, somewhat flattened, covered with a crim-
son and very acid down. Stone, smooth. A dry
drupe. September, October.

Found, oftenest in rocky and barren places from New
Brunswick and the valley of the St. Lawrence through
the Northern States, and southward along the Alle-
ghany Mountains to Central Alabama.
A larger shrub than the Smooth Sumach, sometimes
twenty feet high, and often taking the tree form. The
straggling, evenly spreading branches, with the leaves

Sitmach (Anacardiacece) 73

Imostly toward their ends, give a peculiar umbrella-like
jlook. The wood is very soft and brittle, yellow, with the
sap-wood white. In spring in the sugar orchards the
young shoots, cleared of their pith, serve as "sap quills"
for drawing the running sap from the maples. The wood
forms a yellow dye, and an infusion of the berries is used
as a gargle for sore-throat. The thick down upon the
young branches, and their shape, are suggestive of the
horns of a stag, whence the name.

Fig. 23. — (3) Dwarf Sumach. Mountain Sumach. R.copalVina,L.

Flowers, small, greenish, in upright pyramid-shaped,
stemless clusters, toward the ends of the branches.
July.

Leaflets, nine to twenty-one (oftenest nine to thirteen),
one to three inches long, edge entire, base usually
rounded and one-sided, upper surface dark and shin-
ing. Leaf-stem, expanded between the pairs of leaf-
lets into broadly winged margins.

Fruit, rounded, hairy, varying in color in ripening from
delicate neutral tints, grays and drabs, to red ; acid.
Stone, smooth. September.

Found, very widely distributed, usually in dry and rocky
places.

A shrub three to five feet high, or sometimes, in favor-
able locations, twenty feet high, oftenest forming clumps
or borders along the edge of woods and thickets. Its
peculiar winged foliage, and the constantly changing
tints of flower, fruit, and leaf, make it the most attractive
of the Sumachs, and best worthy of ornamental cultiva-
tion. A mass of them set in a corner of the garden or
grounds would be constantly attractive.

74 Sumach ( Anacardihcece)

Fig. 24.— (4) Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood. Poison
Elder. R. vernix, L, ( R. venenata, D. C.J

Flozvcrs, small, green, in long, loose clusters at the bases
of the upper leaves. June.

Leaflets, seven to thirteen, edge entire, long oval or egg-
shape, smooth and thin, base rounded or pointed.
Leaf-stem, red throughout, and not winged.

Fruit, about the size of small peas, rounded, smooth,
shining, dry. Stone, lined. A dry drupe. September.

Found, in swampy land, widely distributed.

A tall shrub (or sometimes a small tree) six to eigh-
teen feet high. It is violently poisonous to the touch,
causing, in most persons, a painful eruption ; some are
poisoned by it without touching it, probably by means of
the drifting pollen of its flowers. A recommended appli-
cation is sugar of lead, applied after the use of saline
cathartics, or a thick paste of bicarbonate of soda rubbed
into the skin as soon as the eruption appears. It is also
claimed that relief and, if used promptly, frequent cure
follow the use of belladonna, of apis mellifica, or of
arsenicum album, taken in homoeopathic doses. But
there are wellnigh as many recommended antidotes as
there are for the bite of a rattlesnake.

Apart from other differences, the Poison Sumach can
be easily and quickly distinguished from all other Sumachs
by these signs: It differs from the Smooth Sumach and
the Stag-Horn Sumach in having the edge of its leaflets
entire ; from the Dwarf Sumach, by the absence of the
winged stem between its leaflets and by its red leaf-
stem.

Sumach ( Anacardiacece)

75

Fig. 24. — Poison Sumach. (R. vernix, L.)

76 Sumach ( Anacardiacece )

Fig. 25. — (5) Poison Ivy. Poison Oak. R. rddicans, L.

( R. toxicodendron, L.)

Flowers, small, greenish, in loose clusters from the axils
of the leaves, the staminate and pistillate forms on
different plants. June.

Leaflets, three, edge entire, or variously sharp-notched,
mostly pointed, and somewhat downy beneath.

Fruity small, rounded, pale brown or whitish, smooth.
Stone, lined. September.

Found, widely distributed in open grounds and among
trees, along walls and fences.

A shrub that is less poisonous than the Poison Su-
mach, but more dreaded because the latter is confined to
swampy grounds, while the Poison Ivy is found every-
where. It takes all positions ; sometimes it is erect (one
to three feet high), often it is prostrate and trailing ;
oftenest, perhaps, it is climbing. In its climbing form
it covers the posts of fences, the trunks and branches of
trees, stone walls — clinging tenaciously wherever it goes
by multitudes of thread-like rootlets, and sometimes
reaching a distance of forty or even fifty feet, with a stem
from two to five or six inches in diameter. At times it
so closely covers its growing support as to smother it.
Its poisonous qualities are the same in kind as those of
the Poison Sumach.

Fig. 26.— (6) Sweet Sumach. R. aromdtica, Ait.
( R. Canadensis, Marsh.)

Flowers, small, yellowish, in small spikes or heads, un-
folding before the leaves.

Leaflets, three, one to three inches long, the end one
sometimes three-cleft, edge unequally round-toothed.

77

Fig. 25. — Poison Ivy. (R. radicans, L.) (a) Fruit.
Fig. 26. — Sweet Sumach. (R. aromatica, Ait.)

7s Pulse (Leguminbsce)

Fruit, rounded, red, acid. A dry drupe.
Found, widely distributed north and south on dry open
ground, and in thickets.
A straggling shrub, two to six feet high, with leaves
of a pleasant, aromatic odor when crushed.

13. Family LEGUMINOS^. (Pulse Fam.)
Genus Amorpha, L. (False Indigo, etc.)

From a Greek word meaning " without form," because of the absence of a part
of its petals.

Fig. 27. — False Indigo. A. fructicbsa, L.
Flowers, irregular, violet or purple, crowded in clustered
terminal spikes. Petal, one. Stamens, ten, united
at the base. Sepals, five. Seed-case, one, one-celled,
free, two-seeded, longer than the calyx. May, June.
Leaves, compound, alternate, three to five inches long.
Leaflets, fifteen to seventeen, about one inch long,
edge entire, marked with small dots.
Fruit, small, two-seeded. A pod.

Found, from Southern Pennsylvania southward, and far
westward.
A shrub six to sixteen feet high.

Lead- Plant. A. canescens, Nutt.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :

Flowers, bright blue.
Leaflets, thirty-one to fifty-one, small (one and a half

inches or less), crowded.
Fruit, one-seeded.
Found, westward.

A pretty shrub, two to four feet high, taking its name
from a supposed liking for localities containing lead-ore.

Pulse (Leguminbsce)

79

Fig. 27.— False Indigo. (A. fructicdsa, L.)

80 Rose (Rosacea?)

14. Family ROSACEA. (Rose Fam.)

Flmoers, regular. Petals, five, not united, inserted with the stamens on
the edge of a disk that lines the tube of the calyx. Sepals, five,
united toward the base, often accompanied outside by a row of
small, leaf-like bracts. Stamens, numerous [or in Spiraea (2)
sometimes as few as ten] inserted as above. Seed-case, one to
many, free from the calyx excepting in Pyrus (6), Crataegus (7),
and Amelanchior (8), and in the Genus Rosa (5), where the many
pistils are imbedded in the inner surface of the more or less
rounded calyx-tube.

Leaves, usually simple [compound in Rosa (5) and in Rubus (4) ex-
cepting in one species], alternate, usually with leaf-like bracts
(stipules) at the base of the leaf-stem.

Guide to the Genera.

(a) Seed-case, one to many, free, and not (as in Rosa) covered in ripening by
the calyx.

(b) Seed-case, one . Leaves, simple. Fruit, a drupe. (1) Primus (Plum,

Cherry).
(b) Seed-cases, mostly five, one-celled, two- to several-seeded. Fruit, a
follicle.

(c) Leaves, simple. (2) Spintea ( Meadow-Sweet, etc.).
(c) " lobed. (3) Physocarpus (Nine-Bark).
(b) Seed-cases, numerous, crowded on a lengthened, spongy receptacle,
becoming fleshy in fruit. Leaves compound (except in Flowering
Raspberry). Fruit, crowded drupelets. (4) Rubus (Blackberry,
etc.).
(a) Seed-case, one to many, adherent to the calyx tube, or (in Rosa) covered in
ripening by the calyx.

(2) Seed-cases, many, becoming bony nutlets enclosed in the rounded,
fleshy calyx-tube, and appearing like a small apple. Leaves,
compound. Fruit, clustered akenes, but apparently a pome.
(5) Rosa (Rose).
(2) Seed-case, one, imbedded in the fleshy calyx tube. Leaves, simple. Fruit,
a pome. (6) Pyrus (Chokeberry, etc.), (7) Crat&gus (Thorn, Haw), (8)
Amelanchior (Juneberry).

(1) Genus Prunus, Tourn. (Plum, Cherry.)

Flowers, white, in clusters, excepting in the third species
(sloe), with or preceding the leaves, excepting in the
fourth species (Choke-Cherry). Petals, five, much
spreading. Sepals, five. Stamens, fifteen to twenty.
Seed-case, one, free from the calyx, with two young
seeds, only one of which usually ripens.

Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed.

Fruit, fleshy, with a bony stone.

Rose (Rosacea) 81

Fig. 28. — Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum.

P. Americana, Marsh.

Flowers, in simple clusters of three to four blossoms, pre-
ceding the leaves.

Leaves, two to three inches long, oval to reverse
egg-shape ; base pointed or rounded, somewhat
downy on the veins and in their angles. Bark of
the main stem dark, reddish-green, or bronze-
green.

Fruit, one half to two thirds inches in diameter, yellow,
orange, or red, with a thick, acid skin, and a pleasant
flavor. Stone, slightly flattened, with both edges
winged and sharp.

Found, from Canada southward to Florida, and westward,
and often in cultivation.

A bush (or sometimes a small tree) eight to twenty
feet high, with hard, reddish wood. In cultivation it
furnishes an excellent stock on which to graft the domestic
plums.

Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. P. phmila, L.

Flowers, two to four, together.

Leaves, narrowly reverse egg-shape, tapering to the base,
slightly toothed toward the apex, pale beneath.

Fruit, slightly lengthened, nearly black when ripe, usually
sour and puckery. Stone, lengthened, without mar-
gin, the size of a large pea.

Found, from Canada to Virginia, and westward.

A drooping and trailing shrub, six inches to six feet
high.

82 Rose ( Rosacece)

Fig. 29. — Beach Plum. P. marifima, Wang.

Flowers, white, two to five in each cluster, appearing
before the leaves. April, May.

Leaf, one to three inches long, edge very finely toothed,
outline mostly oval, light green, soft, downy beneath,
especially when young, strongly net-veined. Leaf-
stem, with two small, wart-like dots. Bark, very
dark.

Fruit, one half to one inch in diameter, round or oval,
purple or crimson. Stone, much swollen, sharp on
one edge, on the opposite side rounded and finely
grooved ; edible. Ripe in August and September.

Found, on and near the sea-beach from Massachusetts to
Virginia.

A straggling, much-branching bush, two to five feet
high. The farther it grows from the beach, the thinner
and smoother its leaves are likely to be, and its plums
smaller. Its fruit is much sought in autumn for preserv-
ing. " Beach-plumming" along the coast equals in
interest " chestnutting " and " huckleberrying " inland.

Prunus Alleghaniensis. Porter.
Leaves, long oval to lanceolate.

Fruit, very dark purple, less than one half inch in diam-
eter. Stone, with a broad flat ridge on one side, and
a shallow groove on the other.

Found, on the bluffs of the Alleghany Mountains in
Pennsylvania.

A straggling shrub, or sometimes a small tree, three
to fifteen feet high, seldom thorny.

Rose (Rosacece)

83

(3i4.2L¥

(CLj

Fig. 28.— Wild Plum. (P. Americana, Marsh.) (a) Fruit.
Fig. 29.— Beach Plum. (P. maritima, Wang.) [b) Fruit.

84 Rose (Rosacea)

Fig-. 30. — Sloe. Black Thorn. [P. spinbsa. L.]

Flowers, white, usually solitary. Flower-stems, smooth.

Leaves, edge sharply-toothed or double-toothed, reverse
egg-shape to egg-shape, downy beneath, becoming
smooth.

Fruit, small, rounded, black. Stone, swollen, with one
edge sharp.

Found, in waste places from New England to Pennsyl-
vania, and New Jersey. Introduced from Europe.

A thorny shrub, twelve to fifteen feet high.

Fig. 31. — Choke-Cherry. P. Virginiana, L.

Flowers, white, with short stems, set in a long, cylinder-
shaped cluster at the ends of leafy branchlets, appear-
ing after the leaves. Petals, rounded. May.

Leaves, two to three inches long, oval to reverse egg-
shape, thin, base variable, edge finely and sharply
toothed. Leaf-stem, usually marked with two to four
wart-like dots. Bark, light gray or greenish on the
young shoots, becoming dark gray after the first
year,

Fruit, about one quarter inch in diameter, very abundant,
red, becoming very dark in ripening, exceedingly
astringent (puckery), but when thoroughly ripe not
unpalatable. Stone, rounded, smooth, without mar-
gin. July, August.

Found, widely distributed in woods and hedges from
Georgia westward and northward. Common, es-
pecially northward.

A shrub (or sometimes a small tree) five to twenty
feet high.

c/y^. So

cf'^J/

Fig. 30.— Sloe. [P. spinosa, L.]
85 Fig. 31.— Choke-Cherry. (P. Virginiana, L.) (a) Fruit.

86 Rose (Rosacece)

(2) Genus SpirAa, L. (Meadow-Sweet, etc.)

Flowers, white to rose-color, crowded in rounded or pyra-
mid-shaped or steeple-shaped clusters. Petals, five,
reverse egg-shape. Stamens, ten to fifty. Seed-cases,
mostly five, distinct, one-celled, several-seeded.

Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed.

Fruit, a dry, simple case (usually in clusters of five), with

one cell and several long, slim seeds ; a follicle, or a

cluster of follicles.

Fig. 32. — Meadow-Sweet. 6". salicifblia, L.

Flowers, small, white or tinged with rose, crowded in
rounded and pyramid-shaped terminal clusters. Seed-
cases, five, smooth. July, August.

Leaves, one and one half to three inches long, smooth or
nearly so, oval to reverse egg-shape, singly or doubly
sharp-toothed, base pointed or rounded. Apex,
pointed.

Fruit, as above.

Found, from Georgia northward and westward, most
abundantly in low grounds.

A shrub three to four feet high, erect, with polished
copper-colored or purplish brittle stem, ornamental in
cultivation.

Fig- 33- — Birch-Leaved Spiraea. S. corymbbsa, Raf.

This species differs chiefly in the following items :

Flowers, in large, flat clusters. Seed-cases, three to five.

Leaves, broad oval or ovate, toothed only toward the apex.

Found, in the mountains of Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
southward to Georgia, and westward to Kentucky
and Missouri.

A shrub one to two feet high.

Rose (Rosacece)

87

V'<

w ~"-<ft

&<9.S>3

Fig. 32. — Meadow-Sweet. (S. salicifolia, L.)
Fig. 33- — Birch-Leaved Spiraea. (S. corymbdsa, Raf.)

88 Rose (Rosacece)

Fig. 34. — Hardhack. Steeple-Bush. S. tomentosa, L.

Flowers, small, rose-colored or rarely white, crowded in
steeple-shaped, terminal clusters. Seed-cases, five,
woolly. July, August.

Leaves, crowded, egg-shape or oblong, toothed, very
white-woolly beneath. New shoots, covered with a
rusty down. Old stems, smooth, and of a bronze color.

Fruit, as above.

Found, in low ground from Georgia northward and west-
ward.
A small shrub, two to five feet high, with hard, brittle
stalks, that call for troublesome " hacking " on the part
of the haymakers, whence one of its names. It is orna-
mental, and is often cultivated for its pretty, steeple-like
clusters of late-blooming, rosy flowers.

(3) Genus Physocarpus, Maxim. (Nine-Bark.)

From two Greek words meaning "bladder" and " nut."
Fig- 35- — Nine-Bark. P. opulifblius (Z.J Maxim.

Flowers, small, white, often purple-tinged, in close,
rounded clusters two and one half inches in diameter,
each flower with a thread-like, downy stem. Petals,
five. Stamens, thirty to forty. Seed-cases, one to
five, inflated. Young seeds, two to four. June.

Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, three-lobed,
with the lobes sharply toothed, base somewhat heart-
shaped or pointed. Bark, gray, loose, and flaking
off in thin scales.

Fruit, conspicuous, a smooth, simple case, inflated and
purplish, with one cell and two ripened seeds, usually
in clusters of three to five. Seeds, rounded, smooth,
and shining. A follicle or cluster of follicles.

8g

d*iq. 3*j

pig- 34- — Hardhack. (S. tomentdsa, L.)
Fig. 35. — Nine-Bark. (P. opulifolius L., Maxim.)

9o Rose (Rosacea)

Found, oftenest on the banks of streams from Canada
southward and westward, widely distributed, but
rather rare in its wild state.

A beautiful shrub, three to five feet high, often and
easily cultivated.

(4) Genus Rubus, Tourn. (Blackberry, etc.)

From a word meaning " red."

Flowers, white (excepting in the first species, Purple-
Flowering Raspberry). Petals, five. Sepals, five,
partly united, spreading. Stamens, numerous. Seed-
cases, many, each with two young seeds, only one of
which ripens, crowded on a lengthened receptacle.

Leaves, compound (excepting in Purple-Flowering Rasp-
berry). Stems, often armed with prickles.

Fruit, a pulpy edible " berry " so called, formed by the
ripened seed-cases. A mass of small drupes.

Fig. 36. — Purple-Flowering Raspberry. R. odoratus, L.

Flowers, one to two inches across, showy, purple to rose
color. Petals, rounded in terminal clusters. Stamens,
one hundred to two hundred, whitish. Calyx, fiower-
stems, and branchlets, covered with sticky hairs.
June, July.

Leaves, four to eight inches long, simple, three- to five-
lobed, the middle lobe longest, all pointed and with
their edges fine-toothed, somewhat hairy, without
prickles.

Fruit, of but slight value, broad and flat, sometimes an
inch across, separating from the receptacle when
ripe, red, sweet when ripe. August.

\

91

Fig. 36. — Purple-Flowering Raspberry. R. odoratus, L.

9 2 Rose (Rosacece)

Found, from Georgia northward and westward, often in
rocky places, and on the borders of dry woods.

A straggling shrub, three to five feet high. Its rose-
like blossoms and its late summer flowering make it
worthy of cultivation. It requires shade.

Fig- 37- — Wild Red Raspberry. R. strigbsus, Michx.
Flowers, small, white. Petals, erect, as long as the sepals.
May.

Leaflets, three to five, the side ones without stems, whitish-
downy beneath. Stems, thickly set with stiff bristles
that are usually straight, but sometimes hooked.

Fruit, half round, red, when ripe falling from the length-
ened receptacle, sweet, and very pleasant to the
taste. June, August.

Found, especially along roadsides and in neglected fields,
from Labrador to New Jersey, and westward and
southward along the mountains to North Carolina.

A free-growing shrub, three to six feet high, ranking
with the blackberries and huckleberries as a liberal and
welcome fruit-giver for country homes. The supplies for
the city markets are mostly from cultivated varieties.

Fig. 38.— Blackcap. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.

R. occidentdlis, L.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :

Flowers, with petals shorter than the sepals.

Leaflets, usually three, rarely five, the side ones sometimes
with short stems.

Fruit, black, rarely whitish.

Rose (Rosacece)

93

fig 37— Red Raspberry. (R. strigdsus, Michx.)

94 Rose (Rosacea)

The shrub spreads by help of long branches which
curve over and down until their tips touch the ground,
and root, so forming new centres of tangled growth.

High Blackberry. R. villbsus, Ait.

Flowers, numerous, in clusters of about twenty blossoms.
Petals, spreading, reverse egg-shape, much longer
than the narrow, pointed sepals.

Leaflets, three (or sometimes five), usually with prickly
stems, not whitish- downy beneath. Leaves and
branchlets hairy and glandular. Stems, furrowed
and ridged, and armed with stout curved prickles.

Fruit, oblong, black, not separating when ripe from the
lengthened receptacle. August, September.

Found, oftenest along roadsides and in thickets. Common.
A scraggly, thorny bush, three to six feet high, with a

very pleasant-flavored fruit. A tea from the steeped root

is a home remedy for summer complaint.

Rubus villosus, var. fronddsus, Torr.
This variety has about ten flowers in a cluster, with
petals more rounded than the last, is smoother, and has
fewer drupelets in the more acid fruit. It is found with
the type at the North.

Sand Blackberry. R. cuneifblius, Pursh.

Flowers, white (sometimes with a rose tint). Petals,
large, three times as long as the sepals, in two- to
four-blossomed clusters. May, June.

