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THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

III. THE MURICEID^

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Siboga-Expeditie

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THE

GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

III. THE MURICEID^E

BY

C. C. NUTTING

Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa

With 22 plates

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late E. J. BRILL

PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS

LEYDEN 191 0

THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

III. THE MURICEIDjE

BV

C. C. NUTTING,

Professor of Zoology, State Cniversity of Iowa.

With 22 plates.

Introductory note.

The author desires to express his satisfaction in being given the opportunity to study
the superb collection of Gorgonacea secured by the Siboga Expedition.

The series of Muriceida is undoubtedly the most extensive that has ever been collected
by any one expedition, or treated of in a single report; the number of species being more
than three times as great as was secured by the justly famous Challenger Expedition.

Xotwithstanding the gratification naturally feit in having the privilege of reporting on
such a notable collection, the writer can not refrain from expressing his sincere regret that it
has seemed necessary for Dr. Verslüys to forego the completion of his work so auspiciously
inaugurated by the production of his masterly monographs on the Chrysogorgiida and the
Primnoidcc, works which, in the opinion of the present writer, are not surpassed in completeness
and manner of presentation by any other publication on the Alcyonaria.

The responsibility of taking up the task thus laid down, and of attempting to hold up
the Standard of excellence thus set before him, is keenly feit by the author.

It is a pleasure to bear testimony to the excellent condition of the collection and the
care taken in preserving the records and securing the safety of the specimens themselves. The

SIBOGA-EXPEIUTIE XIII II. t

,*793

whole collection bears strong testimony in behalf of the faithful marnier in which the members
of the expedition performed their duties.

The writer also desires to express his sincere thanks to Professor Max Weber for the
honor of benig asked to collaborate in so monumental a work, and for the unfailing courtesy
extended during the progress of the preparation of this report.

Thanks are also due to Dr. Versluys for a number of rare papers concerning the
Alcyonacea, and for many courtesies in the way of suggestions and information.

State University of Iowa,
June 7th, 1909.

Family Muriceid.e Verrill.

Muricea Lamouroux, Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 36.

Muricea Milne Edwards and Haime, Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, 1S57, Vol. I, p. 142.

Muriceadce Studer, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss., Berlin, 1878, p. 641.

MuriceidcR Verrill, Buil. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, N° 1, 1883, p. 30.

Muriceida Wright and Studer, Challenger report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 92.

Mtiriceidis Hiles, Gorgonacea collected by Dr. WlLLEY, 1899, p. 197.

Muriceida Bourne, Treatise on Zoology, Part II, Anthozoa, 1900, p. 28.

Muriceidce Hickson, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. I, 1906, p. 355.

Axis cylinder horny, not divided into segments; water-vascular canals not in a regular
series arranged around the axis; calyces of various shapes, but never with their margins turned
towards the branch or stem. A pseudo-operculum is almost always present consisting of spicules
borne on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles; there being eight segments to the operculum,
each segment usually consisting of three spindles which form an acute-angled triangle with its
apex directed towards the centre of the mass of infolded tentacles. A well-marked collaret lies
below the operculum, and consists of one or more transverse rows of spindles. The spicules
vary exceedingly in size and pattern, but are never in the form of greatly flattened scales
with radiating costse produced into marginal points. The ccenenchyma usually has a bristling
appearance, due to the projecting points of spicules.

This family seems to be a fairly natural one ; but it intergrades on the one hand with
the Primnoidae, and on the other with the Plexauridae. It differs from the former in not havinsr
a true operculum emplanted on the calyx margin, but instead, has a pseudo-operculum of eight
segments, each segment being composed of several spicules, instead of one as in the Primnoidoe.
There is an approach to the primnoid type of spicule in some of the scale-like plates of
Placogorgia ; but without radiating costse.

The relationship of the Mtiriccidc? seems closest with the Plexauridc?, the superficial
resemblance being such as to deceive any one, especially as in such species as Placogorgia
cryptotheca which greatly resembles Plexatiroides not only in general appearance, but also in
form and arrangement of spicules.

The main difference between the two families is shown by a study of a cross section of
the stem. In a plexaurid such a section will reveal a thick ccenenchyma enveloping the axis;
while around the latter is a symmetrical series of distinct round or oval openings, sections of the
primary water-vascular canals. In a muriceid a similar section would show a thinner ccenenchyma,
and no regular series of canals, these being irregular both in section and disposition.

The classification of the Muriceid.e.

This group, containing as it does by far the greatest number of species of all the families
of Alcyonaria, has ahvays offered unusual difficulties to the systematist ; and the great number
of new forms in the Siboga collection makes a thorough revision necessary at this time. Any
naturalist who has worked with the Gorgonacea will recognize the perplexities that thus confront
the writer.

The aim has been to preserve a conservative course so far as is consistent with scientific
accuracy, and a strong effort has been made to retain as many as possible of the established
genera, but one new genus (Versluysia) being added.

But, in many cases, while the names of the established genera have been retained it
has been found necessary to modify the definitions to meet the conditions presented under the
great increase of our knowledge since the original definitions were proposed.

In modifying generic definitions the writer has persued the policy of obtaining, wherever
possible, accurate descriptions of the type species of each genus, being greatly aided by the
work of Külliker1, who describes the spicules of the types of several of the older genera, the
original descriptions of which are entirely inadequate, indeed useless, for the purposes of the
present work.

With an accurate description of the type species of a genus at hand, the writer has
used in his generic description any character found in the type that, in his opinion, will serve
as a grood diag-nostic character of the grenus. Such characters he has often used to the exclusion
of the generic characters used in the original descriptions of the genus. Thus it will be seen
that he has retained the names of most of the genera, but modified the definitions in many
cases; being careful, however, to introducé no character in his modified genera that is not
founcl in the generic types.

As is almost universally the case, the earlier writers used the most obvious external
characters in defining the zoological groups of the Alcyonaria. Hence the form of the colony
and shape of the calyces were regarded as of prime importance, while we now know that,
except in a comparatively few cases, these features are practically valueless when applied to
the genera of the Muriceida . A little after the middle of the last century the spicules were
recognized as of great importance in the writings of two authors who were mainly instrumental
in placing the classification of this group on a much more satisfactory basis. Kölliker and
Verrill were among the first to examine carefully these curious structures, and they based
their generic characters almost exclusively on the form and disposition of the spicules.

Subsequent writers have fully recognized the importance of such characters; but have not
hesitated to avail themselves of others, such as the mode of branching and shape of calyces, in
formulating their generic definitions. Wright and Studer, in their masterly report on the Alcyo-
naria collected by the Challenger expedition, persued this method with very satisfactory results.

1 Kölliker. Icones Histologie*. Vol. II, 18S5. Special reference is here made to the descriptions of the spicules of the types

There is no doubt that the spicules form by far the most important structures lor dividing
the Muriccidic into genene groups, and it is impossible to properly identify species, or to place
them in thcir oenera, without a microscopic examination of carefully cleaned spicules. In order
to test this point, the writer, when beginning work on the muriceids of the Siboga Expedition,
attempted to divide the great mass of new and unfamiliar material into genera by the use of
external characters, such as manner of branching, shape and disposition of calyces, and a super -
ficial examination with a dissecting lens of the spicules in situ. The result was a lamentable failure,
except in the case of some particularly well marked genera such as Acanthogorgia or Acts. In
many cases one could have done just about as well by assorting the material when blind-folded.

It thus becomes evident that superficial characters are comparatively useless in defining
the genera of the Muriceidcz, and this leads inevitably to the conclusion that it is exceedingly
hazardous to attempt to identify the old and long know species by the figures and descriptions
of the earlier writers; for these men used exclusively those characters which were superficial
and thus of little value for our present purpose. It is only when some subsequent writer has
had access to the type specimen and given it a careful technical description that these old
species can be safely identified. It thus appears impossible to identify with any certainty many
of the long known species, for many of the types are lost or inaccessible.

The writer has, in such cases, preferred to carefully describe a species as new whenever
he is not reasonably sure that it should be referred to an already described form, rather than
to call it by an old name merely on account of some superficial resemblance. In such cases
more favored naturalists, who may have access to the types, can detect the error by comparing
the detailed descriptions and figures in the present work with the type. He can then, if necessary,
relegate the supposed new species to the ranks of synonomy. In this way less harm is done
than by erroneously ascribing a really new form to an old species, particularly when it involves
an incorrect idea regarding distribution.

In the present work the spicules are regarded as by far the most available structures
for generic diagnoses. It is only occasionally that the shape or the size of the calyces is used,
and it is but rarely that the mode of branching assumes generic importance in the Muriccidtf.

In studying the spicules for systematic purposes it soon becomes evident that the matter
is far more complex than would appear from a study of the literature of the subject. In some
cases spicules of a dozen different types can be found on a single slide from a single species,
while in others the spicules that are regarded as typical of a certain genus may be found in
several genera. Moreover it soon becomes plain that the same spicule may assume the form
of several types during the course of its individual development.

But the investigator who perseveres in his work finds that, in spite of these and other
discouraging conditions, there are a number of forms of spicules that can readily be recognized
as typical of certain genera. They may be associated with many other forms on a given slide ;
but nevertheless they are the dominant note of the composition, and can readily be
detected by the experienced observer. By a study of these dominant types we are enabled to
very much simplify the classification of the Mitriccidcc, and divide that troublesome family into
a fairly natural group of genera.

V

After the examination of a large number of forms it becomes evident that the primitive
spicule is the terete form known as the spindle. That this is the original form is indicated by
two lines of evidence1.

ist. The spindle is found in all of the genera and nearly all of the species of the
Muriceidtz, and it is the only form of spicule of which this is true.

2nd. In studying the development of spicules that are apparently far removed from the
spindle in form, we find that even the most complicated of these, such as those found in
Echinogorgia, Acamptogorgia and Heterogorgia, are originally simple spindles which during
their individual development gradually assume the surprisingly complex and often beautiful forms
characteristic of these genera.

It having been determined that the spindle is the basal form, it becomes possible to
arrange its various modifications in different directions and thus understand fairly well the origin
and relations of the various generic types of spicules.

One of the simplest of these is a slightly bent spindle, the two parts of which, below
and above the bend, have become differentiated from each other. The moity which is exposed
when in situ has become relatively smooth and pointed, like an icycle. The other portion,
which when in situ is embedded in the ccenenchyma, is covered with warty verrucse which in
some instances may be more or less profusely branched. This type is found in its most perfect
and characteristic development in the genus Acanthogorgia, and will therefore be called the
" Acanthogorgia type" in this work. (See plate XIX, fig. \a).

A nother very typical form of spicule is produced by a process which begins in very
much the same way as the above. A simple straight spindle becomes gradually differentiated
into two parts, a distal and a proximal. The distal part, exposed when in situ, is straight,
thorn-like and often with a smooth surface. The proximal portion sends forth a number of
processes which are densely tuberculate, and more or less branched and exfoliated, often very
complexly so. These branched processes are projected downward and outward, and when in situ
are embedded in the ccenenchyma of the calyx wall. This form is characteristic of the genus
Echinomuricea, and will be called the " Echinomuricea type". (See plate XXI, fig. ja).

A third form which yields a good generic type is developed as follows : A small typical
spindle, smooth and straight, becomes tuberculate. Later it bends as in Acanthogorgia, becoming
arcuate and shows a constricted band or girdle near its centre. Nodules next appear on the
convex surface, and these nodules enlarge, branch and protrude downward; finally producing
much-branched, nodulated and foliated expansions which are radiate in arrangement and are
embedded in the ccenenchyma when in situ. While these foliated expansions of the basal part
of the spicule are developing, another series of changes commences by which lamellar expansions
project upward from the centre of the spicule. These are more or less inflated and petal-like
in shape, their edges being often sinuous and dentated.

This group of folia, when best developed, finally comes to resemble the half-opened bud

1 The author must here acknowledge his indebteduess to one of his sludents, Miss Beth. M. Portlock, for her work in
studying the development of the spicules of the Alcyonaiia, and in bringing to his attention a number of points that he would otherwise
doubtless have missed entirely.

of a rosé, the leaves of which are sometimes keeled, seated on and projecting directly above
the radiated basal expansions. In some cases there may be but two of these foliated expansions
or even but one; but they can always be easily distinguished by the fact that their surfaces
are smooth, instead of being notably tuberculate as are the basal expansions. The resulting
spicule, then, consists of a basal set of branched or foliated, densely tuberculated expansions
extending downward and outward in a radiate manner ; and a distal exposed portion set imme-
diately above the basal part, and consisting of erect inflated lamina; which are often curved or
crimped, but the surfaces of which are smooth. This type is very characteristic of the genus
Echinogorgia, and will be called the " Echinogorgia type". (See plate XXI, figs. 9, a & 6).

A fourth form of what I call generic types of spicules is quite different from either of
the preceding. A simple, rather heavy, tuberculate spindle developes rounded projections on its
upper side only. These projections finally become quite pronounced and sharp-pointed, forming
a more or less regular row of tooth-like points on one side of the heavy spindle. The opposite,
or under, side is simply tuberculate, without pronounced tooth-like processes. These heavy
nnilateral spindles are characteristic of the genus Thesea, and will be called the " Thesea type".
(See plate XXI, figs. 2 & 8a).

A fifth form, is carefully described by Wright and Studer l as follows: —

"The polyp spicules are remarkable : from the spindle-like bases one or two foliar expan-
sions arise. A somewhat bent spindle is furnished with a dentate foliar expansion, from the
margin of its convex side, the long axis of which slants a little obliquely to the long axis of
the spindle. In most cases the spicule has become triradiate by the shooting out of several
projections from about its middle.

From the place where these rays centre one or too dentate foliar expansions arise, these
latter stand at an acute angle to one another, and their long axes always fall into the angle
between two of the rays. These spicules are so placed on the wall of the polyp body that the
stellate rays are always inserted into it, while the foliar expansions project, scale-like, over
the surface".

This type, evidently allied to the Echinogorgia type, will be called the " Acamptogorgia
type'. (See plate XXI, fig. 12, a & 6).

A sixth form is based, like the others, on the primitive spindle; but is produced by a
flattening and lateral expansion into a disk-like or scale-like form which is regular in outline
in some species, but exceedingly irregular in others.

It consists of a flattened centre from which complexly branched and irregularly foliate
lateral expansions arise, giving the typical "Stachelplatten" of authors.

These occur in their most characteristic form in the genus Placogorgia, and will constitute
the "Placogorgia type'. (See plate XXII, figs. 5 & 10).

A seventh type is probably the most peculiar and distinctive found in the Mtiriceidce.
It is essentially radiate in structure, and consists in a basal expanded, or disc-shaped, or radiately
branched part; and an upper or distal expanded knob or disc, the two being united by a very

1 Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 115.

short, thick neck. The whole resembles an ordinary collar-button, the parts of which are regularly
or irregularly indented around the edges. This form also appears to originate in a simple
spindle, each end of which becomes greatly expanded and takes the form of a disc. Later the
whole spindle assumes the form of a doublé wheel which finally assumes the collar-button
shape. This characterizes the genus Bebryee, and will be called the " Bebryce type'. (See plate
XX, fig. 8, «, b, e and d).

The eighth form is strictly radiate in its characteristic form ; but, like the others, is
derived from the simple spindle. The spindle at first is quite small and sparsely tuberculate.
It then becomes slightly curved, and shows a median constricted band. Next, from the convex
side of this band two somewhat triangular processes arise, the whole spindle at this stage being
somewhat butterfly-shaped, the first, and larger, wings being the two processes just described.
After this stage is reached numerous processes branch from the centre and extend on all sides
in a radiate manner, finally concealing or obscuring the original spindle so that we have often
quite symmetrical stars, doublé stars, etc. This form is best seen in the genus Heterogorgia,
and will constitute the " Heterogorgia type". (See plate XXII, figs. 13, 14, 15).

A ninth form may be designated which is doubtless closely related to the last. Here
again the development may be traced back to the simple spindle. This becomes, bent and
constricted in the middle as before. From the convex side arises a knob-like process which
may lengthen and, with the bent halves of the original spindle, form a triradiate spicule; or,
as happens oftener, the knob-like process may divide, in which case it forms the smaller of
the four wings of a butterfly-shaped spicule, of which the bent halves of the original spindle
form the larger wings.

When the four wings are nearly of the same size a quadriradiate or cruciform spicule
is produced. While these triradiate and quadriradiate spicules are the typical ones of the genus
Villogorgia, and form the " Villogorgia type", there arise from the same bent spindles and in
the same species, many other forms, often exceedingly complicated (see plate XXII, figs. 1 & 2).
Indeed, we may find in a single slide of Villogorgia spicules almost all of the types just
described belonging to the family Muriceidae.

A tenth type is found in the regular spindle itself, which, although it may be greatly
increased in size and also changed in outline, still retains its original terete form with tuberculate
processes scattered over its surface; but without branchings, forkings, exfoliations or radiating
plates or processes of any kind. (See plate XX, fig. je).

The forms in which the simple terete spindle predominates almost or entirely to the
exclusion of all other types are too diversified to admit of being placed in a single genus.
It is therefore necessary to break up this unwieldy mass of species by the use of some other
character, or characters, in combination with those based on the spicules.

A useful character for this purpose has already been employed in generic definitions by
Verrill1 and Wright and Studer2. The character referred to is the disposition of the spicules
so as to be placed en chevron in the calyx walls or over the tentacle bases, the spindles

1 Verrill. Buil. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, 1S83, p. 30.

2 Wrïght and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 93.

being placed in two rows with their distal points meeting at an angle, there being eight of
these doublé rows on the calyx walls or over the tentacle bases, to correspond with the number
of tentacles in the alcyonoid polyp.

This is not always a good generic character, but may be used in combination with
others in formulating definitions for the genera of the Muriceida.

There still remain a number of muriceids with simple spindles for their type of spicule,
and these are too varied in character to be placed in a single genus, even after all of those
with spindles en chevron have been provided for. These all agree in having spindle-form
spicules only, without a noticeable admixture of other types, although there is often a considerable
modification of the spindle in the way of enlargement or in being more slender, or in being
stouter, or in being arranged in layers in the ccenenchyma. Finally there are some genera in
which the form of the colony seems of use in generic distinctions.

By the means above indicated it is possible to divide the very numerous species of this
large familv into generic groups that seem to be fairly natural ones. The writer believes that
the main purpose in forming genera is to facilitate identification and classification. Our knowledge
of the lower invertebrates is still far too fragmentary to permit us to indulge the hope that
our work as systematists will really serve to express, in final form, the actual relationships of
anv large groups of animals. While a natural classification is a "consummation devoutly to be
desired" we are not yet, is seems to me, in sight of it. Meanwhile we can use our genera as
convenient names under which we can group species for practical purposes, being careful, however,
not to abandon long established genera without good reason. Neither does it seem desirable
to establish new genera so long as legitimate characters can be drawn from the type species of
existing genera whereby the latter may be retained although modified to include new forms.

Key to the genera of Muriceid.e as used in this work.

Calyces bilabiate (Muricea) 1

Calyces not bilabiate.

Spindles arranged en chevron on calyx walls or tentacle bases.
Spindles en chevron on calyx walls only.

Calyx with crown of points of Acauthogorgia type Acanthogorgia

Spindles en chevron on both calyx walls and tentacle bases.

No crown of points. Spicules all regular spindles Anthomuricea

A crown of points consisting of spicules with radiating foliaceous

expansions (Paramuricea)

A crown of points consisting of regular spindles Muricella

1 Generic names enclosed in brackets indicate that such genera are not represented in the Siboga colleclion.
S1BOGA-EXPED1TIE XIII/5. 2

IO

Spindles en chevron on tentacle bases, but not on calyx walls.
No true crown of points. Spicules not all regular spindles.

Twigs without strictly terminal polyps Muriceides

A crown of points present. Spicules all spindles Anthogorgia

Spindles nowhere arranged en chevron.
Spicules all in form of spindles.

Spindles very large and heavy, sometimes taking the form of enormous
squarish plates or scales.
Spindles of coenenchyma in two distinct layers, the outer layer being

the larger Versluysia

Spindles of coenenchyma not in two distinct layers, their edges often

fitted as in mosaic work Acis

Spicules not excessively heavy or enlarged.

Colony flabellate or reticulate Menacella

Colony simple or sparingly branched, not reticulate Elasmogorgia

Calyces with certain forms of characteristic spicules of "Genene Types".

Calyx spicules resembling frilled collar-buttons. {Bebryce type) Bebryce

Calyx spicules with conspicuous tooth-like points on one side only. [Thesea

type) Thesea

Calyx spicules with a thorn-like distal part, and a basal mass of radiating

tuberculate and branching processes {Echinomuricea type) .... Echinomuricea

Calyx spicules with a distal cluster of foliaceous smooth expansions, and a

basal mass of radiating and tuberculate- processes. (Echinogorgia type). Echinogorgia

Calyx spicules imbricating dises or "Stachelplatten", the former often with

ctenate edges. {P lacogorgia type) Placogorgia

Calyx spicules with spindle-like bases from which arise one or two foliar

or plate-like expansions. [Acamptogorgia type) Acamptogorgia

Calyx spicules mostly radiate forms of several kinds.
Triradiate and quadriradiate forms predominating.

Calyces in the form of short cylinders Villogorgia

Calyces very low verrucse which are oval in cross section Menella

Multiradiate spicules predominating, many being doublé stars.

A crown of points formed of processes from the radiate spicules of

Heterogorgia type Heterogorgia

It is not claimed that the above table will prove satisfactory in all cases; but it is hoped
that it will prove a convenience in identifying genera in most cases, and thus save the time of
the investigator.

1 1

Sy nop tic view of the species and genera of the Si b o ga

collection of Muriceid E.

New species are indicated by the asterisk (*).

Acanthogorgia.

A. ridleyi, armata, spinosa, aspcra, muricaia,
laxa, truncata,flaóellum, ccylonensis, *striata,
*studeri, *turgida.

Anthomuricea.

A . *sanguinca, *limorensis, *örunnea, *reticulata.

Anthogorgia.
A. *verrilli, *aura.

Muriceides.
M. *javensis, * co Har is, *dubia.

Muricella.

M. crassa, complanata, perramosa, *gracilis,
*stellata, *dtièia, *grandis.

Versluysia.

V. ramosa, ccylonensis, *rosea, *dcntata, *oper-
culata, *rcticulata, *argentea.

Acis.

A. alba, *squamata, *solorensis, '*serrata.

Elasmogorgia.
E. filiformis.

Menacella.
M. reticularis.

Bebryce.

B. indica, hicksoni, *tkomsoni.

Thesea.

T. * 'simplex, *pallida, *immersa. *flava, *flexilis,
*placoderma, *sanguinea.

Echinomuricea.

E. coronalis, indomalaccensis , *collaris, *spini-
fera, *pulchra, *cylindrica, *costata.

Echinogorgia.

E. anrantiaca, furfuracea, psendosassapo, "rid-
Icvi, * flora, *complexa.

A. *spatulata.

Acamptogorgia.

Placogorgia.

P. atlantica, *campanulifera, vpulc/ira, *den-
dritica, *cryptotheca, *dendata, *squamata,
*sh(deri, *bebrycoides, *alternata, *retictiloides.

Villogorgia.

V. nigrescens, compressa, intricata, rubra,
*serrata, *timorensis, *flavescens, *inermis.

Menella.
M. *rtibescens, *grayi.

Heterogorgia.

H. ramosa, verrucosa, *muricelloides, "clansa,
*humilis, *stellata, *magna, *reticulata, *oper-
culata.

An enumeration of the above list shows that the Siboga collection contains a total of
95 species of which 64, or almost exactly two thirds, appear to be new.

12

System atic discussion of genera and species.

Acanthogorgia Gray (emended by Verrill).

Acanthogorgia Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 128.
Acanthoo-orgia (including Blcplirogorgia Duchassaing et Michelotti) Verrill. Memoirs Museum

of Comparative Zoology, XI, I, p. 30, 1883.
Acanthogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 93.

Calyces tubular, their walls with spindles arranged en chevron, and their margins
surmounted by a crown of thorns which are sometimes single and sometimes in a cluster. Each
of these marginal spicules is a bent spindle with a tuberculate base embedded in the calyx
wall and a thorn-like, comparatively smooth distal portion projecting from the calyx margin.
Other similar spicules may occur in the walls below the margin, and spicules of various types
in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches.

The characteristic spicules described above constitute the Acanthogorgia type. In the
species of this genus the bent spindle predominates, although several other types, such as
crosses and triradiate spicules, are found in some species.

The disposition of the spicules en chevron in the calycular walls is also a very good
generic character, shared, however, with the genus Paramuricea. This latter genus differs from
Acanthogorgia in not having the Acanthogorgia type of spicules.

The type species of this genus is Acanthogorgia Jiirsnta Gray1.

The genus as thus defined vvould include the following species : Acanthogorgia

ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson, A. aspera Verrill, A. fiabellum Hiles, A. hirsuta Gray,
A. horrida Studer, A. inermis Hedlund, A. taxa Wright and Studer, A. longifiora Wright
and Studer, A. media Thomson and Henderson, A. muricata Verrill, A. ramossissima Wright
and Studer, A. ridleyi Wright and Studer, A. schrammi (Duchassaing et Michelotti), A. spinosa
Hiles, A. truncata Studer and A. verrilli Studer3. To these are added the new species from
the Siboga collection described beyond.

1. Acanthogorgia ridleyi Wright and Studer.

Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 95.
ROULE. Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne du "Caudan", 1896, p. 306.

Stat. 5. 7°46' S., 11 40 30'. 5 E. Madura Sea. 330 meters. Coral and stones.
Stat. 212. 5°45'.5 S., I20°I9'.2E. Banda Sea. 462 meters. Fine grey mud.
Stat. 259. 5°29'.2S., I32°52'.5E. near Kei Islands. 487 meters. Coral sand.

Colony straggling in habit, 16 cm. in height. The main stem divides about 1 cm. from
its origin into two long, straggling branches, one of which gives off three short branchlets from
its proximal portion, its distal half being unbranched. The other branch gives off four side
branches, its distal half being almost unbranched. The ccenenchyma is fairly thick for this genus.

1 Gray. Proceedings Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 128.

2 Papers received since the above was written show that the following should be added to this list: A. candida Kükth.,
A. gracillima Kükth., A. sfissa Kükth., A. japonica Kükth., A. dofleini Kükth., A. angustijlora Kükth. and A. multispinosa Kükth,

The calyces are long and slender, closely approximated, and set at right angles with the
branches, and grow on all sides of the latter. They often tend to curve upward, especially at
their distal ends. The individual calyx is about 5 mm. long, on the average, from base of
calyx to base of tentacles. The greatest diameter is about 2 mm. near the distal end, and the
least diameter is about 1,5 mm. The fringe of long spicules constituting the "crown" are quite
conspicuous, and there are a number of other conspicuous points arising from the calyx walls
and pointing upward and outward. There are also a number of bristling points projecting from
the upper surface of the infolded tentacle.

These spicules, together with those of the crown, form a bristling tuft which must prove
an effecting defense to the polyps.

Spicules. Almost all of the spicules are bent, warty spindles. Those around the calyx
margins are decidedly longer than the others, sometimes attaining a length of 2 mm. and often
placed in pairs immediately over the tentacle bases, the two of a pair being closely approximated
throughout. The spicules on the calyx walls are arranged en chevron, while those on the
stem and branches are longitudinally placed. The spindles are well tuberculated, the tubercles
often being arranged in annular bands.

C o 1 o r. The color is very light brown throughout, the tentacles appearing darker as
they show between the spicules. The axis is a darker brown, and the spicules colorless.

The specimen above described has been compared directly with a portion of the type
from the Challenger collection, and agrees with it quite closely, except that the calyces appear
to be somewhat more closely approximated than in the type.

The type specimen of this species is in the British Museum. It was collected from off
Port Grappler, Patagonia. Depth 140 fathoms.

1 *2. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. (Plate XIX, fig. 1).

Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. American Journ. Sci. and Arts, XVI, 1878, p. 376.

Accmthogorgia armata Verrill. American Journ. Sci. and Arts, XVIII, 1884, p. 220.

Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. Buil. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, N° 1, 1884, p. 31.

Acanthogorgia armata Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, Part II, 1904, p. 225.

Acanthogorgia armata Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Hawaiian Islands, 1908, p. 580.

West Coast of Pulu Weh, Sumatra. 40 fath. Found on cable, Aug. 17, 1908. Van NOUHUVS don.

Colony indistinctly flabellate in form, 10 cm. in height. The main stem gives off a branch
about 1,5 cm. from its base, another about 2 cm. above this, and still others above the latter
point, the tendency being toward an obscure geniculation of the main stem. These branches often
again branch in an obscurely alternate manner, occasional branches of the third order being
seen. The calyces are set at right angles to the stem and branches, are closely approximated,
and seem to be equally distributed on all sides of the stem and branches. I am unable to
make out any definite spiral arrangement; but there seems to be a tendency for the calyces
to arrange themselves in four rows, particularly toward the distal parts of the colony.

1 As in foimer reports the species not obtained by the Siboga are indicated by asterisks.

14

The individual calyces are columnar in shape, but expand at base and summit, sometimes
approaching an hour-glass shape. They attain a length of 3 mm. and a width of 1,5 mm. at
the tentacle bases, and of 1 mm. at their middle. The margin is surrounded by a crown of
thorns, there usually being two or three spicules in each point. The polyps are retracted, the
tentacles being folded over the oral disk, as is usual in the Muriceidse. The operculum consists
of thorn-like spindles attached to the tentacle bases and bending toward each other.

Spicules. The spicules are slender spindles, regularly tuberculate, and almost always
curved or bent at the middle. The spicules in the crown of thorns have a slender, straight,
almost smooth distal portion ; and a much shorter, stouter, strongly tuberculate proximal portion
which may have stout foliaceous projections. This latter part is immersed in the calyx wall.
There are a few triradiate spicules in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches. The spindles
in the calyx walls are bent spindles, arranged en chevron, and there are slender curved
spindles on the dorsal surfaces or of the tentacles.

Color. The colony, in alcohol, is very dark umber brown, almost black. The spicules
are colorless.

General distribution. Atlantic Coast of the United States, to 524 fath. (Verrill).
Cape of Good Hope. 230 fath. (Hickson). Hawaiian Islands. 378 fath. (Nutting).

The calyces of the Sumatran specimens are shorter than described by Verrill-, but not
shorter than indicated by his figures 1.

3. Acanthogorgia spinosa Hiles.

Acanthogorgia spinosa Hiles. The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey, 1899, p. 195.

Stat. 305. Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.
Stat. 310. 8°3'S., ii9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. J2 meters. Sand.

Colony strictly flabellate in form, 1 2 cm. in height and 9 cm. in diameter. The main
stem is straight, erect, and extends through the centre of the colony. The first branch is given
off 2 cm. from the base, the others are given off at varying intervals, but are never strictly
opposite, The main branches curve outward and upward like candelabra, and two of them give
off rows of branchlets from their outer sides only. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all
sides of the main stem and branches, and are more crowded toward the distal ends, where
their bases seem to be ordinairly almost contiguous.

1 he individual calyces are very gradually enlarged toward their distal ends, their shape
being rather that of an elongated reversed cone than that of an hour-glass as described in the
last species. They attain a height of 3 mm. and a diameter near the summit of 1,3 mm. Near
the base the diameter is about 1 mm. The points around the margins are numerous, and
inclined to project outward and upward. There is a distinct cluster of spines inserted at the base
of each tentacle, each spine being curved so as to fit closely over the surface of the incurved
tentacle, forming an effective pseudo-operculum.

1 Bulletin Museum Compavative Zoology XI, N» I, plate III, figs. la, 1 />.

15

S pi cu les. The spicules are all slender, curved or bent spindles, much as in the preceding
species. Not infrequently, however, they are doubly curved so as to resemble a cupid's bow, and
occasionally a triradiate form is seen. The spicules in the calyx walls are arranged en chevron
but there are also a number of spindles of large size that are more nearly perpendicular than
in the preceding species, their upper ends projecting freely from the ccenenchyma, givino- a
spiked appearance that is very marked, especially in a dried specimen.

Color. The specimen described is an obscurely vinaceous dark brown. Another specimen
from the same station is much smaller and is apparently a younger colony. The calyces are
considerably shorter, but they approximate the size of the larger specimen on the proximal parts
of the colony.

General distribution. The specimen described by Ridley was found in Blanche
Bay, New Britain, at a depth of 40 fathoms.

4. Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtalès.

Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtalès. Fauna of the Gulf Stream, 1868, p. 113.

Acanthogorgia aspera Verril]. Buil. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, N° 1, 1883, p. ^t,.

? Acanthogorgia aspera Hedlund. Einige Muriceides, Museum Upsala, 1890, p. 3.

Acanthogorgia aspera Studer. Alcyonaires de 1'Hirondelle, 1901, p. 44.

Stat. 122. i°58'.SN., 1250 0.5 E. Celebes Sea. 1264 meters. Stony.

Stat. 289. 90 0.3 S-, I2Ó°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Colony (incomplete) roughly flabellate in form, 12 cm. in height and with a spread of
about 5 cm. The main stem and lower portions of the main branches are entirely denuded of
ccenenchyma. The stem forks into two portions about 2 cm. from its base. One of the resulting
branches is undivided and denuded. The other grives off a number of lateral branchlets none
of which again divides. The average distance between branchlets is about 4 mm. The calyces
are set on all sides of the branches, being more crowded, as usual, on the terminal twigs,
where they are often contiguous but sometimes as much as 1 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are columnar in form, a typical one measuring 2,5 mm. in height
and 1,1 mm. in diamter, the length of the exposed part of the spicules of the crown being
sometimes as much as 1,75 mm. Two or three spindles often form a single crown point. The
caiycular walls are filled with spicules arranged en chevron, the points seldom projecting to
any appreciable extent beyond the body wall. The calyces vary greatly in shape, as is usual
in this genus, according to age and extent of retraction.

Spicules. These are almost all slender curved spindles, those forming the crown being
typical of the genus, having very straight smooth acute points, and a relatively much shorter
basal part, bent at an angle and roughly tuberculate and even branched. The ccenenchyma is
filled with very slender curved spindles, more delicate than in most species of this genus, those
in the stem and branches being longitudinally arranged.

Color. The colony is very light yellowish brown. The axis is golden yellow brown,
and the spicules are colorless.

i6

General distributie» n. The type was from near Havana, Cuba. 494 fathoms. Studer
reports it from near the Azores. 927 fathoms. Hedlund reports it from Amoy. 35 fathoms.
Studer, however, expresses doubt regarding Hedlünd's identification.

5. AcantJiogorgia muricata Verrill.

AcantJiogorgia muricata Verrill. Buil. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, N° 1, 1883, p. 34.
AcantJiogorgia muricata Hiles. Gorgonacean Corals at Funafuti, 1889, p. 48.
AcantJiogorgia muricata Studer. The Alcyonaires de 1'Hirondelle, 1901, p. 45.
Acanthogorgia muricata Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, Alcyonaria,
1905, p. 290. (Under name of A. muricata var. indica).

Stat. 260. 5°3Ó'.5S., I32°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Colony flabellate, rather straggling in habit. 9 cm. in height, and about 5 cm. in diameter.
The main stem is unbranched for 1,5 cm. from its base, where it sends off a branch which
is the main part of the colony, and itself bears branches and branchlets. There are 110
anastomoses of branches.

The calyces are more sparsely distributed than in most species, and show a tendency
toward a bilateral arrangement on the stem and branches, although they are not uncommonly
met with on the front and back of the colony. They are not so closely approximated as in the
species already discussed, and are quite irregularly spaced.

The individual calyces are quite long and slender. While their basal portions are set at
a right angle with the stem, they usually curve distinctly upward so that their margins are
approximately horizontal. Their proximal and distal portions are enlarged, while their middle
portion is more slender than in other species of the genus so far discussed. The calyces attain
a height to 3,5 mm. with a diameter below the tentacles of 1,25 mm. and in their middle
portion of .75 mm. Other, probably younger, calyces are much shorter, but fully developed
ones are as described.

