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THE

CHAETOGNATHA OF THE SIBÜGA EXPEDITIÜN

Siboga-Expeditie

XXI

THE CHAETOGNATHA OF THE SIBOGA'

EXPEDITION

WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE GROUP

BY

G. BERBER r F( )\\'LER, ba, pm.d.

With 3 plates and 6 charts

-==?^'5ii)«<§=—

LATE E. J. BRILL

PUBLISHEP.S AND PRINTERS

LEYDHN — 1906

^7^^ /il

'Quae data est mihi, ut sapiens architectus fundamentiim posui, alius autem superaedificet'

Contents.

Page

I. Intioduction i

a. The Mateiial collected, and its preservation i

II. The characteis adopted for diagnosis 2

II. Systematic 6

a. Species captured by the Siboga Expedition 6

Table of captures 28

b. Alleged difTciences between Kuropean and Indo-pacific specimens of the same species 29

c. Notes on some species not captured by the Siboga Expedition 30

(/. Synonymie List of species 35

III. Faunistic 42

a. Distribution of species wilhin the arca of the Expedition 42

1. Horizontal distribution 42

2. Diurnal and nocturnal oscillation 43

3. Vertical Distribution 43

/'. Comparison vvith the cpiplanktonic fauna of Japan and of the -Maldive .Archipelago 45

<-. On the gcographical distribution of Chaetognatha 46

1. Records of distribution 49

2. Sununary and conclusions 67

IV. I.ist of I.iteratiire So

V. Index 86

Explanation of Plates.

54774

THE CHAETOGNATHA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE GROUP

BY

G. HERBERT FOWLER, B.A., Ph.D.

With 3 plates and 6 charts.

I. Introduction.

a. THE MATERIAL COLLECTEU, AND ITS PRESERVATION.

The m a t e r i a 1 r e c e i v e d , amounting to thousands of specimens, was contained in a
few tubes of most beautifully preserved specimens in Formalin, and in a large number of tubes
of alcoholic specimens very much less well preserved. To have identified every specimen with
accuracy would have retiuired years of close application, and the results which might have
been expected from this procedure would, apparently, not have been commensurate with the
labour involved.

The F o r m a 1 i n s p c c i m e n s were therefore studied first of all with considerable care,
until the species represented in this material were thoroughly familiar; afterwards a good deal
of the determination was done under a dissecting lens; and only doubtful or unfamiliar speci-
mens were pul under the microscope, measured, and counted.

Had not the formalin material been available, and been carefully studied, the determina-
tion of the Alcohol material would have been in most cases almost impossible; the fins
and corona ciliata had generally entirely disappeared, the body had become shrunken and
distorted, thus giving a disproportionately large appearance to the head, and the opacity of the
tissues made the counting of the teeth both difficult and uncertain. Kxccpt in the case of a

SIUOGA- EXPEDITIE XXI. I

few unmistakable species, the determination of alcoholic material cannot be regarded as
infallible, and it really seems as if many of the earlier records of Chaetognatha should,
properly speaking, be neglected for faunistic purposes, when based solely on alcoholic specimens.
Where species are strongly alike, — for example, enfiata piilchra and (sometimes) hexapiera,
roóusia and ferox, Bedoti and Sibogac, neglecta and young serratodentata and Bedoti, —
absolute certainty in such material is often unattainable. In small specimens even close
microscopic examination often fails; in dealing with small (and in most cases young) specimens
we are on most uncertain ground, even in finely preserved material ; it seems sometimes as if
they might belong to almost any species, for the proportions of tail to body, and the relative
proportions of the fins, often alter with age; and of the three parts of the armature — jaws,
anterior teeth, and posterior teeth, — the one may increase in numbers more rapidly than the
ethers; again, probably the range of variation, and certainly the probable error in measurement,
are greater in young specimens than in older and larger examples. Not even alcohol specimens
from the Zoological Station at Naples, prepared with all the care and skill for vvhich that
institution is famous, can compare with formalin specimens preserved in the hurry which is
inseparable from work at sea. For all plankton except Ctenophora and large fishes, formalin
remains by far the best reagent, if foliowed in the case of some calcareous organisms by a
transference to alcohol.

The only safe procedure, therefore, in the case of the spirit material of the Siboga,
seemed to be to ascertain which of the species represented in the formalin material occurred
also in the remaining hauls; in dealing with these one feit on fairly firm ground. Some deep
hauls with the V'ertical Net, in which the material, though alcoholic, was in fairly good condition,
were studied in greater detail. But it must not be inferred that of necessity no species occurred
in the coUection beyond those here recorded; indeed, it is nearly certain that at least one new
species was captured which is not referrcd to below, but a diagnosis based merely on the
formula of its armature would be valuele.ss.

No great attention has been paid to the numbers of specimens of each species
captured in the different hauls; because (fortunately for the reporter), not the whole collection,
but only picked specimens, were sent. Some idea, however, of the numbers in which a species
occurred may be gathered from the numbers given in the general table, (p. 28), taken mainly
from the material preserved in formalin ; these are doubtless approximately accurate, although
perhaps not absolutely exact, owing to the close resemblance- between certain species.

b. THE CHARACTERS ADOPTED FOR DIAGNOSIS.

This report follows in general lines the recently published report on Chaetognatha from
the Bay of Biscay 'j, which will be cpioted below for brevity simply as 'Biscayan Plankton', or
the 'Biscayan Report'. The introduction thereto, 'On the systematic determination of Chaetognatha',

i) Hiscayan Plankton: collected during a cruise of M.M.S. Research 1900. — l'.-irt III. The Ch.ictognaiha: by G. IIkrukkt
KowLER. — Transactions of the I.innean Society of I.ondon. Series II, Zooloyy, Vohmie X, pp. 55 — 87, 1905.

explains the general methods adopted for discrimination between species, and needs not to be
repeated here. One or two points, however, require comment.

As in tlie Biscayan report, a table of (what may be termed) formulae lias been furnished
for almost every species at different lengths (presumably = ages). In all these tables (i) the
first column of figures gives the total length in millimetres : (2) the second, the length of the
tail, expressed as a percentage of the total length : (3) the third, the number of jaws (cirrhi,
Greifhaken) : (4) the fourth, the number of anterior teeth (or of the only row of teeth in the
case of Krohnia): (5) the fifth (when present), the number of posterior teeth. In the case of
common species, the tables have been constructed from about 30 — 40 specimens : where the
range of variation is considerable at a particular length, it generally iniplies that several
specimens have been under observation. This method, however tedious in the working, appears
to the writer a necessary step towards putting a species on a sound footing; not only because
the numbers of the armaturc, and the proportion of tail to body, alter with age, nor merely
because the range of individual variation is considerable, but also because it is often difficult
to count every tooth, so that the recording of numerous specimens tends to neutralise the
errors of observation. As regards the lengths, it also tends to correct the. error due to different
amounts of contraction. It is very de.sirable that this method should be adopted during the
next few years in the case of every Chaetognath recorded, however common or wellknown,
notably in collections from distant seas.

The characters given below for the Identification of .species have been deliberately
selected with a view to the needs of a naturalist reporting on a collection of Plankton, in
which the material often may be immature or imperfectly preserved. They are mainly external
and macroscopic, and practically do not take internal anatomy into account.

Under the heading of 'total length' and icngth of tail", the tail tin has been included
in the measurements. The addition of this is not so great as to make comparison with the
records of jjrevious observers unreliable, and the actual measurement is made more certain
and easy, at a cost of less damage to the specimen by the compasses.

Drawings of the jaws '), and teeth when boiled out with caustic alkali from the soft
tissues, have been given in many cases, but I doubt whether they have much diagnostic value :
especially are the anterior teeth unreliable, for they have so entirely different an appearance
according as they are viewed laterally, foreshortened, or in profile. More characteristic is the
appearance of the teeth in place, but this view is not ahvays easy to obtain, and is generally
impracticable in forms with numerous teeth, such as Sióogac and Bcdoti.

The form of the vestibular ridge seems to prove useful as a diagnostic test of secondary
importance; this does not imply that it is always of identical form, papilla by papilla, even in
two specimens of the same species; but that its general character, with high or low, sharp or
rounded, numerous or few papillae, etc, etc, is a specific constant. The disadvantage of its
use is that it is often difficult to get it into exact profile.

i) I should have liked to utilise Dr. Kri'MIUCh's character of the shape of the tips of the jaws, but — if I may be pardoned
fov a personal explanation — my eyes ave no longev leliable for mioute transparent objects uoder very high powers: the tips have
been drawn, however, in some cases when fairly I.ivge.

4

The extent and nature of the contraction of the head in death makes a considerable
difference to the look of the anterior end of a Chaetognath. Three main conditions are
distinguishable :
(i) the jaws are thrown outwards, radiating from the head, divergent froni each other, like

the sticks of a curved fan; the head is broad and long; the condition is that of extreme

expansion :

(2) the jaws are turned inwards, with the tips directed forwards, so that iheir long axis is
nearly parallel to the long axis of the body; they are closely pressed together, and are
often covered by the prepuce; the head is long and narrovv; the condition is that of
normal contraction :

(3) the jaws are turned yet further inwards, so that the tips meet or even pass one another
across the mouth : the jaws are then nearly at right angles to the long axis of the body;
the head is short and broad; the condition is that of extreme contraction, and may often
be seen in specimens killed in the act of swallowing their prey.

Between these three all possible gradations are found, and the alterations produced in
the shape of the head, the collarette, and the corona are very great; the comparative position
of the rows of tecth, and the angle of inclination of the individual teeth, become greatly altered.

The statement in Biscayan Plankton relative to the diagnostic value of the diverticula
on the alimentary canal (p. 56) requires modification to this extent: — that the possibility of
recognising these structures, by focussing into a transparent specimen, depends largely upon
the state of contraction and expansion of the head and neck. In iïg. 100 is represented,
diagrammatically over a camera lucida outline, the arrangement of these structures, as seen in
a horizontal longitudinal section of a transparent specimen of fero.\\ in whicli they were
conspicuous from the outside. But similarly transparent specimens, in which they were quite
unrecognisable beforehand, gave the relations shown in tig. 10 1 (horizontal longitudinal) and
102 (transverse section). It will be obvious from these figures that the oe.sophagus (presumably
an ectodermal stomodaeum) grows backwards in a dorsal and a ventral prolongation, and that
the intestine (presumably an endodermal mesenteron) grows forwards in two lateral prolongations,
which, on the fusion of the two parts, give rise to the diverticula. The cpithelia of the
(presumed) ectoderm and endoderm are of quite distinct characters. If the head is expanded,
this whole region is pulled forward, and the diverticula become conspicuous; in strong contraction,
it goes backwards, and the structures become so compressed together as to be distinguishable
no longer from tnilside.

1 have already contended in 'Biscayan Plankton' that the projection, size, and shape
of the vesiculae seminales depend on the sexual condition of the individual at the moment of
capture, and cannot be utilised for specific diagnosis. In illustration of this I have here drawn
by camera lucida (fig. 103) the outlines of the posterior ends of four specimens of 5. fcrox,
which measured respectively 11, 15, 16, 17 mm. of total length. The two longest had developed
the 'callotta splendente' of Grassi ; in the shortest, hardly any tracé of the vesiculae was apparent.

A similar criticism may be applied to the u.se of the extension of the ovaries in diagnosis;

in the two longest of the above four specimens they reached to the neck of the animal, in
the specimen of 15 mm. only to the ganglion; in that of 11 mm. they were mere rudiments.

In the extension of the posterior fin backwards there Hes a trap ; in young specimens
of some Chaetognaths, this fin appears to stop at some distance from the undeveloped vesiculae ;
but as male maturity approaches, the vesiculae lengthen and swell till they touch the fin.
Mutatis mutandis^ the same is applicable to the tail fin.

The generic nomenclature used here is that of L.\ngerh.\ns.

As no less than nineteen out of the twent}--four species of Chaetognatha vvhich appear
to the writer to be 'valid', were found either in the Sibogan or the Biscayan collections, an
attempt has been made at a faunistic and systematic revision of the whole group.

Ever\' one who has attempted to identify Chaetognatha in recent years must have been
painfully aware of a nuniber of very similar forms among the recorded 'species', which for the
most jjart have been but cursorily described. To attempt to reduce the number of species in
such a case is an ungracious task, and, if the original specimens are not available for comparison,
lays the attempt o|)en to an unsympathetic criticism. Nevertheless, it has been made, in the
hope that the task of future workers in this group may thereby be lightened. At least it can
safely be maintained that, if a (perhaps 'good') species has been so inadequately characterised
that it is pos.sible to confuse it, and on paper to combine it, with another and better known
species, its present place should certainly be in the synonymy rather than in the systematic.

II. Systematic.

a. SPECIES CAPTURED BV THE SIBOGA EXPEDITIOX.

I. Genus Sagitta (sensu Langerhans iSSo).

I . Sagitta Bedoti Béraneck.

Ed. Béraneck. Les Chétognathes de la Baie d'Amboine. Revue Suisse de Zoölogie.

Tomé III, p. 137.
Sagitta polyodon Doncaster.
L. Doncaster. Chaetognatha: Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archi-

pelagoes, Vol. I, p. 209.
Sagitta bipunctata Aida [nee Quoy and Gaimard).
T. AlDA. Chaetognaths of Misaki Harbour. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. Vol. I, p. 13.

Characters. Head rather small; neck only slightly niarked when in contraction; a
very slight thickening of the epidermis at the neck, but no real collarette. Body firm and
moderately transjjarent in formalin. Longitudinal muscles strong but narrow; lateral lields rather
large. Body thickest for about the middle ihird of its length, tapering sHghtly and gradually
forvvards, more rapidly backwards, generally with a siidden diminution at the tail sejjtum. Tail
segment about 21 to 35 per cent. of the total length.

Anterior lins long, much widest posteriorly, and diminishing rapidly anteriorly; they nearly
or quite reach the abdominal ganglion. Po.sterior fins broader than the anterior, of about the
same length as the anterior; more on the tail than on the trunk, widest well behind the septum,
reaching nearly (? quite) to the vesiculae seminales.

Jaws broad, not very strongly curved; tip .short, " thick, obtuse. Anterior teeth closely
set, broad below, small. Postcrior tceth very numerous, narrow, very closely set; the series
curves from the dorsal to the ventral surface towards the moulh as in iiiacrocephala. The points
of both sets of teeth small and obtuse: l>olh have a dark brown colour in the older .specimens.

Vestibular ridge terminating externally in a wdl-marketl rather sharp process, and pro-
duced into fairly regular numerous acute prominences. Corona ciliata slightly sinuous, extending
from a half to about two-thirds of the distance between the head and the abdominal ganglion.

The tips of the newer jaws are in some specimi-ns distinctly curved, l)ul 1 have never
seen them quite so hooked as in Béraneck's figure (PI. 1\', fig. 10). The .same author figures

the teeth as terminating in three points („une couronne multicuspide"). Unfortunately I am
unable confirm or deny this point with accuracy, but, so far as I can see, the tips of the teeth
are of the usual conical character. The appearance of fine points, noticeable occasionally at the
tips of both jaws and teeth in Chaetognatha, seems to be often explicable as the result of
wear, the tip appearing to fray out into strands.

Bedoti strongly resembles serratodentata, but may generally be distinguished under a
lens by its smaller head, slenderer body, and more taper tail; under a microscope, the closely
set, brown, numerous, obtuse teeth distinguish it at once. Formulae: —

i8

22

6

9

21

17

23

6

10 — 1 1

17—21

16

28

6

10

2 1

'5

26

6-7

10

27

14

2 I — 28

6-7

9 — 10

24—29

T "^

23—30

6-7

10—13

20—32

I I

27

5—7

9 II

18—27

8

29

6

7

21

7

28

6-7

7-8

16 — 20

6

33

7

6

1 2

5

35

6-7

5

10

The greater variation at about 13 mm. of total length is probably only due to the
fact that that was about the usual length of the specimens; hence more vvere measured at that
length than at any other.

A single specimen from Station 168 exhibited an abnormal number of teeth for its
length : its formula was

II. 22. 6 — 7. 10— II. 31 — 33.

But the arrangement of the fnis, the corona, the character of the teeth and jaws, all agreed
so well with Bedoti that it must provisionally be left as an abnormally or precociously toothed
individual, comparable to the Hairy Man or Bearded Woman of a village fair.

I have no doubt that Doncaster's species polyodon is merely a synonym for Bedoti.
Polyodon was said to differ "in having a corona, in the length of the ovaries, and the greater
number of teeth". With regard to these points — a corona is only to be seen in well-preserved
specimens, and had been lost in Béraneck's material; the extension of the ovaries, depending
entirely on the age and sexual condition of the animal at the moment of capture, cannot be
accepted as a diagnostic character; and the number of teeth is well within the limits of variation
tabled above. Doncaster himself expressed the suspicion that the two species might be identical;
this seems to be completely justified on the examination of a large number of specimens.

Nor have I any more hesitation in plpcing the bipunctata recorded by Aida from Misaki
as a synonj'm of Bedoti. Aida, who quite correctly noted the discrepancy in the number of
jaws and teeth, does not seem to have been acquainted with Béraneck's paper.

8

The table following shows the formulae of Bcdoti, polyodon, and bipunctata of Aiua ;
that of bipunctata Quoy and Gaimard, has been added for comparison with the latter.

Bcdoti, Amboina

13

25

7

8 — 10

18—22

Bedoti, 'Siboga' Exped.

14 — 20

21—28

6-7

9 — 10

17—29

Polyodon Doncaster

12

25

6-7

9 — 10

26

BipJinctata Aida

—

6-7

10 — I 2

18 — 21

Bipututata, 'Research'

12 — 20

21—25

9 — 10

4—7

I 2 — 18

It is fairly obvious that the first four agree together and differ from the fifth. Aida's
figure of '■bipunctata is quite unlike the outline of European specimens of the species of Quoy
and Gaimard, but agrees with that of Bedoti.

2. Sagitta enjlata Grassi.

B. Grassi. I Chetognati. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel: Monographie V, p. 13.

T. Aida. Op. cit., p. 15.

L. DuNCASTER. Op. cit., p. 210.
? Sagitta Gardineri Doncaster.

L. Doncaster. Op. cit., p- 212.
? Sagitta flaccida Conant.

F. S. Conant. Notes on the Chaetognatha. John Hopkins University Circulars, vol. XV, p. 85.

Characters. Head rather small in contraction, but quite broad when expanded: it is
marked off from the body by a distinct neck; no collarette present. Body tumid, extremely
transparent; much thickest about the middle of its length, tapering gradually forward and
backward; body very flaccid, owing to the extreme thinness of the longitudinal muscles; lateral
fields large. Tail segment about 16 to 25 per cent. of the total length. Ganglion small, about
midway between the head and the anterior lui.

Anterior fins narrow, short, broadest bchind the middle of their length, not nearly
reaching to the ganglion. Posterior fins short, broader than the anterior. widest at about the
plane of the septum, slightly more on the trunk thun on tlie tail, not nearly reaching to the
vesiculae .seminales. Tail fin truncate, reaching the vesiculae seminales when tumid.

Jaws .slender, strongly curved, with rather small tips. Anterior teeth rather abruinly
pointed, closely set. Posterior teeth clear in colour, strong, rather short in comparison to their
breadth, abru]>tly ])ointed, with small tips, diverging distally, closely set proximally.

Vestibular ridge with fairly regular low roundcd prominences, terminating externall\ in
a considerable blunt process. Corona ciliata short, almost cntirely on the head, varying (: with
the state of contraction or expansion of the head) from a simple sinuous outline to a complex
hour glass shape.

The variation in the corona is very noticeable, and .seems to be due to distortion of
the simple form shown in fig. 10. It was not figured by Grassi.

As in other species of the same flaccidity, the lateral fields shrink inwards in poor
specimens, .so that the anterior fins almost disapi)car from view. Formulae: —

9

29

i8

7-8

10

15 — 16

28

l8— 21

7 9

7—10

16 — 17

27

l8 — 21

8

9 — 10

14 — ] 6

26

i6 — 19

7-8

7—10

16 — I 7

23

2 I — 2 2

8

8—9

13—14

22

18—21

7—9

8—10

12 — 16

21

23

9

9 — 10

16

20

20—25

8-9

8-9

15

17

17

9

8-9

15

i6

18

8

8

13

^5

20

8-9

8-9

12—17

'3

23

8

8

13—14

12

16

7

9

I 2

I I

18

8

8

I 1

lO

20

6 — -lO

7-8

9—12

9

22

7—9

6—8

10 — 1 I

If nol particularly wcll preserved, this species uften has a strong resemblance under a
lens to p2tlchra and to hexaptera. Pukhra is however slenderer and its head is smaller, with
less neck; it also has a well-marked collarette. Enflata is generally distinguishable from
hexaptera by its greater diameter, larger head, more marked neck, and greater transparency :
its longitudinal muscles are almost imperceptible untler a lens, thnse df hexaptera comparatively
conspicuous. The collarette also separates pulchra from hexaptera. In well jireserved specimens,
these three species are of course readily separable.

To the best of my belief, Doncaster's Gardineri was only based on large specimens
of cnllata.

Gardineri. 25. 20. 8 — 10. 12 — 16.

C7iflata. 22 — 26. 16 — 22. 7 — 9. 12 — 17.

DoNCASTER lays stress (owing probably to a remark of Grassi) on the longer ovaries of his
species, which I regard as useless for diagnosis; and on the greater number of teeth, which
does not appear to hold good when a large series of specimens is examined. He describes
the corona of Gardineri as pear-shaped, but figures it as shoe-shaped, that is to say, witli a
constriction; in that condition, it seems to be intermediate between mv fig-ures 10 and ii.

As to the relation between enjiata and Jiaccida, there is not a single point in Conant's
very brief definition of his species which is not in agreement with the characters of enflata
given by CiRASSi and with those given above for the Siboga specimens. Whether Conant actually
had a separate species before him or not, the only reasonable place for jiaccida at present is
in the synonymy of enflata. Doncastkr (p. 211) records a single specimen oi Jiaccida from the
Maldive Archipelago, and states (but without a figure) that its teeth were longer and more
slender than in etiflata, which was not one of Conant's characters. The greater length of the
inner than of the outer teeth, mentioned by both Conant and Doncaster, is noticeable in
enjiata and in many other species.

SlliOGA-F.Xl'KUITIE XXI. 2

lO

3. Sagifta fcrox Doncaster.

L. DoN'CASTER. Op. cit., p. 212.

No species in the collection gave greater trouble than this and its ally robusta of the
same author. Neither of the two was adequately described in the first instance; and the figure
of robusta contradicted the text in two important particiilars, — namely, the proportionate length
of the tail segment, and the posterior extension of the posterior fins ; even the number of jaws
was not correctly drawn. Like most freehand drawings of Chaetognatha, the figure cannot be
trusted to grive the real outline of the animal. Doncaster's beautiful figures are imich more
likij Chaetognatha than my camera outlines, but no artist can draw with the precision of the
camera. Of ferox only the front end was figured. A very large number of likely specimens
have therefore been carefully examined with a view of placing these alleged species on a more
.satisfactory footing. As the resuh I beHeve that I have found, among the formalin material,
representatives of both fcrox and robttsta ; but whether they are separate species, or the one
a precocious variety of the other, or both together forming a highly variable species in the act
of splitting up, I have no clear idea. Doncaster himself suggested that fcrox "should possibly
be classed with robusta'.

There can be no cjuestion that the specimens assigned below to ferox are readily
distinguishable from every other species hitherto described. Those listed as robusta generalh"
exhibit one or two more jaws, and one or two more posterior teeth, at a similar length ; they
are apparently nearly sexually ripe at about 12 mm., hut fcrox at about 15 mm. (to this there
seem to be exceptions on both sides). Robusta retains its .sense papillae much better than fcrox.,
and oftcn has a "hispid" appearance. I do not find the constant difference in the tips of the
jaws mentioned by Doncaster, although it happens that in some specimens they have been
more worn, and are shorter and blunter, than in others. On the whole it seems best to retain
both the species, in the hope that further collections may .settle their exact relationship.

The "characters" assigned below to robusta and ferox have naturally been drawn from
extreme examples, in order to empha.sise the differences as much as possible.

Characters. Head large, in expansion broader than the body at its broadest. Body
firm, broad, opaque owing to the marked development of the longitudinal muscles; trunk of
nearly uniform width from in front of the ganglion to the tail septum, tapering very gradually
forwards to the neck, more suddenly backwards from the tail septum. Laleral hclds narrow.
There is a well developed collarette, which extends to, or nearly to, tlie antcrior fins, and
is powerfully developed in adult spe'cimens. Tail segment about 26 — 36 per cent. of the
total length.

Anterior fins long, rounded, widest po.steriorly and narrowing slightly forwards, commencing
about on a level with the abdominal ganglion. Posterior fins roundctl, sliglu]\- shorter than the
anterior, more on the tail than on the trunk, extending posteriorly to the vesiculae seminales
when these are tumid, widest behind ihe se|Hum. Tail (\n generally roundeil, meeting the
vesiculae seminales when tumid.

Jaws short, strong, broad at the base, .strongly curved ; the tip small. Anterior teeth

1 1

closely set, very broad below. Posterior teeth long, strong, broad, closely set centrally but
diverging distally, abruptly pointed. The points of both sets of teeth very small.

Vestibular ridge strongly and regularly mammillated, terminating externally in a very
blunt process. Corona ciliata very long, reaching up to three quarters of the distance to the
ganglion, or even to close to the abdominal ganglion and anterior fins, commencing in front
of the eyes. Formulae: —

20.5

31

6

8

14

20.0

30

5

9

14

19.0

3'

5

8

13

18.5

32

5-6

7-8

1 1 — 12

18.0

32

6

8

12

17.0

29—30

5-6

6 — 10

11 — 13

16.0

31

6

6-7

II — 12

15.0

26—30

5-6

7—9

11 — 14

14.0

28—32

5-6

6—8

10 — I 2

13.0

30

5-6

8-9

12 — 14

12.0

27

5-6

7-8

•' — '3

11-5

30

5

6

10

1 1.O

27—36

6

7-8

1 1

10. 0

30

6

4—7

9—11

Specimens of i 1 mm. and less are practically indistinguishable from the supposed robiista
in most cases.

4. Sagitta hexaptera d'Orbigny.

d'Orbk;nv. Voyage dans l'Amérique meridionale. Tomé V, 3""^ Partie, Mollusques p. 140.

Paris, 1835— 1843, 410.
O. Hertwig. Die Chaetognathcn. Jenaische Zeitsciirift, Band XI\', p. 196.
Sagitta niagna LanLjcihans.
P. LanGERHANS. Die W'uimfauna ven Madeira, III. Zcitschrift fur wissenschaftliciie Zoölogie,

XXXIV, p. 135.
? Sagitta niagna Grassi.
B. Grassi. Op. cit., p. n.
Sagitta tricuspidata Kent.
S. Kent. On a new species of Sagitta from the South Pacific. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, p. 268.
L. DONCASTER. Op. cit., p. 210.

Of these three "species", hexaptera, thanks to the careful monograph of Oscar Hertwig,
is as easily recognisable as any Chaetognath, although even he gave little detail of the variation
in the armature. The other two were most insufficiently characterised by their founders, though
a more detailed account, supposed to refer to iiiag7ia, was furnished bj- Grassi. In genera!
appearance the three are stated to resemble each other closely, but to difter in their formulae
for jaws and teeth :

hexapfera, various autl

lors.

to 70

20—25

6—8

3—4

4—7

magna Langerhans.

to 40

7—9

4

2 — 3

magna Grassi

to 41

20

10—13

4

2—3

tricuspidata Kent

—

20

.8

3

I

tricuspidata Doncaster

nearly 40

—

4-8

2 — 3

1—4

Among the Siboga material were specimens which fitted sufficicntly to each of these
formulae (except for the large number of jaws ui ?iiagna Grassi). On adding to them specimens
of magna supplied from the Zoological Station at Naples, one feit fairly confident that one
had all the species before one. Good .specimens were selected and compared, with the result
that no specific difference could be detected between them : in all ordinary characters such as
the position and extension of the fins, the size and position of the abdominal ganglion, the
extension and shape of the corona, the proportion of tail to triink, and so forth, they were
practically identical ; the vestibular ridges, and even the tips of the younger jaws, were of the
same character. I have no doubt that hexaptera d'()rbign\, magna Langerhans and tricuspidata
Kent, forni one species. Whether magna Grassi is the same or not, is not so easy to sa\' : some
of my specimens showed nine jaws with a rudimentary tenth, but ten was the outside number
observed. But as the .specimens of "■magna" sent from Naples were undoubtedly he.xapteran,

44

20

7

3 4

6

42

19

6

3

5

40

22

7

3

6

it is probable that Grassi had before him specimens of licxaptcra with numerous jaws and
few teeth; such occur in the table below.