Leaflets, three (sometimes five), stemless, somewhat wedge-
shape and reverse egg-shape, whitish-downy beneath,
edge entire toward the base. Leaf-stems, downy,
often prickly, young branches downy beneath. Stems,
round, and armed with stout, re-curved prickles.

Rose (Rosacea)

95

F«g- 38.— Blackcap. (R. occidentals, L.)

96 Rose (Rosacece)

Fruit, black, well-flavored. July, August.

Found, in sandy woods of southern New York and Penn-
sylvania, southward and westward.

A shrub two to three feet high.

(5) Genus Rosa, Tourn. (Rose.)

Flowers, with five reverse egg-shape or reverse heart-
shape petals. Calyx-tube, fleshy, contracted at the
throat, urn-shaped. Stamens, many. Pistils, many,
embedded in the inner surface of the calyx-tube.

Leaves, compound (odd-feathered), alternate, edge of
leaflets toothed, lower edges of the leaf-stem with
prominent wings (stipules).

Fruit, a more or less reddish or greenish ball ("hip")
enclosing the many dry one-seeded seed-cases. A
covered cluster of akenes.

" If Jove would give the leafy bowers
A queen for all their world of flowers,
The rose would be the choice of Jove,
And blush, the queen of every grove." — Th. Moore.

" The rose doth deserve the chiefest and most princi-
pall place among all flowers whatsoever, . . . for his
beautie, his vertues, and his flagrant and odoriferous
smell. — Gerard's Herball, London, 1597.

' The rose is the honor and beautie of flowres,
The rose is the care and the love of the Spring,
The rose is the pleasure of the 'avenly powers :
The boy of faire Venus, Cy there's darling,
Doth wrap his head round with garlands of rose,
When to the daunces of the Graces he goes." —

Gerard's Herball, London, 1597.

Rose (Rosacea) 97

" But there are many kinds of Roses differing either
in the bignesse of the flowers, or the plant itself, roughnes
or smoothnes, or in the multitude of the flowers, or in the
fewnesse, or else in color and smell." — Gerard's Herball,
London, 1597.

Shining Rose. R. lucida, Ehrh.

Flowers, pale red, generally in one to three pairs. Petals,
large, slightly two-lobed. Sepals, spreading after
flowering, presently falling away, the outer ones
often with two small lobes ; the sepals and the rounded
receptacle usually hairy. June, July.

Leaves, smooth, and often shining above. Leaf-stem,
usually somewhat hairy, and with spines between the
"wings." Leaflets, mostly seven, acute or blunt,
coarse-toothed, stemless except the end one. Stems,
mostly greenish. Spines, straight or sometimes
hooked, becoming stout. Prickles, scattered.

Fruit, rounded, red, small, depressed, with the fruit-stem
glandular-hairy.

Found widely distributed in woods and thickets, and
waste grounds.
A shrub usually one to three feet high.

Low Rose. R. hitmilis, Marsh.
This species is quite variable. It differs from the last
in the following items :
Outer Sepals, always more or less lobed.
Leaflets, usually thinner and paler.
Stipules, usually narrow.
Spines, usually straight and slender.

Found, mostly in dry soil from Maine to Georgia, and
westward.

98 Rose (Rosacea)

Wild Rose. R. nitida, Willd.
This species differs from R. lueida chiefly in the
following items :

Flowers, solitary (rarely in twos or threes). Petals, red.
Sepals, entire. June.

Leaflets, usually narrow and pointed at each end, nearly
stemless excepting the end one. Stems, reddened
by their dense covering of straight and slender
prickles.

Fruit, scarlet.

Found, in swampy ground from Newfoundland to New
England and New York.

A shrub one to two feet high.

Carolina Rose. Swamp Rose. R. Carolina, L.

Flowers, in leafy clusters of three to seven blossoms,
large, red to white. Petals, slightly two-lobed.
Sepals, spreading, and falling away after flowering.

Leaflets, five to nine (mostly seven), sharply and often
doubly fine-toothed, dull green, not shining above,
rather variable in shape. Prickles, mostly two at the
base of each leaf-stem.

Fruit, dark red, depressed and rounded.

Found, along streams and in swamps, in damp woods and
thickets from Nova Scotia to Florida, and westward.

A bushy shrub four to eight feet high with reddish
stalks. A very variable species.

Fig- 39- — Bland Rose. R. bldnda, Ait.
Flowers, usually large, clustered or solitary. Petals, red-
dish, with a small notch at the end. Sepals, entire,
shorter than the petals, drawing together after flow-

Rose (Rosacea)

99

Fig- 39-— Bland Rose. (R. blanda, Ait.)

ioo Rose ( Rosacece)

ering, and not falling off. Bracts, under the blossom
large and downy. June.

Leaflets, five to seven, toothed, wedge-shaped at the base,
with short stems, not shining above. Leaf-stem, un-
armed. Stems, with a reddish bark. Prickles, none,
or few, scattered and straight.

Fruit, rounded.

Found, among rocks and on open hills around the Great
Lakes, and from Newfoundland to Central New York.

A shrub two to three feet high.

Sweet Brier. Eglantine. \R. rubiginbsa, Z.]

Flowers, light red, mostly solitary, on short, bristly stems,
fragrant. Sepals, hairy, with slashed or toothed
edge, not falling off in ripening.

Leaflets, five to seven, one half to two thirds inches long,
usually thickly covered beneath with resinous glands,
very fragrant when crushed. Leaf-stem, hairy.
Prickles, mostly strong and recurved.

Fruit, orange-red, oblong to reverse egg-shape.

Found, in waste fields and along roadsides from South
Carolina and Tennessee northward. Introduced
from Europe.

A stout shrub four to eight feet high.

(6) Genus Pyrus, L. (Chokeberry, etc.)

Fig. 40. — Chokeberry. P. arbutifblia, L. f.

Flowers, white or reddish, in clusters, usually of about
twelve blossoms. Petals, five, roundish. Calyx, urn-
shaped. Styles, united toward the base. Calyx and
flower-stem downy when young. May, June.

ior

Fig. 40.— Chokeberry. (P. arbutifdlia, L. f.)
Fig. 41. — Dogberry. P. nigra (Marsh), Sargent.

T02

Rose (Rosacece)

Leaves, simple, fine-toothed, downy beneath when young,
marked with small reddish warts along the midvein
above, oval to reverse egg-shape. Apex, pointed or
blunt.

Fruit, dark red or purple, about the size of a small cur-
rant, rounded or pear-shaped, with five cells and ten
seeds, puckery. A berry-like pome.

Found, in damp ground, often forming extensive thickets,
common from Nova Scotia to Florida, and westward.

A vigorous shrub, five to eight feet high.

Fig. 41. — Dogberry. P. nigra (Marsh), Sargent. (P. arbutifolia

var. melanocdrpa, Hook.)

This variety differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Sepals, Flower-stems, and Leaves, all smooth or nearly so.

Fruit, larger, black, less puckery often mistaken by
the children for large huckleberries ; ripening earlier.

Found, often in dry as well as wet ground.

A shrub one to four feet high.

From Note Book :

I. — " What do you call that, boys ? "

Two Boys. — " Dogberry. It ain't good to eat ! "

I. — It is n't poisonous, is it ? "

Two Boys. — Yes, 't is.

Where the boys found that name I do not know, nor
do I know their reasons for thinking the berry poisonous.
They may have experimented, or, as men sometimes do
in greater matters, they may simply have repeated a
slanderous tradition. I remember that as a boy I often

Rose ( Rosacece) 103

found the little shrub growing among the huckleberry-
bushes, and was afraid of mistaking its berries for the
safe huckleberries. Yet I never heard of any case of
poisoning from them. I imagine that the boys were rio-ht
in considering the berry not desirable for food, but I
doubt their estimate of its poisonous qualities.

(7) Genus Crataegus. (Thorn. Haw.)

From a Greek word meaning " strength," because of the firmness of the wood.

Flowers, white, rarely rose color, in clusters. Petals, five,
rounded. Stamens, many. Calyx-tube, urn-shaped.
Styles, one to five. Seed-cases, one to five.

Leaves, simple, toothed, often with deep clefts, almost
forming small lobes. Stems, armed with thorns.

Fruit, fleshy, with one to five stones, crowned by the
persistent sepals. A drupe.

Sir John Mandeville visited Palestine in the 14th
century. There he saw a crown which was said to be the
Saviour's " crown of thorns." He commentsconcernino- our
Lord and the crown : "In that nyghte that He was taken,
He was yled into a gardyn ; and there He was first
examyned righte scharply ; and there the Jewes scorned
Hym, and maden Hym a crowne of the braunches of Albes-
pyne, that is White Thorn, that grew in the same gardyn,
and setten yt on His head, so faste and so sore, that the
blood ran down be many places of Hys visage, and of
Hys necke, and of Hys schulders. And therefore hath
the White Thorn many vertues ; for he that berethe a
braunche on him thereof, no thondre, ne no maner of
tempest may dere him ; ne in the hows that yt is inne
may non evylle gost entre."

io4 Rose (Rosacece)

" 'T is commonly say'd, in Germany, that the Witches
doe meet in the night before the first day of May, upon
an high mountain called the Blocks-berg ; and the com-
mon people doe the night before ye said day fetch a
certain Thorn, and stick it at their house-door, believing
the witches can then doe them no harm." — Aubrey.

Fig. 42. — White Thorn. Scarlet-Fruited Thorn. Red Haw.

C. coca'nea, L.

Flowers, about two thirds of an inch across, white (often
with a rosy tinge), twelve or so in a bunch, with a
strong and rather disagreeable odor. May.

Leaves, with five to nine deep cuts, almost forming small
lobes, usually one and a half to two and a half inches
long, but variable in size even on the same tree, thin,
smooth, shining. Base, usually slightly pointed, but
often blunt or slightly heart-shaped. Leaf-stem,
slender (in var. macracdntha, Dudley, stout), and
often with small wart-like glands. Branchlets, usually
greenish, or whitish as though washed with silver.
Thorns, one to two inches long, stout, often whitish,
usually slightly curved.

Frttit, nearly half an inch in diameter, rounded or egg-
shape ; bright red or purple, with thin pulp. Some-
what edible. September.

Found, through the Atlantic forests southward to Northern
Florida and Eastern Texas.

A shrub (or often a low tree) ten to twenty feet high,
with crooked and spreading branches ; very common in
the North, rare in the South.

Var. mollis T. and G., with its leaves downy, at least on
the under side, and with its red fruit large and downy, is
found from Central Michigan southward and westward.

Rose (Rosacea)

^5

Fig. 42.— White Thorn. (C. coccinea, L.) (a) Fruit.
Fig- 43-— Black Thorn. (C. tomentosa, L.)

106 Rose (Rosacece)

pig ^_ — Black Thorn. Pear Thorn. C. tomentbsa, L.

Flotvers, often one inch across, white, eight to twelve in a
cluster, fragrant. May, June.

Leaves, variable, sometimes with quite deep and sharp
cuts, almost forming small lobes, about three to five
inches long, oval to reverse egg-shape, tapering in a
hollow curve, and along the sides of the leaf-stem to
a point ; under surface downy, at least when young,
permanently downy on the veins. Leaf-stem, bor-
dered by the leaf, to its base. Thorns, one to two
inches long. Bark of trunk smooth and gray, new
twigs light greenish-brown.

Fruit, about one half inch in diameter, round or pear-
shaped, orange-red or crimson ; edible. October.

Found, through the Atlantic forests to Western Florida,
and far westward ; common.

A thickly branching shrub (or small tree) eight to
twenty feet high, the most widely distributed of the
American Thorns. It varies greatly in size and in the
style of its fruit and leaves.

Fig. 44. — Cockspur Thorn. C. crus-gdlli, L.

Flowers, white, fragrant, in clusters of about fifteen blos-
soms on very short side branchlets. June.>-

Leaves, sharply toothed toward the apex, entire below,
one to two and one half inches long, thick, very
smooth, and shining above, reverse egg-shape, or
reverse lance-shape to somewhat oval. Apex, usually
rounded, sometimes pointed. Base, tapering to a
point, quite variable. Leaf-stem, short. Tlw7'ns,
two to three inches long, rather slender, and straight.

Rose (Rosacea)

107

<*j..**

^

Fig. 44. — Cockspur Thorn. (C. crus-galli. L.) (a) Fruit.
Fig. 45. — Dwarf Thorn. (C. uniflora, Miinch.) (6) Fruit.

108 Rose (Rosacea?)

Fruit, about one third inch in diameter, pear-shape or
round, red, remaining during the winter.

Found, along the St. Lawrence and westward, and from
Vermont southward and westward ; not common.

A thick-branching shrub (or small tree) ten to twenty
feet high. It is the best species of thorn for hedges.

Fig. 45. — Dwarf Thorn. C. uniflbra, Munch. C. parvifblia, Ait.

Flowers, solitary, or two or three together, appeari-ng
with the leaves. Sepals, downy, with edges slashed
or toothed, as long as the petals. Styles, five.
Flower-stems, very short, downy. April, May.

Leaves, thick, downy when young, becoming smooth and
shining above, one half to one and one half inches
long, nearly stemless. Branchlets, downy. Thorns,
straight and slender.

Fruit, round or pear-shape, yellowish, about one half
inch in diameter ; edible.

Found, in sandy soil, New Jersey and southward.

A scraggy shrub, three to six feet high.

The English Hawthorn ( C. oxyacdntha, L.J is often
found in cultivation ; rarely naturalized and growing wild.

(8) Genus Amelanchier, Medik. (June-berry.)

Fig. 46. — June-berry. Shad-bush. May Cherry. Service Tree.

A. Canadensis (L.), Medik.

Flowers, large, white, in long, loose clusters at the ends
of the branchlets, appearing before the leaves.
Petals, lengthened. Sepals, downy within. Stamens,
numerous, and short. Styles, five, united below.

Calycanthus ( Calycanthacecz)

109

^V)

Fig. 46. — June-berry. A. Canadensis (L.), Medik. (a) Fruit.
Fig. 47. — Sweet-scented Shrub. (C. nanus, Loisel.)

no Caly cant hits (Calycanthacece)

Seed-case, five-celled, but becoming ten-celled by false
partitions, with ten young- seeds, only a part of
which sometimes ripen.

Leaves, variable, long egg-shape to reverse egg-shape.
Base, slightly heart-shaped or rounded. Apex, some-
times bristle-pointed, usually two to three inches
long, somewhat downy when young, afterward very
smooth above and below. Bark, of branches and
twigs usually purplish-brown and very smooth.

Fruit, berry-like, round, purplish, sweet, and edible. A

pome. June, August.
Found, in woods and along streams, common in the

North, rare in the South.

A shrub (or sometimes tree), five to thirty feet high.

A. spicata (Lam.) Dec. ( Var. oblongifblia, Torr. and
G.J, A. oligocdrpa ( Michx.) Roem., and A. alnifblia,
Nutt., are smaller forms found northward.

The name " shad-bush ' is given because the shrub
blossoms about the time the shad " run."

15. Family CALYCANTHACECE. (Calycanthus Fam.)

Genus Calycanthus, L.

Fig. 47. — Sweet-scented Shrub. Carolina All-spice.

C. nanus, Loisel. (C. Icevagatus, Willd.)

Flowers, reddish-brown, solitary in the axils of the leaves,
fragrant when crushed. Petals and sepals, similar in
color, lance-shape, rather thick and fleshy, numerous
in several rows, and all united below into a fleshy
cup or tube. Stamens, usually about twelve. Seed-
cases, few or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube. May,
August.

Saxifrage (Saxifragaceai)

1 1 1

Leaves, simple, opposite, entire, without stipules, oblong-,
thin. Apex, blunt or taper-pointed, smooth or nearly
so on both sides.

Fruit, many times larger than that of the rose, which it
somewhat resembles, enclosing the one-seeded seed-
case ( achenia) , dry when ripe. A covered cluster of
achenes.

Found, in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, and southward
along the Alleghany Mountains.

A shrub with aromatic bark, foliage, and flowers.
The flowers when crushed have a "strawberry" odor.

C. floridus, with larger flowers and oval leaves downy
beneath, is often found in cultivation, but wild only in the
South.

16. Family SAXIFRAGACE^. (Saxifrage Fam.)

Flotvers, in clusters. Petals, separate, four to five [absent in Hydran-
gea (i)], inserted with the stamens on the calyx. Sepals, as many
as the petals. Seed-case, adherent to the calyx. Young Seeds,
small, many.

Leaves, simple, alternate or opposite, toothed or lobed.

Fruit, one- to two-celled, many-seeded. A capsule or a berry.

Guide to the Genera.

Leaves opposite. (i) Hydrangea.

" alternate, edge fine-toothed ; Fruit, a capsule. (2) Itea

" lobed ; Fruit, a juicy berry. (3) Rlbes (Currant, etc.).

(1) Genus Hydrangea, L.

From two Greek words meaning "water" and "vase" because of the shape of
the capsule.

Fig. 48. — Wild Hydrangea. H. arbore'scens, L.
Flowers, in clusters, those in the margin usually without
petals, stamens, or pistils, and with colored sepals ;
central flowers white, becoming rosy, fertile, with

I 12

Saxifrage (Saxifragacece)

four or five egg-shaped petals, and twice as many
stamens. Styles, two, diverging. Seed-case, two-
beaked and adherent to the calyx-tube.

Leaves, opposite, toothed, without stipules, smooth or
nearly so, egg-shape, or rarely heart-shaped. Apex,
pointed.

Fruit, fifteen-ribbed, two-beaked, crowned with the two
styles, two-celled in the lower part, opening by a
hole between the beaks. A many-seeded capsule.

Found, from Pennsylvania westward and southward.

A very beautiful shrub, five or six feet high, often
cultivated for its abundant flower clusters.

(2) Genus Itea, Gronov.

Greek name of the " willow."
Fig. 49. — Itea. /. Virginica, L.

Flowers, white, in somewhat spike-like, terminal clusters,
small. Petals, five, separate, lance-shaped, much
longer than the calyx. Stamens, five, shorter than
the petals. May, June.

Leaves, simple, alternate, fine-toothed, with short stems,
without stipules.

Fruit, oblong, two-grooved, two-celled, tipped with the
two united styles, when ripe two-parted. Seeds,
eight to twelve, oval and somewhat flattened. A
capsule.

Found, in wet places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and
southward.

A shrub about six feet high.

Saxifrage ( Saxifragacece)

1 1

Fig. 48.— Wild Hydrangea. (H. arborescens, L.)

ii4 Saxifrage (Saxifragacea?)

(3) Genus RiBES, L. (Gooseberry, Currant.)

Flowers, small, white, greenish, or purple. Petals, five. Stamens, five.

Calyx, often colored. Seed-case, united to the calyx, one-celled,

many-seeded. Styles, two, distinct or united.
Leaves, simple, alternate, edges lobed, the lobes more or less toothed.

folded fan-like in the bud. Stem, smooth in the currants, in the

gooseberry with spines, and often with prickles.
Fruit, crowned with the remains of the calyx, many-seeded. A berry

Guide to the Species.

Flowers, greenish or purplish. Stems with thorns at the base of the leaf-stems, and

usually with scattered prickles, (r to 5) gooseberries.
Flowers, whitish. Stems without thorns or prickles. (6 and 7) currants.

Fig. 50. — (1) Prickly Gooseberry. R. cyndsbati, L.

Flowers, greenish-white, drooping in clusters of one to
three blossoms. Lobes of the calyx, much shorter
than its tube. Stamens, and undivided Style, not
longer than the calyx. May, June.

Leaves, three- to five-lobed. Leaf-stem, downy. Stems,
mostly without scattered prickles, but with one to
three spines near the axil of each leaf.

Fruit, large, usually armed with long prickles, brownish-
purple ; edible.

Found, from the mountains of North Carolina northward
and westward ; common.

A shrub about four feet high.

(2) Common Wild Gooseberry. R. oxy acanthoses, L.

Flowers, greenish or purplish, in drooping clusters of one
to three blossoms. Lobes of the calyx much longer
than the short tube. Stamens, scarcely as long as
the broadly oblong calyx-lobes. Style, two-cleft.
Flower-stems, short. May, June.

Leaves, roundish, heart-shaped, three- to five-lobed. Spines,

Saxifrage ( Saxifragacece)

"5

A

So

Fig. 49. — Itea. (I. Virginica, L.)
Fig. 50. — Prickly Gooseberry. (R. cyndsbati, L.)

u6 Saxifrage ( Saxifragacea: )

whitish, and often numerous. Old bark, often pealing

off and leaving the stems unarmed.
Fruit, smooth, purple, sweet.
Found, from Newfoundland to New Jersey, and westward.

(3) Round-Leaved Gooseberry. R. rotundifblium, Michx.

This species differs from the common wild gooseberry
chiefly in these items :

Stamens, somewhat longer than the spatulate-oblong
calyx-lobes.

Leaves, roundish, and not usually heart-shaped at base.

Found, from western Massachusetts and New York south-
ward.

(4) Missouri Gooseberry. R. grdcile, Michx.

This species differs from the common wild gooseberry
chiefly in these items :

Stamens, becoming much longer than the narrowly oblong
calyx-lobes.