S p i c ui es. The spicules forming the crown are rather long, and often two unite to
form a single crown point. Their distal and proximal parts are not so much differentiated as
in other species, the distal part being tuberculate and the proximal part being less expanded
than is usual in the genus. The spicules on the calyx walls are arranged en chevron, but
the slenderness of the calyces results in these spicules being nearly vertical, meeting in an
exceedingly acute angle. Often their distal ends project spine-like from the body walls, but not
at a very decided angle.

The spindles in the ccenenchyma are usually arched or bent near the middle, and are
rather stout, with numerous warty tubercles.

Color. The colony is light buffy throughout. The spicules are colorless.

General distri bution. Off Funafuti, Hiles. Off Barbados, West Indies, Verrill. 76
fathoms. Off the Azores, Studer. 454 meters. Near Trincomalee, Ceylon, Thomson and Henderson.

This species is much like A. verril li Studer, but the calyces in the Siboga specimen
are shorter than those described by Studer.

'7
6. Acanthogorgia laxa Wright and Studer.

Acanthogorgia laxa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, The Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 96.
Stat. 26. 8°3S'.iS., 1 1 5°3i'.2 E. Bali Sea. Depth 305 meters. Sand.

The colony (incomplete), is strictly flabellate in form, and attains a height of 26 cm.
and a spread of 27 cm. The main stem is incomplete, and the colony was originally doubtless
much larger. The first branch origin is about 3 cm. from the proximal end of stem. The main
stem is straight and gives off a number of strictly lateral branches in an irregularly alternate
manner, and these branches again divide in the same manner. Branches of the third order
sometimes result. The ccenenchyma is thin. The calyces are usually lateral, but are not seldom
found on the front and back of the colony, especially on its distal parts. They are closely
approximated on the sides of the branches and are set nearly at right angles with the latter.
The branch terminations, when present, end in calyces.

The individual calyces are rather slender cylinders, sometimes attaining a height of
3.5 mm. and are of almost equal diameter (1.5 mm.) throughout. The crown of points is not
conspicuous, and the tentacles are covered basally by bent spindles whose distal ends converge.
The calyx walls are covered with spindles arranged en chevron, their points rising to a level
with the tentacle bases. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are longitudinally arranged.

S p i c u 1 e s. These are almost all bent spindles regularly tuberculated, and of various
sizes. Occasionally one is seen which is of the typical acanthogorgian form ; but these are not
numerous.

C o 1 o r. The colony is light brown, and the spicules colorless.

General distribution. The type was taken by the Challenger off Tom Bay, Pata-
gonia. Depth, 175 fathoms.

Although the crown of points is hardly discernible, this species agrees in most of its
characters with the genus Acanthogorgia.

7. Acanthogorgia truncata Studer.

Acanthogorgia truncata Studer. Note preliminaire sur les Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes

de 1'Hirondelle, 1891, p. 555.
Acanthogorgia truncata Studer. Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de PHirondelle, 1901, p.46.

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., ii9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. -ji meters. Sand.

Colony flabellate and very profusely branched, attaining a height of 15 cm. and a spread
of 16 cm. The main stem gives off a branch 1.75 cm. from its base. A little above this the
main stem divides into two great branches, each of which gives off numerous lateral subalternate
branchlets which themselves often divide into branches of the third and fourth orders. There
are no anastomoses, but the terminal twigs are very numerous, forming dense tufts. The calyces
are equally distributed on all sides of the branches, and are closely approximated. In places
they tend to an arrangement in whorls of four or five, but this arrangement is by no means

SIEOGA-EXrEDITlE XIII /'. 3

i8

constant. The whorls are only about one mm. apart. The branches end in polyps, and the
ccenenchyma is thin.

These projecting points are more numerous, heavy and constant than in any of the
preceding species. The polyp is very heavily armed with spicules, and does not appear to be
capable of complete retraction, and when considerable expanded it is difficult to distinguish
between the cajyx and cesophageal part of the polyp, although there is a crown on the margin.
The proximal portion of the incurved tentacles are protected by heavy longitudinal spicules,
and the distal portions by lighter ones.

Spicules. There are mainly straight and curved tuberculate spindles. There are also
crown spicules of the characteristic acanthogorgian type. A few forked and triradiate forms are
seen, and also, but rarely, crosses.

C o 1 o r. The color, in alcohol, is grayish brown. The axis is dark golden brown, and
the spicules are colorless.

General distribution. The type was secured in the Gulf of Gascogne at a depth
of 240 meters. No other specimens have been reported, except those secured by the Siboga-
Expedition. Besides the specimen described above, another, much smaller one in poor condition
was secured from the same station.

The Siboga specimens agree with Studer's description. His figures indicate that the type
was yellow in color, but his description calls it brown.

8. Acanthogorgia fiabellitui Hickson.

Acantliogorgia flabelhim Hickson. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 812.

Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., I22°56'E. North Celebes, 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Stat. 125. Anchorage off Sawan, Island Siau. 27 meters. Stony.
Stat. 164. i°42'.S S., I30°47'.5 E. West New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stone.
Stat. 310. 8° 30' S., 1190 7'. 5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

Stat. 315. East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster-Islands. Up to 36 meters. This is the specimen
described.

Colony flabellate, loosely reticulate, attaining a height of about 12 cm. and a breadth
of 7 cm. Branches and main stem about the same diameter throughout. Calyces unevenly
distributed, fairly thickly emplanted ; mainly on the sides of the branches, but by no means
'acking on the front and back. The distribution is very uneven, there being considerable spaces
destitute of calyces, while others are crovvded.

The individual calyces are very small, attaining a height of but 1 mm. Their outline is
dome-shaped, owing to the regularly arched tentacular surface and low walls. The opercuhim
is composed of three spindles for each flap, and is often almost entirely concealed by the crown
points. The calyx walls are covered with spicules, many of which are branched or triradiate,
their points sticking upward and ontward. These calycular spicules look as though they had
been arranged en chevron and then, owing to the shortening of the calyx, pressed down
until they lie almost horizontally, encircling the calyx. The ccenenchyma is moderately thick.

19

Spion les. The most numerous form is a small warty, more or less curved spindle.
The crown spicules are not prominent; but are of the true Acanthogorgia type. Crosses and
triradiate forms are common, especially in the stem and branches. Occasionally small branched
spicules approach the form of "Stachelplatten".

Color. The calyces and coenenchyma are white in alcohol, but the golden brown axis
shows through the latter, giving a dusky tint.

General distribution. The type was from Adder Atoll, Maldive Archipelago.
25 fathoms.

The Siboga specimens agree ver)- well with the original description.

9. Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson.

Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria,
1905, p. 290.

Stat. 47. Bay of Bima. 55 meters. Mud with coral sand.

Stat. 144. Anchorage North of Salomakië (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral.

Stat. 257. In Du-Roa Strait, Kei Islands. 52 meters. Lithothamnion.

Stat. 2S9. 9°o'-3S., I26°24'.5E. Timor Sea. 112 Meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Colony fiabellate in form, with distal branches anastomosing to a moderate degree.
Height 1 1 cm. Breadth 14 cm. Branches rather profuse, the main branches showing a tendency
to become geniculate, giving off alternate branches at the geniculations.

While the general form of the colony is fiabellate, some of the branches are given off
from the front of the colony. The calyces are sparsely distributed, and show a distinct tendency
to a bilateral arrangement, and in places are quite regularly alternate, giving much the appearance
of the hydroid genus Serhilarella. The sterns and branches are quite extensively denuded.

The individual calyces are quite small for this genus, seldom exceeding 1 mm. in height.
They are columnar in form, and of almost even diameter throughout, except a sligt expansion
at the tentacle bases; the diameter being about equal to the height. The crown of spicules is
not conspicuous, indeed it is ordinarily scarcely evident; but can be seen on an occasional calyx.
The spindles which constitute the crown curve inwards more than ordinarily, bending over, a
pair to each tentacle, and forming a strong protection. The tentacles have tuberculate spindles
on their exposed surfaces.

Spicules. The crown spindles are not well differentiated, being simply curved spindles
without sharp distinction between the proximal and distal parts. The calyx walls are covered
with tuberculate spindles en chevron, their distal ends often projecting in dried specimens.
The basal portion of the walls often have spindles arranged almost horizontally. The ccenen-
chvma is thin, with numerous tuberculate spindles, and also crosses, triradiate forms, and irregular
spindles and plates.

Color. The calyces are very light brown, almost white, in alcohol. The stem is dark
golden brown proximally, fading distally to almost white.

General distribution. The type was secured off Trincomalee, Ceylon.

20

io. Acanthogorgia striata new species. (Plate I, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XIX, fig. 2).

Stat. 117. i° 0.5 N., i22°s6'E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Stat. 253. 5°4S'.2 S., I32°I3'E. Banda Sea. 304 nieters. Clay.

Colony straggling in habit, subflabellate in form, giving off long and irregularly disposed
branches which themselves give forth irregularly disposed branchlets. Height 32 cm. In most
cases the terminal branches are free from branchlets for a considerable distance, and the central
stem is free from branches for its distal half. The calyces are rather closely approximated and
project ordinarily at a right angle from the stem.

The individual calyces are columnar in form, and attain a height of about 3 mm.

They are usually of about the same diameter throughout, being from 1 to 1.5 mm. in
diameter. The marginal points extent outward and upward, while within this crown of points
other spicules point toward the centre, and still others are curved over the retracted tentacles,
to which they are closely applied.

Spicules. These are all slender spindles, curved or bent, but seldom assuming the
shape of a cupid's bow. The largest, which form the crown of points, are of the typical
acanthogorgian shape, the distal end being straight, smooth and sharp, with the basal part
much branched and tuberculate, and being bent at an angle with the distal part. The spindles
of the calycine walls are arranged en chevron. Those just below the tentacle bases are
almost horizontal in position.

C o 1 o r. The polyps are Iight brown, with eight longitudinal stripes showing darker
brown, thus giving the name to the species. The axis is a rich golden brown with a distinct
lustre, and this shows through the ccenenchyma so that the stem and branches appear darker
than the polyps.

This species is near Acanthogorgia horrida Studer, but the disposition of the calyx
spicules does not agree with his figure l. It also resembles Acanthogorgia aspcra Pourtalès, but
the calyces are considerably stouter, and the vertical markings quite prominent.

11. Acanthiogorgia studeri new species. (Plate I, figs. 1, \a\ Plate XIX, fig. 3).

Stat. 47. Bay of Bima. 55 meters. Mud with coral sand.

Stat. 117. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.

Stat. 139. o°ii' S., I27°25' E. near Batjan Island. 397 meters. Stony.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Colony (incomplete) flabellate in form, the branches anastomosing to a limited degree.
The height is about 12 cm. The main stem is unbranched for 3 cm., where it divides into
two main portions, each of which subdivides into rather numerous branches and branchlets, the
latter anastomosing in places forming a rude reticulation.

The calyces are rather thickly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, and
show a tendency toward a disposition in spirals; but this is not at all constant. They are usually

Studer. Alcyonaires provenaat des Campagnes de l'Hiiondelle, 1901, Plate VII, fig. 2.

2 I

straight, standing at right angles to the stem and branches. They are columnar in form,
expanding slightly at top and bottom. The crown of points is not very conspicuous -, but that
may be due to the fact that the specimen was preserved in concentrated acetic acid, which has
dissolved the spicules.

The individual calyces attain a height of a little over 2 mm. and a diameter of about
1 mm. The spindles on the tentacles have been largely dissolved by acid.

Spicules. These are rather stout spindles, rather straighter that is common in this
genus, without decided curve or bow-shape. The spicules forming the crown of points are
tuberculate on their distal parts, which are less decidedly difterentiated from the proximal portions
that is usual in the Acantliogorgia type. The spindles in the calyx walls are large and stout,
and are arranged en chevron. Just below the tentacle bases they are nearly horizontal in
position, except where they project to form the crown of points. The ccenenchyma is thick,
and its spicules are longitudinally placed.

Color. The colony is medium brown throughout, the calyces not differing appreciablv
from the stem and branches. The axis has a golden brown lustre. The spicules are colorless.

This species is near Acantliogorgia laxa Wright and Studer1; but the calyces are
much smaller.

12. Acantliogorgia turgida new species. (Plate I, figs. 2, 2a \ Plate XIX, fig. 4).

Stat. 204. 4° 20' S., 1220 58' E. near Buton Island. 75 — 94 nieters. Sand.
Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.
Stat. 297. io°39' S., I23°40 E. Timor Sea. 520 meters. Mud.

Colony flabellate in form, the branches rarely anastomosing. Length 11 cm., spread 15 cm.
The iïrst branch arises about 1 cm. from the base of the stem, and others arise in an irregularly
alternate marnier. The lateral branches are very long and profusely branched throughout their
distal portions. The calyces are rather evenly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches,
and are rather closely approximated. They are short and stout, and more conspicuously spiny
than usual.

The individual calyces are up to 2 mm. in height and are somewhat barrel-shaped,
being 1 mm. in diameter near the middle and but 1.75 mm. at the distal and proximal ends.
The crown of points is quite conspicuous, the spicules being numerous and long in proportion
to the size of the species. The body walls are filled with spicules arranged en chevron.

Spicules. The crown spicules are well differentiated into a long, comparatively smooth
distal part, and a short basal part; set at an angle with the other portion, and having conspicuous
tuberosities and often jagged processes and branches. Many of the spicules in the calyx walls
have their ends projecting upward and outward, giving a very bristling appearance to the
calyces. The spicules in the stem and branches are exceedingly varied in character. Small
spindles are common, and there are also numerous jagged irregular plates, crosses, stars, etc,

Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, The Alcyonaria, 1S89, p. 96.

that form a sort of reticulate pattern on the dried surfaces of the branches. The spindles
themselves are warty, and have prominent jagged processes and expansions.

Color. This species superficially resembles Acanthogorgia spinosa, but is much lighter
brown, and has more slender calyces.

It also resembles Acanthogorgia truncata Studer, but differs from it both in color and
character of spicules.

Anthomuricea Wright and Studer.

Anthomuricea Wright and Studer. Archiv. fur Naturgesch., Jahrg. LIII, Bd. p. 55.
Anthomuricea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1S89, p. 108.

Calyces cylindrical, margin without a crown of projecting points, walls with spindles
arranged en chevron. The operculum is conspicuous, 8-rayed, with its basal portion composed
of small spindles arranged en chevron. The spicules are without Stachelplatten.

The writer has here adopted the original definition without essential modifkation. The
genus is very near to Paramuricca, but is easily distinguished by the spicules, which are all
regular spindles instead of spiny disks.

The type species of this genus is Anthomuricea argentca Wright and Studer. Other
known species are Anthomuricea tcnuispina Nutting, A. chamacleon Koch and the four new
species in the Siboga collection.

1. Anthomuricea sanguinea new species. (Plate I, figs. 4, 4«; Plate XIX, fig. 5).

Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with coral sand.

Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakië (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coralbottom. (Fragments).

Colony flabellate in form, and with a height of 8 cm., and a diameter of 4.9 cm. The
main stem is straight, the first branch being' g-iven off 1.8 cm. from the base. Above this a
number of lateral branches are given off in an entirely irregular manner, 7 on one side and 3
on the other. The calyces are regularly alternate, and are inclined toward the front and toward
the distal ends of the branches, where a pair of large calyces form a forked termination, the
axis ending in a point between the calyces. The distance between the calyces is quite
regularly 2.5 mm.

The individual calyces are truly cylindrical in shape, sometimes attaining a height of
2 mm. Their diameter is about 2 mm. The walls are fillecl with slender spindles which are
vertically disposed, but tend to the en chevron arrangement near the margin, where they
form eight blunt points opposite the tentacle bases. The polyps are completely retractile, but
in many cases rest with the unusually conspicuous collaret on the calyx margin, the dorae-
shaped operculum resting above. Both the collaret and operculum are composed of crimson
spicules, the latter being made up of very numerous slender spindles which cover the basal
part of the tentacle with an en chevro n arrangement, and are longitudinally arranged on
the distal parts.

Spie ui es. These are nearly all very slender spindles, often curving or sinuous and
sometimes attaining a length of 2.2 mm. Some of these are the most slender tuberculate
spindles that the writer has seen in the Muriceidae.

Color. The color of the colony and of the spicules is a deep crimson. This is a very
beautiful and symmetrical species.

2. Anthomuricea timorensis new species. (Plate II, figs. 2, 2a).
Stat. 60. Haingsi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters.

A mere fragment is all that was secured of this species ; but it shows very well the
characteristics of the genus. It consists of the end of a branch 1.3 cm. long.

The calyces are thickly crowded on all sides leaving hardly any of the coenenchyma
exposed. They are bulging at the top, where the marginal portion, together with the operculum,
forms a distinct rounded knob. They are 2 mm. in height, and 1.75 mm. across the knob. The
calycular walls are iïlled with spindless placed en chevron on their basal portions, while
the tips of the tentacles are covered by two curved spindles meeting at their distal ends. The
coenenchyma is filled with rather slender straight or slightly curved spindles.

Spicules. The specimen is so small that it was thought best not to destroy a portion
in order to clean the spicules for examination. From a superficial view they seem to be all
spindles, evenly tuberculated. Their arrangement is almost precisely that represented in Fig. 1,
plate XXIII of the Challenger Report on the Alcyonaria, representing Anthomuricea argentea.

Color. The color of the fragment is light yellowish brown.

This fragment can not be placed in either of the hitherto known species. The calyces
are much broader in proportion to their height than in A. argentea, and are much more crowded.
They are considerably larger than in A. reticulata, and much more crowded and of a different
color than in A. tenuispina, a species described by the writer from the Hawaiian Islands; and
are cylindrical, not subconical in form.

*3. Anthomuricea brunnea new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, \a\ Plate XIX, fig. 6).

East coast of Pulu Weh, Sumatra, growing on cable. 40 fathoms. Aug. I7th, 1906. Van
NoüHUVS leg.

Colony subflabellate in form, 10 cm. in height. The branching is exceedingly irregular,
some large branches growing from the front and interfering with the flabellate manner of
growth. The main stem gives off the stump of a heavy branch from its front, and less than
1 cm. from its base. At the junction of this branch with the stem a small upright branch is
given off, from which originate five short branches not lying in the same plain. The main
stem, just above the origin of the stump referred to above, divides into two parts, one lateral
and one upright, which give off a number of laterally disposed branchlets ; and some of these
again divide.

The calvces arise from all sides of the stem and branches : but most of them are on

24

opposite sides. There is usually a polyp terminating a branch; but often this is not the case.
The calyces are closelv approximated on the sides of the branches, being on the average not
more than i mm. apart. They are much more scattered on the front and back.

The individual calyces are tubular in shape, surmounted by the rounded dome of the
pseudo-operculum. They project at right angles with the stem and branches. There are no
distinct marginal projections, and some of them attain a height of 3 mm. to the top of the
operculum ; but they do not average more than 2 mm. Their maximum diameter is 1.5 mm.
The sides are almost straight, except at the extreme base, where they broaden to meet the
branches. Their walls are filled with spicules arranged en c h e v r o n , the point of the chevron
being opposite the tentacular bases, which are themselves filled with spicules arranged e n
chevron, and surmounted by two bent horizontal spicules, one above the other, just below
the long opercular spindles. There are four or more of these latter to each tentacle, lying
along the tops of the incurved tentacles in a bundie, the lateral ones curved so as to embrace
the outer basal surface of the tentacle and meeting in a point distally.

Spicules. The spicules are all typical spindles, usually slightly curved, and always
strongly tuberculate.

Color. The entire colony is deep golden brown.

This species differs from the type of the genus in having terminal polyps, and in the
spiculation of the operculum.

4. Anthomuricea reticulata new species. (Plate II, figs. 3, 7>a\ Plate XIX, fig. 7).

Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, Flores. Up to 40 meters. Sand.
Strait of Boleng, Solor.

Colony (dried specimen) strictly flabellate and reticulate, attaining a height of 75 cm.,
and a diameter of So cm. The main stem arises from a broad expanded base and consists of
several agglomerated massive sterns which immecliately break up into a number of branches
of different sizes. Some of these pursue a tortuous course to the edge of the colony; but most
of them fork so that they themselves become broken up, the resulting branchlets often forking
several times before they reach the periphery of the colony. The ultimate twigs are born on
all sides of the branches, especially in the borders of the colony, so that there are numerous
twigs projecting from the front and back of the fan. The stem and basal parts of the branches,
where decorticated, show that the axis is deeply and irregularly furrowed with longitudinal
grooves. The main branches are compressed, the largest having a cross section of 13 mm. by
6.5 mm. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, and are seldom
contiguous, as in many other large flabellate Muriceids, but are separated, on the average, by
about 1.3 mm.

The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders, a typical one being 1 mm.
high and having a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calyx walls are filled with uniform small, stout
spindles which are arranged en c h e v r o n on the upper parts, and have a circular disposition
on the lower parts of the walls. The collaret and operculum are very well developed, the latter

2 5

being high dome-shaped, and having nearly all of the spindles arranged en chevron the
ends of the tentacles only being provided with longitudinal spindles. The polyps are not fully
retractile, all of them resting with the collaret on the calyx margin so closcly that it is hard
to teil where the calycular spindles end and the opercular spindles begin, the collaret being
practically concealed.

Spie nies. The spicnles of the stem and branches are spindles like those of the calyx
walls. They are, in general, longitudinal in position; but encircle the bases of the calyces.

Color. The dried specimen is a dull woody brown, the axis is black, when clean, and
the spicules are light yellowish brown.

This is one of the handsomest specimens in the collection.

Anthogorgia Verrill.

Anthogorgia Verrill. American Journal of Science and Art, XLV, 1868, p. 413.
Anthogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LUI.
Anthogorgia Studer. Challenger Reports. Supplementary Report on the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 12.

The original definition of this genus, which is here adopted, is as follows : —

"It is characterized by very prominent tubular cells, eight-rayed at summit: a thin ccenen-
chyma containing embedded fusiform spicula; those of the cells long, fusiform, thorny, embedded
at various angles in the surface, but not imbricated".

The genus is separated from Paramuricea by the fact that the spicules of the calyx
are not arranged en chevron, from Anthogorgia by the same character in addition to the
absence of a crown of points, from Vitlogorgia by the fact that its spicules are all true spindles,
from Anthomuricea by the calycular and opercular spicules not being arranged en chevron,
and from Muriceides by a totally different operculum.

The type species of this genus is Anthogorgia divaricata Verrill. The other previously
known species is Anthogorgia japonica Studer. Two new species are described beyond.

1. Anthogorgia verrilli new species. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2«; Plate XIX, fig. 8).

Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate, 14 cm. high, and with a spread of 16 cm. The main stem sends off
a small branch about 1 cm. from its base and a little above this it forks, sending- off a lono-er
lateral branch and a shorter erect branch. Each of these divides into subalternate branches,
and some of these latter again divide, making branchings of the third and fourth orders. The
calyces are usually lateral in position, and in some of the branches they are quite regularly
alternate. A few calyces are on the front of the branches, particularly on the distal portions of
the colony. They are quite evenly spaced, being usually from 3 to 4 mm. apart on the sides
of the branches. They stand stiffly at right angles to the branches, and show little tendency
to curve toward each other, as in Anthogorgia aurea.

S1BOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b. 4

26

The individual calyces are about 4 mm. high and 1.5 mm. in diameter. They are strictly
tubular, enlareinof somewhat toward their summits. Their walls are rilled with heavy tuberculate
spindles irregularly disposed, but tending to be vertical. There are eight marginal points,
formed by the main opercular spindles which are more slender than in A. aurca. They are
formed by two large spindles with their proximal ends divaricated and their distal ends approximated.
A third spindle is laid across outside of the basal ends of the two already mentioned. Below
these the polyp is surrounded by a circlet, more or less incomplete, of spindles. There seem
to be two layers of spindles in the calicular walls and ccenenchyma, but they do not imbricate.
The marginal points of the calyx project well above the folded tentacles, which do not form
an elevated dome, as in the next species.

S p i c u 1 e s. The spicules are all rather stout, gently curved and tuberculate spindles,
with the tuberculations not very close.

C o 1 o r. The colony is light brown throughout, without any golden or orange tinge. The
spicules are colorless.

2. Anthogorgia aurca new species. (Plate III, figs. 1, ia-, Plate XIX, fig. 9).

Stat. 15. 7°2'.6S., ns°23'.6E. Bali Sea. 100 meters. Coral sand.

Stat. 144. Anchorage North of Salomakië (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom.

Colony flabellate in form, attaining a height of 24 cm. and a diameter of 15 cm. The
main stem has a diameter of 4 mm., and branches about 3 cm. from its base. The branches
are irregularly alternate, and the branching continues until branches of the fifth order are
produced. There are no terminal calyces; but they are lateral in position, and tend to be
subopposite. Sometimes, however, there is a tendency to form spirals of three, particularly on
the distal branchlets. The calyces on a given side are not in the same plane, but are inclined
alternately to the front and back of the stem or branch. They are very irregularly spaced, but
are usually rather distant, those on a given side being from 1.5 to 4 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are cylindrical in form, and are often curved. A typical one
measures 4 mm. in length, and 2 mm. in diameter, and is of nearly the same diameter
throughout. Their walls are filled with large fusiform spindles irregularly disposed, but most
often lengthwi.se. On the margin there is a series of eight blunt points, each corresponding to
a tentacle base. The retracted tentacles form a dome-shaped mass resting within the margin.
The upper surfaces of the tentacles are filled with small spindles arranged en chevron, and
the collaret is inconspicuous, represented by an ill defined ring of slender spindles.

Spicules. These are all large, stout, straight or curved, very warty spindles. The
tubercles are thickly and evenly packed on the surface, but are small. Those on the stem and
branches are longitudinally disposed.

Color. The colony is a rather bright orange brown, the calyces being somewhat lighter,
and the stem darker. Many of the spicules are of this golden or orange color.

Muriceides Wright and Studer (emended).

Murieeides Studer |- Clematissa Studer. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. Jahrg. LUI, Bd. i, pp. 54, 55.
Muriceides Wright and Studer -|- Clematissa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the
Alcyonaria 1889, pp. Lil, LUI, 105, 106.

Calyces cylindrical, or in the form of truncated cones, their walls filled with vertically
placed spindles, often modified into clubs, discs, or triradiate forms vertically placed ; but not
en chevron, and not forming a true crown of points around the margin. The opercular
spindles are placed en chevron on the tentacle bases.

The coenenchyma contains spicules of various forms, and the branches may, or may
not, end in calyces.

The union of the two genera Muriceides and Clematissa of Wright and Studer seems
called for on account of the failure of the character that was most emphasized by their
describers in separating them. The fact that in one species herein described some of the branches
end in calyces, while others do not, destroys the value of this distinction for even specific
description. They also intergrade in the character of the spicules, Stachelplatten being found in
both, though more predominent in Mttriceides.

By thus combining the two genera we have a fairly homogenious genus, characterised
by vertically arranged spindles not en chevron in the calyx walls, and opercular spindles
en chevron; while the margin does not show the crown of points characteristic of the genus
Paramuricea.

The type species of this genus is Muriceides fragilis W. and S. The other known
species are M. furcata Studer, M. obtusa (W. and S.), M. roöusta (W. and S.). M. sceptrzim
(Studer), M. verrilli (W. and S.), M. alba (Nutting), M. tenuis (Nutting), and the new species
herein described.

1. Muriceides javensis new species. (Plate IV, figs. 1, ia).

Stat. 7. 70 5 5'. 5 S., H4°26'E. (Near Java). 15 meters, and over. Coral.

Colony rudely flabellate in outline, about 32 cm. in height, and with a spread of 35 cm.
The root is not present, and the specimen appears to be but one of the main branches of a
very large specimen. This branch sends forth most of its branches from its upper side, there
being but one from the lower side. These side branches are regularly curved upward and
outward, and themselves give off ultimate branchlets from their proximal portions ; the distal
parts often being unbranched for a considerable distance. The main branch is round in section,
and is 5 mm. in diameter. The other branches are often flattened in the plane of the colony.
The branches arising from the main branch are about 2.25 cm. apart, and often, but not
always, end in calyces. The coenenchyma is thick. The calyces are almost all lateral and
alternate, but sometimes approach a loose spiral in arrangement. There are, however, a number
scattered along- the front and back of the branches at wide and irre^ular intervals.

28

At the end of the branch there is often a triangular expansion with a calyx at each
outer angle. While this is usually the case, there are branches that distinctly terminate in
calyces, or rather in a single calyx. The calyces are 3 to 5 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are in the shape of truncated cones, set at a right angle to the
branches, and compressed in the plane of the branch. They are usually about 2 mm. in height
to the bases of the tentacles, and about 4 mm. broad at the base. The tentacles, when folded,
form a high, almost conical, dome about 2 mm. in height, resting on the calyx margin, and
showing a well-marked collaret. The spicules of the operculum are longitudinally disposed on
the distal portions, and small spindles disposed en chevron on the basal parts.

Spicules. These are all spindles of various forms and sizes. They are usually terete,
straight, and very densely tuberculated. They are of about the same types on calyces and
ccenenchyma of sterns and branches.

Color. The colony (in alcohol) is a light creamy white. The axis is horn color, and
the spicules colorless.

The character of the branch terminations of this species was the one that made it
necessary to combine the old genera Muriccides and Clcmatissa. It is possible that where there
are two terminal calyces on the triangular expansion of a branch, the branch was destined to fork.

2. Muriccides collaris new species. (Plate IV, figs. 3, 3«; Plate XIX, fig. 10).
Stat. 253. 5°48'.2 S., I32°I3'E. near Kei Islands. 304 meters. Clay.

Colony straggling in habit, 22 cm. in height. The main stem is unbranched for about
7 cm., where it bifurcates ; or rather sends off a branch about as large as the main stem,
which branch divides dichotomously. The main stem gives off two other lateral branches on
each side, one of which divides dichotomously. All of the branches turn upward shortly after
they leave the main stem or branch, and become erect and parallel. The main stem is about
4 mm. in diameter near its base, and the distal ends of the branches 2 to 3 mm. The
branches do not end in calyces. The calyces are quite unevenly distributed, but most of them
are placed on the sides of the branches. They are, on an average, about 2 mm. apart. The
ccenenchyma is thick.

The individual calyces are in the shape of truncated cones upon the summits of which
rest the collarets of the retracted polyps. They are about 1 mm. in height, to the collaret, and
about 1.5 mm. in diameter at the summit, and 2 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls
are filled with longitudinally placed spicules which are not en chevron, some of their points
projecting slightly above the margin. The operculum is highly arched, almost conical, and each
flap has several long spindles on the distal portion, and a few spindles placed en chevron
on the basal part of the tentacle.

Spicules. These are usually straight, tuberculate spindles. Sometimes, however, they
are curved, and, rarely, branched. Occasional lobed, triradiate forms are seen, sometimes taking
the form of Stachelplatten ; but the great majority are straight or curved spindles.

29

C o 1 o r. The entire colony is ivory white in alcohol.

This species has some resemblance to C/ciuatissa ver r Mi Wright and Studer; hut the
calyces are smaller, the color different, and the spiculation of the calyces quite distinct.

3. Muriceides dubia new species. (Plate IV, figs. 2, 2«; Plate XIX, fig. 11).
Stat. 274. 52°28'.2S., 134° 53.9 E. near Aru Islands. 57 nieters. Sand and stones.

Colony subflabellate in form, 1 1 cm. high, and 7.5 cm. in diameter. The main stem is
tortuous, giving forth alternate individual branches 1 to 2 cm. apart, the branches bending
ontward and upward like candalabra. The stem and branches are round, and have a uniform
thickness of about 4 mm. The calyces are crowded, and in places contiguous. They are inserted
on all sides of the stem and branches, the latter terminating in calyces. The ccenenchyma is thick.

The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, the polyps being completely
retracted and obliterating the orifice of the calyces. They are 2.5 mm. high and of about the
same diameter. Rarely they are much larger and more slender, being 4.5 long and 2.5 mm.
in diameter. Their walls are closely packed with large fusiform spindles vertically disposed. The
points of these spicules are gathered together at the margin, so as to entirely obliterate the
opening of the calyx. There are a few spicules on the polyp walls beneath the collaret, which
is represented by an irregular, broken row of transversely placed spindles. The operculum is
weak, consisting of a few longitudinally disposed spicules, placed obscurely en chevron basally.
The tentacles, when retracted, are so closely approximated that they form a mass in which the
individuals are hard to see.

The spaces between the calyces are covered with a minute, parasitic tubularian hydroid.

Spicules. These are all fusiform spindles, closely tuberculated and of various sizes.
Those on the calyx walls are often imbricated.

Color. The colony is almost white in alcohol. The axis is brown, and the spicules colorless.

This species is somewhat doubtfully referred to the genus Muriceides on account of the
ill defined character of the operculum.

Muricella Verrill (emended).

Muricella (Subgenus) Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Acad., Vol. I, 1S69, p. 450.
Muricella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 123.
Muricella Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 335.

Verrill originally proposed the name Muricella for a "group" of the genus Muricea,
and described it as follows :

"This division includes those species which have a rather thin ccenenchyma, filled with
long spindles, with low, subconical verrucse arising from between the large spicula and usually
standino- at rieht angdes to the surface, and covered with much smaller and shorter spindles".

o ö ö

This author has also called attention to the near relationship of this genus to Acis
which differs in having scaledike spicula covering the verruca^.

30

The present writer would define the genus Muricella as follows : Calyces in the form
of truncated cones or rounded verrucae. The spicules are all spindles, those of the coenenchyma
very large, arranged longitudinally. The upper portion of the calyces with smaller, vertical
spindles often forming eight marginal points by the convergence of their upper ends, thus
forming a sort of approximation to an en clievron arrangement. The tentacle bases have
the spindles arranged en chevron.

The genus thus differs from Muriceides in having very large spindles, from Paramuricea
in the form of the calyces, and from Anthomuricea in having the spindles of calyx walls not
en chevron.

The type species of this genus is Muricella flexuosa (Koll.).

The known species belonging to this genus are M. ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson,
M. complanata W. and S., M. crassa W. and S., M. nitida Verrill, M. perramosa Ridley,
M. ramosa T. and H., M. rubra Thomson, M. tcnera Ridley, M. tuberculata (Esper) and
M. unibraticoides Studer. To these must be added the three new species described beyond.

i. Muricella gracilis Wright and Studer.

Muricella gracilis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 129.
Stat. 274. 50 28'. 2 S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Colony roughly pinnate, straggling in habit, 5.2 cm. in height, and with a spread of
about 2 cm. The main stem gives off six short simple branches from one side, and one bifurcated
one from the other. The distance between branches is about 5 mm. The calyces are arranged
in a long spiral, and the branches end in a polyp. The distance between calyces is about
2 mm. on the average.

The individual calyces are tubular in form, and a typical one is a little over 1 mm. in
height, and about as broad as long. lts walls are filled with vertical spindles, there being
usually a fairly regular basal set between the distal ends of which are fitted smaller spindles
that reach to and surround the margin. In some cases these latter tend to arrange themselves
en chevron. The polyps are entirely retractile, and the operculum is composed of a number
of small spindles which seem to be arranged in 110 definite manner, although there is a tendency
toward an en chevron disposition. The coenenchyma is filled with large spindles characteristic
of this genus.

Spicules. These are all spindles of various sizes, some of which attain a length of
2 mm. They are rather more slender than is usual in this genus, and their edges are closely
approximated in the coenenchyma. They are covered with small, closely set tubercles.

Color. The colony is a bright coral red throughout, and the spicules are of the same tint.

General Distribution. Admiralty Islands. 16 — 20 fathoms.

The spindles of this species resemble those of the genus Acis in the way in which
their edges are fitted together.

2. Muricclla crassa Wright and Studer.

Muricella crassa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 131.
Stat. 117. i°5'N., 1220 56' E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.