Since there is practically nothing in their original definitions to differentiate magna anti
tricuspidata from one another and from Jiexaptera except the formulae for armature, it is
necessary to show the resemblance between specimens which conform more or less to the
formulae; this has been done on ];late I. The outlines of the entire animal ') (figs. 30, 34, 38)
are as alike as could be expected in three different specimens of the same species; the iwo
coronae (figs. 35, 39) agree with each other and with lluil figured by Hkrtwig for Itcxaptera
(op. cit., ])1. I\\ fig. 21); those of the distal end of the latest (most anterior) jaw agree in
the characteristic outline first recorded by Krumbach (Über die Greifhaken der Chiitognathen.
Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abtheilung Systematik, u. s. w., X\'III, ]j. 579, fig. P.); if the figures
of the anterior and posterior teeth do not at fir.st sight agree equally well, the failure must be
attributed to the impossibility of getting them to lie at precisely similar angles, and to the
inability of the draughtsman to represent properly the consecjuent foreshortening. By focussing
it was apparent that they belonged to the same type, — a broad base from which rises an
unusually long and slender tooth. In such large, and therefore opaque, heads as most hexaptera
present, it is generally impossible to see the whole of the vestibular ridge under the microscope

1) .\s typical specimens of masfiia wcrc only nolicod in tlic alcohol material, the oiitliiie for lliis "species" has been taken
from a Naples specimen.

at one time, since it curves round the side of the head ; only enough of it therefore has been
drawn to show that its character is the same in all three "species". (In some old specimens
it exhibits a doublé row of papillae). Since then the other criteria fail to separate them, it
remains to be shovvn that the numbers of jaws and teeth are also inadequate for this purpose,
and that the "species" can be made to grade into each other. This will be sufficiently obvious
from the usual table of observed specimens, in vvhich, although specimens of the typical
formulae can readily be found, I have not found it possible to group the remainder round
these with reasonable sharpness. Formulae of two "species ' may be found even in the same
individual : for example, a specimen of which part was drawn showed a inagna formula on
one side (8:4: 3), and a tricuspidata formula on the other (8:2:1). Formulae: —

47

18

5

;

2

45

2 1

6

—

7

4

5

43

18

4

2 —

1

0

2

40

2 I

7

2

4

39

23

6

3

5-6

37

20

5

2 —

T

J

4

l(^

2 2

4

—

5

2 —

4

2 3

34

'7

7

3

5

34

20

5

I —

2

I — 2

1 t

20

7

.

4

6

1 1

2 I

8

3

6

32

20

5

—

6

0

3

31

>7

5

2

2

30

19

5

2

2

30

20

5

2

3

30

20

6

3

30

- 3

7

4

6

29

?

7

4

2

28

2 I

8

3

2

27

18

5

2

3

26

'9

5

2

0

25

24

5

—

6

->

-»
0

1

0

25

2 2

8

-1
0

5

25

20

6

24

25

8

—

9

j)

4

24

19

9

3

4

2

23

18

6

2 —

->
0

4

2 2

2 2

6

—

7

2

4

22

20

6

0

3

22

18

7

—

8

3—4

21

23

7

4

5

14

21

'9

6

2

I

— 2

21

23

3—4

4

5

1

n

21

20

5

2

—

0

0

20

2 5

9

0

4

n
ö

19

26

8-9

2

. ->

2

3

i8

19

6

4-

5

7

17

25

6

1

3

i6

21

6-7

3

4

15

23

7

3

3

15

20

8

1

0

5

15

20

8-9

0

2

1

0

In the foregoing table the formulae for forty-two specimens have been printed separately,
so that future students may know what range to expect. The errors of observation are greater
in a species with few teeth and large opaque heads, than in the case of forms with numerous
teeth and sniall transparent heads ; but the errors are, of course, not large enough to account
for the apparently wide range of variability.

This extent of variation is however more apparent than real, for, by concentrating the
observations into groups differing by 5 mm. of total length, it is found that the range of variation
in the teeth is not much greater than in many other species; in the jaws it is slightly greater.

40 and

more

18—21

4 7

2—4

2 — 5

35 — 39

20—23

4-6

2—4

2—6

30—34

17—23

5-8

1—4

I 6

25 — 29

18—24

5-8

2—4

2—5

20- — 24

18—25

3—9

2 5

'—5

15—20

19 — 26

6-9

2 5

2 7

The point, in which hexaptera really differs from other forms tabled in this report, lies
in the permutations in which the three varying parts of the armature are combined in one
iiidividual, — more or fewer jaws being combined with more or fewer anterior teeth as compared
with fewer or more posterior teeth. I believe the explanation to lic mainly (perhaps not entirely)
in the length and slenderness of the teeth; many of them are probably torn out by the roots;
certainly many are broken off short, for their bases may be seen still in place. As a source
of additional weakness, the posterior teeth in older specimens often appear not to be attached
to the Ijoii)- bar with which they are united in other species, but to lie at some distance from
it in a superficial plate of chitinons mattrial. In the case of the jaws, again, the empty sockets
from which they have been torn are often recognisable. In addition to the above, it is possible
that, as DoNCASTER suggests, teeth ma\- bc; shed with age.

Characters. Head small when contracted, of medium size when expanded, in comparison
with the body ; it is not marked off from the body 1)\- a neck when contracted. No collarette
present. Hody flaccid, transparent in formalin ; longitudinal muscles broad, but thinly developed;
lateral fields large. Trunk generally widest at al)out the middle of its length. Tail segment 17
to 26 per cent. of the total length. Ganglion small and rather far back.

15

Anterior fins short, rounded, about midway betvveen the tail septum and the ganglion.
Posterior fins longer and rather broader than the anterior, somewhat triangular, about equally
on trunk and tail; their widest point at or behind the septum; they do not reach to the
vesiculae seminales. Tail fin truncate.

Jaws broad, strongly curved ; the concave edge of the younger jaws exhibits a crest
foliowed by a bay, just below the tip (compare Krumbach, op. cit.). Teeth long and slender,
springing from a broad base.

Vestibular ridge (?) not terminating in an external process; carrying a few strong papillae,
of which in older specimens a doublé row may be present. Corona ciliata extending from in
front of the eyes to a short distance on the trunk, sometimes slightly sinuous.

Two specimens from deep hauls with the \'ertical net showed the same swelling up of
the epidermis as was figured iox furcata in Biscayan Plankton (op. cit., fig. lo). I have noticed
it in one or two other species. It is not unlikel)- that Conant's Spadel/a inaxiina was founded
on specimens of this kind. which occurred also in the Biscayan and Faeroe Channel collections.

5. Sagitta uiacroccphala P'owler.

G. H. FüWLER. Biscayan Plankton. Part III, the Chaetognatha. Transactions of the Linnean
Society of Londen, 2nd Series, Zoology, Vol. X, p. 65.

This very unmistakeable species was represented by five specimens only. lts characters
have been described in the Biscayan Report, and need not be repeated here. The specimens
were all in poor condition.

8

37

1 1

6

16 — I 7

8

?

9 — 10

7

18

9

38

10 — I [.

7

20

?

?

10 — 1 1

7-8

28

15

36

10

9

28

6. Sagitta ncglecia Aida.

T. Aida. Op. cit., p. 16.
? Sagitta bipunctata Béraneck.
Ed. Béraneck. Op. cit., p. 153.

Characters. Head small. Body slender, resembling bipunctata-^ firm, not fiaccid; the
middle third nearl)- of the same thickness throughout, tapering slightly towards head and tail.
There is no marked neck, owing to a long narrow thickening of the epidermis to form a
coUarette. Longitudinal muscles broad and stout. Tail 26 to 40 per cent. of the total length.

Anterior fins commencing at the posterior end of the ventral ganglion, broadest towards
their posterior end. Posterior fins rather longer, separated only by a small interval from the
anterior; rather more on the tail than on the trunk, widest behind the septum, reaching to the
vesiculae seminales. Tail fin truncate, reaching to the vesiculae seminales when tumid.

i6

Jaws slender, moderately curved, acutely pointed by delicate short tips. Anterior teeth with
broad bases, rather short. Posterior teeth slender, sharp, closely set below, diverging distally.

Vestibular ridge high, with numerous, fairly regiilar, papillae. Corona ciliata fairly long,

extending up to or just on to the head, but not reaching to between the eyes; otherwise like

that of bipunctata\ extending for a half or two-thirds of the distance between head and ganglion.

Formulae: —

lo.o 30 7 6—7 14—15

9-5 31 7 7 15

8.0 30—37 6—7 4—6 9—14

7.5 2Ó— 53 6—7 4—5 10—13

7.0 26—35 6—7 4—6 9—12

6.5 30 6- 7 4—5 9—10

6.0 33 5 — 8 3—5 9—11

5-5 30—36 6 4 10— II

5.0 30—40 6—7 3—4 7—10

This species resembles Aida's regularis so closely on paper, that for some time I
suspected them of being synonymous; it is therefore worth while to enter into the differences
between them in some detail.

Xeither neglecta nor regularis have been fully described, and Aid.\'s two figures of
regularis (woodcut 1 and fig. 8) do not agree with one another in the proportional length of
corona and tail-segment. Still, accepting these figures, and adding to them the features of the
Siboga specimens, we may say that the main j-oints of difference are that in neglecta the tail
is slightly shorter, the posterior fin reaches further in front of the septum, the corona ciliata is
.slightly longer; and (what is well brought out in Donc.\ster's figure of regularis) that the slight
epidermic thickening or collarette in neglecta is very much more developetl in regularis bolh in
length and breadth. The numbers of both anterior and posterior teeth are greater in neglecta.

At first sight the Siboga specimens seemed to link the two species; they agreed with
neglecta in the number of anterior and posterior teeth, and in the length of the corona; they
better agreed with regularis in the number of jaws, in the extension of the posterior fin, and
in the proportion of the tail segment. They further agreed with regularis in a jjoint on which
AiDA laid great .stress, namely, the regularity of the tactile prominences; a comparison of his
figure A. (Op. cit., p. 17) with my figure 44 will show that these are practically identical,
spot for spot. At the same time I think that he e.xaggerates the imporiance (A this character,
which is equally well exhibited by many other species, as for instance by bipunctata (compare
Grassi's figure, pi. IX, '^\<^. 2). But eventually the two species feil naturally apart, although
showing greater variation of the armaiurc than Aida's statement suggested, notably as regards
the number of jaws.

I must withdraw the suggestion made in the Biscayan Report (p. 72, note to table)
that tieglecta was "almost certainly bipunctata" . .\t the same time they are mo.st annoyingly
like one another, and are not easily distinguishable cxcept in well preserved material. The

main differences are that in bipunctata the posterior fin is rather more on the trunk than on
the tail, the corona extends on to the head, and the papillae of the vestibular ridge are less
developed, than in neglecta. For a comparison of the armature .in cases of doubt there follows
a table of formulae of small bipimctata froin Parson's Banlc in the English Channel:

o. o

20

8

4

8

9.0

22

9

5

10

8.0

25

8

3 5

7 — 10

7-5

26

8

4

9

5-0

28

8

4

8

6.0

25 — 2

8

7—9

3—4

5-8

5-5

27

8

3

4—5

It will be obvious how closely these figures approach neglecta at about 7 to 8 mm. of total
length, especially as Aid.v records 8 jaws for neglecta.

It seems very unlikely that the bipunctata of Béraneck was referable to Ouoy and
Gaimard's species. Amboina, whence it was obtained, is near to the centre of the area studied
by the Siboga, from the collections of which it appeared to be absent; the exjiedition could
hardly have missed it systematically for a whole year. As already mentioned, except with
formahn specimens before one for compari.son, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish
between neglecta and small bipunctata^ and attention had not been called to the former when
Béraneck wrote. He records only one or two details; the length of 13 mm. is rather more
than that noticed in the Siboga neglecta \ but hls description of the epidermic thickening at the
neck (collarette) recalls neglecta much more than bipunctata ; it can hardly be said that the
slight thickening in bipunctata O. G., "établit une transition entre les Sagitta et les Spadella",
but this might fairly be saitl of neglecta.

7. Sagitta pulchra Doncaster.

L. Doncaster. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes.
Vol. L, part 2. The Chaetognatha, p. 213.

Characters. Head rather small; behind it a di.stinct collarette. Body slender, nearly
as transparent as in enjiata, but firmer. Trunk thickest at about one-half to three-quarters of
the distance between head and tail-septum ; tapering rapidly to the septum, more gradually
forwards. Longitudinal muscles slight, but stronger than in enjïata ; lateral fields large. Tail
about 18 to 27 per cent. of the total length.

Anterior fins long, commencing at the ganglion, broadest just before their posterior
end; consisting anteriorly of an epidermic thickening without, or with few, rays. Posterior fins
shorter, very nearly meeting the anterior, rather more on the trunk than on the tail, broadest
at or behind the plane of the se];)tum, hardly reaching the vesiculae seminales. Tail fin
.slightly rounded.

SinoüA-EXl'EDlTIE XXI.

i8

Jaws of medium strength, strongly curved ; tips long, slender, and sharp. Anterior teeth
with very broad bases, closely set; posterior teeth long, not very sharp, divergent distally.

Vestibular ridge with sharp, fairly regular, projections, terminating externally in a strong
process. Corona ciliata long, extending between the eyes anteriorly, and posteriorly covering
from one-third to one-half the distance between head and ganglion. Formulae: — •

22

18 — 20

6-7

7—9

12—14

21

18 — 21

6

8-9

12 — 15

20

20—25

5-6

7—10

12—15

19

21 — 27

5-6

7-8

13— '4

18

2 2

5-6

6

10 — 1 1

17

20—23

6

6-7

11 — 13

16

18- — 2 I

5 — 7

6-9

10—13

15

26

6

10

14

14

2 I — 26

6-7

6—8

12

13

23

6

7

12

12

20

. 5

7

13

1 I

22 27

6

6-7

10 — I 2

10

20

7

7

1 1

9

26 — 27

6-7

5-6

9

It is almost impossible to separate pulchra from enflata by the use of a dissecting lens
alone, in many cases of spirit specimens; but microscopic examination distinguishes them
satisfactorily. The main points of difference are that in pulchra tUere is a coUarette, and
consequentl)- little neck-constriction between head and trunk; the body is slenderer; the fins
longer, broader, and closer together; the corona longer; than in enflata. In hcxaptera, which
is also of the same general form, there is again little neck, although no collarette is present;
bilt pulchra differs from it just as it does from eujïata in the fins and corona, and of course
markedly in the number of teeth.

8. Sagitta regular is Ai da.

T. AlDA. Op. cit., p. 17.

L. DoNX.vsTER. Op. cit., p. 211.

Characters. Head very small ; when contracted, not thickcr than the body immediately
behind it. Hody firm; of about the same thickness from the abdominal ganglion \.o the vesiculae
seminales; it tapers forwards from the ganglion, bul the development of the collarette at first
sight makes it appear of similar thickness anteriorly. A collarette extends from the anterior
end of the anterior fins, wider and much longer than in neglecta. Longitudinal muscles broad
and stout. Tail 28 to 40 per cent. of the total length.

Anterior fins narrower and shorter than in tieglecia^ beginning slightly behind the
abdominal ganglion. Posterior fins narrower than in neglecta, much more on the tail than on

7.0

28

9

6.0

0.3

7-8

5-5

36

7-8

5-0

40

6-7

4-5

6—8

19

the trunk, reaching the vesiculae seminales. Tail fin rounded, making a more obtuse angle
with the tail than is usual in Sagitta.

Jaws slender, not very strongly curved, and with small rather bUmt tips. Teeth broad
below, not very acute, the anterior as long as the posterior.

Vestibular ridge with slight undulations. Corona entirely on the trunk, broad, of
medium length.

The following table is based on eight specimens only : —

4 6

2 — ;, 6

2 4

2—3 5-6

2 2

In spite 01 its very small size, this is undoubtedly not the young of another species,
for instance neglecta : the extension of the ovaries to about midway between ganglion and head,
and the cap on the vesiculae seminales, showed that some specimens were not far from maturity.

The chief differences between regularis and neglecta have been already discussed (p. 1 6).

Doncaster's drawing of this species ' (Op. cit. fig. 7) which is very good as regards
the anterior end, seems to err, whcn compared with my specimens, in making the tail region
much too short (23 p. c. of total length without the tail fin, as against Aida's 33), and
consequently in placing too much of the posterior fin on the trunk.

9. Sagitta robusta Doncaster.

L. Doncaster. Op. cit., p. 212.
? Sagitta hisplda Aida (non Conant).
T. Aida. Op. cit., p. 18.

The close resemblance of this supposed species to ferox has already been discussed in
some detail (p. 10), and will be easily realised from a comparison (jf their descriptions and figures.

Characters. General appearance between that oi ferox and that o{ serratodentata.
Head fairly large, jjroportionately larger than in serratodcntata, smaller than in ferox. In
expansion of the head, the neck is well marked, but almost disappears when the head is
contracted under the prepuce. There is a distinct collare'tte, slightly less both in breadth and
length than in ferox. Body proportionately slenderer than in ferox, but with very strong
longitudinal muscles and small lateral fields, somewhat less opaque than ferox, more so than
serratodcjitata. Trunk of nearly the same thickness from behind the neck up to just in front
of the tail septum, thence tapering gradually. Tail segment from 25 to 33 per cent. of the
total length.

Anterior fins long, beginning at or just behind the abdominal ganglion, rounded, widest
a little before their posterior end and narrow-ing markedly forwards from that point (unlike
ferox), narrower and shorter than in ferox. Posterior fins larger than the anterior (unlike ferox),
rounded, more on the tail than on the trunk, widest behind the septum, reaching to the vesiculae
seminales when these are tumid.

20

Jaws short, strong, broad, strongly curved; the tips rather small. Both anterior and

posterior teeth as in ferox.

Vestibular ridge with very slight undulations (unlike ferox). Corona ciliata of the same

type as in ferox, but not extending quite so far towards the ganglion. F"ormulae: -—
14.0 28 6 — 7 6 — 10 12 — 14

13.5 26 7 5—6 II

13.0 26—30 6—7 5—8 ii~i5

12.5 32 7 8 13

12.0 25—33 5—7 6—8 II — 14

i'ó 33 6—7 7 13

I i.o 27 7 6 — 7 II — 13

10.5 29 7 7 II — 12

10. o 30 6 — 7 6 1 I

The points of difference between ferox and robusta have been emphasised in the foregoing

characters rather than the points of similarity; the latter are also numerous and important, but

more conspicuous.

It is possible that the specimens from Misaki which Aida attributed to hispida, Conant,
were really referable to roóusta, which had not been described at the time that Aida wrote.

Robusta, Siboga Exp. 10 — 12 25 — 33 5 — 7 6 — 8 11 — 14

Hispida Aida 11 25 7 — 8 7 — 8 11 — 17

Hispida Conant 7 — 11 ' 33 8 — 9 4 — 5 8 — 15

At any rate it is apparent from the marked difference in the number of anterior teeth that they
were not hispida Conant: Aida further describes the head in his specimens as "corriparatively
large", while a reference to Conant's figure of hispida shows a very small head. Aida's
description and figure agree sufficiently well with robusta, but I have only seen an eighth jaw
as a rudiment.

10. Sagitta serratodentata Krohn.

A. Kroiin. Nachtragliche Bemerkungen über den Ban der Gattung Sagitta. Archiv für
Naturgeschichte. Jahrgang XIX, p. 266.

The characters of this widely distributed species have been given in Biscayan Plankton
(p. 58), and need not be repeated here. Such points of interest as were presented by the Siboga
specimens will be discussed below (pp. 29, 30) in connection with a more general question.

The outline of a typical specimen (fig. 59) shows one or two slight differences from
the Biscayan type. l'ormulae : —

14.0 28 7 9 — 10 18

12.0 25 6 9 17—20

I 1.5 26 6 9 18

1 1 .0 27 6 8 — 9 1 7 — 19

21

lO.O

25—30

5 — 7

8-9

15—19

9.0

22—33

5 7

6-9

13—18

8.0

25—31

6-7

8-9

14 — 16

7.0

28-35

6-7

5-8

9—14

6.0

6-7

5-6

8- 9

5-5

36

7

5

10

1 1 . Sagitta Sibogae species nova.

Characters. Head large, separated from the body by a well marked neck, with a
very short collarette. Body firm, thickest about the middle third, tapering gradually fonvard,
more rapidly backward. Longitudinal muscles strong and rather opaque-, lateral fields conspicuous
and fairly wide. Tail segment narrow, about 21 to 33 per cent. of the total length.

Anterior fins long, widest posteriorly (not so wide as in Bedoti), diminishing slightly
anteriorly; they reach to the abdominal ganglion; rays(?) absent from the anterior part. Owing
to shrinkage inwards of the lateral fields, the anterior fins are often hardly apparent. Posterior
fins broader than the anterior, but shorter : about equally distributed on tail and trunk, widest
near the plane of the septum ; ceasing far short of the' vesiculae seminales. Tail fin truncate,
reaching the vesiculae seminales.

Jaws for the most part slender and comparatively straight; the first (youngest) with unusually
strong base and somewhat more curved ; their tips simple and rather large. Anterior teeth short,
with broad bases. Posterior teeth long, broader and with narrower bases than in Bcdoti.

Corona ciliata not observed with certainty. \'estibular ridge with numerous large papillae,
which are higher, more regular, and not so sharp, when compared witli those of Bcdoti. Eyes
with elongated pigment. Formulae : —

6 8 22

5 — 6 9 — 10 17 — 20

6 9 20

6 II 22

6 9 20 — 23

6 9 20

5—6 7—10 18—23

5—6 8—9 17

6 8 — 9 16 — 22

5 — 6 9 — 10 19 — 21

6 8 — 9 17 — 19
5—6 8—9 15—18

6—7 8 15—17

7 7 16

6713
s 8 16

20.0

25

19.0

21—23

18.5

24

17-5

2 2

17.0

26 — 27

16.5

24

16.0

25-28

14-5

27

14.0

25

13-5

25

13.0

23—30

12.5

24

12.0

29

1 1.0

2 2

10.0

30

9.0

-1 ">

22

The general form of the body is much h'ke that of Bedoti, so much so that at first
the two species were confused with one another. But it can really be quite readily distinguished
bv the larger head, the elongated eye-pigment, the little collarette, and the smaller extension of
the posterior fin. The dotted outline of the corona in figure 6i is a restoration from fragments,
and is possibly incorrect.

12. Sagitta Zetesios Fowler.

G. H. Fowler. Op. cit., p. ()7.

Three fine specimens from Station 141, well preserved in formalin, and measuring 20,
27 and 30 mm., seemed to be almost certainly referable to this species. The largest of these has
been drawn as figure 73, and exhibits a condition of fin and collarette intermediate between
ficrures 22 and 23 of the Biscayan Report. Three small and less well preserved specimens in
the same haul, appeared also to be'attributable to the same species; one of these is represented
in fig. 74. Ten further specimens in the same haul, although at first of a different appearance,
yet cüuld be placed in no other species; they were obviously very sharply contracted, judged
by the look of the longitudinal muscles, and especially so at the posterior end; this had given
them a very thick-set appearance with a stumpy tail, and had exaggerated the width of the
posterior fin. The outline of one of these forms figure 75, and the jaws and teeth have been
drawn from another of the same set, so that the similarity to Zetesios may be observed in the
least likely case. Precisely the same contraction, with the same result.s, was noticeable in many
specimens of Krohnia hamata from deep vertical nets.

The remainder of the material assigned to this species was preserved in alcohol, and
showed for the most part the same effects of sharp contraction ; but the specimens could
apparently be graded backwards into the large finely-preserved specimens first mentioned. The
tail in these contracted forms, not unnaturally, often bore a smaller proportion to the total
lenfth than was the case with the Bi.scayan specimens; and in all the Siboga specimens the
lateral fields seemed broader, and the posterior fin more rounded. But the coincidence of more
important characters is so close, that there is no necessity to found a new .species on such points.

As with the Biscayan material, e\'en the largest specimen was far from maturity, the
vesiculae seniinales only projecting slightly. Formulae : —

30

26

7

8

17-

27

25

9

8

19

25

20

9

9

18

23

26

9 — 10

8 — 10

18

22

27

8

8

•7

21

2 1

9

1 1

20

2 o'

27—30

8-9

7—10

16

«9

21 — 26

8—10

7-8

16—18

iS

23 — 27

8-9

7—9

16—18

16

24

10

8

»7

•4

i6

13

— :

H

13

— ]
13

[5

9-

— I

I 2

4

23

15 23 9 9 i8

14 18—25 8 5—6

13 23 7—9 8

12 20 — 30 7 — 8 6 — 7

II 22 — 27 9 — 10 5 — 7

10 25 8—9 7

9 27 7—9 5 — 7

8 23—30 9—10 5—6

It is probably a result of the strong contraction that this table is not quite so level as
in some species, certain specimens appearing under a shorter total length than they possessed
in life. But on taking the contracted specimens to a separate table, I still got no clue by which
to sort them into separate species.

II. Genus Krohnia (Langerhans, 1880).
13. Krolitiia haniata IVIoebius.

K. MoEBius. Zoologische Ergebnisse der ('Pommerania') Nordseefahrt : Vermks. Jahresb.
d. Comm. z. wissensch. Untersuch. d. deutschcn Meere. Jahrgang I. and II., s. 105.

The characters of this interesting species have been given at length in Biscayan Plankton
(p. 74) and need not to be repeated here. There exists a very slight ridge with sense bulbs
in the position of the vestibular ridge of Sagitta ; but it is e.xtremely difficult to see, and I
had failed to observe it among the Biscayan and Faeroe Channel specimens. Some of the
younger specimens exhibited the sagination of the more ventral javvs already described by
Strodtmann and the present writer. Formulae : —

26.0 2- II 20

24.0 29 — 2,-}^ '' — '2 16 — 23

20.0 25 — 27 10 — II 19 — 21

19.0 31 II 15

18.0 27 — ;;i I 1 20

13 12—14

16.0 28 — \x 8 — 12 13 — 21

15.0 23 — 30 9 — II 19 — 21

14.5 31 II 18

14.0 28 — 32 10 — 12 17 — 20

*•

/

29"

0.1

25-

-27

3

I

27-

0 0

2

9

2 8-

"34

25-

-30

I

28-

-32

26-

-30

25-

~0 0

22-

-27

2

8

->
J

0

-1

0

0

II 12 I

12.0 25 33 10 16 19

I I .0 22 27 10 II II 13

10.5 28 10 16 17

10. 0 30 10 — II 17

8.5 30 10 9

8.0 25 — 31 9 12

As in the table of Zeiesios, and for the same reason, namely the sharp contraction
lengthvvays of many specimens from deep water, the table is shghtly irregular.

Up to about 20 mm. the teeth were very much more numerous than in the Faeroe
Channel specimens. None of the specimens were in really good preservation, but so far as
could be ascertained there was no reason to doubt their specific identity with Moebius' species.

14. Krohnia pacijica Aida.
T. Aida. Op. cit., p. 19.

L. DONCASTER. Op. cit., p. 215.

Characters. Head of medium size, neck fairly well marked; no collarette. Body
slender, but stouter than in suötilis, thickest about midway between septum and abdominal
ganglion, tapering gradually in both directions. Lateral fins beginning at nearly two thirds of
the distance from ganglion to septum, reaching posteriorly to the vesiculae seminales, generally
more on the tail than on the trunk, widest behind the septum. Tail fin rounded, extending
forward to the vesiculae .seminales. Tail segment 25 to 41 per cent. of the total body-length.
generally less than in subtilis.

Jaws with long acute tip; they begin centrally on a gentle curve, with which the
straighter distal portion of the convex side almost makes an obtuse angle; at this jtoint the
crest of the convex side is markedly thickened; the crest is thicker and darker in colour than
in siibfilis. Teeth bayonet-shaped, springing from a thinner neck than is the case in suófi/zs,
more numerous than in subtilis of the same length. Corona ciliata short, clove-shaped, just
e.xtending on to the head, but not reaching the eyes. No vestibular ridge observed. F'ormulae: —

Siboga Ex. :

9.0

27—33

8

I 2 — 16

8.0

25—31

8-9

12 — 15

7-.S

33

8

15

70

28

8-9

12 — 13

6.5

30

6

I 2

6.0

33 41

6-9

1 2

5-0

30

8—9

'3

Aida.

6

30

9

10 — I I

DoNCASTER.

7

33

9

13

The differences between this species and subtilis are very slight, hut 1 must withdraw
the suggestion of their identity made in Biscayan Plankton (p. 79). At the same time the
characters set out above do not lally in every point with Aida's brief description ; stil), the
identity of jaws and teeth (the onl\- magnified details which he figures), and the general
agreement, leave little room for doubt that wc are both dealing with the same forms. He
describes the fins as lying equall\ on trunk and tail '), a condition whicii I have also noticed,
but generally more is distributed on the tail than on the trunk.

l) His figurc shows much more on the trunk than on the tail.

AiDA States that "this species greatly resembles Krohnia subtilis, but is distinguished
by its small head, regular row of teeth, the smaller number of the teeth, and some other
characters". Grassi, it is true, emphasises the size of the head (in the text, though not in the
figure). but the camera lucida outline which I have given in Biscayan Plankton (fig. 50) shows
that stibtilis has a medium rather than a large head ; the neck in some markedly contracted
specimens makes the head look larger than it really is. As to the regularity of the rows of
teeth, this depends, both in subtilis and pacifica, on the amount of expansion of the head at
death ; the teeth may be spread out into a definite fan-like row, or (more usually) may be
compressed together so as to form the walls of part of a cone, the tips of the teeth converging.
As to the smaller number of teeth, pacifica actually has more than subtilis at the same total
length, but Aida's recorded specimen measured only 6 mm.

Krohnia pacifica was also recorded b\- Doncaster from the Maldive Archipelago,
represented by two specimens reaching 7 mm. in length, one of which carried mature ova.
A 9 mm. specimen from Siboga Station 168, .showed the same septate condition of the ovary
as Doncaster figured, there being six large ova on each side ; this septate condition is noticeable
in other species (e. g. Sibogae, serratodentata and ferox), and is apparently only an expression
of maturity, probably the only certain symptom of absolute female ripeness.

15. Krolinia subtilis Grassi.
B. Grassi. Op. cit., p. 16.

The great slenderness of the body, the high percentage value of the tail segment, the
character of the teeth and jaws serve to identify this with Grassi's species. The general
characters will be found in Biscayan Plankton (p. 78).