Leaves, roundish.

Spines, often long, stout, and red.

Found, from Michigan to Tennessee, and westward.

Fig. 51.— (5) Swamp Gooseberry. R. laahtre, Poir.

Flowers, in a drooping cluster of five to eight blossoms,
greenish, small, flattened. Stamens and style not
longer than the petals. Style, two-cleft. May.

Leaves, heart-shaped, three- to five-lobed. Young stems,
covered thickly with reddish prickles and with slim
thorns. Old stems, slightly armed with a few spines.

Fruit, dark-purple, small, bristly, unpleasant to the taste.

Found, in cold woods and swamps from New England
northward and westward.

Saxifrage ( Saxifragacece)

117

cfL?, st

C?J. 5*2.

Fig. 51. — Swamp Gooseberry. (R. lacustre, Poir.)
Fig. 52. — Wild Red Currant. (R. riibrum, L., var. subglanduldsum, Maxim.)

n8 Witch-Hazel ( H arnamelidece )

(6) Wild Black Currant. R. fldridum, L'Her.

Flowers, large, whitish, in drooping, downy clusters of
many blossoms. Calyx, tubular, bell-shape, smooth.
Petals, fringed toward the base. Stamens, short.
Flower-stems, downy. Bracts, narrow, and longer
than the flower-stems. May, June.

Leaves, three- to five-lobed, the surface marked on both
sides with yellowish, resinous dots. Stems, without
thorns or prickles, grayish.

Fruit, somewhat egg-shape, insipid, black, and smooth.

Found, in woods and hedges from New England to
Virginia, and westward.
A handsome and common bush three to four feet hieh.

Fig. 52. — (7) Wild Red Currant. R. rubrum, L., var. subglan-

dulbsum, Maxim.

This species differs from the Black Currant ( R.

fldridum) chiefly in these items :

Flower-clusters, less downy. Calyx, flat.

Leaves, often with less pointed lobes.

Fruit, round, red.

Found, in swamps and damp woods from New Jersey
northward and westward.

A shrub with straggling and sometimes reclining stems.

17. Family HAMAMELIDE/E. (Witch-Hazel Fam.)

Genus Hamamelis, L.

Fig- 53-— Witch Hazel. H. Virginica, L

Flowers, stemless, bright-yellow, in clusters of three to
four blossoms, blooming profusely about the time of
the ripening of the leaf. Petals, four, separate, about

Witch-Hazel ( H amamelidece )

119

(c;

Fig- 53 — Witch-Hazel. (H. Virginica, L.)

(a) Fruit. (/') Flower-cluster. (c) Single blossom.

120

Witch-Hazel (Hamamelidece)

three quarters of an inch long, very narrow (strap-
like) inserted on the calyx. Sepals, four, downy.
Stamens, eight, very short, four of them perfect, with
anthers, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles,
two, short. Pistils, two, united below, so forming a
seed-case which is two-beaked, two-celled, two- to
several-seeded, and partly adherent to the calyx.
The brown scale-like remains of the flower envelopes
remain in the axils of the leaves of the next year.
October, November.

Leaves, simple, alternate, edge strongly wavy, at times
with some of the waves sharpened, three to five
inches long, rounded, oval, or inversely egg-shape.
Base, slightly heart-shaped and unequal. Apex,
sometimes round and sometimes with a slight blunted
point, sometimes roughened with small brown hairs
along the back of the veins, shiny underneath, dark
green above, veins straight.

Fruit, two-celled, with two large, hard seeds (a favorite
food of the partridges), ripening in the summer from
the previous autumn's flowers. A nut-like capsule.
September.

Found, in damp woods, very widely distributed.

A shrub six to twelve feet high, with long straggling
stems and branches, well worthy of cultivation because of
its uniqueness throughout.

Riding one day in a slow stage across the hills of
Central New York, a fellow-passenger — a lady — gave me
this bit of information : "Once when my grandfather was
seriously sick, there came to visit him an Oneida Indian,
who prescribed for him to his great relief. Afterward he

Witch-Hazel ( H amamelidece )

121

learned from the Indian what the medicine was, — that it
was an extract of Witch-Hazel, and received directions
for its preparation. He prepared it and sold it very
widely, calling it from his own name ' Pond's Extract'
Now the receipt and all rights are held by a New York
and London Company called the ' Pond's Extract Co.'

One reason for the popular name of the plant is faith
in its power of indicating the presence of hidden springs.
A man slowly paces the ground holding a switch of the
hazel. Presently he thinks he feels the stick turning
strongly in his grasp. He digs at the spot indicated,
very likely finds water — if he digs far enough, — and so
has his belief confirmed.

The slender branches are very tough — "awful tough,
so 's you can tie up rails with 'em " — as a man once de-
scribed them to me.

" Among the crimson and yellow hues of the falling
leaves, there is no more remarkable object than the
Witch-Hazel in the moment of parting with its foliage,
putting forth a profusion of showy yellow blossoms, and
giving to November the counterfeited appearance of
spring."

It is by far the most unique and weird-like of all our
shrubs. It deserves its name.

You tangled bush
With frost-killed leaves, and yellow flowers

That outward push
In spite of ice and autumn hours ;
You weird, wild thing o'-th'-woods
Ycleped witch-hazel, broods
A ghoul, I fear,
Within you here,

1 2 2 Ginseng (A raliacecz)

With witch-power fell,

That 's proof 'gainst book and bell ; —
Else how, 'mid early ice and snow

And killing cold,
Can petal-lines of living gold

Unfold them so ?
Unless, indeed, you hazel wild,

Your heart like mine,
Has learned at last the lesson mild,

The law divine,

That ice nor snow

Nor winds that blow

Can freeze the flowers
That glow
In happy hearts, and hazel bowers, —
That glow alike in darkest night

And days of light ;
You hazel-bush, whose yellow flowers,
Are spring-time smiles in autumn hours.

18. Family ARALlACE^. (Ginseng Fam.)

Genus Aralia, Tourn.

Fig. 54.— Angelica Tree. Hercules' Club. Devil's Walking-
Stick. A. spinbsa, L.

Flowers, small and whitish, in large loose clusters above
the leaves at the top of the tree. Petals, five, not
united. Stamens, five, alternate with the petals.
Styles, five. Seed-case, adherent to the calyx, five-
celled, five-seeded. July, August.

Leaves, twice or thrice compound, odd-feathered, alternate,
about three feet long and one and one half feet wide.
Leaflets, very numerous, one and a half to three
inches long, sharp-toothed, egg-shape. Base, rounded
or slightly heart-shaped. Apex, pointed, very prickly,
rough above and below. Leaf-stem and leaflet-stems,

123

pig- 54-— Angelica Tree. (A. spindsa, L.)

Part of the compound leaf.

u4 Dogwood (Cornacece)

beset with remote prickles. Stems and branches, set

with short, stout prickles.
Fruit, black or dark purple, five-celled, five-seeded,

crowned with the remains of the calyx and styles.

A berry-like drupe.
Found, on river banks and in damp woods, Pennsylvania,

and Ohio, and southward, and often in cultivation.

A shrub or small tree eight to twelve feet high, with
the great compound leaves mostly crowded toward the
ends of the branches, and fierce with its club-like prickly
stems. In the South it gains a height sometimes of
twenty to thirty feet, with straight, bare trunk, showing a
more palm-like style than any other of our trees.

19. Family CORNACE^. (Dogwood Fam.) j

Genus Cornus, Tourn. (Dogwood, Cornel.)

From a word meaning " horn," referring to the hardness of the wood.

Flowers, whitish, small, in flat or convex clusters. Petals,
four, not united, oblong, spreading. Calyx, minutely
four-toothed. Stamens, four. Style, one. Seed-case,
one, adherent to the calyx, two-celled, two-seeded.

Leaves, simple, opposite (except in C. alternifblid), entire.
Veins, prominent, strongly and regularly curved.
Bark, bitter and tonic.

Fruit, small, rounded, crowned with the remains of the
flowers ; berry-like, with a two-celled and two-seeded
stone. A berry-like drupe.

Fig- 55- — Round-Leaved Cornel. Round-Leaved Dogwood.

C. circinata, L'Ifer.

Flowers, in flat loose clusters. June.

Leaves, round, oval, three to five inches long, larger than
in any other of the Dogwoods, thickly white woolly
beneath. Branches, greenish, dotted with warts.

Fruit, light blue, soft, hollow at the base. September.

Dogwood (Cornacecej

I25

Fig- 55- — Round-Leaved Cornel. (C. circinata, L'Her.)

126 Dogwood (Cor nacece)

Found, from Maryland westward and northward, on
shady banks, and in thickets.
A shrub four to ten feet high, with straight and
slender branches.

Silky Cornel or Dogwood. Kinnikinnik. C. sericea, L.

Flowers, in flat and close clusters. June.

Leaves, two to four inches long and half as broad, narrow
egg-shape to lance-shape. Base, rounded and some-
times tapering, silky downy beneath. Branches,
purplish. Young shoots, dark red. Branchlets and
stalks, silky downy.

Fruit, blue.

Found, in wet ground, United States and Canada.
A shrub three to ten feet high.

Long- Leaved Cornel or Dogwood. C. asperifblia, Michx.

Flowers, in flat clusters.

Leaves, egg-shape and oblong. Apex, pointed. Base,
rounded or pointed, rough above, soft downy be-
neath. Leaf-stem, rough and rather short. Branches,
brownish. Branchlets, rough.

Fruit, white, rounded, often with red stems.
Found, from the northern shore of Lake Erie to Minne-
sota, and southward.
A tall shrub.

Red-Osier Dogwood or Cornel. C. slolonifera, Michx.

Flowers, in small, flat, and smooth clusters of rather few
and loosely arranged blossoms.

Leaves, broad egg-shape. Base, rounded. Apex, short-
pointed, minutely downy above, whitish downy be-
neath. Branches and brajichlets, smooth ; the shoots
(and usually the branches) reddish-purple — toward
the end of winter almost blood-red.

Dogwood ( Cornacece) 1 2 7

Fruit, white or bluish-white.

Found, in wet places ; common, especially northward.

A shrub three to six feet high, with slender, spreading
branches. It multiplies freely by sending up long, wand-
like shoots — "suckers" — soon forming broad clumps.

Panicled Cornel or Dogwood. C. candidissima, Marsh. C.

paniculata, L 'Her.

Flowers, in many small, loose, convex, or cone-shaped
clusters. May, June.

Leaves, one to three inches long, egg-shape to long oval.

Apex, taper-pointed. Base, acute or rounded, whitish

beneath, not downy. Branches, grayish, smooth.

Shoots, chestnut-color.
Fruit, white, rounded, the size of peas, with the stalk,

when ripe, of a pale scarlet. August, September.

Found, in thickets, along river banks, etc. ; common.

A shrub four to ten feet high, much branching, showy,
with its abundant flower and fruit clusters.

Alternate-Leaved Cornel or Dogwood. C. altemifblia, L. f.

Flowers, in wide open clusters. May, June.
Leaves, alternate, mostly clustered at the ends of the
branches, egg-shape to reverse egg-shape. Apex,
pointed. Base, pointed, minutely downy beneath.
Branches, greenish, oftenest marked with white,
warty streaks.
Fruit, rounded, deep blue or black on reddish fruit-stalks,

much liked by the birds. August.
Found, from Georgia and Alabama, northward and west-
ward.
A shrub or small tree ten to twenty feet high, beauti-
ful in cultivation. The bark forms one of the "Quaker
medicines," being considered diaphoretic and astringent.

CLASS FIRST — Continued

(A ngiosperma)

Division II

PETALS MOSTLY UNITED
( Gamope'talous)

129

2D. Family CAPRIFOLIACE^. (Honeysuckle Fam.)

Flowers, variously clustered. Corolla of united petals, tubular or
wheel-shaped, inserted on the calyx. Stamens, as many as the
lobes of the corolla, and inserted on it. Seed-case, two- to five-
celled, adherent to the calyx.

Leaves, simple or compound, opposite.

Fruit, a berry, drupe, or capsule.

(a) Leaves compound.

Guide to the Genera.

(i) Sambiicus (Elders).

(a) Leaves simple, toothed or lobed (except )

in Withe-rod) corolla regular, fruit a > (2) Viburnum (Arrow-woods, etc.).

one-seeded drupe. )

(a) Leaves simple, entire.

(b) Corolla regular ; fruit a two-seeded ) , , c , . , ,c , . \

u " (3) Symphoncarpos (Snowberry, etc.).

(b) Corolla irregular ; fruit a two- to [ f , Lonicera (Flv-Honevsuckles )
three-seeded berry. ) x^' J J '

(a) Leaves simple, toothed; corolla only)

slightly irregular ; fruit a many- > (5) Diervilla (Bush-Honeysuckle),
seeded capsule. )

(1) Genus Sambucus, Tourn. (Elder.)

Fig. 56. — Common Elder. S. Canadensis, L.

Flowers, white, small, with a heavy odor, in clusters that
are flat, five to seven times parted, and five to eight
inches in diameter. Corolla, five-cleft, with the lobes
blunt. Calyx, small. Stamens, five. May, July.

Leaves, compound, opposite. Leaflets, five to eleven
(oftenest seven), two to four inches long, egg-shape
to oblong and reverse egg-shape, mostly smooth, the
lower ones often two- or three-parted, with a rank

130

Honey stickle (Caprifoliacecz)

131

Fig. 56. — Common Elder. (S. Canadensis, L.) (a) Flower enlarged.

32

Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliacece )

odor when crushed. Leaf-stems, smooth. Bark,
warty, that of the new shoots bright green, that of
the older branches purplish-brown, or in winter light
grayish. Branches, swollen at the joints. Pith,
abundant and white.

Fruit, small, black-purple when ripe, round, pulpy, abun-
dant, three-seeded, with dark, crimson juice. August,
September.

Found, in waste places, often forming thickets ; very com-
mon north, south, east, and west.

A shrub six to ten feet high, with weak, pithy, large^
jointed branches. " In domestic medicine this plant
forms almost a pharmacy in itself," flowers, leaves, leaf-
buds, inner-bark, berries — all are used. Elder-blow tea
(an infusion of the flowers), when cold, is alterative and
laxative ; when hot, an excitant. The inner bark is used
in preparing ointments ; the juice of the berries makes a
cooling laxative drink, and is made also into a medicinal
"elder-berry wine." The berries are used in cookery.
The unopened flower-buds are pickled and used as a good
substitute for "capers." An infusion of the juice forms
a delicate test for the presence of acids and alkalies. The
pith of the stems furnishes the best pith balls for electrical
experiments.

Red-berried Elder. S. phbens, Michx. S. racembsa. L.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :

Floivers, in egg-shaped or pyramidal clusters. May.

Leaflets, five to seven (oftenest five), long oval to lance-

Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece) 133

1

shape, more or less downy beneath, very downy when
young.

Leaf -stem, downy beneath when young, often purple above.
Pith, brown.

Fruit, bright red (or rarely white) with a yellowish,
unpleasant-tasting pulp. June.

Found, from Georgia northward and westward.
A shrub two to eighteen feet high.

(2) Genus Viburnum, L. (Arrow-wood, etc.)

Flowers, white, in flat, compound clusters. Corolla, spreading, and
deeply five-lobed. Calyx, five-toothed, the lobes blunt. Stamens,
five. Stigmas, one to three. Seed-cases, one- to three-celled.

Leaves, simple, opposite, toothed (excepting in species No. 8, Withe-
rod), lobed in No. 2, Cranberry Tree ; No. 3, Few-Flowered Vi-
burnum ; and No. 4, Dockmackie.

Fruit, soft, pulpy, one-celled, one-seeded. A one-seeded drupe.

Guide to the Species.

(a) Flower-clusters with the outer blossoms imperfect (destitute of stamens and
pistils).
(b) Leaves not lobed (1) Hobble-Bush.

(b) leaves three-lobed (2) Cranberry Tree.

(a) Flower-clusters with the blossoms perfect
and alike.

(b) Leaves three lobed \ (3) Few-Flowered Viburnum ;

\p) Leaves mree-loDed ^ ^ Dockmackie

(b) Leaves not lobed.

(c) Edge coarsely toothed, clusters ( [|) J™ ™°^m ;

stalked ( (7) Downy Viburnum.

, , „ , . . \ (8) Withe-rod ( / ". nudum) ;

(c) Edge entire or nearly so -j }gj withe.rod (>. cassinoides\

(c) Edge fine-toothed, clusters sessile (10) Black Haw.

134 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)

Fig. 57.— (i) Hobble-Bush. American Wayfaring Tree.

V. lantanbides, Michx.

Flowers, in a sessile cluster, the outer ones showy and
imperfect, lacking pistils and stamens, and with the
flat corollas much enlarged (nearly one inch across) ;
greenish, changing to white ; with five rounded lobes ;
the inner flowers much smaller and perfect. May.

Leaves, four to eieht inches across. Veins and veinlets,
beneath, and the leaf-stems very brown-scurfy.

Fruit, egg-shape, bright red, becoming almost black, not
acid. Stone, grooved. September.

Found, in cool, damp woods, from Pennsylvania north-
ward.

A very straggling shrub about five feet high, its long,
almost rope-like branches often reclining and taking root,
so forming troublesome " hobbles " for any careless way-
farer among them.

Fig. 58. — (2) Bush Cranberry. Cranberry Tree. High
Cranberry. V. dpulus, L.

Flower -clusters, three to four inches across, resembling the
last, but not sessile. June, July.

Leaves, three and one half to five inches wide, strongly
three-veined from the base ; three-lobed, the lobes
more or less toothed along- the sides, entire in the
hollows. Base, broad, wedge-shaped, rounded, or
squared. Leaf-stem, with small, wart-like glands near'
the upper end. Stipules, almost thread-like.

135 Fig. 57.— Hobble-Bush. (V. lantanoides, Michx.)

136 Honey sitckle (Caprifoliacece)

Fruit, about the size of a cranberry, round or egg-shape,
light red, acid, ripening late and remaining after the
leaves have fallen. Stone, very flat, not grooved.
September.

Found, in borders of fields and along streams from Penn-
sylvania northward and westward.

A handsome shrub three to ten feet high, showy in
flower and in fruit, well worthy of cultivation. The fruit,
in appearance and in taste is somewhat like the cran-
berry, as a poor substitute for which it is often used.

The common garden "snowball" or "Guelder rose"
is a cultivated form of this species, with all the blossoms
in the round clusters changed to the larger imperfect
form, — clusters that are described by Cowper as

" Silver globes, light as the foamy surf
That the wind severs from the broken wave."

(3) Few-Flowered Viburnum. V. pauciflbrum, Pylaie.

Flowers, in small clusters of few blossoms on short side
branches.

Leaves, somewhat three-lobed toward the end, rounded,
mostly with five veins from the base.

Fruit, much as in the preceding species.

Found, occasionally in the mountains of New England,
and northward and westward.

A small straggling bush, nearly smooth throughout.

Honeysuckle (Cafirifoliacece)

*o7

Fig. 58.— Bush Cranberry. (V. dpulus, L.)

138 Honeysuckle (Caftrifohacecz)

Fig. 59.— (4) Dockmackie. Maple-Leaved Arrow-wood.

V. acerifblium, L.

Flowers, all perfect, in small, flat, terminal, long-stemmed
clusters. Stamens, extending beyond the corolla.
May, June.

Leaves, two to four inches long, closely resembling in
shape the leaf of the red maple ; strongly three-
veined from the base, soft-downy beneath. Base,
rounded or heart-shaped. Bark, yellowish-green.

Fruit, crimson, changing to dark-purple or black, dis-
agreeable to the taste. Stone, thin, of the shape of a
double convex-lens, scarcely grooved.

Found, in cool woods from North Carolina northward and
westward.

A shrub three to six feet high, the branches often
straight and slender, "arrow-like," and ending with a
pair of leaves and the flower-cluster.

Fig. 60. — (5) Arrow-wood. V. dentatum, L.

Flowers, perfect, clusters not sessile. June.

Leaves, egg-shape to rounded, mostly smooth, coarsely
toothed. Veins, beneath prominent, straight, and
usually with downy tufts in their axils. Base,
sometimes slightly heart-shaped. Leaf-stems, rather
slender. Young shoots, mostly smooth. Bark, ash-
colored ; on old stems, nearly black.

Fruit, about one quarter inch long, slightly lengthened,
dark blue. Stone, very deeply grooved.

Found, in damp woods and thickets from Northern
Georgia northward and westward ; not uncommon.

A shrub five to fifteen feet high, often with straight,
arrow-like shoots.

Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)

'39

Fig- 59- — Maple-Leaved Arrow-wood. (V. acerifdlium, L.)

140 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacecz)

(6) Soft Viburnum. V. motte, Michx.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :

Flowers, rather larger. Clusters, downy.

Leaves, egg-shape to reverse egg-shape, downy beneath.
Youne shoots and branchlets, downy.

Fruit, larger and more pointed. Stones, rather less
deeply grooved.

Found, from Martha's Vineyard southward.

Fig. 61.— (7) Downy Arrow-wood. V. pubescens, Pursh.