Colony flabellate and reticulate, 18 cm. in height, and with a spread of 13.5 cm. The
main stem gives off a number of lateral branches, unequally spaced and tending to be alternate;
and these branches send off numerous branchlets which are subalternate, and about 5 mm.
apart. Occasionally these branchlets divide, making branches of the fourth order. The main
stem is 4 mm. in diameter at the base, while the ultimate branchlets are but 1 mm. in diameter.
The calyces are pretty evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, being very closely
approximated, even contiguous in places, while they are as much as 2 mm. apart in other parts
of the colony.

The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, the dome being formed, however,
by the high operculum. They are usually less than 1 mm. in height, and have a diameter of
1.5 mm. The calycular walls are filled with short, blunt spindles disposed in a very irregular
manner and at all angles, there being a tendency, however, to an en chevron arrangement
on the upper parts of the walls, and a vertical arrangement on the lower parts. The margin
is surrounded with eight not very well marked points. The polyps are retractile, the spicules
around the margin being closed over the retracted polyps. The operculum is composed of three
spindles forming an acute angled triangle, the point directed toward the centre. In addition to
these three spindles, there are a number of smaller ones on the basal part of each tentacle
arranged en chevron, and longitudinally arranged on the distal parts.

Spicules. These are all very stout warty spindles of moderate size for this genus,
there being less difference in size between the calycular spindles and those of the ccenenchyma
than is usual. Very rarely small forked spindles are seen.

Color. The colony is almost white, in alcohol, except where the very dark brown axis
is exposed.

General Distribution. This species was secured by the Challenger in the Arafura
Sea, at a depth of 49 fathoms.

3. Muricella complanata Wright and Studer.

Muricella complanata Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 125.
Muricella complanata Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria,
1905, p. 303.

Stat. 80. 2°2S'S., H7°43'E. Borneo Bank 50 — 40 meters. Coral sand.

Stat. 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and sand.

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., ii9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. ji meters. Sand.

Colony flabellate 5 cm. in height and with a spread of 2.3 cm. The main stem gives
off four simple branches from one side, and none on the other, although there is an appearance
of sprouting branches. The stem and branches are somewhat flattened, their greater diameter
being 2.4 mm. and their less diameter being 1.7 mm.

32

The calyces are nearly all lateral and subalternate, with a few distributed on the front,
but none on the back of the colony. There are no terminal polyps; the branches ending in a
flat, triangular expansion with calyces at the outer corners.

The individual calyces are short tubes, or much truncated cones, a typical one measuring
1.5 mm. in height to margin, and 2.2 mm. in diameter at base. The calycular walls are filled
with spindles which are unusually small in proportion to those of the ccenenchyma. They are
generally vertical in position, although not infrequently they are oblique, and there is a distinct
tendency toward an en chevron arrangement. There are no distinct marginal points, although
the margin is often sinuous, resulting in eight low elevations. The polyps are not retractile
beyond the collaret, as a general thing, and the operculum is high and dome-shaped, consisting
of a number of straight, red spindles longitudinally arranged on the dorsal surface of the
tentacles. These spindles lie side by side, ancl so completely cover the retracted tentacles that
almost nothing of the real surface can be seen. On the basal part of the tentacles the spindles
are arranged en chevron.

The ccenenchyma is covered with the characteristic long spindles of this genus.

S p i c u 1 e s. The spicules of this species are all spindles, not large or heavy for this
genus, as a general thing, and those of the calyces much smaller than those of the ccenenchyma.
The latter shows an occasional spindle much larger than the others, sometimes reaching 2 mm.
in length, and of a deep purple color.

C o 1 o r. The colony is coral red, the spicules usually scarlet, but with an occasional
purple one. The axis is olive brown.

General distribution. The type of this species was secured by the Challenger off
Japan, at a depth of 325 fathoms. Thomson and Henderson report it from near Ceylon.

4. Muricella pcrramosa Ridley.

Muricella perramosa Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. X,

1882, p. 128.
Muricella perramosa Wright and Studér. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 126.

Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with sand.

Stat. 80. 2° 25' S., n 70 43' E. Borneo Bank. 40 — 50 meters.

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters.

Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., i32°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters.

Colony fiabellate in form, 11.4 cm. in height, and with a spread of 11.6 cm. The main
stem gives off three straggling stubs of branches from its basal 2.5 cm. Then it sends off a
pair of subequal and opposite branches, one of which forms nearly half of the colony, sending
off rudely alternate branchlets, some of which anastomose with each other. The calyces are mainly
lateral in position, leaving a broad posterior, and narrower anterior median area comparatiyely
free. The calyces are quite closely approximated, being usually but 1 mm. apart, ancl often less.

The individual calyces are conical in shape, the cones leaning towards the distal ends
of the branches. Their walls are filled with rather slender spindles which are usually vertical
in position with their distal points projecting a short distance above the margin. There is a

tendency toward the formation of eight marginal projectiöns by the aggregation of several of
these points into bundies. This occurs quite regularly in cases where the polyp is partially
expanded, thus spreading open the apex of the cone. There is a distinct collaret of red spicules,
and an operculum of slender red spindles arranged en chevron. The distal parts of the
infolded tentacles also bear a few longitudinal spindles.

Spicules. These are all typical tuberculate spindles, the largest of which are embedded
in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches and sometimes attain a length of 2.5 mm.

Color. The colony is deep crimson red throughout, including the spicules.

General distribution. The type was secured from near the Mauritius Islands, at
a depth of 90 fathoms. The Challenger specimens were from the Hyalonema grounds, off Japan.
Depth 345 fathoms.

5. Muricella stcllata new species. (Plate V, figs. 1, ia).

Stat. 65". Very near 7°o' S., 120° 34'. 5 E. 300 — 400 meters. Pale gray sand, ehanging during
haul into coral bottom.

Colony (incomplete and much broken) flabellate in form, 9.8 cm. in height and with a
spread of 9.6 cm. The basal part of the specimen is missing. The remainder divides 9 cm.
from its proximal end into two very unequal parts, one being a short forked branch, and the
other giving off two large compound branches which form by far the greater part of the colony.
These branches are sinuous, and even slightly geniculate ; the lower one giving off three
branchlets from its upper side, and the other bifurcating 1.2 cm. from its origin, the resultant
branchlets giving off irregularly disposed twigs mostly from their outer sides. In one case
branchings of the fifth order are attained. The calyces are lateral in position, and rather
regularly alternate, being spaced by a distance of about 2 mm. on the average. The branches
end in polyps.

The individual calyces are conical in shape when lateral, and tubular when terminal.
The former measure about 1.3 mm. in height and 1.7 mm. in diameter at base. The terminal
calyces are quite long and tubular, being apparently coextensive with the branch termination
itself. They attain a length of 2.8 mm. and a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calyx walls are filled
with regular spindles irregularly placed, but most often vertical in position, the spindles being
smaller than those in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches. The polyps are retractile,
but ordinarily rest with the collaret on the calyx margin, where the tentacle bases form a high
rosette-shaped mass. The polyp body is armed with vertical spindles. The collaret is formed
of a single circlet of spindles, while the operculum is in the form of an eight-pointed star, when
viewed from above. It is composed of relatively heavy spindles arranged en chevron on the
basal parts of the tentacles, and covering the distal parts with longitudinally disposed spicules.

Spicules. These are all densely tuberculated spindles, those in the ccenenchyma being
very stout and fitting together as they often do in Acis. They sometimes attain a length of
2.7 mm. and a diameter of .8 mm.

SlROGA-EXfEDITIE XIII 0.

34

Color. The colony is dark scarlet. The spicules are bright scarlet, except those in the
polyps, where they are colorless.

This species can easily be distinguished from its nearest allies by the character of its
operculum.

6. Muricella dubia new species. (Plate V, fïgs. 2, 2«; Plate XIX, fig. 13).

Stat. 310. 8°30'S., H9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. ji meters. Sand.

Colony (fragmentary) flabellate in form, 9.1 cm. in height and with a spread of 2,2 cm.
The main stem is denuded for 2.7 cm. of its basal portion, and then gives off a simple curved
branch, and above this two other branches are given off from the same side. These latter
branches give off one and three branchlets respectively. The stem and branches are less flexible
than in other species of the genus. The calyces are borne almost exclusively on the sides and
front of the stem and branches, where they are closely approximated and often contiguous.

The individual calyces are verruciform, when the polyp is entirely retracted, covering
the latter completely; and in the shape of very low cones when the operculum is uncovered.
The calyx walls attain a height of 1.1 mm. and a diameter of 2 mm. They are filled with
rather small warty spindles irregularly placed, but tending to a vertical disposition, their points
forming a circlet of low blunt projections, shown only when the polyp is partly expanded.
The operculum is usually sunk below the level of the margin, and is of the usual Muricella
type, there being numerous longitudinal spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle
bases. When viewed from above the operculum forms quite a regular rosette.

Spicules. These are all warty spindles of medium size, densely tuberculate, and rather
short and stout. Those of the calyx walls are in two layers, and not appreciably smaller than
those on the stem and branches.

Color. The colony is very light brown, almost white, the axis is dark brown and the
spicules colorless.

This species tends to connect the genera Muricella and Versluysia. The spicules of the
ccenenchyma are in two layers, as in Versluysia, while the arrangement of the spindles on
the calyx walls and opercula is typical of Mttricella, to which genus it seems more closely allied.

7. Mttricella grandis new species. (Plate V, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XIX, fig. 12).

Stat. 80. 2°25'S., ii7°43'E. Borneo bank. 50 — 40 meters. Fine coral sand.

Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., 1220 56' E. North Celebes. So meters. Sand and coral.

Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakië (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom.

Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., 1220 58' E. Buton strait. 75—94 meters. Sand.

Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Stat. 305. Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony roughly flabellate and straggling in habit, 24.5 cm. in height and with a spread
of about 18 cm. The main stem is 7 mm. in diameter, and above its base it sends off a very

large branch which forms the main part of the colony. About 8 cm. above this the stem is
broken off. The branch which remains forks about 3 cm. above its origin into two long
branches, each of which gives off several side branches in a straggling and irregular manner
which rebranch until branchings of the fifth order are attained. The main branches are more
or less flattened. The polyps are pretty evenly distributed on the sides and front of the
colony ; but the back is almost completely bare. On the terminal twigs there is a tendency
toward a regularly alternate arrangement of the calyces, the average distance from summit to
summit being about 3 mm.

The individual calyces are conical in shape, and vary greatly in size in different
colonies, attaining a height of 2.1 mm. and a diameter of 3 mm. in the largest specimen,
which is the one described. The summits are inclined toward the distal ends of the branches.
The calyx walls are filled with vertically disposed spindles which do not imbricate perceptibly,
and the points of which project slightly above the margin. Sometimes single spindles reach
from base to margin.

The polyps are completely retractile, but a number of them are not retracted in the
type specimen, standing well above the calyx with the tentacles folded over the mouths. The
collaret is formed of red spindles, above which the operculum rests with a number of small,
bar-like spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases. The ends of tentacles are
armed with similar spindles placed transversely.

S p i c u 1 e s. These are all spindles of various sizes, the largest being embedded in the
ccenenchyma and attaining a length of 2 mm. They are densely tuberculated and their edges
are closely fitted, as in the genus Acis.

C o 1 o r. The colony is deep crimson throughout, the spicules being of the same color.

This very handsome species is quite variable, some specimens differing from the type,
particularly in the size of the calyces. For instance the specimen from Station 80 has calyces
that are seldom more than 1.5 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. While the type, from
Station 117, has calyces of the maximum size mentioned above. There seems to be no specific
difference between the specimens, however.

Versluysia new genus.
Muricella of authors, in part.

Calyces conical, subconical or verruciform. Spicules all in the form of spindles which
sometimes are modified in the form of oblong disks; those of the the calyx walls and tentacle
bases not arranged en chevron, and not regularly forming eight points around the margin.
The spindles of the ccenenchyma are usually very large, and in two layers, the outer being
composed of large spindles that are often not in contact, thus exposing a layer of smaller
spindles beneath.

The type of this genus is Versluysia (Muricella) ceylonensis (Thomson and Henderson).

A division of the old genus Muricella seems necessary in order to separate such widely
divergent forms as Muricella nitida Verrill on the one hand, and Muricella ceylonensis Thomson

36

and Henderson on the other. These seem surely generically distinct, and the new genus
Vershtysia is instituted to accommodate those species that are more closely allied to the latter.
The genus as thus defined would include Versluysia ceylonensis (Thomson and Henderson),
Vershtysia ramosa (Thomson and Henderson), and probably Gorgonia tuberculata (Esper.)
although it is impossible to determine this species by the original figures and descriptions.

To the above species must be added the five new species described in the present work.

i. Vershtysia ceylonensis (Thomson and Henderson).

Muricella ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary
Reports, N" XX, the Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 302.

Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud and sand.

Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. Kei lslands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Stat. 289. 90 o'. 3 S., I26°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate in form, 14.4 cm. in height and with a spread of 7.5 cm. The main
stem is erect and sinuous, and more sharply differentiated trom the branches than usual in
this family, being 2.1 mm. in diameter, while the strongest branch is but 1 mm. The branches
are roughly alternate in proximal parts of the colony, and regularly so in the distal parts, the
average distance between them being about 5 mm. The calyces seem to be alternate on some
parts of the colony, and tend to arrange themselves in spirals of three or four in others.
They are irregularly spaced, the average distance between them being about 2 mm. There
are no terminal polyps, the branches ending in a triangular expansion with calyces at the
outer angles.

The individual calyces are usually inclined towards the distal ends of the branches.
They are conical in form, usually quite pointed, but often truncated and sometimes a short
cylinder, according to the state of expansion of the polyps.

The basal portion of the calyx is armed with heavy spindles which are bent around
the calyx wall in a low ascending spiral, sometimes approaching the horizontal position. The
distal part of the calyx is armed with bent, but erect spindles which are smaller than those
on the proximal part, and their distal ends project in a series of prominent points around the
margin. The calyces measure about 1 mm. in height. The polyps are retractile, and the oper-
culum is composed of an irregular mass of spindles which are small in comparison with others
in this species, but very large for opercular spicules, thus differing from the next species. There
are two layers of spicules in the ccenenchyma.

Spicules. These are all spindles, often curved, and sometimes attaining a length of
3 mm. They are disposed in two layers in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches, and
are more slender, as a rule than in Versluysia ramosa.

Color. The stem and main branches are dusky, covered with spicules which give them
a silvery appearance. The smaller branches and calyces are nearly white.

General distribution. Gulf of Manaar.

37

The specimen from Station 305 is much larger than that described, and the branches
sometimes anastomose.

2. Versluysia ramosa (Thomson and Henderson).

Muricella ramosa Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary
Reports, N° XX, 1905, p. 301.

Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate and moderately reticulate, 1 7 cm. in height and with a spread of
28 cm. Two sterns arise apparently from the same root. A considerable portion of one side
of the larger stem is devoid of calyces and covered with a sponge. The main stem is erect
and sends off a number of large roughly alternate branches, between which a number of
smaller twigs are borne. The average distance between the branches is about 5 cm. The bran-
ching is quite profuse, the twigs anastomosing to form a loose reticulation, particularly in the
middle portions of the colony. The calyces are almost all of them lateral, and tend to an
alternate arrangement. The twigs do not end in polyps.

The individual calyces are quite varied in size, some being scarcely 1 mm. in height,
while others almost 2 mm., with a diameter of 1 mm. Their walls are composed almost
entirely of large spindles set on in a hap-hazard way, but tending to a horizontal arrangement
on basal portions of the calyx, while the distal portion is filled with large vertical spindles
which rise far above the calyx margin. Sometimes two of these latter spindles have their
distal' ends approximated £0 form a single point, and occasionally this results in eight marginal
projections.

The tentacles are not regularly and symmetrically infolded, as in most muriceids, but
seem to be tucked in irregularly. There is 110 true operculum, and but a few very small irre-
gularly disposed spindles are found on the tentacles.

The ccenenchyma has two layers of spicules of the stem and branches ; an inner layer
of smaller spindles such as are found in the calyx walls, and an outer layer of very large,
often bent and twisted, spindles hing lengthwise of the branch. The outer layer only partially
covers the inner, leaving the latter exposed in many places, and giving the appearance of
having been artificially stuck on by a careless hand.

Spicules. These are all warty spindles of various sizes, the largest being very con-
spicuous and in some instances attaining a length of 3 mm.

Color. The colony is dark umber brown, the axis almost black, and the spicules colorless.

General distribution. The type specimens were found in deep water in the Gulf of
Manaar, and off the west coast of Ceylon.

3. Versluysia rosea new species. (Plate VI, figs. 4, 4^; Plate XX, fig. 3).

Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., I22°5S'E. near Buton Island. 75 — 94 meters. Sand.

Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

38

The specimens consist of fragments, the largest of vvhich is 9 cm. in height and sends
off one lateral branch which originates 1.5 cm. from its base and is 3.5 cm. in length. The
calyces are nearly all lateral and alternate in position, and there is a strong tendency for those
on a given side to be inclined alternately towards the front and back of the branch. They
are about 3 mm. apart from summit to summit.

The individual calyces are strictly conical in form, and their walls are filled with spindles
which tend to lie in a horizontal position on the basal part and in a vertical position in the
upper parts of the calyx. They attain a height of 2 mm. and a diameter of 2.5 mm. at their
bases. The polyps are entirely retractile, the calyces closing over them in retraction, and
becoming true cones. When the polyps are expanded, in preserved specimens, they rest on
the summit of the calyx walls, showing a delicate but quite evident collaret, and an operculum
composed of two bent spindles divaricated at their proximal, and meeting at their distal ends.
There are a number of other spindles lying along the dorsal surface of the tentacles, but they
are not arranged en chevron.

S p i c u 1 e s. These are all curved or straight tuberculate spindles, those on the stem
and branches being much larger than those on the calyces, some of the former attaining a
length of 2.5 mm. The ccenenchyma has two layers of spindles, the under layer being com-
posed of smaller spindles which are pink in color.

Color. The calyces and smaller branches are white, when the outer spicules are not
rubbed off. The proximal portion of the stem and main branches are pink. The large spicules
are colorless, but the under layer is pink.

4. Versluysia dentata new species. (Plate VI, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XX, fig. 2).

Stat. 166. 2°2S'.5S., 1 3 1° 3.3 E. near New Guinea. 118 meters. Sand.

Stat. 204. 40 20' S., 1220 58' E. near Buton Island. 75—94 meters. Stony.

Stat. 260. 5° 36'. 5 S., I32°55'.2E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Stat. 289. 90 0.3 S., i26°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Colony (incomplete) flabellate in form, but straggling and irregular in habit, not reticu-
late. Almost 2 cm. from its base the main stem gives origin to two opposite branches, and
two others are given off almost at its base. The left one of the opposite pair becomes the
main part of the colony, sending off branchlets mainly from its left side about 1 cm. apart.
These branchlets often again divide, producing branchings of the 4th order. The calyces are
placed on all sides of the branches, but tend to be lateral and opposite. They are about
1.5 mm. apart, on the average.

The individual calyces are verruciform to conical in form, usually a low cone with a
truncated summit surrounded by a circlet of low vertical points. They are about 1 mm. high
and 2 mm. broad at the base. The calyx walls are armed with oval warty spindles that are
sometimes disk-shaped and inclined to overlap, as in the genus Placogorgia. The polyps are
completely retractile, but a few are protruded in the type specimen. These show a delicate
collaret, and an operculum composed mainly of three spindles in the usual position.

39

Spicules. Heavy, very warty spindles predominate, which are occasionally flattened
and broadened until they become oblong disks. The spindles which are on the calyx margin
are less tuberculate than the others, but there are none of the Echiuomuricea type. The spindles
of the stem are longitudinally disposed ; but the two layers are not well differentiated.

Color. The colony is grayish, the axis dark brown, and the spicules colorless.

This species resembles superficially an Echinomuricea, but the spicules are quite different.

5. Versluysia operctilata new species. (Plate VI, figs. 2, 20).

Stat. 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 55 meters, close to reef.

Colony slender, flabellate in form, 16.5 cm. high and about 7 cm. in diameter. The
main stem is sinuous, with the first branch origin 2.4 cm. above its base, and another large
branch is given off 2.6 cm. above the first. The colony is denuded of calyces throughout its
proximal half. The distal portion gives off a number of subalternate branches, the average
distance between them being about 6 mm. Some of these branches again divide, but branchings
of the third order are not seen. The calyces are irregularly distributed over all sides of the
colony, the distance between them varying from 1 to 2 mm. There are no terminal polyps.

The individual calyces are subcylindrical in form, sometimes taking the form of trun-
cated cones, usually projecting at a right angle from the branch. On the distal parts of the
terminal branches, however, they incline toward the twig terminations. They are only about
.75 mm. in height to the very prominent operculum, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. The
calycular walls are beset with spindles which are exceedingly irregular in arrangement, some-
times being horizontal, but usually vertical in position, with all gradations between. There is a
tendency, however, for the proximal parts of the wall to have the spicules arranged horizon-
tally, and the distal parts to have the spicules vertically placed. The crown of points around
the margin is sometimes prominent and sometimes scarcely evident. The polyps are only par-
tially retractile. The operculum is a high dome, sometimes exceeding the calyx in height, and
has relatively heavy spindles which lie in longitudinal bundies along the dorsum of the tentacles.
The ccenenchyma is rather thin, but the spindles are spaced so that the inner layer of spindles
is often exposed.

Spicules. These are all spindles, very warty, and the largest attain a length of 2 mm.
Color. The colony is light silvery brown or grayish. Axis dark brown.

6. Versluysia reticulata new species. (Plate VI, figs. 1, ia; Plate XX, fig. 4).

Stat. 272. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand.
Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., iiq°7'.5E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

Colony flabellata and reticulate, 11.9 cm. in height and with a spread of 11.1 cm.
The first branch arises 1.7 cm. from the base of the colony, and a stub of a branch is seen
almost opposite it. .9 cm. above this arise another pair, one being a short stub and the other
a large branch. Another laree branch arises 3 mm. above the last. Distal to this the main

4°

stem gives origin to a number of small irregularly alternate branches, averaging about 4 mm.
apart. The main branches clivide in the same marnier, except that one of them gives off several
pairs of branchlets. There is extensive anastomosis of the branches and twigs, producing a loose
reticulation.

The calyces are closely approximated, and are distributed on all sides of the branches,
the distance between them being from .5 to 1 mm. There are no terminal calyces.

The individual calyces are low verrucae or truncated cones, rarely attaining a height
of 1 mm. and averaging not much more than .5 mm., with a diameter of .9 mm. The calyx
walls are filled with spindles, a few basal ones being horizontal, while the remainder are vertical
and project in conspicuóus points around the margin. Often the calyx wall will be occupied by
a single row of spindles arranged vertically and extending above the margin to form the points.
They are more closely approximated than in V. operculata. The polyps are completely retractile.
An irregular operculum is formed by bundies of large spindles bending inward from the calyx
margin and covering the tentacle bases.

S p i c u 1 e s. Here, as in other species of the genus, the spicules are all in the form of
warty spindles. Those of the stem and branches are in two layers, and are not greatly larger
than in the calyx walls ; but an occasional spindle of the outer layer measures as much as
2 mm. The outer layer is more closely packed than in the last species.

Color. The colony is light yellowish brown, the axis very dark brown, and the spicules
colorless.

Specimens from Station 272 are closely reticulated and the calyces are more crowded
than in the type from Station 310.

7. Versluysia argcntca new species. (Plate V, figs. 3, 3^?; Plate XX, fig. 1).
Stat. 289. 9°o'.3S., I26°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

The type of this species is a fragmentary specimen, probably a single branch, 8.7 cm.
in height. About 3 cm. from its proximal end it divides into two parts each of which sends
forth irregular branchlets, the terminal ones being about 6 cm. in length. There are no terminal
polyps. The calyces are unevenly distributed on all sides of the branches, tending, however,
to be lateral in position. They are quite closely approximated on the sides of the branches,
where they are about 1 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are in the form of low cones or tubercles, usually less than 1 mm.
in height and with a diameter of about 1.5 mm. The proximal part of the calyx walls is
encircled by quite heavy bent spindles, sometimes short and almost oval in form. Above these
a number of considerably smaller spindles stand erect, their ends forming a crown of points
around the margin. Within this margin, and sunk considerably below its level, is an operculum
which is much more definite and symmetrical than is usual in this genus. It is in the form of
a low cone, each opercular flap being distinct from the others and an elongated triangle in
shape, consisting mainly of two long curved longitudinal spindles. Below the proximal ends of
these is a distinct collaret composed of a single row of slender spindles encircling the tentacle bases.

4'

Spicules. These are all warty spindles, many of which are curved. Some of the spindles
in the ccenenchyma of the branches are the largest of any in the genus, attaining a length of
4 mui. They are all heavy, closely tuberculated and opaque. Those in the outer layer of the
coenenchyma are longitudinally disposed and close set, leaving little vacant space between them.
Their edges, however, are not closely fitted as in some species of Acis.

Color. The colony is light brown, silvered by the spicules. Axis dark brown, spicules
colorless.

Acis Duchassaing et Michelotti. (Modified).

Acis Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilies, 1860, p. 19.

Acis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series V, Vol. 10, 1882, p. 126.

Acis Kölliker. Icones Histologicae, Part. II, 1865, p. 136.

Acis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 111.

Acis Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, p. 299.

The original definition for this genus is as follows : —

"Ce genre, que nous croyons nouveau, est clestiné a renfermer les espèces dont Ie
sclérenchyme est composé par trois gros spicules fusiformes et découverts. Les loges sont sub-
alternes, séparées entre elles, squameuses, pustuliformes avec une ouverture terminale radiée".

Wright and Studer modify the genus as follows : —

"The colony is branchecl, the polyps are small, with wart-like verrucae usually placed at
considerable intervals on the sides of the main stem and branches. The ccenenchyma is armed
with immense spicules in the form of either smooth or warty spindles, of which some six or
seven, placed side by sicle in a longitudinal manner, surround the periphery of the stem and
branches. These spicules often reach to a length of 1 — 3 mm., so that they are quite perceptable
to the unassisted eye

"On the polyps the spicules are smaller, forming rings round their bodies. These
calcareous spicules are scale- or disc-like".

For the purposes of the present work, the genus may be defined as follows: —

Colony branched, calyces verruciform, subconical or tubular. Spicules on calyx walls
and tentacle bases not arranged en chevron; those of the ccenenchyma being very heavy
spindles, or irregular plates with their edges dentated and usually fitted as in a mosaic ;
those of the calyx walls smaller and sometimes scale-like and overlapping somewhat, but not
regularly imbricating.

The type species of this genus is Acis guadahtpcnsis D. & M. The other known species
are Acis alba T. and H., A. ceylonensis T. and H., A. indica T. and H., A. nutans D. and M.,
A. oricntalis Ridley, and A. pustulata W. and S., in addition to the three new species described
in this work.

1. Acis alba Thomson and Henderson.

Acis alba Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 299.
Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, of Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII <^. 6

4?

Colony flabellate in form, 11.4 cm. in height, and with a diameter of 5.9 cm. The
main stem is tortuous, but the bends are all in the same plane. Seven simple branches and
stubs of branches are given off from the proximal 4 cm. of its course, and above these the
stem divides into two flabellate branches. Each of these gives off a number of simple lateral
branchlets and a few that again divide into branches of the 3rd order.

The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the branches, but are almost absent on the
proximal parts of the colony. On the distal parts they are more thickly approximated on the
sides than on the front and back, and are unevenly spaced, the distance between them varying
from nothing to 1.8 mm.

The individual calyces are very low subconical verrucae, a typical one measuring about
.8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are surrounded distally by com-
paratively small, stout vertical spindles, the points of which form blunt projections around the
margins. The lower part of the wall is composed of a mosaic of larger irregular plates, the
edges of which are usually nicely fitted together, but sometimes imbricate. The polyps are
retractile. The operculum is composed of slender spindles, two of which lie along the dorsal
surface of each tentacle with a shorter one between their bases. The collaret is well developed.

Spicules. These are in the form of irregular plates, usually with rounded angles, of
the typical Acis pattern and attain a length of 1.5 mm. Their edges are often ctenate, and
their surface is covered with granules which may represent very small verrucae. There is a
distinct layer of smaller spindles underlying the outer layer of plates.

Color. The colony, in alcohol, is almost white, the axis brown, and the spicules colorless.

General distribution. Off Ceylon. Deep water.

The type specimen, described by Thomson and Henderson, seems to have had some-
what larger spicules than those in the Siboga specimen.

2. Acis sqtmmata new species. (Plate VII, figs. 2, 2 a ; Plate XX, fig. 5).

Stat. 65*. 7°o'S., i2o°34'.5 E. near Saleyer Island. 400 meters. Mud and coral.

Stat. 253. 5°48'.2S., I32°I3'E. near Kei Islands. 304 meters. Clay.

Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate, 14.3 cm. in height and with a spread of 4.9 cm. The main stem is
round, 3.8 mm. in diameter. 1.6 cm. from its base it gives off a short branch, and from that
point to near its distal end it gives off roughly alternate branches, several of which give
off branchlets nearly all of which are on one side of the branch. The branches near the
distal end of the colony are more symmetrical in their branchings than the more proximal
ones. The calyces are borne almost exclusively on the sides and front of the stem and
branches, where they are unevenly distributed, varying from .5 mm. to 2.2 mm. in the distance
between them.

The individual calyces are short tubes averaging about 1.5 mm in height, and about
the same in diameter. Their walls are composed of plate-like or scale-like spicules of various

43

shapes ; but fitted to each othcr, although they sometimes overlap somewhat. The ends, or
edges, of the distal row form a scalloped border around the calyx margin. There seems to be
no regularity whatever in the disposition of these calyx spicules. They are also exceedingly
irregular in shape, being squarish oblong with rounded corners, rudely triangular, or irregular
polygons of various sorts. The ones on the basal part of the calyx are usually larger than
those on the distal part. The polyps are retractile, but it is doubtful if the calyx walls can
completely cover the operculum. The latter is composed of relatively heavy spindles or bar-
like forms. Two of these are often closely fitted together and curved over a tentacle to form
a solid opercular segment or flap.

Spicules. Some of the largest spicules of the Gorgonacea are found in this species.
Those covering the ccenenchyma are closely and exactly fitted together along all their conti-
guous edges. They are squarish or oblong plates of various forms, and attain a length of
5 mm. and a diameter of 2 mm. Typical spindles are rarely seen. The edges of the spicules
are often regularly but minutely ctenate, and their surface is covered with fine granules.

Color. The entire colony is ivory white in alcohol. The axis is light yellowish gray,
and the spicules are colorless.

The spicules of this species are the most massive that the author has encountered in
the Alcyonaria, and the species illustrates the highest development of the genus Acis that has
vet been encountered.

3. Acis solorensis new species. (Plate VII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XX, fig. 6).

Stat. 289. 90 9'. 3 S., I26°24'.5E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.
Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate, 8.5 cm. high, and with a diameter of 6.4 cm. The main stem forks
almost immediately above its base and each of the resultant branches bifurcates 1 cm. and
1.9 cm., respectively, above its origin. The ultimate branchings are irregular. The calyces are
almost entirely lateral in position, altough a few are anterior in position on the distal parts
of the colony. They are very unequally spaced, although they are rather distant, as a rule,
being from 2 mm. to 3 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are conical in shape, typical ones measuring 1.4 mm. in height
and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with variously shaped plate-like
spicules, forming a mosaic, the parts of which usually are nicely fitted ; but sometimes the
edges overlap slightly. The larger spicules are on the basal part of the cone, where they are
often horizontal in position ; and the smaller ones are on the distal part, where they are
usually vertical in position. Their points do not project beyond the calyx margin to any
noticeable degree. The polyps are retractile and the calyx is capable of entirely closing over
them. The operculum is composed of a number of small spindles, the disposition of which
seems indefinite.

Spicules. These are much as in Acis squamata, being exceedingly irregular in shape ;

44

but they are not so large, being not over 3 mm. in length. Those in the coenenchyma of the
stem and branches are the largest, and their edges are nicely fitted, forming an even mosaic
surface which is finely granulated.

Color. The colony is orange yellow, the axis light gray, and the spicules orange,
rarely white.

Two specimens from Station 2S9 are referred with some doubt to this species. One is
bright red, and the other is almost white. The spicules agree with the above description.

4. Acis serrata new species. (Plate VII, figs. 1, \a\ Plate XX, fig. 7).
Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., I22°58'E. near Island Buton. 75 — 94 meters. Sand.

The colony (incomplete) is rudely flabellate in form, 10.3 cm. in height and 5.7 cm. in
diameter. The basal part is lacking. The main stem gives off a large simple branch 1.4 cm.
from the proximal end, which amastomoses with a branch higher up.

A very small branch is given off a little above the first, but on the opposite side.
About 4 mm. above this another branch is produced, which gives off two branchlets ; and on
the opposite side of the main stem and 9 mm. above the last mentioned branch a large forked
branch is given off, one of the forks breaking up distally into a palmate structure. The main
stem breaks up into a similar flabellate structure about 5 cm. from its proximal end. The calyces
are mainly lateral in position, those on a given side being inclined alternately backward and
forward like the teeth of a saw, and are about 2.5 mm. apart from summit to summit. The
branches are slightly flattened, and appear to be more so than they really are, on account of
the lateral position of the teeth. The branches end in calyces.

The indiviclual calyces are regularly conical in form, a tvpical one measuring 2 mm. in
height, and having a basal diameter of 2.2 mm. The calyx walls are filled with broad spindles,
most of which are vertical in position, although some extend from near the base to the
margin. The polyps are retractile, the tentacle bases being provided with slender spindles with
their proximal ends divaricated. Several of these sometimes tend toward the en chevron
arrangement.

Spicules. These are spindles, rather than the irregular plates found in most other
species of the genus Acis. Those in the coenenchyma are heavy, with their edges nicely fitted
and ordinarily longitudinal in position ; but not uniformly so, especially near the bases of the
calyces. They rarely exceed 2.3 mm. in length. The calyx spindles are smaller than those of
the ccenenchyma, and sometimes appear to be regularly imbricated. But on other calyces on
the same branch they have their edges fitted as in a mosaic.

Color. The colony is almost white, the axis grayish proximally and fading to almost
white on the distal parts.

This species intergrades perceptably with the genus Muricclla. but seems to be more
like Acis than that genus, especially in the nicely fitted edges of the spindles.

45

Elasmogorgia Wright and Studer (Emended).

> Filigella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. II, 1868, p. 443.
Elasmogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 132.

It must remain a question whether this genus is synonymous with Filigella or not.
Gray's description very closely coincides with the one given for Elasmogorgia by Wright and
Studer. Gray thought that his Filigella led a free life, there being 110 indication of attachment.
Although the present writer thinks it extremely likely that Gray had in hand a specimen that
would probably go into the genus Elasmogorgia, he feels that he can not prove this view and
therefore retains the latter name, and would characterize the genus as follows : — ■

Colony simple, or sparingly branched ; branches very slender, flexible ; calyces very low
and comparatively distant verrucae. Spicules all medium sized spindles, not attaining the dimensions
of those in Muricella or Acis.

The type species of this genus is Elasmogorgia Jiliformis W. and S. The only other
known species is E. fiexilis Hickson, from the Maldive Archipelago.

1 . Elasmogorgia filiformis Wright and Studer.

Elasmogorgia jiliformis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 133.
Elasmogorgia filiformis Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast. Proceedings of the
U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXV, 1909, p. 717.

Stat. 289. 9°o'.3 S., I26°24'.5E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Colony (incomplete) consisting of a long straight, or gently curved, unbranched stem
6.3 cm. in length and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calyces are on all sides of the stem,
but are more numerous on two opposite sides. The distal end of the colony being absent, it
can not be determined whether there are terminal calyces or not.