Some points of distinction between this species and pacifica have already been mentioned.
In addilion, the jaws of subtilis are thinner when viewed from the outer convex edge, and are
more transparent and lighter in colour. Both have much the same outline when viewed antero-
posteriorly, but the change of curve on the convex edge is hardly so abrupt as in pacifica \ and
at this point there is in subtilis a lesser thickening of the outer crest; on the other hand, the
inner concave border appears to be much thicker than in pacifica, so that the pulp-cavity
becomes very narrow.

The table shows four specimens

only :

13-5

37

?

10

1 2.0

37

8-9

? 10

I I.O

45

7—8

9

III. Genus Spadella [scnsu Langerhans 1880).

16. Spadella draco Krohn.

A. Krohn. Op. cit., p. 273.

B. Grassi. Op. cit., p. 15.
? Spadella Voitgai Béraneck.

E. BÉRANECK. Op. cit., p. 155.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIli XXI.

26

Characters. Head large with a well marked neck. Body stout, nearly equally thick
throughout, but tapering slightly towards head and posterior fin; firm, rather opacjiie. Longitudinal
muscles well developed. Tail segment 41 to 57 per cent. of the total length.

A lateral epidermic expansion, forming an exaggerated collarette, reaches from the
widest part of the head to the post-septal fin, with which its oudine in older specimens becomes
continuous: widest at or just before its junction with the fin. Fins commencing at the tail
septum, extending in mature specimens to the vesiculae seminales when tumid; generally rounded.
Tail fin truncate, reaching the vesiculae seminales when tumid.

Jaw.s slender, at first nearly straight, then slightly curved ; the internal edge often
saginate for some distance about the middle of their length : the tips sharp, of medium size.
Anterior teeth with rather narrow bases; dark in colour. Posterior teeth long, slender, closely
set, dark in colour,

Vestibular ridge with regular blunt spikes. Corona ciliata oval or he.xagonal, hing
entirely on the neck and trunk.

The following table has been constructed from 16 specimens.

9.0

44

8

9

?9

8.0

43—50

8-9

8-9

12 — 16

7-5

46

8

9

12

7.0

43—57

7 9

7—10

11 — 15

6.0

41

7

8

12

It may be doubted whether the differences between draco and Vongai are more than
matters of their respecti\^e ages (length.s). The smallest specimen which I assigned to draco
measured 5 mm. and was a giant compared to Bëraneck's three specimens of 3 and 4 mm.;
its armature formula was 8 : 6 : 10, as again.st their 9 : 4 — 5 : 6 — 7. W'hat at first seems to
be an important difference lies in the sharply curved tip of the jaw figured by Bér.vneck in
Vougai\ but the oldest jaws of young draco are often .somewhat curved, and hardly exhibit
the sagination described above. Even with Zeiss Apochr. 4, oc. 8, I failed to see the points
figured by Béraneck at the tips of the teeth of draco \ and believe that, as in other cases,
their appearance is due to wear and damage; this, if true, would break down another distinction
between draco and Vougai.

IV. Species incertae.

? Sagiita furcata Steinhaus, and planctojtis Steinhaus.

O. Steinhaus. Die Verbrcitung der Chaetognathcn im südatlantischen uiui imlisclicn Occan.
Inaugural-Üisscrtation, Kiel, 1896, 8vo.

Five specimens from deep hauls with the vertical net have been very doubtfully assigned
to these two species: regard being had to the armature (practically the same in both) and their
comparative firmness and flaccidity. The following table gives their stations and formulae.

.-/

Station

ii8

27

Station

143

23

Station

141

21

Station

141

2 I

Station

'85

17

22

6

7

9 — 10

} fttrcata.

26

8

7-8

9 II

} planctonis

23

7-8

6

9 — 10

} plafictonis

24

7

6

10

1 furcata.

23

9

4—5

10

'^ planc totlis

Note to the General Table of Capttires.

The following table shows all species except the doubtful furcata-planctonis specimens-,
the details of which have just been given. Some hauls in this list do not occur in the published
list, and have been added from the labels.

142 (2). Owing to a bad cork, the material was rotten.

172. Every specimen identified in about a quarter of the total material received.
194 — 7. These four hauls had been put together.

225'=? This was labelled 225, but contained too many, too large, and too well preserved
specimens for the Horizontal Cylinder.

In some hauls the number of specimens of each species was counted; in other cases the
fact of the occurrence has been merely indicated by a cross. Occasionally the counted material
has been supplemented by the occurrence of another species from a separate tube, so that
both figures and a cross may be seen under the same liaul.

The following abbreviations have been used.

D. Dredge.

H.C. Horizontal Cylinder.
H.V. Hensen Vertical Net.
M.N. Mesoplankton Closing Net.

T. Tow-net and 'Brut-netz'.

Tr. Trawl.

00 Hundreds of specimens.

<

1

<

H

NO

Depth

Net

H
0

g

n

i

z

i

ld

<

Cf
Cd

t

<

<:

X

a.

ai
u

■<

l

z

<
ai

X

-

s

1

<
a

ld

<
a
0

•E

en

0

1

S3

<
<

S i

< 3

8

<

ïe

b:

<" 1

1

i

I

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

l6

36^0

HV

X

X

X

X

X

.

.

35

13 10 — 0

Tr

2

35(2)

0

ï

X

X

X

X

.

36

0

ï

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

•

37

0

'P

2

108

«4

24

X

I

1

8

47

0

T

X

X

X

.

X

,

50

0

T

X

X

X

,

,

X

66

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

7'

0

r

X

.

X

.

75

11— 0

IIV

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

81

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

.

X

X

90

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

.

X

.

•

93

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

96

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X >

<

X

X

X

99

0

T

2

24

3

I

I

i

I

,

.

.

104

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

.

X

,

106

0

T

29

cv

28

X

X

5

X

X

2

I

107

580 — 0

D

.

I

.

loy

0

T

36

18

5

7

I

I

110

0

T

3

32

I

I

I

3

«3

5

,

1 12

0

HC

X

X

X

X

X

X

117.

0

T

I

c. 200

12

1

I

118

900 — 0

HV

3

«7

8

II

I

5

6

1

.22(2)

0

T

3

53

4

16

?4

I

109

125

0

T

,

X

X

X

X

X

X

128

700—0

HV

2

«33

0

T

><

X

X

X

?x

?"x

X

X

X

136

0

T

62

co

58

X

8

«4

7

22

2

8

138

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

141

1 500 — 0

HV

64

co

2

9

,

«5

5

5

3

«4

II

21

142(2)

0

T

.

X

X

«43

1000 — 0

HV

8

cv

4

7

8

?2

5

2

5

7

4

«44

0

T

29

229

21

I

4

7

6

• 1

2

146

0

T

24

?X

I

14S

lOOO — 0

HV

4

35

X

I

X

X

5

2

X

I

4

'49

0

T

X

X

,

.

«57

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

'■ X

,

X

165

0

T

18

3«8

47

4

X

4

9

I

4

168

0

T

12

-\- 100

«9

3

«5

4

2

3

«3

2

4

169

0

T

2

68

13

77

6

,

I

172

0

T

46

182

6

I

22

\

l

,

5

«74

0

T

X

X

X

.

,

•75

1914-0

Tr

.

? 1

,

«77''

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

.

X

_

X

X

184

0

T

6

60

2

X

4

X

X

6

.

185

1536—0

HV

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

<

10

<

X

186

0

T

3

18

I

2

2

1891

0

T

II

165

I

X

2

6

5

18

«94(«)

0

HC

3

,

.

2

«94(2)

0

T

i'ó

257

7

I

6

8

4

194—7

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

203(1)

1500 — 0

HV

7

105

18

9

5

.

2

203(2)

0

T

3

36

I

I

.

,

205

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

?X

X

X

X

208

1886—0

Tr

,

.

.

210^

1944—0

Tr

.

.

}2

2Ioa (2)

0

T

X

X

X

.

X

X

2«3

0

T

X

X

X

.

.

X

.

X

215

0

T

X

X

X

X >

<

.

X

X

215^.(2)

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

216

975-415

MN

.

,

217(2)

0

T

.

X

,

>

<

\

X

X

2«7(3)

0

HC

X

X

.

X

>

<

X

X

X

220(1)

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

220(2)

200—0

HV

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

>

<

X

220(3)

10 — 0

HV

X

X

.

X

X

X

X

X

223(2)

0

T

X

X

X

,

X

>

<

X

X

224

0

HC

.

19

X

,

X

>

<

2

28

X

225c?

0

T

X

X

X

X

X >

<

X

X

229

0

T

4

88

5

13

I

X

230(1)

2000 — 0

HV

X

X

,

X

X

X

>

<

X

243

1000 — 0

II V

I

I

.

X

,

2

?'x

X

>

(.

1

245

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

.

252

0

T

X

X

X

X

X

X

276

750-0

HV

5

7

X

X

X

?"l

X

f X

X

X

304

0

HC

.

X

X

X 1

,

X

X

3'S

0

T

X

X

X

X

X 1

X

X

X

.

b. ALLEGED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND INDO-PACIFIC SPECIMENS OF THE SAME SPECIES.

Attention has been called to some supposed relations between European and Indo-
Pacific specimens, the chief of which is that the latter possess a greater number of teeth than
is found in specimens of the same species from European waters: — a relation, which, if
proved to be true, would be of considerable interest. The instances on which it has been based
are as follows.

AiDA (op. cit.) called attention to this supposed fact in his record of 'bipimctata ; but
there is no doubt in my mind that he had before him, not bipunctata Ouoy and Gaimard,
but Bcdoti Béraneck (compare pp. 7, 8 above); this instance therefore I believe to lapse. Aida
also made the same comparison with hispida Conant; but here again it is practically certain
that he was not dealing with Conant's species (compare p. 20). Donc.\ster expresses his
agreement with Aida on this point about 'hispida, but mentions no such differentiating details
of the specimens, as would make it clear to a reader that he had Conant's species before him.

DoNCASTER further states that in enjlata from the Maldive Archipelago, as compared
with European species, the tail segment is 'rather shorter in proportion to- the trunk, and the
teeth are sometimes more numerous. Exactly the same differences are described by Aida between
the S. enjiata found in Japan and those of European waters'. Aida however had recorded for
Japan (9 — 10 ; 6 — 8 : 10 — 11) much the same formula as Grassi for the Mediterranean
(9 : 6 — 9 : 9 — 11); and he reported the tail segment as '/5 to '/e of the total length, while
Grassi described it as little less than a quarter; there is practically no difiference here. Doncaster
did not publish the number of teeth on which his statement was based. A reference to the
table on jjage 9 above will show that the teeth in old specimens of enjlata are often more
numerous than Grassi recorded, but his largest specimen was only 20 mm. long, and did not
differ greatly from the Siboga figures for that length.

For serratodentata Doncaster records 18 — 20 posterior teeth and 10 anterior, "instead
of 12 and 8 respectively in European waters". The following table bears upon this point.

Gr.\ssi, Naples.

13

33

6—8

6 8

12

Krohn, Messina.

IC

6 8

8

18

'Biscayan Plankton'.

10—15

25—35

6—8

4—7

7—13

Siboga Exped.

1 0 — 1 4

25—30

5 — 7

8—10

15—20

Béraneck, Amboina.

—

to 9

to 16

Doncaster, Maldive

Isl.

—

10

lS-^20

On the whole the teeth recorded are more numerous in Pacific than in European
specimens, but Krohn's record of 1 8 posterior teeth from Messina upsets at once any conclusion
that might be drawn as to this being a mere matter of geographical position.

There certainly is a great difference between the table of serratodentata in Biscayan
Plankton (p. 59) and that given in this Report (pp. 20, 21); they were based respectively on
thirty eight and thirty specimens; roughly speaking, the number of posterior teeth in a Pacific
specimen is doublé that of a Biscayan specimen at the same length. It is possible that this
may be correlated with the respective temperatures at which the specimens live, but a long

30

series of similar observations froni different latitudes would be necessary before this could be
regarded as even probable.

It seemed at first sight possible that in these Indo-Pacific serratodentata might be found
an instance of the faster rate of Hfe which has been alleged to characterise tropical plankton,
as the resiih of more rapid metabolism at higher temperatures; that these specimens might
prove not only to reach a higher complement of teeth, but also to attain sexual maturity at
a shorter total length than their Atlantic brethren. But the examination of a number of specimens
from both localities showed that the first evidences of sexuality appeared in both sets at about
the same total length of 9 — 11 mm. (it varies a good deal with the individual); it may have
proceeded a little more rapidly in the case of the tropical specimens, but there seemed to be at
most only the difference of a millimetre of total length on the average, in specimens at the same
apparent stage of sexual development. This is by no means definite enough to found a case upon.

In young Kro/inia hamata from the Siboga Expedition more teeth were observed than
in the corresponding specimens from the Faeroe Channel, but the question of sexual maturity
could not be well studied owing to the imperfect preservation of the former material.

In summary it may therefore be said that at present there is a lack of positive evidence
to prove that European specimens develop fewer teeth than Indo-Pacific at the same total
lenorth ; and that although such a difference clearly existed between serratodentata from the
Bay of Biscay and from the area of the Siboga expedition, still it is practically certain from
Krohn's observations at Messina that this is not the expression of a mere difference of longitude,
but must be capable of some other explanation.

At the same time, it need hardly be pointed out that a case of such wide variation
suggests that in the future, when more is known of the group, the number of species may be
considerablv reduced.

C. NOTES ON SOME SPECIES NOT CAPÏURED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION.

Sagitta arctica Aurivillius.

C. W. S. Aurivillius. Das Plankton der Baffins Bay und Davis' Strait. Festskrift Wilhelm
LlLLJEBüRG, p. 188. Upsala 1896. 4to.
? elegans Vcrrill.
A. E. VerriLL. Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent water. United
States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part I, pp. 440, 453, 626. (For the years 1871,
1872; published 1873).
} falcidens Leidy.
J. Leiüy. On Sagitta, etc. Procecdings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Year 1882, p. 102.

The original diagnosis of this form is too brief to enable any one but its describer to
identify it with certainty, it runs as follows : "Flossen wie bei 5. hexaptcra d'Orb. Greifhaken
II (12), Vorderzahne 6 (7), Hinterzahne 15 (16), Schwanz-Segment (ohne Flosse) = '/4 des
Rumpfes. Körperlitnge 28 — 30 mm.". No figure of the species has been published, so far as
I can ascertain.

It seems to be very probable that arctica will prove to be identical with Verrill's
elegans, and with Leidy's falcidetis; possibly also with Zetesios.

arctica

28—30

25

1 1 — 12

6-7

15 — 16

elegans ')

25—30

20

9 — 12

5 — 7

12—15

falcidens

19

?

II — 14

6-7

18

Zetesios (Bisc. Rept.)

20—32

25—33

8—10

7 9

17—19

Zetesios (Siboga Exp.)

25—30

20 — 26

7 9

8-9

17—19

That the first three are identical seems to be as certain as mere similarity of formulae
can make it-, elegans would in this case take priority of arctica. Zetesios carries rather fewer
jaws and more anterior teeth, so that the probabiHty of identity is not quite so great. In the
Synonymie List and Record of Distribution below, arctica and elegans stand as independent
species, and must remain so until a fuller description of the former is published, or until some
observer can compare specimens of the two. Falcidens has been placed under elegans in the tables.

Sagitta bipiinctata Quoy et Gaimard.

J. R. C. Quoy et P. Gaimard. Observations zoologiques faites a bord de l'Astrolabe en Mai
1826 dans Ie détroit de Gibraltar. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Tomé X, p. i.

Of some immatiire bipunctata lately received from the Zoological Station at Naples, the
two longest gave a formula of 8.5 : 23 : 8 : 4 — 5 : 9 — i i. Some well-developed specimens were also
obtained from the Laboratory at Plymouth. The only external difference noticeable between these
and the specimens from Parson's Bank (Biscayan Report, p. 69; and p. 17 above) lay in a slightly
greater extension backwards of the posterior fin ; it thus becomes about equally distributed on trunk
and tail, and falls into line with Gr.\ssi's figure of the species (op. cit., PI. I, fig. 4); in that case
the fully developed vesiculae seminales might svvell to meet the posterior fins as in his drawing
(compare p. 5 above). The characters given in the Büscayan Report seem therefore to require
amendment in this point; the following should also have been added to the characters — "a short
and narrow thickening of the epidermis behind the head represents the rudiment of a collarette".

The Neapolitan specimens of 8.5 mm. were at the same stage of sexual development
as Channel specimens of 19 mm., judgcd by the length of the ovary and the projection of the
vesiculae seminales. This may be connected with the early ripening of a warm-water race, but
is as likely to be due to the time of year at which the capture was made.

Sagitta elegans Verrill.

A. E. Verrill. Op. cit.

F. S CoNANT. Notes on the Chaetognaths. Johns Hopklns University Circulars. Vol. XV, p. 82.

gracilis Verrill.

A. E. Verrill. Results of the explorations made by the steamer "Albatross". United States

Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part XI, p. 303 (For the year, 1883, published 1885).
falcidens Leidy.
J. Leidy. Op. cit.
? arctica Aurivillius.
C. W. S. Aurivillius. Op. cit.

i) From Conant's ledescription.

Of this species, founded by Verrill in 1873, figured by the same author under the
name of gracilis in 1885, the following characters have been extracted from his description
and figure, and Conant's description : — Head small, not much broader than the body at its
broadest; neck not sharply marked. Body slender, thickest in the middle, tapering slighdy
towards both ends. Tail segment 20 per cent of the total length.

Anterior fins short, narrow, elliptical, rather far forward. Posterior fins separated from
the anterior by a long gap rather less than their length; about equal in length to the anterior
[but drawn much longer], elliptical, not reaching to the vesiculae seminales when the latter
project only slightly, about equally distributed on trunk and tail [in the figure ; but the oviducal
papillae at the tail septum are stated in the text to be at about the posterior third of the
fins, which would leave two thirds on the trunk]; vvidest at the plane of the septum. Tail fin
broadly rounded.

Jaws considerably curved, with acute tips. Corona ciliata elongated, .sinuous, oval. Formula

25—30 20 8—12 5—7 12—15.

The possibility that this may perhaps = arctica Aurivillius, and its practical identity
with what litde we know of falcidens Leidy, have been already mentioned. At any rate the
latter has not been so fully described as to merit a place among valid species.

Sagitta hispida Conant (non Aida").

F. S. Conant. Description of two new Chaetognaths. Johns Hopkins University Circulars.
Vol. XIV, p. ^^.

The following characters have been deduced from Conant's text and figure. Length
7 — II mm. Head small, with no perceptible neck in contraction. [From the outline of the
animal we may fairly presume the presence of a collarette]. Trunk of nearly the same thickness
throughout its length, but tapering slightly forwards.

y\nterior fins rounded, not reaching the abdominal ganglion ; widest a little before their
posterior end, narrowing rapidly forwards. Posterior fins long, rounded, much more on the tail
than on the trunk, widest well behind the septum ; much longer and rather broader than the
anterior fins. Tail fin rounded.

Formula ' 7— i i : 33 : 8— 9 : 4— 5 ; 8— 15.

Corona ciliata long and sinuous, extending from in front of the eyes to near [? how nearj
the abdominal ganglion.

Unfortunately Conant's figure cannot be trusted implicitly : he described the corona as
reaching "almost to the level of the abdominal ganglion", and the anterior fins as extending
"from near the level of the abdominal ganglion"; but in the drawing he leaves no less than
14 ])er cent of the total length between corona and fms, which shows an error somewhere.

So far as the description goes, it is indistinguishable from Mediterranean specimens of
óipuncla/a, but the entire absence of a neck in the figure, removes this possibility. So far as
description and figure go, there is nothing to separate it trom neglecta except the extension

forwards of the corona between the eyes; from the apparently world-wide serratodentata it
differs in nothing but the (presumably) smooth jaws, of which however nothing is stated in
Conant's description bevond their number. It is often extremely difficult to detect the serrations
in specimens in which it is poorly developed, when the head is (as often) under the prepuce;
and it is quite possible that Conaxt may have overlooked them. But until hispida has been
re-studied in American waters, it must stand as a vahd species.

It seems hardly probable that Aida really had Conant's species before him. Not only,
as already pointed out, are the numbers of teeth against this identification, but his figure differs
markedly from Conant's ; it shows a marked neck, quite unHke the strong collarette of hispida ;
the anterior fin is widest at about the middle of its length, instead of being widest posteriorly;
and the posterior fin is about equally distributed on trunk and tail, instead of being much
more on the tail than on the trunk.

Doncaster also records hispida from the Maldive Islands. It is to be hoped that
reporters on the next Indo-Pacific coUections will consider the possibility that hispida Doncaster
may = neglecta Aida (with which the short description closely tallies), and that hispida Aida
may = roótisfa Doncaster. But it is of course also possible that I have cpnfused hispida with
robusta or with ferox in the Siboga collections.

Sagitta lyra Krohn.

A. Kroiin. Op. cit., p. 272.

A few specimens with this label were received from the Zoological Station in Naples.
I still think that this species is probably furcata .Steinhaus, (compare Biscayan Plankton, p. 64),
altered by pressure in the tow-net or by the action of reagents, or by both, in a manner which
is familiar in several of the more flaccid species {furcata^ hcxaptcra^ enjiata). But on spirit
material it is impossible to feel positive on the point.

Krohnia foliacea Aida.

"T. Aida. Op. cit., p. 19.

Characters (deduced from the describer's text and figure). Head small. Body thickest
in the middle third, tapering evenly backwards and forwards. Longitudinal muscles thick. Tail
nearly 20 per cent. of the total length.

Lateral fins long, from about the middle of the caudal seement to the front of the
abdominal ganglion.

Jaws with the tips curved as in haitiata. Corona ciliata 'flask' shaped, on the head only.

Formula 11 : 20 : 7 : 5.

But for the short tail and few posterior teeth, this might easily enough be young hatnata,
from the cold water which is stated in some years to reach comparatively low latitudes on the
coast of Japan during the period of the N.E. Monsoon. It may yet prove to be so, for the
posterior teeth, although too few for the hamata of the area studied b)- the Siboga Expedition,
are not too few when compared with specimens from the Faeroe Channel.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XXI. c

34

Spadella cephaloptcra Busch.

W. Busch. Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklung einiger wirbellosen Seethiere.

Berlin, 185 1, 4to.
Claparedi Grassi.
B. Grassi. Op. cit., p. 17.

Specimens received from the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth, and from the
Scilly Islands sent by my friend Mr. Rupert V.\llentin, seem to leave no doubt of the
identity of the species of Busch and of Grassi. As the latter author himself points out (p. 18,
note) it is generally impossible to see all the teeth except in preparations made to that end,
which removes the chief discrepancy between the two descriptions; the other point which he
emphasises, the enlargement of the epidermal expansion behind the head, varies with the
amount and character of the death-contraction, and its effect on the width of the collarette
(compare p. 4 above).

Characters. Head of medium size, marked off from the body by a distinct neck,
which however is obscured by the collarette. Two clavate papillae on the prepuce (lost in my
specimens). Collarette very broad just behind the head; its outline indented at the patches of
sense cells; behind the neck it narröws, but extends to the tail-septum, where its outline
becomes continuous with that of the lateral fins. Body firm, opaque, flattened dorso-ventrally,
thickest at about the septal region, more tapered forwards than backwards. Tail about 50 per
cent. of the total length.

Lateral fins long, extending from the septum to the vesiculae seminales, of medium
width. Tail fin long, spatulate.

Jaws slender, sometimes slightly saginate, their tips curved. The two rows of teeth are
very close together; the teeth irregularly set, blunt; the innermost tooth of the anterior row
is very long.

Corona ciliata on the neck only; extending outwards over the collarette; with its long
axis transver.se to that of the body, either a regular oval (Grassi, Hertwig), or slightly waved
posteriorly (Busch) or markedly 'invaginated' posteriorly (specimens from Plymouth and Scilly);
very broad. Vestibular ridgc not seen.

Formula : 5 : 50 : 8—9 : 3—5 : 3—4.

In a carmine fjreparation, the corona exhibited two parallel bands of cells ; the outermost
with fine deeply .staining nuclei, of the same appearance as those of the patches of sense cells;
the innermost were larger and yellowish, and of a more glandular look. The specimen drawn
in figure 95 contained large closely appressed ova, evidently nearh' ripc; and at the mouths
of the oviducts were concave patches of glandular-looking cells. The characteristic adhesive
cells have been fully described and figured by Hkrtwu;.

35

d. SYNONYMIC LIST OF SPECIES.

In the following Synonymie List of Species the present writer's views are expressed
as follows :

Thick type used for: vaHd species: Bedoti Béraneck 94.

Ordinary type used for: non valid species: bipunctata Krohn 44.
Italië type used for : doubtful species : 7naxima Conant 96.

which require fur-

ther deseription or

investigation, and

meanwhile should

be neglected;

= used for: valid equations-,

= used for : doubtful or non-

valid equations, or
the equation of tvvo
non-valid species.

The name of each species is foliowed by the name and date of its founder, referring
to the full title of the memoir in the List of Literature below. In many cases this is follovved
by the name and date of the chief recent authorities who, in revising the group, have confirmed
the species, apparently from personal observation. Authorities for an e([uation, whether valid or
non-valid, are cited in ( ) brackets; some of them for the sake of brevity by initials only:

H = Hertwig 80. G = Grassi 82. S = Strodtmann 92.
References to the present Report are cited in square brackets [p. 30].

Sagitta : sensu Langerhans 80.

arctica Aurlvillius 96 (i).

Cleve 00. Conscil Intern. 04 (1).

= ? sp. innom. Fewkes 88 — (Aurlvillius 98).

= ? elegan.s Verrill 73. — [pp. 30 — 32].

Bedoti Béraneck 95. — [p. 6].

^bipunctata Aida 97. — [p. 7].
= polyodon Doncastcr 03. — [p. 7].

Bedfordii Doncaster 03.

bidentata Vanhöffen 97.

= bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27.

36

bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27.

Heitwig 80. Grassi 83. Strodtmann 92. Fowlcr 05.

= bidentata (Möb.) Vanhöffen 97.

= bipunctata Suthcrland 52 pars.

= bipunctata Busk 56.

= bipunctata Moebius 75 pars (H. G. S.).

=: britannica Forbes 43.

^germanica Frey und Leuckart 47.

=igennanica Leuckart und Pagenstecher 58. — (H. G. S.).

^ r germanica Uljanin 70.

= germanica Moebius 73.

z=i hamata Aurivillius 96 (2). — (Aurivillius 98).

= ? Marioni Gourret 84.

= nuiltidentata Krohn 53. — (H. G. S.).

z=. setosa Joh. Muller 47. — (H. G. S., Busk 56).

= seto.sa Keferstein 62. • — (H. G. S.).

= setosa Langerhans 80. — (H. G. S.).

=1 ? sp. innom. Slabber 1769 — 1778.

= sp. innom. Wilms 46. — (H. G. S.).

= ? sp. innom. Üersted 49.

= sp. innom. secunda Gegenbaur 58. — (H. G. S.).

= lyra Krohn 53. — (Langerhans 80).

bipunctata Aida 97 = Bedoti Béraneck 95. — |p. 7].

Béraneck 95 =z r neglecta Aida 97. — [p. 17].

Busk 56 = hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43. — (H. G. S.).

Eydou.K et Souleyet 52 = rneglecta Aida 97 hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43.

Gegenbaur 56 = hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43. — (H. G. S.).

Krohn 44, 53 = hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43. — (H. G. S.).

Langerhans 80 = hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43. — (H. G. S.).

Moebius 75 = hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43 • bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard

27. — (H. G. S).
Sutherland 52 = r bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27 -j- Zetesios Fowler 05.

britannica Forbes 43.

= bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27.

Darvvini Grassi 83.

= exaptera Dar win 44 pars. — (G.).

= hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 42. — (S.).

decipiens Fowler 05.

diptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43.

= ? Claparedi Grassi 83. — (G.).

elegans Verrill -ji.

\'errili 85. Conant 96.

= ? arctica Aurivillius 96 (i). — fpp. 30, 32].

^ falcidens Leidy 83. — |pp. 30, 32|.

= gr,icilis Verrill 73. — (Verrill quoted by Conant 96).

= r hexaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43. — (S).

37

enflata Grassi 8i. — [p. 8].

Grassi 83. Strodtmann 92. Béraneck 95. Doncaster 03.

= ? flaccida Conant 96. — [p. 9].

= ? Gardineri Doncaster 03. — [p. 9].

= ? lyra Langerhans 80. — (G.).

exaptera d'Orbigny 35 — 42. Darwin 44.

[Now written hexaptera].

falcidens Leidy 83.

=:elegans VerriU 73. — [pp. 30, 32].

ferox Doncaster 03. — [p. 10].

flaccida Conant 96.

Doncaster 03.

= enflata Grassi 83. — [p. 9].

furcata Steinhaus 96.

Gamble 00. Fowler 05.

z=.} lyra Krohn (Fowler 05). — |p. 33].

Gardineri Doncaster 03.

= enflata Grassi 83. — [p. 9].

Gegenbauri Fol 79.

= sp. innom. prima Gegenbaur 56. — (Fol 79).
= ? minima Grassi 83. — (G.).

= serratodentata Krohn 53. — (H. G. S.).

germanica Frey und Leuckart 47.

Leuckart and Pagenstecher 58. ? Uljanin 70. Moebius 73.
= bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (H. G. S.)-

gracilis VerriU 85.