Flowers, rather larger than in V. dentatum. Clusters,
small and few-flowered. June.

Leaves, egg-shape. Apex, pointed or long-pointed. Veins,
less marked than in V. dentatum. Leaf-stems, very
short, with two short, hairy, stipule-like appendages
at base. Leaves beneath and leaf-stem downy, at
least when young.

Frtiit, nearly black. Stone, flat and slightly grooved on
each side.

Found, in dry woods and thickets from Georgia north-
ward.

A straggling shrub about six feet high.

Fig. 62.— (8) Withe-rod. V. nMum, L.

Flowers, in large clusters with a stem one to two inches
long. April, June.

Leaves, variable, two to four inches long, oval to lance-
shape, edge entire or obscurely toothed, often slightly
rolled ; smooth, not shining, no stipule-like append-

Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliacece ) 141

<**■

u

Fig. 60. — Arrow-wood. (V. dentatum, L.)
Fig. 61.— Downy Arrow-wood. (V. pubescens, Pursh.)

I4-1 I [on cv suckle (Caprifoliacece)

ages. Shoots, branchlets, etc., often slightly scurfy-
dotted.

Fruity about one quarter inch long, slightly lengthened,
blackish, sweet. Stone, broadly oval or round, very
flat and even.

Found, from New Jersey southward.

A very variable shrub (or sometimes a small tree) ten
to twenty feet high.

(9) Withe-rod. V. cassinoides , L.

This species differs from the preceding (V. nudum)
chiefly in the following items :

Flower-cluster, usually with a shorter stem.

Leaves, one to three inches long.

Shoots, scurfy-dotted.

Found, from New Jersey northward and westward.

Fig. 63. — (10) Black Haw. Sloe. Stag-Bush. V.prunifblium,L.

Flowers, in rather large and flat three- to five-rayed sessile
clusters at the ends of the branches. May.

Leaves, one to three inches long, smooth, shining above,
broadly-oval to broadly-reverse egg-shape, finely and
sharply toothed. Apex, rounded or pointed. Leaf-
stem, short and smooth, the edges slightly and evenly
winged ; variable.

Fruit, oval, blackish, sweet and eatable.

Found, in Connecticut and Southern New York, westward
to Michigan, and southward.

A bush (or a small tree) ten to twenty feet high.
The bark is sometimes used as a tonic.

*}■"

143

Fig. 62. — Withe-rod. (V. nildum, L.)
Fig. 63. — Black Haw. (V. prunifdlium, L.)

144 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)

(3) Genus SymphoricArpos, Dill. (Snowberry, etc.)

From Creek words meaning "to bear together" and "fruit," because of the
clustered berries.

Flowers, white with a rosy or purplish tinge in clusters or
spikes, or sometimes solitary. Corolla, bell-shaped,
four- to five-lobed. Calyx, with short teeth. Stamens,
four or five, inserted on the throat of the corolla.
Stigma, rounded. Seed-case, four-celled, but with
only two of the cells containing perfect young seeds.

Leaves, simple, broad-oval to oblong, opposite, edge

entire.
Fruit, with four cells and two seeds. A berry.

Fig. 64. — Snowberry. S. racembsus, Michx.

Flowers, in a loose and often somewhat leafy terminal
spike. Corolla, thickly-bearded within. Stamens
and style not longer than the corolla tube ("included").
Style, smooth. June, August.

Leaves, smooth or nearly so, often with wavy margins.

Fruit, snow-white, the size of a large pea.

Found, native in New England and Pennsylvania, and
northward and westward, and in cultivation.

A pretty bush two to three feet high, very common
in cultivation, especially in old gardens, attractive, not on
account of its flowers, but its white fruit.

Var. pauciflorus, Robbins, has the flower spike reduced
to only one or two blossoms.

Wolf-berry. S. occide?italis, H00&.
Flowers, crowded in nodding terminal or axillary spikes.
Corolla, bearded within. Stamens and Style, longer
than the corolla-tube (" exserted"). July.

Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliacece)

H5

Fig. 64. — Snowberry. (S. racemosus, Michx.)
Fig. 65. — Indian Currant. (S. orbicularis, Moench.)

146 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)

Leaves, one to three inches long.
Fruity white.

Found, from Illinois northward and westward.
A shrub two to four feet high.

Fig. 65. — Indian Currant. Coral-berry. 6". orbicularis, Moench.

( S. vulgaris, Michx.)

Flowers, crowded in short clusters in the axils of most of
the leaves. Corolla, only slightly bearded within.
Stamens and style shorter than the corolla-tube
("included"). Style, bearded. July.

Leaves, round-oval, one to two inches long, nearly stem-
less.

Fruit, small, dark red.

Found, from Pennsylvania northward and southward.
A shrub two to three feet high.

(4) Genus Lonicera, L. (Fly-Honeysuckle.)

Flowers, in pairs in the axils of the leaves, each pair with
a single stalk. Corolla, tubular or funnel-like, often
hairy at the base within, five-lobed, more or less
irregular. Stamens, five, longer than the corolla-tube
(" exserted "). Seed-case, two- to three-celled.

Leaves, simple, opposite, entire.

Fruit, a several-seeded berry.

Fig. 66. — Fly-Honeysuckle. L. ciliata Muhl.

Flowers, greenish-yellow, three quarters inch long. Corolla,
funnel-form, slightly, blunt, spurred at the base.
Petals, nearly equal. Bracts, two, minute at the
base of the seed-case. Stem of the pair of flowers,
slender, shorter than the leaves. May, June.

Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliacecc ) 147

Fig. 66.— Fly-Honeysuckle. (L. ciliata, Muhl.) (a) Fruit.

i4s Honeysuckle ( Caftrifoliacecz )

Leaves, from long egg-shape to oval. Base, variable,
rounded, or slightly pointed, or often heart-shaped ;
thin, delicately fringed on the margin. Leaf-stem,
slightly hairy.

Fruit, red, oblong, or egg-shape, in pairs, three- to five-
seeded, distinct or sometimes slightly united.

Found, in woods from Pennsylvania northward and west-
ward.

A shrub three to six feet high, with straggling
branches set at a very wide angle.

Mountain-Fly Honeysuckle. L. cerhlea, L.

Flowers, yellowish. Bracts, two, at the base of the seed-
case, awl-shaped, longer than the seed-case. Stem of
the pair of flowers, very short — shorter than the
flowers. May, June.

Leaves, small, egg-shape or oval to reverse egg-shape ;
hairy, especially when young.

Fruit, dark blue, the two berries united into one.

Found, in hieh woods from Rhode Island northward and
westward.

A shrub one to three feet high.

Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle. L. oblongifblia, MuhL

Flowers, yellowish-white outside, purplish within, one half
inch long, deeply two-lipped. Corolla, hairy. Bracts,
two, minute or soon falling. Stem of the pair of
flowers, slender, as long as the leaves. June.

Leaves, one to three inches in length, oblong, nearly
stemless.

Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacecz) 149

Fruit, rounded, purple, the two berries more or less
parted at the summit, or sometimes nearly distinct.

Found, in swampy land, from New York northward and
westward.

A shrub three to four feet high.

Bracted Fly-Honeysuckle. Z. involucrata, Banks.

1

Flowers, yellowish. Corolla, one half to three quarters of
an inch long, slightly sticky. Stem of the pair of
flowers shorter than the leaves.

Leaves, two to five inches long, egg-shape or oblong,
mostly pointed. Branches, four-angled.

Fruit, rounded, dark-purple, the two berries distinct.

Found, in deep woods from the shores of Lake Superior
north and west.

Tartarian Honeysuckle. [Z. Tartdrica, Z.]

Flowers, pale-purple to white, small, fragrant. April,
June.

Leaves, one to two inches long, three quarters to one and
one half inches wide, thick, egg-shape. Base, heart-
shaped. Apex, blunt, smooth, shining, dark-green
above. Leaf-stem, short.

Found, common in cultivation, naturalized in the vicinity
of New York.

150 Honey stickle (Caprifoliacece)

A shrub four to ten feet high, with erect, much-
branching stems ; elegant, and every way worthy of culti-
vation. Introduced from Russia.

(5) Genus Diervilla, Tourn.
Fig. 67. — Bush Honeysuckle. D. trifida (L.J Moench.

Flowers, greenish-yellow, in clusters that are either
terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves — usually
three blossoms to each flower-stem. Corolla, funnel-
form, five-lobed, nearly regular, twice as long as the
calyx. Calyx-lobes, slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Stamens, five ; stamens and style much longer than
the tube of the corolla. Seed-case, slender, about
one third inch long.

Leaves, simple, opposite, two to four inches in length,
long egg-shape, toothed, taper-pointed. Stems,
marked with two slight ridges, very noticeable in the
young shoots.

Fruit, tapering above into a slender beak, which is often
curved, and is crowned with the long and somewhat
spreading persistent sepals. Cells, two (apparently
four because of the intruding false partitions). Seeds,
many. A capsule.

Found, from the mountains of North Carolina northward
and westward.

An upright shrub about two feet high, very modest as
compared with its showy related species, the cultivated
Japanese "Weigela."

Fig. 67. — Bush Honeysuckle. D. trifida (L.), Moench. (a) Flower-cluster.

1 5 2 Madder (Rubiacece)

21. Family RUBlACE^. (Madder Fam.)
Genus Cephalanthus, L.

From two Greek words meaning "head" and "a flower," referring to the
arrangement of the round flower-clusters.

Fig. 68. — Button-Bush. C. occidentalism L.

Flowers, white, in dense spherical heads — each head
nearly an inch in diameter, on a long stalk. Corolla,
with united petals, tubular, four-toothed. Calyx-tube,
inversely pyramid-shaped. Stamens, four, inserted
on the tube of the corolla. Style, much exserted,
long, and thread-like — nearly twice as long as the
corolla. Seed-case, adherent to the calyx. July,
August.

Leaves, variable, three to five inches long, simple, oppo~
site (often whorled in threes), egg-shape to oblong,
and reverse egg-shape, edge entire, strongly veined.
Base, pointed or rounded. Stipules, short, connecting
the bases of the opposite leaf-stems.

Fruit, small, inversely pyramid-shaped, dry and hard.
Cells, two to four, each with one seed, splitting from
the base upwards. September.

Found, in swamps and along streams of United States
and Canada.

A vigorous shrub about four feet high. It is some-
times found on elevated ground, where it serves, it is
claimed, as a good sign of the presence of hidden springs.
The inner bark is sometimes used as a cough medicine.

■&i*:<9

i

153

Fig. 68.— Button-Bush. (C. occidentalis, L.)
Fig. 69. — Groundsel Tree. (B. halimifolia, L.)

154 Composite (Composite)

22. Family COMPOSITE. (Composite Fam.)
Genus Baccharis, L.

1 mm " the name of the god Bacchus, possibly because of a faint wine-like odor
about the plant."

Fig. 69. — Groundsel Tree. B. halimifblia, L.
Flowers, whitish or yellow, tubular, in a close head of
about twenty blossoms, the staminate and the pistillate
forms on different bushes. Corolla, of the pistillate
flower thread-like ; of the staminate, larger and five-
lobed ; the hairy pappus of the pistillate flowers long
and very abundant. September.

Leaves, simple, alternate, edge mostly remotely large-
toothed (in the upper leaves often entire), reverse
egg-shape to lanceolate. Branches, angled.

Frtiit, one-seeded, a ribbed akene.

Found, near the sea, from Massachusetts to Georgia.

A compact shrub six to twelve feet high, worthy of
cultivation because of its late blooming and its abundant
" white-haired " blossoms.

Genus Iva, L.
Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub. /. frute'scens, L.
Flowers, greenish-white, tubular or funnel-form, in small,
drooping heads, each head with fine marginal, pistil-
late flowers, the remaining flowers staminate, pappus
lacking. July to September.

Leaves, simple, fleshy, the lower ones opposite, lance-
shaped, and coarsely toothed, the upper ones narrower
and with entire edges, or reduced to line-like bracts.

Fruit, one-seeded (five seeds to each head). An akene.

Found, on the borders of salt marshes from Massachusetts
to Florida ; common.
A coarse, leafy shrub, three to eight feet high.

Heath (Ericacece) 155

! 23. Family ERICACEAE. (Heath Fam.)

Flowers, regular, or nearly so, except in R. Rhodbra (8).
Petals, four to five, united, except in R. Rhodbra (8),
Ledum (9), and Clethra (10). Stamens, usually as
many to twice as many as the petals, and inserted
with them. Pollen, of four united grains. Style, one.
Seed-case, three- to ten-celled.

Leaves, simple, without stipules.

Fruit, a berry or a capsule.

There are not many families that contain as many
beautiful plants as are found among the Ericacetz. Of
the true heaths, however, we have no native species.
The nearest to them are our huckleberries and cranberries.
These take the place throughout the northern part of
America of the heaths of the corresponding climate of
Europe, and they do so with as much of beauty and with
far more of usefulness.

A Guide to the Genera.

(A) Calyx adherent to seed-case ; Fruit a berry, crowned with the calyx-teeth.

(b) Fruit ten-seeded (1) Gaylussacia (Huckleberry).

{b) " many-seeded (2) Vaccinium (Blueberry, etc.).

{A) Calyx not adherent to seed-case ; Fruit a many-seeded capsule.

(5) Petals always regular, and all united.

(c) Corolla cylindrical, or contracted )3( ; ,,, .. '

.. •. 4.l . u -.. J (4) Leucothoe.

at its mouth; .bruit, more or-! v*< „ , ,

less globular to eeg-shape. r „

fe &s r ^ (7) Menziena.

(c) Corolla saucer-shape, with ten f

hollows for holding the anthers. < (6) Kalmia (Laurels, etc.).
Leaves, thick and evergreen. (
(3) Petals sometimes irregular, and in (

R. Rhodbra partly separate. Corolla, •< (8) Rhododendron (Azaleas, etc.).
spreading, funnel-shape, or bell-shape. (
(3) Petals regular and separate.

(^Leaves very woolly beneath, j () Ledum (Labrador Tea).

edge entire. ( w/

(/) Leaves, smooth, edge-toothed. (ro) Clethra (Sweet Pepper-bush.)

I56 Heath (Ericaceae)

( i ) Genus Gayussacia, H. B. K. (Huckleberry.)

Flowers, white or tinged with red, in loose lateral clusters.
Corolla, egg-shape, tubular, or bell-shape ; five-lobed.
Calyx, yellowish-green, with resinous dots. Stamens,
ten. Anther-cells, tapering upward, and opening by
a chink at the end, with no small hooks at the back.
Seed-case, ten-celled and ten-seeded, adherent to
the calyx.

Leaves, alternate, entire (excepting in Box Huckleberry,
and sometimes in Dwarf Huckleberry), and more or
less resinous dotted (excepting in Box Huckleberry).

Fruit, black or dark blue, round, ten-celled, ten-seeded,
crowned with the teeth of the calyx. A berry.

Fig. 70.— Common Black Huckleberry. G. resinbsa (Ait.),

T. and G.

Flowers, drooping, in short, one-sided clusters. Corolla,
contracted at the mouth, longer than the stamens,
shorter than the style. Bracts of the flower-clusters,
small, reddish, and soon falling away. Flower-stems,
each about the length of the blossom. May, June.

Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, entire, egg-
shape and oval to reverse egg-shape, pointed or
somewhat blunt, thickly sprinkled — more thickly
than are any other of the huckleberries — with bright
resinous globules.

Fruit, black (very rarely white), sweet. August.

Found, from Northern Georgia and Tennessee northward.
Common in woods and open fields.

A stiff, much-branched shrub, one to three feet high,
yielding the " huckleberry" of the markets.

Fig. 70.— Common Black Huckleberry. G. resindsa (Ait.), Torr. and Gray.
157 Fig. 71.— Dangleberry. G. frondosa (L.), Torr. and Gray.

158 Heath ( Rricacece)

The "huckleberry pasture" is an important part of
many a New England farm, and the name is a well
remembered one in the memory of many a far wanderer
from his early home. Those who know the stout and
thickly set bushes, and who know also the ideal Christian
character of many of the New England settlers, can
appreciate the comment of an old lady (quoted by
Ralph Waldo Emerson), who, remembering her godly
ancestors, said of them "that they had to hold on hard
by the huckleberry bushes to hinder themselves from
beine translated."

A peculiar old and shorter name for huckleberries is
" hurts."

" Cape Cod is only a headland of high hills overgrowne
with shrubby pines, hurts, and such trash, but an excel-
lent harbour of all weathers." — Capt. John Smith,
Work II.

Dwarf Huckleberry. G. dumbsa (Andr.), T. and G.

Flowers, each from the axil of a persistent bract, in some-
what lengthened clusters. Bracts, leaf-like, oval, as
long as the flower-stem, and persistent. Corolla,
bell-shape, with five prominent keel-like angles,
longer than the included stamen and style. Seed-
case, set with hairs or glands. June.

Leaves, about one and one third inches long, entire or
slightly fine-toothed, reverse egg-shape, blunt, bristle-
tipped. Leaves, branchlets, and flower-stems sprinkled
with small hairs and glands.

Fruit, black, one third to one half inch in diameter, rather
insipid. August.

Heath ( Rricfocece ) 159

Found, in swamps and thickets from Canada to Florida,
mostly along the coast.

A small shrub, usually about one foot high, from a
creeping base.

Fig. 71. — Dangleberry. Blue Dangle. G. frondbsa(L.), T.andG.

Flowers, in slender, loose clusters. Bracts, oblong or
line-like, soon falling, shorter than the slender and
drooping flower-stems. Corolla, round, bell-shape,
longer than the included stamens. May, June.

Leaves, entire, mostly reverse egg-shape, often blunt.

Fruit, large, blue, sweet, covered with a whitish bloom
when ripe. July, August.

Found, from Newfoundland to Florida, oftenest in sandy
swamps.

A loosely branching shrub, three to six feet high.

Box Huckleberry. G. brachycera, Gray.

Floivers, in short, close, axillary, and terminal clusters.
Flower-stems, very short. May.

Leaves, one inch long, oval, thick, smooth, many-toothed,
evergreen, resembling the leaf of the box.

Wruit, light blue.

Found, in Perry County, Pennsylvania, and southward.

A pretty evergreen about one foot high.

(2) Genus Vaccinium, L. (Blueberry, etc.)

This genus differs from Gaylussacia chiefly in the fol-
lowing items :

160 Heath (Ericacece)

Flowers, with corolla five-toothed, excepting in Bog
Bilberry, where it is four-toothed. Anthers, some-
times with two small, bristle-like hooks (awns) on the
back. Seed-case, four-celled (or sometimes eight- to
ten-celled by false divisions), many-seeded.

Leaves, branchlets, etc., less strongly or not at all marked
with resinous globules.

Fruit, four- to five-celled (or sometimes eight- to ten-
celled by false divisions), and many-seeded instead of
only ten-seeded.

Fig. 72. — Squaw Huckleberry. Deerberry. V. stamtneum, L.

Flowers, nodding, greenish-white or purplish. Flower-
stems, slender, solitary in the axils of the leaves.
Stamens, hairy, shorter than the style, much exserted
from the corolla. Anthers, tapering into two horns,
with a hook (awn) back of each.

Leaves, one and one half to two and one half inches long,
rounded or pointed, or sometimes heart-shaped at
base ; smallest on the flowering branches ; egg-shape
and oval to reverse egg-shape. Leaf-stem, very
short and downy.

Fruit, somewhat ten-celled, nearly as large as a small
cherry, greenish or yellowish, sometimes purple-
tinged, round or pear-shaped, scarcely edible. Sep-
tember.

Found, from Canada to Florida.

A shrub two to three feet high with abundant spread-
ing branches and drooping solitary fruit.

Heath (Ericacecz)

161

Fig. 72. — Squaw Huckleberry. (V. stamineum, L.)
Fig. 73. — Common Low Blueberry. (V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam.)

1 62 Heath (Ericacece)

Fig. 73.— Common Low Blueberry. Dwarf Blueberry.

V. Pennsylvdnicum, Lam.

Flowers, usually reddish-white, one quarter inch long, in
short, close clusters. Corolla, short, cylindrical, and
somewhat bell-shaped. Calyx-teeth, green and spread-
ing. Stamens, hairy, not exserted from the corolla.
May, June.

Leaves, three quarters to one inch long, oblong to lance-
shape, stemless ; smooth and shining above and be-
neath ; finely and sharply bristle-toothed. Stems and
branches, green and warty, and often with a hairy line
running down each side.

Fruit, large, blue, sweet, ripening earlier than that of V.
vacillans. July, August.

Found, growing in thick patches in dry, hard soil, from
New Jersey to Illinois, and northward ; very common
in New England.

A bush six to fifteen inches high, the lowest and the
earliest of the Blueberries.

A narrow-leaved lower variety (var. augustifblium,
G.J, is found on the White Mountains of New Hampshire
and far northward.

Var. nigrum, Wood, has the leaves dark green, the
berries black and shining.