The individual calyces are very low rounded verrucae inclined somewhat toward the distal
end of the stem. They are more distant than usual in this family, and are unequally distributed,
being about 3 mm. apart, on the average. Their height is less than .5 mm. Their walls are
filled with rather short, stout spindles which are disposed so as to encircle the basal portion ;
but the upper part of the calyx is armed with spindles which tend to be vertical, but are
often oblique. In some cases their disposition is practically that given in the figures accompanying
the original discription of this species. The polyps are retractile, and are entirely concealed by
the calyx walls in complete retraction. The operculum is composed of two curved spicules that
meet in a point distally and have their proximal ends divaricated, while between their bases
is a much smaller spindle, the eight segments of the operculum corresponding to the eight
tentacles, and forming a rosette-shaped figure when viewed from above. There is a delicate
but well-marked collaret.

Spicules. These are all spindles which are usually short and thick, often oblong-oval
in outline ; or oblong, squarish forms with their angles rounded. Those on the stem are the
largest, often attaining 1 mm. in length. The smallest ones are on the upper parts of the calyx walls.

46

General distribution. The type was found in Arafura Sea, 49 fathoms.
Color. The colony is grayish brown in alcohol, axis dark brown, and the spicules are
colorless.

Menacella Gray, (Emended).

Menacella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, 1870, p. 406.
Menacella Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. IX, 1882, p. 191.
Menacella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LV.

Gray's original definition for this genus is as follows : —

"Coral very much branched, fan-shaped, irregularly reticulated ; stem simple. Bark very
thin, formed of numerous very slender fusiform spicules in bundies placed in different directions.
Polyp cells short, cylindrical, covered with spicules like the bark, with a smooth convex 8-rayed
lid, placed close together on the sides of the branchlets, and more scattered and further apart
on the sides of the branches".

Ridley examined the type of M. reticularis Gray, and decides that Gray was wrong
in identifying that species with Gorgonia reticulum Pallas. He also says that the spicules are
black. This appears to the present writer to be due to some chemical change, or stain, rather
than representing the original condition ; black spicules being unknown in this family. It also
seems probable that such a unique character would be noted and mentioned by Gray, were it
the condition of the specimen as seen by him.

For our present purpose a definition for this genus may be constructed by merely
condensing that of Gray by leaving out certain characters not of generic value, as follows : —

Menacella. Colony flabellate and reticulate, calyces short cylinders, spicules all spindles
irregularly disposed in the calyx walls.

The type, and only known species in Menacella reticularis Gray.

1 . Menacella reticularis Gray.

Menacella reticularis Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, 1870, p. 406.
Menacella reticularis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. IX,
1882, p. 191.

Stat. 28. 8°43'.7S., II5°I9'.5E. Bali Sea. 143 meters. Coral bottom.

The specimen is, almost entirely denuded of calyces and ccenenchyma and consists of
the ramifications of the axis cylinder bearing numerous cysts occupied by parasitic barnacles.
These are oval, brown in color, and the whole specimen bears a striking resemblance to a
piece of Sargassum with its globular cysts.

The colony is 20 cm. high and about 1 7 cm. in diameter; is strictly flabellate in form.
and reticulate to a slight degree. The axis of the main stem is 3.5 cm. in diameter. The colony
is unilateral, most of the branches being on one side of the main stem. The average distance
between branches is about 4.8 mm. The calyces are irregularly distributed on all sides of the
branches, being more crowded towards the tips of the twigs where they form a clump or
cluster; while they are over 1 mm. apart in other places.

47

The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped when the polyps are retracted,
and short cylinders when they are expanded, averaging about .8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm.
in diameter. The walls are filled with warty spindles most of which tend to a horizontal position,
a few near the margin being vertical. There are no decided points around the margin, which
is capable of being drawn over the calyx mouth so as to entirely conceal the polyp in retraction.
The operculum is rednced to an exceedingly delicate tracery of the ordinary pattern, the spindles
being mere transparent threads without verrucêe, there being the ordinary arrangement of three
spindles to form an acute-angled triangle on each tentacle. The collaret is composed of a
single irregular circlet of attenuated spindles.

S p i c u 1 e s. These are all warty spindles of about the same size on calyces and ccenenchyma.
Rarely branched forms are seen, but these are so few as not to be a characteristic feature.

Co lor. The small portion of the type that is not denuded is almost white (in alcohol)
while the axis is deep brown, lightening distally. The cysts occupied by the barnacles are
formed of an excessive growth of the material which forms the axis cylinder.

General distribution. The type locality appears to be unknown.

Bebryce Philippi, (modified).

Bebryce Philippi. Archiv. für Naturgesch. Bd. I, 1842, p. 35.
Bebryce Kölliker. Icones Histologicae, II, 1887, p. 137.

Bebryce Koch. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, XV, 1887, p. 54.
Bebryce Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LV.
Bebryce Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, III, 1905, p. 815.

Bebryce Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Reports; Supplementary
Reports, NIJ XX, 1905, p. 294.

The original description of this genus is inaccessible to the writer. Kölliker, however,
has examined and rediscribed the type with his usual discrimination, and the following is a
somewhat free and condensed translation of his description, which will be regarded as the
definition used in the present work.

Ccenenchyma very thin, the outer layer composed of characteristic spicules which are
scales with more or less toothed or scalloped margins, and with a longer or shorter vertical
process arising from their centres.

Often these characteristic spicules greatly resemble a collar-button with beautifully scalloped
edges. They are plainly imbricated when in position, and usually show a darker central, and
a lighter marginal, area when viewed in situ with reflected light.

The type of this genus is Bebryce inollis Philippi. Other known species are Bebryce
hicksoni Thomson and Henderson, B. indica Thomson, B. philippi Studer, B. Studeri Whitlegge,
B. sfi.} Hickson, and the two new species in the Siboga collection.

1. Bebryce hicksoni Thomson and Henderson.

Bebryce hicksoni Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary
Reports, N° XX, 1905, p. 294.

48

Stat. 154. o°7':2N., I30°25'.5E. Bougainville Strait. 13 meters. Muddy sand.

Stat. 257. Du-roa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral.

Stat. 289. 9°.3 S., 1260 24'-5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Stat. 310. S°3o'S., ii9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. y$ meters. Sand.

Colony rudely flabellate in form, 6.7 cm. high and with a spread of 3 cm. The main
stem forks 6 mm. above its base into two approximately equal upright branches, each of which
is branched in a pinnate manner. These branches send off a very few branchings of the third
order, and one twig of the fourth order. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, although
a few are scattered along the front and back of the coiony. Their distance from summit to
summit varies from 2 to 4.5 mm. There are no terminal calyces.

The individual calyces vary in shape from subconical to nearly tubular. Some are dome-
shaped, in complete retraction of the polyps. A typical one measures 1.2 mm. in height and
1.5 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with small closely set imbricating cliscs
with minutely ctenate edges, each scale having a well-defined darker area in its centre and
lighter edges. The polyps are completely retractile, but in many cases they rest with the col-
laret immediately above the margin and the acorn-shaped operculum rising well above it. The
operculum is composed of the usual typical elements, two bent spindles with a third shorter
one lying between their divaricated bases. There are often smaller longitudinal spindles on the
distal portion of each tentacle. The spindles do not cover the tentacles, and the opercular
flaps leave a rosette-shaped bare space when viewed from above.

Spie nies. These are of the typical Bcbrycc form, being ronnd dises with an elevated
central portion. In shape they greatly resemble a collar-bntton with a very short broad connec-
tion between the expanded portions. There are also stars and multiradiate forms based on the
typical forms just described ; and a few small spindles, oval dises, etc.

Color. The colony is very light brown, the axis white, and the spicules colorless.

General distri bu t i o n. The type was secured from the Gulf of Manaar.

Several specimens from Station 305 are considerably larger, one being 12 cm. X JO-5 cm.
in measurement, and strictly flabellate in form.

2. Bebryce indica Thomson.

Bebryce indica Thomson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, Appendix, 1905, p. 175.

Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait off Kampong Menanga. 114 meters. Stony.
Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., U9°7'.sE. Flores Sea. ji meters. Sand.

Colony obscurely flabellate in form, 8 cm. in height. The main stem is unbranched for
3 cm. above its base, where it divides into two approximately equal parts, each of which gives
off two branches. One of these latter is anterior instead of lateral in position. The calyces are
clistributed over the whole surface of the stem and branches, there being about as many on
the front and back as on the sides. They are very unevenly spaced, however, being from
2 to 3 mm. apart.

49

rhe individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, 1.5 mm. high and 2 mm. broad
at the bases. The polyps are entirely retractile, the margin closing in around them so as to
leave but a smal] aperture. The calyx walls are covered with small oval scales or plates which
have a darker centre and a lighter margin. They are imbricated near the margins, but seem
Lo be separated on the lower parts of the calyx. The operculum is of the same type as in
the last species, and the collaret is well marked.

Spicules. These are less symmetrical than in the last species, but the typical Bebryce
form is common, consisting of a thick warty disc from the centre of which arises a warty
mass of varying shape and size, much more irregular than in B. hicksoni: The disc has a
jagged outline which in many cases becomes star-shaped, multiradiate or cruciform.

Sometimes the whole spicule is rudely dumb-bell-shaped, and at others it takes the form
of a doublé star.

C o 1 o r. The colony is dark purplish brown, with a vinaceous tinge. The spicules are colorless.

General distribution. The type was taken from the Gulf of Manaar.

This species, although secured at tvvo of the same stations as the preceding, is very
distinct, especially in color and the shape of the spicules.

3. Bebryce thomsoni new species. (Plate VII, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XX, fig. 8).

Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo. West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud and sand.
Stat. 258. Tual anchorage, Kei Islands. Down to 22 meters. Lithothamnion.
Stat. 260. 5°3Ó'.5S., I32°55'.2E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Colony closely branching, pinnate in form, 5.7 cm. in height and with a spread of 3 cm.
The main stem is straight and rigid, and sends forth an undivided branch 3.8 cm. from its
base, another one 3 cm. above the first and on the opposite side, and still another on the
same side as the first and 6 mm. above it. Each of the two upper branches gives off a short
side branch near the end. The stem and branches are round and about 1.2 mm. in diameter.
The calyces are distributed mainly on three sides of the colony, and are about 1.5 mm. apart,
on the average.

1 he individual calyces are almost entirely included, being represented by slight swellings
only, and these are oval in section, their longest diameter being 2 mm. at the base. Their
walls are filled with imbricating discs which often seem to be arrangfed in regailar transverse
rows or whorls, and have ctenate edges. The whole colony is covered with a thin coating of
sponge which greatly obscures the details. The polyps are entirely retractile, and the calyx
closes over them so as to obliterate the opening. The details of the operculum are very diffi-
cult to ascertain. It seems to be of the ordinary pattern, but composed of very slender spindles.

Spicules. These are remarkably uniform in size and structure, being small round
bodies, each covered with smooth bead-like tubercles, and each bearing a comparatively large
elevated disc-shaped body rising from its centre and attached to it by a very short peduncle.
The shape of the entire spicule is much like that of a mushroom with an expanded disc-shaped

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b, 7

5°

root ; or it may be likened to two round biscuits of unequal size connected by a short stout
pillar. Their true shape can only be seen when they He on the side, an exceptional position
as they appear on the slide.

C ol o r. The colony is light grayish brown, the axis is dark brown, and the spicules colorless.

The species can at once be distinguished from others in the collection by the spicules,
which are beautifully symmetrical and regular. A much larger specimen than the one described
as the type was secured at Station 258, and is somewhat darker in color.

Thesea Duchassaing et Michelotti, (modified).

Thesea Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilies, 1860, p. iS.

Thesea Kölliker. Icones Histologicae, II, 1865, p. 137.

Thesea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LVl.

Eclunogorgia (in part) Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 120.

The original definition for this genus is, in itself, inadequate for use under present
conditions of our knowledge. It is as follows : —

"Le genre renferme les espèces dont 1'écorce formée de squammules contient des spicules
tant a la surface qu'intérieurement. Les cellules sont pustuliformes, disposées d'une maniere
subalterne sur les rameaux et ayant leurs parois formées par des squammes et une ouverture
terminale radiée".

The writer goes on to explain that the genus is intermediate between Muricea and
Primnoa, as originally defined.

Kölliker has studied the spicules of the type species, Thesea exserta (Ellis and Solander)
and has based his description of the genus on what he regards as the typical form of spicules.
His definition is as follows : —

"Das Ccenenchym zeigt oberflachlich grosse warzige schuppenartige Spindeln, die an der
Aussenseite mit grossen warzig-stacheligen Höckern besetzt sind, in der Tiefe kleinere warzige
Spindeln. Die Kelche sind wenig vortretend von Warzenform und zeigen ahnliche, nur etwas
kleinere Spicula als die Rinde. Deckel ahnlich wie bei Paramuricea nur klein, ganz flach und
wenig vortretend".

The definition adopted in the present work is as follows : —

Muriceids with low verruciform calyces, the walls of which are filled with broad scale-like
spindles, each of which is armed with thorn-like precesses on one side only, while the opposite
edge is merely tuberculate. These scales often have the appearance of imbrication, the toothed
sides of the spicules being uppermost and overlapping the lower edges of others. Heavy ordinary
spindles are also usually present.

The type species of this genus is Thesea exserta (E. and S.).

Other known species are Thesea (EcJiinogorgia) ramulosa (Gray), Thesea (Muricea)
umbraticoides (Studer) and the seven new species in the Siboga collection.

It is altogether likely that other species included in the original genus Muricea by the
earlier writers belong here; but the present writer is unable to identify them by the descriptions.

5i

Tkesea gemmata Verrill ' would not be included in the «enus as defined here. The genus 77
is separated from Muricea as at present defined by not having calyces with a bilobed margin.

i. Tkesea simplex new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, 2a ■ Plate XX, fig. 9).

Stat. 49*. 8°23'.5S., ii9°4'.6E. Sapeh Strait. 69 meters. Coral and shells.

Stat. 108. 6°io'.3N., I2I°32'E. Sulu Sea. j$ meters.

Stat. 260. 50 36'. 5 S., i32°55'.2E. Near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Colony (fragmentary) consisting of two long disconnected branches 19.5 cm. and 16.7 cm.
in Iength. They are but 1.2 mm. in diameter, and both are incomplete. The calyces are
irregularly distributed on all sides of the branches, the intervals between them varying from
less than 1 mm. to more than 2 mm.

The individual calyces are rounded verrucae or domes, averaging 1.5 mm. in height and
the same in diameter. The calyx walls are beset with thorny points which are processes from
rather large unilateral spindles and dises which are embedded in the ccenenchyma in such a
way that the upper expanded thorny side overlaps the inner and lower side of the spicule
above. These thorny points tend to encircle the wall in whorls. The polyp is wholly retractile,
so much so that the calycular margin closes over them entirely, leaving no evident opening.
The operculum is rather feebly developed, consisting of slender spindles disposed longitudinally
along the dorsal surfaces of the infolded tentacles. There is a very delicate collaret, apparently
oomposed of a single circlet of slender spindles. The ccenenchyma is thin and filled with
horizontallv disposed spindles which average longer than those in the calyx walls, but are
more slender.

S p i c u 1 e s. The most characteristic forms are the unilateral spindles or dises, which are
unsymmetrical, having one side produced into spinous processes of various sorts. Clubs, stars,
and doublé stars are also present, as well as regular spindles. There are a few forms characteristic
of the genus Acamptogorgia, but they are small, and form an insignificant feature of the spiculation.

C o 1 o r. The colony, in alcohol, is light buffy brown, the axis very dark brown, and
the spicules colorless.

In two other specimens the spicules are light yellowish.

2. Thcsca pallida new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 3, 30; Plate XX, fig. 10).

Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., 1220 58' E. near Island Buton. 75- — 94 meters. Sand.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., ii9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

Colony (incomplete) flabellate in form, 10.6 cm. in height, and with a diameter of 3.3 cm.
The portion not denuded of calyces consists of one of the main branches given off 1.9 cm.
from the base of the stem, projecting at right angles with the stem but afterwards bending
abruptly unwards. It gives off three denuded stubs of branches from its proximal part, the first

American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. XL-VIII, 1869, p. 42S.

52

branch with coenenchyma arising 2 cm. above the bend. This branch gives origin to several
lateral branchlets, most of which come from its outer side. The main stem also gives off
several simple branchlets and, near its distal end, two larger branchings which themselves give
off branchlets, the average distance between branches being 5.6 cm. The calyces are distributed
more or less on all sides of the colony, but tend to be lateral in position. They are very
unevenly placed, sometimes being contiguous and again being as much as 2 mm. apart.
There are no strictly terminal polyps.

The individual calyces are low verrucse, a typical one measuring somewhat less than
.5 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in width at the base. The calyx walls are filled with irregular
plates from the sides of which sharp points arise, a crown of such points being on the margin,
and the edges of the plates are imbricated. The polyps are retractile, and the operculum is
usually well below the margin. The operculum consists of spindles arranged in the ordinary
way; but the spindles are delicate.

Spicules. There are numbers of the typical unilateral forms characteristic of this
genus. Besides these there are many of the EcJiinomuricea type, consisting of a sharp thorny
point arising from an expanded and foliaceous base. There are also irregular heavy plates
with ro'unded angles, oval discs, etc. ; but the most numerous and characteristic spicules are
the unilateral ones described above. The plates in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches
are often imbricated as in Acamptogorgia.

Color. The colony is almost white, in alcohol, the axis is brown, and the spicules
are colorless.

3. Thesea jlava new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 1, ia).

Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, west coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud and sand.

Stat. 105. 6°S'N., i2i°iq'E. Sulu Sea. 275 meters. Coral bottom.

Stat. 164. i°42#.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 273. East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9,E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Colony strictly flabellate in form. 10.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 14 cm. The
main stem is 3 mm. in diameter, and is unsymmetrically branched, sending off two large
branches to the right, and but one large branch to the left. They send off branchlets which
are irregularly alternate and average about 5 cm. apart. These branchlets are constricted at
the base and somewhat enlarged and flattened at their distal ends. There are a number of
gall-like enlargements on the colony enclosing parasitic barnacles. The calyces are thickly
crowded over the entire surface, being often contiguous and seldom more than 1 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are low rounded verrucse, usually less than .5 mm. high and
about 1.3 mm. broad at the base. The calyx walls are bristling in appearance, being beset
with thorny projections borne on the sides of the unilateral spicules, which here reach their
typical development. These form a circlet of points around the calyx margins and also irregular
whorls of upward and outward projecting points lower down, the whorls themselves giving the
appearance of imbrication. The polyps are completely retractile. The operculum is exceedingly

30

delicate, but of characteristic structure for this family, being formeel by a mere skeleton of
slender spindles. The collaret also is very delicate. The coenenchyma is packed with irregular
plates, many of which are of the same pattern as those in the calyx walls and usually of larger size.

Spicules. By far the most numeróus and conspicuous spicules are of the unilateral
type characteristic of the genus, having one side edged with a row of thorn-like projections
which are lacking on the opposite side. There are also irregular plates, stars, multiradiate
forms. A few delicate spindles are found, usually forming the opercula.

C o 1 o r. The colony is a decided greenish yellow, the axis dark brown and the spicules
yellow. The specimen from Station 105 is brighter yellow than the others.

A specimen from Station 274 has much more slender branches than the one above
described, but is otherwise like it.

4. Thesea immersa new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 4, 4^?; Plate XXI, fig. 4).
Stat. 289. 9°o'.3S., I2Ó°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

The type specimen in incomplete, and is apparently a branch of a much larger colony.
It is flabellate in form, rather straggling in habit, 14 cm. high and 15 cm broad. The main
stem, or branch, bifurcates 2.5 cm. from its proximal end, but these branches reunite by
anastomosis about 4.2 cm. above their origin. Above this they send off irregularly disposed
lateral branchlets which, in most cases, divide dichotomously. Two other cases of anastomosis
are seen in the colony. The calyces are quite regularly and evenly distributed on all sides of
the stem and branches. Being very low verrucje it is very difficult to teil where their walls
join the general surface of the ccenenchyma. They are about 1.9 mm. apart from summit
to summit.

The individual calyces are exceedingly low verrucse, almost entirely immersed in the
ccenenchyma of the stem and branches, with nothing but the crown of points appearing above
the general level. The diameter of the margin is about 1.3 mm. The calyx walls are studded
with jagged triangular points and sometimes foliaceous projections from the unilateral spicules,
and the margin is surmounted by a crown of points. The verrucae are so low that the calyx
walls are insensibly blended with the general surface, which is itself studded with the same
angular projections. The polyps are completely retractile, but the calyx margin does not fold
over them. The operculum is thus exposed and is of the typical form, each flap being com-
posed of three slender spindles, two being much longer and more conspicuous than the third
which lies between their bases.

Spicules. The typical unilateral forms, although numeróus, are not so abundant as
in the last species. The are also numeróus stars, crosses, multiradiate forms, etc, the stars
preponderating. There are a few true symmetrical spindles.

Co lor. The colony, in alcohol, is pallid, almost white. The axis is brown and the
spicules colorless.

54

5. Thesea flexilis new species. (Plate IX, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXI, fig. 3).

Stat. 260. 5°3Ó'.5 S., I32°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.
Stat. 285. 8° 39'. 1 S., 127° 4.4 E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. Mud and coral.

Colony an unbranched flexible stem 40.5 cm. long. The calyces are sparsely distributed
throughout its length, being from 1 mm. to 3 mm. apart. The stem is about the same diameter
throuo-hcmt, beino- about 1.2 mm. in thickness and round in section. It is exceedingly flexible,
and it is difficult to teil its proximal from its distal end.

The individual calyces are low verrucae, sometimes dome-shaped or even conical. They
are about .9 mm. in height and have a diameter of 1.4 mm. at the base. Their walls are
ornamented with numerous sharp, vertical thorn-like points arising from the sides of unilateral
spicules, the other sicles being comparatively devoid of such points, although densely tuberculate.
The polyps are completely retractile, and the calyx margins can fold over them so as to
conceal them. The condition of the operculum is hard to determine in the specimens at hand ;
but it is feebly developed, as is the collaret.

Spicules. These are of two distinct types. ist. The unilateral spindles and scales with
conspicuous jagged points projecting from one side. 2nd. Comparatively large and heavy spindles,
usually symmetrical, but not seldom showing a tendency to being unilateral. These lie longitudinally
in the c<enenchyma of the stem and branches, and remind one of the large spindles found in
the genus Mitricclla. Besides these two predominating forms there are a few clubs, branched
and radiate forms, and occasionally one of the characteristic Acamptogorgia type.

C o 1 o r. The color is a rather bright yellow, and the spicules are the same. This species
bears a great superficial resemblance to Mitricclla, but the unilateral spicules inclicate that it
should be placed here.

6. Thesea placoderma new species. (Plate IX, figs. 3, $a ; Plate XXI, fig. 2).

Stat. 310. S°3o'S., U9°7'.sE. Flores Sea. Jt, meters. Sand.

Colony flabellate in form, 7.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 6.4 cm. A large branch
has evidently been broken off near the base of the main stem, and 9 mm. above this the main
stem forks into two approximately equal portions. Each of these branches in a flabellate marmer
until branchings of the fourth order are attained. The average distance between branches is
about 4 mm. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the branches, are quite closely approximated
and often contiguous. They are seldom more than 2 mm. apart. The branch terminations are
swollen with thickly crowded calyces, none of which appear to be terminal.

The individual calyces are roughly conical or verruciform, their shape being obscured
by the very conspicuous and irregular spicules in their walls. The height of a typical calyx is
1.1 mm. and its diameter at the base is 1.5 mm. The walls are composed mainly of large
plate-like imbricating spicules from the upper sides of which very heavy thorn-like processes
project upward and outward. These plates are so large and irregularly disposed as to greatly
distort the shape of the calyx. The margin is surrounded by the thorny processes mentioned

55

above, but they are sometimes spatulate or flattened at their ends. In some cases the young
polyps project betwcen the plates of the ccenenchyma without any appearance of calyo

The polyps are not completely retractile and rest with their collarets on the calyx
margins. The collaret and operculum are exceedingly heavy, the latter being composed of two
heavy spindles extending along the whole length of the infolded tentacle and a third shorter
one lying between their bases. The ccenenchyma is filled with irregular plates with thorny
edges, placed hap-hazard, not matched as in the genus Acts, but looking as if they had been
thrown tooether without any method or regailarity whatever.

S p i c u 1 e s. These are of the most characteristic Thesca type that the writer has seen.
They are rather plates than unilateral spindles, however, and in some cases have a basal
tubercular portion from which a cluster of smooth slender foliaceous projections arise, which
approximate the Acamptogorgia type.

C o 1 o r. The colony is grayish brown, the axis clark brown and the spicules colorless.

~. Thcsea sanguinea new species. (Plate IX, figs. 5, 5#; Plate XXI, fig. 1).

Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Island Samau, Timor. 23 meters. Coral bottom.
Stat. 125. Anchorage off Sawan, Siau Island. 27 meters. Stony.
Stat. 273. East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.

Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and
Lithothamnion.

Colony flabellate in fonn, 5 cm. in height, and with a spread of 3.6 cm. The main stem
is straight and without branches to a point 1.7 cm. from its base. Above this it gives forth
lateral branches in an irregular marmer, each branch curving outward and upward. The average
distance between branches is about 7 mm. The branches are round, or but slightly flattened
and are of approximately equal diameter ( 1 mm.) throughout, except at the ends where they
are distinctly turgid. The calyces are rather evenly distributed on all sides of the branches,
except that they are more closely approximated on the distal parts of the colony. They are
from 1 mm. to 1.5 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are very low verrucae or very short cylinders, their walls being
mere bands rising but slightly above the general level of the ccenenchyma. Their margins are
about 1.1 mm. in diameter, and are armed with a distinct circlet of blunt but prominent points.
The calyx walls are so low that this crown of points is about all that rises above the level
of the ccenenchyma. The polyps are completely retractile, and when retracted are disc-shaped
from the shaüowness of the calyces. The operculum and collaret are evident, but weakly developed . .

S p i c u 1 e s. There are two well defined layers of spicules, the inner one being composed
of small spindles. The outer layer is composed of larger spicules of two types. One of these
is of the regular Thcsea type of unilateral spindles with jagged points on one side. The other
kind are much larger and stouter spindles, some of which are also unilateral. These latter are
embeddeel in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches. Besides these preponderating forms there
are a few crosses, stars, triradiate forms and, rarely, a small spicule of the Acamptogorgian type.

56

Co lor. The colony is a deep crimson red, sometimes bright scarlet. The spicules are
of the same color. The axis is a greenish brown.

Echinomurica Verril], (modified).

Echinomuricea Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XLVII, 1860, p. 285.
Echinomuricea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 112.
Echinomuricea Hedlund. Einige Muriceiden der Gattungen Acanthogorgia, Paramuricea und
Echinomuricea im Zoologischen Museum der Universitat Upsala, 1890, pp. 12 — 15.

Verrill was the first author to recognize this genus which he based on a new type of
spicules found in Acanthogorgia coccinea (Stimpson), which he made the type of the new
genus Echinomtiricea. He describes the spicules as follows : —

"The cells are surrounded by numerous deep, red, prominent, imbricated spines, their
outer ends long and sharp, but irregularly branched at their bases, forming thus a cluster of
short, secondary spines".

Wright and Studer accept the genus as defined by Verrill, and without modification.
Hedlund adds to the description a further character, asserting that the polyps are without the
collaret so characteristic of the muriceids. To this the present writer can not agree, as he has
found a wel! markecl collaret in several species of this genus in the Siboga collection.

The definition for the genus Echinomuricea adopted in this work is as follows : —

Muriceids with wart-like or cylindrical calyces the margins of which are surrounded by
a more or less prominent row of points, each point consisting of the exposed portion of a
spicule which has a distal, strong, straight, spine-like portion which is often smooth ; and a
proximal, profusely exfoliated portion the processes of which radiate outward and downward
from the base of the spine.

The type of this genus is Echinomuricea coccinea (Stimpson). The other known species
are Echinomuricea brunnea Nutting, E. coronalis Germanos, E. indomalacc.ensis Ridley, E.
ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson, E. fthitifipinensis Hedlund, and the new species about to
be described from the Siboea collection.

&

1 . Ecliinomtiricea coronalis Germanos.

Echinomurica coronalis Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, Abhandl. der Senckenbergi-
schen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Band XXIII, Heft I, 1896, p. 165.

Stat. 71. Near Makassar. Up to 32 meters. Sand.

Stat. 117. i° o'.jN., I22°5Ó'E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 166. 2°28'.5S., I3I°3'.3E. near New Guinea. 118 meters. Hard sand.

Stat. 285. 8°39'.iS., I27°4'.4E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. Mud and coral.

Colony of straggling habit, 30 cm. in height and 31 cm. in spread. The general form
is flabellate. A small branch has its origin 2.3 cm. from the base of the stem, and above
this there are five branches variously spaced and on the same side. From about the middle
of the main stem, and upward, all of the branches arise from the opposite side. Three of the

.1/

branches bear brancKlets, all from their lower or outer sides. The calyces are very thickly
distributed on all sides of the branches, often being contiguous, and rarely being more than
1.5 mm. apart. The branch endings are often somewhat swollen, but there are no true
terminal polyps,

The individual calyces are very low verrucae, or exceedingly short cylinders not more
than .7 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. They are often oval in section, their longer
diameter being- parallel to the branch. The wide margin is beset with erect spines, or points
ot spicules which have their foliaceous bases embedded in the coenenchyma of the calyx wall.
These occur in several apparently imbricating ranks in the upper portions of the walls,
becoming less prominent as they near the base. The polyps are entirely retractile, but the
calyces do not close over them. The operculum is horizontal and countersunk below the
margin, and is but feebly developed, being represented by a very few delicate spindles.

Spicules. The spicules are small, the most characteristic being of the type of this
genus. They have long, thorny, comparatively smooth points, and rough, expanded, foliaceous
bases. There are also many crosses, triradiate forms, daggers, small Stachelplatten and irregularly
branched forms.

Color. The colony is a light brown throughout, the axis very dark brown basally,
fading to yellowish distally. The spicules are colorless.

General distribution. The type was secured near Ternate.

The specimens of the Siboga collection here referred to this species agree but imper-
fectly with the original description of Germanos. The characteristic spicules however, agree
quite closely with lus figure, and the specimens are referred to Echinomuricca coronalis with
considerable doubt.

*2. Echinomuricae hidomalaccaisis Ridley.

Echinomuricca indomalaccensis Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 386.
Echinomuricca indomalaccensis Hedlund. Einige Muriceiden im Museum Upsala, 1890, p. 15.
Echinomuricca indomalaccensis Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, the
Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 291.

Pulu Missa near Flores, de Siso don.

Colony flabellate and loosely reticulate, 34.5 cm. in height and 39.5 cm. in spread.
The main stem gives off a large branch immediately above its base, which bifurcates imme-
diately above its origin, its parts ultimately anastomosing with branches from the main stem
and with eachother. The main stem gives off a few lateral branches, but loses its identity
about 12 cm. from its base. The main branches do not radiate symmetrically towards the edges
of the colony, but lose their identity towards the margin and give off numerous ultimate
twigs which are all lateral and often anastomose with eachother and with other branches, thus
forming a loose web. The ultimate twigs are swollen at their ends. The stem and larger
branches are laterally compressed, their larger diameter being 4 mm. and their smaller less

SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIII /'. 8

53

than 2 mm. The calyces are distributed over the whole surface of the colony, but not so
thickly as in most reticulate muriceids, being usually about i mm. apart.

The individual calyces are small and verruciform, less than .5 mm. in height and 1 mm.
in diameter. The margin is surrounded by a crown of rather sharp, often fiattened points which
project from spicules whose branched and foliaceous bases are embedded in the calyx walls.
The lower parts of the walls are filled with spindles which are usually transversely placed. The
polyps are retractile, but often rest, even in the dried specimen, with the collarets just above
the calyx margin.

Both the operculum and collaret are well developed, the former being elevated and
conical and composed of the usual three spindles, two long and longitudinally placed on the
upper surface of the tentacle, and the third lying between their bases.

Spicules. The most prominent form is the typical Echinomuricea one, each consisting
of a basal portion with forked, tuberculate, foliaceous expansions ; and a distal single point,
which is often fiattened in the present species. There are also many stellate forms, clubs, daggers,
etc, and a few large regularly tuberculate spindles.

Color. The color of the dried specimen is dull brown, the axis brown and the spicules
yellowish red.

General distribution. Ridley reports this species from Port Curtis, 5 fathoms ;
Port Molle, 12 — 20 fathoms; and Warrior Reef, Torres Straits, Australia. Thomson and
Henderson report it from the Pearl Banks, Gulf of Manaar.

3. Echinomuricea collaris new species. (Plate IX, figs. 1, ia-, Plate XXI, fig. 5).
Stat. 280. 8°i7'.4S., I27°30'.7E. Banda Sea. 1224 meters.

The type specimen is but a fragment 3 cm. in length, forking about 5 mm. from its
proximal end. Both forks show sprouting branches. The calyces are distributed thickly on all
sides of the branches, especially on the distal portions, where they are so closely approximated
that it is very dimcult to ascertain whether there is a terminal polyp or not. The calyces are
usually set at a right angle to the branch on its proximal part, but are inclined distally on
the terminal part

The calyces are columnar in shape, varying greatly in height, but averaging about 2 mm.
to the margin, with a diameter of about 1.5 mm. Their walls are covered with imbricating
spicules which project in a crown of points around the margin. Each of these points is the
distal end of a spicule, the proximal portion of which is expanded into a series of racliating,
foliaceous processes which are embedded in the ccenenchyma. The polyps rest, in retraction,
on the strongly marked collaret which is surmounted by the high dome-shaped operculum.
The basal portion of each opercular flap consists of three spindles arranged in an acute triangle
pointing towards the apex of the dome. The distal portion of the dorsal surface of each
tentacle is covered with longitudinal spindles, some of which are bent to include the points of
the triangfles.

59

Spicules. The most conspicuous form is the one characteristic of the genus Echinomuricea,
being strong, sharp spindles with the basal ends expanded into foliaceous projections, sometimes
resembling- Stachelplatten. These projections are often profusely torked and lobulated in various
ways. Spindles are not uncommon, both straight and curved, their surfaces covered with line
spiny points, rather than the rough tubercles usually found.

Color. The colony is light yellowish brown. The spicules are colorless.

4. Echinomuricea spinifera new species. (Plate IX, figs. 2, 2a ; Plate XXI, fig. 6).

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., i30°4/'.5 E. New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.
Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and Stones.

The colony (incomplete) is straggling in habit and 7.8 cm. in height. The main stem is
destitute of polyps and covered with an encrusting bryozoon for nearly its proximal half. 3 cm.
from its base it odves off a branch which bifurcates ; one of the resulting branches swing off
a lateral branchlet, and the other beincj unbranched. The other main branch mves off one
short lateral 1 cm. from its origin. The calyces are very thickly emplanted on all sides of the
branches, being so closely set as to be usually almost contiguous.

The individual calyces are very short cylinders expanded at the margins. They are
about 1 mm. high and 1.8 mm. in diameter at the margin. There is a very distinct crown of
marginal points, their number having no apparent relation to the number of tentacles, nor
their emplacement to the tentacle bases. The calyx walls are beset with spiny points, some of
which are almost as conspicuous as the marginal points. The crown consists of more than one
circlet of points, the inner circlets bending over the incurved tentacles so that their ends often
form a tuft of needle-like points rather than a circlet, the inner ones being attached to the
tentacle bases over which they bend when the tentacles are infolded. The distal portions of
the tentacles are armed with smaller longitudinal spindles.

Spicules. These are of exceedingly various forms. The most common and conspicuous
is the regular Echinomuricea type with long smooth sharp points, and bases expanded into
various foliaceous processes with complicated frills and lobes. There are also numerous Stachel-
platten. crosses, stars, butter-fly-shaped forms, and a few simple small spindles. Indeed most of
the known forms of spicules found in the Muriceidse are represented, but. the characteristic
ones are those of the calyx as described above.

Color. The colony is light brown, the axis golden brown, and the spicules colorless.

Several larger colonies from Station 274 agree well in their details with the type.

5. Echinomuricea pulchra new species. (Plate X, figs. 3, $a; Plate XXI. fig. 7).

Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 — 45 meters. Lithothamnion.