= elegans VerriU J2i- — (VerriU, quoted by Conant 96).
= hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43- — (S-)-

hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43-
(exaptera)

Darwin 44. Hertwig 80. Grassi 83. Strodtmann 92. [p. ii|

= bipimctata Krolin 44, 53. — (H. G. S.).

=: bipunctata Eydoux et Souleyet 52, fig. 2. — (H. G. S.).

■= bipunctata Gegenbaur 56. — (H. G. S.).

= bipunctata Busk 56. — (H. G. S.)-

= bipunctata Moebius 75 pars. — (H. G. S.).

= bipunctata Langerhans 80. — (H. G. S.).

= Darwini Grassi 83. — (S.).

= ? gracilis VerriU 85. — (S.).

38

^ magna Langerhans 80. — (Krumbach 03). [pp. 11 — 15].

= ? mediterranea Forbes 43.

= tricuspidata Kent 70. — [pp. 11 — r5[.

Darwin 44 pars = Darwini Grassi 83. — (G.).

hispida Conant 95, 96. [p. 32].

Aida 97 = r robusta Doncaster 03. — [p. 20].
Doncaster 03 =: ? neglecta Aida 97. — [p. 33].

longidentata Grassi 81.

[not repeated in Grassi 83,

= hexaptera d'Orbigny 35— 43[.

lyra Krohn 53.

Langerhans 80. Hertwig 80. Grassi 83.

= ? bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (Langerhans 80).

^ r furcata Steinhaus 96. — (Fowler 05). [p. 33].

= ? sp. innom. secunda Gegenbaur 56. — (Langerhans 80).
lyra Langerhans 80 = r enflata Grassi 83. — (G.).

magna Langerhans 80.

= hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43- — (Krumbach 03). [p. n — 15]
magna Grassi 83. — [p. 12].

Marioni Gourret 84.

= ? bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27.

maxima Conant 96.

= ?hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43- — [p- 15]-

macrocephala Fowler 05. — [p. 15].

mediterranea Forbes 43.

= ? hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43-

minima Grassi 81.

Grassi 83. Doncaster 03. Strodtmann 92.
= ? Gegenbauri Vo\ 79. — (G.).
^ ? rostrata Busch 51. — (G.).

multidentata Krohn 53.

= bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (H. G. S.

neglecta Aida 97. — [p. i5[.

bipunctata Eydoux et Souleyet 52, fig. i.
bipunctata Héraneck 95. — [p. 17].
hispida Doncaster 03. — (p. 33].

39

planctonis Steinhaus 96.
Fowler 05.

polyodon Doncaster 03.

:= "' Bedoti Béraneck 95. — (Doncaster 03).
:= Bedoti Béraneck 95. — [pp. 7, 8].

pulchra Doncaster 03.

[P- 17]-

regularis Aida 97.

Doncaster 03. — [p. 18].

robusta Doncaster 03. — [p. 19].

r= 1 hispida Aida 97. — [p. 20].

rostrata Busch 5 i.

= r minima Grassi 83. — (G.).

= r setosa Muller 47. — (Krohn 53).

= serriatodentata Krohn 53. — (H. G. S.).

septatu Doncaster 03.

serratodentata Krohn 53.

Hertwig 80. Grassi 83. Strodtmann 92. Fowler 05.

= Gegenbauri Yq\ 79. — (H. G. S.).

= sp. innom. prima Gegenbaur 56. — (H.).

= rostrata Busch 51. — (H. G. S.)-

setosa Joh. Muller 47.

Keferstein 62. Langerhans 80.

= bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (H. G. S.).

sp. innom. Gegenbaur 56, prima =: serratodentata Krohn 53. — (H.).

= Gegenbauri Fol. — (Fol. 79).
Gegenbaur 56, secunda =: bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (H.
Gegenbaur 56, secunda r lyra Langerhans 80. — (Langerhans 80).
Oersted 49 = r hamata Moebius 75. — (S.).
Oersted 49 = bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27.
Scoresby 20, tig. i =rr ? Zetesios Fowler 05.
Scoresby 20, fig. 2 ^ r hamata Moebius 75.
Slabber 1769 — 1778 = bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27.
Wilms 46 = bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (H. G. S.).
= setosa Muller. — (Muller 47).

tennis Conant 96.

triptera d'ürbigny 35 — 43. •
Uljanin 70.
= Claparedi Grassi 83. — (G.).

. 40

tricuspidata Kent 70.

Grassi 83. Levinsen 85. Doncafter 03.

= hexaptera d'Orbigny 35—43- — [p- "— isl-

Whartoni Fowler 90.
Günther 03.

Zetesios Fowler 05.

^ ? sp. innom. Scoresby 20, fig. i.
= ? bipunctata Sutherland 52 pars.

Krohnia sensu Langerhans 80.

foliacea Aida 97.

= ?hamata Moebius 75. — [p. 33].

hamata Moebius 75.

Hertwig 80. Langerhans 80. Strodtmann 92. Fowler 05.
= ? sp. innoni. Oersted 69. — (S.).
= ? sp. innom. Scoresby 20, fig. 2.
■=.\ foliacea Aida 97. — [p. 33].

hamata Aurivillius 96 (2) = bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard 27. — (Aurivillius 98).

pacifica Aida 97.

Doncaster 03 [p. 24].

subtilis Grassi 81.

Grassi 83. Strodtmann 92. Fowler 05. [p. 25].

Pterosagitta Costa 69.

^ Spadella : sensu Langerhans 80.

Spadella sensu Langerhans 80.
Batziana Giard 75.

= cephaloptera Busch 51. — (H. S.).
= Claparcdi Grassi 83. — (G.).

cephaloptera Busch 51.

Hertwig 80. Grassi 83. Strodtmann 92. Claparède 63. [p. 32].

= Batziana Giard 75. — (H. S.).

^Claparedi Grassi 83. — (S.) [p. 33].

= gallica Bagenstechcr 62. • — (H. S.).

=r mariana Lcwes 58.

= ? pontica Uljanin.

Busch 51 = Claparedi Grassi 83. — (G.).

Claparède 63 = Claparedi Grassi 83. — (G.).

Hertwig 80 = Claparedi Crassi 83. — (G.).

41

Claparedi Grassi 83.

= ? Batziana Giard 75. — (G.).

= cephaloptera Busch 51, Claparède 63, Hertwig 80. — (G.).

= cephaloptera Busch 51. — (S.) [p. 34].

= ? gallica Pagenstecher 62. — (G.).

= ? diptera and triptera d'Orbigny 35 — 43. — (G.).

= r exaptera Darwin 44 pars. — (G.).

draco Krohn 53.

Hertwig 80. Grassi 83. Langerhans 80. Doncaster 03.
=: mediterranea (Pterosagitta) Costa 69.
= ? Voiigai Béraneck. — [p. 26].

gallica Pagenstecher 63.

= r cephaloptera Busch 51. — (H. S.).
= ? Claparedi Grassi 83. — (G.).

mariana Lewes 58.

:= cephaloptera Busch 51. — (S.).

maxima Conant 96.

[see under Sagitta i>taxitna\.

mediterranea (Pterosagitta) Costa 69.
=: draco Krohn 53.

pontica Uljanin 70, 80.

= ? cephaloptera Busch 5 1 .

schizoptera Conant 95, 96.

Vougai Béraneck 95.

= '- draco Krohn 53. — [p. 26J.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIK XXI.

III. Faunistic.

a. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES WITIUN THE AREA OF THE EXPEDITION.

I. Horizontal dist ribii tic n.

a. As the result of plotting the various captures on the track-chart, no evidence was
obtained that any species was confined to a particular district, nor that any district was poorer
in species than another. In other words, the Chaetognath fauna was approximately evenly
distributed in the various seas traversed by the Expedition (Celebes Sea, Banda Sea, etc).

[5. For the consideration of another question, namely, the effect of the neighbourhood
of land upon the fauna, all hauls ') containing Chaetognaths were divided into three groups:
42 neritic hauls, made in harbour or close to land; 20 hauls fairly close to land, but over
deep water; and 9 'oceanic' hauls made at a distance of more than 40 miles from land. lUit
really 'oceanic' conditions, which include entire independence of the effects of land drainage,
are hardly possible in an archipelago (this point will be discussed below).

The number of occurences of each epiplanktonic species in each of the three groups
was then calculated as a percentage of the total hauls in that group, and yielded the figures
in the table followinsr :

'

Behoti

ENFL.^TA

FEROX

HEXAPTERA

NEGLECTA

rULCIIRA

REGIII.ARIS

ROnUSTA

SERRATODENTATA

PACIFICA DKACO

Neritic

88

100

7(>

54

1^

61

I I

64

71

47

52

Near land in

deep water

75

95

70

55

50

40

10

55

90

35

65

'Oceanic'

66

100

55

44

55

0

33

55

100

55

22

The conclusion to be drawn from this table is that all the.se epiplanktonic species were
fairly evenly distributed over the entire area investigated, irrespective of the di.stance from
shore (never very great), with the apjjarent excejition of pulchra which failed entirely at the
9 'oceanic' stations more than 40 miles from land.

1) Excluding 107 (drcdgc); 35, 175, 208, aio^' (irawl); 216 (iiiesoplankton net); and 142 (2) in which most of the matciial
was rotten and unidcntiliable.

43

At the same time it must be remembered that in order to get precise results from the
statistical treatment of distributional questions, percentages should be struck on every haul of
the nets made, and every specimen should be identified. Neither of these was practicable in
this case, because the whole collection was not sent to me, and because the specimens sent
were already too numerous to admit of every one being identified, even had the material been
in perfect condition.

2. Diurnal and nocturnal oscillation.

The epiplankton ') hauls were then arranged as far as possible into two groups, those
of 'dayHght' and 'darkness', for which Prof. Weber was kind enough to give me such data as
had been recorded in this connection. The number of occurrences of each epiplanktonic species
in each group was then calculated as a percentage of the total hauls in that group. That the
resulting table should have yielded no special indications is not really remarkable, because the
question of the vertical movements of epiplanktonic species in the twenty four hours can only
be attacked by systematised day and night work, in which the numbers of specimens captured
are taken into account, and not merely the presence or absence of the species; and this is so,
because, if a vertical oscillation really occurs, the most that can be expected is, that the
species shall rise or sink in general ; in other words, that its centre of distribution shall rise
or sink. It is not to be supposed that every single specimen must be found at a fi.xed depth
at a fixed hour of the day or night. The zoological side of the Siboga Expedition was planned
for general faunistic collection, and not for the study of such special problems as vertical
o.scillation.

For the same reasons it was not to be expected that the hauls made during rain would
show any marked alteration in the surface fauna; this again is a point which can only be
brought out by means of systematic hauls planned for the purpose.

3. Vertical distributi(3n.

In this connexion it is at once noticeable that certain species occurred only in nets which
were lowered to a greater depth than 200 metres (109 fathoms), the suggested boundary between
the epiplankton and the mesoplankton.

Some misunderstanding appears to exist with regard to the application of certain terms, meant to
express briefly the vertical distribution of oceanic plankton, introduced by the present writer (Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1898, p. 545), and since adopted to some extent by other naturalists. It is generally
admitted to be the case that, at any particular locality, the main part of the superficial fauna (owing to
its dependence on light, warmth, food, and so forth) may reach to, but does not descend much beyond,
100 fathoms; for this fauna the term Epiplankton was intended. Those floating or swimming organisms,
which are closely dependent on the bottom of the sea, for food-supply and for other reasons, were classcd
as Hypoplankton: to this category, for example, belong the remarkable series of Mysids recently described
by Messrs Holt and Tatter,s.\li, (Aniiual Report on the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland, 1902 — 1903.

i) That is to say from 200 111. oi- less, to the suiface. They were almost ontirely surface hauls.

44

Part II, Appendix IV, p. 99, 1905). For the intermcdiate fauna, the term Mesoplankton was proposed.
But it was not intended, and indeed it is obviously . not true, that every species may be described as
universally epiplanktonic, or as universally mesoplanktonic; a species found among the epiplankton of
sub-arctic or of temperate waters may be purely mesoplanktonic at lower latitudes; in the present state
of our ignorance the terms can oniy be applied with safety to the date and place at which the species
was actually captured, but even in this limited application they have the advantage of brevity, and
condense a number of admitted facts.

Again, it was not intended to imply that the 100 fathom horizon formed a sharp and impassable
barrier between two distinct sets of organisms; an epiplanktonic form may descend below 100 fathoms
without reaching so far as 250 fathoms ; or, an essentially deep-water species may range up into the
epiplankton, and yet not come to the surface; or again, the same organism may range through both
epiplankton and mesoplankton. The following instances, taken from among the Chaetognatha, illustrate
the use of the terms:

Species

Locality

Range (fathoms)

Distribution

serratcdentata

hamata

furcata

kaïnata

hamata

Bay of Biscay
Faeroe Channel
Bay of Biscay
Bay of Biscay
Siboga area

o to 100

o to 500

o to 200

2000 — 1500 to 50

highest capture 533 — 226

epiplankton

epiplankton and mesoplankton

epiplankton and upper mesoplankton

mesoplankton and lower epiplankton

mesoplankton

At the moment this scale seems adequate for a comparison of the vertical distribution of a species
at different localities, even though with the increase of our knowledge more precise terms become needed
in the future.

All the hauls containing Chaetognatha which were lowered to a greater depth than

200 metres (e.xcept 107, Dredge), together with the occurrences of these deeper .species, are

set out in the table below, which has been extracted from the General Table (j). 28):

Haul

Net

Depth (metres)

FURCATA? and
PLANCTONIS?

MACROCEPHALA SlBOGAE

Zetesios

HAMATA

SUBTILIS

220 (2)

il.\.

Jou tu 0

1

128

H.V.

700 to 0

.

.

.

.

.

.

276

H.V.

750 to 0

.

.

.

?

.

118

H.V.

900 to 0

+

.

.

.

+

.

•43

H.V.

1000 to 0

+

.

+

+

4-

4-

148

H.V.

1000 to 0

.

+

+

-f

.

243

H.V.

1000 to 0

,

•

,

?

,

+

35

Trawl

1310 to 0

,

,

.

,

,

,

141

H.V.

1500 to 0

-t-

+

-\-

+

+

+

203 (1)

H.V.

1500 to 0

.

.

+

+

•

+

185

H.V.

1536 to 0

+

+

+

+

+

+

208

Trawl

1866 to 0

,

•

,

+

.

175

Trawl

1914 to 0

.

.

.

?

•

210»

Trawl

1944 to 0

.

.

•

•

+

230(1)

H.V.

2000 to 0

•

•

+

•

+

216

M.N.

975 to 415

.

.

.

^\-

-r

II.V. = II

ensen Ve

rtical Net. M.N.

= inesoplanktor

closini: net.

Unfortunately, all these hauls cxcept one (216) were made with open nets; we can
therefore at most say with safety that, since macrocephala^ Sibogae, Zetesios and hamata were

45

never captured in the numerous hauls at the surface, but were captured with fair regularity in
the small number of deeper nets, they probably only h'ved at some considerable depth, and
that the horizon to which the net which caught them at the least depth was lowered, may
have approximately represented their upper limit of distribution. Of Zetesios and hatnata on
the other hand, we may say positively that they occurred between 975 and 415 metres.

In the case of three of these species, the table below shows in metres the least depth
observed, for comparison with inferences drawn from their distribution in the Biscayan report.

Research

Young, ?639; large, 731—914.
Young, 182; large, below 548.
Young, 91 ; large, below 914.

The data yielded by open vertical nets used at considerable depths are too uncertain
to allow of any positive deduction, although the figures seem to point in a particular direction.

Subtilis was probably here, as in the Bay of Biscay, a sub-surface form in the lower
epiplankton, but the zones of the first 100 fathoms were not so systematically explored by
the Siboga that ihis can be affirmed with certainty; the hauls, so far ais they go, point in
this direction.

Of the remaining species represented in the collection, it can only be said that they all
occurred at the surface, and were therefore epiplanktonic. Some of them may or may not have
penetrated into the mesoplankton, but the mere fact that they were captured in open vertical
nets lowered to considerable depths, is no evidence of this.

Siboga

macrocepkala

1500

Zetesios

?75o

hamata

900

b. COMPARISON WITH THE EriPL.\NKTONIC F.VUNA OF JAPAN AND ÜF THE MALDIVE ARCHIPELAGO.

In view of the usually accepted statement of the uniformity of the epiplankton over the
Indo-pacific Ocean, it is worth while to compare the captures of Aida in Japan, of Doncaster
in the Maldive Archipelago, and of the Siboga Expedition. The comparison certainly strongly
points to such an uniformity.

. 'Valid' species.

Misaki Harbour.

Siboga area.

Maldive Archipelago.

Bedoti

+

+

+

enjlata

+

+

1

-r

ferox

.

+

+

hexaptera

H-

i-

+

minima

+

.

.

neglecta

+

+

.

pulchra

.

+

+

regnlaris

+

+

+

robusta

.

+

-i-

serratodentata

+

+

+

pacifica

+

4-

+

subtilis

.

-h

.

draco

+

+

+

46

B. Doubtful species. Misaki Harbour. Siboga area. Maldive Archipelago.

hispida -I- . --
Jiaccida

Gardineri . . -f-

septata . . -\-

lyra +

foliacea +

C. ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHAETOGNATHA.

The study of the geographical distribution of terrestrial organisms and of their habitats,
has been pursued for many years with considerable success. We know the mammals of (say)
India, Peru, and Austraha; we know that this is nocturnal, that arboreal, a third of burrowing
habits, and so forth. But how far would such knowledge have been attainable, had the sole
record of poorly-described species consisted of such vague statements as 'N.E. Asia", 'Africa',
with no indication of the exact localit)-, of the nature of the country, nor of the conditions
under which the capture was made? Yet the data provided for the study of the distribution of
oceanic organisms have been for the most part of this vague kind lill within the last few years,
and even some of the more recent expeditions have left a good deal to be desired.

Before the distribution of an oceanic species can be satisfactorily grasped, two things at
least are necessary: a fair probability (certainty is rarely obtainable) that the captures recorded
of a species really dealt with that species and with no other; and an exact record of the
geographical positions. The difficulty of the first of these is proverbial, and is not less in
Chaetognatha than in other groups; the second is often vague or difficult to tind.

In the case of planktonic oceanic species, these two are not enough for a proper study
of distribution, for the depth of capture is also urgently needed. Recent studies tend to suggest
that a great factor in oceanic distribution (possibly the greatest) is temperature, that an isotherm
may be as great a barrier at sea as a mountain range or wide river is on land, and that the
'distributional area' of a planktonic species is often not an 'area' at all, but a solid tigiire in
three-dimensional space bounded by isotherms and isothermobaths. At present we are unable
to draw such a figure for a single oceanic species, not bccause such species are necessarily of
world-wide distribution (for they are obviously not all so), but because our records are so
scanty, notably as regards vertical distribution ').

Those species, which remain apparently valid after revision, have been clearly marked in
the Synonymie List above, which constitutes an attempt at the first of the |)reliminary steps
to a study of distribution. The .second step, a compilation of the recorded occurrences of these
.species, exacted so much time and work that the resulting lists have been printed in full below,
in the hope that they may ease the labours of future students of Chaetognatha. They attempt

l) .\nothcr puint of great impuitance in the matter is that counsel has been daikencd by marine zoologists having allowcd
themselves in many cases to accept the 'regions' of terrestrial geography, and to apply thcm to the occan; but this point is too large
for discussion in this place.

to show in each case the locaHty of capture, the authority for it, and (where practicable) the
depth and temperature.

The positions have all been reduced to the meridian of Greenwich, if expressed as
latitude and longitude. Those positions which are enclosed in square brackets [ ] were not
given in that form by the original authority, but have been roughly measured off on charts
and maps, or deduced in some other way; they are not likely to be correct to within a few
minutes, but then neither a Chaetognath nor an isotherm can usually be fixed with a oreater
accuracy. For some not very obvious reason, the positions published by Hensen for the 'National'
were expressed in tenths of a degree instead of in minutes; for these the day's position has
sometimes been got from aoother part of the reports, in other cases the tenths have been
multiplied out into minutes, and enclosed in square brackets.

The authority for the record will be found in full in the List of Literature below,
the number following the author's name indicating the date of publication.

The depths are only thoroughly satisfactory in the case of closing nets. As open Vertical
Nets are absolutely valueless for deciding the maximum depth-distribution of an epiplanktonic
species, it seemed useless labeur in most cases to reprint the depth to which such nets were
lowered. And if such data of depth are valueless, the corresponding temperatures also can
have little significance ; it is of no great interest to know that an animal was living at a
temperature somewhere between 8° and 27°; the limits are too far apart.

But since, if sufficiently numerous, Vertical Nets do yield some indication of the minimum
depth-distribution of a mesoplanktonic ') form, in such cases the depth to which they were
lowered has been recorded where practicable.

All depths have been reduced to metres.

The temperatures have all been reduced to the Centigrade scale. Where they were
not recorded by the original authority, they have been enclosed in square brackets; in such
cases they have generally either been interpolated on curves, the data for which were to be
found in the original publication, or are Mean Annual Temperatures (M. A.] for the position
and depth, gathered from Schott -), IMohn ''), and Koppen *).

When two temperatures are given (for example, 0° 3 to 3° i) it is not necessarily
implied that the species was found actually at either, but that they are the extreme possible
temperatures of that particular capture.

Since the temperature of the water of the Eastern coasts of Japan is stated to vary
greatly with the time of year, the mean annual of Misaki, from the harbour of which a large
number of species have been recorded, is probably a rather vague approximation.

1) .\t a given position the epiplankton is undeistood to include the plankton down to about loo fathoms (182 m.), the
mesoplankton to extend from about that level to within about 100 fathoms or less of the bottom. But no sharp line is implied between
theni, and Chaetognaths have been described as coming to within about 91 m. of the surface, without apparently coming actually to it
at that particular position.

2) G. Schott, Ergebn. der deutschen Tiefsee Expedition a. d. Dampfer Valdivia 1898 — iSgg. Band I, Oceanographie und
niaritime Meteorologie. Jena, 1902. 4to.

3) H. MoHN, Den Norske Nordhavs Expedition. Meteorologi. Christiania, 1883. 4to.

4) Deutsche Seewarte : Stiller Ozean. Atlas. Hamburg, 1896, Fo.

48

Mere records of 'Sagitta' or of 'Chaetognatha', and, generally speaking, cases where
the author expresses himself as doubtful of the Identification, have been omitted.

Where the ver}' numerous hauls of the Conseil International ') He within the admitted
area of a species, they have not been reprinted in detail, but a reference to the number of
their Bulletin will be found.

The Record of Distribution is thus an attempt to reduce the scattered data to a common
denominator, in such a way that a naturalist dealing with a particular species may readily
discover what information is available about it. No one realises better than the present writer
that, in the compilation of such a record, errors of omission and of commission, of copying
and of calculating, are sure to occur; he will be grateful if such are brought to his notice,
and will take an opportunity to publish such corrections.

In the case of the better-known species, the more important coUections have been put
first under the name of the recorder ; these are foliowed by more isolated records under the
positions or localities (classified, when numerous). It seemed that more would be lost than
gained by breaking up big collections under geographical headings.

l) Conseil permanent international pour rexploration de la mer.

/jij «*-»<r i ■

: V '.■• .4 H i. ; ., •

49

I. Records of distributie n.

Sagitta arctica Aurivillius.

AURIVILLIUe 99 (2).

de Geer Expedition, 1896.

71° 3'N., is°3«'E.
Antarctic Expedition, 1898.

Recherche Bay, [77° 30' N., 14° 30' E.].

77° 39 N., 1° 18' E.

77° 52' N., f 5'W.

Svenska Förlandet, [78°4o' N., 27° E.].

8i°i4'N., 22° 50' E.

7S°5o'N., 15° 25' E.

Aurivillius 96 (i). (Schwed. Forsch. Ex. 1894).

[74° N., 75°3o'W.].
[64°45'N., 65° W.].
[70° N., 55° W.].

Cleve 00.

60° N., i°W.

62° N., 7°W.

65° to 6f N., 1° to 3° W.

71° to 74° N., 21° to 18° W.

67° N., 3°W.

VanhöFFEN 97 '), Greenland.
Aurivillius 98, Skagerak.

Nov.
Mar.
June
July
Sep.

CüNsiiiL International 04 (i).
Stat. 16. 58° 19' N., 11° 32' E.

Sagitta Bedfordii Doncaster.
Singapore, Doncaster 03.

Sagitta Bedoti Béraneck.

Maldive Islands, DoNCASTER 03. (s. n. polyodon).
Amboina, Béraneck 95.

Misaki [35° N., 139° 30' E.], AlDA 97. (s. n. bipunctata).
Siboga Expeditie, 6° N. to 8° 30' S., 113° E. to 132° E.

Depth (metres)

O

500 to O

500 to O

O

130 to O

325 to O

No data

no data

500 to 200

'deep sea haul"

"from 500"

no data
20 — 120

50 & 100 to o

epiplankton

epipianktun

epiplankton

epiplankton

surface and vertical nets

Temp. C '

8° 5

4° 5
o°7 to 3°8
o°8 to 3°6

1°G

o°3 to i°9
2° 7 to 5° 7

probably epiplanktonic [ü° to 3°]

5° 6 to 10°

4° 3 to 6°7
5° I to i8°8

[M.A. 28°]

[M.A. 28°]
[M.A. 28°]
[M.A. 21°)
28° to 29°

Sagitta bipunctata ') Quoy et Gaimard.

Strodtmann 92, (s. s. Holsatia, 1885).
54° 34' N., 10° 20' E.
[54° 30' N., 12° 00 E.] Gjedser.

Moebius 87, (s. s. Holsatia, 1885).
Stat. 6. [57°4o'N., 8° 15' E.]
Stat. 12. 58° is' N., o°3o'E.
Stat. 33. [58° o'N., 11° o'W.]

1) Nol charted.
SIBOGA-EXl'EUITIE XXI.

55°i8'N., 17-

20' E.

55°3o'N., 19° 37' E.

Stat. 37. [58° 30' N., 7° o'W.]
Stat. 59. [58°28'N., 5° 30' E.]

^^Kt

— ' ^

ff

v:

iO

Levinskn 86.

Kronprinsen"s Island, 68°57 N., [53° W.]

Godhavn [69° N., 53° W.]

30 m. W. of Cape Farewcll [59°5o'N., 44° 30' W.]

Iccland.

12 m. N. of Faeroc Islands.

6 m. N. of Shetland.

Bay of Bengal.

58°26'N., 19° VV.

49° o'N., 8°ii'W.

46° 23 N., ii°i5'W.

44°i4'N., 129° 34' E.

38°23'N., i6°45'W.

36°22'N., 30°47"W.

MOEBIUS 75, (s. s. Pommerania, 1872).

Stat. 2. Stoller Grund [off Kiel Harbour].

Stat. 9. Crosser Belt l55°2o'N., 11° E.].

Stat. 18. Skagerack [57°56'N., 9° 20' E.].

Stat. 27. Lindesnaes |57°45'N., 7° 10' E.].

Stat. 31. S.W. of Bukenfjord [58°5o'N., 5°7'E.].

Stat. 38. Bukenfjord [59°2o'N., 5°47' K.]-

Stat. 44. Off Bommelfjord [59° 34' N., 4°47' E.J.

Stat. 62. Korsfjord [60° lo' N., 5° lo' E.].

Stat. 92. Off St. Abb's Head [55°55'N., 2°5'\V.].

Stat. 93. N.E. of Bamborough [55° 3»' N., i°30'W.]

Stat. 94. E. of Berwick 55°43'N., o°4o' W.

Stat. 96. W. of Dogger Bank 55° 32 N., 0° lo' E.

Stat. 97. W. of Dogger Bank 55°I2'N., 1° o' E.

Stat. 98. Dogger Bank 55°5'N., 1° 20' E.

Stat. 100. Dogger Bank [54°5i'N., 2° 3' E.].

Stat. 103. Dogger Bank [54° '7' N-, 2° 5' E.].

Stat. 105. Silver Pit. [54° i' N., 2=4' E.].

Stat. 114. E.S.E. of Lovvestoft [52°i8'N., 2° 34 E.J.

Stat. 123. Nieuwe Diep [52°59'N., 4° 50 E.J.

Stat. 143. N. of Borkum |53°S8'N., 6°25E.1.

Stat. 147. Helgoland.

Stat. 163. Wilhclmsliafcn.

Stat. 201. VV. of Jutland 55°39'N., 6° 35' E.

Stat. 246. Kleine Belt |55°28'N., 9°4o' E.j.

StroDTMANN 92, (s. s. National, 1889, vertical net).
Stat. VII. i9\ 58°?7'N., 8°35'W.
Stat. VII. 20\ [59°i2'N., ii°48'W.j.
Stat. VII. 22". 6o°i2'N., 22°56'W.
Stat. VIII. 2'-. [4i°36'N., 56°i8'W.l.

SteinhaUS 96, (s. s. National, 1889; vertical net).
J.N. 180. 1° 6'N., i6°26'W.
J. N. 182. 0° 6'N., I5°I9'W.
J. N. 184. o°i6' S., i4°58'W.
J.N. 195- 6°57S., I4°I5'W.

22° N., 20

= W.

20°24'N.,

83° w.

i3°5i'N.,

119° 12' E

10° N., 30

°E. ').

IO°22'N.,

2i°i6W.

8°38'N.,

24° 58' W.

7°37'N.,

22°26'W.

4° 20' N.,

107° 20' E

o°27'N.,

20°I2'VV

25°3o'S.,

82° w.

34°49'S.,

25° 12' E.

2I°23'S.

^) ?Iong.

i6''3o'S.,

63° E.