V. Canadense. Kalm.
This species differs from the preceding ( V. Pennsyl-
vanicum) chiefly in the following items :

Leaves, entire, downy beneath, and at least on the veins
above. Branchlets, reddish-green and downy.

Found, from Maine and New Hampshire westward and
northward.

Heath (Ericcicecz) 16

j

Low Blueberry. V. vacillans, Solander.
Flowering-branches, two to three inches or more in lenoth,
and without leaves, so that often much of the plant
is leafless though covered with fruit.

Leaves, egg-shape to reverse egg-shape, edge entire or
very finely toothed. Branchlets, yellowish-green,
angular, and closely set with white dots.

Fruit, ripening later than that of V. Pennsylvanicum,
August.

Found, in dry ground from New England westward and
southward.

A bush one to two and one half feet high.

Fig. 74.— Common High Blueberry. Swamp Blueberry.

V. corymbbsum, L.

Flowers, in short clusters, appearing with or before the
leaves. Corolla, more or less cylindrical, about one
quarter to one third inch or more in length. Stamens,
shorter than the corolla ("included"), hairy. Style,
slightly exserted. May, June.

Leaves, variable in shape and size, mostly smooth, acute
at each end, entire. Branches, green or purple.
Flowering -branches, often almost leafless.

Fruit, large, blackish or purplish, slightly acid. August,
September.

Found, in shady swamps and thickets from Canada to
Florida.

A shrub five to ten feet high. It furnishes the late
blueberry of the markets. A very variable species.

A marked variety (var. atrococum, G.J has the under
surface of the leaves, even when old, and the branchlets
downy or woolly.

1 64 Heath (Ericacece)

Bog Bilberry. V. uliginbsum, L.

Flowers, axillary, drooping, single, or two to three
together, nearly sessile. Corolla, short, four-cleft,
urn-shape. Stamens, eight, smooth. Anthers, with
a slender hook (awn) back of each of the two horns.
June, July.

Leaves, one quarter to one third inch long, dull, reverse
egg-shape to oblong, entire. Apex, rounded or
pointed, crowded toward the ends of the branches.

Fruit, four-celled, deep-blue or black, oblong, sweet,
crowned with the style.

Found, on the mountain summits of New England and
New York, the shores of Lake Superior, and north-
ward.

A low, spreading shrub, four inches to two feet high.

V. ccespitbsum, Michx ; var. cuneifolium, Nutt ; V.
myrtilloides, Hook; and V. ovalijblium, Smith, are forms
of Bilberries with the blossoms solitary, nodding on short
axillary stems, the parts of the flower in fives ; stamens,
ten ; the leaves more or less toothed. They are found
on the shores of Lake Superior and northward.

(3) Genus Andromeda, L.

Named with reference to the story of Andromeda (see below).

Flozvers, mostly white, in clusters. Corolla, rounded, five-
toothed. Calyx, without bracts. Stamens, ten.
Anthers, attached near the middle. Anther-cells,
opening by a pore at the end. Seed-case, free from
the calyx.

Heath (Rricacece)

165

i

<a

Fig. 74. — Common High Blueberry. (V. corymbosum, L.) (a) Flower-cluster*

1 66 Heath (Ericacece)

Leaves, simple, alternate, entire (or in Privet Andromeda,
A. ligustrina, sometimes fine-toothed).

Fruit, globular to egg-shape, five-celled, many-seeded ; a

capsule.

Fig- 75-— Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rosemary. A.polifblia,L.

Flowers, nearly round, crowded in terminal drooping
clusters. Corolla, about one quarter inch long, rose-
tinted. Calyx, white, tipped with red. Anther-cells,
each terminating in a slender ascending awn. Flower-
stems, about one half an inch long, pearl-white, spring-
ing from pointed and hollowed bracts of the same
color at their base. June.

Leaves, evergreen, very narrow to oblong lance-shape,
one to three inches in length by one sixth to one
quarter of an inch in width ; very smooth, edges
rolled back, thick, dark-green above, whitish beneath.

Fruit, globular, five-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.

Found, in wet ground from New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Minnesota, and far northward.

A very interesting evergreen shrub, six inches to two
feet hieh.

Linnaeus, in his Tour in Lapland, describes this
shrub and tells why he chose for it the poetical name of
Andromeda :

" Andromeda polifblia W2.S now (June 12) in its highest
beauty, decorating the marshy grounds in a most agree-
able manner. The flowers are quite blood-red before

J'Jj. ?*>-

Pig- 75.— Marsh Andromeda. (A. polifolia, L.) (a) Blossom slightly enlarged.
167 Fig. 76. — Stagger-Bush. (A. mariana, L.)

1 68 Heath (Ericacece)

they expand, but when full-grown the corolla is of a
flesh-color. ... As I contemplated it, I could not
help thinking of Andromeda as described by the poets ;
and the more I meditated upon their descriptions, the
more applicable they seemed to the little plant before me.
Andromeda is represented by them as a virgin of most
exquisite and unrivalled charms. . . . This plant is
always fixed on some little turfy hillock in the midst of
the swamps, as Andromeda herself was chained to a rock
in the sea, which bathed her feet as the fresh water does
the roots of the plant. Dragons and venomous serpents
surrounded her, as toads and other reptiles frequent the
abode of her vegetable resembler. As the distressed
virgin cast down her blushing face through excessive
affliction, so does this rosy-colored flower hang its head,
growing paler and paler until it withers away.
At length comes Perseus in the shape of summer, dries
up the surrounding water, and destroys the monsters."

Fig. 76. — Stagger-Bush. A. mariana, L.

Flowers, about five twelfths of an inch long, nodding in
clusters on leafless branchlets. Corolla, somewhat
egg-shape, white or pale red. Calyx, about two
thirds as long as the corolla, parted nearly to the
base. Stamens, two-toothed near the anthers, hairy,
without awns. June and July.

Leaves, one to three inches long, smooth, oval, or oblong,
acute at each end or sometimes with the apex rather
blunted.

Fruit, egg-shape, with the narrowed end squared, as
though cut off; five-celled, five-angled, many-seeded.
Seeds, angular. A capsule. October.

Heath ( Rricacece) 169

Found, in dry places, in woods, etc., from Rhode Island
and Pennsylvania southward.

A shrub two to three feet high, worthy of cultivation.
Its common name is due to its reputation for poisoning
young cattle.

Fig. 77. — Privet Andromeda. A. tigustrina, Muhl.

Flowers, scarcely one sixth of an inch long, downy, globu-
lar, white, crowded in terminal clusters ; the clusters
usually leafless, sometimes with two small leaflets at
the base. Flower-stems, downy. Anthers, without
awns. June, July.

Leaves, one to three inches long, entire or fine-toothed,
more or less downy, reverse egg-shape and oval to
lance-shape.

Fruit, globular, five-celled, five-angled, many-seeded ; a
capsule. September.

Found, in swampy ground from Canada southward ,
Common.

A shrub three to ten feet high.

(4) Genus Leucothoe, Don.

Fig. 78. — Leucothoe. L. racembsa (L.), Gray.

Flowers, white, fragrant, with very short stems crowded
in long, one-sided, usually erect spikes, mostly at the
ends of the branches, each spike two to four inches
long, with twelve to thirty downward- turned
blossoms. Corolla, five-toothed, cylindrical or some-
what egg-shaped. Calyx, with two egg-shaped

I 70

Heath (Ericacece)

<^m^

<4

Fig. 77- — Privet Andrdmeda. (A. ligustrlna, Muhl.) (a) Fruit.
Fig. 78. — Leucdthoe. L. racemosa (L.), Gray, (b) Fruit.

Heath ( Rricacecz )

T 71

pointed, persistent bracts at base. Stamens, ten.
Anther-cells, each with two awns at apex. Seed-case,
free from the calyx. June, July.

Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, alternate,
smooth, oblong to oval or reverse egg-shape, more
or less pointed, fine-toothed. Leaf-stem, about one
twelfth of an inch long.

Fruit, globular, depressed, five-celled, many-seeded, with
the remains attached of the calyx and its two bracts
and the long style. Seeds, angled not winged. A
capsule.

Found, in moist woods and thickets from Canada to
Florida, mostly near the coast.
A shrub four to ten feet high. The dry brown fruit-
spikes of the previous year, with persistent calyx and
bracts and style, often remain among the blossoms and
green leaves of the new season. The plant is well
worthy of cultivation.

(5) Genus Cassandra, Don.

Cassandra was a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.

Fig. 79. — Leather-Leaf. Cassandra. C. calyadata ( L.), Don.

Flowers, white, with short stems, solitary in the axils of
the twenty to thirty small upper leaves, so forming a
long, one-sided leafy spike. Corolla, cylindrical,
five-toothed. Calyx, with two persistent, egg-shaped
bracts at its base. Stamens, ten. Anther-cells, each
tapering into a beak that opens at its apex, without
awns. Seed-case, free from the calyx. April, May.

172 Fig. 79. — Leather-Leaf. C. calyculata (L.), Don.

Heath (Ericacecz) 173

Leaves, about one inch long and half as wide (those of
the flower-spikes smaller), oblong ; blunt or slightly
pointed ; entire or very slightly toothed ; shiny and
dotted above, rusty beneath ; mid-vein prominent,
others scarcely noticeable.

Fruit, depressed, five-celled, many-seeded, with the cov-
ering of the seeds in two layers, the outer splitting
at length into five parts, the inner into ten. Seeds,
flattened, wingless. July.

Found, in wet places from Newfoundland to Minnesota,
and southward to Georgia, often in large beds.

A nearly evergreen shrub two to four feet high.

Formerly Cassandra was included in the genua
Andromeda. Inasmuch as Linnseus had given the
latter name to the sweet little Lapland flower which he
discovered — because it reminded him by its surroundings
of the story of Andromeda chained in the midst of the
waves— Don, when he rearranged the species chose the
new name "Cassandra," to retain the classic suggestion.

(6) Genus Kalmia, L. (American Laurel.)

From the name of Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus.

Flowers, showy, in clusters. Corolla, five-lobed, wheel- to
bell-shaped, with ten pits for holding back the ten
elastic stamens. Calyx, smaller than the ripened
seed-case ; persistent after the other parts of the

174

Heath ( Ericacece)

flower have fallen. Seed-case, not adherent to the
i alyx.

Leaves, evergreen, opposite or alternate, entire, thick.

Fruit, mostly round, five-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.

Fig. 80.— Mountain Laurel. Calico-Bush. Spoon-Wood.

K. latifblia, L.

Flowers, three quarters to five sixths of an inch across,
rose-colored to white, in large, many-blossomed,
terminal clusters, crowning the last year's leaves ;
sticky. May, June.

Leaves, mostly two to four inches long, oftenest alternate,
sometimes opposite or in threes ; shining, smooth on
both sides. Side-veins, imperceptible below. Bark,
in the larger specimens in short, rounded, and often
flaky ridges, curiously forked at their ends. Wood,
crooked, fine-grained, compact.

Fruit, rounded, five-celled, imperfectly five-angled, set
with sticky hairs. September.

Found, usually in damp woods from Canada and Maine
to Ohio and Kentucky, and in all the Atlantic States
southward to Georgia.

One of our most beautifully flowering shrubs, ever-
green, four to eight feet high, or sometimes even twenty
feet in height, with crooked and twisting stems and
branches. The leaves and juices are narcotic, and are
said to be poisonous to browsing cattle. Well worthy
of cultivation.

" When the clumps of Mountain Laurel are in bloom
it is worth while going out of one's way to see them."

Heath ( ' Ericacece)

175

Fig. 80. — Mountain Laurel. (K. latifolia, L.)

176 Heath (Ericacece)

Xenophon, in his Retreat of the Ten Thousand, tells
how numbers of his warriors were poisoned through
eating honey made by bees that had foraged among the
abundant "laurel " flowers. The species may have been
Azalea Pontica.

Fig. 81. — Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. K. angustifblia, L.

Flowers, about one half or two thirds smaller than those
of the Mountain Laurel, closely resembling them,
but of a deeper crimson and growing in small clusters
at the sides of the branches in the axils of the last
year's persistent leaves, and surmounted by the new
leaves. May, July.

Leaves, one to two inches long, opposite in threes and in
pairs, edge entire. Apex and base, slightly pointed
or rounded ; light green above, in winter often
reddish-green or yellowish ; below, whitish or pale.
Surfaces, smooth. Side-veins, indistinct.

Fruit, rounded, depressed, five-celled, often clinging
throughout the winter, its stems recurved. Sep-
tember.

Found, common, in rough fields and by ponds and
marshes, from Canada to Carolina, and west to
Kentucky, often in large patches.

A very pretty upright evergreen shrub one half to two
feet or rarely four feet high. The leaves of this species
also are said to be poisonous to cattle.

Pale Laurel. K. glauca, Ait.

Flowers, resembling in general the other laurel flowers,
smooth, one half inch across, pale purple, in terminal
clusters of eight to ten blossoms. Flower-stems,
smooth. June.

Heath ( Rricacece)

177

Fig. 81. — Sheep Laurel. (K. angustifolia, L.) (a) Fruit.

i/8 Heath (EricacecB)

Leaves, about one inch long, varying in width from
scarcely one eighth to one half an inch, opposite, and
often in threes, entire, with edge rolled back, nearly
stemless. Branchlets, distinctly two-edged by ridges
which extend from the bases of each pair of leaves
to the pair below.

Fruit, somewhat egg-shape, smooth.

Found, mostly in swampy land from Kentucky and
Pennsylvania far northward.

A straggling shrub, one to two feet high.

(7) Genus Menziesia, Smith.

Flowers, greenish-white or purplish, small, nodding in
terminal clusters. Corolla, four-lobed. Stamens,
eight. Seed-ease, not adherent.

Leaves, alternate, reverse egg-shape. Branchlets, strag-
gling, usually hairy and rusty.

Fruit, egg-shape, four-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.

The genus is represented by two species :

M. globella, Gray, found from Minnesota Point, Lake
Superior northwestward ; and

M. globularis, Salisb., found in the Alleghany Moun-
tains from Pennsylvania southward.

(8) Genus Rhododendron, L. (Azaleas, etc.)

From a Greek word meaning " Rose-tree.''

Flowers, showy, in terminal clusters. Corolla, deeply five-
lobed (in R. Rhodora two petals are wholly separate) ;
often slightly irregular (or in R. Rhodora very irregu-

Heath (Ericacece) 179

lar) ; bell or funnel-form. Stamens, twice as many
as the petals, or of the same number (or in R. nudi-
fblium, five to seven). Stamens and style more or
less exserted and declined, except in R. maximum.
Anther-cells, opening by a round pore at the end.
Seed-case, free from the calyx.

Leaves, chiefly alternate and entire.

Fruit, five-celled, many-seeded. Seeds, scale-like. A
capsule.

Fig. 82. — Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honeysuckle.
Swamp Pink. R. viscosum ( L.), Torr.

Flowers, appearing after the leaves, white or rose-color,
very fragrant, very sticky, in clusters of six to twelve
blossoms. Corolla, downy, funnel-form ; tube about
one inch long, nearly twice as long as the lobes.
Calyx, minute. Stamens, five, slightly exserted from
the tube. Anthers, nearly twice as long as in the
Purple Azalea ( R. nudiflbrum ) . Style, much longer
than the stamens. June, July.

Leaves, one to two inches long, alternate or in groups of
five to six at the ends of the branchlets, reverse egg-
shape to lance-shape, smooth, except at the delicately
bristle-fringed margins and mid-vein. Leaf-stem and
branchlets, bristly. Apex, often tipped with a brown,
hard point.

Fruit, as above.

Found, in damp woods and swamps from Canada to
Florida and Arkansas, mostly near the coast.

i So Heath (Ericacece)

A shrub four to seven feet high. " Few flowers have
been more valued and more frequently cultivated in Euro-
pean gardens than this."

Var. glaucum (Pursh.), G., found from New England
to Virginia, has paler and sometimes rough-hairy leaves.

Var.nitidum (Lam.), G., found from the mountains of
New York to Virginia, is a dwarf form with reverse-
lanceolate leaves.

Smooth Azalea. R. arbore'seens, Torr.

Flowers, rose-color, very fragrant. Corolla, funnel-form,
with the tube longer than the lobes ; not at all or
very slightly sticky. Calyx, conspicuous, as much
as one sixth of an inch long, lobes oblong and acute.
The five stamens and the style much exserted. Scales
of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, and fringed.
Blossoms, appearing after the leaves. May, July.

Leaves, very smooth on both sides, shiny above ; the
edges delicately bristle-fringed. Branchlets, smooth.

Fruit, as above.

Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to North
Carolina.

A shrub ten to twenty feet high.

Fig. 83.— Purple Azalea. Pinxter-Flower. R. nudiflbrum

( L.), Torr

Flowers, one and one half inches across, very variable in
color, white, pink, purple, buff, mottled ; usually
fragrant. Corolla, funnel-form. Tube (nearly one
inch long), scarcely longer than the large lobes ;
downy, slightly sticky. Calyx, small and hairy.

C^Jt. fri-
th

181 Fig. 82. — Clammy Azalea. R. viscdsum (L.), Torr.

Fig. 83.— Purple Azalea. R. nudifldrum (L.), Torr. (a) Fruit.

182

Heath (Ericacece)

Stamens, five to seven, twice as long as the tube,
downy below the middle. Style, about three times
as long as the tube. Blossoms, appearing with or
before the leaves. April, May.

Leaves, reverse egg-shape to reverse lance-shape, downy
beneath. Young branchlets, hairy, and often in
whorls.

Fruit, as above. August.

Found, in woods and wet land from Canada to Florida
and Texas ; common, especially southward.

A crooked-stemmed, much branched shrub, with many
varieties in cultivation.

Var. polydndra has ten to twenty stamens.

Flame-Colored Azalea. R. calendulaceum, Torr.

This species differs especially in the following items :

Flowers, one and one half to one and two thirds inches
across, orange, changing to flame-color ; abundant,
covering the bush as the leaves are appearing ; not
fragrant, not sticky. Corolla, with its tube shorter
than the lobes.

Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia.
It has many varieties in cultivation.

Fig. 84.— Rose Bay. Great Laurel. Rhododendron.

R. maximum, L.

Flowers, very showy, one to two inches broad, rose color
or nearly white, sometimes dotted with yellow, in
large clusters of fifteen to twenty blossoms at the
ends of the branches. Corolla, bell-shaped, slightly
irregular. The ten stamens and the style rarely
exserted. Flower-stem, somewhat sticky. July,
August.

383 Fig. 84.— Great Laurel. (R. maximum, L.) (a) Flower.

Fig. 85.— Rhoddra. (R. Canadense, B. S. P.) (6) Fruit.

i s.t Heath (Ericacecz)

Leaves, four to ten inches long, thick, alternate, mostly
crowded at the ends of the branches, edge entire,
dark and very smooth, and polished above, below
paler, and often slightly rusty, the edges somewhat
rolled.

Fruit, as above.

Found, not common in New England and New York ;
very common, especially along woody streams, in the
mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. It is
never found on limestone formations.

A magnificently flowering evergreen six to twenty
feet high, with irregular, straggling branches, and hard
and very fine-grained wood. It is the glory of the woods
and glens where it appears. It is often cultivated, and
easily, if it is sheltered from the sun.

Fig. 85. — Rhodora. R. Canade'nse (L.J, U.S. P., (R. Rhodbra, Don).

Flowers, about one inch in length, irregular, in terminal
clusters of three to five stemless blossoms. Corolla,
purplish-rose, with scarcely any tube, split into two
parts, the back part with three lobes, the front part
of two nearly or quite distinct petals. Calyx, small,
persistent. The ten unequal stamens and the style
the length of the corolla. Blossoms, appearing before
the leaves. April, May.

Leaves, oblong to somewhat reverse egg-shape, pale, more
or less downy. Bark, smooth and brown.

Fruit, as above ; oblong and downy. Seeds, oblong and
winged.

Found, in moist ground from Canada to the mountains of
Pennsvlvania.

Heath (Rricacece) 185

A shrub one to three feet high, each stem divided
into several branches ; these, while still entirely leafless,
bearing at their ends showy clusters of rosy blossoms.

I remember the first Rhodora I ever saw ; it was
growing on a flat bit of land, close by the low bank of
the Penobscot — a bush on fire, without a sign of green
about it.

" Rhodora ! if the sages ask thee why
This charm is wasted on the earth and sky,
Tell them, dear, that if eyes were made for seeing,
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.
Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose !
I never thought to ask, I never knew ;
But in my simple ignorance suppose
The self-same power that brought me there brought you."

Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Lapland Rose Bay. R. Lapponicum, Wahl.

Flowers, violet-purple, dotted, about two thirds of an inch
across, regular, in terminal, leafy clusters of few blos-
soms. Corolla, open, bell-shape. Stamens, five to
ten, exserted. June, July.

Leaves, evergreen, thick, crowded, about one half an inch
long and half as wide, elliptical, alternate ; edge
entire and revolute. Apex, blunt, roughened above
and below with hollowed rusty scales. Branches,
dotted, like the leaves, with rusty scales.

Found, on the hip-h mountain summits of New Enp-land
and New York, and northward to the Arctic coasts.