The colony is fragmentary, flabellate in form, 12.2 cm. in height and with a spread of
about 7.3 cm. The main stem. or branch, is denuded, 2.8 mm. thick. 1.9 cm. above its proximal
end arises the branch which bears the only portions with calyces.

6o

This branch divides 2 cm. above its base into two parts, and one of these again forks
about 5 mm. above its origin. There are thus three long, undivided terminal branches, the
longest being 7.4 cm. in length and having a diameter of 3.2 mm. The calyces are emplanted
as thickly as possible on all sides of the branches, which have a velvety appearance owing
to the very numerous spicules projecting from the calyx margins.

The individual calyces are very short cylinders, usually less than 1 mm. high and with
a diameter of 1.5 mm. The margin is crowned with a circlet of conspicuous, thorn-like pro-
jections which are the icycledike ends of spicules the expanded basal parts of which are
buried in the ccenenchyma of the calyx walls. The entire surface of the latter bristle with
similar points projecting upward and outward. The polyps are retractile, but the margins of
the calyces do not close over and conceal them. The opercular spicules are more numerous
than usual, there being several longitudinal spindles in addition to the two usually seen on
each opercular flap. The collaret is strongly marked, and the ccenenchyma of the branches thick.

Spicules. The most characteristic spicules are beautifully typical examples of the
Echinomuricea type, being composed of a smooth, slender spine whose base is surrounded by
intricate foliaceous expansions of beautiful patterns. There are also a few radiate forms, crosses
and stars. Rarely simple spindles are found.

C o 1 o r. The colony is a rich crimson, axis deep brown, and the spicules rich crimson
or wine-color.

6. Echinoimiricca cylindrica new species. (Plate X, figs. 2, ia).

Stat. 266. 5°56'.5S., 1^2° 4/. y E. near Kei Islands. 595 meters. Mud with stones.

The specimen consists of merely the tip of a branch 7 mm. long from which a lateral
branch is budding. The calyces are rather thickly crowded on all sides of the branch, although
in some instances there is a space between them of 1.3 mm.

The individual calyces are tubular, tending to a club-shape as their distal ends are
swollen and the operculum unusually high, giving the outline of a very short, stout indian
club. A typical calyx measures 2.7 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the margin.
The calyx walls are bristling throughout with long sharp spines pointing outward and upward.
These spines being white, or colorless, show in conspicuous contrast to the raw sienna brown
of the ccenenchyma. The margin is surrounded with similar thorn-like points, which often bend
over the operculum. The polyps are incompletely retractile and rest with their collarets above
the calyx margins. The collaret is very strong and conspicuous, consisting of three of four
rows of transverse spicules encircling the polyp. The operculum is highly arched and dome-
shaped, and its spicular pattern is different from any other that I have seen. Each flap is
armed with a pair of bowed spindles which have their proximal and distal ends approximated
and their middle portions divaricated, leaving a terete space between them. They are quite
heavy and white, showing conspicuously against the brown dorsal surface of the tentacles.

Spicules. Those which arm the calyx walls are of the regular Echinomuricea type,

6i

being composed of a richly branched and exfoliated basal part from which arises a long
thorn-like projection which, in this species, is covered with fine serrations, and projects
upward and outward from the calyx walls when in situ. There are also the bowed spindels
of the operculum, besides regular spindles, triradiate and quadriradiate forms and a few
small Stachelplatten.

Color. The ccenenchyma and polyps are rich sienna brown, the spicules are colorless,
but appear white when in situ and seen by reflected light.

This is a very striking form, quite different in color from any other species of the
genus Echinomuricea that I have seen.

&

-. Echinomuricea costata new species. (Plate X, figs. i, ia-, Plate XXI, fig. 8).
Stat. 297. 10° 39' S., i23°4o'E. Timor Sea. 520 meters. Mud.

The type specimen is incomplete and much broken up by the tangles. It is 13 cm. in
height and has a spread of 14.5 cm. 2.5 cm from its base it divides into two main branches,
and these again divide into two each about 1 cm. from their origin. One of these secondary
branches sends forth four branchlets from its outer side at intervals averaging about 5 cm.,
there being but one branchlet on the opposite side. A nother fork of the main branch gives
off five branchlets from its outer side. The other secondary branches are irregular in their
branching, branchlets of the qth and 5th order being produced. All of the branches tend to
curve upward like candalabra. The branches terminate in polyps. The calyces are thickly
emplanted on all sides of the branches, but are more closely crowded laterally, where they
are about 2 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders or truncated cones. They are
about 1.2 mm. in height and 1.7 mm. broad at the margin. Their sides are armed with
jagged points projecting vertically, their roughened ends reaching beyond the margins and their
jagged sides are ornamented with spinules, which produce rib-like eftects on the calyx walls.
There are often a few horizontally disposed spindles around the bases of the calyces. The
collaret of the polyps is very heavy, and the operculum arises above it in a regular cone
cornposed of two comparatively heavy, longitudinal spindles reaching from the collaret to the
apex of the cone.

Spicules. The most conspicuous type is the heavy, warty spindle with toliaceous
base, characteristic of the genus Echino)>mricea. There are also a few of the Thesea type of
unilateral spindles. Regular spindles and triradiate forms are also seen.

Color. The specimen, when clear of debris and tangle material, is a yellowish brown.
The spicules are colorless.

This species shows an approximation to the genus Thesea in having a few of the
Thesea type of spicules, but these are much less numerous and conspicuous than those of the
regular EcJiinoimiricca type.

62

Echinogorgia Kölliker (in part).

Echinogorgia Kölliker. Icones Histologicse, II, 1856, p. 136.

Echinogorgia Verrill. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Science, Vol. I, part 2,

1867—71, p. 419.
Ecliinogorgia Kent. Wm. S. Monthly Microscopical Journal, Feb. 1870, p. 84.
Echinogorgia (in part) Wiight and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 118.

The original clehnition of this genus, as given by Kölliker, is as follows :

"Primnoaceen mit horniger Axe, kleinen oberflachlichen stacheligen Kalkkörpern von
eigenthümlicher Form und wenig oder kaum entwickelten Kelchen".

The other writers^ cited above have accepted this genus without modification. Wright
and Studer describe with some care the spicules of the genus.

In the illustrations given by Kölliker of the typical spicules, nearly all of the hgures
represent what appears to the present writer to be the real characteristic form which marks
the genus. They are all modifications of a type which consists essentially of a basal portion
which is embedded in the ccenenchyma, and an exposed portion which stands free. The former
part is an irregular mass of tuberculated projections often assuming a radiate arrangement,
pointing outward and downward. The exposed part is usually composed of foliaceous projections,
which are more or less inflated and have a smooth surface, and project directly upward from
the centre of the basal portion. These inflated leaf-like expansions are often so clustered as to
resemble a half opened tulip or rosé.

Saville Kent has correctly figured and described this form of spicule, and recognizes
it as the characteristic form for the grenus Echinogorgia.

Aside from this, there is another widely different form in the genus as defïned by Wright
and Studer. This is the unilateral spindle from which project, from one side, a number of
conspicuous, heavy, thorndike processes ; the typical spicules of the genus Thcsea, as accepted
by the present writer, who would include in the genus Echinogorgia only those species having
the peculiar spicules described above and figured by Kulliker as characteristic of the type
species of the genus.

The definition for the genus Echinogorgia adopted in this work is as follows : —
Muriceids with verruciform calyces the walls of which contain spicules which consist of a basal
mass of foliaceous, irregularly branched, tuberculate projections radiating from a common centre,
above which arises the distal portion composed of one or more leafdike expansions, which are
more or less inflated, and have a smooth surface without definite branches or tuberculations.

The type of the genus is Echinogorgia psetidosassapo Kölliker. Other species would be
Jic/niiogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, E. cerea (Esper), E. furfuracea (Esper), E. umbratica (Esper),
E. coarctica (Lamk.), E. fungifera (Lamk.), E. stricta (Lamk.), E.granifera (Lamk.), E. multispinosa
Thomson and Henderson, E. danaides (Val.), and the five new species found in the Siboga collection.

1. Echinogorgia attrantiaca (Val.).

Plexaura aurantiaca Valentine. Compte-rendu, XII, p. 557.

Leptogorgia aurantiaca Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857, p. 182.

63

Echinogorgia aurantiaca Yerrill, Notes on Radiata, 1867 — 71, p. 557.

Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Coral bottom.

Stat. 164. i°42.; S., I30°47'.5E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., 122° 58' E., near Buton Island. 75 — 94 meters. Sand.

Colony (incomplete) a slender stem 30 cm. long, with a single simple branch arising
i. from its base and attaining a length of 8.5 cm. Diameter of stem 2.4 mm. The cal;
are closely hut unevenly distributed on all sides of the stem and branch. They are often
contiguous, but sometimes as much as 1.7 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are low rounded verrucae, a typical one measuring 1.1 mm. in
height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are covered with projections
which are flattened, smooth and imbricating. They are the exposed portions of spicules which
have a foliaceous, expanded base embedded in the coenenchyma of the walls. Some of these
glassy projections reach slightly above the calyx margin, but they are not conspicuous. The
polyps are retractile, the calyx walls being capable of enclosing and covering them completely.
The collaret and operculum are extremely delicate, both being formed of very slender spindles
arranged in the usual way.

Spicules. The Echinogorgia type of spicule is prominent, consisting of a multiradiate
base which is distinctly tuberculate and from which arise one or several clear, smooth, flattened
or foliaceous expansions. Often there is but one such expansion, in which case the spicule
resembles the Acamptogorgia type. Sometimes there are very evident keels on one or both
sides of these expansions ; but the ordinary type in this species has but one often lobed or
slightly trilied plate, which is exposed on the surface of the calyx. There are also a number
of ordinary spindles, clubs, etc.

Color. The colony (in alcohol) is a rather dull yellow, the axis is brown and the spicules
bright yellow.

General dis t rib u t i o n. The type specimen was from Callao, Peru.

2. Echinogorgia furfuracca (Esper).

Gorgonia furfuracea Esper. Pflanzenthiere, II, Plate XLI, 1744-
Echinogorgia furfuracca Kölliker. Icones Histologie^, II, 1856, p. 136.

Echinogorgia furfuracea Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung Naturhist. Museums Lübeck,
1896, p. III.

Stat. 310. 8° 30' S., II9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. -ji meters. Sand.

Colony flabellate in form, 10.5 cm. in height and 8.5 cm. in diameter. The main stem
is erect and sinuous, and gives off a pair of unequal and subopposite branches about 1 cm.
above its base, and another subequal pair 7 mm. above the first. The branches above this are
lateral but unequally disposed. The main branches are unequally divided and give off branchlets
to the fourth order. The main stem is slightly flattened basally, but the remainder of the stem
and branches are round and approximately equal in thickness. The basal part of stem is 3 mm.

64

in its greater diameter, while the other parts are about 2 mm. thick. The calyces are closely
approximated, usually contiguous, and are equally distributed on all sides of the stem and
branches. The branchlets end in a close cluster of polyps, neither of which is certainly terminal.
The individual calyces are dome-shaped verrucae within which the polyps are capable
of complete retraction. The walls of the calyces are crowded with the very remarkable spicules
which characterize the genus. Each spicule has its tuberculated basal part immersed in the wall,
while its foliaceous expansions form a small whorl of thin processes surrounding a central
space, which is often tubular. Often these tubular spaces are not evident, being closed above
by the approximation of the expansions. The relatively small polyps have the usual operculum
composed of two bent spindles which have their proximal ends divaricated and their distal
portions contiguous, while a third, much smaller, spindle lies between their bases. This latter
spindle is not always evident and then the divaricated ends of the other two rest immediately
upon the collaret.

Spicules. These are remarkable both for their form and uniformity. Each consists of
a basal part composed of several ray-like densely tuberculate points radiating from a common
centre. Above this centre arises a cluster of smooth, more or less convoluted, leaf-like expan-
sions enclosing a central space. Each of these expansions is heavily keeled, the keel being its
most conspicuous part and having its free edge hnely dentate. The central space is bounded
by the bases to which the keels are attached, and when these are closely approximated the
space is obliterated and a very heavily ribbed dome is formed, the ribs being meridional and
very conspicuous. Besides these there are relatively few triradiate forms, crosses, doublé stars,
etc, and a few ordinary spindles

Color. The colony is light pinkish brown, the ccenenchyma somewhat darker than the
calyces. The axis is dark brown and the spicules colorless.

General distribu tion. The type was from the Indian Ocean. Studer reports it
from Northwest Australia from a depth of 50 fathoms.

The specimens secured by the Siboga Expedition, and which I have referred to this
species, agree quite well with the figure given by Esper, although the writer would hesitate to
identify it were it not for the further agreement with the figures of spicules given by Kölliker.

3. EcJiinogorgia pscudosassapo Kölliker.

Echinogorgia sassapo var. reticulata Esper. Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794, p. 48, plate lXa.
Echinogorgia pscudosassapo Kölliker. Icones Histologicae, II, 1S56, p. 136.
(?) Echinogorgia pscudosassapo Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 119.
EcJiinogorgia pscudosassapo Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyo-
naria, 1905, p. 292.

Stat. 80. 2°25'S., U7°43'E. Borneo Bank. From 50 — 40 meters. Coral sand.

Stat. 273. Jedan Island, east coast Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.

Stat. 310. 8°30'S., H9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.
T'ulu Missa near Flores de Siso don.
*Aru Islands Dr. J. W. R. KoCH leg. Dutch New Guinea Expedition 1904.

65

The colony chosen for description is a magnificent flabellatc and reticulate structure
37 cm. in height and with a spread of 40 cm. The main stem is 7 mm. in diameter near its
base. 1.5 cm. from the base its breaks up into three main branches and these send forth lateral
branchlets which form a radiating pattern extending from the base of the colony like the ribs
of a fan, and often reaching the periphery. These branches are strongly compressed so that
their least diameter is in the plane of the colony, their diameters being 5 mm. and 2 mm.
From these radiating ribs very numerous side branchlets arise that usually curve outward and
upward, their free ends being club-shaped. In many cases, however, they anastomose with
neighboring branchlets, forming a reticulation which is more extensive than in any other species
of the genus that the writer bas seen. The calyces are closely and evenly packed over the
whole surface of the colony.

The individual calyces are small rounded verrucae about .5 mm. high and with a basal
diameter of 1.2 mm. Their walls are filled with the imbricating foliaceous expansions of spicules
the proximal ends of which are embedded in the walls. Superficially these expansions look like
imbricating dises or scales, resembling those of the genus Bebryce. The polyps are completely
retractile, the calyx: walls being capable of closing entirely over them. Often, however, the
polyps rest with the collaret immecliately above the calyx margin. The operculum is a high
cone, the pattern of the spicules being the same as that described in the last species.

Spicules. These are exceedingly varied. The most characteristic ones, however, being
composed of the usual two parts ; a base consisting of a number of radiating, tuberculate
processes from the centre of which arises the distal part composed of comparatively smooth,
foliaceous expansions. There are also foliaceous clubs, ordinary spindles, stars, crosses, etc.
Indeed almost any type of spicule found in the Muriceidae might be found in a single slide
from this species.

Color. The colony is a very beautiful deep crimson throughout, a fact that led the
older writers to call this the "blood-red coralline". The axis is dark brown and the spicules
scarlet. A number of large dried specimens referred to this species are rusty brown in color.

General distribution. The type specimens were from the Indian Ocean. Thomson
and Henderson report it from Ceylon, Wright and Studer found specimens which they refer
to this species in Torres Strait.

The specimens in the Siboga collection are much larger than any heretofore reported.
Some of the dried colonies being as much as 50 cm. in height. The great compression of the
branches is probably due largely to the size of the colonies, as smaller specimens show the
branches but slightly compressed.

4. EcJiinogorgia ridleyi new species. (Plate X, figs. 4, 4a ; Plate XXI, fig. 9).
Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Coral bottom.

The colony is incomplete, the basal portion being lacking. It is flabellate in form and
the branches to a limited degree. There are a number of small twigs that project outward and

SIBOfiA-EXPEDITIK XIII /'. 9

:*v

66

upward from the front of the colony. It is difficult, or impossible to distinguish the main stem
and branches from the others because they are of nearly uniform size. Height of colony io.S cm.,
spread 12.5 cm. In general the origins of the branches and branchlets are alternate, the distance
between them averaging about 7 mm. The branch terminations are slightly enlarged and
occupied by a group of low calyces, none of which appears to be strictly terminal. The calyces
are evenly distributed over the whole surface, and are closely approximated, even contiguous.
The individual calyces are small, very low verrucae about .6 mm. in height and 1.2 mm.
in diameter. Their walls are filled with jagged upward-projecting points of the foliaceous expansions
of spicules, and their margins are furnished with a fringe of similar points, which give a serrated
appearance when viewed laterally. These points appear to be imbricated. The polyps are
completely retractile, the margins bending inward so as to completely conceal the polyps. Even
when the calyces are open the polyps are sunken much below the margins. The polyps are
very small, and are disc-shaped when retracted within the low calyces. The operculum is
composed of flattened plates over the tentacle bases, and of one or more spindles lying lengthwise
of the infolded tentacle.

Spicules. While not so regular as in some of the preceding species, the dominant
spicule in this species is of the usual type for Echinogorgia, being composed of two usually
distinct parts. The basal portion is made up of a number of radiating tuberculated processes,
and the distal part is composed of a cluster of foliaceous expansions. Sometimes these expansions
form a tulip-like structure resting on the star-like basal part. While these spicules are by far
the most numerous, there are also comparatively large, terete, densely tuberculate spindles,
stars, and a few triradiate forms.

Color. The colony is a deep dull red, the spicules a brick red. The axis is an olive
brown, lig-hteninsr to a distinct green on the distal branchlets.

5. Echinogorgia flora new species. (Plate XI, figs. 2, ia\ Plate XXI, fig. 10).
Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Coral bottom.

Colony very straggling in habit, 16.5 cm. in height. It gives off a short, slender branch
1.8 cm. from its base, and a large branch, which gives off two simple branchlets, 1.4 cm. above
the first. 2.2 cm. above this (the second branch) the remaining large branch is given off on the
opposite side, and this gives off two simple branchlets. The main stem is broken off above
the last branch. The calyces are on all sides of the branches, which are round in section, and
are often contiguous. Owing to the complete insertion of the calyces the branches look smooth,
as in Plexaurella.

The individual calyces are entirely immersed in the ccenenchyma, their presence being
indicated merely by scarcely evident swellings not easily seen without magnification. Under a
low power of magnification, however, the calyces are indicated in profile by low, mound-like
swellings, and in vertical view by concentric whorls of leaf-like projections from spicules pointing
upward ; the appearance being much like that of a rosé seen from above. The whole surface,
when viewed from above, looks as if it were packed full of minute roses, the leaves being

67

formed by the petal-like projections from spicules the bases of which are embedded in the
coenenchyma. The polyps are completely retractile. The operculum is very low, sometimes
being actually depressed in the centre, and is composed of very delicate spindles longitudi-
nally disposed.

Spie vi les. These are of the characteristic Echinogorgian type, except that the distal
portion is composed of but one, instead of several, leaf-like expansions. The proximal portion
is composed of a branched mass of densely tuberculate projections. From this mass usually a
single, oval orbicular, smooth, thin, transparent, often somewhat crimped plate arises.

These thin plates are what form the "rosé leaves" described above. A few small
spindles, triradiate forms, crosses, etc, are seen.

Color. The colony is very light brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless.

Were it not for the fact that the axis cylinder is devoid of calcareous matter the writer
would be much tempted to place this species in the genus Plexaurella of the family Plexau-
ridse. It would not, however, go into this genus according to the definition given by its describers '.

6. Echinogorgia complexa new species. (Plate XI, figs. i, \a\ Plate XXI, fig. 11).

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Coral bottom.
Stat. 310. 8° 30' S., 119° 7.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

Colony flabellate and reticulate in form, 18.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 15 cm.
The main stem gives off two subopposite branches 3.1 cm. above its base. Higher up it gives
off three branches on one side and two on the other, the upper two being opposite and
6.2 cm. from the base. The main branches bend outward and upward and send off branchlets
which anastomose freely with others, forming a loose reticulation. The branches are of equal
diameter throughout. The calyces are equally distributed on all sides of the branches, and are
so closely packed as to be generally contiguous. The twig terminations are slightly swollen.

The individual calyces are very low verrucae .5 mm. in height and with a diameter of
about 1.1 mm. Their waUs are filled with foliaceous projections which look like imbricating
scales; but are really the smooth, expanded processes from spicules whose bases are embedded
in the ccenenchyma of the calyx walls. A circlet of these points form a low crown around the
margin. The polyps are completely retractile, but ordinarily the collaret rests above the calyx
margin, with the high operculum rising above it. The opercular spindles are arranged in the
ordinary manner, forming an acute-angled triangle. The ccenenchyma of the stem and branches
is studded with foliaceous points similar to those of the calyx walls.

Spicules are of the regular Echinogorgian type, consisting of a multiradiate, foliaceous
basal portion which is distinctly tuberculated ; and a group of fairly smooth, lamellar expan-
sions arising vertically from the centre of the basal part. This cluster of folia seems to be
composed of a greater number of leaves than is found in the other species in the collection.

Wkight and Studer. Challenger Repovts, the Alcyonaria, 1899, p. 138.

68
C o 1 o r. The colony is medium brown, the axis very dark brown, and the spicules colorless.
Three fine specimens from Station 164 measure up to 21 cm. in length.

AcamptOgorgia Wright and Studer.
Acamptogorgïa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. LV, 115.

Although species belonging to this genus have been described by several of the later
writers, the genus itself is not discussed.

The original description of the genus is as follows :

"The colony is branched, with tubular, cylindrical short polyp calyces, which are usually
given off alternately from each side of the axis. The spicules are foliaceous clubs, the folia
project beyond the ccenenchyma, but the triradiate bases are embedcled in the ccenenchyma.
In most cases bidentate folia, at right angles to one another, originate from a tripartite base.
Besides these there are warty curved spindles and clubs. The tentacular opercula are well
developed".

In a more detailed description of the genus, found on page 115 of their Report on
the Challenger Alcyonaria, the describers say :

"In most cases the spicule has become triradiate by the shooting out of several projec-
tions from about its middle. From the place where these rays centre one or two dentate foliar
expansions arise, these latter stand at an acute angle to one another, and their long axes
always fall into the angle between two of the rays. These spicules are so placed on the wall
of the polyp body that the stellate rays are always inserted into it, while the foliar expansions
project, scale-like over the surface. The collaret consists of bent spindles, spiny, and upon
which the opercular spicules abut. Each of the eight rays of the opercular covering consists
of but three fairly broad and somewhat flattened spicules".

The type species of this genus is Acamptogorgia arbuscula (Gray, MS.). Other species
are Acamptogorgia alternans Wright and Studer, A. a/ra Thomson and Henderson, A. bebry-
coides von Koch, A. gracilis Thomson, A. spinosa Hiles, A. tubcrculata Hiles, A, frnticosa
Germanos, A. acanthostoma Germanos, and the species about to be described.

"'Acamptogorgia horrida" Hiles seems to the present writer to belong to the genus
Ec h inom uricea .

1. Acamptogorgia spatulata new species. (Plate XIY, figs. 2, 2<t; Plate XXI, fig. 12).

Stat. 117. i° 0.5 N., 1220 56' E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Stat. 166. 2° 28'. 5 S., 1 3 1 ° 3.3 E. near New Guinea. 118 meters. Hard sand.
Stat. 289. 90 o'. 3 S., I26°24'.5E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.

Colony flabellate in form, not reticulate, 8.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 9.4 cm.
The main stem is bare for 2.2 cm. above its base, and the remainder gives off branches in
a roughly pinnate mannen The branches themselves are pinnately divided, and branchings of
the third order are found. The branches are about 7 mm. apart, on the average. The calyces

69

are mainly lateral in position, luit are also scattered sparsely on the front and back of the
colony. In some places there is a distinct tendency tovvard a spiral arrangement of the calyces.
They are spaced very irregularly, being, however, about i mm. apart on the average.

The individual calyces are short cylinders in form, a typical one measuring .8 mm. in
height and 1.4111111. in diameter. Their walls are bristling with flattened or spatulate projections.
These points often tend to arrange themselves in vertical lines on the calyx walls. They project
from a triradiate base embedded in the walls.

The polyps are bnt partially retractile, and rest with the collaret on the margin of the
calyx. The operculum is a typical one for the genus, being formed of tvvo curved longitudinal
spindles with a third shorter one lying transversely at their proximal ends. The operculum is
rather high and the spicules well developed. The collaret is weak.

Spicules. These are large and conspicuous, the predominant form being composed of
a foliaceous, triradiate base from which arises a spatulate or flattened smooth projection, which
often seems to be more or less split or splintered at the distal end. Besides these there are
smaller spicules with oval or scale-like projections of the typical Acamptogorgia form, triradiate
spicules and ordinary spindles are also present.

Co lor. The colony is grayish brown, axis dark brown, and the spicules colorless.

The spicules of this species very closely resemble those of Acamptogorgia fruticosa
Germanos ; but that species is described as being of a red color.

The genus is doubtless closely allied to the following, Villogorgia.

Villogorgia Duchassaing et Michelotti, (emended).

Villogorgia Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p. 32.
Baorella Gray. Anaals and Magazine of Natural History, 4U1. Series, Vol. 5. 1870, p. 406.
Villogorgia (4- Paramuricea Kölliker) Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5U1.

Series, Vol. 9, 1882, p. 187.
Villogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LUI.

The original description of this genus is entirely inadequate, as is so often the case with
the definitions of the earlier writers, and contains a very serious error in stating that the species
of the genus Villogorgia are without spicules. The feature is made the main distinguishing
mark, separating the genus from Muricea, Thesea, Acis, etc.

Ridley gives a careful discussion of the genus, and the following is condensed from his
definition :

Colony flabellate, reticulate, ccenenchyma thin, calyces cylindrical, emplanted on all sides
of the stem and branches. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are large, 4 — 8 pointed, and spindles.
Those of the calyces tuberculate, fusiform and Stachelplatten.

Ridley, however, included Külliker's genus Paramuricea in the genus Villogorgia, a
mistake pointed out by Wright and Studer, who retained both genera on account of the
difference in the opercula. Their definition is practically adopted in the present work, and the
salient points included in the following definition.

7°

Colony flabellate, often reticulate : ccenenchyma thin ; calyces short cylinders with an
operculum composed mainly or entirely of three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle.
Spicules mainly triradiate and quadriradiate, or Stachelplatten.

The type species is Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing and Michelotti. Other known
species are Villogorgia compressa Hiles, V. fiabellata (Gray), V. (Paramuricea) gracilis (Studer),
V. intricata (Gray), V. ( Acamptogorgia) rubra (Hiles), also the new species found in the Siboga
collection and described beyond.

The genus is doubtless closely allied to Paramuricea, but is separated from it by the
arrangement of the opercular spindles, which are en chevron in Paramuricea but form an
acute triangle in Villogorgia.

i. Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing et Michelotti.

Villogorgia nigrcsccns Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilies,

1862, p. 32.
Paramuricea nigrescens Kólliker. Icones Histologicas, II, 1865, p. 136.
Villogorgia nigrescens Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. 9,

1882, p. 187.
Villogorgia nigrescens Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 110.

Stat. 154. o°7'.2N., I30°25'.5E. Bougainville Strait. 83 meters. Muddy sand.

Colony flabellate, not reticulate, attaining a height of 16.5 cm. and a width of 17 cm.
The main stem is 5 mm. thick, and divides 6 mm. above its base into three large branches,
one of which has been broken off short. The other two send off an intricate system of large
and small branchlets that are lateral and tend to be alternate and about 5.5 mm. apart on an
average. These branches are quite numerous and produce an apparently reticulate pattern,
although there are 110 anastomoses. The calyces are distributed pretty evenly on all sides of
the branches, but appear to be alternate, and sometimes are really so on the ultimate twigs.
They are sometimes arranged in spirals of three or four to the turn, and are a little more
than 1 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are short cylinders about 1 mm. high and as wide as high. Their
sides are nearly parallel, and the margin is surrounded by a fringe of blunt, jagged, irregular
points above which rise the sharp spindles of the operculum which are almost vertical in position.
The calyx walls are filled with spicules which constitute a sort of rude mosaic of irregular
pieces, sometimes with an appearance of imbrication, the blunt points of the plates projecting
upward and outward. The operculum is well marked, and of the form characteristic of the
genus, each flap being composed of three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle. The
operculum is much more elevated than ordinary, however, its longitudinal spindles being easily
mistaken for the crown of thorns such as appear in Acanthogorgia. The ccenenchyma is filled
with spicules in mosaic pattern, sometimes appearing to be imbricated.

Spicules. These are of various forms. The triradiate form predominates, although there
are many crosses, stars, butterfly forms, Stachelplatten, and a very few spindles. Indeed almost
all of the forms found in the genus can be found on a single slide from this species.

7i

Co lor. The colony is very dark brown with a maroon or wine-color cast. The axis is
almost black. Spindles pink, sometimes white.

General distribution. The type was secured near Guadeloupe, West Indies. The
Siboga specimen agrees fairly well with the descriptions, especially the very clear one given
by RlDLEY.

2. Villogorgia compressa Hiles.

Villogorgia compressa Hiles. Willey Reports, the Gorgonacea, 1899, p. 200.

Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., I22°56'E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.

Stat. 154. o°7'.2N., I30°25'.5 E. Bougainville Strait. 83 meters. Muddy sand.

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., ii9°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

*Pulu Missa near Flores. 36 meters, de Siso don.

Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, 10.2 cm. in height, and with a spread of 13.3 cm.
The main stem is 2.3 mm. in diameter and gives off a branch 5 mm. from its base, above
which the main branches are roughly alternate in position and somewhat compressed, each
dividing and then anastomosing with others, forming a regular reticulate pattern. The twigs
forming the reticulation are about 5 mm. apart. The calyces. are very unequally spaced and
are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, at times being closely crowded and at
others being 1 mm. apart. There are numerous gall-like swellings caused by parasitic barnacles.

The individual calyces are short cylinders 1.2 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter.
The walls are studded with triangular points projecting upward and outward and sometimes
apparently imbricating. The margin is armed with a circlet of thorny points which are more
prominent than usual in this genus. The polyps are retractile, and furnished with a well developed
operculum which is composed of the characteristic elements, there being two long, bent spindles
longitudinal to the dorsal surface of each tentacle, and a third shorter one lying across their
bases. The operculum is elevated well above the margin, but not usually above the points of
the crovvn spicules.

Spicules. The most characteristic forms are triradiate spicules and crosses. There are
also multiradiate forms, stars, butterflies and Stachelplatten. The spicules resemble those of
Heterogorgia ; but the preponderance of triradiate forms, together with the form of the calyx
and operculum, seems to justify its being placed here.

C o 1 o r. The colony is a decidedly yellowish light brown. The axis is brown and the
spicules colorless.

General distribution. The type of this species was found in Blanche Bay,
New Britain.

A very large dried specimen labeled "Pulu Missa", 20 fathoms, de Siso don., I refer
with some doubt to this species. It is about 50 cm. in height and 60 cm. in diameter. The
operculum is more heavily spiculated. The spicules in general are of the same type character
as the specimen described above, but somewhat more slender.

72

3- J7i//ogorgia rubra (Thomson).

Acamptogorgia rubra Thomson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Appendix to Alcyonaria,
1905, p. 178.

Stat. 80. 2025'S., U7°43'E. Borneo Bank. 50 — 40 meters. Coral sand.

Stat. 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom.

Stat. 220. Anchorage ofif Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 55 meters. Coral sand.

Colonv flabellate, 11.3 cm. in height and with a spread of 6.5 cm. The main stem
divides 1 cm. from its base into two unequal portions, one of which g-ives forth five lateral
branches from the outer side and three from the inner side. The other main branch gives off
two very prominent lateral branches from its inner side and three smaller ones from its outer
side. The branches are placed about 8 mm. apart.

Branchings of the fourth order are attained. The calyces are scattered pretty evenly
over the stem and branches, but are more numerous on the sides, where they are about 1 mm.
apart on the average, although they are closely crowded, even contiguous on the distal parts
of the twigs.

The individual calyces are short cylinders which at first glance appear to be rounded
warts ; but their sides, though short, are vertical. A typical calyx measures about .75 mm. in
height and about 1.2 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are filled with imbricating angular
projections which do not extencl far from the surface as in Acamptogorgia, but look like
loosely set, irregular but angular cobble-stones.

The operculum is sunken below the calyx margin, within which it forms a low dome,
the point of which is raised above the level of the margin. The operculum itself is very
characteristic, consisting of two long straight spindles lying parallel to each other along the
top of each tentacle, a third and shorter spindle being placed crosswise between the slightly
divaricated proximal ends of the former. The collaret is well marked.

Spie ui es. These are exceedingly varied in type, but are mostly triradiate and multi-
radiate Stachelplatten, stars, crosses, butterflies, and some approaching the Acamptogorgian
type. They are all quite small. The triradiate forms and unilateral spindles seem more abundant
in the calyces, while the stars and multiradiate forms are more common in the ccenenchyma
of the stem and branches.

Color. A deep wine color, or crimson. Spicules bright red, almost scarlet. The axis
is a greenish brown.

General dis tr ibu t ion. The type is from the Ceylon Seas.

The Siboga specimens agree quite closely with the description and figure of the type
as given by Thomson. It seems, however, to the present writer that the species should be
placed in the genus Villogorgia rather than in Acamptogorgia.

4. \rillogorgia intricata (Gray).

Brandella intricata Gray. Cat. Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. So.
Villogorgia intricata Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. 9,
1882, p. 188.

73

]'il!ogorgia intricata Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. rii.
Villogorgia intricata Hiles. Willey Reports, the Gorgonacea, 1899, p. 199.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stonc.
Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Strait, orï Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.
Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., U9°7'.sE. Flores Sea. 73 meters.

Colony flabellate and reticulate, 8 cm. in height and 9.5 cm. in spread. The anastomoses
are rather extensive in places. The branch origins are from 3 mm. to 8 mm. apart. The calyces
are distributed on all sides of the colony, hut are more numerous on the lateral sides, where
they are quite closely approximated, being but .5 mm. apart, on an average. The branches
terminate in a group of calyces neither one of which seems strictly terminal.

The individual calyces are cylindrical in form and are set at a right angle to the branches.
They are 1 mm. in height and 1 mm. broad, on the average. The calyx walls are filled with
triradiate and multiradiate Stachelplatten, presenting the cobble-stone effect described in the
discussion of the preceding species, the "stones" being angular instead of rounded. There is
some appearance of imbrication in the calyx spicules, the foliaceous expansions of Stachelplatten
overlapping so that their exposed edges project upward and outward. The operculum is high,
although in the retraction of the polyp its periphery is stinken below the level of the margin,
the summit of the opercular cone being considerably above the margin. The opercular spicules
are arranged as in others of the genus, there being three spicules forming an acute-angled
triangle on the surface of each tentacle. The collaret is well marked, but concealed by the
retraction of the polyps.

Spicules. These are much as in Villogorgia rubra, but the predominating form is a
butterfly-shape in which the fore wings are represented by two spindle-shaped processes arising
from a common base from which the much smaller hind wings also arise. These latter are often
foliaceous expansions approaching Acamptogorgia type. There are also many triradiate forms,
crosses, stars, etc. All of the spicules are small.

Color. The colony is light brown, with a very slight suggestion of a pinkish cast. The
spicules are white, or rather, colorless.

General distribution. The type of this species was from Bass's Strait.

The Challenger secured it between the Fiji Islands and the New Hebrides at a depth
of 145 fathoms. Hiles reports it from Sandal Bay, 30 to 40 fathoms.

5. Villogorgia serrata new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 3, 3^; Plate XXI, fig. 14).

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters.

Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate in form 9.4 cm. in height and with a spread of
10 cm. The branches anastomose rather extensively. The distance between branch origins varies
from 2 to 8 mm., the average being about 4 mm. The various branches are of about the same
diameter (1.5 mm.) throughout. The calyces are thickly and evenly distributed on all sides of
the branches, their walls being usually contiguous.