All at o, or at 5 or less to O.

13' 5 to 19° 7

Stat.
Stat.
Stat.
Stat.

VIII. y. [40°24N., 57°

i. r _ _o _ ' M - «o

; .^4 .^., 3/ O.W.

,°24'N., S7°48'W.

VIII. 3'-. [39° 24'--. 3/ .
VIII. 4"- [37° 54' N., 59° 6'W.].
VIII. 4'. [37° 6'N., 59°54'W.J.

J.N.
J.N.
J.N.

J.N.

223. 2°49'S., 35° lo'W.

231. i°24S., 39°io'W.

235. 0° 5'S., 44°n'W.

243. [o°42'^- 48° '-'^^'-i

1) Tliis posilion is in cciilral Africa.

2) Nol chartcd.

51

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, 18S9; closing netj.

J.N. 48. [40° 24 N., 57° o'W.].

J.N. 53- [37° 54' N., 59° 6'W.].

J.N. 65. [3i°48'N., 6i°i2'W.].

J.N. 92. 31° 22' N., 46° 42' W.

J.N. 96. 3i°25'N., 45°52'W.

J.N. 1341'. 20°4i'N, 28° 3'W.

J.N. 165. 5°4oN., 20° 2'W.

Steinhaus 96, (Schott and Bruhn Collections 1891 — 1893).

200 — o
500 — 300
700 — 500
650—450
850 — 650
400—200
400 — 200

29.
31-

Stat.
Stat.
Stat.
Stat. II.
Stat
Stat
Stat. f.
Stat. h.
Stat. 43
Stat. 44
Stat. 46
Stat. 47;
Stat. I
Stat.
Stat.
Stat.

6, 7

Stat.
Stat.
Stat.
Stat.

4°26'N., 26°i7'W.
25° 39' S., 36°5i'W.
24° 24' S., 37° 6'W.
40° 15' S., 6° 10' E.

4°56'N., 94° 46' E.

5°39N., 96°45'E.
24° 30' S., 4° 35' E.
19° 2o' S., o°3o'\V.
19° 52' N., 89°4i' E.
29° 30' S., 42° 50' E.
30° 50' S., 35° o' E.
48. 34° 52' S., 17° 50' E.
23°35'N., 36° 15' E-
21° o'N., 37° 55' E.
i2°2o' N., 44° 40' E.

7°43'N., 73° 26' E.

6°47'N., 76° 40' E.

6°2oN., 92° 40 E.

3°4o'N., 51° 32' E.
|i9°2o'N.] '), 38°2o'E.

Chiefly surface hauls; no
net lowercd to a greatcr
depth than 100 m.; conse-
quently all epiplanktonic;
neritic and occanic.

Steinhaus 96, (Schab Collection; S.M.S. Falke, 1892 — 1893).

Stat.
Stat.
Stat.

3. 4-

6 — 10.
Stat. 12 — 14
Stat. 15.

18, 20.

22.

23-

24.

25
27

Stat

Stat,

Stat

Stat

Stat

Stat

Stat

Stat. 30

Stat. 32.

9° O'N., 13° o'W.].

6° o'N., o°5o'E.].

6°3o'N., 2° 50' E.].

16° 50' S., 12° o'P:.].

15° o' S., 12° 30' e.].

9° o' S., 13° o' E.].

5° 24' S., 10° 50' E.

3°33'N., 3° 14' E.

26.

3°44'N., o°i7'E.

f6°3o'N., io°5o'W.].

|4°2o'N., 7°4o'W.].

28, ? 29. [6°30'N., io°5o' W.].

31. [0° o'N., 6° 30' E.].

2. [6°3o'N., io°so'W.].

Cleve, 00.

12° to 21° N., 19° to ifW.

36° N., 27° W., to 46" N., ii°W.

6°N., 55° W.

Facroe Islands.

5° to 6°S., 9° to 12° E.

Epiplanktonic,
chiefly neritic hauls.

?

to 25° 4

13°

to 16°

no data

[12°

5 to 15°

6]

9°

4 to[l2°

5]

16°

to 18°

2

10°

7 to 13°
27° 6

22°0

23° 2

ii°7
29° i
28° 9
17° 7
i9°o
20° 5

25°2
25°0
26° 2

20° 5
22° 0
26° 0
30° 8

3I°2

32° 5
32°o
33°6

2

29° 5
29° 5

28°

7 to 29°

0

18°

8 to 20°

2I°5

27°4
28° 4
28° 4
28° 2
28° 3
27° 2

27° 3
26° 0
26° 8

0

Jan.

Feb.

i) The position originally given (io°2o'N.) is on land, and should probably Ije as above.

52

6°S., 4°W.

7°N., if\y. toC. Verde Islands and 21° N., 18° VV.

36° N., 29° W. to 45° N., i3°W.

44° N., 16° W.

49° N., 33" W.

Azores and Faeroe Islands.

Caribbean Sea.

34° N., 74° W.

41° N., 19° W.

32° N., 37° VV. to 43° N., 11° W.

58° N., 4° E.

ii°N., 52° W.

23° N., 56° W.

41° N., 63° W.

33° N., 48° W.

Azores.

17° N. to 19° S. 2°\V. to 0°.

59° N., 2° E.

21° N., 58° W.

38° N., 74° W.

Azores and S. Iceland.

Faeroe Islands.

61° N., 4° E.

55° to 56° N., 23° to 26° W.

8°N., 25° W.

Azores and Faeroe Islands.

56° N., 21° W.

56° N., 24° to 30° VV.

Azores to 42° N., 1 5° W.

57° N., i8°W.

Facroes.

34° N., 74° W.

53» N., 37° W.

Area between Rio Janeiro, 26° S., 30'

VV. and

18° S., 31° W.

34° N., 10° W.

Azores, Faeroe Islands.

56° N., i7°W.

5i°N., 21° VV.

49° N., 40° VV.

Azores and Faeroe Islands.

SEiL International 04 (i).

R. I. 69°44'N., 37° 20' E.

R. 2. 70° 4' N., 40° 16' E.

R. 3. 70° 30' N., 44° 20' E.

R. 5. 70°48'N., 47° o'E.

R. 9. 7i°43'N., 50° 25' E.

R. 12. 71° o'N.. 33° 14' E.

R. 13. 7i°3oN., 33° 7' E.

R. 16. 7 f o'N., 32° 50' E.

R. 17. 73°45'N., 32°37'K.

R. 19. 75° o'N., 32° 18' E.

R. 22. 73° 8' N., 41° 40' E.

Mar.

April

May

June
July

Aug.
Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

presumably all
epiplanktonic

I I
130 to
80 to
145 to
125 to
210 to
150 to
250 to
285 to
250 to
300 to

o to 50
75. 75 to 30
50, 50 to 20
50, 20 to o
75, 75 to o
150, 50 to o
50, 50 to o

150, 50 to o

100, 50 to o

100, 50 to o

75, 75 to o

from 10° 2 to

niean of 66

obscrvations 19 4.

-'/ :»;

i°6
i''4 to 4° 2
i°2 to 6° 7
o°5 to 7°8

— 1°7 to 8.°7
i°8 to 8° 8
4°4 to 8° 8
i°i to 7°s
2° I to 7° 3
o°2 to 5°4

->°7 to 7°5

DJ

R. 24. 7i°3o'N., 37° SS' E.
R. 26. 7o°3o'N., 36° 40' E.
R. 27. 69°3o'N., 32° 57' E.

285 to 150, 50 to o
165 to 50, 50 to o
280 to 150, 50 to o

— I°I to 8° 2

2° 6 to 9° 3
i°7 to 10° 6

[In the case of several hauls at a station, only the highest and lowest are reprinted here.]

Redeke 03, (steam trawler 'Nelly').
Stat. D. [56° 30' N., 2° o' E.]
Stat. E. 53°52'N., i° 10' E.

Stat. F. 53°4o'N., o°5o'E.
Stat. G. [53°35'N., 0° 8' E.]

Are tic Ocean.

White Sea, Khvorüstansry, 92. ? surface

? Karajak-fjord [70° 30' N., 50° 30' W.J. VanhöFFEN 97. no data

? Davis' Straits, Barrow Straits, Baffin's Bay. SUTHER-

LAND 52.

probably o

surface
surface
surface
40 to o
80 to o

"from the upper laycrs
of water"

[? M.A.

4° 5]

[M.A. 5°]

[M.A. 5°J

[M.A. 5°]

[10° to 13°]

[7° 3 to 9° 9]

[surface temp.

i°5 to 6° o]

Norwegian sub-arctic regio n.

Bergen. Sars (auct. Grassi 83) Nordgaard 98.
Östness fjord [68° 30' N., is°o'E.] Nordgaard 99.
Sunderö [68° 30 N., 15° 30' E.] NoRDGAARD 99.
Bodö [67°2o'N., 14° 30' E.] Gran 00.
Eidsfjord [68°38N., 15° E.] Gran 00.
Tranödybet 68°i5'N., I5°49'E. NüRUGAAKU 05.
Tysfjord 68°i2'N., 16° 12' E. Nordgaard 05.
Gaukvaerö 68°35'N., 14° 13' E. Nordgaard 05.
Henningsvaer 68°is'N., 14° 10' E, NorDGAARD 05.

Skagerak and Kattegat.
AURIVILLIUS 99 (i) Cleve 99.
CoNSKii, Intern., 04 (i) (2), 05 (i), numcrous stations.

Baltic.

CoNSKiL Intern., 04 (i) (2), 05 (i), numerous stations.
Kiel, M0EBIUS 73 (s. n. gcrtnanica).

N o r t h S e a.
Cleve 99, Conseii, Intern. 04 (i) (2), 05 (i), numerous stations. Sutheki.and 52.
St. Andrew's. M'Intosh 74, 90.
Cuxhaven. Dahl 93.

Helgoland. Frev and LEUdCART 47, Wii.MS 46, Leuckart and PagENSTECHER 58, APSTEIN 03.
Nymindegab [55^43' N., 8°7'E.|. Krovkk, quotcd by Tauher 79.
Ooster-Schclde. Redeke 03.
Üoster-Schelde, between N. Beveland and Tholen. HoRST 84.

Zuijder Zee.
Redeke 03.

C h a n n e 1 and l r i s h Sea.
Cleve 99.

Isle of VVight. BusK 56.
Falmouth. Vallentin 98.
St. Vaast. Keferstein 62.
Ilfracombe. GOSSE 56.
Tenby. GosSE 56.
Dublin Bay. Haddon 86.
Scilly Islands. Browne 04.

Plymouth. Marine BiolüGICAL Association 04.
Firth of Clyde. Browne 05.

epiplankton

[M.A.

I2°S to U°o]

54

Eastern North Atlantic.
Valencia. Gamble oo.
48°22N., 7°43'W. FOWLER 05.
47°io'N., 7°45'W. Füwler 05.
Madeira [32°3o'N., 17° W.]. Langerhans 80.

epiplankton

epiplankton

epiplankton

? epiplankton

f O to l6°0

i8°5
11° 5 to 19°

[M.A. 19° 5]

Grassi 83, Gegenbaur 56,

Mediterranean.

Messina. Kruhx 53,

DoN( ASTER 02.
Mentone. Grassi 83.

Naples. Grassi 83, Chun 88, Boveri 90, Doxcaster 02.
Gibraltar. Quov and GaimaRD 27.
Nice. Leuckart 54.
r Black Sea. UiJAKiN 70 (s. n. gerinanica).

apparently all
epiplanktonic records

[M.A. 17° to 19°]

I ndo- Paci fic.

28° S., 160° E. Stei.nuaus 00.
Moliendo, 16° S., 74° W. Steinhaus 00.
Bay of Bengal. Steinhaus 96.
Ceylon. STEINHAUS 96.

Sagitta decipiens Fowler.

Fowler 05. (H.M.S. Research 1900).

47° 10' N., 7°45'W. highest open net

(mean position) lowest closing net

no data

182 to o
365 to 182

115

Sagitta elegans VerriU.

Wood's Holl. Verrill 85, 73 (s. n. gracilis), CONANT
96, Stevens 05. — Vineyard Sound, and Gay Head.
Verrili, 85. All three about 4i°2o'N., 70°4o' W. '

Atlantic City [39°2o'N., 74°2s'W.] Leidv 83 (s. n.
falcidens).

No data

no data

Sagitta enflata Grassi.

Stroutmaxn 92, (s. s. National, 1889; vertical net).

Stat. VIII, 3». [40°24'N., 57° o'W.] Stat. VIII, 4\ [37°54N., 59° 6' W.

Stat. VIII, 3''. l39°24N., 57°48'W.] Stat. VIII, 4^ [37° 6' N., 59°54'^V.

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, 1889; vertical net)

J.N.

177.

i°46' N.,

I7°i8 W

J.N.

180.

1° 6'N.,

i6°26'VV

J.N.

182.

0° 6'N.,

i5°i9'W

J.N.

184.

o°i6'S.,

i4°58'W

J.N.

186.

i°24'S.,

14°49'W

J.N.

188.

2° 30' S.,

i4°36'W

J.N.

190.

4° 5'S.,

14° 14' w

J.X.

194.

5°ioS.,

i4°i5'W

J.N.

195.

6°57i^-

I4°I5\V

J.N.

204.

7° 20' S.,

20°IS' W

J.N.

207.

6° 56' S.,

23°20W

J.N.

209.

5°4o'S.

26°3o'W.

J.N.

213.

5°i3'S.,

27°29' W.

J.N.

216.

[4°i6'S.,

29°I2\V.]

J.N.

218.

[3°48'S..

32°36'W.]

J.N.

223.

2°49'S.,

3S°ioW.

J.N.

228.

i°47'S.,

38° 7'W.

J.N.

231.

i°24'S.,

39° lo' VV.

J.N.

232.

o°26'S.,

42°22' W.

J.N.

235-

0° 5'S..

44°n\V.

J.N.

246.

i°29N.,

46°34\V.

Steinhaus 96, (Schott and Bruhn Collections, 1891 — 1893)
Stat. I. 4° 26' N., 26° ij'W.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat.

Stat. 47.

Stat. I.

Stat. 2.

Stat. 7.

3-

7-
9-

28.

29.

31-

c.

f.

41.

42.

43-
44.

4° 3'N.,

ii°28'S.,

24° 24' S.,

24° 24' s.,

6°32'S.,

4°S6'N.,

5°39N.,

28° O'S.,

24°30'S.,

26°37'W.
34°48'W.
37° 6'W.
37° 6'W.
86° 38 E.
94° 46' E.
96°45'E.
42° 32' E.
4°35'E.

i5°54'N., 85° 38' E.
I5°S6'N., 8s°3s'E.
i9°52'N., 89°4i'E.

29° 30' S.,

34°52'S.,

23°35'N.,

21° o'N.,

3°4o'N.,

42° 50' E.
i7°5oK.

36° 15' E.
37°SS'E.
51° 32' E.

Steinhaus 96 (Schab Collection. S.M.S. Falke, 1892 — 1893).

Stat. 3. [6° o'N.,

Stat. 7. [6°3o'N.,

Stat. 15. [iS°3o'S.,

Stat. 23. 3°33'N.,

Stat. 24. 3°44'N.,

Stat. 25, 26. [6° 30' N.,

Stat; 27. [4° 20' N.,

Stat. 30, 3i.[o° o N.,

4° 50' E.]
2° 50' E.]

12° 30' E.]
3° 14 E.
o°i7'E.

io°5o'VV.l
7°4o'W.l
6°3o'E.l

Messina. Grassi 83, Krumbai u 03.

Naples. Grassi 83, Krumbach 03, Doncaster 02.

Bimini [26° 40' N., 78° 30' W.] CoNANT 96 (s. n./rttrf/V/rt).

3°3o'N., 16° W. to 11° N., 20° VV. Cleve 00.

? Mozambique (Agulhas current). Steinhaus 96.

Ceylon '). STEINHAUS 96.

Bay of Bengal '). Steinhaus 96.

Australian current [? 28° S., 160° E.]. STEINHAUS 96.

Amboina. Béraneck 95.

Misaki, [35° N., 139° 30' E.]. AlDA 97.

Maldive Island.s. DüNCASTER 03.

Siboga Exp. 6° N. to 9° S., 113° E to 132° E.

Sagitta ferox Doncaster.

Maldive Island.s. DONCASTER 03.

Siboga Exp. 6° N. to 9° S., 113° E. to 132° E.

100

to
0

0

100

to

0

100

to

0

180

to
0
0

0

100

to

0

100

to
0

0

120

to
0

0

0

0

100

to

0
0

0

0

14

to

0

15

to

0

13

to

0
0

0

i6

to

0

24

to

0

9

to 0

presumably epi plankton ie

surface and vertical nets

epiplankton
surface and vertical nets

? to 27° 6
27° 7 •
? to 26° I
? to 23° 2

? to 23° 2
27° 9
29° I

? to 28° 9
? to 22° 6

17° 7
? to 22° 6

22°6

20° 5
25° 2

? to 26° 2

20° S
22°0

32°o

29° 5

29° o

2I°S
28° 4
28° 2
28° 3
27° 2
26° O

fM.A. 19° to 20°J
[M.A. 18° to i9°J

[M.A. 26°J

24° 6 to 28° 2'

[M.A. c. 25°J

IM.A. c. 28°J

no data

|M.A. 17°]

|M.A. 28°]

[M.A. 2i°]

[M.A. 28°J

28° to 29°

[M.A. 28°J
28° to 29°

Sagitta furcata Steinhaus.

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, 1889; vertical net).
J.N. 177. i°46N., i7°i8'W.
J.N. 180. 1° 6'N., i6°26'W.

J.N. 186. i°24'S., I4°49'W.
J.N. 188. 2°3o'S., i4°36'W.

l) Not chaited.

56

J.N. 190. 4° 5'S., I4°i4 W. J.N.

J.N. 194. s^io'S., 14° 15 W. J.N.

J.N. 195. 6°57'S., i4°i5'W. J.N.

J. N. 204. f 20' S., 20° 1 5' W. J. N.

J.N. 206. 7°33'S., 2i°i9'W. J.N.

J.N. 207. 6°56'S., 23°2o'W. J.N.

J. N. 209. 5° 40' S., 26° 30' W. J. N.

SteINHAUS 96, (s. s. National, 1S89; closing net).
J.N. 65. [3i°48'N., 6i°i2'W.]
J.N. 112. 29°52'N., 36°54'W.

FOWLER 05, (H.M.S. Research, 1900).

Mean position 47° 10' N., 7*45' W. open nets

highest closing net
lowest closing net

Valencia. GAMni.E 00.

Messina. Krumbach 03.

213. 5°i3'S., 27^29'W.

216. [4° 16' S., 29°I2'W.]

223. 2° 49' S., 35° lo' W.

228. i°47'S., 38° 7'W.

231. i°24' S., 39° lo' \V.

235. 0° 5'S., 44°iiW.

246. i°29'N., 46°34'W.

700 — 500

1000 — 800

various depths to and at o

273 to 91

365 to 182

cpiplanktonic

no data

[5° 3 to 5° 8]
[8°4 to ii°o]

to 17°

Ic. Il°|

Sagitta hexaptera d'Orbigny.

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, i88g; vertical net).

J.N. 177. i°46'N., I7°i8' W.

J.N. 180. 1° 6'N., i6°26'W.

J.N. 182. 0° 6'N., i5°i9'W.

J.N. 184. o°i6'S., I4°58'W.

J.N. 186. i°24'S., i4°49'W.

J.N. 188. 2°3o'S., i4°36' VV.

J. N. 190. 4° 5' S., 14° 14' VV.

J.N. 194. 5°io'S., I4°i5' VV.

J.N. 195. 6°57'S., i4°i5'W.

J.N. 203. 7°4rS., i7°2i' W.

J.N. 204. 7°2o'S., 20°i5'W.

J.N. 206. 7°33'S., 2i°i9' W.

Strodtmann 92, (s. s. National, 1889; vertical net).
Stat. VII, 20». [59° 12' N., ii°48'W.]
Stat. VII, 22\ 6o°i2'N., 22°s6'W.
Stat. VII, 23^ 6o°i2'N., 28°i8'W.
Stat. VII, 25'. 60° s'N., 36° 47 W.
Stat. VII, 29\l50°48'N., 47°i8'W.]
Stat. VII, 29''.|5o° o'N., 48° 6' W.]

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, 1889; closing net).
J.N. 48. [40° 24' N., 57° o'W.J
J-N. 53- [37° 54' N., 59° 6' W.]
J.N. 92. 3i°22'N., 46°42' VV.
J.N. 154. 7°55'N., 2i°22'VV.
J.N. 165. 5°4o'N., 20° 2'W.

Steinhaus 96, (Schott and Bruhn Collections, 1891 — 1893).

Stat. I. 4°26'N., 26°i7'W.

Stat. 9. 24°24'S., 37° 6'W.

Stat. 12. 40° 20' S., 6° 40' E.

Stat. 16. 4i°32'S., i7°39'K.

Stat. f. 24°3oS., 4°35'K.

Stat. \\. i9°2o'S., o°30'W.

J.N.

207. 6° 56' S.,

23°20'\V.

J.N.

209. 5°4o'S.,

26° 30' w.

J.N.

213. 5°i3'S.,

27° 29' W.

J.N.

2i6.[4°24'S.,

29°I2\V.J

J.N.

2i8.[3°48'S.,

32°36'W.]

J.N.

223. 2°49'S.,

35° I o' \V.

J.N.

228. i°47'S.,

38° 7W.

J.N.

231. i°24'S.,

39° 10' W.

J.N.

232. o°26' S.,

42°22' W.

J.N.

235. 0° 5'S.,

44°irvv.

J.N.

246. i°29'N.,

46°34'W.

Stat.

VIII, 2''. [41 =

36' N., 56°i8'W.

Stat.

VIII, 3'. [40=

24' N., 57° o'W.

Stat.

VIII, 3'. [39^

24 N., 57°48'W.

Stat.

VIII, 4^ [37'

'54' N., 59° 6'W.

Stat.

VIII, 4^ [37^

6'N., 59''54W.

200

to

0

500

to

300

650

to

450

1000

to

800

400

to

200

100

to

0

180

to

0

70

to

0

50

to
0

0

100

to

0

? to 25°4
[13° to i6°]

[i2°5 to I5°6]
[S°2 to 7° 6]

[io°7 to 13° 2]

to 2fe

to 23° 2
to 12° 6

to i9°7
I7°7

to 19° o

57

FOWLER 05 (H.M.S. Research, 1900),
Mean position, 47° 10' N., 7°4S'W.

highest open net
lowest closing

Levinsen 86.

6o°i2'N.,

S2°i5' VV.

59° N.,

') ■'

58°i7'N.,

30° 59' W.

57°49'N.,

35°24'W.

57°5o'N.,

48°43'W.

44°2o'N.,

3i°4o'W.

44° N.,

43° W.

43°23'N.,

43°35'W.

42°5o'N.,

46°io"W.

36°4o'N.,

17° 20' E.

42° 8'N.,

30° W.

42° N.,

44° w.

36° N.,

36° W.

34°40'N.,

24° 20' W.

34°20'N.,

34° 50' W.

34° 20 N.,

i8°3o'W.

34° lo' N.,

42°io'W.

• 34° N.,

34° W.

34° N.,

31° W.

33°40'N.,

? long. ')

33° 6'N.,

2 5°30'W.

• 32° N.,

18° W.

3i°2o'N.,

34°40'W.

3>° N.,

35° W.

30°34'N.,

30° 50' W.

30°i6'N.,

37°i6'W.

28° N.

25° W.

25°i6'N.

79°54'W.

25° N.,

39° W.

24°45'N.

22° 30' \V.

net

91 to 0

net

1828 to 1371

22° N.,

22° W.

21° N.,

36°3o'W.

20° N.,

66° W.

20° N.,

26° VV.

17° N.,

1 2° \V. =)

15° N..

26° W.

9°4o'N.,

109° 20' E.

9° N.,

109° E.

7°37'N.,

22° 26' W.

3° 9'N-.

23° W.

2°34'N.,

109° 47' E.

2° N.,

26° 29' W.

2° S.,

26° W.

8° 30' S.,

23° VV.

i7°io'S.,

35° 2'W.

23° 5'S,

63° 7'E-

26° 30' S.,

34°4o'VV.

27°3o'S.,

98° E.

29°4o'S.,

96° 20' E.

30°. 2' S.,

44° E.

3i°i6'S.,

24°20'\V.

34°2o'S.,

6° VV.

35° '2' S.,

26° E.

35°50'S.,

60° 45' E.

36°40'S.,

i7°25W.

37° S.,

49° 20' E.

38°i6'S.,

14° 30' E.

38°29'S.,

29° 20' E.

40° 4'S..

5 3° 20' E.

42° 53'

s..

46° 38' W.

11° 5 to iS°5

5° 5 to 8° o

Arctic Ocean.

30 m. \V^ of Cape Farcwcll [59° 50 X., 44°3o'VV.].

Levinsen 86.
Karajak Fjord [70°3o'N., 50°3oVV.l. \'.\MiriEEEX 97.
Spitzbergen '). Krumbacii 03.

North Atlantic, etc.

'Holsatia', Stat. 33 [58° N., 11° \V.]. MoEmus 87.
40° 4' N., 68° 43' VV. ('Albatross', Stat. 2045). CüN.^NT 96.
Naples. (iRASSI 83.
Messina. Grassi 83, Gegenbaur 56, Krlmuacii 03

(s. n. tnagna).
25° N., 40° W. Steinhaus 96.
Madeira. Langerhans So (s. n. inngiio).

1) Not chavtcd.

2) On shore.

SinOOA-KXrEDITIE XXI.

no data
o and 225 to o

-i°7 to 6

no data

no data

58

Southern ücean.

40° S., i8°4o'E. Steinhaus 96.

40° S., 1° E. Steinhaus 00.

40° S., 79°4o'\V. D'ÜRiiiGNY 35 — 43.

South Pacific '). Kent 70 (s. n. tricuspidatd).

Xorth-west Pacific.

Misaki. [35° X., 139° 30' E.]. AlDA 97.

I n do- Pac i f i c.

Maldive Islands. DoNCASTER 03 (s. nn. viagna and

tricuspidata).
Siboga Exp. 6° N. to 8° S., 1 17° E. to 132° E.

Sagitta hispida Conant.

Beaufort, N.C. [34°45' N., 76°33'\V.] Conant 95.
Jamaica [i8°N., 76°45'VV.1 Conant 96.
Bahamas 26°4o'N., 78° 30' W. CONANT 96.
[r] Maldive Islands. DoNCASTER 03.
[?i Misaki. AlDA 97.

Sagitta lyra Kidhn.

Messina. Krohn 53.
Naples. Grassi 83.
.Madeira. Langerhans 80.
Misaki. AlDA 97.

Sagitta macrocephala l'owler.

FOWLER 05, (Il.M.S. Research, 1900).

Mean position 47^ 10' N., 7°45'W.

nighest open net (?)
Highest closing net.
Lowest closing net.

Unpublished, (H.M.S. Research, 1896).

Stat. 19». 59° N., 7° \V.

Siboga E.xpeditie.

Stat. 141. 1° S., 127° 25' E.

Stat. 185. 3°20'S., 127° 22' E.

Sagitta maxima ('onaiu.
42° 48' N., 50° 55' W. (Albatross, Stat. 2428) CONANT 96.

Sagitta minima (irassi.

Messina. (]rassi 83, Kki'Müach 03.
.Naples. Grassi 83, KurMiiACii 03.
Mediterranean. DONCASTER 02.
Misaki. AllM 97.

no data

epiplankton

epiplankton
surface and vcrtical nets

surface

epiplankton
epiplankton

? surface

surface

? surface

epiplankton

639 to o

914 to 731
3657 to 2742

877 to 639

1500 to o
1536 to o

from trawl \vi

ings

surface

surface

no data

epiplankton

no data

[M.A. 2i°]

[M.A. 28°]
28° to 29°

[M.A. 22°]
[M.A. 27°J
|M.A. 26°J
[M.A. 28°)
[M.A. 2i°]

[M.A. c. 19°]

[M.A. c. i9=J

jM.A. c. 19°]

[M.A. 2i°l

10° 5 to 18° 8
9°4 to io°o
2° 5 to 3°o

l"! to 8°3

4° to 27° 2
no data

no data

|M.A. c. 19°]
[M.A. c. 19°]

|M.A. 2i°|

l) Nol chartcd.

59

Sagitta neglecta Aida.

Misaki. AlDA 97.

Siboga Exp. 6°N. to 9° S., 113° E. to 132° E.

epiplankton j [M.A. 2i°]

vertical and surface nets \ 28° to 29°

Sagitta planctonis Steinhaus.

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National 1889; vertical net).
J.N. 177. i°46'N., i7°i8'W.
J. N. 180. 1° 6' N., i6°26'W.
J.N. 182. 0° 6'N., 15° 19' W.
J.N. 184. o°i6'S., I4°58'W.
J. N. 186. i°24'S., i4°49'W.

J.N. 188. 2"'3o'S., I4°36'\V.

J.N. 190. 4° S'S., I4°I4'\V.

J.N. 194. 5°io'S., i4°i5'W.

J.N. 216. [4° 24' S., 29°i2\V.

Steinhaus 96, (Schab collection; S.M.S. Falke, 1892— 1893).
Stat. II. [i6°5oS., 12° o' E.]

Stat. 16. [14° O'S., 9° 50' E.]

Stat. 17. 11° I'S., 11° 56' E.

Stat. 18— 20. [ 9° oS., 13° o' E.]

? ? Fowi.ER 05, (H.M.S. Research, 1900).
Mean position, 47° 10' N., 7°45' W.