A thickly spreading evergreen shrub six to ten inches
in height.

1 86 Heath (Ericacece)

(9) Genus Ledum, L.

Fig. 86. — Labrador Tea. L. latifblium, Ait.

Flowers, white, small, in terminal clusters of about twelve
or more blossoms. Corolla, of five separate petals,
spreading and reverse egg-shape. Calyx, minute.
Stamens, five to seven. Anthers, opening by terminal
pores. Seed-case, not adherent to the calyx. May,
July.

Leaves, one to two inches long, oblong or narrow-oblong,
alternate, entire, margins strongly rolled, persistent ;
smooth above, very thickly covered beneath with a
dense white or rusty wool.

Fruit, oblong, pointed, five-celled, many-seeded, splitting
from the base upward ; a capsule.

Found, in mountain woods and cold, damp ground from
Pennsylvania to New England, westward and north-
ward.

A shrub one to three feet high, easily recognized by
its woolly-lined leaves. The leaves are very astringent,
and have been used as a substitute for tea.

An introduced species found in Labrador and north-
westward is L. paliistre, L., with narrower leaves, ten
stamens, and shorter fruit.

Heath (Rricacece)

187

Fig. 86,— Labrador Tea. (L. latifdlium, Ait.) (a) Fruit.

1 88 Heath (Ericacece)

(10) Genus Clethra, Gronov.

Fig. 87.— Sweet Pepper-Bush. White Alder. C. alnifblia, L.

Flowers, small, white, fragrant, in abundant terminal
upright spikes from three to five inches in length.
Corolla of five separate reverse egg-shaped petals.
Calyx, whitish-downy, five-parted, persistent. Sta-
mens, ten, usually exserted beyond the corolla.
Anthers, arrow-shape. Style, slender, and three-
cleft at the apex. Flower-stems, about one sixth of
an inch long from the axil of a bract of about the
same length, whitish-downy. Seed-case, not adherent
to the calyx, but enclosed by it. July and
August.

Leaves, two to about three or more inches long, alternate,
edge-toothed, but entire toward the base, strongly
straight-veined, mostly smooth, reverse egg-shape to
oval with wedge-shaped base. Leaf-stem, short and
downy.

Fruit, rounded, enclosed in the calyx, three-celled, many-
seeded. Seeds, angular. A capsule.

Found, in swamps and low grounds from Eastern Canada
to Georgia ; most abundant near the coast.

A shrub three to eight feet high, often in large
patches, filling the air with its heavy odor. Its fragrance
and late blooming, as well as its showy flower-spikes,
make it deserving of a place in the garden. Its clusters
increase in size under cultivation. It is highly prized in
England.

Heath (EricacecB)

189

Fig. 87.— Sweet Pepper-Bush. (C. alnifdlia, L.)

i9o Olive (Oleacece)

24. Family OLEACE^. (Olive Fam.)
Genus Chionanthus, L. (Fringe-Tree.)

From two Greek words meaning " snow " and " flowers."

Fig. 88. — Fringe-Tree. Old Man's Beard. C. Virginica, L.

Flowers, snow-white, in long, loose, drooping clusters.
Petals, four, nearly an inch in length, very narrow,
barely united at the base. Calyx, four-parted, very
small, persistent. Stamens, two, very short. Style,
one, notched. Seed-case, free from the calyx, two-
celled, with four young seeds (only a part ripening).
April, June.

Leaves, simple, opposite, three to six inches long, edges
entire, smooth ; outline oval to reverse egg-
shape, very variable. Apex, pointed or sometimes
rounded.

Fruit, one half to two thirds of an inch long, oval, pur-
plish, one-celled, one- to three-seeded ; a drupe.

Found, along streams from New Jersey and Southern
Pennsylvania, southward.

A shrub six to ten feet high, or often a low tree ;
common in cultivation and very ornamental. The leaves
are supposed to be useful as a tonic in fevers.

Olive (Oleacecz)

IQI

Fig. 88. — Fringe-Tree. (C. Virginica, L.) (a) Flower-cluster. (/>) Fruit.

1 92 Olive (Oleacece)

Genus Ligustrum, Tourn.

Privet. [Z. vulgare, L.~]

Flowers, small, white, close, in upright pyramid-shaped
spikes at the ends of the branches. Corolla, four-
lobed. Calyx, small, minutely four-toothed. Sta-
meus, two. Seed-case, not adherent to the calyx.
May, June.

Leaves, simple, three quarters to two inches long, oppo-
site, edge entire, lance-shape and oval to reverse
egg-shape, acute or blunt, very smooth, dark green.

Fruit, rounded, in cone-shaped bunches, two-celled, two-
to four-seeded, black, bitter, ripe in July ; a berry.

Found, in woods and thicket* from New Jersey and New
York to Virginia and westward.

A shrub four to eight feet high, naturalized from
Europe. It is cultivated for ornament, and in the form
of low hedges.

CLASS FIRST — Continued

{A ngiospermai)

Division III

PETALS MOSTLY LACKING

{Apetalous)

193

25. Family LAURACE^. (Laurel Fam.)
Genus Lindera, Thumb. (Spice-Bush.)

From the name of a Swedish botanist.

Fig. 89.— Spice-Bush. Fever-Bush. Benjamin-Bush. Wild

Allspice. L. Benzbin, Blume.

Flowers, yellow, small, in almost stemless, lateral clusters,
each cluster made up of several minor clusters of
four to six flowers, with four early-falling scales at
their base, appearing before the leaves. Corolla,
lacking. Calyx, six-parted, the blossoms generally
of two forms on different plants ; the staminate with
nine stamens in three rows, the inner lobed and with
glands at their base ; the pistillate with fifteen to
eighteen undeveloped stamens in two forms. Style,
one. Seed-ease, round and not adherent to the
calyx. March, April.

Leaves, two to four inches long, simple, alternate, entire,
wedge-shape to reverse egg-shape and oval, nearly
smooth.

Fruit, red, reverse egg-shape, one-celled, one-seeded ; a
drupe.

Found, from Ontario and New England southward in
damp woods.

An aromatic shrub six to fifteen feet high. The
powdered berries have sometimes been used as a substitute
for allspice, and the leaves for tea.

194

Laurel (Laurhcece)

*95

Fig. 89. — Spice-Bush. (L. Benzoin, Blume. ) {a) Flower-clusters.

196 Daphne (Thymelczacecz)

26. Family THYMEL^ACE^. (Daphne Fam.)

Genus Dirca, L. (Leatherwood.)

Fig. 90. — Leatherwood. Moosewood. D. pahistris, L.

Flowers, light yellow, three or four in a cluster at the
sides of the branches, appearing before the leaves.
Corolla, wanting. Calyx, tubular, without spreading
lobes, its edge wavy or slightly four-toothed. Sta-
mens, eight, long and slender, alternating in length.
Style, one, it and the stamens exserted. Seed-case,
not attached to the calyx, one-celled, one-seeded.
April.

Leaves, three to four inches long, simple, alternate, entire,
reverse egg-shape to oval. Apex, pointed or blunt.
Base, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. Leaf-stem,
short, and covering the leaf-bud at its base. Bark,
fibrous, and remarkably tough.

Fruit, about one half an inch long, oval, pointed, reddish,
one-celled, one-seeded ; a berry-like drupe.

Found, in damp woods from Canada to the Gulf.

A much branching shrub, two to five feet high, with
white wood, with bark that is leather-like in its toughness.
" It has so great strength that a man cannot pull apart
so much as covers a branch one half or one third of an
inch in diameter." Millers and others use it for thongs,
and from the pliant branches baskets are made. The
Indians used it for cordage.

Daphne ( Thymelceacece)

197

e&f.?/

Fig. 90. — Leatherwood. (D. paliistris, L.)
Fig. 91. — Shepherdia. (S. Canadensis, Nutt.)

i98 Oleaster (Elceagnacece)

Genus Daphne, L. (Mezereum.)

Mezereum. Daphne. [V. mezereum, L.~\

This species differs from the above chiefly in the fol-
lowing items :

Calyx, purplish-rose, rarely white, with four spreading
lobes. Stamens and style, if present, not exserted.

Leaves, lance-shape.

Found, escaped from cultivation in Canada, New York,
and Massachusetts. Introduced from Europe.

27. Family EL^AGNACE^. (Oleaster Fam.)

Genus Shepherdia, Nutt. (Shepherdia.)

Fig. 91. — Shepherdia. S. Canadensis, Nutt.

Flowers, very small, yellowish, nearly stemless, of two
kinds on the same bush. Corolla, wanting. Calyx,
four-parted. The staminate flowers with eight sta-
mens, in lateral clusters ; the pistillate often solitary,
with one style, and with a one-seeded seed-case enclosed
by, but not adherent to, the calyx.

Leaves, one to two inches long, opposite, entire, oblong
or egg-shape, beneath very white-downy and sprinkled
thickly with rusty scales. Branchlets, and flowers,
also marked with rusty scales.

Fruit, size of a small pea, round or oval, yellowish-red,
pulpy, sweetish, but not edible, one-celled, one-seeded,
berry-like ; really an akene within the pulpy calyx.

Found, from New York and Vermont westward and north-
ward.

A shrub three to six feet high, curious and ornamental.

Mistletoe (Loranthacece) 199

28. Family LORANTHACEzE. (Mistletoe Fam.)
Genus Phoradendron, Nutt. (Am. Mistletoe.)

From two Greek words meaning " thief" and " tree," because of the mistletoe's
parasitical growth.

Fig. 92. — American Mistletoe. P. flavescens, Nutt.

Flowers, small, whitish, in spikes in the angles of the
leaves, of two kinds, on separate plants. Corolla,
wanting. Calyx, usually three-lobed. The stamiuate
flowers with a sessile anther at the base of each lobe ;
the pistillate with a seed-case that is one-celled, one-
seeded, and adherent to the calyx.

Leaves, three quarters to one and a third inches in
length, simple, opposite, entire, reverse egg-shape to
oval. Base, slightly pointed or rounded, stemless,
thick, fleshy, with three strong veins radiating from
the base. Stem, brittle at the joints.

Fruit, round, white, the size of a small pea, in spikes and
clusters, one-seeded ; pulpy, the pulp very sticky ;
a berry.

Found, from New Jersey to Southern Indiana and south-
ward, growing firmly on the branches of various trees.

A much-branching evergreen parasite, one to one and
a half feet high. Its propagation is by help of the sticky
pulp, which holds the fruit to the bark where it falls,
until the seed takes root. As the plant grows it feeds on
the juices of the tree.

In Scandinavian mythology it is recorded that Balder
(the Scandinavian counterpart of Apollo) was proof

200

Sandalwood (Santalacece)

against anything whatsoever that had its source in either
of the four elements, fire, air, earth, or water. But his
enemy Loke, the Spirit of Evil, made an arrow out of
mistletoe, which grows from none of these things, and
with this arrow Balder was slain.

The Druids held in the highest veneration whatever
grew on the oak ; especially they reverenced the mistletoe.
When it was found, two fat bulls were sacrificed beneath
it, and a priest, clothed in white, cut it down with a
golden knife.

Traces of the ancient esteem for the mistletoe are
still found in old English and German customs, such as
" kissine under the mistletoe," and its various uses at the
Christmas-time. Its sprays were supposed to have
magical powers ; they were used as charms.

There is a tradition that the cross was made from the
wood of the mistletoe, which up to that time was a large
tree, but then was condemned to live for evermore as a
parasite.

29. Family SANTALACE^. (Sandalwood Fam.)
Genus Pyrularia, Michx. (Oil-Nut.)

From a Latin word meaning " pear," because of the shape of its fruit.

Fig- 93-— Oil-Nut. Buffalo-Nut. P. pitbera, Michx.

Flowers, small, greenish, in short, terminal, few-flowered
spikes. Corolla, wanting. Calyx, five-cleft, some-
times of two kinds on separate plants. Staminate
flowers, with five stamens opposite the sepals ; pistil-
late with the one style short and thick, and the seed-
case adherent to the calyx, excepting at its flat
summit, one-celled, and two- to four-seeded. May.

201

Fig. 92. — American Mistletoe. (P. flav^scens, Nutt.)
Fig- 93-— Oil-Nut. (P. pubera, Michx.)

202 Sweet-Gale (Myricacece)

Leaves, two to three inches long, simple, alternate, entire,
oblong to egg-shape, very veiny, minutely dotted.

Fruit, about one inch long, pear-shaped, fleshy, crowned
with the remains of the persistent calyx, one-celled,
one-seeded ; drupe-like.

Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia.

A shrub three to twelve feet high, with every part,
especially the fruit, flavored with an acrid oil.

30. Family MYRICACE/E. (Sweet-Gale Fam.)

Genus Myrica, L. (Bayberry, etc.)

Flowers, solitary, under a scale-like bract, of two kinds :
the staminate in oblong or cylindrical clusters ; the
pistillate axillary, in egg-shape, oval, or globular
clusters. Corolla, lacking. Stamens, two to eight,
somewhat united below. Seed-case, free, with two to
eight scales at its base, and two thread-like stigmas,
one-celled, one-seeded.

Leaves, simple, alternate, entire or toothed, fragrant,
resinous-dotted under the lens.

Fruit, one-celled, one-seeded, round to oblong, coated
with wax or with resinous grains ; a dry, drupe-like
nut.

Fig. 94. — Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. M. cerffera, L.

Flowers, the two kinds mostly on separate plants, the
staminate clusters oblong, erect, less than one inch
long, on the sides of the last year's twigs, scattered ;
the pistillate clusters oval. May.

203

Fig. 94.— Bayberry. (M. cerifera, L.)

FiS- 95-— Sweet-Gale. (M. Gale, L.)

Fig. 96.— Sweet Fern. M. asplenifolia (L.) Banks.

204 Sweet-Gale ( Myricacece)

Leaves, one and one half to three inches long, smooth,
and shining on both sides. Apex, pointed or blunt,
and tipped with the end of the mid-vein, entire or
remotely toothed toward the apex. Leaf-stem, dis-
tinct.

Fruit, about one eighth inch in diameter, round and nut-
like, greenish at first, then blackish, and when ripe
crusted with whitish wax, clustered on short stems
below the leaves, usually four to nine in a cluster,
sometimes remaining in place for two or three years.

Found, near the coast from Nova Scotia to Florida, and
on Lake Erie, oftenest on dry, sandy soil.

A compact, much-branching shrub, two to eight feet
high, often growing in masses. The wax of the gathered
berries, when removed by soaking in boiling water, forms
the " bayberry tallow " of commerce.

" The production of myrica wax, or bayberry tallow,
has been carried on to a somewhat large extent, mostly
for the manufacture of candles and soap. Candles made
from this wax, though quite brittle, are less greasy than
others, are slightly aromatic, and are smokeless after
snuffing. The wax is obtained by boiling the berries and
then skimming the water. It saponifies readily with a
solution of caustic potash, yielding a fragrant soap. Four
pounds of berries yield about one pound of wax.

Fig. 95.— Sweet-Gale. Dutch Myrtle. M. Gale, L.

Flowers, the two kinds mostly on separate plants ; the
staminate clusters terminal, one inch or more in
length, closely clustered ; the pistillate clusters axil-
lary, about one eighth of an inch in length, oval.

Sweet-Gale (Myricacece) 205

Leaves, three quarters to one and one half inches long,
entire for about two thirds the length, sharp-toothed
toward the apex, fragrant when crushed, appearing
later than the flowers. Apex, blunt or slightly
pointed. Leaf-stem, very short.

Fruit, round, dotted ; two-winged by two thick, egg-
shaped scales, crowded in an oblong head ; usually
two to six nuts in each cluster.

Found, on the borders of ponds from Canada and south-
ward in the mountains, to Carolina.

A branching shrub, three to five feet high.

Fig. 96. — Sweet-Fern. M. asplenifblia ( L.), Banks.

Flowers, the two kinds often on the same plant, the
pistillate forms in rounded clusters with the seed-
cases surrounded by eight narrow, persistent scales.
April, May.

Leaves, one to six inches long, narrow, pointed, with
large rounded, lobe-like teeth.

Fruit, a small nut, egg-shape or oval, brown, in clusters,
and clothed with the lengthened persistent scales.
September.

Found, in dry, poor, ground, often in large patches, from
North Carolina northward and westward.

A shrub, round-headed, one to two feet high, very
aromatic when crushed. It is much used in some locali-
ties, medicinally, for summer complaints and for bathing
bruises, and in rheumatism.

" The early colonists of Massachusetts, unfamiliar
with the innocent qualities of the plant, tell how, in a

206 Oak (Cupidifercz)

journey through the 'wilderness' from Boston to Con-
cord, some of their number were made to faint by the
powerful odor of the abundant sweet fern, growing in
large patches along their way." — Ralph Waldo Emer-
son in Atlantic Monthly of January, 1892.

31. Family CUPULIFERyE. (Oak Fam.)

Flowers, of two kinds on the same plant : the staminate forms in long,
slim clusters (or in the beech, in rounded clusters) ; the pistillate,
variously arranged. Seed-cases, two- to seven-celled, with one to
two young seeds in each cell, but all disappearing in fruit excep-
ting one cell and one seed.

Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed or lobed.

Fruit, one-celled, one-seeded ; clustered nutlets, or nuts, or acorns.

Guide to the Genera.

(1) Betula (Birch). (2) Alnus (Alder). (3) Corylus (Hazel-nut).

(4) Carplnus (Hornbeam). (5) Quercus (Oak). (6) Castanea (Chestnut).

(1) Genus Betula, Tourn. (Birch.)

Flowers, the staminate forms in long, drooping, stemless
clusters, golden in spring, appearing with or before
the leaves, three blossoms and two small bracts to
each shield-like scale ; the pistillate forms in oblong
or cylindrical stemmed clusters, two or three blossoms
to each three-lobed bract.

Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed.

Fruit, clustered, broadly winged, scale-like, crowned with
the two stigmas ; a scale-like nutlet.

Fig. 97. — Low Birch. B. pitmila, L.

Flowers, the pistillate forms in short, erect clusters;
clusters of both forms about one half to three quarters
of an inch long.

Oak (Cupuliferce)

207

(«

F'g- 97- — Low Birch. (B. pilmila, L.) (a) Fruiting cluster.

208

Oak (Cuptdiferce)

Leaves, one half to one and one third inches long, rounded
or wedge-shape, or sometimes egg-shape. Bark,
brownish.

Fruit, with its wing mostly narrower than the rest of the
nutlet.

Found, in wet ground in Connecticut and New Jersey,
and westward, and in the mountains of New England
and northward.

A shrub two to eight feet high.

Dwarf Birch. B. glandulbsa, Michx.
Flower- clusters and fruit, much as in the last.

Leaves, reverse egg-shape to rounded, one half to three
quarters of an inch long.

Branches, marked with resinous, wart-like dots.

Found, from the mountains of New England far north-
ward.

A shrub one to four feet high.

B. papyrifera, var. minor, Tuck., is a low form of the
" Paper Birch," six to nine feet high, found in the higher
parts of the White Mountains.

Oak (Cuftulifercz) 209

(2) Genus Alnus, Tourn. (Alder.)

Staminate flowers, in long, drooping clusters with three
(sometimes six) blossoms, and four or five small
bracts to each shield-shaped scale. Pistillate flowers,
in oval or oblong clusters, with two or three blossoms
to each fleshy scale. Scales and bracts, woody in
fruit.

Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed.

Fruit, in " cones," sometimes winged, scale-like, clustered.
A scale-like nutlet.

Green Alder. Mountain Alder. A. viridis, D. C.

Pistillate clusters, one half to two thirds of an inch
long, on slender stalk, appearing with the leaves.
April.

Leaves, two to four inches long, egg-shape to rounded
and heart-shaped.

Fruit, with a thin, broad wing. August.

Found, along streams in the Alleghany Mountains to
North Carolina, and from Western Massachusetts
and New York westward and far northward.

A shrub three to eight feet high.

2io Oak (CtipulifercE)

Fig. 98. — Smooth Alder. A. serulhta, Willd.

Flowers, appearing before the leaves ; the staminate
clusters two to three inches in length, forming droop-
ing tassels of purple and gold, three to five together
on short terminal foot-stalks ; the fertile clusters
usually from the same point, erect, three or four
together, one quarter to one third of an inch long,
but later enlarging to one third to one half inch long,
and becoming hard and cone-like. March, April.

Leaves, two to four inches long, often crumpled between
the prominent veins, oval to reverse egg-shape.
Base, acute or rounded, green above and below,
sharp-toothed, sometimes double-toothed, mostly
smooth, usually slightly downy on the veins beneath.

Fruit, wingless, egg-shape. September.

Found, common in wet land from Massachusetts west-
ward and southward.

A shrub six to fifteen feet high, often forming thick
clumps, the common alder southward. The wood, when
large enough, is excellent for fuel. The charcoal from it
is preferred to any other in compounding gunpowder.

Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. A. mama, Willd.

Flowers, with much the same aspect as those of the
smooth alder.