SIBOGA-EXPEDIÏIE XIII b. 1°

74

The individual calyces are low verrucse, or rounded low domes, seldom exceeding i mm.
in height and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The margin is ornamented with a fringe of blunt
serrated points, and the walls are covered with rough imbricating projections of the same
character. The polyps are completely retractile, and in some cases the calyx walls are drawn
together over them so as to obliterate the aperture.

Usually, however, the operculum and the infolded tentacles are visible from above, but
are sunken well below the margin. The operculum shows the two parallel spindles with a third
between their divaricated bases characteristic of this genus. The ccenenchyma is thick and is
filled with irregular radiate spicules, crosses, etc; but there are scattered here and there a
number of comparatively enormous spindles which appear out of place, but really belong to
the species.

Spicules. These are much like those of V. intricata, there being many crosses, tripartite
forms, stars and doublé stars. There are others that intergrade with the Acamptogorgia type.
The most remarkable, however, are the large spindles referred to above. They are so apparently
foreign to the others that it is hard to persuade one's self that they are not accidently present.
They occur quite constantly and in place.

C o 1 o r. The colony is a light pinkish brown in color. The spicules are colorless.

6. Villogorgia timorensis new species. (Plate XIV, figs. 3, 3^; Piate XXII, fig. 3).

Stat. 166. 2°28'.5S., 1 3 1° 3'. 3 E. near New Guinea. 11S meters. Sand.

Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand.

Stat. 289. 90 o'. 3 S., I26°24'.5E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, Sand and shells.

Colony flabellate and somewhat reticulate, growing from the calyx of a simple coral.
Height 8 cm. Diameter 8.5 cm. The main stem sends off two small twigs near its base, and a
large branch 1 2 mm. above its proximal end. 7 mm. above this branch the main stem divides
into two parts, one of which anastomoses with the first branch. The other gives off branches
mainly from its outer side, but anastomoses through branchlets with its fellow. The branches
are about 5 mm. apart, on the average.

The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, but are very unevenly
spaced, being sometimes very closely approximated and at others as much as 3 mm. apart.
The twigs usually terminate in a pair of calyces.

The individual calyces are distinctly tubular, usually standing at a right angle to the
branch. A typical one measures 1.6 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter.

Their walls are studded with blunt points directed upward and outward. These are
projections from spicules with expanded, usually triradiate, bases embedded in the ccenenchyma.
There is a low crown of points around the calyx margin. The polyps are retractile, but the
operculum is very high, its spicules standing almost vertically in the preserved specimens, making
a tent-like whorl of even and almost parallel spindles encircling a round aperture.

Spicules. These are mainly of two sorts. There are large, pointed, spindle-shaped
forms with an expanded usually triradiate base, approaching very closely to the Echinomuricea

75

type. There are also numcrous stars, crosses and multiradiate forms, besides Stachelplatten and
an occasional Acamptogorgia type.

Color. The colony is a deep crimson red, and the spicules are of the same tint.

This species bears considerable resemblance to Villogorgia rubra, but the calyces are
considerably larger and of different proportions from those of that species.

7. Jrillogorgia jlavescens new species. (Plate XIV, figs. 1, \a\ Plate XXII, fig. 1).

Stat. 38. 7°35'.4S., II7°2S'.6E. near Paternoster Islands. 521 meters. Coral.
Stat. 117. i° 0.5 N., 1220 56' E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Stat. 256. 5°26'.6 S., I32°32'.5E. Kei Islands. 397 meters. Mud.

Colony (incomplete) flabellate and typically reticulate, 17 cm. in height and with a
diameter of 13.3 cm. It was doubtless much larger originally. The main stem is tortuous, sending
off very irregular branches which anastomose extensively. There are three main branches on
one side and four stubs of branches on the other. The three main branches send off irregular
branchlets which form the reticulate pattern.

The calyces are lateral in position, as a rule, and tend to be alternate, the average
distance between them beino- about 1.6 mm.

o

The individual calyces are tubular in form, and are set at a right angle with the
branches. A typical one measures .8 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter. The walls are
often quite straight, but not infrequently they are somewhat expanded at the margin. The walls
are filled with very small spicules of complicated patterns, and their surface is smoother than in
other species of this genus. There is a slightly developed crown of points around the margin.
Both the calyx walls and ccenenchyma appear to be finely felted under a low magnification,
and this appearance is due to the small size and delicate structure of the spicules. The polyps
are only partly retractile, and rest with their collarets on the calycular margin. The operculum
is high, and is composed of the usual three spindles.

Spicules. These are quite small tri-partite forms, crosses, daggers, butterflies and multi-
radiate forms, as well as irregular Stachelplatten of various patterns. Simple spindles are seldom
seen. The spicules remind one of the Heterogorgia type, in many instances, but the triradiate
forms and butterfly-shapes predominate.

Color. The colony is light buffy, in alcohol. The axis is brown and the spicules are
colorless.

8. Villogorgia inermis new species. (Plate XIV, figs. 4, \a\ Plate XXII, fig. 2).

Stat. 299. io°52'.4S., I23°i'.iE. Rotti Island. 34 meters. Mud and coral.

Colony (incomplete) flabellate and slightly reticulate in form, the basal part being missing.
The portion remaining is 8.9 cm. in height and has a width of 8.3 cm. The branches are
irregularlv alternate, and they give off alternately disposed branchlets many of which produce
clavate terminal twigs. There is a moderate degree of anastomosis, resulting in a loosely

76

reticulate pattern. The average distance between branches is about 7 mm. The calyces are
thickly and rather unevenly distributed on all sides of die branches. They are often contiguous,
but may be as much as 1.5 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are low verrucse when the polyps are completely retracted and
the margins infolded; but very short cylinders whose walls are mere circular bands when,. as is
ordinarily the case in the type, the walls are not drawn in at the top. A typical calyx measures
about .3 mm. in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter. The margin is surrounded by a ring of short
blunt points. The walls appear quite smooth under a hand lens, but a greater magnification
shows them to be studded with small blunt points similar to those around the margin. The
polyps are completely retracted, but ordinarily the calyx margin is widely open, showing the
infolded tentacles below the level of the margin. The operculum is rudimentary, being represented
by a few very small spindles on the tentacle bases, ancl not efficiënt functionally.

S p i c u 1 e s. The typical form is a quadripartite one in which one part is larger than the
others, conical or thorn-shaped and more or less tuberculate. 3 to 5-rayed unsymmetrical forms,
in which one point is considerably' larger than the others, are common. Symmetrical stars,
crosses and multiradiate forms are also seen. Spindles are rarely encountered.

Color. The colony is very light brown. The axis is a dark golden brown with a very
distinct iridescence.

On account of the small size of the spicules, this species has a surface much like that
of the preceding form. The shape of the calyces of the two, are, however, quite distinct.

Placogorgia Wright and Studer (emended).
Placogorgla Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 113.

As is apt to be the case when a new genus is founded on a single specimen, the
original describers of the genus Placogorgia included a number of details which were not of
generic importance, and some of them harclly good specific characters.

For this reason a shorter or more condensed description is preferable.

The Siboga material contains a relatively large number of species that can properly
be included in this genus, and an examination of this series of forms enables us to select the
characters mentioned by Wright and Studer that appear to be of real generic importance, and
to add one other feature that appears necessary. In this way the following definition is formeel : —

Placogorgia. Colony flabellate, seldom reticulate; calyces low cones or verrucae, their walls
filled with imbricating dises or Stachelplatten ; operculum composed of three spindles arranged
in an acute-angled triangle.

The type, and only known species up to the present time, is Placogorgia atlantica
Wright and Studer.

This genus differs from Bebryce, to which it often bears a superficial resemblance, in not
having the characteristic spicules of that genus, i. e. the disc with a central elevated, knob-like
process. There is also some resemblance of this genus to Echinogorgia in the overlapping of

77

the calyx spicules; but here, again, there is a wide difference between the characteristic spicules
of the two genera.

Perhaps the closest relationship, however, is with the genus Acts, with which Placo-
gorgia almost intergrades in some cases by possessing large ^cales that approach the si/.e of
those found in Acts, as in the case of Placogorgia squamata. In this species, however, there
is a more evident imbrïcation of the calyx spicules than is found in Acts.

i. Placogorgia atlautica Wright and Studer.

Placogorgia atlautica Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 114.

Stat. 15. 7°2'.6S., 11 50 23'. 6 E. near Kangeang Islands. 100 meters. Coral sand.
Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Colony flabellate in form, 7.4 cm. in height and 10.3 cm. in width. The main stem
gives off a short branch 9 mm. from its base, and another on the same side about 1 cm.
above the first. Shortly above this latter it divides into three parts, the central one being
erect and unbranched, the others being lateral, branched in a rudely alternate manner, and
sometimes reachino- the fifth order of branchine.

The calyces are mainly lateral and roughly alternate in position, and are ordinarily about
1 mm. apart, although in some places the branches are bare for as much as six mm.

The individual calyces are subconical in shape, a typical one measuring a little less
than 1 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are filled with imbricating
thin plates or Stachelplatten with jagged irregular edges projecting ontward and upward. The
distal row of these plates sends up a jagged irregular row of processes around the calyx
margin. The polyps are retractile, and when retracted the operculum rests well below the
margin. The collaret is slender and the operculum is composed of the ordinary three spindles,
which are small in size, and therefore the different flaps of the operculum leave well-marked
spaces between them. The whole of these spaces form a rosette-shaped figure when viewed
from above. The ccenenchyma of the stem and branches is filled with short spindles, blunt at
the ends, which lie generally in a longitudinal direction.

Spicules. These are mainly of two types. The first kind is found in the calyx walls,
and consists of variously branched plates, the lobular or sharp projections from the sides
forming the points seen in the calyx walls, the remainder of each spicule being buried. The
second sort of spicule is the blunt-ended spindle found mainly in the ccenenchyma of the stem
and branches. Besides these two main types there are a few crosses, stars, daggers, etc.

Color. The colony is dark grayish brown, the axis dark brown, the spicules colorless.

General distribution. The type and only previously known specimen, was secured
at St. Paul's Rock, Atlantic Ocean. Depth 80 fathoms.

2. Placogorgia campanulifera new species. (Plate XI, figs. 3, 30 ; Plate XXI, fig. 13).
Stat. 47. Bay of Bima. 55 meters. Mud with sand.

'<^°°!

%

78

Colony flabellate in form, 12 cm. in height, 8.7 cm. in spread, and much overgrown
with campanularian hydroids and other forms. 1.4 cm. from its base the main stem divides
into three parts, one being a short branch with a single undivided branchlet ; another, the
central one, dividing shortly into two parts each of which gives off side branches ; a third,
forming the main part of the colony, is pinnately branched, the pinnae themselves sometimes
bearing terminal twigs. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the branches, but are quite
irregularlv spaced. Perhaps an average distance from summit to summit would be 1.5111111.

The indiviclual calyces are verrucae, a typical one measuring .7 mm. in height and 1.2 mm.
in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with imbricating oval plates which are smaller
and much more slender on the distal than on the proximal parts of the calyx. Tn general the
calyx spicules tend to be vertical in position.

The ccenenchyma is filled with similar oval plates which are larger than those of the
calyx and are often irregular in outline and more or less imbricated. All of the exposed edges
of spicules are minutely ctenate. The polyps are completely retractile and may be entirely
concealed by the indrawn calyx margin. The operculum is very delicate, and is composed of
slender spindles arranged in the usual manner.

Spicules. These are mainly oval or squarish discs or plates, varying in one clirection
to typical spindles and in the other to almost round plates. Many of them are oblong with
rouncled corners ; while others have quite an irregular outline, although they never approach
the irregularity of true Stachelplatten.

Co lor. The colony is grayish brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless.
Occasionally a small spicule appears to be blue in color, but this is so rare that it may be
due to some accidental refractive effect.

3. Placogorgia pulchra new species. (Plate XI, figs. 4, ^a ; Plate XXII, fig. 4).
Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion.

Colony straggling in habit and exceedingly irregular in shape, 7.2 cm. in height and
about 3 cm. in width. About 8 cm. from its base the main stem breaks up into four branches,
two short stubs and two long tortuous branches opposite each other and standing at right angles
with the first pair. Each of the tortuous branches gives off three indiviclual straggling branchlets.
The main branches are round in section and about 2 mm. in diameter, except at their terminations
where they are turgid.

The calyces are rather evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, where they are
often contiguous, but sometimes as much as 1.5 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are very low verrucae, about 1.2 mm. in diameter; but this point
is very hard to determine as the calyx wall passes insensibly into the general surface of the
ccenenchyma of the branch. The walls and ccenenchyma are filled with small, imbricating, disc-
like plates with ctenate edges, those around the margins forming a scalloped border to the
calyx. The polyps are completely retractile and are often concealed by the margin closing in
over them. The opercular surface is fiat and sunken considerably below the margin in retraction.

79

'I lu> operculum is represented by a mere trace of small slender spindles and is difficult to see
under moderate magnification.

Spicules. These are mostly regular ctenate discs charasteristic of this genus. Often
one edge is much more decidedly toothed than the other; but never with the long, jagged,
tooth-like projections characteristic of the genus Thcsea. There are a number of small spindles,
and a few stars, crosses, etc.; but these are inconspicuous.

C o 1 o r. The colony is intense bright crimson, the spicules are also crimson, tending
toward a scarlet.

But one specimen of this very beautiful species was secured. lts beauty consists in its
richness of color rather than in its form, which is by no means as graceful and symmetrical
as many other muriceids.

4. Placogorgia dcndritica new species. (Plate XII, figs. 1, ia; Plate XXII, fig. 6).

Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., I22°5Ó'E. Kvvandang Bay entrance. 80 meters (chart.). Sand and coral.
Stat. 204. 40 20' S., 122° 58' E. near Buton Island. 75 — 94 meters. Sand.

Colony much broken up, but it was evidently originally a very large one, a portion
of the proximal part of the stem being exceedingly thick and woody, measuring 3.5 cm. in
diameter. But one of the main branches is preserved, and this arises from the main stem
10.2 from its proximal end, and is evidently but a small part of the original colony. Near its
base it is 1.1 cm. in diameter, and it is about 20 cm. in leneth. It crives 0ff a number of
compound and simple branches on each side, and is flabellate in shape ; but the branchlets do
not anastomose. Both the stem and main branches are tortuous and irregular, giving forth
irregular branchlets which are about 7 mm. apart on an average. The calyces are thickly
emplanted on all sides of the twigs and branchlets, but are more sparsely scattered over the
larger branches. In the former position they are often contiguous and seldom much more than
1 mm. apart. The ends of the twigs are swollen with crowded calyces.

The indiviclual calyces are low rounded verrucse, a typical one measuring about .7 mm.
in height and about 1.2 mm. in diameter. Their walls appear quite smooth under an ordinary
hand lens; but a higher power reveals the fact that they are covered with small, jagged, foliaceous
projections which imbricate closely. These projections are foliaceous expansions from spicules
otherwise buried in the walls. The margin is surrounded by a row of such points. The polyps
are retractile, but some of them rest with the collaret above the calyx margin. Many of them,
however, are completely enclosed and concealed by the calyx. The collaret and operculum are
formed in the usual way, but are delicate in structure being mere skeletons of spicules in the
ordinary position.

Spicules. These are all small, and show an extraordinary diversity and irregularity of
outline. They are in the form of crosses, stars and multiradiate bodies. Many of them are
characterized by delicately branched foliaceous expansions, and projections of exceedingly com-
plicated outline. A very few slender, curved spindles are present.

8o

C o 1 o r. The colony is a very light, yellowish brown (in alcohol). The axis is light brown
and the spicules are colorless.

This must originally have been one of the largest muriceids in the Siboga collection.
lts spicules are many of them of the extreme P lacogorgia type and of unusual delicacy
and complexity.

5. P lacogorgia cryptotheca new species. (Plate XII, figs. 3, 3#; Plate XXII, fig. 5).

Stat. 117. i° o'.5 N., 1220 56' E. North Celebes. So meters. Sand and coral.

Stat. 164. i°42'.s S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 260. 50 36'. 5 S., I32°55'.2E. near Kei Island. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Stat. 273. Anchorage off Jedan Island, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., i34°53'.o,E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Colony (incomplete) flabellate, 10 cm. in height. It consists of a single ramified branch
giving off two simple branches from its proximal portion, and breaking distally into two portions
each of which gives off irregularly disposed branchlets. In one case branchings of the fourth
order are attained. The ultimate branchlets are decidedly tumid distally, and the ccenenchyma
is thick. The calyces are unevenly distributed on all sides of the branches, and are so incon-
spicuous (being entirely included) that the colony greatly resembles a specimen of Plexaura.

The individual calyces are indicated superficially only by their openings, which appear
as oval apertures in the surface of the ccenenchyma. The latter is covered with disc-shaped
imbricating scales with ctenate edges. The polyps are so completely retractile and the calyx
margins so entirely close over them that there is almost no evidence of their existence on
superficial view. The characters of the operculum could not be made out.

Spicules. The most abundant forms are ctenate discs, usually of an irregular outline,
but ordinarily oval. They sometimes take the form of stout clubs with thorn-like projections
from their larger end. Occasionally the Echinogorgia type is seen. Regular spindles are present,
but comparatively small and few in number. The ctenate discs stand nearly upright to the
branches so that their closely imbricating distal ends pack the surface of the ccenenchyma.

Color. The colony is very pale brown, almost white. The axis is dark brown, and the
spicules colorless.

This species is very near to the family Plexauridce, and would be placed, probably, in
the genus Plexauroides did the axis cylinder conform to the definition for that group.

*6. Placogorgia deutata new species. (Plate XII, figs. 4, 40; Plate XXII, fig. ia).

Pulu Missa near Flores, de Siso don.

Colony (dried) flabellate, scarcely reticulate, there being but few anastomoses of the
branches. Height 27.5 cm., diameter 26 cm. The main stem is flattened proximally, being
1.3 cm. X 1.6 cm. in cross section. Lateral branches are given off in an exceedingly irregular
manner throughout its length, and the main stem does not loose its identity to the very edge
of the fan. The branches give off roughly alternate branches and sometimes fork near their

Si

ends, where branchings to the fifth order are sometimes attained. The stem and branches, except
at the very base of the former, are not appreciably flattened. The branches vary from 4 mm.
to 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches,
but are most closely approximated on the terminal twigs and more widely separated on the
main stem. their distance varying from 1 mm. on the former to 2.5 mm. on the latter.

The individual calyces are short cylinders, or greatly truncated cones in shape. They are
small, a typical one measuring 1 mm. in height and also in diameter. The calycular walls are
filled with the overlapping edges of spicules which are flattened dises with very irregular edges.
These often appear in rather regular whorls around the calyces, being less regularly disposed
in other places. The margin is surrounded by a circlet of rather prominent blunt points. The
polvps are completely retractile, but in some instances they rest with the collaret on the margin.
The operculum is elevated and composed of two long, bent, longitudinal spindles on the dorsal
surface of each tentacle, with a third shorter one between their bases.

Spicules. Irregular flattened dises are the dominant forms, their edges being often
indented and branched in a very intricate manner, forming true Stachelplatten. One edge of
each is exposed on the surface of the calyces, and the other is embedded in the ccenenchyma
of the walls. The ccenenchyma of the stem and branches is filled with similar spicules. Some-
times the Stachelplatten assume a radiate form, but are seldom symmetrical stars. There are
few, if any, regular spindles except those forming the opercula.

Color. The dried colony is dark brown, the polyps being darker than the general
surface. The axis is lighter, grayish brown, and the spicules are stained a brownish yellow, and
may have been reddish originally.

7. Placogorgia squamata new species. (Plate XII, figs. 2, 2«; Plate XXII, fig. 8).

Stat. 43. Pulu Sarassa, Postillon Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral.

Stat. 274. 50 28.2 S., 1 340 5 3.9 E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 310. 8° 30' S., 1 190 7.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

Colony flabellate, 7 cm. in height and with a spread of 5.3 cm., rigid in habit. Main
stem sinuous, nearly straight, giving off its first branch 1.6 cm. from its base. Branches rather
regularly alternate, 3 mm. to 9 mm. apart. Most of the branches are simple, but some of them
send off alternate branchlets. There are 110 branchings of the third order. The diameter of the
main stem is 2 mm., and of the branches 1.5 mm. The branch terminations are club-shaped,
and there are some terminal calyces. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the
branches, being usually contiguous, their apices being but 1 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are very low verrucse, often somewhat oval in cross section, their
long diameter being parallel to the branch. They are not more than .8 mm. in height, with a
long diameter at base of about 1.5 mm. The calyx walls are covered with quite large imbricating
scales with ctenate edges, the edges of the upper row of scales making, with their toothed
edges, a fringe of rather blunt small points around the margin. The polyps are completely
retractile, the operculum resting well below the calyx margins. The operculum is composed of

SlBOGA-EXl'EDITIE XIII b. II

82

delicate spindles arranged in the usual manner, there being two long bent ones with a
shorter one between their divaricated bases. There is a delicate collaret formed of a row of
slender spindles.

Spicules. The most characteristic forms are warty discs with serrated edges. Larger
and more irregular scale-like spicules are embedded in the ccenenchyma, where they are usually
distinctly imbricated. There are a few regular spindles and small multiradiate forms.

Color. The colony is a light grayish brown, the ax'is very dark brown, and the
spicules colorless.

This species approximates closely to some of the forms under the genus Acis\ but the
absence of very large spindles and the imbrication of the scales on all parts seems to justify
the author in placing it in the genus Placogorgia.

8. Placogorgia studcri new species. (Plate XIII, figs. i, i«; Plate XXII, fig. 9).
Stat. 260. s°36'.5S., i32°55'.2E. near Key Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.

Colony flabellate, 14 cm. in height ancl with a spread of 8.2 cm. The main stem is
erect ancl fairly straight, giving off a short simple branch 2.6 cm. from its base and a larger
one 1.3 cm. above the first. This large branch is compound, bearing four simple branchlets on
one side, and one branchlet, which forks near the end, on the other. Above this large branch
the main stem bears five branches, one of which is compound, on one side; and five branches,
three of which again divide, on the other. The average distance between branches is about
1 cm. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, but tend to be lateral
in position. They are about 2.1 mm. apart, on the average.

The individual calyces are in the form of truncated cones, a typical one measuring
1 mm. in height and 1.8 mm. in diameter at the base. The lower parts of the calyx walls
are filled with imbricating ovoid scales ; or stout spindles which are often transversely placed,
but may be oblique or vertical. The distal part of the wall is filled with much smaller vertical
spindles, the distal ends of which show as projecting points around the margin. The polyps
are retractile, but many of them rest with the collaret just above the margin of the calyx.
The collaret is well marked, consisting of three or more rows of transverse spindles. The
operculum is composed of three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle, as is common in
the family Muriceida.

Spicules. The typical form in this species is a flattened spindle, so short as to be
oval in outline. Thus a scale-like outline is produced. The edges of the scales are minutely
ctenate, and the edges of successive scales overlap both in the calyces and general ccenenchyma.
Besides these scales there are a few short spindles of the ordinary proportions.

Color. The colony is a light grayish brown, in alcohol. The spicules are colorless.

The author takes pleasure in naming this species in honor of the veteran naturalist
Professor Th. Studer, author of many important works dealing with the Alcyonaria.

83

9. Placogorgia bebrycoides new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 4, 4^; Plate XXII, fig. 11),

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.
Stat. 274. ;12S'.2S., 1340 53.9 I".. Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.
Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Straits, oft' Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate in form, 8.4 cm. in height and with a spread of •/.■/ cm. The main
stem gives off one stub of a branch at its base, another 6 mm. above this, and 6 mm. still
higher np it divides into two large flabellate branches. One of these gives off three compound
branchlets and two simple ones on one side, and two simple ones on the other. The other
main branch gives off one compound and two simple branches on its outer side, and one
compound branch on its inner side. There are some branchings up to the fourth order. The
average distance between branches in about 7 mm.

The calyces are distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, are often closely
approximated and seldom more than 2 mm. apart. The tips of the ultimate twigs are some-
what swollen.

The individual calyces are very low verrucse, sometimes practically included in the
ccenenchyma. They rarely attain 1 mm. in height, and are about 1.6 mm. broad at their bases.
The calyx walls are covered with rather large, imbricating disc-like or oval spicules whose
edges are minutely ctenate. Sometimes there are a few more attenuated spindles around the
calyx margin, but ordinarily it is surrounded by a row of the protruded ctenate edges of oval
or disc-like forms. The polyps are completely retractile, and are usually entirely withdrawn
within the calyces. The collaret is well developed, and composed of two or three rows of
encircling spindles.

The operculum is high, and its most prominent feature is the three spicules forming
the acute-angled triangle common in this genus. Besides these there are accessory spindles lying
aionor the dorsal surface of the tentacle.

Spicules. The most characteristic form is the oval, disc-like spicule, quite heavy and
having its outer edge ctenate. Often the tubercles give it a ctenate appearance all the way
around. These spicules are sometimes nearly round, and at others squarish. Typical spindles
are very rare. The general appearance of the surface of the ccenenchyma suggests the genus
Bebryce, but the spicules do not have the central projections characteristic of that genus.

Color. The colony is light buffy brown, the axis dark brown, and the spicules colorless.

A specimen from Station 164 is considerably larger than the one described above, being
15.5 mm. in height.

10. Placogorgia altemata new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 2, 2«; Plate XXII, fig. 7).

Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., I22°58 E. near Buton. 75 — 94 meters. Sand.

Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate in habit, 16 cm. in height and 14 cm. in width. The stem is 6 mm. in
diameter near its base. The main stem gives off irregularly alternate branches until it attains

§4

a height of 6 cm., where it forks into two unequal branches; one of which bears quite regu-
larly alternate branchlets, those on the same side being 6 mm. to 13 mm. apart. The other
main branch bears branchlets on one side only, and one of these is itself alternately branched.
The terminal branchlets are 2 mm. in diameter. The calyces are pretty evenly distributed
over the stem and branches, and do not show a very evident tendency to a lateral position.
They are ordinarily less thean 2 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are low truncated cones, usually not more than 1 mm. in height
and 2 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are fillecl with the overlapping jagged edges
of flat, disc-like plates, and the margin is surrounded by points from similar spicules. The
calyces are surmounted by the acorn-shaped tentacular portions of the polyps, resting on a well
markecl collaret. The opercular covering of each tentacle consists of two long, bent spindles,
divergent at their pröximal ends and convergent at their distal ends, resting on a short spindle
lying between their bases.

Spicules. These are of various forms, including foliaceous discs, extensively branched
and tuberculate scales, some Stachelplatten, small spindles, etc. The calyx walls are covered with
imbricating plates with ctenate or toothed edges, some of which project above the margin, as
in Echinomuricea. The ccenenchyma of the stem and branches is thin and filled with warty,
branched discs, and spindles set any way with the axis.

C o 1 o r. The colony (in alcohol) is nearly white, the stem and branches showing grayish
on account of the brown axis cylinder showing through the thin ccenenchyma.

11. Placogorgia reticuloidcs new species. (Plate XVIII, figs. 2, 2 a).

Stat. 273. Dobo, Aru Islands. Reef.

Stat. 310. 8°30'S., iiq°7'.5E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. (Fragmentary specimen).

Colony strictly flabellate, not reticulate, although it appears so on superficial inspection.
Height 35 cm. Spread 28 cm. The main stem is 5 mm. in diameter, and the branches average
2.5 mm. in diameter. About 7 cm. from its base the main stem gives off a branch nearly
as large as itself, and about 2.5 cm. above this it breaks up into several branches which are
obscured by a sponge growth. The branching beyond this is quite irregular, the effect beino-
that of a rude reticulation. The branches are all round in section, and the terminal twigs end
in clavate terminations. The calyces are distributed thickly and evenly on all sides of the
branches, and are practically contiguous throughout.

The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verrucae so nearly included in the ccenen-
chyma of the branches that it is hard to determine where the calyx wall passes into the
general surface. Probably 2 mm. would be an average diameter of the calyces. The calyx
walls are covered with imbricating plates with ctenate edges, which decrease in size toward
the margin; the latter being surrounded by a roughly serrated border, the serrations being
inconspicuous and not attaining the prominence of the crown of thorns found in many species
of this family. The polyps are retractile, but the calyx mouth is left broadly open even when
the polyps are completely withdrawn. The tentacles, in retraction, are sunken down beneath a

fold of the oesophageal portion of the polyp wall, this fold appearing as a scalloped membrane
stretched across the calyx, much as the velum is stretched across the bottom of a medusa. A
similar fold is seen in species of Menella, and also in a number of species of Plexauridae. The
operculum is either absent or so feebly developed as to escape notice.

Spicules. These are usually in the form of rounded plates or scales, thick and clumsy
in appearance. They are covered with even tubercles which appear on the edges as rather
regular projections, giving a ctenate aspect. These scales are of many sizes and forms, but are
not decidedly branched or forked as in the type of this genus. There are a few small spindles
and radiate spicules.

Color. The colony is bright orange, or terra cotta color (in alcohol) the spicules being
of the same color.

Menella Gray (emended).

Menella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th Series, Vol. V, 1870, p. 407.

Menella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1S89, p. LUI.

Menella Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XXXIV, 1908, p. 584.

Like many of Gray's genera, Menella was not characterized with sufficiënt detail to
enable one to be sure as to the form he had in hand. His original description was as follows:

" Coral cylindrical, end (of the branches) clavate, rounded, surface spiculose. Polyp cells
on all sides of the cylindrical stem and branches, close together, forming a rough, spiculose
surtace with hexagonal areolse. Polyps retractile : when retracted convex, with an oblong concavity
surrounded with spicules. Axis horny, black".

Wright and Studer added nothing to the definition, but simply paraphrased it. Nutting
called attention to what appeard to be the most important character, and condensed the
original definition. The following represents the writer's opinion concerning the characterization
of the genus :

Colony sparingly branched, the branches round, with thick ccenenchyma. Calyces very
shallow, elliptical in cross section. When retracted, the polyps sink below the calyx margin,
leaving an oblong depression and with their walls forming a series of eight infolded soft lobes
around and inside of the margin. Spicules various, true spindles being rare.

The only known species, and type of the genus, are Menella indica Gray, and the two
new species in the Siboga collection. The writer does not now believe that his M. grandiflora
from the Hawaiian region should have been placed in this genus.

1. Menella rubescens new species. (Plate XV, figs. 1, \a\ Plate XXII, fig. 13).

Stat. 66. Bank betvveen Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, south of Saleyer. 8 to 10

meters. Coral.
Stat. 71. Makassar and Surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Sand.
Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral.

Colony incomplete, unbranched, rod-like, attaining a height of 9 cm. It is slightly angulated

86

near its middle, and opposite this bend is a low, knob-like projection which may represent an
incipient branch. The calyces are densely crowded over the whole surface, the colony being
round in section, and small polyps in all stages of grovvth are intercalated amongst the
larger ones.

The individual calyces are thin walled, oval in section, the walls being perpendicular,
but very low, not more than 1.5 mm. in height. Their greater diameter is 2 mm. and their
lesser 1.75 mm. The margin has a number of points formed of spicnles which have their
expanded bases embedded in the ccenenchyma, and their sides are packed with annular spicules.
Inside of these points the margin is very delicate, infolded, and divided into eight rounded
lobes which are easily mistaken for the infolded tentacles. These lobes are really portions of
the walls of the retracted polyps. Inside of these, and retracted below them, are the eight
infolded tentacles. The tentacles are almost devoid of spicules, but show a few delicate ones
on their upper surface. These spindles have a reddish tinge and form two thin lines converging
toward the point of each tentacle.

Spicules. These are of many forms, the most characteristic being triradiate and
quadriradiate, with one point much longer and smoother than the others, being much like the
characteristic spicules of Villogorgia. These are found on the walls of the calyces. Besides these
are numerous irregularly forked plates, and spindles with many irregular processes and tubercles.

The typical spindle is rarely seen, and these may be young spicules.

The colony is pinkish brown, in alcohol, the polyps being lighter and the axis brown.

A specimen from Station 315 is much larger than the one described above, being 28 cm.
hieh, and with alternate branches.

'0**1

2. Menella grayi new species. (Plate XV, figs. 2, 2a ■ Plate XXII, fig. 12).
Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with sand.

Colony (incomplete) consisting of a slender stem with one simple branch. Height 11.5 cm.
Length of branch 2.7 cm. Diameter of stem 1.7 mm. The calyces are rather distant and
emplanted on all sides of the stem. They are very irregularly spaced, but are usually not more
than 1 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are entirely included ; or they might be called obsolescent verruca\
their presence being evident by but a slight swelling, when viewed laterally, their sides fading
insensibly into the general surface of the ccenenchyma. On this account no satisfactory measurements
can be given of either their height or diameter. The ccenenchyma has a pitted appearance
owing to the presence of a network of small triradiate and quadriradiate spicules with which
it is filled. The ccenenchyma is thin. The polyps are completely retractile, but the calyx wall
does not ordinarily close over them. Thus the tentacular surface is exposed, and is renderecl
conspicuous by the scarlet opercular spindles. These are long, slender, slightly bent, with their
proximal ends but slightly divaricated. When the polyps are fully retracted the margin is lobed,
the body walls being partly drawn over the infolded tentacles, as in the preceding species.

87

Spicules are slender and delicate. Triradiate and quadriradiate forms predominate.
There are also slender, bent, tuberculate spindles, and rarcly one of the Echinogorgia type.

Color. The colony is light grayish brown, in alcohol, with the scarlct spindles of the
operculum showing in pleasing contrast. The other spicules are colorless.

Here, again, the spiculation reminds one of the genus Villogorgia • but the shape of
the calyces is entirely different.

Heterogorgia Verrill.

(Including Astromuricea Germanos).

Heterogorgia Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XLV, 1868, p. 413.
Heterogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LV.
Heterogorgia Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, Vol. I, Part 2,

1871, p. 450.
Astromuricea Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, 1896, p. 176.

The original description of this genus was very brief and not sufficiënt for use under
the present conditions. The same writer, however, three years later, gave a detailed description
which is much more adequate. Leaving out some unessential details, the definition is as follows : —

"Ccenenchyma rather thin, with granular surface ; spicules quite small and inconspicuous,
of various forms of roughly warted, short spindles, heads, doublé heads, doublé stars, crosses,
with many irregularly shaped small rough spicula. Verrucae rounded, somewhat prominent,
smoothish below, armed at summit with long, sharp, often crooked spindles, which project trom
the surface around the cell in the form of sharp, divergent spindles".

Germanos, in 1896, instituted the genus Astromuricea. A condensed translation of his
definition is as follows : —

"Spicules of the ccenenchyma stars, doublé stars, doublé wheels and star-shaped plates,
and often thick warty plates on the surface of the branches. These spicules are interlocked by
their processes, forming a superficial layer enclosing cruciform spaces, or of intermingled large
warts. There are occasionally spicules with fiattened thorny processes. The ccenenchyma is
thick, calyces tubercular, with circular crown of upright spicules with superficial long spindles
at their bases".

It seems to the present writer that the earlier genus, Heterogorgia, will plainly include
the forms which Germanos places in the genus Astromuricea. The following short definition
will serve to gfive the diaornostic features.

Ccenenchyma moderately thick; calyces verruciform, or in the form of short tubes, with
a marginal crown of sharp spicules. Spicules of the calyx walls stars, doublé stars, heads and
doublé heads, doublé wheels, etc, forming a felted mass on the surface. The ccenenchyma of
the stem and branches often with large spindles.

The genus is somewhat allied to Villogorgia, but lacks the characteristic triradiate
spicules of that genus. The spicules are much smaller, and multiradiate forms predominate.

The type of the genus Heterogorgia is Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. Other known
species are Heterogorgia (Astromuricea) ramosa (Thomson and Henderson), H. papillosa Verrill,

88

H. (Astromuricea) theophilasi (Germanos), H. tortuosa Verrill, H. verril 'li Thomson and Henderson,
and the new species in the Siboga collection.

i. Heterogorgia ramosa (Thomson and Henderson).