Open net.
Closing net.

Sagitta pulchra Doncaster.

Maldive Lsland.s, DoNCASTER 03.

Siboga Exp. 6° N. to 8°3o'S., 113° E. to 131° E.

Sagitta regularis Aida.

Misaki. AlDA 97.

Maldive Islands. DON'CASTER 03.

Siboga Exp., 6°N. to 6° 30' S., 120° E. to 131° 30' E.

Sagitta robusta Doncaster.

Maldive Islands. DüNCASTER 03.

Siboga Exp., 6° N. to 8° S., 113° E. to 131° E.

Sagitta septata Doncaster.
Maldive Islands. DüNCASTER 03.

27

to

0

0

0

30

to

0

182

to

0

365

to

182

epiplankton
surface and vertical nets

epiplankton

epiplankton

surface

epiplankton
surface and vertical nets

epiplankton

18° 8 to 20"

2I°7

27° o
? to 27° 5

ii°i to i8°8
c. II. i

[M.A. 28° I
28° to 29°

[M.A. 2i°]
[M.A. 28°]
28° to 29°

[M.A. 28°|
28° to 29^

[M.A. 28"]

Sagitta serratodentata Krohn.

Strodtmann 92, (s. s. National, 1S89; vertical net)
Stat. VII, 2o\ [59°i2'N., ii°48'W.J
Stat. VII, 22\ 6o°i2'N., 22°56'VV.
Stat. VII, 29". [50°48'N., 47°i8'W.]
Stat. VII, 29''. [50° o' N., 48° 6' W.j
Stat. VIII, 2\ |4i°36'N., 56° 18' W.|

Stat. VIII, 3^
Stat. VIII, 3''
Stat. VIII, 4^

[40°i2'N., 57° o'W.
[39°24'N., 57°48'W.
[37°54'N., 59° 6'W.

Stat. VIII, 4'. [37° 6'N., 59°S4W.]

6o

SriCiNHAUS 96, (s. s. National, 1889; vcrtical net).

N. 177. i°46'N., i7°i8\V.

I. N. 180. 1° 6'N., i6°26\V.

N. 182. 0° 6'N., i5°i9'\V.

J.N. 184. o°i6'S., r4°58W.

N. 186. i°24'S., i4°49'W.

J.N. 188. 2°3o'S., i4°36'\V.

N. 190. 4° 5'S., i4°i4\V.

N. 194. s'io'S-, i4°i5'\V.

N. 195. 6°57'S., i4°i5\V.

N. 203. 7°4rS., i7°2i\V.

|. N. 204. 7°2o'S., 20°i5'W.

N. 206. 7°33'S., 2i°i9\V.

Steinhaus 96, (Schott and Briihn Collections, 1891

J.N. 207. 6°56'S., 23°2o'\V.

J.N. 209. 5°40'S., 26°3o'W.

J.N. 213. 5°i3'S., 27°29'W.

J.N. 2 16. [4° 24 S., 29°i2'W.]

J.N. 2i8.[3°48'S., 32°36'W.]

J.N. 223. 2°49S., 35°io'W.

J.N. 228. i°47'S., 38° 7'W-

J.N. 231. i°24S., 39°io'W.

J. N. 232. 0°26'S., 42°22'W.

J.N. 235. 0° 5'S., 44°ii'W.

J.N. 246. i°29'N., 46°34'W.

■1893)-

Stat. I.

Stat. 2.

Stat. 3.

Stat. 4.

4°26'N., 26° 17 W.

4° 3'N., 26° 37' W.

ii°28'S., 34°48'W.

i3°4i'S., 35°i7'W.

Stat. 5. 25°39'S., 36° 5 'W.

Stat. 12 — I4.40°20'S., 6° 40' E.

Stat. 16, 17. 4i°32'S., I7°39'E.

Stat. 28. 6°32'S., 86° 38' E.

Stat. 29. 4° 56' N., 94° 46' E.

Stat. f. 24°3o'S., 4° 35' E.

Stat. h. i9°2o'S., o°3o'W.

Stat. 41. i5°54N., 85° 38' E.

Stat. 47. 34°52'S., 17° 50' E.

Stat. 2. 21° o'N., 37° 55' E.

Stat. 4. 7°43'N., 73° 26' E.

Stat. 7. 3''40'N., 5'° 32' E.

Steiniiaus 96, (Schab Collection, S.M.S. Falke, 1892—1893).
Stat. 24. 3°44'N., o°i7'E.
Stat. 3i.[o° o'N., 6° 30' E.]

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, 1889; closing net).
Stat. A. 3'. [40°24'N., 57° o' W.]

Fowi.lCk 05, (H.M.S. Research, 1900).
Mean position 47° 10' N., 7°45' W'.

Cleve 00

i5°N., 18° VV.

6°S., 4°W. to 23° N., 28° \V.
12° N.. 27° \V.
19° N., 58° \V.

open nets
closing net

Jan.

Mar.
Sep.
Nov.

Messina. KkoiiN 53, GegenhaUR 56, FÜL79, Gkassi 83.
Naples. (iKASSl 83.

Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. I-'owi.kk 05.
[53° S., 70°40'W.] (Stat. 89, Hamb. Magalh. Sam.).

Steiniiaus 00.
Maldivc Islands. DüNCAStkk 03.
Amboina. HÉRANECK 95.
Misaki. AlDA 97.
Siboga Exp. 6° N. to 9° S., 113° E. to 1 32° E.

100 to o

o
IOC to o
50 to o

o

100 & 70 to & at o

100 & 50 to o

o

o

o
100 to o
120 to o
100 to o

o

o

o

o
9 to o

200 to o

182 and less to and at o
364 to 182

presumably cpiplanktonic

probably all cpiplanktonic

surface and vertical nets

to 27° 6

27° 7

to 26° I

to 26° 3

22°0

to 12° 6

to 19° 7

27° 9

29° I

i7°7

to i9°o

to 22°6

to 26° 2

22°0

30° 8

32°o

28° 2

2Ó°0

to 25°4

1 1 ° I to 1 8° 8

20° to 27° :

IM.A. c. 19°]
[M.A. c. i9°l
ó'ó to 12° 2
|M.A. c. 7°J

[M.A. 28°)
[M.A. 28°j
[M.A. 2i°]
28° to 29°

6i

Sagitta Sibogae sp. n.

Siboga Exp.
Stat. 141.
Stat. 143.
Stat. 148.
Stat. 185.

1° O'S., 127° 25' E.

1° 4'S., 127° 52' E.

o°i7'S., 129° 14' E.

3°2o'S., 127° 22' E.

Stat. 203(1). 3° 32' S., 124° 15' E.
Stat. 230(1). 3°58'S., 128° 2o' E.

Sagitta tenuis Conant.
Kingston Harbour [8° N., 76°45'W. CoxANT 96.

Sagitta Whartoni Fowler.

FowLER 96, (H.M.S. Research 1896, 1897).
Mean position 60° 5' N., 4°o' W.

Highest open net.
Lowest closing net.

Atlantic. GiiiNTilKR 03.

Sagitta Zetesios Fowler.

Fowler 05, (H.M.S. Research 1900).
Mean position 47° 10' N., 7°45' W.

Highest open net.
Lowest closin" net.

Siboga Exp.

Stat. 141.

Stat. 143.

Stat. 148.

?Stat. 175.

Stat. 185.

Stat. 203(1)

Stat. 208.

Stat. 216.

?Stat. 243.

?Stat. 276.

1° O'S.,
1° 4'S.,
o°i7'S.,
2°37'S.,
3° 20' S.,
3°32'S.,
5°39'S.,
6°49S.,
4° 30' S.,
6°47'S.,

127° 25

E.

127° 52

E.

129° 14

E.

130° 33

E.

127° 22

E.

I 24° I 5

E.

122° 12

K.

I22°43

T'

129° 25

]-:.

128° 40

K.

Krohnia foliacea Aida.

Misaki (35° N., 139° 30' E.J. Aii..\ 97. •

Krohnia hamata Moebius.

MOEBIUS 75, (s. s. Pommerania, 1S72).

Stat. 20. N. of Hanstholmen [58° N., 8° 47' E.]

Stat. 62, 63. Korsfjord [60° lo' N., 5° 10' E.]

Stat. 224. N.W. from Skagen [58=7' N., 9° 23' E

MOEBIUS 87, (s. s. Holsatia, 1885).
Stat. 30. [58° N., ii"W.]
Stat. 33. [58° N., ii°W.]

1500 to o
1000 to o
1000 to o
1536 to o
1500 to o
2000 to o

epiplanktonic

182 to o

914 to 731

no data

182 to o
1828 to 1371

1500 to o
1000 to o
1000 to o

(trawl) 19 14 to o
1536 to o
1500 to o

(trawl) 1886 to o

975 to 415

1000 to o

750 to o

epiplanktonic

[536] to O

245 or more] to o

[584] to O

2500 to o

200 to o

4° to 27° 2
about 6° to 27°9

no data

no data
4° to 26° 3

no data

[M.A. 27°]

8° 8 to 12° 2
-i°i to — o°5

ii°6 to i8°8
4° 7 to 8°

4° to 27° 2
about 6° to 27° 9

no data

no data

no data
4° to 2Ó°3

no data

no data

no data
about 7° 8 to 27°

[M.A. 2i°J

no data
no data
no data

no data
no data

62

StroütmanN 92, (s. s. National 1889; vertical net).
Stat. VII, 19'. 58°57N., 8°35'\V.
Stat. VII, 20'.[59°I2N., ii°48\V.]
Stat. VII, 22'. 6o°i2'N., 22°56'\V.
Stat. VII, 23\ 6o°i2'N., 28°i8 \V.
Stat. VII, 23'. 6o°i2N., 28°i8'VV.
Stat. VII, 25='. 60° 5'N., 36°47'W.
Stat. VII, 29\[50°48'N., 47°i8'W.]
Stat. VII, 29''. [50° o'N., 48° 6\V.]

STE1NHAU.S 96, (s. s. National, 1889; closing net).

J.N. 10. 6o"'i2'N., 22°56' W.

J.N. 53- 37°54'N., 59° 6' W.

J.N. 69. 3i°3o'N., 59° o'W.

J.N. 105. 3i°29'N., 4o°44'\V.

J.N. [34. 7°55'N., 2i°22'W.

J.N. 160. 5°59N., 20°2r \V.

J.N. 170. 3°4oN., 18° 58 \V.

J. X. 198. 6°57S., i4°i5\V.

J.X. 220. 3°36S., 33°i2W.

Levinsen 86.

59° N.

57°5o'N., 48°43\V.

57^48' N., 43°45'W.

Kronprinsen's Eiland 168°57'N., 53° W.]

30 m. W. of C. Farewell [59°5o'N., 44°3o' W.]

CONSEIL iNTERNATIONAl, 04 (l).

S. 7. 58°26N., 9° 44' E.

S. 8. 58°io'N., 9°i8'E.

S. 14. 58°49'N., 11° 5' E.

D.N., 8. 58°23'N., 5° SÓ' E.

CONSEII, iNTKKNATIUNAL 04 (2).

S. 7. 58°26'N., 9° 41 E.
S. 8. 58°io'N., 9°i8E.

S. 9. 58°'5'N-. 9° 5' E.
S. 14. 58°49'N., n°05'E.

AURIVII.I.IUS 99 (2).
Antarctic Exp. (1898).
77° 39 N., i°i8E.
77° 52' N., 3° 3'\V.
78°i3N., 2°58\V.
76' 36' N., 12° 13' E.
79°58N., 9° 35' E.

highest open net

highest open net

100

to

0

400

to

0

400

to

0

600

to

0

100

to

0

400

to

0

500

to

0

300

to

0

1000

to

800

500

to

300

IIOO

to

900

1500

to

1300

1000

to.

800

1200

to

1000

900

to

700

800

to

600

800

to

600

No data

AuRivii.i.ius 99 (2).
Svensksund Exp. 1897.
? 77° 14' N„ 11° E.
?74°4o' N., 14° 12' E.

600 to 200

200 to o

200 to o

240 to o

320 to o

300 to 100
100 to o
300 to 150
560 to o
400 to o

ICXD, 200 and 500 to o

25, 100, 400 and 500 to o

500 and 2600 to o

100 to o
100 and 400 to o

o
o

l9°5] to 12° 5

[8° 6] to 12° 4

[7° 5] to 11° 6

[7° 7] to 10° 6

[7° 5] to 10° 6

[6° 2] to 8° 3

[2° 5] to 10° 6

[2° 5] to 10° 2

[5° 8 to 7°]

[13° to i6°]

[7° 9 to 10° 2]

5° 2 to [7° 3]

5" 2 to [7" 5]

4° 7 to [6°i]

4° 5 to [5° 7]

4° 3 to [6° 3]

[4° 2 to 5°4l

No data

5° 2 to 5° 7

5°7 to 17°

[5° 6] to 17°

5°6 to i7°4

5°8 to i5°5

5° 7 to 7» o
7°o to 8°7
5''7 to 7°o
5°4 to 8°9
5° 7 to 8''9
5°6 to 8°9

o°5

to

30 8

o°8

to

3°6

o°3

to

3°«

3° 7

to

7°i

>°5

to

4° 5

5"4
5°4

63

RÖMER and SCHAUDINN, 99.
W. Coast of Spitzbergen ').
Jena Island [79° N., 29° E.]
81°'/., N. [8i°3o'N., 21° E.]

FOWLER 96, (H.M.S. Research, 1896).
Mean position 60° 5' N., 4°oW.

open nets

lowest closins: net

FowLER 05, (H.M.S. Research 1900).

Mean position 47° 10' N., 7°45W. open nets

highest closing net
lowest closing net

Cleve 00.
(>7° N.,

x° W.

June.

July.

July.

Aug.

Sep.

Sep.

62° to 67° N., o°37'E. to 2°52W.

71° to 74° N., 21° to 18° W.

53° N., 42° W.

54° N., 47° W.

56° N., 27° to 36° W.

62° to 67° N., o" 37' E. to 2''55'\V.

Arctic ücean.

? Spitsbergen '). SCORESBY 20.
73° to 74° N., about 70° W. AURIVILI.IUS 96 (i).
W. coast of Spitzbergen '). Kru.mhach 03.
Karajakfjord |70°3oN., 50°3o'\V.j. Vanhökken 97.

North Atlantic, etc.

Bergen. NoRDGAARD 98, 99.

Lofoten '). NoRDGAARD 99.

Hirtsholmen [57°3o'N., io°3o'I'-.l. Krover, quoted

by Tauuer 79.
Ofotenfjord [68°i3'N., i6°3o'E.|. Gran 00.
40° 4' N., 68° 43' \V. (Aibatross, Stat. 2045). CONANT 96.

Southern Uccan.

40°23'S., 8°35'E. (Sch. & Br., Stat. 15). Steimiaus 96.
Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. FoWLER 05.
Antipodes Island [49°3oS., 179° 30' E.]. Parker 95.
Paterson's Inlet, Stewart Island [47° S., i6S° lo' E!.].

Parker 95.
Norman's Inlet, Auckland Islands [50° 30' S., i66°3o'E].

Parker 95.

Pacific Ücean.

Siboga ICxpeditie.

Stat. 118. i°38'N.,

Stat. 141.

Stat. 143. I

Stat. 148. 0° 17' S.,

Stat. 185. 3°2o'S.,

Stat. 2io\ 5° 26' S.,

Stat. 216. 6°49'S.,

Stat. 230(1). 3° 58' S.,

1° O'S.,
1° 4S.,

124° 28' E.
127° 25' E.
127° 52' E.
129° 14' E.
127° 22' E.
121° 18' E.
122° 43' E.
128° 20' E.

no data

O and 182 to o
914 to 731

91, 137, 182 to o

273 to 91

3657 to 2742

no data

"from strata below 100"

"from 280"

no data

no data

no data
below 50, and 500 to 25

no data

no data

no data

o and 225 to o

no data

8° 8 to 12° 2
-1° I to — o°5

11° I to i8°8

ii°i
2° 5 to 3°o

10° to 11'

c. 0°
no data
-i°7 to 6°o

never in shallow water > optimum 6° to 7

no data

60 to 40

in trawl-wings

70 to o

6 to o

epiplankton

epiplankton

epiplankton

900 to o
1500 to o
1000 to o
1000 to o
1536 to o
(trawl) 1944 to ó
975 to 415
2000 to o

S"' to s°9

[M.A. c. i2°oJ

6°6 to 12° 2

[M.A. c. 9°o|

[M.A. c. ii°o|

[M.A. 8°J

about 6° 5 to 27°

4° to 27° 2
about 6° to 27° 9

no data

no data

no data

no data

no data

l) Not charted.

64

Krohnia pacifica Aida.

Misaki [35° N., 139° 30' E.]. Aida 97.

Maldive Islands. DONC aster 03.

SibogaExp., 6° N. to 7° 30' S., 117° 30' E. to 131° 30' E.

epiplanktonic 1 [M.A. 21°]

epiplanktonic [M.A. 28°]

surface and vertical nets | 28° to 29°

Krohnia subtilis (kassi.

Strodtmann 92, (s. s. National, 1889; vertical net).

Stat. VII, 22\ 6o°i2'N., 22''56'\V. Stat. YIII, 3''. [39°24N., 57°48'W.]

Stat. VIII, 2''. [41° 36' N., s6°i8'W.] Stat. VIII, 4\ [37°54'N., 59° 6' W.]

Stat. VIII, 3\[40°24N., 57° o' VV.] Stat. VIII, 4''. {37° 6' N., 59° 54 W.]

SteinhaUS 96, (s. s. National 1889; vertical net).

J.N. 177. i°46'N., i7°i8'W.

J.N. 180. 1° 6'N., i6°26'W.

J. X. 182. 0° 6'X., 15° 19' W.

J.N. 184. o°i6S., i4°58'W.

J.N. 186. i°24S., i4°49'W.

J. N. 188. 2°3o'S., i4°36'W.

J. X. 190. 4° 5'S., I4°i4' W.

J. X. 194. 5' 10 S., 14° i5'\V.

J.X. 195. 6°57'S., i4°i5'W.

J.N. 203. 7°4i'S., i7°2i'W.

J. N. 204. 7°2oS., 20° 15'W.

SteiNHAUS 96, (.s. s. National, 1889; closing net).
J.N. 48. [40° 24' N., 57° o'VV.]

J.N.
J.X.
J.X.
J.N.
J.N.
J.N.
J.X.
J.X.
J.N.
J.N.
J.N.

207. 6°56'S.,
209. 5°4o'S.,
213. 5°i3'S.,
2 16. [4° 24' S.,
218. [3° 48' S.,
223. 2°49'S.,
228. i°47'S.,

231. i°24'S.,

232. o°26' S.,
235. 0° 5'S.,
246. i°29'N.,

23°20W.

26° 30' W.
27° 29' W.

29°I2'W.

32°36\V.;
35° 10 w.
38° 7'\V.
39°io' W.

42°22'W.

44° n' W.
46° 34' W.

J.N.
J.X.
J.N.
J.N.
J.N.

53

65

96

128

165

l37°54'N., 59° 6'W.l
[3i°48'N., 6i°i2'\V.]

3i°25'N., 45''52'W.

25° 7'N., 3i°32'\V.
5° 40' X., 20° 2'\V.

SteiniiaUS 96, (Schott and Bruhn Collections, 1891 — 1893).
Stat. I. 4°26'X., 26°i7'W.
Stat. 2. 4° 3X., 26°37'\V.
Stat. 5. 2 5°39'S., 36°5i'\V.
Stat. 41- i5°54'N., 85° 38' E.
Stat. 43. I9°52'N., 89°4rE.
Stat. 44. 29° 30' S., 42° 50' E.
Stat. 4. 7°43'N., 73° 26' E.

Steimiaus 96, (Schab CoUection; S.M.S. Falke 1892— 1893).

Stat.
Stat.
Stat.
Stat.
Stat.

j' ■
6—

17-

23-

[9° o'N., 13° oW.]
[6° o'X., o°5o'E.l

2° 50' E.]
11° 56' E.

3° >4' E.

[6° 30' X.,

11° i'S.,

3° 33' N.,

Stat. 25,26. [6°30'X., io°5o'W.l
Stat. 27. [4°2o'X., 7°40\V.1
Stat. 28. |6°3o'X., io°5o' W.j
Stat. 29. l?6°3o'X., 10° 50' W.j
Stat. 30,31. lo° o'X., 6° 30' E.)

200 to o
500 to 300
700 to 500
850 to 650
600 to 400
400 to 200

100 to o

o

o
120 to o

o

o

o

20 to o

14 to o

14 and I 5 to o

o

o

16 to o

24 to o

10 to o

8 to o
9 and 10 to o

r to 25°4

[13° to i6°]

l5°3 to 5°8]

9°4 to [i2°5]

[c. 12° o] to 15° 5

10° 7 to 13° 2

to 27° 6

27° 7

22°0
to 22°6

20° 5

25° 2

30° 8

29" 5
29° 5

29°

0

27"

0

28°

4

28°

3

3_o

2

27"

3

27"

4

26"

0

6s

Messina. Grassi 83.

47°io'N., 7°45'\V. (H.M.S. Research 1900). FowLERos.

highest open net
Bay of Bengal. Steixhaus 96.
Siboga Expeditie.

Stat. 141. 1° o'S., 127° 25' E.
Stat. 143. 1° 4' S., 127° 52' E.
Stat. 185. 3°2o'S., 127° 22' E.
Stat. 203(1). 3° 32' S., 124° 15' E.
Stat. 220(2). 6° o'S., 124° o' E.
Stat. 243. 4°3o'S., 129° 25' E.

91 to o
no data

1500 to o
1000 to o
1536 to o
1 500 to o
200 to o
1000 to o

[M.A. c. 19°]
ii°i to iS°8

Spadella cephaloptera Busch.

Orkney. Buscii 51.
Skagerak '). AURIVILLIUS 99 (i).
Plymouth. [p. 34].
St. Vaast. Ci.Ai'ARÈDE 63.
Roscoff. (ïlAKU 75 (s. n. batziatia).
Scilly Islands. Bruwne 04. Lewes 58 (s. n. mariana).
Valencia. Ga.müle 00.
Cette. Pagenstecher 63 (s. n. gallica).
Messina. Hertwig 80, GraS;^! 83.
Trieste. Grassi 83.

? Black Sea. Uljanin 70 (s. n. pontica).
fMean annual temperatures from c. 9*5 (Orkney) to c. 19° (Messina)

Spadella draco Kiohn.

Stroutmaxn 92, (s. s. National 1889; vertical net).
Stat. VIII, 2''. |4i°36'N., 56°i8'W.]
Stat. VIII, 3'. |40°24'N., 57° o' W.]
Stat. VIII, 3". 139° 24' N., 57°48'W.1

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National 1889; vertical net).

J.N.

177.

i°4^>'N.,

i7°i8'W.

J.N.

180.

1° 6'N.,

i6°26' W.

J.N.

182.

0° 6'N.,

I5°i9' W.

J.N.

184.

o°i6'S.,

I4°58'\V.

J.N.

186.

i°24'S.,

I4°49'VV.

J.N.

188.

2° 30' s..

I4°3Ö'W.

J.N.

190.

4° 5'S.,

I4°I4'\V.

J.N.

194.

5°io'S.,

I4°i^' \V.

J.N.

195.

6° 57' S.,

I4°I5'W.

J.N.

203.

7°4i'S.,

\f2\\M.

J.N.

204.

7°2o'S.,

2o°i5' \V.

Stat. VIII, 4^ [37°34'N., 59° 6' W.
Stat. VIII, 4'^. [37° 6'N., 59°54'W.

J.N.

207.

6° 56' S.,

23° 20' W.

J. N.

209.

5°4o'S.,

26° 30' W.

J.N.

213.

5°i3'S.,

27° 29' w.

J.N.

216.

[4°24'S.,

29°I2'\V.]

J.N.

218.

[3°48'S.,

32° 36' VV.]

J.N.

223.

2°49'S.,

35° 10' W.

J.N.

228.

i°47'S.,

38" 7'W.

J.N.

231-

i°24'S.,

39°io'\V.

J.N.

232.

0° 26' S.,

42°22' W.

J.N.

235-

0° 5'S.,

44° I i'W.

Steinhaus 96, (Schott aiul Hiuhn Collcctions, 1891 — 1893)
Stat. I. 4°26'N., 26°i7'\V.
Stat. 9. 24°24'S., 37° 6'W.
Stat. 16. 4i°32'S., 17° 39' E.
Stat. 29. 4°56'N., 94° 46' E.
Stat. f. 24°30'S., 4° 35' E.

lOO to o

180 to o

50 to o

O
O

l) Not charted.

SIliOGA-EXl'ElllTIE XXI.

'm

LI 3R

to 27° 6

to 23° 2

to 19° 7

29° I

17° 7

66

SteinhauS 96, (Schab Collection; S.M.S. Falke (1892—1893).
Stat. 24. 3°44'N., 0° 17' E.

Steinhaus 96, (s. s. National, 1889; closing net).
J. N. 48. [40^ 24' N., 57° W.)

Mediterranean. HERTWIG 80.

Messina. KkoHN 53, Grassi 83, KrüMBACH 03.

Naples. Grassi 83, Costa 69 (s. n. Pterosagitta

niediterranea).
Canary Islands. HERTWIG 80.
Kingston Harboiir, Jamaica. CoNANT 96.
Maldive Islands. DüNCASTER 03.
Ceylon. Steinhaus 96.
Amboina. Béraneck 95.
Misaki. AlDA 97.
Siboga Exp. 6°N. to 9° S., 119° 30' E. to 132° E.

Spadella schizoptera Conant.
Bahama Islands. Conant 95, 96.

200 to o

presumably all
epiplanktonic

surface and vertical nets

epiplanktonic

28° 2

to 25'^4

|M.A. c. \(f\
[M.A. c. 19°J

[M.A. c. 19° s]
|M.A. c. 27°]

[M.A. 28°]

[M.A. c. 28°]

[M.A. c. 27°]

[M.A. 2i°l

28° to 29°

[M.A.

67

2. Summary and conclusions.

The following section summarises, in a digestible form and for those who are not
specialists, the conclusions which may be drawn from the foregoing records; it deals only with
the species regarded in this Report as vahd.

Since mere lists of positions, expressed as latitude and longitude, convey to most of
us little idea of the area thereby included, the records of the commoner species (excepting
bipundata) have been plotted as Charts I to VI ') and exhibit practically all the records,
whether definitive or not. They not only enable one to visualise the areas of horizontal distri-
bution, but bring out the amazing fact that between i6o°E. and 80° W. we have not a single
record of a Chaetognath, — at any rate so far as the present writer can find.

Sagitta arctica Aurivillius. (Chart I).

Localities"):

Baffin's Bay and Davis' Strait; E. coast of Greenland to Spitzbergen, and to Faeroes Shetland
and Skagerak.

Definitive o b s e r v a t i o n s ') :

Neritic and occanic.

N. limit: 8i°i4N., 22° 50' E.

S. limit: 58° N., 11° E. (120 to 20 m.).

Surface, bet ween 1° C. and 8° 5 C.

Deepest haul : 500 to 200 m.

Highest temperature: below 10° C.

Lowest temperature: between 0° 3 and i°9 C.

Whether the synonymy suggested above (p. 30 — 32) for this form be correct or not,
there can be little doubt but that it is a cold-water form.

So far as its distribution goes, it is curiously like that of hamata : and the probability
is that it will be found, like hamata, to extend further South in the mesoplankton : this suggested
its possible identity with Zetesios.

Sagitta Bedoti Bérancck.

Localities:

Malay (Siboga area) and Maldive Archipelagps; Japan.

Definitive observati ons:

Neritic ^].

Surface.

Temperature: 28° to 29° C, and M.A. 21°.

1) These have been picpared on, and leduced fiom, the Blank Charts puhlishcd by the Challenger Society for such purposes.

2) These refer to mere geographical position, iirespective of depth.

3) Undev this head are classed those few positive records which allow us to define the limit» of a species — in the present
state of our knowledge. For this purpose hauls with deep Vertical Nets are generally useless.

4) It is perhaps not possible to describe the plankton of an Archipelago as either 'oceanic' or 'neritic". What are usually
supposcd to be truly oceanic conditions, depending on distance from land as well as on depth of water, can hardly apply to the case

68
Sagitta bipunctata Quoy et Gaimaid.

According to the recorded occurrences of this species, it would seem to be ecjually at
home in a brackish estuary or in the centre of a main ocean, at a mean annual temperature ot
about o'^ in the White Sea to 33° in the Red Sea, and from 82° \V. to i 20° E. If this be correct,
öiptinctata would be about the most eurythermal, euryhaline, and cosmopoHtan organism known.

Against such a distribution there is no reasonable argument to allege, but, frankly, I am
quite unable to beheve it without more evidcnce. It can only be urged in defence of such
incredulity that I know bitterly how ditïicult it is to distinguish between bipnnctata and the young
of several other species; this has no such unmistakeable features as some species present.

The wide extension of the records is due mainly to Levinsen (86) and Steinhaus (96).
Of these, Levinsen furnishes only a record of geographical positions without further data.
Steinhaus, who shares with Strodtmann the credit of the only recent attempts to gauge the
distribution of Chaetognatha, dealt with .several collections, of which some were well, others
badly, preserved; among the latter were numerous Indo-pacific records of biptmctata, which I
suspect on the ground that this species was not captured by Mr Gardinkr in many months
work in the Maldive Archipelago, nor ])y the .Siboga in a year of regular t(nvnettings; this is
sufficiently remarkable in an ocean which is stated to have so uniform a jjlankton-fauna as the
Indo-pacific. As has already been pointed out (pp. 16, 17) there is every e.xcuse for confusing
bipiinctata and badly preserved ncglecta^ which occurs as far north as Japan, and as far south
as Java; and the e.xplanaticjn may possibly lie in this fact. It is greally lo be hoped that with
the energy displayed at the present time in collecting abroad, and with the increased use of
formalin, the extreme records may be either confirmed or refuted. In the meantime it a])pears
to be premature to attempt to define the horizontal distribution of this species, and a waste
of labour to ])lot the captures on a Chart.