Leaves, two to four inches long, egg-shape to broad oval.
Base, rounded or slightly heart-shaped, or sometimes
pointed, mostly downy and hairy beneath, sharp-
toothed, sometimes double-toothed.

Oak (Cttpiilifercz)

21 I

Fig. 98.— Smooth Alder. (A. serulata, Willd.)

(a) Pistillate clusters. (b) Staminate clusters, (c) " Cones."

2i2 Oak ( Cupuliferce )

Fruit, wingless, slightly margined, orbicular.

Found, in wet land from Massachusetts westward and
northward.

A shrub eight to twenty feet high ; the common alder
northward.

(3) Genus Corylus, Tourn. (Hazel-nut.)

Probably from a Greek word meaning "helmet" from the bonnet-like covering
of the nut.

Flowers, appearing before the leaves, the staminate forms
with eight stamens, in long, drooping clusters ; the
pistillate form, several from a scaly bud, each a
sino-le adherent seed-case tipped with the end of the
calyx, with two side bractlets, a style, and two slender
stigmas. April.

Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed, folded lengthwise in the
bud.

Fruit, the size of a small marble, oval or rounded to
oblong, bony, covered with a large, leafy, downy
wrap with slashed edges, often in clusters ; a bony
nut.

Fig. 99. — Wild Hazel-nut. C. Americana, Walt.

Flowers, the staminate clusters two to three inches long,
and two to five together. April.

Leaves, three to six inches long, rather coarse, rough
above, downy and hairy on the veins beneath, out-
line variable from egg-shape to slightly reverse
egg-shape. Leaf-stem, covered with glandular hairs.

213

Fig. 99.— Hazel-nut. (C. Americana, Walt.)
Fig. 100.— Beaked Hazel-nut. (C. rostrata, Ait.)

214 Oak (Cupuliferce)

Fruit, rounded, the wrap about twice the length of the
nut, broad, with spreading and coarsely-toothed edge,
opening down to the nut. September.

Found, common, often forming clumps along the borders
of fields and woods from Canada southward.

A shrub four to eight feet high. Its nuts are of
pleasant flavor, but inferior in quality to the English
"filberts."

Fig. ioo. — Beaked Hazel-nut. C. rostrata, Ait.

Flowers, the staminate clusters about one inch long, alone
or in pairs. April.

Leaves, much as in the preceding, but oftenest smaller —
about three inches or less in length.

Fruit, much as in the preceding, but with the wrap
curiously lengthened into a long, tubular beak.
September.

Found, from Nova Scotia to New Jersey and westward,
and in the mountains southward to Georgia.

A shrub two to six feet high, much less common than
the preceding.

(4) Genus Carpinus, L.

Fig. 101. — Hornbeam. Ironwood. Water Beech. Blue

Beech. C. Caroliniana, Walt.

Flowers, the staminate form with several stamens in the
axil of a scale-like bract, in drooping clusters an inch,
or usually less, in length at the sides of the branches ;
the pistillate form in numerous pairs, spiked in a
loose, terminal cluster, about two inches long. April.

Oak (Cuptdiferce)

215

'L«j

Fig. 101. — Hornbeam. (C. Caroliniana, Walt.) (a) Fruit scales.

2i Oak (Ctipuliferce)

Leaves, usually three or four inches long, but with many
smaller leaves of varying size on the same branch ;
nearly smooth, slightly hairy on the straight and
distinct ribs, and in their angles.

Fruit, in a loose, drooping cluster, with leaf-like, strongly
three-lobed scales ; dark, small, egg-shape, placed in
pairs base to base ; clustered nutlets. October.

Foicnd, along streams and in swamps ; quite common
north, south, and west ; southward often as a tree.

A shrub (or sometimes a small tree) usually ten to
twenty feet high, but in the southern Alleghany Moun-
tains sometimes reaching a height of fifty feet. Its wood
is white, very compact, and strong.

(5) Genus Quercus, L.

Flowers, small, greenish or yellowish, the staminate form
with a two- to eight-lobed calyx, and with three to
twelve stamens, in slender, drooping clusters ; the
pistillate form with a seed-case containing three more
or less complete cells, and six young seeds (only one
of which develops), and with a three-lobed stigma —
all in a scaly, bud-like wrap, which becomes the cup
of the acorn.

Leaves, simple, alternate.
Fruit, an acorn.

Fig. 102.— Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Scrub-Oak. Q. MuhlenbJrgii,
Eng.var. humilis, Britton. ( Q. prinoides, Willd.).

Leaves, three to four inches long, with large, or sometimes
small wavy teeth, usually four to eight on each side,
light green and polished above, whitish or bluish,
and fine downy beneath. Leaf-stem, one quarter to
three quarters of an inch long.

Oak (Cupuliferce)

217

c^lJ /ot„.

Fig. 102. — Dwarf Chestnut Oak. (Q. Muhlinb6rgii, Eng. var. humilis,

Britton.)
Fig. 103.— Bear Oak. (Q. ilicifolia, Willd.)

218 Oak (Cupitliferce)

Fruit, middle size, abundant, sweet, egg-shape. Cup,
rounded, with small scales. September.

Found, from Massachusetts westward and southward;
not common.

A shrub seldom, if ever, more than three or four feet
in height ; one of the smallest of the oaks.

Fig. i03.-^Bear Oak. Shrub Oak. Scrub-Oak. Q. ilitifblia,

Willd.

Leaves, two to four inches long, with three to seven

(usually five) angular, often bristle-tipped lobes,

beneath downy, especially in the axils of the veins,

and very silvery or grayish-white. Leaf-stem very

variable in length.

Fruit, abundant, oval or egg-shape, about one half inch long,
dark brown, marked lengthwise with pale lines. Cup,
saucer-shape with a top-shaped base. September.

Found, on barren and sandy soil from New England
southward ; common.

A much branching, straggling shrub three to eight
feet high, often growing in masses ; called " bear oak,"
possibly from the liking of bears, when bears were
common, for the abundant acorns.

From Note-Book.
February. Bear Oak. The silver-backed, little brown
leaves still cling thickly to the crowded and scraggy
branches. Most of the many acorns have fallen ; a few
cups remain in place.

(6) Genus Castanea, Tourn. (Chestnut.)
Fig. 104.— Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin. C. piimila, Mill.
Flowers, yellowish-white, appearing later than the leaves.
Calyx, mostly six-lobed ; the staminate with eight

Oak (Ctipuliferce)

219

Fig. 104. —Dwarf Chestnut. (C. pumila, Mill.)

220

Willow (Salicacece)

to twenty stamens, in drooping clusters two to three
inches long; the pistillate, usually three together,
in an oval, scaly, prickly wrap.

Leaves, three to five inches long, sharp-toothed, promi-
nently straight-veined, white-downy beneath. Base,
usually blunt.

Fruit, solitary, oval, pointed, about one half the size of
the common chestnut, very sweet, not flattened,
enclosed in a very prickly wrap about one and a half
inches in diameter ; a prickly-covered nut. October.

Found, from New Jersey and Southern Pennsylvania
south to Florida and west to Indiana and Texas.

A spreading shrub (or sometimes a small tree) six to
twelve feet high.

32. Family SALICACE^.

Genus Salix, Tourn. (Willow.)

Flowers, in long clusters, one flower to each entire-edged
bract ; the staminate and pistillate forms on separate
plants ; the staminate with two to ten (mostly two)
stamens ; the pistillate with style short or wanting,
and two short stigmas.

Leaves, alternate, usually long, narrow, and pointed.

Fruit, one-celled, many-seeded ; a capsule.

Fig. 105. — Long-leaved Willow. S. longifolia, Muhl.

Leaves, very narrow-lanceolate, two to four inches long,
tapering at each end, remotely sharp-toothed, nearly
stemless.

Found, growing in thick clumps along the coast from
Maine to the Potomac ; not common.

Willow (Salicacece)

221

c^l-j f ' o y

Cfc^l . I O

<^.,o7

*?>.

'/• '*?

Fig. 105. — Long-Leaved Willow. (S. longifolia, Muhl.)
Fig. 106.— Prairie Willow. (S. humilis, Marsh.)

(a) Staminate and pistillate flowers enlarged.

Fig. 107.— Dwarf Gray Willow. (S. tristis, Ait.)

Fig. 108.— Silky Willow. (S. sericea, Marsh.)

Fig. 109.— Long-Stalked Green Osier. (S. petiolaris, Smith.)

222

Willow (Salicacece)

A peculiar American species, about two feet high,
very variable.

Glaucus Willow. Bog Willow. S. discolor, Muhl.

Leaves, two to five inches long, one to nearly two inches
wide, oblong or reverse egg-shape, pointed, unevenly
toothed, teeth remote at the base, becoming finer
and closer, and disappearing toward the apex. Leaf-
stem, one half inch or more in length.

Found, common in damp grounds from Canada to North
Carolina ; seven to fifteen feet high.

Fig. 106. — Prairie Willow. S. hitmilis, Marsh.

Leaves, reverse lance-shape to oblong, pointed, or the
lowest ones reverse egg-shape and obtuse ; edge
entire and often slightly rolled under, or " crinkly,"
very variable. Leaf stein, distinct.

Found, common in dry fields ; three to eight feet high.

Fig. 107.— Dwarf Gray Willow. S. trisiis, Ait.

Leaves, one to two inches, crowded, very narrow reverse-
lanceolate, tapering to a very short leaf-stem, edge
entire and slightly wavy and somewhat rolled under
Apex, pointed or somewhat blunted, under surface
often downy.

Found, common in dry ground, one to one and a hali
feet high, downy, with the leaves often clustered at
the ends of the branches.

Fig. 108.— Silky Willow. Gray Willow. S. sericea, Marsh.

Leaves, two to three inches long, narrow lance-shape,
taper-pointed, finely and evenly toothed, drying
black, when young very silky.

Willow ( Salicacece) 2 it,

Found, in low, wet ground, oftenest east of the Lakes ;
six to eight feet high.

Fig. 109.— Long-Stalked Green Osier. S. petiolaris, Smith.

Leaves, much as in the last, less liable to blacken in dry-
ing, and less silky when young.

Found, in low ground, oftenest west of the Lakes.

A bush four to fifteen feet high. The little twigs are
used in basket-making.

S. argyrocarpa. Anders.

Leaves, one to two inches long, tapering evenly toward
both ends, margin wavy-toothed, and slightly rolled
back. Leaf-stem, short.

Found, in dense patches in high mountain ravines of New
Hampshire and in Lower Canada and Labrador;
one to two feet high.

Mountain Willow. S. phylicifblia, L.

Leaves, two to three inches long, egg-shape to lance-
shape, remotely and finely toothed, very smooth
above and below.

Found, in high ravines of the White Mountains, and on
Mount Mansfield, Vermont ; one to ten feet high.

Fig. no. — Sage Willow. Hoary Willow. .S". cdndida, Willd.

Leaves, two to four inches or more in length, lance-shape
or narrow lance-shape, mostly taper-pointed ; edge
entire or obscurely toothed at the apex, and rolled
under ; densely white-downy beneath.

224 Willow (Salicacece)

Found, in cold, wet ground from New Jersey westward
and northward.

A shrub two to six feet high, hoary, the new shoots
white-woolly, the older shoots red.

Fig. in. — Heart-Leaved Willow. S. cordata, Muhl.

Leaves, long lance-shape, sharp-toothed or nearly entire,
not blackening in drying. Base, pointed to heart-
shape. Leaf-stem, one third to one half inch long.

Found, very widely distributed in wet ground.

The most variable of American species.

Fig. 112. — S. balsamifera. Barratt.

Leaves, with base broadly rounded, and usually somewhat
heart-shaped. Leaf-stem, long and slender.

Found, in wet land from Maine to Iowa, and northward,
in clumps.

Fig 113. — S. myrtilldides. L.

Leaves, one to two inches long, reverse egg-shape to
oblong, entire, blunt or slightly pointed, margin
rolled under, smooth above and below.

Found, in cold swamps in New Jersey, and from New
England to Iowa, and northward.

Bear-Berry Willow. S. Uva-iirsi, Pursh.

Leaves, sometimes elliptical and pointed, sometimes re-
verse egg-shape and blunt ; less than one inch long,
slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining
above.

Found, abundantly over the high mountain summits of
Northern New England and New York.

225

Fig. no.— Sage Willow. (S. Candida, Willd.)

Fig. in. — Heart-Leaved Willow. (S. cordata, Muhl.)

(a) Staminate and pistillate flowers enlarged.

Fig. 112. — Pear-Leaved Willow. (S. balsamifera, Barratt.)

Fig. 113. — S. myrtilloides, L. (Two forms.)

226 Crow -Berry (Emftetracecz)

A low or prostrate shrub, spreading thickly over a
surface from one to two feet in diameter.

Herb Willow. Arctic Willow. S. herbacece, L.

Leaves, about one inch long, nearly round. Base, heart-
shaped, toothed, veiny, smooth, and shining.

Found, on the high summits of the mountains of New
England and far northward.

The smallest of its family, with half underground
creeping stems, and branches that seldom rise more than
one or two inches above the surface.

y3. Family EMPETRACE/E. (Crow-Berry Fam.)
Genus Corema, Don. (Broom Crow-Berry.)

From a Greek word meaning " broom."

Fig. 114.— Broom Crow-Berry. C. Conrddii, Torr.

Flowers, sometimes in the staminate and pistillate forms,
and on different bushes ; in terminal heads of ten to
fifteen blossoms, each blossom in the axil of a scaly
bract. Corolla, lacking. Stamens, three (rarely four),
long and purple. Style, slender, mostly three-cleft.
Seed-case, three- to four-celled, not adherent to the
calyx. March, April.

Leaves, evergreen, one quarter inch long, very narrow,
almost line-like, short, crowded, margins entire and
rolled under.

Fruit, round, minute, with three (sometimes four or five)
small nutlets ; a drupe.

Crow-Berry ( Empetracece)

22

Fig. 114.— Broom Crow-Berry. (C. Conradii, Torr.)

2 2S Crow- Berry ( Empetracece)

Found, in sandy barrens and in dry, rocky ground,
mostly along the coast from New Jersey to New-
foundland, also in the Shawangunk Mountains of
New York.

A much-branched evergreen heath-like shrub, six
inches to two feet high.

Genus Empetrum, Tourn. (Black Crow-Berry.)

From two Greek words meaning " upon " and " a rock."

Black Crow- Berry. E. nigrum, L.

Flowers, reddish, inconspicuous in the angles of the
upper leaves, with scaly bracts. Corolla, lacking.
Sepals, three. Stamens, three. Style, one, very
short, with six to nine rays. Seed-case, six- to nine-
celled, not adherent to the calyx. May, June.

Leaves, about one quarter inch long, evergreen, crowded,
lapping each other and covering the branches.

Fruit, round, black, a drupe with six to nine seed-like
nutlets.

Found, in Mount Desert and along the coast of Maine,
in the high mountains of New York and New Eng-
land, and far northward.

A spreading and prostrate shrub with a stem one to
four feet long.

CLASS SECOND

( Gym nospermce)

22Q

34. Family CONIFERS. (Pine Fam.)

Genus Juniperus, L. (Juniper.)

Fig. 115. — Common Juniper. /. communis, L.

Flowers, the staminate and pistillate forms usually on
separate plants, in small clusters or cones at the
sides of the branches. Corolla and calyx, lacking.

Leaves, evergreen, five twelfths to three quarters of an
inch long, line-like, stiff, sharp, grooved and whitened
above, green and ridged below ; in clusters (whorls)
of threes.

Fruit, bluish-black, one quarter of an inch or more in
diameter, with one to three bony, wingless, egg-
shaped seeds, ripening the second year from
flowering ; berry-like.

Found, common on dry land from New Jersey to Canada
and Wisconsin.

An evergreen shrub, usually low and flat in large
beds, with many spreading or drooping and rooting
branches, yet sometimes rising six to eight feet in pyra-
midal form. The sweetish, turpentine-flavored berries
are medicinal — diuretic and stimulating.

230

Pine ( Conifer ce)

231

<$<4 /Ji

^•"6

Fig. 115. — Common Juniper. (J. communis. L.)
Fig. 116.— American Yew. (T. Canadensis, Willd.)

232 Pine (Coniferce)

Var. alpVia, Gaud., is a prostrate form with leaves
less spreading, and but one sixth to two sixths of an inch
in length ; found from Maine to Minnesota, and north-
ward.

Prostrate Juniper. I. Sabina, L., var. prociimbens, Pursh.

This variety differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :

Leaves, mostly opposite, a part awl-shaped and loose, the
others scale-like and close to the branch and with a
resinous gland on the back.

Fruit, on a short, curved stem.

Found, on rocky banks, borders of streams, etc., from
New England to Northern Minnesota, and north-
ward.

A prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub.
Genus Taxus. (American Yew.)

From a Greek word meaning a " bow."

Fig. 116. — American Yew. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemlock.

T. Canadensis, Willd.

Flowers, at the sides of the branches, the staminate and
pistillate forms usually on separate plants ; the sta-
minate form small and rounded, consisting merely of
eight to ten stamens ; the pistillate, solitary, consist-
ing of an erect seed with a ring-like disk which ex-
pands and becomes cup-like, and finally pulpy and
drupe-like, nearly covering the nut-like seed. May.

Leaves, evergreen, one half to two thirds of an inch long,
line-like, stiff, sharp, flat, green above and below,
arranged along the stem in two rows.

Shrtcbs Not Elsewhere Named 233

Fruit, red, about the size of a pea, slightly hollowed and
open at the top, showing the black seed within ;
drupe-like. August, September.

Found, in shaded places, especially under other evergreens,
from New Jersey westward and northward.

A low, straggling evergreen bush two to three feet
high, often forming broad, flat clumps. Its wood is
yellowish-brown, tough, and elastic. It was often used
by the Indians in making their bows.

SHRUBS NOT ELSEWHERE NAMED.

Primus angustifolia, Marsh.

Primus cuneata, Raf.

Spiraea Virginiana, Britton.

Rubus neglectus, Peck.

Rubus Millspaughii, Britton.

Rhododendron canescens (Michx.), Porter.

" We see here a perpetuall Spring,

A gallant flowering May,
Which month is painter of the world,

As some great Clerks do say.
Rejoice in God .

Who thus hath lent the strength,
And eke inspirde thee with such grace,

To end this worke at length ;
And doubt not but herein thou hast

Both pleased God and man :
Happie art thou in doing this,

Happie when thou began."

" Thomas Thorney, to his learned friend and loving brother in
Art, M. John Gerard."

(Quoted from Gerard's Herball, London, 1597.)

234

EXPLANATION OF TERMS, ETC.

235

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

I.

Shrubs, as distinguished from trees, are those species
which, as a rule, do not spring from the ground with a
single branching trunk.

II.

THE FLOWER.

(i) The flower, when complete, is composed of
petals Fig. a (i); sepals, Fig. a (2) ; stamens, Fig. b (1),
with filament, Fig. b (2), and anther, Fig. b (3) ; pistil,
Fig. £ (4), with seed-case, Fig. £ (5) ; style, Fig. £ (6),
and stigma, Fig. $ (7).

.4 1. Petal
— w2. Sepal

3. Anther
2. Filament
1. Stamen

&1.t.

v ~* 7. Stigma
\
\

■ - - 6. Styie

'•4. Pistil

-•■ 5. Seed-case
8. Receptacle

These parts are supported by the receptacle, Fig.
b (8). The corolla (crown) is the circle of the petals ;
the calyx (cup) is the circle of the sepals.

(2) The flower is pistillate, when the pistil is present
and the stamens are lacking ; staminate, when the sta-
mens are present and the pistil is lacking.

236

Rxplanahon of Terms 237

(3) The seed-case is free, when it is not attached
along its sides to the calyx ; adherent, when it is so
attached.

(4) The flower is terminal, when it is at the end of a
branch ; axillary, when it springs from the base of the
leaf-stem, i. e., from the " axil " of the leaf.

III.

THE FRUIT.

The fruit consists of the ripened seeds and their
wraps. For the different kinds see the Fruit Guide,
page 29.

IV.

THE LEAF.

(1) A leaf is simple, when it is of one piece, Fig. d ;
compound, when there are two or more entirely distinct
parts, called leaflets on the one leaf-stem, Fig. c.

A compound leaf is feather-shaped, when the leaflets
are placed along the sides of the leaf-stem, Fig. c ; hand-
shaped, when all the leaflets radiate from the end of the
leaf-stem, like fingers from the palm of the hand.*

(2) The leaf is entire, when its edge is an even line
without indentations ; toothed, when it is set with an
indefinite number of sharp or blunt teeth ; lobed, when the
indentations are deep and of a definite number, Fig. d.

*Note i. — Compound leaves may be once, twice, or three times compound.
Note 2. — The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple
leaf by the absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.

2lS

Explanation of Terms

(3) The leaf is needle-shaped, or line-shaped, when it is
very narrow, or sometimes scarcely more than a line, e.g.,
Juniper and Yew ; lance-shape, when it is much longer
than wide, and gradually tapering to a point, e. g., most
Willows ; inversely lance-shape, when gradually tapering
down instead of up ; egg-shape, when it is of the general
shape of an egg, with the broadest part below the middle,
but without regard to the form of the base and the apex,
Fig. e; inversely egg-shape, when it is the shape of an

egg, but with the broadest part above the middle ; oval,
with the broadest part at the middle.