Heterogorgia ramosa Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, the Alcyonaria,
[905, p. 291.

Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand, shells.

Stat. 165. Anchorage on North-east side of Daram Island (False Pisangs), East coast of Misool.

49 meters. Coral.

Stat. 250. Anchorage off Kilsuin, West coast of Kur Island. 20 — 45 meters. Coral.

Stat. 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. To 52 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion.

Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion.

Stat. 273. Jedan Island, Aru-Islands. 113 meters. Sand and shells.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Colony flabellate and reticulate in form, 15.5 cm. in height and 12 cm. in width. The
main stem is straight for the greater part of its length, slightly flattened, its greater diameter
being 4 mm. It gives off a pair of opposite branches 2.6 cm. from its base, and a number of
other lateral branches above this, some of which are alternate and some opposite. These branches
themselves divide into branches of the fifth order. The branches average about 8 mm. apart,
and the twigs terminate in swollen ends. The calyces are thickly distributed on all sides of the
stem and branches, are often contiguous and seldom more than .5 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, a typical one measuring .8 mm.
in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter. Its walls are studded with blunt points projecting upward
and outward, and the margin is surrounded by a circlet of such points. The polyps are completely
retractile and the margins of the calyces can be drawn together so as to conceal them ; but
ordinarily the tentacles are visible. The collaret and operculum are composed of very slender
and delicate spindles, the latter covering but a small portion of the base of each tentacle and
leaving the greater part of the tentacular surface bare.

S p i c u 1 e s. The spicules are of various types, as is usual in this genus, the most
characteristic forms being stars and multiradiate forms, often more or less unsymmetrical, one
of the rays being longer and smoother than the others and projecting from the ccenenchyma
when in situ. Occasional regular spindles occur which are much larger than the other spicules.
These He in the ccenenchyma between the calyces.

C o 1 o r. The colony is dull dark red. The spicules are bright scarlet.

General distribution. The type was found in the Ceylon Sea.

Dried specimens of this form are found in the Siboga collection, in one case attaining
a height of 24 cm. and a spread of 22 cm. The specimens agree well with the original description
of the species and the figures of the spicules.

*2. Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill.

Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XIV, 1868, p. 414.

89

Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Vol. I, part 2, 1867 — 71, p. 451.

Pulu Missa near Florcs; de SlSO don.

Colony flabellate, not regularly reticulate, although there are a few anastomoses. Height
25.5 cm. Spread 29.5 cm. The main stem is round and decorticated basally, 2.5 cm. in diameter.
It gives off a large branch 1 .6 cm. from its base, and another, on the opposite side, 9 mm.
above this. 6 mm. above this latter branch the stem breaks up into three parts and looses
its identity. The branches are thicker than in other species of the genus, being about 4 cm.
in diameter, and are tortuous. They give off numerous side branches which continue to divide
until branches of the sixth order are sometimes attained. Most of the twigs end in swollen
terminations. None of the branches are appreciably flattened. The calyces are distributed on all
sides of the colony, and are about 1.5 mm. apart, on the average.

The individual calyces are conical in shape, and a typical one measures 2 mm. in height
and 3 mm. in diameter at the base, thus being larger than in most species of the genus. The
calyx walls are comparatively smooth, but a close inspection under a moderate magnification
shows that they are studded with small points projecting upward and outward from stellate
and radiate spicules, those around the margin not being more conspicuous than the others.
The spicules are not so compactly placed as is often the case, thus giving greater flexibility
to the branches. The polyps are retractile, but often rest with their collarets above the margins.
The operculum is usually high, subconical, and composed of the usual elements, except that
there are more than the usual three spindles to each opercular flap. The collaret is composed
of strong spindles disposed in two or three interrupted transverse rows.

Spicules. All the spicules of this species are small; crosses, stars and multiradiate
forms predominating. The rays of the stars are strongly tuberculate, and sometimes branched.
A few small, curved spindles are seen, but they are probably from the collarets and opercula.

Co lor. The dried specimen is ashy gray. The axis is dark brown. The spicules are
light yellowish, almost colorless.

General distribu tion. The type was found in the Bay of Panama.

This handsome species differs from others in the collection in the size of the calyces,
which are much larger than in any other species of this genus in the Siboga material.

3. Heterogorgia muricelloides new species. (Plate XV, figs. 3, 3^; Plate XXII, fig. 18).
Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with sand.

Colony consisting of a very long slender stem, 43 cm. in length, giving off four straight
simple branches at great but unequal distances from each other and projecting at right angles
from the stem. The stem and branches are of about the same diameter throughout. The calyces
are found on all sides of the stem and branches, but are very unequally spaced. In general
they are distant, averaging perhaps 2 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are shallow or low verruca?, or truncated cones, averaging less than

S1BOOA-EXPEDITIE XIII b. 12

9o

.5 mm. in height and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The margins are ornamented with vertical
points that are broad and sharp, and the entire walls present broad, saw-tooth-like points
projecting outward and upward, and often imbricating. These points are projections from stellate
spicules partly embedded in the coenenchyma. The polyps are completely retractile and capable
of being concealed by the calyx walls. The collaret is well marked and the operculum is formed
in the usual way, the pair of longitudinal spindles on each opercular flap being broader than
usual. The ccenenchyma is filled with heavy fusiform spindles of the Muricella type.

Spicules. The most conspicuous spicules are the large spindles of the ccenenchyma
just mentioned. They are often wavy or sinuous, and sometimes attain a length of 2.5 mm.
The star-like spicules of the calyx walls are very much smaller. Very rarely they show a few
projecting points on one side as in Acanthogorgia, but this can not be deemed a character-
istic feature.

Color. The colony is a deep coral red, approaching crimson. The spicules are scarlet,
and the axis is greenish brown.

4. Heierogorgia clatisa new species. (Plate XV, figs. 4, \a).

Stat. 80. 2°25'S., U7°43'E. Borneo Bank. 50 — 40 meters. Coral sand.

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., i30°4/'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones.

Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.

Colony flabellate, 7.2 cm. high and 5.5 cm. wide. The main stem is 3 mm. in diameter,
and gives off a branch 1.4 cm. from its base. This branch curves outward and upward, giving
off branchlets from its outer side only. Two of these branchlets bear branches of the third
order in an irregularly alternate manner. Above the origin of the first branch the main stem
divides into two parts, each part bearing branches in an irregular manner. The average distance
between branchlets is about 5 mm. One branch is much swollen by the presence of a parasitic
annelid between the axis and the ccenenchyma. The calyces are regularly distributed on all
sides of the colony. In many places they are contiguous, and are rarely more than 1 mm. apart

The individual calyces are low, evenly rounded verrucae with small apertures. Their
walls are packed with small spicules which look like disks on surface view, but which are
really the imbricating jagged edges of irregular spicules embedded in the ccenenchyma. The
margin is marked by small inconspicuous points. The calyces are about 1 mm. in height and
diameter. The polyps are retractile, the calyces closing over them so as to leave but a small
aperture. The operculum is very delicate, but consists of the ordinary three spindles forming
an acute-angled triangle. The collaret is present, but delicate.

Spicules. The must abundant forms are stars and other radiate forms. A few small
crosses, clubs, daggers, etc. are also seen.

Color. The colony is grayish brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless.

A small specimen from Station 274 is placed with this species with doubt. It shows
a number of comparatively large spindles mixed with the other spicules in the ccenenchyma.

9i

5. Heterogorgia humilis new species. (Plate XVII, figs. i, i«; Plate XXII, fig. 14).

Stat. 310. 8°30'S., ii9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand.

Colony flabellatc in form, 4.7 cm. in height and with a spread of 2.4 cm. The main
stem bears a small lateral 5 mm. from its base, and another, on the opposite side, 1 cm. from
the base. A little above this the main branch divides into two unequal parts, both of which
are alternately branched in an irregular manner, the average distance between the branchlets
being about s nim. In some cases branches of the third order are produced. The branches are
about 1 mm. in diameter, and the tips are turgid. The calyces are irregularly disposed on the
stem and branches, being more crowded on the sides than on the front and back. They are
about 1 mm. apart, on the average.

The individual calyces are very low verrucse, almost included, showing but a small portion
of their walls above the general level of the ccenenchvma. They are about 1.2 mm. in diameter.
The margins are surrounded by a circlet of blunt but prominent points, and other similar points
project upward and outward from the walls.

The polyps are completely retractile, but the margin does not close over them in
retraction. The operculum is well developed, each flap being composed of the ordinary three
spindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle.

S p i c u 1 e s. These are of exceedingly varied types, as is characteristic of this genus. They
are all small, and take the form of crosses, stars, doublé stars, daggers, and irregular forms
with all sorts of points and projections. Many are small Stachelplatten. A very few small
spindles are seen, some of which are curved.

Color. The colony is light brown, with a yellowish cast. The axis is almost black
proximally, lightening distally. The spicules are colorless.

A specimen from the same station is much larger than the one described. It is 7.6 cm.
high, and more thrifty and vigorous in growth. The calyces are more crowded than in the type.

6. Heterogorgia stellata new species. (Plate XV, figs. 5, 5^; Plate XXII, fig. 16).

Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Coral.

Colony (incomplete) rudely flabellate in form, 8.4 cm. high and 4.8 cm. wide. The main
stem is broken off 3.2 cm. from its base, leaving but two short branches and one large one
that forms almost the entire type specimen. This branch arises 2 cm. from the base of the main
stem, curves outward and then upward, and bears branchlets in a rudely pinnate manner. These
again divide until branchings of the 4th order are sometimes produced. The average distance
between branches is about 5 mm. The branches are slender, being but a little over 1 mm. in
diameter. The calyces are so completely included and covered that it is difficult to ascertain
their distribution, particularly as the specimen is in poor condition. They seem, however, to be
sparsely distributed on all sides of the branches.

The individual calyces are so completely immersed in the ccenenchyma that they admit
of but little description, especially as the type is in such poor condition that but few of them

92

are intact. In a few instances they appear to be scarcely perceptible swellings, the margins
being surrounded by blunt points. A few ill-defined whorls of similar points can be seen
surrounding and overlapping those forming the marginal projections. The polyps are completely
retractile, but the nature of the operculum can not be determined. The ccenenchyma of the
branches contains a number of relatively large spindles.

Spie ui es. These are mostly of the radiate type, regular five-pointed stars being not
uncommon. They are usually unsymmetrical, however, one ray often being considerably larger
than the others and projecting from the surface of the ccenenchyma when in situ. There are
also a number of relatively large, densely tuberculate spindles.

Co lor. The colony is light yellowish brown, the axis dark brown with a distinct
iridescence, and the spicules light yellow.

In many respects this species is much like Heterogorgia ramosa, but differs in the
complete inclusion of the calyces and in the color of the spicules.

7. Heterogorgia metgna new species. (Plate XVI, figs. 1, ia; Plate XXII, fig. 15).

Stat. 299. Cyrus Bay, Island Rotti. 30 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion.
Stat. 313. East of Dangar Besar, Saleh Bay. Up to 36 meters.
*Pulu Missa, near Flores, de SlSO don.

Colony (dried) flabellate in form, loosely reticulate, the meshes being large and irregular.
Height 25.5 cm. Diameter 35 cm. Two large sterns grow from a common base, each of which
bifurcates a short distance above its base, the resultant branches either dividingf a^ain or sendingf
off lateral branchlets which proceed in a similar manner toward the edge of the fan. All of
the branches send off short lateral branchlets which either end in a club-shaped termination
or anastomose with other branches.

The average distance between branches is more than 1 cm. The main branches are
moderately compressed, their diameters being 4 mm. X 2 mm. The calyces are crowded over
the whole surface of the colony.

The individual calyces are very small, verruciform, crowded so as to be in general
contiguous. They are about .3 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are filled
with the projecting points of stellate spicules which have their lower edges buried in the
ccenenchyma of the walls and their upper edges exposed and imbricating. The margin is crowned
with a ring of rather blunt points which are rays of spicules buried in the walls. The polyps
are completely retractile, but the aperture of the calyx is seldom closed in dried specimens.
The character of the operculum can not be made out in a satisfactory manner.

Spicules. Typical stars are the most characteristic forms, there being many of five
rays, the rays being more slender and symmetrical than in other species examined. Triradiate
forms, crosses, and multiradiate stars are also found, as well as a few small slender spindles.

The slenderness of the rays of the stars at once distinguishes this species from others
in the collection.

93

Color. The colony (dried) is dull sandy brown. The axis is black and the spicules are
colorless.

Some of the specimens of this species are among the largest in the collection. One from
Stat. 313 is 55 cm. high and lias a spread of 43 cm.

*8. Hetcrogorgia rcticulata new species. (Plate XVII, figs. 2, ïa\ Plate XXII, fig. 17).

Ternate, collectcd by the Dutch North New Guinea Expedition, 1903. Aug. 1903.
Pulu Missa near Flores, de SlSO don.

Colony (dried) strictly flabellate and reticulate, 24.5 cm. in height and 28 cm. wide,
growing on a pearl oyster shell. The main stem is 5 mm. in diameter near the base, but soon
becomes flattened like the branches, the larger diameter being at a right angle with the plane
of the colony. From 2 to 3 cm. from its base it bears lateral branches, and above this soon
looses its identity by breaking up into several vertical branches. These, and the laterals, spread
in a fan-shaped form, radiating toward the periphery of the colony and sending off numerous
short curved branchlets with swollen ends, except where they anastomose with other branches
to form a reticulate pattern. The radiating branches are all laterally compressed so that they
present their lesser diameter when the colony is viewed from in front. Their diameters are
4X2.2 mm. The average distance between twigs is 4 mm. The calyces are distributed on all
sides of the stem and branches, but are less numerous on the front and back of the proximal
parts, and more numerous on the distal parts of the colony, where they are thickly crowded
and usually contiguous.

The individual calyces are rather low verrucae, 1 mm. in diameter and less than .5 mm.
in height. They are probably shrunken considerably in the clried specimen, and the calycular
apertures are all widely open. The walls are filled with spicules that are stellate or multiradiate
in form. They often appear superficially as irregular disks with jagged edges which sometimes
imbricate. The calyx margin is surrounded by a number of jagged lobular prominences, or
edges of these disks.

The polyps are retractile. The operculum has sunk to the bottom of the calyces, and
is of the ordinary muriceid type, with two long curved spindles Iying along the dorsal surface
of each tentacle.

Spicules. Stars, multiradiate forms and disks with irregular jagged edges predominate.
Doublé stars and doublé crosses are also found with an occasional ordinary spindle.

Color. The specimen is dull ashy brown, in the dried state. The axis is dark brown
and the spicules colorless.

This species is evidently allied to Heterogorgia ramosa T. and H., but differs from it
in color, in the marked compression of the branches, and in the fact that ordinary spindles
are abundant in H. ramosa, forming a conspicuous feature on the slide of spindles, while they
are rare in H. reticulata.

94
g. Hctcrogorgia operculata new species. (Plate XVIII, figs. i, ia).

Stat. i ij. i°o'.5 S., 122° 56' E. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.

Colony flabellate and reticulate, 33 cm. in height and with a spread of 29 cm. The
width of the colonv would be much greater but for the fact that a part of the specimen is
folded over across the front, and anastomoses with it. The main stem divides about 3 cm. from
its base into two main branches, and these anastomose in a meshwork in such a way that
they can not successfully be traced. The web is rather loose, and the branches delicate, averaging
about 2 mm. in diameter. The proximal portion of the main branches are compressed, and the
remainder of the branches are round in section. The calyces are thickly emplanted over the
whole surface of the colony.

The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verrucae, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Their
walls are filled with the erect projecting points of radiate spicules, the points forming more or
less regular whorls around the calyx. walls. The margins are crowned with a circlet of blunt
points. The polyps are completely retractile and the operculum is composed of two relatively
heavy spindles lying almost paralell to each other on the dorsum of each tentacle, with a third,
shorter, one between their bases. The collaret is strono-, consistine of several rows of encircline
spindles.

Spicules. As is usual in this genus the spicules are mainly stellate forms. Few of
them, however, are very symmetrical stars. There are also many crosses, butterfly-shaped forms,
multiradiate spicules, and a few rather slender curved spindles.

C o 1 o r. The colony is a dull orange, or bright terracotta. The axis is a strong, dark
olive brown, lightening distally, and the spicules are orange.

This handsome species differs greatly in color from any of the other specimens of
Hctcrogorgia in the Siboga collection. Although superficially resembling other reticulate species
of the genus, it differs from H. magna in its heavy operculum and collaret ; from H. ramosa
in color, and in the fact that the latter species has large tuberculate spindles ; from H. rcticnlata
in color and character of the spicules, there being no butterfly-shaped forms in the last
mentioned species.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MURICEID.L COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION.

List of Stations

at which Muriceidse were collected by the Siboga Expedition, and a
List of Species collected at each Station.

Station 5. 7°46'S., U4°3o'.5E. 330 meters. Mud. Acanthogorgia ridleyi.

Station 7. 7°55'.5S., H4°26'E. 15 meters and more. Coral with stones. Near Reef of Batjulmati
(Java). Muriceides javensis.

Station 15. 7°2'.6S., 1 15° 23'. 6 E. 100 meters. Fine coral sand. Anthogorgia aurea, Placogorgia atlantica.

Station 26. 8°35'.i S., ii5°3i'.2E. 305 meters. Black sand. Acanthogorgia laxa.

Station 28. 8°43'.7 S. 115° 19.5 E. 143 meters. Hard, coral bottom. Manacella reticularis.

Station ^S. 7°35'.4S. ii7°28'.6E. near Paternoster Islands. 521 meters. Coral. Villogorgia flavescens.

STATION 43. Anchorage off Pulu Sarassa, Postillion Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral. Placogorgia
squamata.

STATION 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud, with patches of fine coral sand.
Acanthogorgia ceylonensis, A. studeri, Antliomuricea sanguinea, Heterogorgia muricelloides, Menella grayi,
Placogorgia ca nipan u 1 i/c ra .

Station 49. 8° 20'. 5 S., U9°4'.sE. 369 meters. Coral and shells. Thesea simplex, Bebryce thomsoni.

Station 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells, according
to locality. Bebryce thomsoni, Heterogorgia ramosa, Thesea fiava, Versluysia ceylonensis, Antliomuricea reticulata.

STATION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Reef.
Antliomuricea timorensis, Echinogorgia aurantiaca, Heterogorgia stellata, Thesea sanguinea.

STATION 65a. Very near 7°o'S., I20°34'.5E. From 400 to 120 meters. Pale grey mud, changing
during haul into coral bottom. Muricella stellata.

Station 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, South of Saleyer. 8 to 10 meters.
Dead coral, Halimeda, Lithothamnion. Menella rubescens.

STATION 71. Makassar and surroundings. (Pulu Barang, Samalona, Ley-Ley). Up to 32 meters. Mud,
sand with mud, coral. Echinomuricea coronalis, Menella rubescens.

Station 80. 2°25'S., ii7°43'E. Borneo Bank. From 50 — 40 meters. Fine coral sand. Echinogorgia
pseudosassapo, Heterogorgia clausa, Muricella complanata, M. grandis, Villogorgia rubra.

96

STATION 8i. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom, and Lithothamnion. Villo-
srorgia rubra.

Station 105. 6°8'N. 121° 19' E. Sulu Sea. 275 meters. Coral bottom. Thesea flava.

STATION 108. 6° 10'. 3 N., i2i°32'S. Sulu Sea. 73 meters. Hard, probably coral. Thesea simplex.

STATION 117. i°o'.5 N., I22°56'E. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and
coral. Acamptogorgia spatulata, Acantliogorgia flabellum, A. striata, A. studeri, Echinomuricea coronahs,
Heterogorgia operculata, Muricella crassa, M. grandis, Placogorgia cryptotheca, C. dendritica, Villogorgia
compressa, V. jlavescens.

Station 122. i°58'.5 N., i25°o'.5 E. near Menado, Celebes. 1264 — 1 165 meters. Stone. Acantlio-
gorgia aspera.

STATION 125. Anchorage off Sawan, Siau Island. 27 meters. Stone and some Lithothamnion.
Acantliogorgia flabellum, Thesea sanguinea.

STATION 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand. Muri-
cella complanata.

STATION 139. o°ii' S., I27°25'E. Molluca Passage. 397 meters. Mud, stones and coral. Acantlio-
gorgia studeri.

STATION 144. Anchorage north of Salomakië (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Litho-
thamnion. Acantliogorgia ceylonensis, Anthogorgia aurea, Anthomuricea sanguinea, Muricella grandis.

STATION 154. o°j'.2 N., I30°25'.5 E. Bougainville Strait. 83 meters. Gray muddy sand with dead
shells, Lithothamnion. Bebryce lucksoni, Villogorgia compressa, V. nigrescens.

STATION 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand small stones and shells.
Acantliogorgia flabellum, Echinogorgia aurantiaca, E. complexer, E. flora, E. ridleyi, Echinomuricea coronalis,
E. spinifera, Muricella perraviosa, Placogorgia bebrycoides, P. cryptotheca, Thesea flava.

Station 165. Anchorage on Northeast side of Daram Island, (False Pisangs) East coast of Misool.
49 meters. Heterogorgia ramosa.

STATION 166. 2°28'.5S., I3I°3'.3E. near Misool. 118 meters. Hard, coarse sand. Acamptogorgia
spatulata, Echinomuricea coronalis, Versluysia dentata, J'. timorensis.

STATION 204. 4°2o'S., I22°5S'E. from 75 — 94 meters. Between Islands of Wowoni and Buton ;
North entrance of Buton Strait. Sand, with dead shells. Acantliogorgia turgida, Acis serrata, Echino-
gorgia aurantiaca, Muricella grandis, Placogorgia alter nata, P. dendritica, Thesea pallida, Versluysia
dentata, V. rosea.

Station 212. 5°54'-5 S., I20°i9'.2 E. Banda Sea. 462 meters. Fine gray and green mud. Acantlio-
gorgia ridleyi.

STATION 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 278 meters. Coral sand.
Versluysia operculata, Villogorgia rubra.

STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 — 45 meters. Black sand, coral, Lithothamnion bank in 18 — 36 M.
Echinomuricea pulchra.

STATION 250. Anchorage off Kilsuin, West coast of Kur Island. 20 — 45 meters. Coral and Litho-
thamnion. Heterogorgia ramosa.

Station 253. 5°48'.2S., I32°I3'E. Arafura Sea. 304 meters. Grey clay, hard and crumbly. Acantlio-
gorgia striata, Acis squamata, Muricella collaris.

STATION 256. 5°26'.6 S., I32°32'.5 E. near Kei Islands. 397 meters. Greyish green mud, coral.
Villogorgia flavescens.

97

Station 257. In Du-roa Strait, Kei Islands. To 52 meters. Coral. Acantliogorgia ceylonensis, Bebryce
hicksoni, Heterogorgia ramosa.

STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Bebryce
tliomsoni, Placogorgia pulchra, Heterogorgia ramosa.

STATION 259. 5° 29.2 S., I32°52.5 E. near Kei Islands. 487 meters. Coral sand and dead coral.
Acantliogorgia ridleyi.

STATION 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Acantlio-
gorgia muricata, A. turgida, Bebryce thomsoni, Muricella grandis, M. perramosa, Placogorgia atlantica,
P. cryptotheca, P. studeri, Thesea flexilis, T. simplex, Versluysia ceylonensis, V. dentata, Villogorgia timorensis.

STATION 266. 5° 56.5 S., I32°47'.7 E. near Kei Islands. 595 meters. Grey mud with coral and stones.
Echinomuricea cylindrica.

STATION 273. Anchorage off Jedan Island, East coast of Aru Islands, (Pearl Banks). 13 meters.
Sand and shells. Placogorgia cryptotheca, Thesea jlava, T. sangttinea, Versluysia reticulata.

STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Acantlio-
gorgia studeri, Echinomuricea spinifera, Heterogorgia clausa, H. ramosa, Muriceides dubia, Muricella gracilis,
Placogorgia bebrycoides, P. cryptotheca, P. squamata, Thesea Jlava, T. pallida, Villogorgia intricata, V. serrata.

Station 280. 8° 17.4 S., i27°3o'.7 E. Timor Sea. 1224 meters. Dredge brought up glossy black
manganese nodules. Echinomuricea collaris.

Station 285. 8° 39.1 S., I27°4'.4E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. On the limit between mud and coral,
Lithothamnion. Echinomuricea coronalis, Thesea flexilis.

STATION 288. 9°o'.5 S., l26°3i'.2E. Timor Sea. 869 meters. Bottom hard, not obtained. Acantlio-
gorgia aspera.

Station 289. 9°o'-3S., I26°24'.5E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Acamptogorgia
spatulata, Acantliogorgia ceylonensis, Acis scolorensis, Bebryce hicksoni, Elasmogorgia filiformis, Thesea
immersa, Versluysia argentea, V. ceylonensis, Villogorgia timorensis.

Station 297. io°39'S., i23°4o'E. Timor Sea. 520 meters. Soft grey mud, with brown upper layer.
Acantliogorgia turgida, Echinomuricea costata.

STATION 299. iO°S2'.4S., 1230 i'.l E. Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island. 30 meters. Mud, coral and Litho-
thamnion. Villogorgia incrmis, Heterogorgia magna.

STATION 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga, 113 meters. Stony. Acantliogorgia
spinosa, Acis alba, A. solorensis, A. squamata, Anthogorgia verrilli, Bebryce hicksoni, Heterogorgia clausa,
Muricella grandis, Placogorgia alternata, P. bebrycoides, Versluysia ceylonensis, V. ramosa, V. rosea, Villo-
gorgia intricata.

Station 310. 8°3o'S., U9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand, with few pieces of dead coral.
Acantliogorgia flabellum, A. spinosa, A. truncata, Bebryce hicksoni, B. indica, Echinogorgia complexa, Echino-
muricea furfuracea, Heterogorgia humilis, Muricella complanata, AL' dubia, Placogorgia reticuloides, P.
squamata, Thesea pallida, T. placoderma, Versluysia reticulata, Villogorgia compressa, V. intricata.

Station 313. Anchorage east of Dangar Besar, Saleh Bay. Up to 36 meters. Sand, coral and mud.
Heterogorgia magna.

STATION 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Coral and Lithothamnion. Up
to 36 meters. Acantliogorgia flabellum, Menella rubescens, Thesea sanguinea.

The following species were collected by others, but presented to the Siboga Expedition
and incorporated in its collection.

Pulu Missa, near Island of Flores; DE SlSO don. Echinomuricea indomalaccensis, Echinogorgia pseudo-
sassapo, Heterogorgia magna, H. reticulata, H. vcrrucosa, Placogorgia dentata, Villogorgia compressa.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b. 13

98

Strait of Boleng, Solor, collected by a pearl fisher. Anthomuricea reticulata.

Ternate, collected by the Dutch North New Guinea Expedition 1903. Heterogorgia reticulata.

East coast of Pulu Weh, Sumatra, 40 fathoms. VAN NoUHUYS don. Acanthogorgia aruiata, Antho-
muricea brunnea.

Aru Islands, collected by Dr. J. W. R. KOCH of the Dutch New Guinea Expedition 1904. Echino-
muricea pseudosassapo.

It appears from the above list that Muriceidse were collected at 52 of the stations
occupied by the Siboga Expedition. An examination of the data furnished regarding these
stations shows that there were about 2 1 2 successful hauls from the bottom, and so it may be
said that specimens of Muriceidse were brought up from about one fourth of the stations where
the bottom was successfully reached.

The richest haul was from Station 310, where no less than 17 species of Muriceidse
were secured, a really phenomenal yield. Other notable stations were Station 305, where 14
species were secured; Stations 260 and 274, where 13 species were brought up from each ;
Stations 117 and 164, each yielding 11 species; and Stations 204 and 289, each producing
9 species.

On the other hand there were 22 stations that yielded but a single species each.

Of the eight stations yielding more than 10 species, none were at a depth of less than
32 meters, and none was over 113 meters. This may indicate, in a general way, the richest
zone for muriceid life; but such generalizations must be made with great caution, as a few
lucky hauls in an unusually rich spot may materially and unduly effect the result. It should also
be born in mind that most of the explorations of the bottom made by the Siboga Expedition
were in comparatively shallow water, and a thorough investigation of the deeper waters of the
same region would be likely to demonstrate a profuse muriceid life at greater depths.

The deepest soundings at which specimens of this family were secured was probably at
Station 280, 8°i7/.4S., i27°3o'.7E., in Timor Sea where Echinomuricea collaris was brought
up from a depth of 1224 meters. Acanthogorgia aspera was dredged from Stat. 122 at a depth
of 1264 — 11 65 meters, and it is therefore possible that it came from a depth of 1264 meters.

During the cruise of the U. S. Bureau of Plsheries Steamer Albatross in the Hawaiian
region in 1902 the deepest haul which secured a Gorgonacean was at a depth of 1,161 fathoms,
where a chrysogorgian, Pleurogorgia militaris Nutting was secured.

The deepest water from which a muriceid was dredged by the Challenger was 700
fathoms, where Acanthogorgia longijïora W. and S. was secured. From the information available
to the writer, it thus appears that Acafithogorgia longijïora secured by the Challenger Expedition
is the inhabitant of the deepest water of all known muriceids.

99

Tab Ie show ing the bathymetric and geographic distribution
of the Muriceidse of the Siboga Expedition.

BATHYMETRIC.

GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM
EAST INDIES.

I to

50

50 to

100

100 to
200

200 to
500

Over
500

DUTCH

meters

meters

meters

meters

meters

*

.

Patagonia.

Acanthogorgia spinosa ....

VF

*

*

•

New Britain.

Acanthogorgia armata ....

*

■X

•X-

* Atl.coast, U.S., Cape ofGood Hop

e, Hawaiianlsl.

Acanthogorgia aspera

•

?*

•X-

*

Cuba, Azores, Ceylon.

Acanthogorgia muritata . . .

*

*

*

West Indies, Azores, Ceylon.

.

.

.

*

.

Patagonia.

Acanthogorgia truncata. . . ■

*

•X

Bay of Gascogne.

Acanthogorgia flabcllum . . .

*

*

.

.

.

Maldive Archipelago.

Acanthogorgia ceylonensis . .

*

*

*

•

Ceylon.

*

.

*

.

Acanthogorgia studeri

.

jf

.

4f

•

*

•

.

*

Anthotnuricea sanguinea . . .

.£

*

•

•

.

Anthomuricea timorensis . . .

■X

.

.

Anthotnuricea brunnea ....

*

.

.

.

Anthomuricea reticulata . . .

(no data)

.

.

.

.

*

.

Anthogorgia aurea

"X*

•X-

.

.

Muriceides javensis

-X-

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

*

Muricella crassa

~

*

. •

.

.

Muricella complanata

*

*

.

*

Off Japan, Ceylon.

Muricella perramosa

*

*

.

*

Off Japan, Mauritius Islands.

Muricella gracilis

■X-

.

.

*

Off Ceylon.

Muricella stellata

.

.

■g.

*

Muricella grandis

*

*

*

.

*

Versluysia ramosa

.

•

*

.

vr

Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon.

*

*

77

Gulf of Manaar.

£.

*

.

*

*

Versluysia opercidata

■

•

*

Versluysia reticulata

*

*

•

Versluysia argentea

•

*

.

*

•

*

4

-

*

*

'

Elasmogorgia filiformis . . .

.

*

*

i

.

Calif.

Meuacella reticularis

.

■X-

.

?

*

*

*

Gulf of Manaar.

«

s

Gulf of Manaar.

•K

*

,

*

.

*

•

"

*

•

•

•

*

-

IOO

BATHYMETRIC.

GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM DUTCH
EAST INDIES.

I to
5°

50 to j 100 to
100 200

200 to

500

Over
500

meters

meters meters meters

meters

*

4f

*

*

-•

.

Echinomuricea corona lis

■&

.

Near Ternate.

Echinomuricea indomalacc

enst

's

vv

.

.

Australian coasts, Torres Str., Gulf of Manaar.

Echinomuricea collaris .

•

vr

Echinomuricea spinifera

*

*

.

*

Echinomuricea pulchra .

~

•

Echinomuricea cylindrica

•

.

Echinomuricea costata .

.

.

•••

Echinogorgia aurantiaca

~

*

.

Peruvian Coast.

Echinogorgia furfuracèa

*

*

Indian Ocean, N.W. Australia.

Echinogorgia pseuclosassa

Po

*

.

Indian Ocean, Ceylon. Torres Straits.

-£

Echinogorgia complex a .

~f

•£■

Acamptogorgia spatula .

.

-£

*

~

iv

St. Pauls Rock, S. Atlantic.

Placogorgia campanulifci

a.

~

.

~

.

.

Placogorgia dendritica .

.

vr

.

Placogorgia cryptotheca

*

•S

Placogorgia den fata. . .

a

Placogorgia squamata .

■£

«■

.

„

Placogorgia bebrycoides.

~

*

~

Placogorgia alternata. .

#

~.

Placogorgia reticuloides

.

Villogorgia nigrescens .

■

*

.

West Indies.

Villogorgia compressa .

*

Villogorgia intricata . .

*

i'.

■£

*

Fiji Isl. New Hebrides, Bass' Str. Loyalty
Off Ceylon.

Isl.

o o

Villocror<ria rubra. . . .

£.

*

\7illo'ror °ia serrata . . .

vv

Villogorgia timorensis .

4&

~

Jrillogor gia flavescens . .

*

*

•

Villogorgia Diermis . . .

%v

~

~

Mcnella o'rayi

«.

Near Ceylon.
Bay of Panama.

Heterogorgia verrucosa.

?

.

Heter ogorgia muricelloidt

s .

.

*

Heterogorgia clan sa. . . .

^

.;.;.

Heterogorgia humilis . . .

Heterogorgia stelt ata . . .

*

Heterogorgia niagna . . .

*

Heterogorgia reticulata. .

*

,

.

New Guinea.

Heterogorgia opercidata .

•

•

Total numbei" of species found in
each of the above bathymetric zones.

44 60 27 15 15

IOI

The above table appears to show that muriceid life is most abundant at a depth of 50
to 100 nieters, and that there is abrupt falling off below the 100 meters line.

An clement too often neglected in such tables, and one that has lead to considerable
error in the discussions of bathymetric distribution in the past, is the actual number of hauls
of the dredge, or other appliance for securing bottom-living specimens, that was made in each
of the bathymetric zones under discussion. YVhile it is impracticable to ascertain the exact number
of successful hauls made in each of the above zones during the investigations made by the
Siboga Expedition, a fair approximation of the relative numbers can be arrived at by noting
the entire list of stations, and the depth recorded for each. In this way we can to a great
extent eliminate the error mentioned above. We find that there were about 100 stations where
the depth was from 1 to 50 meters, and that 44 species were collected at these stations. There
were about 36 stations between 50 and 100 meters, and 60 species collected. Between 100
and 200 meters there were but 15 stations, while the relatively large number of 27 species
was collected. There were about 50 stations between 200 and 500 meters, and here but 15
species were secured. A proportionally large number, about 1 30 stations, found a depth of
over 500 meters (many of which however did not secure specimens from the bottom) and but
1 2 species were secured.

The difference in the vertical extent of the zones adopted in the table must also be
taken into consideration. If we combine the first and second and consider them as one zone
for purposes of comparison with the third, we find that they include 136 stations at which 109
species were secured. That is, there were just about 80 species to each 100 stations. Turning
our attention to the third zone (100 to 200 meters) we find but 15 stations, but these 15 stations
yielded 27 species the rate per 100 stations being 180. Thus we see that the third zone is
really the richest of all, yielding more than twice as many species per station as were found
in the combined ist and 2nd zones.

There seems to be a rather abrupt falling off below the depth of 200 fathoms, as but
15 species were collected from about 50 stations at depths of from 200 to 500, a zone of
three times the vertical extent of the third. The diminution is still more marked at depths
below 500 fathoms, where a relatively large number of stations were explored (about 130) and
but 1 2 species secured.