It is, however, generally agreed that liipuuctaia is a neritic or coast-wisc form, and tliat
its oceanic occurrences are rather e.xceptional (Strüutmann, 92 p. 15; Steinhaus, 96 pp. 28,39;
FowLER, 05 p. 69). It appears to be euryhaline, and to tolerate a low salinity in the Zuijder See,
Hast -Scheldt, at ncarly the longitude of Memel in the Ilaltic, and in the niouth of the Para River.

As regards the vertical distribution, .Steinhaus records no less than 7 specimens from
a closing net 850 — 650 m., at fairly high temperatures (9° 4 to |i2°5]); bul il failcd at greater
depths and lower temperatures. In the Research it failed cntirely in all iIk; 35 hauls with the
closing net which began at 365 m. or a greater de])th ; that is to sa\- behnv the isolherniobalh
of ii°C., which tallies well wilh Steinhaus' record.

The mere fact that (so far as our evidence at present goes) this temperature appears
approximately to set its (k:|)tli-liniit, forms a certaiii anioinil of evitlence against its alleged
occurrence in the far north. and suggests that llu- unnanicd ncortlrr for the Russian section
of the Con.seil International 04 (i) ma)- ha\'e been tlealing really with arctiia.

of the cpipl.-inkton of an archipclntjo: for the strong tides and cuncnls gciicratly met wiili in such areas must pioduce ncarly the same
cpiplanktonic conditions ihroughout. With the mcsoplankton, however, below the aciion of lide and currcnt, the case is sonicwhal diftcrent:
one would not class hamitla^ for vxaniplc, as ncrilic, nierely bcc.ausc it occurrcd in the deep water of an archipelago. The epiplankton
of ihc Siboga arca has Iherelore been regardcd in this pliice as neritic, the apparently purely mesoplanktonic species as oceanic.

69
Sagitta decipiens Fowler.

Locality (mean) :

47°io'N., 7°4S'W.

Definitive observations:

Oceanic.

Not taken above 182 m.

Deepest hauls: 365 — 182 m., at c. ii°5C.

Sagitta elegans Verrill. (Chart I).

Locali ti es :

4i°2o'N., 70°40'W.
39°2o'N., 74°25'W.

Definitive observations wanting.

As Verrii.i. and Conant in some cases indicate deep-water specimens, the presumption
is tliat this species was captiired at or near the surface. The locaHties lie well within the
influence of the cold water which bathes the north-eastern States; thej- have a mean annual
temperature of aboiit ii°C. There is nothing in this distribiition inconsistent with the suggested
identity with arcfica (\)\). 30 — 32), and these waters are practically siibarctic, in temperature and
source, through not in latitude.

Sagitta enflata Grassi. (Charts I — III).

L o ca 1 i t i e s :

Tempcratc North Atlantic, and Mcilitciranean ; tropical .Atlantic; S. Atlantic (Brazil Currcnt,
and Benguela Currcnt to the Cape); Indian ücean and Red Sea; Maiay Archipelago
and Japan.

Definitive o 1) s c; r v a t i o n s :

Oceanic and ncritic.

N. limit (.Atlantic): 40°24'X., 57° o' W. — M..\. c. 16° C.

S. limit (.\tlantic): 34°S2'S., 17° 50' E. — M.A. c. 17° C.

S. limit (Indo-Australian) : 29° 30' S., 42° 50' E.

Surface (absent from all closing nct.s).

Highest temperature, 32° C.

Lowest temperature, M.A. 16° C.

There is no tracé of this species as a mesoplanktonic form in any locality; it is apparently
an epiplanktonic and warm-water form. That its minimal temperature limit is somewhere near
i6°C., is confirmed by its absence from the Biscayan stations of the Research, which have a mean
annual of 13° to 14° C, although at the moment the surface temjieratures were 17° to i8°C.

Sagitta ferox Doncaster.

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

Malay (Siboga area) and Maldive .\rchipelagos.

70

Definitive observatinns:
Neritic.
Surface.
Temperature : c. 28° to 29° C.

Sagitta furcata Steinhaus (Charts I, II).

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

\. temperate and tropical Atlantic, and Mediterranean.
Definitive observations:

Oceanic (and Messina).

N. limit: 5i°5SN., io°2o'\V. at 1 1° C.

S. limit: 7°33'S., 2o°i9'\V.

Surface at 17° C.

Deepest haul (National); lOOO to 800 m. at 8°4 to II°C., under surface water of M.A. 22°C.

Deepcst haul (Research); 365 to 182 m. at ii°5C., under surface water of 17° to 18° C.

Highest temperature, 17° C.

Lowest temperature, between 8°4 and i 1° C.

This species which is epiplanktonic at Valentia, was found to be also represented bv a
few specimens in the u])per mesoplankton at my Biscayan stations, and was shown h\ tlie
closing nets of the National at stations vet further south to extend vet more deeply inlo the
mesoplankton. Here, as in other cases, the curious conditions well known at Messina, which
bring up deep water species to or near to the surface render a comparison with the trulv
oceanic records at present impossible.

The species has at present quite restricted limits, of horizontal and vertical range as
well as (jf temperature : these will probably prove to be valid in the future also, as its original
describer, Dr. .Stkinh.'\us, was dealing at the .same time with large collections from other waters
in which it was not represented.

Sagitta hexaptera d'Orbigny. (Charts IV— VI).

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

Karajak-fiord in Groenland; Spitsbergen; Atlantic from 6o°i2'N. to 42°53'S.; Indo-Australian
from 40°4'S. to io°N. and I35°E.; S.E. Pacific at 40°S., 79°4o'\V. (Humboldt's Currentt: Japan.

Definitive observations:
Oceanic and neritic.
Surface; 70°3o'N., 50° 30' W. at 6° C.
Surface; in the Siboga area at 2S° to 29° C.
Deepest haul; 1828 to 1371 m. at 5° 5 to 8° C.
Highest temperature; 29° C.
Lowest temperature; 6° C.

There seems to be little doubt thal hexaptera is very nearly what bipimctata is alleged
to be. Hut Jtexaptcra is much niurc of an oceanic form (rarely neritic), stenohaline, eurybathic,
and eurythermal; it a|)pcars lo be nearly cosmopolitan, but though eurythermal within wide limits
it does not seem to e.vtend into the mesoplankton to the same depths as do some other species').

I) Sincc ünishiog the Sil>0(;.T coUection, 1 have foiiiul this species among ihc Chaetognalh.i taken at the Winter Oiiaiters of
the ^I >iscovery'. This praclically conipletL's its record as a cn>nu>pL)litan species.

Sagitta macrocephala Fowler.

Locali t ies :

Faeroe Channel; Bay of Biscay; Siboga area.

Definitiveobservations:

Oceanic, mesoplanktonic '),
Highest closing net; 877 to 639 m.
Lowest closing net; 3657 to 2742 m.
Highest temperature; 10° C.
Lowest temperature; 2° 5 to 3° C.

So far as it is at present known, this species is purely mesoplanktonic, but it is not
impossible that it may come to the surface in polar waters. lts occurrence in the Faeroe
Channel and in the Siboga area woulcl seem to indicate a wide distribution in intermediate
seas at considerable depths.

Sagitta minima Grassi.

Local i t i es :

Mediterranean and (?) Japan.

D e f i n i t i V e o b s e r v a t i o n s :

Neritic.

Surface at M.A. 19° and 21° C.

Sagitta neglecta Aida.

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

Malay Archipekigo and Japan.

Definitive observations:

Neritic.

Surface at 28° to 29° C, and M.A. 21° C.

Sagitta planctonis Stcinhaus.

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

Tropical [and ? temperate N.] Atlantic.

Definitive observations');

Neritic and oceanic.

N. limit: i°46' N., i7°i8'W.

S. limit: i6°5o'S., 12° E.

Surface.

Highest temperature : 27° C.

Lowest temperature: 18° 8 to 20° C.

i) Omitting some doublful young specimens at higher levels.
2) Omitting the very doubtful Biscayau and Siboga records.

72

Sagitta pulchra Doncaster.

Lücal i t ies :

Malay (Siboga area) and Maldive Archipelagos.

Definitive observations:

Xeritic.
Surface.
Temperaturc : 28° to 29° C.

Sagitta regularis Aida.

Local i t i es :

Malay (Siboga area) and Maldive Archipelagos; Japan.

Definitive observations:

Neritic.
Surface.
Temperature: 28° to 29°, and M.A. 21° C.

Sagitta robusta Doncaster.

L O c a 1 i t i e s :

Malay (Siboga area) and Maldive Archipelagos.

Definitive observations:

Neritic.
Surface.
Temperature: 28° to 29° C.

Sagitta serratodentata Krohn. (Charts IV to VI).

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

Temperate (N. and S.) and tropical Atlantic; and Mcditerranean, Southern Ocean, Tropical
Indo-Australian Ocean, and Japan.

Definitive o b s e r v a t i o n s :

Xeritic and Oceanic.

N. limit: 6o°i2'N., 22°s6'W.

S. limit: 53° o' S., 70°40'W.

Surface and Mcsoplankton.

Deepest haul: 364 to 182 m. at 1 1° 5 C.

Highest temperature: 32° C.

Lowest temperature: M.A. 6° 5 C.

In s])it<' nf the wide rant^e (jf temperature, and the wide horizontal distribution, there is
at present a marked nortlicrn limit to this very characleristic species at aboiit 60° N. It has so
far failed entirely in iht- north-eastern arclic arm of the Atlantic, althouj^h collections from that
region have been (comparatively speakin<^) numcrous.

It is curioiis that while the records show it to be markedly eiirylhermai, ihey do not
püint to its being correspondingly eurybathic; the deepest record is shallow for a species which
can tolerale the temperature of the b'alkland Islands and Strails of Magellan.

73

Sagitta Sibogae sp. n.

Loca 1 i ty :

Malay Archipelago (Siboga area).

Definitive obse rvati ons :
Oceanic.

Absent from surface nets.
Highest open net: looo to o m.
Temperature at lOOO m., 5° 5 C.

Sagitta Whartoni Fowler.

Locali t y :

Faeroe Channel, and N. Atlantic.

Definitive observations:
Oceanic.

Highest open net: 182 to o m.
Deepest haul: 914 to 731 m.
Highest temperature: between 8° 8 and 12° 2.
Lowest temperature: bctwcen — 1° i and — o°5.

Sagitta Zetesios Fowler.

Loca 1 i t ies :

Temperate N. Atlantic, and Malay Archipelago (Siboga area).
Definitive observations:

Oceanic.

Absent from surface nets.

Highest open net; N. Atlantic, 182 to o m., young specimens; Siboga area, ? 750 to o m.

Lowest closing net: 1828 to 1371 m.

Highest temperature: ii°6C. or more.

Lowest temperature: 4° 7 to 8°.

It is reasonable to expect that this species will be found in tlie polar epiplankton, and
in the mesoplankton of intermediate seas between its two present localities.

Krohnia hamata Moebius. (Charts I to III).

Localities:

The Atlantic, from Raflin's Bay and Spitsbergen, to the Falkland Islands: Malay Archipelago;
the New Zealand area; r [Japan].

Definitive observations:
Oceanic and neritic.
N. limit: 81° 30' N.
S. limit: 52° S., 58° W.
W. limit: 58° W.
E. limit: 168° 10' E.

Surface; 52° S. and N. of 60° N., at temperatures not above 12° 2 C.
Epiplankton : N. of 47° N., S. of 40° S., generally young specimens.
Mesoplankton : in tropical and sub-tropical waters.
Deepest haul: 3657 to 2742 m.
Highest temperature: between 13° and 16°.
Lowest temperature: — 1° i to — o°5.

SinOGA-EXl'EDlTIE XXI. lO

74

The distribution of this much-discussed species, sketched in the Biscayan Report (p. 77)
and now enlarged by the Siboga captures, re(}uires no further comment at present.

The table opposite embodies the definitive observations relative to the depth-distribution of
ha?nata, arranged by latitude (the temperatures being added) : its epiplanktonic distribution towards
both poles, and mesoplanktonic distribution in tropical regions may thus be readily grasped ').

Krohnia pacifica Aida.

L oca 1 i t i es :

Malay (Siboga area) and Maldive Archipelagos: Japan.

Definitive observations:

Neritic.
Surface.
Temperature: 28° to 29°, and M.A. 21° C.

Krohnia subtilis Grassi. (Charts I to III).

Locali tics :

Temperate (N. and S.) and tropical Atlantic; Mediterranean. Temperate and tropical Indo-
Australian.

D e f i n i t i ve observations.
Neritic and oceanic.

N. limit (Atlantic): 6o°i2'N., 22°56'\V.
S. limit (Atlantic): 25° 39' S., 36°5i'W.
S. limit (Indo-Australian) 29°3o'S., 42° 50' E.
Surface and mesoplankton.
IJcepest haul : 850 to 650 m.
Highest temperature: 30° 8 C.
Lowest temperature: 5° 3 to 5° 8.

The recorded temperature range is so wide as to suggest that this species has occasionally
been confused with pacifica, which it closely resembles {\)\). 24, 25); the latter is a tropical and
sub-tropical species. In my own e.xperience, with the Research and Siboga collections, this
species unifomily avoided the warm surface water, preferring the lower epiplankton and upper
mesoplankton.

Spadella cephaloptera Busch. (Chart IV).

L o c a 1 i t i e s :

Coast of X.W'. Kurope; Mediterranean.
Definitive observations:

Neritic, often between tide marks.
N. limit: 59° N., 3° \V.
S. limit: Messina.
Temperatures: M.A. 9° 5 to 19°.

l) VanhöFFEN's record of haiiiala in the Karajak-fjord al o falhuins and 6' C. has been accidentally omilted.

75

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Lüca 1 i t ies :

Temperate (X. and S.) and tropical Atlantic; Mediterranean. Tropical Indo-Australian, and Japan.
1 ) e f i n i t i V e <) b s e r v a t i o n s :

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Highest temperature: 29'^ C. *

Lowest temperature: 17° 7 C.

This distribution agrees very closely with that of cnjïata.

The following- table siimmarises in comparative form the horizontal distribution of vaHd
species in the epiplankton and mesoplankton ; it contains definitive observations only '), except for
the inclusion of bipiinctata and of the presumably deep-water species of the Siboga Expedition.
The areas named are not intended as 'zoological provinces', but are used merely for convenience
of geographical dcscription.

2

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Atlantic Ocean

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recordcd on Ihc lablc by an interrogation.

77

It will be apparent from the table that the species of Chaetognatha are, so far as we
know, by no means of the universal distribution which some writers have assigned to them.
As already mentioned, even such a widely ranging form as serratodentata apparently fails to
penetrate into the colder parts of the Arctic Ocean. But further conckisions as to epiplanktonic
distribution are most safely left, till the results of the National, Valdivia, and the various
Antarctic expeditions have appeared.

As regards the Mesoplankton, no less than ten species (omitting bipunctata) have been
shown definitively by closing nets to penetrate beyond the horizon of loo fathoms (182 m.); to
these may with fair probability be added Sióogae, although knovvn only from deep Vertical Nets.

Of these eleven, four — namely decipietis, macroccpkala, Whartoni, and Zetesios^ —
have so far been found in the mesoplankton alone. Two more — arctica and hamata, the
former arctic, the latter bipolar, — appear to seek deep water at latitudes with high surface
temperatures; and there is some evidence (p. 70) for thinking \\\-ax ftircata also may be reckoned
in this category. Of suótilis, serratodentata and hexaptera, there is reason to believe that,
although markedly eurythermal, they do not descend to such extreme depths as do some other
Chaetognaths.

The last table (p. 78) summarises in comparative form the temperature range of the valid
species (omitting bipunctata), based on definitive observations. Where an exact temperature is not
available, the symbol > implies more than, the symbol < less than, the temperature opposite
to which the wider jjart of the symbol is set : thus, for example, arctica shows a possible
minimum of o°5, and a possible maximum of 10°.

It would seem that we have here at least four classes :

(«) cold-water species with a maximum of (say) 13°:
arctica, macrocephala, IV/iartoni, Zetesios, hantata-,

[b] temperate species :
furcata, cephaloptera ;

(f) warm-water species, with a minimum of (sa)) 16°:

Bedoti, enjiata, ferox, minima, tieglccta, planctonis, pulchra, regularis, robusta, pacifica, draco;

{d) eurythermal species :

hexaptera, serratodentata^ subtilis.

Of decipiens, elegans and Sibogae it is not possible to make any statement in this
connection.

Of course these limits will probably be extended in some degree as our knowledge
increases; it is possible that some warm-water or temperate species may enter the eurjthermal
class, or even that one of the latter class may leave it; but, little as we know at present, it is
fairly safe to prophesy that the cold-water species will not be blended with the warm-water forms.

So far as they go, the definitive observations show no evidence against the idea that
temperature is the chief determinant in the distribution ; but, unfortunately, it would be still
premature to attempt to map the oceans into zoological areas for epiplanktonic Chaetognaths,

78

by means of temperature and of the currents which mainly determine it. If only two or
three expeditions gave due attention to this aim in their programme of work, it would be
rapidly attained.

For, the moral, which must be obvious to every reader of the foregoing attempt to
grasp the distribution of this comparatively small group, is that future expeditions which deal

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79

witli plankton should be planned, not so much to produce dramatic surprises in the shape of
unknown organisms, but rather to ensure that each haul shall be made in pursuance of a
reasoned purpose, and to record all the conditions under which it was made, with the same
forethought and precision as is at the moment exhibited by the scheme of the 'Conseil permanent
International'. Of the long series of records reprinted above, far more than three-fourths have
no value for the purpose of understanding the conditions under which the organism lived.
Whether we should understand these conditions or not, supposing that all possible observations
had been recorded, is another matter; but it is quite certain that, in their absence and at the
moment, we know practically nothing.

IV. List of Literature.

This list includes only fauiiistic and systematic references; purely embryological and anatomical
papers have been oniitted, as beyond the scope of this Report.

97. AlDA, T. Chaetognaths of Misaki Harbour. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. Volume I, Part I et II.

93. Apstein, C. Die wahrend der Fahrt zur Untersuchung der Nordsee zwischen Norderney und Helgoland
gesammelten Tiere. Sechster Bericht der Kommission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der
deutschen Meere. Jahrgang XVII — XXI, S. 191.
Chaetognatlia, p. 195.

96. (l) AURIVILLIUS, C. W. S. Das Plankton der Bafïins Bay und Davis' Strait : eine Thiergcographische
Studie. Festskrift WILHELM LlLLJEBORG. Up.sala, 1896, 4to, Seite 179.
Chaetogyiatlia, pp. 188, 195, 198, 204, 209.

96. (2) Das Plankton des baltischen Meeres. Bihang till kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens

Handlingar, Bandet XXI, Afdelning IV, N" 8, p. 23, ij.

98. Vergleichende thiergeographische Untersuchungcn über die Plankton-Fauna des Skageraks in den

Jahren 1893 — 1897. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Ny Följd. Bandet
XXX, N" 3.

Chaetognatha, pp. 87, 88, 117.

99. (i) Om Hafscvertebraternas Utvecklingstider. Bihang till kongl. .Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens

Handlingar, Bandet XXIV, Afdelning IV, N" 4.
Chaetognatha, pp. 17, 60, 62.

99. (2) Animalisches Plankton aus dem Meere zwischen Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, K. Karl's Land,

und der Nordküste Norwegens. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Ny Följd.
Bandet XXXII, N" 6.

Chaetognatha, pp. 10, 11, 48, 52, 56, 58, 60, 64, 70.

95. BÉRANECK, I'3d. Les Chétognathes de la Baic d'Amboine. Revue Suisse de Zoölogie, Tomé III, p. 137.

90. BovERi, T. Zcllen-Studien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturvvissenschaft, Band XXIV, p. 314.

04. Brovvne, e. T. and R. Vam.ENTIN. On the marine fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Journal of the Royal

Institution of Cornvvall, Volume XVI, p. 120.

05. BrüWNE, V.. T. Notes on the Pelagic Fauna of the 1'irth of ('lyde. Proceedings of the Royal Society

of Edinburgh, Volume XXXV, p. 779.
Chaetognatha, p. 787.

5 I. BUSCH, W. Beobachtungen übcr Anatomie und h'.ntwicklung einiger vvirbeilosen Seethiere. IkMÜn, 185 i. 4to.
Chaetognatha, p. 93.

56. BusK, G. An account of the structure and relations of Sagitta bipunctata. (Juarterly Journal of Micros-
copical Science. Volume IV, (first series), p. 14.

8i

88. Chun, C. Die pelagische Thierwelt in grosseren Meerestiefen. Bibliotheca Zoologica. Band I, S. i.
[Chaetognatha, pp. 17 — 18, 61).

6-^. ClaparÈDE, R. e. Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbellosen Thiere an
der Kuste von Normandie angestellt. Leipzig, 1863, 4to.
Chaetognatha, p, 9.

99. Cleve, P. T. Plankton Researches in 1S97. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar.
Ny Följd. Bandet XXXII, N" 7.
Chaetognatha, pp. 15, 32.

00. The Seasonal Distribution of Atlantic Plankton Organisms. Göteborgs kunglige Vetenskaps och

Vitterhets Samhalles Handlingar. Fjarde följden. Haftct III.
Chaetognatha, p. 90.

CONANT, F. S. Dcscription of two new Chaetognaths. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, Vol. XIV, p. 77.

95
96
04

Notes on the Chaetognaths. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, Volume XV, p. 82.

I) CONSEIL permanent IXTERN.'VïlONAL pour rexploration de la mer. Bulletin des résultats acquis
pendant les cours périodiques, Année 1904 — 1905, X" I, Aoüt, 1904.

04. (2) ld. \" II. November, 1904.

05. (i) W- N" III. Février, 1905.

69. Costa, A. Di un nuovo genere di Chetognati. Annuario del Museo Zoologico della Reale Universita
di Napoli, Anno V, 1865, p. 54. [published 1869].

93. Dahi., f. Untersuchungcn über die Thierwelt der Unterelbe. Sechster Bericht der Kommission zur
wisscnschaftlichcn Untcrsuchung der deutschen Meere, Jahrgang XVII — XXI, S. 149.
Chaetognatha, p. 171.

44. Darwin, C. Observations on the structure and propagation of the genus Sagitta. Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, Vol. .XIII, p. i.

Translated : Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Series 3 (Zoology). Tomé I, p. 360. Also in
Froriep's Neue Notizen. Band .XXX, N" 639, s. i.

02. DoNCASTER, L. On the development of Sagitta; with notes on the anatomy of the adult. Quarterly
Journal of Microscopical Science, Volume XLVI, p. 351.

03. Chaetognatha, with a note on the variation and distribution of the group. The Fauna and

Geography of the IVIaldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Edited by J. STANLEY Gardiner.
Cambridge, 1903, 4to.
Chaetognatlia, p. 209.

52. EydüUX, f. et SüUl.EVEl'. Voyage autour du monde e.xécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837 sur la
corvette La Bonite. Tomé II, p. 645. Paris, 1852, 8vo.
(Atlas: Vers, Planche I, et p. 8).

88. Fewkes, J. W. On Arctic characters of the surface fauna of the Bay of Fundy. American Naturalist.
Volume XXII, p. 605.

79. F'OL, H. Recherches sur la Fccondation et Ie commencement de Henogénie chez divers animaux.
Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève, Tomé XXVI, p. 89.
(.S'. Gegenbanri sp. n., p. 123).

43. FORBES, E. On the addition of the order Nucleobranchia to the British Molluscous Fauna. Report of
the Thirteenth Meeting of the British Association. Transactions of the Sections, p. 72.
Abstract in L'Institut. Tomé XI, p. 358.

96. FoWLER, G. H. Contributions to our knowledge of the P'aeroe Channel, N'^' I. Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, 1896, p. 991.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XXI. II

82

OS- FOWLER, G. H. Biscayan Plankton, collected during a cruise of H.M.S. Research, 1900. Part. III. The
Chaetognatha. ïransactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, Zoology, Volume X, p. 55.

47. Frev, H. und LeuckarT, R. Verzeichniss der zur Fauna Helgoland's gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere.
Beitrage zur Kenntniss wirbelloser Thierc. Braunschweig, 1847, 4to.
Chaetognatha, p. 147.

00. Gamble, F. \V. The Fauna and Flora of Valencia Harbour: The Chaetognatha. Proceedings of the
Royal Irish Academy, Series 3, Volume V, p. 745.

75. Gl.^RD, A. et Barrois, J. Note sur un Chaetosoma et une Sagitta, suivie de quelques rcflexions sur
la convergence des types par la vie pélagique. Revue des Sciences Naturelles, Tomé III, p. 517.

83. (i) GOURRET, P. Sur l'organisation de la Spadella Marioni. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences,

XCVIl, p. 861.
8j_ (2) Sur la cavité du corps et l'appareil sexuel de la Spadella Marioni. Ibid., p. 1017.

84. Con.sidérations sur la Faune Pélagique du Golfe de Marseille. Annalcs du Musée d'Histoire

Naturelle de Marseille, Zoölogie, Tomé II, mem. 2.

56. GegenbauR, C. Über die Entwickclung der Sagitta. Abhandlungen der naturforschcnden Gesellschaft
in Halle, Band IV, S. i.

Translation in Quartcrly Journal of Microscopical Science (first series). Volume VII, p. 47.

56. GOSSE, P. II. Tenby : a sca-sidc Holiday. London, 1856, Svo.

00. Gran, H. H. Hydrographic-biological studies of the North Atlantic Ocean and the coast of Nordland.
Report on Norvvegian Fishcry and Marine Investigations, Volume I, N" 5.
Chaetognatha, pp. 54, 63, and tables.

81. Gk.\.SSI, G. B. Intorno ai Chetognati. Rendiconti della Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere.
Serie II, Volume XIV, p. 199.

83. I Chetognati. Fauna und I'lora des Golfes von Neapel. Monographie V.

03. GÜNTHER, R. T. On the distribution of Mid-water Chaetognatha in the North Atlantic during the
Month of November. Annals and Magazine of Natural Ilistory, -Series 7, Volume XII. p. 334.

86. H.VDDON, A. C. Preliminary Report on the Fauna of Dublin Baj'. Proceedings of the Royal Irish

Academy. Science. Series 2, Volume IV, p. 529.

87. Hensen, V. Über die Beslimmung des Planktons. Fünfter Bericht der Kommission zur wissenschaft-

lichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere. Jahrgang XII — X\'I, S. 59.

93. Das Plankton der östlichen Ostsee. Sechster Bericht der Kommission zur wissenschaftlichen

Untersuchung der deutschen Meere. Jahrgang XVII — XXI, S. 115.

80. Hertwig, O. Die Chaetognathen. Jenaische Zeitschrift. Band .\IV (neue Folge, Band VII), s. 196.

84. HoKST, R. Anneliden der Oosterschelde. Tijdschrift der Xederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging,

Supplement-Deel I, bl. 557.

62. Keferstein, W. Untersuchungen uber niedere Seethiere. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoölogie,
Band XII, S. i.

Chaetognatha, p. 129.

70. Kknt, .S. On a new species of Sagitta from the South Pacilic. .\nnals and Magazine of Natural
Ilistory, Series 4, Volume V, p. 268.

92. KuvorostANSKY, C. Sur la lumination des animaux de la Mer Blanche. Congres international de
Zoölogie, Scssion II, première partie, p. 185.

44. Kroiin, A. Anatomisch-physiologischc Beobachtungen über die Sagitta bipunctata. Hamburg n. d. 4to.

53' Xachtriigliche Bemerkungen iibcr den Bau der Gattung Sagitta, nebst der Beschreibung einigcr

neuen Arten. Archiv fur Xaturgeschichte, Jahrgang XIX, S. 266.

83

03. Krumbach, T. Über die Greif haken der Chatognathen: eine biologische Studie; gleichzeitig ein Beitrag

zur Systematik dieser Thiergruppe. Zoologische Jahrbüchern. Abtheilung Systematik, u. s. w.,
Band XVIII, s. 579.

80. Langerhans, P. Die Wurmfauna von Madeira: III. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoölogie, Band
XXXIV, S. 87.

83. Leidv, J. On Sagitta, etc. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1882, p. 102.

Reprinted in Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series, Volume X, p. 79.

54. Leuckart, R. Zoologische Untersuchungen. Heft III: Heteropoden, Zwitterschnecken, Hectocotyliferen.
Giessen, 1854. 4to.
Chaetognatlia, p. 3.

58. und Pagenstecher, A. Untersuchungen über niedere Seethiere. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie

und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1858, S. 593.

84. Levinsen, G. M. R. Systematisk-geografisk Oversigt over de nordiske Annulata, Gephyrea, Chaetog-

nathi, og Balanoglossi: anden Halvdel. Vidcnskabclige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening
i KJ0benhavn for Aaret 1883, p. 92.
Chactognatha, pp. 275, 319.

86. Spolia atlantica. Om nogle pclagiske Annulata. Kongelige Danske Vidcnskabcrncs Sclskabs Skriftcr.

Sjette Raekke. Bind III, S. 321.