(4) The leaf at its apex may be poiitted, taper-pointed,
bristle -pointed (when it terminates in a bristle), Fig. d,
blunt or roimded.

(5) The leaf at its base may be squared, rounded,
pointed, wedge-shape (when it tapers to a point by straight
lines), or heart-shape, Fig. f.

(6) The leaves as arranged upon the branch may be
alternate, when they follow one another upon different

Explanation of Terms 239

sides of the branch ; opposite, when they are in pairs and
on opposite sides of the branches ; indeterminate, when
they are closely crowded up and down the branches, e. g,
Hudsonia and Yew.

V.

(1) Stiptdes are appendages of the nature of a leaf,
but of various forms, found in some plants in pairs at the
base of the leaf-stems, e. g, in the Rose.

(2) Bracts are small appendages of the nature of a
leaf, but of various forms, found oftenest in connection
with, or just below, the calyx, e.g., in Leucothoe.

(3) The axil of a vein or a leaf is the angle formed
with another vein or with a branch.

GLOSSARY.

Achenium or akene (see Fruit Guide,

Adherent

Alternate-leaved .

Angiospermse (plants whose seeds

are covered)
Anther ....
Axil ....
Axillary

Berry (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)
Bract ....
Bristle-pointed
Calyx ....
Compound leaf
Corolla

Drupe (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)
Egg-shaped .
Entire-edged
Feather-shaped
Filament

Follicle (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)
Free ....
Fruit ....
Gymnospermse (plants whose seed

are naked)
Hand-shaped
Heart-shaped
Indeterminate-leaved .
Inverse egg- or lance-shaped
Lance-shaped
Leaflet ....

p.29.)

237
238

19

239

237
237

239
23S
236
236
236

238
237
237
236

237
237

24
237
23S

239
238
238
237

PAGE

Leaflet (distinguished from leaf)

237

Legume (see Fruit Guide, p. 30)

Lobed .....

237

Needle-shaped

238

Opposite-leaved . . . ,

239

Oval

238

Persistent (remaining in place aftei

ripening) ....

Petal

19

Pistil ....

236

Pistillate

236

Pollen (the contents of the anther-

cells) ....

Pome (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)

Receptacle ....

236

Rounded ....

238

Samara (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)

Seed-case ....

236

Sepal .....

236

Shrub (distinguished from tree)

236

Simple leaf ....

237

Squared ....

238

Stamen ....

236

Staminate ....

236

Stigma .....

236

Style

236

Taper-pointed

238

Toothed-edge

237

Twice compound .

237

Wedge-shaped

238

240

SHRUBS WORTHY OF CULTIVATION.

PAGE

PAGE

Barberry .

33

Hydrangea . . . . .

III

St.-John's-worts

44

Witch- Hazel

118

Prickly Ash (for Hedges)

47

Angelica Tree

122

Hop Tree ....

50

Dogwoods (Cornels)

126

Inkberry ....

54

Viburnums ....

134

Burning-Bush

58

Snowberry ....

144

Buckthorn (for Hedges)

62

Tartarian Honeysuckle

149

New Jersey Tea .

64

Leucothoe ....

149

Bladder-Nut

68

Groundsel Tree

154

Sumachs ....

70

Stagger-Bush

168

Meadow-Sweet

86

Kalmias ....

176

Steeple-Bush

8S

Rhododendrons

1 So

Nine-Bark ....

88

Fringe-Tree ....

190

Roses .....

88

Privet .....

190

Thorns (Cratfegus)

104

Shepherdia ....

198

Sweet-scented Shrub

no

241

INDEX OF SHRUBS.

The names of families are given in CAPITALS, of genera in small capitals,
of species and varieties in "roman type," and synonyms in italics. The names of
introduced species are enclosed by brackets.

Acer spicatum
Alder, Black
Green
Hoary
Mountain
Smooth
Speckled
White
Wild.
Allspice, Carolina

Wild
ALNUS incana
serulata
viridis

Amelanchier Canadensis .
var. alnifolia
var. oblonsrifblia
var. oligocarpa
spicata
Amorpha canescens
fructicosa
ANACARDIACE.E
Andromeda ligustrina
Mariana
polifoha
Andromeda, Marsh
Privet
Angelica Tree
ANONACE^
ARALIACE.E
ArAlia spinosa
Arrow-wood
Arrow-wood, Downy

PACK

66
52
209
210
209
210
210
18S
210
no
no
210
210
209
108
no
no
no
no
7S
73
70
169
16S
166
166
169
122

38
122
122

133
140

PAGE

Arrow- wood, Maple-leaved

133

ASCYRUM Crux Andrea;

45

stans

44

Ash, Northern Prickly

47

AsiMlNA triloba .

3S

Azalea, Clammy .

179

Flame-colored .

1S2

Purple

180

Smooth

180

B

BAccharis halimifolia

Barberry

BARBERRY

Bayberry

Bay, Rose

Sweet .
Beach Plum
Bear Oak
Beech, Blue .
Water
Ben jam in-bush
BERBERIDACE^E
Berberis [vulgaris]
Betula glandulosa

papyrifera var.

pumila
Bilberry, Bog
Birch, Low .
Black Alder .
Blackberry, High
Sand

minor

154
3S
3S

202

182
36
82

2T3

214

214

194

3S

3S

208

20S

206

164

206

52

94
94

243

244

Index of Shrubs

Mr.E

Blackcap ....

Q2

COMPOSITE .

Black Thorn

84

CONIFERyE

Bladder-Nut, American

68

Coral-berry . . . . .

Blueberry, Common Lou-

162

Corema Conradii .

Common High .

163

CORNACE/E .

Du<arf

162

Cornel, Alternate-leaved

Low

163

Long-leaved

Swamp

163

Panicled . . . .

Blue Tangle

159

Round-leaved .

BUCKTHORN .

61

Silky .

Buckthorn, Alder-leaved

62

Cornel ......

Carolina

62

C6rnus alternifolia

[Common]

62

asperifolia

Lance-leaved

61

candidissima .

Buffalo-Nut

200

circinata .

Burning-Bush

58

paniculata

Bush Honeysuckle

150

sericea .

Button-Bush

152

stolon if era
Corylus Americana

C

rostrata .
Cranberry, Bush . . . .

Calico-Bush ....

174

High .

CALYCANTHACEiE

no

Tree .

CALYCANTHUS

no

Crat^gus coccinea

CalycAnthus floridus .

in

var. macracantha

lizvieatus

no

,

O

var. mollis

nanus

no

■

crus-galli

CAPRIFOLIACE/E .

130

[oxyacantha]

Carolina Allspice .

no

par vi 'folia .

CarpLnus Carolina

214

tomentosa .

Cassandra

171

uniflura

Cassandra calyculata .

171

Crow-berry, Black

Castanea pumila

218

Broom

Ceanothus Americanus

64

CROW-BERRY

ovatus

64

CROWFOOT .

Ceanothus, Narrow-leaved

64

CUPULIFER/E .

CELASTRACE^E

58

Currant, Indian .

Cephalanthus occidentalis

152

Currant, Wild Black .

Cherry, Choke

84

Wild Red

Chestnut, Dwarf .
Chinquapin ....

218

Custard-Apple . . . .

218

Chionanthus Virginica

190

D

Chokeberry ....

100

Choke-Cherry

S4

Dangleberry. . . . .

CISTACEiE

42

Daphne . . , . .

Clethra alnifolia

1S8

DAPHNE

Cockspur Thorn

106

DAphne Mezereum

COMPOSITE

154

Deerberry .

Index of Shrubs

245

PAGE

PAGE

Devil's Walking-Stick .

Gooseberry, Round-leaved .

116

DierviLLA tritida

122

Swamp

116

DlRCA palustris .

I50

Ground Hemlock .

232

Dockmackie

I96

Groundsel Tree .

154

Dogberry

I3S

Guelder Rose

136

DOGWOOD

102

Dogwood ....

124

H

A Iternate-leaved

127

HAMAMELIDE/E .

. 118

Long-leaved .

126

Hamamelis Virginica .

118

Panic led

127

Hardhack

88

Poison .

74

Haw, Black .

142

Round-leaved

124

Red .

104

Silky .

126

[Hawthorn, English] .

108

Dutch Myrtle .... 204

Hazel-Nut, Beaked

214

E

Wild .

212

HEATH .

. 155

Eglantine ..... 100

Hemlock, Ground .

232

EL.EAGNACE.E

198

Hercules Club

122

Elder, Common .

130

Highwater Shrub

154

Poison

74

Hobble-Bush

134

Red-berried

132

HOLLY

50

EMPETRACE/E

226

Holly, Mountain .

56

Empetrum nigrum

22S

HONEYSUCKLE

130

ERICACEAE

155

Honeysuckle-Bush

150

EUONYMUS Americanus

60

Fly .

146

atropurpureus

58

Tartarian

149

F

White Swamp

179

Hop Tree

50

False Indigo . 78

Hornbeam .

214

Fern, Sweet .

205

Huckleberry, Box

■ 159

Fever-Bush .

194

Common Blacl

1 . 156

Fly Bracted .

149

Dwarf

. 158

Honeysuckle .

146

Squaw

160

Mountain

148

Hudsonia

42

Swamp .

148

Hudsonia ericoides

44

Fringe-Tree .

190

tomentosa .

42

HydrAngea arborescens

in

G

Hydrangea, Wild

111

Gale, Sweet ... 204

HYPERICACEvE

44

GAYLUSSACIA brachycera

159

Hypericum densiflorum

46

dumosa

• 158

Kalmianum

47

frondosa .

159

prolificum

46

resinosa

106

1

GINSENG .

124

Gooseberry, Common Wild

"4

Ilex glabra .

54

Missouri

116

laevigata

54

Prickly

114

mollis .

52

2.j(>

Index of Shrubs

I'AC.E

1

PAGE

Ilex montana

52

[Ligustrum vulgare]

IgO

monticola

52

Li'ndera Benzoin

194

verticillata .

52

Lonicera cerulea

I48

Ilex, Soft

52

ciliata .

I46

[LICfNEiE

50

involucrata

149

Indian Currant

I46

oblongifolia

148

Indigo False

• 73

Tartarica

149

Inkberry

54

Loranthaceae

I99

Jronwood

Itea ....

214
112

M

Itea Virginica

112

MADDER .

152

Iva frutescens

154

MAGNOLIACE i;

36

Ivy, Poison .

. 76

MAGNOLIA

36

J

Magnolia, glditca .

36

Virginiana

36

June-Berry .

108

Magnolia, Small .

36

Juniper, Common

230

Maple, Mountain .

66

Prostrate

232

Marsh Elder

• 154

Juni'perus communis .

230

May Cherry .

108

var. Alpina

232

Meadow-Sweet

86

Sabinavar. procumben.

5 232

Menziesia glabella

. 178

globularis

. 178

K

Mezereum

19S

KAlmia angustifolia
glauca
latifolia .

Kinnikinnik .

176
176

174
126

MISTLETOE .
Mistletoe, American
Moosewood .
Mountain Maple .
Myrica asplenifolia

199

199

196

66

• 205

L

cerifera .

202

Labrador Tea .

Lambkill ,

1S6
176

Gale
MYRICACE/E .

204
202

Lapland, Rose Bay

185

N

LAURACE.E .

r94

LAUREL . . .

194

Nemopanthes fascicut

aris . . 56

Laurel, Great

182

mucronc

ta . . 56

Mountain .

174

New Jersey Tea .

64

Pale

176

Nine-Bark

88

Sheep .

176

O

Swamp

36

Lead-Plant .

73

OAK . . . .

206

Leather-Leaf

171

Oak, Bear .

21S

Leatherwood

196

Dwarf Chestnut .

216

Ledum latifolium

186

Poison .

76

[palustre] . . .

1S6

Scrub (Q. illicifoli

a) . . 21S

LEGUMINOS/E

78

Scrub (Q. M. var.

humilis) . 216

Leucothoe .

169

Old Man's Beard .

190

Leucothoe racemosa .

169

OLEACE.E

190

Index of Shrubs

247

PAGE

PAGE

OLEASTER . . 198

Red Osier

126

Oil-nut 200

Red-root ....

64

OLIVE 190

RHAMNACE/E .

61

Osier, Long-stalked . . . 223

RhAmnus alnifolia

62

Caroliniana .

62

P

[cathartica] .

62

Papaw ...... 38

lanceolata

61

PAPAW ....

38

Rhododendron .

182

Pepper-Bush, Sweet

188

Rhododendron arborescens .

J 80

Phoradendron flavescens .

199

calendulaceum .

182

PhysocArpus opulifolius

88

Canadense

184

PINE

230

canescens .

233

Pinxter-flower

180

Lapponicum

185

Plum, Beach

82

maximum .

182

Canada

81

nudiflorum

180

Horse

81

Wild .

81

var. polyandra

182

Poison Ivy .

76

Rhodbra

184

Oak .

76

viscosum .

179

Sumach

74

var. glaucum .

180

Prickly Ash, Northern .

47

var. nitidum

180

[Privet]

190

Rhodora

PrUnus Alleghaniensis

82

Rhus aromatica .

76

Americana

81

Canadensis .

■

76

angustifolius

233

copallina

73

cuneata .

233

glabra

70

maritima

82

radicans

76

pumila

81

toxicodendron

76

[spinosa] .

84

typina .

72

Virginiana

84

venenata

74

Ptelea trifoliata .

50

Vernix

74

PULSE

78

Rises Cynosbati .

114

Pyrularia pubera

200

floridum

118

P^RUS arbutifolia

100

gracile

116

" var.melanocdrpa 102

laciistre

116

nigra .... 102

oxycanthoides

114

rotundifolium

116

Q

rubrum, var.

subglandu

-

QUERCUS ilicifolia . . . 218

losum

11S

Muhlenbergii, Eng., var.

ROCK-ROSE .

42

humilis, Britton . 216

Rosa blanda

98

Carolina

. 98

R

[rubiginosa]

100

RANUNCULACE^E . . 34

humilis

97

Raspberry, Black

92

lucida

97

Purple-flowering

90

nitida .

98

Wild Red .

92

ROSACEA

80

Med Hata

104

Rose Bay

1S2

248

Index of Shrubs

PAGE

Rose, Bland .

98

Scrub Oaks (see Oak) .

Carolina .

98

Service Tree

Low .

97

Shad-Bush . ,

Shining .

97

Sheep-Laurel

Swamp .

93

SHEPHERDIA Canadensi

s

Wild

98

Shrub Yellow-Root

ROSE

80

Shrubby Trefoil .

Rosemary .

166

[Sloe (P. spinosa)]

RUBIACE.K . . . .

152

Sloe (V. prunifolium) .

Rubus cuneif61ius

94

Smooth Winterberry

neglectus . . . .

233

Snowberry .

Millspaughii

233

Snowball

occidentalis

92

SOAPBERRY .

odoratus . . . .

90

Spice-Bush .

strigosus . . . .

92

Spindle- Tree

villosus .

94

Spir/EA corymbosa

var. frondosus

94

salicifolia

RUE

47

tomentosa

RUTACE.E .

47

Virginiana
Spir^a, Birch-leaved

S

Spoonwood .
Squaw Huckleberry

Saint Andrew's Cross .

45

STAFF-TREE .

ST.-JOHN'S-WORT .

44

Stag- Brisk .

Saint-John's-wort, Shrubby Kalms

44

Stagger-Bush

Saint-Peter's-wort

44

Staphylea trifolia

SALICACE.F .

220

Steeple-Bush

Saltx argyrocarpa

223

Strawberry-Bush .

balsamifera

224

Sumach, Dwarf .

Candida

223

Mountain

cordata

224

Smooth .

discolor

222

Stag-horn

herbaceae .

226

Sweet

hiimilis

222

Poison

longifolia .

220

SUMACH .

myrtilloides

224

Swamp Laurel

petiolaris .

223

Swamp Pink

phylicifulia

223

Sweet-Bay .

sericea

222

Sweet-Brier .

tristis ....

222

Sweet-Fern .

Uva-ursi

224

Sweet-Gale .

SambCcus Canadensis .

130

SWEET-GALE .

racemosa

132

Sweet-scented Shrub

Santalace^

200

Symphoricarpos occidentalis

SANDAL-WOOD

200

orbicularis .

SAPINDACE.L .

66

racemosus

SAXIFRAGACE.E .

in

var. paucifiorus .

SAXIFRAGE .

in

vulg

iris

•

Index of Shrubs

249

PAGE

Tartarian Honeysuckle

149

Taxus Canadensis

232

Tea, Labrador .

186

New Jersey .

64

Thimbleberry . . ■

92

[Thorn, Black (P. spinosa)]

84

Thorn. Black (C. tomentosa)

106

Cockspur .

106

Dwarf

108

Pear

106

Scarlet-fruited .

104

White

104

THYMEL^ACE/E .

196

Toothache Tree .

47

Trefoil, Shrubby .

50

V

Vaccinium Canadense .

162

csespitosum

164

var. cuneifolium

164

corymbosum

163

var. atrococum

163

myrtilloides

164

ovalifolium

164

Pennsylvanicum .

162

var. angustifolium

162

var. nigrum

162

stamineum .

160

uliginosum

164

vacillans

163

Viburnum acerifolium

. .

. 138

cassinoides

142

dentatum

. 138

lantanoides

134

molle .

.

140

nudum

.

140

opulus

• 134

paucifoliun

1

13°

Viburnum prunifolium
pubescens .

Viburnum, Few-flowered
Soft .

W

Waahoo
Wax Myrtle

Wayfaring Tree, American
Willow, Arctic

Bear-Berry

Bog

Dwarf Gray

Glaucus .

Gray

Heart-leaved

Herb

Hoary

Long-leaved

Mountain

Prairie

Sage

Silky
WILLOW .
Winterberry

Smooth
Witch Hazel
WITCH HAZEL
Withe-rod (V. cassinoides)

(V. nudum)
Wolf- Berry .

X-

XANTHORHIZA apifolia .
Xanthoxylum Americanum

Yellow-Root, Shrub
Yew, American .
Yew, Dwarf

PAGE
142
I40
136
I4O

5S
202

134

226
224
222
222
222
222
224
226
223
220
223
222
223
222
220
52
54
118
118
142
140
M4

34
47

34
232
232

BOOKS FOR THE COUNTRY.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn-Planting, Laying Out
and Arrangement of Country Places, Large and Small Plots, Cemetery
Plots, and Railway-Station Lawns ; Deciduous and Evergreen Trees
and Shrubs, the Hardy Border, Bedding Plants, Rockwork, etc., etc. —
By Samuel Parsons, Jr., Superintendent of Parks, New York City.
Large 8°, with nearly 200 illustrations .... $35°

" Mr. Parsons proves himself a master of his art as a landscape gardener, and this superb book
should be studied by all who are concerned in the making of parks in other cities." — Pkila. Bulletin.

THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By Charles S. Newhall. With an Introductory Note by Nath.
L. Britton. With illustrations made from tracings of the leaves of the
various trees. 8° $2 50

"We believe this is the most complete and handsome volume of its kind, and on account of its
completeness and the readiness with which it imparts information that everybody needs and few
possess, it is invaluable. No lover of country scenery and rambles should be without this volume, for
with it observations which have been amusing and refreshing will become entertaining and highly
instructive." — Binghamton Republican.

THE LEAF-COLLECTOR'S HANDBOOK AND HERBARIUM.

By Charles S. Newhall. An aid in the preservation and in the
classification of specimen leaves of the trees of Northeastern America.
Illustrated .......... $2 00

THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By Charles S. Newhall, author of " The Trees of Northeastern
America," etc., etc. Fully illustrated. Large 8° $2 50

THE VINES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By Charles S. Newhall. Very fully illustrated. Similar in gen-
eral style to " The Trees of Northeastern America." (In preparation.)

THE WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTHEASTERN STATES.

Being Three Hundred and Eight Individuals Common to the North-
eastern United States. Drawn and described from life. By Ellen
Miller and Margaret C. Whiting. Quarto, cloth. With frontis-
piece in colors ........ $4 50 net

This work presents upwards of 300 drawings of American wild flowers, and
careful descriptions of the flowers so depicted. The selection of flowers has been
made with a view to presenting the most typical individuals of each family. In every
case great care has been taken to depict the peculiar traits, the average size, and all
the details of each individual plant. The drawings are, for the most part, the size of
the flowers themselves, and the descriptions are so simple and direct that it is believed
that even the amateur will find no difficulty in verifying specimens with the aid of
the book.

AMONG THE MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES.

By Julia P. Ballard, author of "Building Stories," etc. Illus-
trated. 8° $15°

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London.

BINDING SECT. MAY 2 1 1981

i

p

DEC 1 0 1996

DEC 1 188?

QK Newhall, Charles Stedman

^82 The shrubs of Northeastern

N56 America

1897

•