The diminution is not so abrupt, however, as it appears from the table, on account of
the large number of stations at the greater depths at which 110 dredge or trawl was used.
Thus out of the 50 stations between 200 and 500 meters, 22 appear not to have been explored
with appliances for securing the animal life of the bottom. Taking this fact into consideration,
it appears that there were 28 stations effectively explored for animal life at the bottom at
depths between 200 and 500 fathoms, and that 15 species were secured, or about 1 to each
two stations. This still indicates a rather abrupt diminution of species beloAV the 200 meters
line, and the evidence is the same for depths below 500 meters.

It thus appears that the Muriceidae are much less abundant in the deep sea of the region
explored by the Siboga than in the shallower portions with a depth of less than 200 meters,
and that the maximum development in species is in the zone between 100 and 200 meters.

102

Regarding the geographical distribution of the Muriceidae collected by the Siboga Expedition,
it will be noted that but 29 of the 95 species are known to occur outside of the region explored
by the members of the party. 1 2 of these are confined to the East Indian Region, namely
Acanthogorgia spinosa, A. fiabellum, A. ceylonensis, M. gracilis, Versluysia ceyloncnsis, V.
ramosa, Bebryce indica, B. hicksoni, Echinomuricea coronalis, Villogorgia ruöra, Heterogorgia
ramosa and H. reticulata.

The following species have been found in the Indian Ocean : — Muricella complanata,
M. perramosa, Echinogorgia furfuracea and E. pseudosassapo.

Four species are known to inhabit the waters near Australia, i. e. Echinomuricea indo-
malaccensis, Echinogorgia furfuracea, E. pseudosassapo and Villogorgia intricata. Three species
are known to occur on the eastern shores of the Pacific: — Menacella reticulata, Echinogorgia
aurantiaca and Heterogorgia verrucosa. There are three species also from the West Indies,
namely: — Acanthogorgia armata, A. muricata and Villogorgia nigrescens.

Two species, Muricella complanata and M. pcrramosa are known from the Japanese
coasts; two, Acanthogorgia ridleyi and A. laxa, from Patagonia ; one, Acanthogorgia ar/uala,
from the Atlantic coast of the United States; one, Placogorgia atlantica, from mid Atlantic;
one, Acanthogorgia armata, from the Hawaiian Islands in mid Pacific; and one, the same
species {Acanthogorgia armata) from the Cape of Good Hope.

There is one species represented in the Siboga collection that was previously described,
but the locality in which it was found seems to be unknown. Reference is here made to
Menacella reticularis.

It appears that Acanthogorgia armata has the widest geographical distribution of all
of the species in the collection, as well as a very extensive bathymetric range. The genus
Acanthogorgia seems to be very extensively dispersed over the sea bottom of the world.
Elasmogorgia filiformis has a very unusual known distribution, being found in the East Inches
and off the Californian coast.

The writer does not feel justified in discussing at this time the general distribution of the
genera of the Muriceidae. Many of the earlier described species are of such uncertain identification
that little confidence can be feit in generalizations based in a considerable degree on these
questionable identifications ; and the types being in most cases inaccessible to the writer, he is
unable to ascertain points necessary to identification of many long known species.

Again, there is so little uniformity among modern writers as to what constitutes a species,
especially among the lower metazoa, that conclusions regarding distribution are rendered still
more unsatisfactory. Conservative writers often lump together a number of forms, that would
be regarded as certainly distinct by others, in a single species. Thus the apparent geographical
and bathymetric range of such species is greatly extended; whereas other writers, with a
tendency to "hair-splitting" would divide the same forms into many species, thus restricting
the apparent range of the species discussed.

Concerning another aspect of the question, the author has elsewhere said: '

1 Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, vol. XXXIV, p. 546.

IO'

"Our knowledge of the Alcyonaria as a whole is far too incomplete to warrant us in
being dogmatic in our conclusions regarding their distribution, either geographic or bathymetric.
When we consider how little of the ocean bottom has been explored with any thoroughness,
the vast extent of practically unknown regions, and the host of species yet to be discovered,
it becomes evident that our conclusions are tentative at best, and very likely to be rendered
valueless by further exploration and study. The ocean floor has been but scratched here and
there bv the dredge and trawl, and the absence of species from our collections will by no
means warrant us in saying that they are really absent from the regions explored".

The writer, then, feels that he is doing the best service by simply recording the facts
regarding the distribution of species in the Siboga collection, without a general discussion of
the distribution of all of the so-called species of the Muriceidse.

Literature cited

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London, 1900.

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GERMANOS, N. K. Gorgonaceen von Ternate. Abhandlung der Senckenbergischen naturfurschenden Gesell-
schaft, Band XXIII, Heft I, 1896.

Gray, J. E. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Axiferous Zoophytes or Barked Corals. Pro-
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— Descriptions of some new Genera of Lithophytes or Stony Zoophytes. Proceedings of the Zoological
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Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum. Annals

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_ Notes on some new Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum. Annals and

Magazine of Natural History, 4th. Series, Vol. 5, London, 1870.

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collections of the British Museum. London, 1870.

Hedlund, T. Einige Muriceiden der Gattungen Acantliogorgia, Paramuricea and Echinomuricea im zoolo-
gischen Museum der Universitat Upsala. Bihang til Svenska Vet.-Acad. Handlingar, Band. 16,
Afd. IV, N° 6; Stockholm, 1890.

HlCKSON, S. J. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, Part II, Cape Town, 1904.

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- The Cambridge Natural History, edited by S. F. HARMER, ScD., F.R.S., (etc.) and A. F. SHIPLEY,
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io5

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KOCH, G. VON. Die Gorgoniden ; Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Berlin, 1887.

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SIEOGA-EXPED1ÏIE XIIl£. 14

to6

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CORRIGENDA.

Page 11, eleven lines from top, for aura read aurca.

Page 57, fifteen lines from bottom, for Echinomuricae read Echinomuricea.

Index to Genera and Species.

Acamptogorgia
Acamptogorgia spatulata
Acanthogorgia ....
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia

armata

aspera

ceylonensis

flabelium

laxa . .

muricata

ridleyi

spinosa

striata

studeri

truncata

turgida

Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acanthogorgia
Acis . . .
Acis alba
Acis serrata.
Acis solorensis
Acis squamata
alba, Acis .
alternata, Placogorgia
Anthogorgia
Anthogorgia aurea .
Anthogorgia verrilli .
Anthomuricea . . .
Anthomuricea brunnea
Anthomuricea reticulata
Anthomuricea sanguinea
Anthomuricea timorensis
argentea, Versluysia.
armata, Acanthogorgia.
aspera, Acanthogorgia .
atlantica, Placogorgia .
aurantiaca, Echinogorgia
aurea, Anthogorgia . .

page

68
68

12

13

'5

19
l8

17
16
12

14
20
20

1/
21

41
41

44
43
42

4i
§3
25
26

22

23
24

22

23
40

13

15

77
62

26

Bebryce

Bebryce hicksoni .
Bebryce indica . . .
Bebryce thomsoni
bebrycoides, Placogorgia
brunnea, Anthomuricea
campanulifera, Placogorgia
ceylonensis, Acanthogorgia
ceylonensis, Versluysia.
clausa, Heterogorgia. .
collaris, Echinomuricea.
collaris, Muriceides .
complanata, Muricella .
complexa, Echinogorgia
compressa, Villogorgia .
coronalis, Echinomuricea
costata, Echinomuricea.
crassa, Muricella .
cryptotheca, Placogorgia
cylindrica, Echinomuricea
dendritica, Placogorgia
dentata, Placogorgia.
dentata, Versluysia .
dubia, Muriceides.
dubia, Muricella .
Echinogorgia .
Echinogorgia aurantiaca
Echinogorgia complexa
Echinogorgia flora .
Echinogorgia furfuracea
Echinogorgia pseudosassapo
Echinogorgia ridleyi.
Echinomuricea.
Echinomuricea collaris .
Echinomuricea coronalis
Echinomuricea costata .

page

47
47
48

49
83
23
77
19
36
90
5S
28

31
67
7i
56
61

3i
So
60

79
80

33
29
34
62
62
67
66

63
64

65
56
58
56
61

page

Echinomuricea cylindrica . . 60

Echinomuricea indomalaccensis 57

Echinomuricea pulchra. . . 59

Echinomuricea spinifera . . 59

Elasmogorgia 45

Elasmogorgia filiformis ... 45

(ïliformis, Elasmogorgia . . 45

flabelium, Acanthogorgia . . 18

flava, Thesea 52

flavescens, Villogorgia ... 75

flexilis, Thesea 54

flora, Echinogorgia . ... 66

furfuracea, Echinogorgia . . 63

gracilis, Muricella 30

grandis, Muricella .... 34

grayi, Menella 86

Heterogorgia Sy

Heterogorgia clausa .... 90

Heterogorgia humilis . . . 91

Heterogorgia magna. ... 92

Heterogorgia muricelloides . 89

Heterogorgia operculata . . 94

Heterogorgia ramosa ... 88

Heterogorgia reticulata. . . 93

Heterogorgia stellata ... 91

Heterogorgia verrucosa. . . 88

hicksoni, Bebryce 47

humilis, Heterogorgia ... 91

immersa, Thesea 53

indica, Bebryce 48

indomalaccensis, Echinomuricea 57

inermis, Villogorgia .... 75

intricata, Villogorgia ... 72

javensis, Muriceides .... 27

laxa, Acanthogorgia. ... 17

magna, Heterogorgia ... 92

ioS

Menacella ....
Menacella reticularis.

Menella

Menella grayi .
Menella rubescens
muricata, Acanthogorg
Muriceides ....
Muriceides collaris .
Muriceides dubia .
Muriceides javensis .

Muricella

Muricella complanata
Muricella crassa .
Muricella dubia . .
Muricella gracilis .
Muricella grandis. .
Muricella perramosa.
Muricella stellata . .
muricelloides, Heterogorgia
nigrescens, Villogorgia
operculata, Heterogorgia
operculata, Versluysia
pallida, Thesea
perramosa, Muricella
placoderma, Thesea .
Placogorgia ....
Placogorgia alternata
Placogorgia atlantica
Placogorgia bebrycoides
Placogorgia campanulifera
Placogorgia cryptotheca
Placogorgia dendritica .
Placogorgia dentata . .
Placogorgia pulchra .

46 Placogorgia reticuloides . . 84

46 Placogorgia squamata ... Si

85 Placogorgia studeri .... 82

86 pseudosassapo, Echinogorgia . 64
85 pulchra, Echinomuricea . . 59
16 pulchra, Placogorgia. ... 78

27 ramosa, Heterogorgia ... 88

28 ramosa, Versluysia .... 37

29 reticularis, Menacella ... 46
27 reticulata, Anthomuricea . . 24

29 reticulata, Heterogorgia . . 93
31 reticulata, Versluysia ... 39

3 1 reticuloides, Placogorgia . . 84
34 ridleyi, Acanthogorgia ... 12

30 ridleyi, Echinogorgia ... 65
34 rosea, Versluysia iy

rubescens, Menella .... 85

rubra, Villogorgia .... 72

89 | sanguinea, Anthomuricea . . 22

70 sanguinea, Thesea . . . . 55

94 serrata, Acis 44

39 serrata, Villogorgia . . . . y^

5 1 simplex, Thesea . . . . . 51

32 solorensis, Acis 43

54 spatulata, Acamptogorgia . . 68

y6 ; spinifera, Echinomuricea . . 59

83 spinosa, Acanthogorgia. . . 14

yy squamata, Acis 42

83 squamata, Placogorgia . . 8r

yy stellata, Heterogorgia ... 91

So stellata, Muricella 33

79 striata, Acanthogorgia ... 20

80 studeri, Acanthogorgia ... 20
7S ; studeri, Placogorgia .... 82

Thesea

Thesea flava .
Thesea flexilis .
Thesea immersa .
Thesea pallida.
Thesea placoderma .
Thesea sanguinea.
Thesea simplex .
thomsoni, Bebryce .
timorensis, Anthomuricea
timorensis, Villogorgia
truncata, Acanthogorgia
turgida, Acanthogorgia
verrilli, Anthogorgia.
verrucosa, Heterogorgia
Versluysia ....
Versluysia argentea .
Versluysia ceylonensis
Versluysia dentata .
Versluysia operculata
Versluysia ramosa
Versluysia reticulata.
Versluysia rosea .
Villogorgia ....
Villogorgia compressa
Villogorgia flavescens
Villogorgia inermis .
Villogorgia intricata.
Villogorgia nigrescens
Villogorgia rubra .
Villogorgia serrata .
Villo^orfjia timorensis

page

50

52

54

53

5i

54

55

5i

49

23

74

17
21

25
88

35
40

36
38
39
37
39

37
69

7i
75
75
72
70

72
73
74

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

The photographs were made from nature by the author.
The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Otto F. Kampmeier.

PLATE I.

Fig. i. Acantliogorgia studeri n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 2. Acantliogorgia targida n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 3. Acanthogorgis striata n. sp. Natural size. ^a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 4. Anthomitricea sanguinea n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5.

SIBOOA-EXPED1T1E X11I6. C. C. NUTT1NG MURICEIDAE.

PLATE II.

Fig. i. Anthomuricea brunnea n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch X 5-
Fig. 2. Anthomuricea timorensis n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch X 5-
Fig. 3. Anthomuricea reticulata n. sp. Natural size. 3 a, part of branch X 5-

SIBOQA-EXPEDITIE XI1I6. C. C. NUTTINO MURICEIDAE.

PLATE III.

Fig. i. Antkogorgia aurea n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch 5.
Fig. 2. Antliogorgia verrilli n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch 5.

SIBOOA-EXPEDITIE XIII*. C. C. NUTTINO MUKICEIDAE.

III

PLATE IV.

Fig. i. Muriceides javensis n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch X 5.
Fig. 2. Muriceides dubia n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5.
Fig. 3. Muriceides collaris n. sp. Natural size. 3«, part of branch X 5.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XII1A. C. C. NUTT1NO MUR1CEIDAE.

IV

PLATE V.

Fig. i. Muricella stellata n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch x 5-

Fig. 2. Muricella dubio. n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 3. Versluysia argentea n. sp. Natural size. $a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 4. Muricella grandis n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5.

DITIE Xlllft. C. C. NUTT1NO MURICE1DAE

PLATE VI.

Fig. I. Versluysia reticulata n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch 'x 5-

Fig. 2. Versluysia operculata n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5-

Fig- 3- Versluysia dentata n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 4. Versluysia rosea n. sp. Natural size. 4«, part of branch X 5-

SIBOOA-EXPED1TIE Xlllb. C. C. NUTT1NO MURICE1DAE.

VI

PLATE VIL

Fig. i. Acis serrata n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch x 5.

Fig. 2. Acis squaniata n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 3. Acis soloraisis n. sp. Natural size. $a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 4. Bebryce tliomsoni n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5-

Ub. C. C. NUTTING MURIC1IDAI;.

VII

>•■

-'

,'

".--. '

;

'■-. '

.;

.. 1

V

•'

:.

PLATE VIII.

Fig. i. Thesea flava n. sp. Natural size. \a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 2. Thesea simplex n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 3. Thesea pallida n. sp. Natural size. 3«, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 4. Thesea immersa n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5-

S1BOGA-EXPED1TIE XU\b. C. C. NUTT1NG MURICE1DAE.

VIII

PLATE IX.

Fig. I. Echinomuricea collaris n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 2. Echinomuricea spinifera n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5-

Fig. 3. Tliesea placoderma n. sp. Natural size. 3«, part of branch x 5-

Fig. 4. Thesea jiexilis n. sp. Natural size. \a, part of branch x 5-

Fig. 5. Thesea sanguinea n. sp. Natural size. 5«, part of branch x 5-

[UIA. C. C. NUTTING MURICE1DAE.

IX

f f ■

PLATE X.

Fig. i. Echinomuricea costata n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch x 5.

Fig. 2. Echinomuricea cylindrica n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch 5.

Fig. 3. Echinomuricea pulchra n. sp. Natural size. 30, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 4. Echinogorgia ridleyi n. sp. Natural size. \a, part of branch X 5-

S1BOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII*. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAT.

PLATE XL

Fig. I. Echinogorgia complexa n. sp. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Echinogorgia flora n. sp. Natural size.

la, part of branch 5.
2 a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 3. Placogorgia campanulifera n. sp. Natural size. 3«, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 4. Placogorgia pulchra n. sp. Natural size.

4<z, part of branch x 5-

SIBOGA-EXPED1TIE Xillb. C. C. NUTTINO MUR1CEIDAE,

XI

PLATE XII.

Fig. i. Placogorgia dendritica n. sp. Natural size. \a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 2. Placogorgis squamata n. sp. Natural size. 3«, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 3. Placogorgia cryptotheca n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 4. Placogorgia dentata n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5-

SIBOGA-EXPED1T1E XlIIi. C. C. NUTTINQ MUR1CEIDAE.

Xll

PLATE XIII.

Fig. i. Placogorgia staderi n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch x 5-

Fig. 2. Placogorgia alter nata n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5.

Fig- 3- Villogorgia serrata n. sp. Natural size. $a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 4. Placogorgia bebrycoides n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5.

SlBOGA-EXPEDITlE XlUb. C. C. NUTTINO MURICEIDAE.

XIII

PLATE XIV.

Fig. I. Villogorgia flavesccns n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch 5.

Fig. 2. Acamptogorgia spatulata n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 3. Villogorgia timorcnsis n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 4. Villogorgia inermis n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch x 5-

S1BOOA-EXPED1T1E XIII6. C. C. NUTTINÜ MURICEIDAE.

XIV

PLATE XV.

Fig. I. Menella rubescens n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch X 5

Fig. 2. Menella grayi n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch x 5

Fig. 3. Heterogorgia muricelloides n. sp. Natural size. 3«, part of branch X 5
Fig. 4. Heterogorgia clausa n. sp. Natural size. 4a, part of branch X 5

X 5

Fig. 5. Heterogorgia stellata n. sp. Natural size.

50, part of branch

. NUTTING

XV

PLATE XVI.

Fig. I. Heterogorgia magna n. sp. Natural size. \a, part of branch X 5.

SIBOOA-EXPEDITIE Xlllö. C. C. NUTTINO MUR1CI lOAE.

XVI

PLATE XVII.

Fig. I. Heter ogorgia humilis n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch X 5-
Fig. 2. Heterogorgia reticulata n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch >( 5.

XVII

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. i. Heterogorgia operculata n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch x 5-
Fig. 2. Placogorgia reticuloides n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5-

S1BOOA-EXPED1TIE XIII6. C. C. NUTTINO MURICE1DAE.

XVIII.

PLATE XIX.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

i. Acanthogorgia armata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and

58.

2. Acanthogorgia striata n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, b, c and d. X 58.

3. Acanthogorgia studcri n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.

4. Acanthogorgia turgida n. sp. Group of six spicules, a, b, c, d, e and ƒ. X

5. Atithomuricea sanguinca n. sp. Tvvo spicules, a and b. X 58.

6. Atithomuricea brunnea n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.

7. Antlioinuricca reticulata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.

8. Anthogorgia verrilli n. sp. Two spicules, a and <5. X 58.

9. Anthogorgia aura n. sp. Two spicules, <z and <£. X 58.

10. Muriceides collaris n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, b, c and d. X 58.

11. Muriceides dubia n. sp. Group of three spicules, (7, /> and c. •' 58.

12. Muricalla grandis n. sp. A single spicule. X 58.

13. Muricella dubia n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. x 58.

58.

Siboga-Expeditie Xlll^ C. C. Nutting, Muriceidae.

XIX

IC

13

r\

k

3SS

§§É

|?ls§Hf

IblP

12

ctt» r K^wki

itiX^L, t/iX

£\GÏC,

Ilu • L I B R A

4 *

PLATE XX.

Fig. I. Versluysia argentea n. sp. Tvvo spicules, a and b. X 58. Only '/* of a is drawn.

Fig. 2. Versluysia dentata n. sp. Two spicules a and b. X 58.

F'g- 3- Versluysia rosea n. sp. A single spicule. X 58.

Fig. 4. Versluysia reticulata n. sp. Half of a single spicule. X 58.

Fig. 5. Acis squamata n. sp. A spicule. X 58.

Fig. 6. Acis solorensis n. sp. A single spicule. X ;8.

Fig. 7. Acis serrata n. sp. A group of three spicules, a, b and c. X S^-

Fig. 8. Bebryce thomsoni n. sp. A group of four spicules, a, b, c and d. X 58, except

"a" which is magnified 154 diameters.

Fig. 9. Thesea simplex n. sp. A group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.

Fig. 10. Thesea pallida n. sp. A group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58,

Siboga-Expeditie Xlllb C. C. Nutting. Munceidae.

XX.

i

Ï0Z&0Ê

h§Bp

m

m

■A.»

«ïï 8 - * - K ,

9 '& 'zei

,, -.'.-J-a),

4ÜL

(f tttr I". I{aw./! w^cu^. , tici. .

PLATE XXL

Fig. I. Thesea sanguïnea n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. X 58.

Fig. 2. Thesea placoderma n. sp. A single spicule. < 58.

Fig. 3. Thesea flexilis n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. X 58.

Fig. 4. Thesea immersa n. sp. Two spicules, « and £. X 58.

Fig. 5. Echinomuricea collaris n. sp. Two spicules. X 58.

Fig. 6. Echinomuricea spinifera n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. X 58.

Fig. 7. Echinomuricea pulchra n. sp. Two spicules, o: and b. X 58.

Fig. 8. Echinomuricea costata n. sp. Two spicules, a and £. X 58.

Fig. 9. Echinogorgia ridleyi n. sp. Two spicules, « and b. X 58.

Fig. 10. Echinogorgia flora n. sp. A single spicule. X 58.

Fig. 11. Echinogorgia complexa n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. X 58.

Fig. 12. Acamptogorgia spatulata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.

Fig. 13. Placogorgia campanulifera n. sp. Two spicules, a and $. X 58.

Fig. 14. Villogorgia serrata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 5S.

Siboga-Expeditie Xlllb C. C. Nutting. Murioeidae.

XXI.

v1)'- SvilT'; «fit,/

1 V A

IMP ^

14

10

12

C ttv h l/a»^ n^t^u. ,^X

PLATE XXII.

Villogorgia flavescens n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.

Villogorgia inermis n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. • 58.

Villogorgia timorensis n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. ■ 58.

Placogorgia pulchra n. sp. A single spicule. 58.

Placogorgia cryptotheca n. sp. A single spicule. X 5^-

Placogorgia dendritica n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 5^-

Placogorgia alternata n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. • 58.

Placogorgia squamata n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. X 58.

Placogorgia studeri n. sp. Two spicules, a and £. • 58.

Placogorgia dentata n. sp. Two spicules, a and £. X 5$-
Fig. 11. Placogorgia bebrycoides n. sp. Two spicules, a and b. X 58.
Fig. 12. Menella grayi n. sp. Group of three spicules,- 0, b and e. X 58.
Fig. 13. Menella rubescens n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. < 58.
Fig. 14. Heterogorgia humilis n. sp. Group of four spicules, rt, £, c and d. X 5^-
Fig. 15. Heterogorgia magna n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, b, c and d. X 5^-
Fig. 16. Heterogorgia stellata n. sp. Two spicules, « and b. 58.
Fig. 17. Heterogorgia reticulata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 58.
Fig. 18. Heterogorgia mnricelloides n. sp. Two spicules, « and #. X 5§-

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3-

Fig.

4-

Fig.

5-

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7-

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9'

Fig.

10,

Siboga-Expeditie Xlllb C. C. Nutting. Muriceidae.

XXII.

w^

16

&»>,

^®*^

M^2,

12

15

v;-, s.'k >•<.

c
17

7

11

18

^tU- '-■ K«^-^l

cox

RESULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS
ZOOLOGIQUES, BOTANIQUES, OCÉANOGRAPHIQUES ET GÈOLOGIQUES

ENTUEPRISES AUX
INnES NÉERLANDAISES ORIENTALES eu 1899 — 1900,

a bord du SIBOGA

SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE

G. F. TYDEMAN

PUBLIÉS FAR
MAX T*V E B E R,

Chef de 1'espédition.

*I.

*II.

*1U.

IV.

*l\iis.

V.

*VI.

VII.

* VIII.

*ix.
*x.

*XI.

*xn.

•XIII.

XIV.

XV.

•XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

•XX.

•XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIVi.

XXI V*.

•XXV.

•XXVI.

•XXVIiw.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

•XXIX.

• XXX.

•XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

* XXXIV.

XXXV.

•XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

•XL.

XII.

*XLII.

•XLIII.

•XLIV.

*XLV.

XLVI.

•XLVII.

*XLVIII

*XLIX'.

• X1IX2.

*L.

*LI.

•LII.

LUI.

*LIV.

LV.

•LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

•LX.

*LXI.

LX II.

LXIII.

LXIV.

LXV.

LXVI.

[ntroduction et dcseription de 1'expcdition, Max Weber.

Le hateau et son équipement scieutifiquc, G. F. Tydcman.

Re'sultats hydrographiques, G. F. Tydeman.

Foramiuifera, F. W. W i u t e r.

Xeuophyophora, F. E. Sc huize.

Radiolaria, M. Hart ma nu.

Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima ').

Hydropolypi, A. Bi Hard.

Stylaslerina, S. J. Hickson et MN» H. M. England.

Siphonophora, Miles Lens et van Riemsdijk.

Hydromedusae, O. Maas.

Scyphomedusae, O. Maas

Ctenophora, MU» F. Moser.

Gorgonidae, Alcyonidae, J. Versluys, S. J. Hickson et

Pennatulidae, S.' .T. Hickson. [C. C. Natting1).

Actiniaria, P. Mc Murrich.

Madieporaria, A. Alcock ') et L. Döderlein.

Antipatharia, A. J. van Pesch.

Turbellaria, L. von Gr af f et R. R. von Stam nier.

Cestodes, J. W. Speugel.

Nematomorpha, H. F. Nier st ras z.

Chaetognatha, G. H. Fowler.

Nemertini, A. A. W. Hubrecht.

Myzostomidae, R. R. von Stummer.

Polychacta errautia, R. Horst.

Polychaeta sedeutaria, M. Caullery et F. Mes uil.

Gephyrea, C. Ph. Sluiter.

Enteropueusta, J. W. Spengel.

Pterobranchia, S. F. Har nier.

Brachiopoda, J. F. vau Bemmelen.

Polyzoa, S. F. Harmer.

Copepoda, A. Scott1).

Ostracoda, G. W. Muller.

Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hoek').

Isopoda, H. J. Hansen.

Amphipoda, Ch. Pérez.

Caprellidae, P. May er.

Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen.

Cumacea, W. T. Cal man.

Schizopoda, H. J. Hansen.

Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen.

Decapoda, J. G. de Mau.

Pantopoda, J. C. C. Loman.

Halohatidae, J. Th. Oudemans.

Crinoidea, L. Döderlein1) et C. Vancy.

Echinoidea, J. C. H. de Me ij e re.

Holothurioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter.

Ophiuroidea, R. Kohier.

Asteroidea, L. Döderlein.

Solenogastres, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Prosobranchia, M. M. Schep man ').

Prosobrauchia parasitica, H. F. Nierstrasz et M . M.

Opisthobranchia, R. Hergh. [Schep man.

Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch.

Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch.

Lamellibranchiata. P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dantzenb erg.

Scaphopoda, M'lo M. Boissevain.

Cephalopoda, L. J o u b i n.

Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle ').

Pisces, Max Weber.

Cetacea, Max Weber.

Liste des algues, Mme A. Weber.

Halimeda, MUe E. S. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp).

Corallinaceae, Mme A. Weber et M. F os 1 ie.

Codiaceae, A. et Mme E. S. Gepp.

Dinoflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. L o t s y.

Diatomaceae, J. P. Lotsy.

Deposita marina, O. B. Böggild.

Résultats géologiques, A. Wichmann.

Siboga-Expeditie

THE

MOIACEA OF THE SIBO&A EXPEDITION

III. THE MURICEID/E

BY

C. C. NUTTING

Professor of Zoolugy, State University of Iowa

With 22 plates

C

QO

7 °< T<£\

Monographie XIII b of: \..

UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH,
BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED

verzameld in Nederlandsen Oost-Indië 1899 — 1900

aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van
Luitenant ter zee ie kl. G. F. TYDEMAN

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

Dr. MAX WEBER

Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie

(met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van liet Natuurkundig
Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloniën)

BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ

T0OEBUS

E. J. BRILL

LEIDEN

lOiC:

1 <7;\.' 'J~-

11 imiiiiiiiiiinuiniiiii

HMIi

Publié Février 1910

Les numéros avec un astérique ont déja paru; ceux marqués 1) seulement en partie

Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditie hebben
bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld:

De Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche

Koloniën.
Het Ministerie van Koloniën.
Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken.

Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap » Natura Artis Magistra" te Amsterdam.
De >Oostersche Handel en Reederij" te Amsterdam.

De Heer B. H de Waal Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad.
M. B. te Amsterdam.

CONDITIONS GÉNERALES DE VENTE.

i3. L'ouvrage du „Siboga" se composera d'une série de monographies.

2°. Ces monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu'elles seront prêtes.

3°. Le prix de chaque monographie sera différent, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de
vente: pour une feuille d'impression sans fig. flor. o. 15; pour une feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25;
pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriée flor. 0.40 ; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60.

4°. Il y aura deux modes de souscription :

a. La souscription a l'ouvrage complet.

b. La souscription a des monographies séparées en nombre restreint.
Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/u.

50. L'ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs a l'ouvrage complet recevront
ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet.

Déja paru: . 1>iix- ,

<* A bouscnption Mono~raphics

a 1'ouvrage complet sép:

ie Livr. [Monogr. XLI\^ C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Alit m Tafeln. /' 6. — ƒ 7.56

2<= Livr. 1 Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates „ 1.80 „ 2.40

3e Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et description de 1'cxpédition. Avec Liste des

Stations et 2 cartes „ 6.75 „ 9. —

4e Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Tydeman. Description of the ship and appliances used for scientific

exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations „ 2. — „ 2.50

5e Livr. (Monogr. XLVII) H. F. Nierstrasz. The Solenogastres of the Siboga-Exp. With 6 plates. „ 3.90 „ 4.90

6e Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.

I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 Figuren im Text „ 3. — 3.75

7e Livr. (Monogr. XVI a) A. Alcock. Report on the Deep-Sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 5 plates „ 4.00 „ 5.75

8e Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Sipunculiden und Echiuriden der Siboga-Exp.

Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text „ 3. — v 3.75

9e Livr. (Monogr. Vla) G. C. J. Vosmaer and J. H. Vernhout. The Porifera of the Siboga-
Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates „ 2.40 „ 3. —

ioc Livr. (Monogr. XI) Otto Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 12 Tafeln. „ 7.50 „ 9.50

11e Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. „ 2.80 „ 3.50

12e Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. „ 7.80 „ 9.75

13e Livr. (Monogr. III) G. F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga-Expedition. With

24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths . . . - „ 9. — n 11.25

I4e Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. aeMeijere. Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Exp. Mit 23 Tafeln. , 15. — M 18.75

15e Livr. (Monogr. XLV,?) René Koehler. Ophiures de 1'Expédition du Siboga.

ie Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches „ 16.50 „ 20.50

16e Livr. (Monogr. LII) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and Gymuosoïnata of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 6 plates „ 3.75 „ 4.70

17e Livr. (Monogr. LVIrt) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition,

I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holósomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln „ 6.75 n 9. —

iSe Livr. (Monogr. LXI) A. Weber— van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures „ 12.50 „ 15.50

19e Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. England. The Stylasterina of

the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates ., 1.50 „ 1.90

20e Livr. (Monogr. XL VIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Chitonen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 8 Tafeln. .. 5.— „ 6.25

2 ie Livr. (Monogr. XLV ó) René Koehler. Ophiures de 1'Expédition du Siboga.

2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches. , 10.25 ■• t2-7S

22e Livr. (Monogr. XX Vlèis) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of the Siboga-Expedition,

with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures «6.75 .. 9.—

23e Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. Calman. The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition. With

2 plates and 4 text-figures „ 1.S0 „ 2.40

24e Livr. (Monogr. LVIrt) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holósomen Ascidien. Mit 1 Tafel. „ — .75 „ 1. —

Prix:

Souscription Monographies
a Touvrage complet séparées

25e Livr. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Exped. Mit 20 Tafeln. „ 11.25 » 14.10
26e Livr. (Monogr. X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 Tafeln. „ 9.25 „ 12.50

27e Eivr. (Monogr. XIII a) J. VersluyS. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.

II. Die Primnoidae. Mit 10 Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Karte . . . „ 12.50 „ 16.75

28e Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert -Fowler. The Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition.

With 3 plates and 6 charts . • „ 4.20 „ 5.25

29e Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J. Tesch. Die Heteropoden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 14 Tafeln. „ 6.75 „ 9. —

30e Livr. (Monogr. XXX) G. W. Muller. Die Ostracoden der Siboga-Exped. Mit 9 Tafeln. „ 3.50 „ 4.40

31e Livr. (Monogr. l\Tèis) Franz Kilhard Schulze. Die Xenophyophoren der Siboga-Exped.

Mit 3 Tafeln „ 2.40 „ 3. —

32e Livr. (Monogr. LIV) Maria Boissevain. The Scaphopoda of the Siboga Expedition.

With 6 plates and 39 textfigures „ 4.80 „ 6. —

33e Livr. (Monogr. XXVI) J. AV. Spengel. Studiën über die Enteropneusten der Siboga-Exp.

Mit 17 Tafeln und 20 Figuren im Text „ 14. — „ 17.50

34e Livr. (Monogr. XX) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Nematomorpha der Siboga-Exp. Mit 3 Tafeln. „ 2.80 „ 3.50

35e Livr. (Monogr. XUIf) Sydney J. Hickson und J. VersluyS. Die Alcyoniden der Siboga-
Exped. I. Coralliidae, II. Pseudocladochonus Hicksoni. Mit 3 Tafeln und 16 Figuren im Text. n 2.20 „ 2.75

36e Livr. (Monogr. XXXI a) P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia of the Siboga Expedition.

A. Cirripedia pedunculata. With 10 plates „ 5.40 „ 6.75

37e Livr. (Monogr. XLIIa) L. Döderlein. Die gestielten Crinoiden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit

23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren im Text „ 8. — „ 10. —

38e Livr. (Monogr. IX) Albertine D. Lens and Thea van Riemsdijk. The Siphonophores

of the Siboga Expedition. With 24 plates and 52 textfigures . . . „ 13.50 „ 16.75

39e Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.
Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa, with an Appendix by Prof. R. BERGH.

With 9 plates and 3 textfigures „ 4.80 „ 6. —

40e Livr. (Monogr. XL) J. C. C. Loman. Die Pantopoden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 15

Tafeln und 4 Figuren im Text . „ 6.25 „ 7.80

4ie Livr. (Monogr. LVIr) J. K. W. Ihle. Die Appendicularien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4

Tafeln und 10 Figuren im Text „ 4.80 „ 6. —

42e Livr. (Monogr. XLIX2) M. M. Schepman und H. F. NierstraSZ. Parasitische Proso-

branchier der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafeln . . . v 1.20 „ 1.50

43e Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'^) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.

Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates ». „ 4.50 „ 5.60

44e Livr. (Monogr. XXIXtf) Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of the Siboga Expedition.

Part I. Free-swimming, Littoral and Semi-parasitic Copepoda. With 69 plates. . „ 26. — „ 32.50

45e Livr. (Monogr. LVI^) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

II. Abteilung. Die Merosomen Ascidien. Mit 8 Tafeln und 2 Figuren im Text. „ 5.75 n 7.25

46e Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'<:) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.

Part III. Gymnoglossa. With 1 plate „ — .80 „ 1. —

47e Livr. (Monogr. XIII b) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.

III. The Muriceidae. With 22 plates „ 8.50 „ 10.75

I flor. = Mrk 1.70 = I sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondies.

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