58. Lewes, G. H. Sea-side Studies. London, 1858. 8vo., pp. 250, 414.

04. Marine Biological AssociatiüN: Plymouth Marine Invertebrate Fauna. Journal of the Marine

Biological Association, Volume VII, p. 155.
Chaetognatlia, p. 233.

74. M'lNTO.sil, W. C. On the invertebrate marine fauna and fishes of St. Andrews. Annals and Magazine
of Natural History. Fourtii series. Volume XIV, p. 154.

90. ■ Notes from the St. Andrews" Marine Laboratory: N" XII. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History. Sixth series. Volume VI, p. 174.

Jl. MüElilUS, K. Die wirbellosen Thiere der Ostsee. Jahresbericht der Commission zur wi.ssenschaftlichen
Untersuchung der deutschen Meere für das Jahr 1871. Jahrgang I, S. 105.

75. Zoologische Ergebnisse der Nordseefahrt : Vermes. Jahresbericht der Commission zur wissenschaft-

lichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere. Jahrgang II und 111, S. 158.
[s. s. 'Pommerania'j.

87. Systematische Darstellung der Thiere des Plankton gewonnen in der westlichen Ostsee und auf

einer Fahrt von Kiel in den atlantischen Ocean bis jenseit der Hebriden. F'ünfter Bericht der
Kommission zur wissenschaftlichcn Untersuchung der deutsche Meere. Jahrgang XII — XVI.
Chaetognatlia, p. 117. [s. s. 'Holsatia'j.

47. Mül.LER, J. Fortsetzung des Berichts über einige neue Thierformen der Nordsee. Archiv für Anatomie,
Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin. Jahrgang 1847, S. 147.

98. NüRUGAARU, o. Underspgelser i fjordene ved Bergen, 1897 — 98. Bergens Museums Aarbog for 1898, N" X.

Chaetognatlia, p. 13.

99. — • — Contribution to the Study of Hydrography and Biology on the Coast of Norway. Bergens Museum:

Report on Norwegian Marine Investigations 1895 — 97. Bergen, 1899. 4to.
Chaetognatlia, p. 20 and tables.

05. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museum. Bergen,

1905. 4to.

Chaetognatlia, p. 46.

84

49- OerstED, A. S. Et Hidrag till at besvare det Spörgsmaal hvilken Plads Slaegten Sagitta bör indtage
i Systemet. Videnskabelige Mcddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn for Aarene
1849 og 1850, bl. 26.

Translated in Froriep's Tagsberichte über die Fortschrittc der Xatur- und Hcilkunde. Abtheilung
für Zoölogie und Palaontologie. Band I, Seite 201, 1850.

35 — 43. D'Orbigny, A. Voyage dans l'Amérique meridionale. Tomé V. Partie 3. Mollusques. Paris,
1835— 1843. 4to.

Chaetognatha, p. 140.

63. PaGENSTECHER, H. A. Untcrsuchungen ubcr nicdere Seethicre aus Cctte. Zcitschrift für wisscnschaft-
liche Zoölogie. Band XII, S. 265.
Cliaetognatlia, p. 308.

95. Parker, F. J. [Remarks on a Spadella from New Zealand waters]. Transactions and Proceedings of

the New Zealand Institute. Volume XXVIII, p. 758.

27. QuüY, J. R. C. et Gaimard, P. Obscrvations zoologiques faites a bord de TAstrolabe en Mai 1826
dans Ie détroit de Gibraltar. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Tomé X, p. i.
Translated: Okcn's Isis. Band XXI, col. 348.

03. Redeke, H. C. and P. J. van Brehmen. Plankton en Bodemdieren in de Noordzee verzameld van
I — 6 Augustus 1901 met de 'Nelly'. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging.
Serie II, Deel II, p. 1 18.
Chaetognatha, pp. 127, 143.

99. RÖMER, F. and SciIAUDINN, F. Vorlaufige Bericht über zoologische Untersuchungen im nördlichen
Eismeer im Jahre 1898. Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft. Jahres-\'ersamm-
lung IX, S. 227.

Chaetognatha, pp. 245, 246.

00. Fauna arctica. Jena, 1900. 4to.

Chaetognatha, p. 55.

20. ScoRESBY, W. An account of the Arctic Regions. Edinburgh, 1820. 8vo.
Chaetognatha, Vol. II, plate XVI, figures i, 2.

1769 — 1778. Slabber, M. Natuurkundige Verlustigingen behelzende microscopise Waarneemingen van In-
en Uit-landse Water- en Land-Dieren. Haarlem, 1778. 4to.
Chaetognatha, p. 47.

Translated by 1'. L. Si". MULLER as Physicalische Belustigungen oder microscopische W'ahr-
nchmungen in- uiul auslandischer Wasser- und Landthierchen. Nürnberg, 1775, 4to.

96. Steinh.VUS, o. Die Verbreitung der Chaetognathen im sudathmtischen und indischen O/.ean. Inaugural

Dissertation. Kiel, 1896, 8vo.

00. Chaetognathen. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise. F'unfte Lieferung, N" II.

05. SiEVENS, N. M. Further studies on the ovogenesis of Sagitta. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abtheilung
Anatomie, u. s. w.. Band XXI, S. 243.

92. Strodtmann, S. Die Systematik der Chaetognathen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Jahrgang LVIII, S. 333.

05. Die Chaetognathen. Nordisches Plankton. Lieferung III, Theil X.

52. SUTHERLAND, P. C. Journal of a voyage in Bafilin's Bay and Barrow Straits, 1850 — si.London, 1852. 8vo.
Chaetognatha, Volume II, y. ccn.

79. Tauber, P. Annulata Danica. I. ICn Kritisk Revision af de i Danmark fundne Annulata, Chaetognatha,
etc. Kjvibenhavn, 1879. 8vo.
Chaetognatha, p. 56.

70. Uljanln', B. I Materials for a fauna of the Black Sea]. Transactions of the Naturalists Society ofMoscow.
Volume IX, p. jj. Compare R. Lel'ckart, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, jahrgang XXVII, Bami
II, S. 413].

85
8o. Uljanin, B. Über Sagitta pontica. Zoologischer Anzeiger. Band III, S. 588.

97. VaNHÖFFEN, e. Grönland Expedition der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1891 — 1893. Vol. II.

Die Fauna und Flora Grönlands, pp. 275, 291.

98. Vallentin, R. Notes on the Fauna of Falmouth for the years 1S95 — -96. Journal of the Royal

Institution of Cornwall, Volume XIII, p. 254.

JT,. Verrill, A. e. Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent Waters.
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part I. Report on the condition of the Sea
Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1S71 and 1872. [published 1873].
Chaetognatha, pp. 440, 453, 455, 626.

85. Results of the e.Kplorations made by the steamer "Albatross" off the northern coast of the United

States in 1883. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part XI. Report of the Com-
mission for 1883, p. 503.
Chaetognatha, pp. 594, 688.

46. WiLMS, R. Observationes de Sagitta Mare Germanicum circa Insulam Helgoland incolente. Dissertatie
inauguralis. Berlin, 1846. 4to.

86

V. Index

of the more important species.

arctica Aurivillius. 30, 31, 35. 49> 67, 76—7^.
Hidfordii Doncaster. 49.

Bedoti Bcrancck. 6—8, 35, 42, 45, 49, 67, 76—78;
compared with serratodentata, /; with Sibogae,

bipunctata Quoy et Gaimard. 31, 36, 49—54, 68,

76 — 78; compared with neglecta, 16, 17.
bipunctata Aida. 7, 29, 36.
bipiinitata Rcranock. 17, 36.

cephaloptera Busch. 34, 40, 65, 74, 76—78.
decipiens Fowler. 36, 54, 69, 76—78.
draco Krohn. 25, 41, 42, 45. 65, 66, 76—78.
elegans Verrill. 31, 32, 36, 54, 69, 76 — 78.

enflata Grassi. 8, 9, 29, 37, 42, 45, 54, 55, 69,

76 — 78; compared with pulchra and hexaptcra, 9.
falcidens Leidy. 31, 37.
ferox Doncaster. 10, 11, 37, 42, 45, 55- 69, 70,

76 — 78; compared with robusta, 10.
foliacea Aida. 33, 40, 40, 61.
flaccida Conant. 9, 37, 46.

furcata Steinhaus. 26, 33, 37, 44, 55, 56, 70, 76—78.
(lardtncri Doncaster. 9, 37, 46.

hamata Moebius. 23, 30, 40, 44, 45,61—63, 73—75,

76-78.

hexaptera d'Orbi^niy. 11—15, 37, 42, 45, 56—58,

70, 76 — 78; compared with pulchra and enflata, 9.
Inspida Conant. 20, 32, 33, 38, 58.
hisptda Aida. 20, 29, 33, 46, 58.
lyia Krohn. 33, 38, 46, 58.

macrocephala l-'owlcr. 15,38,44,45, 58, 71, 76—78.

magna Langerhans. 11 — 13, 38.

maxima Conant. 15, 38, 58.

minima Grassi. 38, 45, 58, 71, 76—78.

neglecta Aida. 15—17, 38, 42, 45, 59, 71, 76—78;

compared with regularis and bipunctata, 16, 17.

pacifica Aida. 24, 40, 42, 45, 64,74,76 — 78; com-
pared with subtilis, 24, 25.

planctonis Steinhaus. 26, 39, 44, 59, 71, 76 — 78.

polxodon Doncaster. 7, 39.

pulchra Doncaster. 17, 18, 39, 42, 45, 59, 72, 7() —
78; compared with enflata and hexaptera, 9, 18.

regularis Aida. 18, 19, 39, 42, 45, 59, 72, 76—78;

compared with neglecta, 16, 18, 19.
robusta Doncaster. 19, 20, 39, 42, 45, 59, 72,

76 — 78; compared with fero.x, 10, 19, 20 ; with

serratodentata, 19.
scptata Doncaster. 46, 59.

serratodentata Krohn. 20, 21, 29, 30, 39, 42, 45, 59,

60, 72, 76 — 78; compared with Bedoti, 7; with

robusta, 19.
Sibogae sj). n. 21, 22, 44, 61, 73, 76 — 78; compared

with Bedoti, 2 1, 22.
subtilis Grassi. 25, 40, 44, 45, 64, 65, 74, 76 — 78;

compared with pacifica, 24, 25.
triciispidata Kent. 11 — 13, 40.
VoKgai Béraneck. 26, 41.
Whartoni Fowler. 40, 61, 73, 7C^—jS.
Zetesios l'owler. 22, 23. 31, 40, 44, 45, 61, 73,

76--78.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

All the figures have been drawn with the Abbé camera lucida, carried either on the
microscope, or on the Giltsch-Zeiss support. The drawinys have been reproduced by photo-
graphy, in order to secure the maxiniuin of accuracy in outline.

In comparing these drawings with those of Grassi, Hertwig, etc, it must be remembered
that in many cases they had the advantage of working on living material.

There are no figures corresponding to the numbers 24 — 29.

0-. = ganglion. p.c. = pulp-cavity.

PLATE I.

tig.

I.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3-

Fig.

4-

Fig.

5-

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7-

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9-

Figs

lO-

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15-

Fig.

16.

Fig.

!/•

Fig.

18.

Fig.

19.

Fig.

20.

Fig.

21.

Fig.

22.

Fig.

^l-

Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.

Fig. 33-

Sagitta Bedoti Bcraneck.

— The entire animal.

— The head, showing the corona ciliata, and some of the patches of sense cells. ■ 33.

— A jaw. / 105.

— The tip of the youngcst (most anterior) jaw. / 430.

. — ■ The tip of an older jaw. X 430. The extreme tip has bcijn drawn too squarcl)- blunt.

— The anterior teeth, boiled out. < 140.

— The posterior teeth, boiled out. ■' 140.

— The vcstibular ridgc, showing the position of the externmost tooth belovv the terminal process.XHO.

Sagitta etiflata Grassi.

— The entire animal, from a rather slender specimen.

— 13. — The anterior end showing different forms (or distortions) of the corona ciliata: its front
end lay under a fold of the prepuce, but appeared to have the form indicated by dotted
lines in figure 10. (Fig. 10, < 13; 11, X 25; 12, X 20; 13, X 25).

— A jaw. -71.

— The anterior teeth, drawn in place. • 140.

— The posterior teeth, drawn in place, wilh the vestibular ridge : dorsal view. X 140.

— The vestibular ridge, ventral view. 140.

Sagitta fcrox Doncaster.

— The entire animal, from a specimen of medium size.

— The entire animal, from a large specimen, showing the streng development of the collarette.

— The anterior end of the animal, showing the e.xtension of the corona nearly to the ganglion.

The irregularities at its anterior boundary vary in different specimens. • 33.

— A jaw. X 71.

— The teeth in place, from a transparent specimen. X 140.

— The posterior teeth and vestibular ridge: dorsal view. x 140.

Sagitta hcxaptera d'Orbigny.

a. Hcxaptera formula.

— The entire animal (formula, 6:3:5 — 6).

— The distal end of the newest jaw, the anterior and posterior teeth (formula, 8:3:6). X 105.

— The distal end of the newest jaw, one anterior tooth in exact profile, and the posterior teeth

(formula, 9 — 10:3:2- — 3). ■. 105. This formula is nearly that oi magna.

— Part of the vestibular ridge; dorsal view (formula 5:3:4). •' 140.

b. Tricuspidata formula.

Fig. 34. — The entire animal (formula, 5 — 6:3:3).

Fig. 35. — The corona ciliata (formula, 4:3 — 2:2). x 25.

Fig. 36. — The distal end of the newest jaw (formula 5 : i : i), the anterior and posterior teeth (formula

4:2:1). X 105.
Fig. 37. — I'art of the vestibular ridge (formula, 8:4 — 2:3—1). ■ 105.

c. Magna formula and inagiia from Naples.

Fig. 38. — The entire animal, from a Naples specimen.

Fig. 39- — The corona ciliata, from a Naples specimen. ■ 12.

Fig. 40. — The distal end of the newest jaw, the anterior and posterior teeth (formula, 4:3:2 — l). X 105.

This formula is nearly that of tricuspidata.
Fig. 41. — Part of the vestibular ridge, with the teeth in place (formula, 9:4:3). ■ 105.

Sagitta neglecta Aida.

■ The entire animal.

■ The anterior end, showing the corona and collarette. x 33.

■ The anterior end, showing a rather longer corona, the abdominal ganglion, and the tactile
prominences: of the lattcr only the larger wcre drawn. ■ 33.

A jaw. .- 43.

■ The anterior teeth in place, slightly foreshortened. X 2IO.
The posterior teeth in ])lace. 210.
The corona ciliata with the externmost tooth. • 210.

Fig.

42

Fig.

43

Fig.

44

Fig.

45

Fig.

46

Fig.

47

Fig.

48

Siboga-Expeditie XXI. G. H. FOWLER. Chaetognatha.

G. H. FowLER del.

PLATE II.

Sagitta piilchra Doncaster.

Fig. 49. — The cntire aiiimal.

Fig. 50. — The anterior end, showing the corona cih'ata (sometimes a good deal longer), and collarette,

with some tactile papillae. • 25.

Fig- 51 — A jaw. / 71.

Fig. 52. — The anterior and posterior teeth. y 140.

Fig' 53- — The vestibular ridgc, from the ventral aspect. X 210.

Fig. 54. — The posterior teeth and vestibular ridge. from the dorsal aspect. ■ 210.

Sagitta regularis Aida.

Fig. 55- — The cntire animal.

Fig. 56. — The anterior end, showing corona, ganglion, collarette, and the beginning of the anterior fins. ■ 33.

Fig. 57. — The two anterior and five posterior teeth in place, and part of the vestibular ridge; from the

dorsal surface. X 430.
Fig. 58. — The vestibular ridge, from the ventral surface. > 430.

Sagitta robusta Doncaster.

Fig. 59. — The entire animal.

Fig. 60. - — The anterior end with the corona, showing its extension towards the ganglion. • 20.

Fig. 61. — A jaw. • 92.

Fig. 62. — The teeth, boiled out. • 105.

Fig. 63. — The posterior teeth in place and vestibular ridge: dorsal view. • 105.

Fig. 64. — The vestibular ridgc, ventral view, with the first and last teeth. • 105.

Sagitta serratodentata Krohn.
Fig. 65. — The entire animal.

Sagitta Sibogae species nova.

Fig. 66. — The entire animal.

Fig. 67. — The head and neck showing the small collarette, and elongate eyes. The dotted outline of

the corona ciliata is of doubtful accuracy. • 25.

Fig. 68. — a. The first or most anterior (youngest), and b. the second, jaw. • 87.

Fig. 69. — The tip of a jaw. y 2S7.

Fig. 70. — The anterior teeth, boiled out. 105.

Fig. 71. • — The posterior teeth, boiled out. • 105.

Fig. 72. — The vestibular ridge from the ventral surface, showing the first and last tooth. ■ 25.

Sagitta Zetcsios F o wier.

Fig- 73- — The entire animal, 30 mm. in length.

Fig. 74. — The entire animal, from an apparentlv uncontracted specimen.

Fig- 75. — The entire animal from a strongly contracted specimen.

Fig. 76. — A Jaw. / 71.

Fig. -jj. — The anterior teeth, boiled out, from a contracted specimen. 105.

l-"ig. 78. — The posterior teeth, boiled out, from a contracted specimen, üf the fust tooth onl)- the tip

is seen. X 105.

l'ig. 79. — Vestibular ridge and posterior teeth, dorsal view. 105.

Krohnia hamata Mobius.

Fig. 80. — (7. and /;. old and j-oung hooks from the same specimen, •; 287. c. young hook from another
specimen, y 247.

Siboga-Expeditie XXI. G. H FOWLER. Chaetognatha.

\Z[

G. H. TowLEH del.

PLATE IIL

Krolinia pacifica Aida.

Fig. 8l. — The entire animal. The ovaries are shown for comparison with siibtilis.

Fig. 82. ■ — The anterior end, with the corona. • 61.

Fig. 83. — A jaw. X 247.

Fig. 84. — The distal end of a jaw, showing the characteristic obtuse angle on the convex edge, and the

internal thickening. X 430.
Fig. 85. — Four of the teeth. X 210.

Krolinia siibtilis Grassi.

Fig. 86. — The entire animal. The ovaries are shown for comparison with pacifica.

I-"ig. 'èj. — A jaw, showing tlie tiiickening of the concave and convex edges, and the narrow pulp cavity. •' 140.

Fig. 88. — Three of the teeth. • 140.

Spadella draco Krohn.

Fig. 89. — The entire animal from an immature specimen. The corona, if complete, would appear to have

been likc that figured by GkASSl (op. cit., pi. VII, fig. i).

Fig. go. — The corona of hexagonal form, from an older specimen. •, 25.

Fig. 91. — A jaw. X 107.

Fig. 92. — Portion of a jaw, showing the sagination. ■' 547.

Fig. 93. — The teeth, boiled out. x HO-

Fig. 94. — The vestibular ridge, and two innermost teeth, from the ventral surface. Xx 140.

Spadella ccphalopicra Hiisch.

Fig. 95. — The entire animal: the palps had been lost in these specimens.
Fig. 96. — The anterior end, showing corona and collarette.

f^'S- 97- — ^ J'^w- ■ 49-

Fig. 98. — The tips of two jaws. x 520.

I-'ig. 99. — Anterior and posterior teeth, boiled out. x 287.

Figs. 100 — 102. — Sections oi fcrox illustrating the relations of the alimentar\- di\erticula (comparc p. 4).

100, lOi, • 61 ; 102, • 140. — oes. oesophagus: int. intestinc: (-ot-l. trunk coelom,

bounded in front bj' the ncck septum.
F"ig. 103. — Posterior cnds of four specimens o{ ferox (compare pp. 4, 5). ■ 75.

Siboga-Expeditie XXI. G H. FOWLER. Chaetognatha.

103

G H. rowLF" del.

102

Siboga-Expejitie XXI G.H.FOWLER. Chaetogna*ha

J

Siboga-Expaditie XXI. G.H. FOWLER. Chaetognatha.

Chartll.

Si boea-ExpeJitie XXI. G HFOWLER- Chaetognatha,

Chart lil.

'^'S;

JOOLcmfrluitrEulif Oh—mHIO

,-„^4-=.

I I

U - -1

Siboga-Expedilre XXI 6H.F0WLER- Chaeto&natha.

/

SIboga-Expeditie XXI. 6.H.F0WLER. Chaetoenatha.

Chart V.

Siboga-Expejitie XXI. G.H. FOWLER. Chaetognatha.

, J^-^'

Charl VI.

RÉSULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS
ZOOLOGIQUES, BOTANIQUES, OCÈANOGRAPHIQUES ET GÉOLOGIQUES

BNTEEPKISES AUX
rNDE3 NÉEELANDAISE3 OErENTALES en 1899 — 1900,

a bord du SIBOQ-.^

sous I.E COMMANDEMENT DE

G. F. TYDEMAN

PUBLIÉS PAR

MAX "WKBEK,

Chef de l'eipédition.

*I.

*lll.

IV.

IVfcï.

V.

»VI.

VII.

*VI1I.

IX.

*X.

*XI.

*X1I.

*;:mi.

XIV.
XV.

*xvi.

XVII.

XVIII,

XIX.

XX.

*XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXI Vi.

XXI V2.

-»XXV.

XXVI.

»XXVI4<*.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

* XXXIV.

XXXV.

» XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

*XLIII.

*xuv.

*XLV.

XLVI.

*XLV1I.

*XLvni.

XLlXi.

XLIXi.

*L.

LI.

*LII.

LIII.

LIV.

, LV.

*LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

*LX.

*LXI.

LXII.

LXIII.

LXIV.

LXV.

LXVI.

Intioduction et description de I'espédltloii, Max Weber.

Lc liateau et son équipement scieiitifKiuc, G. ¥. Ty dein au.

Ilésultats hydrographiques, G. F. Tydeinau.

Foniminifera, F. W. Winter.

Xcnophyophora, F. E. S c h ii I z e.

Kadiolaria, M. Hartmaan.

Porifera, F. E. Schulzc.'G. C. J. Vosmaer et

Hydropolypi, Ch. Julin. [J. H. Vorn ho u t ').

.Stylasterina, S. J. Hickson et M"» H. M. England.

Siphonophora, MUcs Lens et van Riemsdijk.

Ilydromedusae, O. Maas.

Scjphomednsae, O. Maas.

Ctcnophora, MH" F. Moser.

Gorgouidae, Alcyonidae, .1. Versl nys et S. .T. II ick su n ').

Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson.

Actin^ria, P. Mc Murrich.

Madrcporaria, A. Alcock ') et L. Uöderlein.

Antipatharia, P. ij, van Kampen.

Turbellaria, L. von Gr af f et U. II. von Stumnier,

Cestodes, J. W. S pen gel.

Nematodes, II. F. 'N ierstrasz.

C;haetognatlia, G. H. Fowler.

Ncnicrtini, A. A. W. Hubrecht.

Wyzüstomidac, H. R. von S turn mor.

Polychaeta crrantia, R. Horst.

1'olychacta sedentaria, M. Ca ui Ie ry et F. Mcsnil.

Gephyrea, C. Ph. Sluiter.

Enteropueusta, J. W. Spengel.

Ptcrobranchia, S. F. Harmer.

lirachiopoda, J. F. vau Be m melen.

I'olyzoa, S. F. Har m er.

Copepoda, A. Scott.

Ostracoda, G. W. Muller.

Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hoek.

Isopoda, II. J. Hansen.

iVmphipoda, Ch. Pérez.

Caprellidae, P. May er.

Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen.

Cuniacco, W. T. Cal man.

Schizopoda, II. J. Hansen.

Sergestidae, II. J. Hansen.

Pecapoda, J. G. de Man.

Pantopoda, J. C. C. Loman.

Halobatidac, J. Th. Oude mans.

Crinoidea, L. Uöderlein et C. Vaucy.

Echinoidca, J. C. H. de Me ij e re.

Holothurioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter.

Ophiuroidea, R. Kohier.

Astcroidea, L. Döderlein.

Solenogastres, II. F. N ierstra sz.

Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Prosob ranch ia, M. M. Schep'man.

Prosobvauchia parasitica, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Opisthobranchia, R. Bergh.

Heteropoda, J. J. Tesoh.

Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch.

Lamellibrauchiata. P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dautzcnberg.

Scaphopoda, M'1" M. Boissevain.

Cephalopoda, L. J o u b i n.

Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter ').

Pisces, Max Weber.

Cetacea, Max Weber.

Liste des algues, Miao A. Weber.

Halimeda, MUe E. S. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp).

Cnrallinaceae, Mme A. Weber et M. F os 1 ie.

Codiaceae, A. et Mme E. S. Gopp.

Dinoflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. Lotsy.

Diatomaceae, J. P. Lotsy.

IJeposita marina, O. B. Böggild.

Résultats géologiqucs, A. Wichmann.

Siboga-Expeditie

THE CHAITOGNATHA OF THE SIBÖGi EÏPEDITIÖN

WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION
OF THE GROUP

BY

G. HERBERT FOWLER, ra., ph.d.

With 3 plates and 6 charts

Monographi* kXI of:

UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH,
BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED

verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-In dië 1899 — 1900

aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van
Luitenant ter zee ie kl. G. F. TYDEMAN

'W

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

Dr. MAX WEBER

Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie

,m

(met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig
onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloniën)

BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ
E. J. BRILL

LEIDEN

Publié Avril 1906

* Les numéros avec un astérique ont déji paru; ceux marqués i) stulement en partie.

Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditie hebben
bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld:

De Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche
Koloniën.

Het Ministerie van Koloniën.

Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken.

Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap > Natura Artis Magistra" te Amsterdam.

De >Oostersche Handel en Reederij" te Amsterdam.

De Heer B. H de Waal Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad.

CONDITIOiNS GÉNÉRALES DE VENTE.

i^. L'ouvrage du „Siboga" se composera d'une série de monogiaphies.

2°. Ces monogiaphies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu'elles seront prêtes.

3°. Le prix de chaque moiiographie sera différent, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de
vente: pour une feuille d'impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuiile avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25 ;
pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriée flor. 0.40 ; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60.

4°. Il y aura deux modes de souscription :

a. La souscription a l'ouvrage complet.

b. La souscription a des monographies séparées en nombre restreint.
Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 "/„.

5°. L'ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs a l'ouvrage complet reccvront
ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet.

^^ J *^ ^^A L4 • Souscriplion Monographics

ü l'ouvrage complet séparées

IC Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit loTafeln. ƒ 6. — ƒ 7.50

2c Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halinieda. With 4 plates „ 1.80 „ 2.40

3c Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et description de rexpédition. Avec Liste des

Stations et 2 cartes n 6.75 , 9. —

4<-- Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Tydeman. Description of the ship and appliances used for scientific

exploration. With 3 plates and iliustrations „ 2. — , 2.50

5c Livr. (Monogr. XL VII) H.F. Nierstrasz. The Solenogastres of the Siboga-Exp. With 6 plates. „ 3.90 , 4.90

6e Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.

I. Die Chrysogorgiidac. Mit 170 Figuren im Text , 3. — „ 3.75

7c Livr. (Monogr. XVI a) A. AlCOCk. Report on the Deep-Sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 5 plates „ 4-6o „ 5.75

8c Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Sipunculiden und Echiuriden der Siboga-Exp.

Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text „ 3. — „ 3.75

9c Livr. (Monogr. Vla) G. C. J. Vosmaer and J. H. Vernhout, The Porifera of the Siboga-
Expedition. I "he genus Placospongia. With 5 plates , 2.40 „ 3. —

IOC Livr. (Monogr. Xi; Otto MaaS. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 12 Tafeln. , 7.50 „ 9.50

iie Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. „ 2.80 „ 3.50

12e Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. „ 7.80 „ 9.75

13c Livr. (Monogr. III) G. F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga-Expedition. With

24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths . . . . ; „ 9. — „ 11.25

14c Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. de Meijere. Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Exp. Mit 23 Tafeln. „ 15.— „ 18.75

15e Livr. (Monogr. XLVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de l'Expédition du Siboga.

IC Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches. : „ 16.50 „ 20.50

l6c Livr. (Monogr. Lil) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosonfiata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 6 plates , 375 » 470

17c Livr. (Monogr. LVIrt) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln „ 6.75 „ 9. —

i8e Livr. (Monogr. LXI) A. Weber— van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures „ 12.50 „ IS-SO

19c Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. England. The Stylasterina of

the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates „ 1.50 „ 1.90

20c Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. NierstrasZ, Die Chitonen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 8 Tafeln. „ 5. — „ 6.25

2 IC Livr. (Monogr. XEV^!-) René Koehler. Uphiurcs de l'Expédition du Siboga.

2c Partie. Ophiures littoralcs. Avec 18 Planches „ 10.25 „ 12.75

22e Livr. (Monogr. XXVUis) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of the Siboga-Expedition,

with an account, of other species. With 14 plates and 2 tcxt-figures „ 6.75 „ 9. —

23c Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. Calman. The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition. With

2 plates and 4 text-figurcs „ i.8o „ 2.40

24c Livr. (Monogr. LVIrt) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit i Tafel. „ — .75 „ i. —

25c Livr. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Exped. Mit 20 Tafeln. „ 11.25 „ 14.10

26c Livr. (Monogr. X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 Tafeln. „ 9.25 , 12.50

27c Livr. (Monogr. XlIIa) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.

II. Die Primnoidae. Mit 10 Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Kartc . . . „ 12.50 „ 16.75

28c Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert Fowler. The Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition.

With 3 plates and 6 charts , 4-20 „ 5.25

I flor. = Mrk 1.70 = I sli. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondics.