SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE

Siboga-Expeditie

UITKOMSTEN

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VERZAMELD IN

NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIË 1899— 1900

AAN BOORD H. M. S I B O G A ONDER CO M M A N D O VA N

Luitenant ter zee le kl. G. F. TYDEMAN

UITGl GEVEN DOOR

Dr. MAX WEBER

Prof. in Amsterdam, 1. cider der Expeditie

(met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig
Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloniën)

BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ
E. .1. BK I I.L

LEID

Siboga-Expeditie

XIII b:

THE

GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

VI. THE GORGONELLID^E

BY

C C. NUTTING

Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa

With 11 plates

(Aided by a grant from the elizabeth THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND)

-=§=-&©Hj=-

late E. J. BRILL

PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS

LEYDEN — ■ igiO

THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

VI. THE GORGONELLID.E

BY

C. C. NUTTING,

Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa.

W i t h ii p 1 a t e s.

(Aidecl by a giant from the elizabeth thompson science fund.)

Family Gorgonellid/E Studer.

Gorgonellacece Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 14.

Gorgonellacées Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, II, 1857, p. 1S2.

EllisellidcE -\- Calligorgiidc£ (pars) Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1S70,

PP- 24, 34.
Gorgonellacece Kölliker. Icones Histiologicae, II, 1S65, p. 139.
Gorgonellidcg Studer. Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche wahrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle um

-die Erde gesammelt wurden, 1878, p. 656.
Gorgonellidce Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68.
Gorgonellidm Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 153.
Gorgpnellidce Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck,

1894, p. 1 16.
Gorgonellince Délage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 428.
Gorgonellidcs Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 597.
Gorgonellidce Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, part II, 1909, p. 265.

This family seems to be a fairly natural one, and may be defined as follows :

Gorgonacea with an amorphous calcareous axis cylinder which is not jointed and the

core of which is solidly calcareous and often surrounded by concentric lamellae of alternating

calcareous and horny layers. The axis is never composed of fused spicules. The branches often

show a median bare space and furrow, especially wlien flattened. The polyps are retractile,

SIBOGA-EXrEDITIE XIII /'3. '

.,4.798

and the tentacle bases are beset witli spicules. The spicules are al most always girdled forms,

with a median band which is bare "i verrucae, and hence appear t<i have an impn
girdle. This results in the formation of doublé heads, doublé clubs, doublé spindles, doublé
and these forms are quite characteristic of the Gorgonellidae, although not strictly
nfined to thi-. family.

Dichromatism is exhibited in a marked degree, ;i number ol species of Juncella and
being characterized by having two color phases, red and white, which do n<>t
appear to rellated with sex <>r age.

The systematic arrangement «>t" this family offers great difficulties, as is apt t<> be the
with forms which have been long known. The original descriptions are entirely inadequate,
and it is usually impracticable to decide just what forms the authors had before them. None
of them paid any attention to the feature that has later been found of prime importance in
ric definitions, e. g. the spicules. and confined themsekes almost exclusively t<> general
habit, mode of branching, etc, features of almost no generic import whatever. Subsequent
writers have very generally ne^lected the discussion of tin- genera in any broad way.

Milne Edwards and 11 ai m i (1857) recognize the four genera yuncella, Ctenocella,
'la and Verrucella, which they separated by modes of branching and character of the
calyces. Kolliker (1865) was the first to thoroughly investigate the spicules of this family, and
he recognized the genera Gorgonella, yuncella and Verrucella\ but included the genus Riisea
of Duchassaing aiul Michelotti, which appears to belon^ to the family Chrysogorgidae. He
includes I nus Ctenocella in his genus Gorgonella.

1 1 70 1 divides the genus yuncella into the three genera yuncella, Ellisella anti Vime-

nella and restores the genus Scirpearea. He established the genera Nicella, Reticella, Raynerella,

Phenella and H diana. Two of these, Reticella and Raynerella, appear to belont; to Gorgonella.

r, (1878) discusses and further defines the genera Gorgonella, yuncella, Ellisella,

Ctenocella and Scirpearella; and in [887 the same writer gives a careful discussion of tin;

ra of this family, defining according to modern methods the following genera : Nicella,

Scirpearea, yuncella, Ellisella, Verrucella, Gorgonella, Ctenocella, Phenelia and ffeliana.The

two of these genera he defines after Gray without giving the spicule characters which are

absolutely necessary for modern definition. This treatment is the most satisfactory that has yet

been presented. and the generic definitions here given are very largely adopted without essential

modification by the present writer.

The last general treatment of the family Gorgonellidae as a whole is found in Wright and
Studer's Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 15;,. where the definitions of Studer, as just
discussed, are practically adopted in their entirety. They add, however, one genus, Scirpearella
and throw doubt on the identity and validity of the old genus Scirpearea of Cuvier, quoting
the discussion of Scirpearea mirabilis by Kölliker ' who shows that the name was originally
used tor a pennatulid.

THOMSON and Simpson, in their excellent monograph of the Alcyonaria securcd by the

1 AnaL-SysL Beschr. der Alcyonarien, Die 1'cnn.iiulidcn, 1872, ]>. 26.

Investigator in the Indian Ocean, Part II, 1909, p. 265 et seq. merely name the family.
They distinctly recognize the great difficulty and perplexity attending the work of the systematist
in this family, saying (p. 267), in reference to their new species Nicella pustulosa:

aIt is a matter of no small dimculty to distinguish between Nicella, Gorgonella and

Verrucella. Distinctions based on spicules alone are very unsatisfactory in this group because

the spiculation varies at different levels and transition forms are so numerous and varied that it

is sometimes almost impossible to distinguish between doublé spheres, doublé stars and doublé

clubs, each in turn passing gradually to doublé spindles".

Again, on page 269 :

"The system of classification which at present obtains in regard to the Juncella group
of gorgonellids, including Juncella, Ellisella, Scirpearea and Scirpearella is far from satisfactory.
In fact it is a debatabie question whether these should be ranked as separate genera. Many of
the species which have from time to time been described have unquestionably been established
on young colonies, and, in addition to this, the characters which are taken as diagnostic, e. g.
arrangement and retractility of verrucae, vary so much in individual specimens that little or no
importance can be attached to them".

These writers content themselves with a table, giving a comparison in numerous details
of the several specimens collected by the Investigator, without attempting to name them.

The present writer, although profoundly impressed with the extreme dimculty of the
problem, does not feel justified in turning his back on these perplexities. The amount of
material belonging to the Gorgonellidae secured by the Siboga Expedition is so considerable,
representing some 2 1 species, that an attempt will be made to straighten out as many of the
dimculties as may be. While entire success is not to be hoped for, some progress toward a
reasonably correct generic classification should be possible.

First, however, it is necessary to more clearly define the main types of spicules that
present, after all, the best basis of classification in this, as in other groups.

As already indicated, nearly all of the spicules which present characteristic features of
value for our purpose are "girdled spicules". The basic form from which nearly all of the
others are derived is the girdled spindle, showing at its middle a smooth impressed zone, free
from verrucae. This form differs from the typical spindle only in the fact that this zone is more
conspicuous in the girdled form. The typical spindle is terete in form and its surface is orna-
mented with more or less regular whorls of tubercles. Between the whorls are comparatively
bare zones, and such a zone is very constantly seen near the centre of the spicule. It is only
when such a zone is comparatively large and conspicuous that a "girdled spindle" is producecl.
This basic form is modified in the following ways :
jst. Symmetrical forms

a. The girdle divides two similar parts of the original spindle in such
a manner that each part bears verrucae and is terete in outline.

This produces the Doublé Spindle.

6. The girdle divides two similar parts each with its outer end some-

what tureid and armed with verrucse, resultinef in the Doublé Club.

I

I irdle divides two similar parts which are spherical in outline

and are ornamented with symmetrically disposed verrucae. Such an

arrangemi in the spicule which we will call the. Doublé Head.

i .•• similar parts which are spherical in outline

ïented with radiating points. These are Doublé Stars.

I rod-like in genera! form, with a girdle dividing two
.-. hii'h are gradually enlarged toward the outer ends, have
nparatively straight sides, rounded distal corners and are covered
with fine and densel) aggregated verrucae. ["hese will be called . Doublé 1'. ars.
spicule is rod-like, without the girdle Bars.

I 'ns\ mmetrical tornis.
I lx- girdle separates two unlike parts, one a club and the other a

ir. Such forms may be called Club-Stars.

6. The girdle separates two unlike parts. one a club and the other

a head. Forms of this kind may be called Club-Heads.

rhe girdle separates two unlike parts, one a star and the other a

head. These will be called Star-Heads.

d. The girdle separates two unlike parts, one a club and the other a

spindle. This rather rare form may be called Club-Spindle.

I irdle separates two unlike parts. one a star and the other a
spindle. ["hese may be designed as Star-Spindles.

Besides the above, which may be called girdled forms, there are often crosses produced
by a doublé head being longitudinally divided by an impressed vertical zone.

While it is true that a given species, or even a single specimen, may show several of

these forms and numerous intergradations, it is also truc that certain forms predominate in a

given genus, and it is these dominant types of spicules, and not the others, that are available

ric diagnosis '.

While the spicules are the most important features for generic distinctions, we may also

avail ourselves of any other character which seems to be possessed by a group of allied

t. mode of branching, shape of calyces, character of axis, etc, in attacking the

problem before us.

Artifical key to the genera of the Gorgonellid.*.

Main branches arising from a forking of the main stem. Colony Babellate,
widely diverging, the main branches bearing a series of simple branchlets
on upper side only. Branchlets vertical and parallel, and resembling the
teeth of a comb Ctenocella

!1 as a statement of tin- position of the author on the matter of the retention of estaulishcil
in the Report on the Muriceida uf the Siboga Expcdition, Ni i 1 1 s. . . 1910, p. 5.

5

Colony simple, or, if branched, not hearing branchlets in the manner described
above. Spicules :

Club-stars and doublé stars Juncella

Lenticular, disk-shaped or fiddle-shaped Plumigorgia

Much larger, bar-shaped, sometimes lenticular; surface smooth Isidoides

Doublé bars or girdled bars Nicella

Spindles and clubs predominating Kllisella.

Doublé heads and girdled spindles largely predominating.

Colony flabellate, often reticulate ; calyces lovv verrucse Gorgonella.

Colony flabellate or dichotomous, the heavily spiculated bases of tentacles

forming an 8-rayed pseudo-operculum, star-like when viewed from above Verrucella
Colony simple, forked or bushy ; calyces usually in spirals, prominent ;

spicules often cruciform, although not abundant Scirpearella

The genus Scirpearea is apparently invalid, as the name was used originally for a
pennutalid, according to Lamarck 1.

Later Lamarck (Hist. Xat. Anim. sans vert., II, 1836, p. 614) places this in his genus
Fitniculina. This writer points out that this species has been erroneously confounded with
Pemiatula mirabilis Linn. Wright and Studer (Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 155)
say that the type specimen of Funiculina cylindrica Lamk. is a gorgonellid (and probably a
Juncella). Studer, however, had previously figured a couple of spicules of Scirpearea mirabilis
Cuv. in the plate (Plate V, 29) and Scirpearea mirabilis Pallas in the text, of his paper in the
Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 660.

It is impossible at this time to disentangle the real situation and to determine just
what Cuvier had before him which he named Scirpearca mirabilis. In view of this situation
it seems best to abandon the y;enus alto^ether.

The following genera are not represented in the collection made by the Siboga, neither
clo they seem to have received adequate definition at any time. Without further discussion the
definitions of Studer 3 are given in translation as follows :

"■Phcnilia Gray. Colony arborescent, with short, divergent, usually quadrate branches
which sometimes coalesce. Calyces low, in two or three irregular rows on both sides of the
branches. Ccenenchyma horny, with plain lateral grooves. Spicules?"

"Heliana Gray. Colony tree-like, branching dichotomous? Twigs ascending and divergent.
Lower twigs occassionally anastomosing. Ccenenchyma hard, horny. Calyces exserted, subcylin-
drical short, sometimes bent, in two three or four alternating rows on the sides of the twigs,
and irregularly disposed on the branches. Axis hard, stony, gray-brown".

1 Scirpearea mirabilis Cuvier, (Règne Animal, i ed. IV, 1817, p. 85) Pcnnatula mirabilis Pallas.

2 Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, pp. 68, 69.

Synoptic vie» of th<- genera and species ol G .Mimi

collected by the Siboga Expedion.

Gorgonella Scirpearella.

'urn, *delicatulay s "'</"-<'. gracilis, regia, "hemispherica.

I Nicella.

Verrucella. -^ *coralloidesy *carinata.

/'. rubra, new nar tellata. Ellisella.

]■:. *flava.

Ctenocella.

Plumigorgia (new genus).

C. peciinata. n „,, , .,

' J . hyaroiaes.

Juncella.
'uncea, gemmacea, racemosa^ *sanguinea.

Isidoides (new -cnus).
/. armata.

The table shows that the Siboga Expedition secured 21 species of Gorgonellida- 11 of
which are new; and that these species were divided among o genera, 2 of which are new.

Systematic description of genera and species.
Genus Gorgonella Valenciennes (modified).

Gorgonella Valenciennes. Comptes-rendus, tome XLI. 1855, p. 14.

rgonella Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, \'ol. I, 1857, p. 1S3.

rgonella Kölliker. Icones Histiologica:, II. 1S65, p. 139.

rgonella Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 187S,
p. 661.
Gorgonella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68.
Gorgonella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. i.xvi.
Gorgonella (Val. emended), I' I Hérouard. rraité de Zoölogie concrete, II, 2, 190 1, p. 428.

Gorgonella Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, [9051 j>. 817.

The original discription of this genus is as follows:
"Le sclerobase ramifie en fines branches rameuses et très-divisées".
Milne Edwards and Haime (1857) define the genus as follows:

"Colony much branched, ccenenchyma very thin; calyces included or but little exserted".
inslatioi

Kölli J65) appears to have heen tin- first to make a critica! study of the spicules

of this genus, llis definition, freely translated, is as follows:

-\.\is commonly without layers, radiately striated. Calyces when evident, low warts.

Spicules of tin: ccenenchyma warty doublé spheres and doublé spindles. .07 to .1 mm. in length
are spindles . 1 3 mm. long.

Studer (1878) accepts the genus as originally defined by Valenciennes, and in 1887
he formally defined the genus as follows :

" Gorgonella Milne Edwards et Haime. Colonie mannigfach in einer Ebene verzweigt,
oft durch Anastomosen der Zweige ein Xetzwerk bildend. Kelche niedrig warzenförmig an zwei
Seiten der Aste angeordnet. Achse lamellös, radienstreifig. lm Ccenenchym warzige Doppelkugeln
und Doppelspindeln".

Wricht and Studer (1889) define the genus practically as just quoted. Hickson (1905)
points out the dirficulty in distinguishing between Gorgonella and Verrucclla.

The definition adopted for the present work will be as follows :

Colony flabellate, often reticulate ; calyces low dome-shaped, or low truncated cones ;
calyces on two or three sides of the branches, usually the former except on ultimate branches ;
ccenenchyma thin ; axis solidly calcareous, without horny lamellae ; spicules doublé heads, girdled
spindles and true spindles.

The type species of this genus is Gorgonella sarnuntosa (Lamarck). Other known species
are Gorgonella bianei Koch, G, dislans Studer, G. grannlata Esper, G. miniaeea W. and S.,
G. orientalis W. and S., G. stricta (Lamk.), G. sanncntosa (Lamk.), G. umbella (Esper),
G. umbraculum (Ellis and Solander), G. verriculate Milne Edw. and Haime, and the new
species of the Siboga collection.

The writer believes that Nicella reticnlata and N. pustulosa of Thomson and Simpson
(Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, Vol. 2, 1909, pp. 266, 267) should be included in the
Genus Gorgonella. Their spicules are typical of that genus rather than of Nicella.

1. Gorgonella orientalis Wriakt and Studer.

Gorgonella orientalis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1S89, p. 161.

Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. 57 meters.

Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters.

Stat. 306. 8°27'S., I22°S4'.5E. 247 meters.

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., ii9°7'.5E. 73 meters.

Colony (fragmentary) flabellate and reticulate in form. The specimen described is the
terminal part of a branch of a colony that was probably much larger. Height 6.1 cm., diameter
5.6 cm. The central branch is connected by numerous anastomoses with two others, one on
each side. The diameter of the largest branch is 2.5 mm. This forks 4 mm. above its proximal
end and each of the resultincr branches g-ives off several lateral branchlets that anastomose
freely with branchlets from other branches. Ultimate branchlets from 1.5 mm. to 9 mm. apart.
The calyses are distributed on three sides of the branches, are thickly emplanted, and have a
tendency to a lateral arrangement. There is no evident longitudinal furrow or ridge on the
branches.

The individual calyces are rather low, dome-shaped verrucse with evenly rounded summits
and with their walls often contiguous. Their distal ends show a faintly indicated rosette or
star-shaped pattern, not nearly so evident as in Verrucella. A typical calyx measures .9 mm.
in height and has a diameter of 1.8 mm. The walls are remarkably thick and tough, consisting

8

nse mass of spicules immersed in a tough matrix <>i" connective tissue. The polyps are
completely retractile and the upper surfaces of the tentacles are encrusted with spicules, many
• 't which .ir<- trans>

The a\is is hard, calcj and without corneous layi

S ! doublé heads and girdled spindles whose surfaces are covered

with verrucse which are often in whorls and not so massed together as in Nicella. There are

rical spindles with pointed ends and regular whorls of verrucae; and many

i the doublé heads and girdled spindles, and between the latter and true

symi \ few crosses are also seen.

rhe colony is yellowish brown in color, ocraceous in places, and also shows
brown. The polyps are colorless in alcohol.
General distribution. The type locality is the Hyalonema ground, off Japan.

is.

This specimen is referred with some hesitation to this species. Taking into account the
changes in form of the calyces in different stages of contraction it agrees fairly well with the
original description.

.clla umbraculum (Ellis and Solander).

\ia umbraculum Milis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophvtc-, 1787, p. 80.
/ umbraculum Lamouroux. Exposition Méthodique, [821, p. 34.
Rhipid umbraculum Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, A.cad. Sci., Paris, 1855, p. 13.

Rlu: iculum Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. nat. des Coralliaires, 1857, p. 17S.

Umbracella umbraculum Gray. 1'roc. Zool. Society of London, [857, p. 288.
Ha umbraculum Verrill. Huil. Museum of Comp. Zool., 1864, p. 37.
'la umbraculum Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums
in Lübeck, 1K04, p. 1 iS.

Stat. 204. 4: 20 S., (22 58 E. 75 to 94 mei

lony strictly tlabellate and reticulate, 15 cm. in height and with a spread ol 8.2 cm.

Main stem 2.7 cm. long and 2.8 mm. in diameter. At its distal end it breaks up into three

branches, one of which forms nearly the whole of the specimen. This branch is fairly symme-

trical in itsell ' onsidering it as a colony its main stem is 14 mm. long and 2.6 mm. in

diami >und in section and devoid of calyces. It can be traced for 4.4 cm. before it hreaks

ind is dissipated in the general network of the colony. It gives <>iï alternate branches

which are short or feebly branched, except the upper one which curves upward and ontward

ly to t' ilony, giving off numerous lateral twigs which go to form the

late mass. The anas: are quite numerous. The ultimate branchlets are very short.

and about .;.'> mm. apart, and very slender, beine aboul 1 mm. in diameter. One side <>t the

branche, l colony is devoid of calyces. The latter are in two alternating rows, luit are not

being more on the side opposite the nude face, and. it" that be regarded as

ing antero-lateral in position.

The calyces are more like truncated cones than verrueae ; or, they may be likened to
domes with their tops removed. A typical one measures i.i mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in
diameter. The top is flattened, not rounded as in G. rigida, and there is a distinct series of
S lobes around the margin. The dorsal surface of the tentacles bears a number of spicules,
principally girdled spindles.

The coenenchyma is thin, and the axis solidly calcareous

Spicules. These are mostly doublé heads and girdled spindles, as in the last species.
A few small, regular tuberculate spindles and clubs are also seen. The tubercles, although
closely set, are usually plainly in whorls on the spindles. Sometimes the girdle is obliterated
by such a whorl.

Color. The colony is bright scarlet throughout.

General dis-t ribution. The type locality is Batavia; East Indies in general.

3. Gorgonella dclicatula new species. (Plate I, figs. 2, 2 a ; Plate X, fig. 1 ).
Stat. 257. In Duroa Straits, Kei Islands. To 52 meters.

Specimens fragmentary, the largest being a rlabellate branch, incomplete at both ends,
5.4 cm. long. The main branch is curved in a very open "S", and gives off seven branchlets
from one side, four of which are compound ; and four branches from the other side, three of
which are compound. The branchlets give off ultimate twigs in an irregularly alternate manner.
The main branch is but 1.2 mm. in diameter, and the ultimate twigs about .5 mm. The latter
are usually regularly curved. The calyces are lateral and alternate in position.

The individual calyces are very low rounded verrueae, a typical one measuring .5 mm.
in height and 1.1 mm. in diameter at the base They are about 1 mm. apart, on the average,
and vary greatly in size. The ends of the twigs are swollen, and contain two opposite calyces
that are considerably larger than the others. In general, however, the calyces are rnuch smaller
than in any other species of this genus in the collection. There are a few minute spicules on
the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles, but it is difhcult to ascertain their arrangement.

The axis is very hard, calcareous, with very deep grooves or impressions of the water-
vascular canals. The coenenchyma is thin.

Spicules. These are much like those of Gorgoncl/a rigida, consisting of very heavily
tuberculated girdled spindles, quite stout, oval in outline and with the girdle often obliterated
by the encroachment of the tubercles. The doublé heads are relatively much less abundant
than in other species of the genus in the collection, and regularly tuberculate spindles with
the tubercles in whorls seem to be lacking.

Color. The colony is bright coral red, distal parts of the calyces yellow and the polyps
(in alcohol) white.

This species is much more delicate than any other member of the genus that the writer
has seen.

SIBOGA-EXPEDIT1E XII! /'3. 2

IO

• new species (Plate I. figs. $, \' . Plate X. fig 2).

Badjo, Wcsl coast of Florcs. Up to 40 metei
[22 58 E. ters.

1 3 2° 5 5 'I . mei
Mul channel in Solor Strait off Kampong Menanga 1 1 ; mei

lony incomplete, the basal portion and two large branches being present, flabellate

in form rooi forms .1 lobular mass growing over a pebble. Main stem to iirst branch

14 mm. long and 1 9 mm. in diameter, round in section, The first branch is large, and grows

ontward and then curves downward and outward again, and attains a length of 4.6 cm. It

; r.uir stiiï branchlets from its upper side, tliree of which give off branchings of the

order. Above the first branch the main stem gives off three branches on one side and

two on the other. The lower of these latter is a large branch which gives off two branchlets

from its lower side (one of which is compound) and three from its upper side (one of which

is compound). There are no anastomoses and the branches are all stift" and rigid. One side or

of the branches is devoid of calyces.

The calyces are alternate in position, but are not strictly lateral, being turned toward
the face of the colony. The distance between calyces is about r.3 mm. on the average. The
axis is densely calcareous.

The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verrucae, one measuring .7 mm. in height
and 1.3 mm. in diameter. When the polyp is retracted the calyx mouth is entirely obliterated, not
leaving the rosette pattern of lobes often seen in allied forms. The mouth is indicated, however,
by a spot of darker red color. The tentacles are heavily spiculated with tuberculate spindles.

Spie ui es. These are doublé heads, spindles and girdled spindles. All oi these are
more densely covered with tubercles than is the case in G. orientalis, and the spindles are
stouter. Otherwise the spicules are much the same in the two species.

Color. The colony is a rather light scarlet, or coral red throughout. The calyx mouths
are darker red. verging on crimson.

The differences in habit of growth, size of calyces and in the spicules seem suiticient
to iustify the separation of this form from G. orientalis and other members of the genus. It
is near G. dislans, Studer, but differs in the disposition of the calyces, which are in three to
four rows in G. dislans and in thickness of stem and branches.

nus Verrucella Milne Edwards et Haime.

Verrucella (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 184.

Verrucella Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p {3

Verrucella Kölliker. (cones Histiologicae, II. 1865, p. 14".

Verrucella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p.

Verrucella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXVI.

Verrucella Stuc zenant des Campagnes de l'Hirondelle, , p. 54.

Verrucella I fraiti mcrète, II. 2, [901, p. ;

I 1

Verrucella Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 817.
Verrucella Nutting. Descriptions of Havvaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 597.

The orio^inal definition of this orenus is as follows :

"Polypieroide tres rameux, sclerenchyme assez épais. Calyces a bords verruciformes très-
saillants".

Duchassaing et MiCHELLOTTi (1860) accept the genus, but do not define it. Kölliker
(1S65) restricts the genus by separating from it Juncc/la gemmacea [Verrticella gcmmacea
Milne Edwards) and is the first to give careful attention to the spicules. A free translation of
his definitiod follows :

"Axis calcareous, without lamellse. Calyces very pronounced warts. The strongly calca-
reous bases of the tentacles forming an 8-rayed star within calyx opening. Spicules of the
ccenenchyma beset with rounded and conical verrucoe; doublé heads with transitions to doublé
and simple spindles (in two species with little thorny doublé stars). Polyp spicules fiattened,
small warty spindles and doublé spindles .12 to .20 mm. long, also found in the ccenenchyma,
besides many small simple spindles".

Studer (1887) and Wright and Studer (1889) adopt the definition of Kölliker without
material change. I find 110 subsequent discussion of the genus which adds anything of impor-
tance as to generic characters. The definition adopted for the present work is simply a
condensation and modification of that given by Kölliker, as follows :

Gorgonellidae with calcareous, usually homogeneous axis; colony variously branched but
never simple; calyces verruciform, their distal portions rounded and including an 8-rayed star
formed by the heavily spiculated tentacle bases. Spicules mainly doublé heads and girdled
spindles intergrading with simple spindles.

The type species of this genus is hard to determine. The first species named by Milne
Edwards and Haime is J 'errucella violacea ; but this species is correctly regarded by Kölliker
as not belonging to the genus or family, but to the family Gorgonidse. This being the case
it seems safer to the present writer to indicate as the type Verrucella guadeloupensis Duch. et
Mich., which conforms strictly to the definition of the genus and is the first species mentioned
by Kölliker who was the first to define the genus according to modern methods. Other
species are Verrucella bicolor Nutting, J\ candida Ridley, V flexuosa (Lamarck), ? V.furcata
(Lamarck), V granifera Kölliker, V. guernei Studer, V. rubra Thomson and Henderson and
the new species about to be described.

1. Verrucella rubra Thomson and Henderson.

Verrucella rubra Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, The Alcyonaria,
1905, p. 314.

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., H9°7'.5E. 73 meters.

Colony (incomplete) sparingly branched in a straggling marmer, 19.5 cm. high. Stem
and branches of about equal diameter (1.5 mm.) troughout. The stem forks about 2.4 cm.
from its proximal end. One of the resultant branches sends off a very short simple branchlet

I -'
llu remaim this branch is simple and 9 2 cm, long. I he other

,;::i tO tWO I UMIiellIrls. one of \\ llicll is lorkcd lic. ir il, ■lid (Ml ïtS i II IX t'

I is unbranched throughoul its «listal 11.6 cm, The stem and branches are round in

on and the calyces are entirely included, or so nearly so that the sur! ems smooth

at ii rhere are, however, very slight swellings that indicate the positions of the

polyi ire mainly lateral in position and tend to form two alternating mus [or one

h side. I'lu- front and of the branches are largely devoid <>r polyps, although

thej mail) invade these surfai

1 he individual calyces are indicated by very low swellings and by their mouths, which

are 8-rayed in retraction, as is characteristic of the genus. These mouths are about 1 1 mm.

apart on the averagi llu- polyps are so strongly retracted that their characters can hardly

out. I In- basal portions of the tentacles are thickly encrusted with warty spindles

no very definite arrangement. There is a tendency, however, to a longitudinal disposition.

A cross section ofa branch shows a fairly thick coenenchyma and an axis which appears

tn be solidly calcareous without the rmu-ciitnc lamellae of alternating hard and soft layers

characteristic of several genera of Gorganellidae.

Spicules, The outer layer is composed mainly of small very characteristic doublé
heads. rhe inner coenenchyma is filled with usually larger girdled spindles, terete spindles,
a few doublé crosses and an occasional very small club.

Color. The entire colony is of a dull pink color.

General d is trib u t ion. Type locality is in the Gulf of Mannaar.

This specimen has a considerable superficial resemblance to certain slender plexaurids.
It is a trui mellid, however. but with entirely immersed calyces.

2. Verrucella flavijlora new name. (1'late 1. figs. 1, ia.);
Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South fort. 55 metcis.

I olonj subflabellate in form, 29 cm. in height. The main stem divides dichotomously
four times and attains a height of 12.5 cm. Above the basal forking it is round and 3 mm.
in diameter. 1.7 cm. above its base it divides into three branches in a curious manner, as il
the outer branch were stuck on to where the others fork. The further branching is dichoto-
mous in the main, but in one large branch it is unilateral, there being six upright and parallel
branchlets from one side. The terminal twigs are often quite long, one being about 15 cm.
in length. 1 twigs are flattened, this appearance being exaggerated by the fact that the

calyces are bilaterally arranged, A slight elevated ridge or keel is evident on one side ot
many of the branches, and sometimes this can be seen on both sides. llu- twigs are
1.7 mm :.2 mm. in ei ction, The calyces are all lateral and usually in a single row

on each - I ln-y are emplanted, howevi ernately loward the front and back ot the

dony, thus giving the appearance of two rows They are rather regularly spaced, the distanci
n them illy under 1 mm.

13

The individual calyces are in the form of truncated cones, often somewhat inclined
toward the distal end of the branch, but perhaps quite as frequently directed straight ontward.
A typical calyx measures 1.2 mm. in height and 1.7 mm. in diameter at its base. The walls
are often transversely corrugated near the base, as if by the strong contraction of the polyps.
The margin is divided into eight evident lobes, often giving an appearance characteristic of
the genus Yerrucella as originally defined. The tentacles are very thickly encrusted with densely
tuberculate spindles forming a mosaic of longitudinally disposed spicules.

A cross section of a branch shows a fairly thick ccenenchyma, large water-vascular
canals immersed in the ccenenchyma ; and an axis cylinder without horny layers, being com-
posed entirely of limestone and showing concentric markings.

Spicules. The most common form by far is the form that I have callecl the girdled
spindle, and that other writers often call a doublé spindle. Often the girdle is invaded by
the verrucce, and the result is a terete spindle encircled by close set whorls of verrucaï.
Doublé heads are formed where the two ends of the spicule are rounded in outline. The form
which Kolliker calls the "doublé sphere" ] is a doublé head which approaches the form of
the girdled spindle, as that term is used in this work. Ordinary spindles with regular whorls
oi verrucae are sometimes seen, and when one end is more turgid than the other, a club
is formed.

Color. The colony is a deep scarlet ; the polyps tinged yellow by the heavy coat of
yellow spicules on the tentacles.

This species superficially resembles Platycati/us on account of the flattening of the
branches. It also resembles V. granifcra Köll., except in color and measurements of the
calyces, V. grauifera having calyces .8 mm. in height.

3. Vcrrucclla stellata new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, \a\ Plate X, fig. 3).

Stat. 310. 8°3o'S., iiq°7'.5E. j^ meters.

Colony subflabellate in form, branching dichotomously, general habit very slender, loose
and straggling, 47 cm. in height. The main stem is 4 mm. in diameter, and forks 10.6 cm.
above its base. The main branch on one side has five forkings at distances of 3 cm., 3.8 cm.,
4.2 cm., 2.7 cm., and 2.8 cm. Or one might regard the main branch as sinuous, bearing five
branchlets on its upper surface, all of the branchlets being dichotomously branched from one
to four times. The branches are 3 mm. in diameter at their bases, and the ultimate twigs
1.5 mm. in diameter and sometimes attaining a length of 17 cm., the whole colony being
much more delicate and slender than either of the other species examined. The ccenenchyma is
thin. The calyces are very small scarcely evident verrucae disposed on all sides of the branches
except on proximal portions, where they are scattered or absent. There are none on the stem.
There are four rows of calyces, including all sides of the branch which the rows encircle in

Icones Histiologicae, II, p. 140, PI. XVIII, fig. 42.

.i poorly markril s|.ir.il. There are no evident median bare spac< and the calyces

are much more distant than in other ol this genus in the collection. 1 h( more

sparselj scattered over the front and back than on the sides of the branches,

The iiuliviilii.il ca are low, dome-shaped verrucae with their openings directed out-

ward, not inward nor upward, as in Juncella. A typica] one measures 1.5 mm. in diameter

at the base and about 7 mm. in height. Ih<- apertures are star-like owing to the lobed mar-

gins below which the tentacle bases form a star-shaped figure, the tentacles themselves being

infolded. 1 in- polyp bodies are short and stout, and their upper portions bear numerous small

spicules tra: j disposed. The tentacl< crusted with spicules so as to form a

s.,n rculum in retraction. A cross section ol one of the larger branches shows a

itructure »>!" the axis than in Juncella^ but there is still a ver) distinct appearance of

lamination. Hie water-vascular canals are very regularly disposed around the axis and a short

of it. In a longitudinal section of a part of a branch round and regular

. 1 seen in the walls of the primary canals, and these communicate with the bod)

the polyps.

Spicules. 1'hese are quite characteristic of the genus Verrucella. The most common
forms are small, densely tuberculate doublé heads. the heads being separated by a narrow
girdle. This girdle is often obliterated, forming oval densely tuberculate spindles. True tuber-
culate clubs are also found, as well as regular spindles. All possible gradations between the
s, clubs and spindles are found.

1 lor. The colony is a lively coral red throughout.

Genus Ctenocella Valenciennes.

Ctenocella Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XI. I, [855, p. 14.

nocella Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, 1857. p. 185.
Ctenocella Ridley. Zoological Collections of H.M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 348.
Ctenocella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p.

nocella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, p. LXVI.

The original description of the genus Ctenocella is as follows

- !,<• sclérobase s'allongeanl en baguettes droites et pectinées d'un seul cóté de la tige
principale".

Milne Edwards and Haime (1857) define the genus as follows:

*Poly| tllongeant en baguettes droites et pectinées d'un seul cóté".

gives an adequate definition of the genus which is freely translated

"Colony peculiarly pectinate, the twigs springing as unbranched upright switches trom

the upper sides of the branches. Calyces not prominent, on two sides ol the branchlets. An

ent median furrow is present (on the branches). The spicules are warty doublé clubs ,

ol thi calyces being, according to Ridley, distinct from those of the coenenchyma, being

Bture adopted in ihe ure&eol wo

15

loncrer and with two or three whorls of tubercles. The middle whorl is in the centre of the
spicule, so that the middle zone, so characteristic of the spicules of the ccenenchyma, is
here absent".

This seems to have been the last formal definition of the genus, that of Wriüht and
Studer in the Challenger Report (1889) being merely a translation of it, and may well stand
as a characterization of the genus for our present purposes.

The type, and only known species is Ctenocella pectinata (Pallas).

1 . Ctenocella pectinata (Pallas).

Gorgonia pectinata Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 179.

Gorgonia pectinata Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 85.

Gorgonia pectinata Lamouroux. Histoire des Polypiers coralligènes flexibles, 18 16, p. 416.

Ctenocella pectinata Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 14.

Ctenocella pectinata Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, p. 185.

Ctenocella pectinata Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes in the Collections of the British Museum,

1870, p. 26.
Gorgonella pectinata Kölliker. Icones Histiologicas, II, 1865, p. 140.
Ctenocella pectinata Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,

1878, p. 657.
Ctenocella pectinata Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonarien, 1887, p. 68.
Ctenocella pectinata Saville Kent. Great Barrier Reef of Australia, 1893, p. 200.
Ctenocella pectinata Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in

Lübeck, 1894, p. 119.

Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters.
Stat. 299. io°S2'.4S., i23°f.iE. Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island. 34 meters.
*Dutch South New Guinea. Dr. J. W. R. KoCH leg. 1904.

Like many other well known and striking forms this species seems not to have received
detailed description.

Colony 21 cm. high and with a spread of 37.5 cm. The main stem is 2 cm. long and
with a diameter of 5 mm. The main branches into which the stem forks extend almost hori-
zontally outward proximally and then curve gradually upward in their distal portions. They
have a basal diameter of 4 mm. and the longest one is 22.5 cm. in length. The branchlets
are erect, strictly unilateral, parallel and usually simple. Occasionally, however, they are forked,
and the proximal one on each branch bears ultimate branchlets which are also erect and
parallel. The branchlets have an average diameter of about 2.3 mm., are closely set, regularly
spaced and average about 4 to 5111111. apart. The longest one is 14 cm. long. There are
33 branchlets on one branch and 34 on the other.

The median bare space is not well marked on the front and back of the branches, the
calyces being distributed on all sides but more sparsely on the front.

The idividual calyces are very low verrucse, often practically obsolete, and their openings
are often so tightly closed as to be invisible. When not closed they are seen to be not at
the summit of the verrucse but exentric and often lateral, opening toward the side of the
calyx, or inclined distally. The calyces are small, and so low that their dimensions can not

i6

wel! .Mint of then being n«' line of demarcation between their walk and

the general surl cenenchyma Another specimen, from Station 299, has more pro

minent verrucae, a typical one measuring 1 2 mm in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at I
It is papilliform, inclined distall) and has .1 terminal aperture [*he polyps are very small and
have a few spicules on the their upper parts, included the tentacle ba ■

Spicules These are nearly all \>:\ compact doul ds densely covered and with

:\ narrow girdle Hiei also many stout spindles approaching an oval form and without

any A few 'lul. een and an occassional small slender spindle probablj from

■

i rhe specimen described is a dull, dark r<-<\ < >thers are a creamy white the

lichromatic.
G I distribu tion. This species is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean and

region in general, chinese Seas, and Australian region.

• st specimen of this species in the collection is from Station 273. It is one

meter in diameter and creamy white in color.

lus Juncella Valenciennes.

Juncella (in part! Valenciennes. Comptes rendus a l'Acad. Paris, XI. I. p. 14.

Juncella Milne Edwards <t II. unie. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1^57". p. 186.

Juncella Kölliker. Icones Histiologicae, II, iS'.;, p, 140.

Juncella Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, P655.

Juncella Versuch eines Systemes dei Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 67.

Juncella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, tin Alcyonaria, 1889, p. lxv.

Juncella Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck,

.4. p. 1 16.

Juncella Délag et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie concrete, II, j. f901, p. 429.

Juncella Hickson. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 818.

Juncella Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II. 1909, p/269.

It i-- very difficult it" nol quite impossible to distinguish surely between the genera
Scirpearea and Juncella of the earlier writers. The original definition of the genus yuncella
illows •

_.\ tiges droites <-n baguettes, couvertes de cellules polypifères éparses sur la sclerobase".
Milni Edwards and Haime (1857) give practically the same definition, somewhat con
Thej include in the genus yuncella juncea Val., '/'. vimen Val. 1 Gorgonia Juncea
Ellis and Solander), 7. hystrix Val., and ")'. elongata I 'alias).

K illikee defines the genus as indicated in the following translation:

"Axis with alternating layers <d' horny and calcaremis material. Part of the surface of

the stem also pure limestone. Calyces reasonably wel) developed. Spicules of the ccenenchyma

partly warty doublé heads and partly clubs and doublé stars .05 to .1 mm. long. Polyp spicules

nall spindles". This writer includes in the genus Juncella juncea (Esper) and J. gemmacea

enn<

Pi dings Zoological Society of London, 1859) divides the genus into several

17

genera, i. e. Juncella, Ellisella^ Vimenella and "-. Ifclicclla, a step in which he has not been
followed by later writers.

Studer (1878) found that this perplexing group could be divided into two subordinate
groups on the basis of the spicules, one group having an outer layer of clubs and an inner
layer of doublé clubs, the other group being characterized by doublé clubs and spindles. By
using this feature and certain characters of the calyces he arrived at a definition of the genus
'Jiiucclla which may be translated as follows:

"Stem simple or dichotomously branched; calyces moderately or strongly exserted,
club-shaped. Ccenenchyma thick, with an outer layer of clubs beneath which is a layer of
doublé clubs". This author includes in the genus as thus defined Juncella jitncea (Pallas), J.
flexilis Studer, J. gcmmacca (Valenciennes) and (provisionally) J. vimeti Val. and J. ccvis Verrill.

Later (1887) the same writer uses practically the same definition, but adds that the
"Calyces are in two lateral rovvs", a character that does not hold, although repeated by Wright
and Studer (1889).

HlCKSON (1905) discusses the genus at some length and points out clearly the great
difficulty in difining the genera of this family. He combines the genera Juncella and Ellisclla
of previous writers in the one genus Juncella. He would thus include about ten species in
the genus. Four of these (Juncella elongata Val., Ellisclla calamus Studer, E. maculata Studer,
and Juncella spiralis Hickson) the present writer would not admit in the genus, using the
very characters pointed out by Hickson, i. e. the presence or absence of club-shaped spicules.

Thomson and Simpson (1909) do not attempt to define the genus or to place the large
collection of Juncella and its allies at their disposal in their proper genera or species. A
course which they explain as follows :

"At the same time we refrain from multiplying species without some sound basis of
classification. This we hope to supply in a future study".

The present writer, while naturally appalled by a task from which such able authorities
shrink, feels that it is possible to make at least some progress in defining this perplexing
group, and particularly that the genus Juncella itself is capable of being fairly well seperated
from allied genera such as Ellisclla and Scirpcarella. He therefore suggests the following
definition for the genus Juncella :

Colony simple or branched, never anastomosing and usually dichotomous when branched.
Calyces usually on all sides of the colony, (except in young specimens where they are lateral)
often leaving a bare space on two opposite sides of the branches, papillate or club-shaped, inclined
distally, capable of partial retraction along with the strongly retracted polyp. Spicules in an
outer layer of club-stars with club end beset with distally directed spines underneath which is
a thick ccenenchyma with very numerous doublé heads and doublé stars. Axis cylinder with
concentric layers of horny and calcareous matter.

The type species of this genus is Jimcella juncca (Pallas). Other known species are
J. barbadensis Wright and Studer, J. flagellum Johnston, J. flexilis Studer5, J. fragilis
Ridley, J. gcmmacca Valenciennes, J. racemosa Wright and Studer, J. trilincata Thomson
and Herderson, and the new species described beyond.

S1BOGA-EXPEMTIE XIII Ifl. I

i8

A number of other forms have been ascribed to this genus, but thej are so inadequatelj
ribed as to m.ik>- ii impracticable t«> locate them properly.

i. Pallas Plate III. figs. i (

: I enchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 1

1 I imarck. Ili-t, Nat. Anim. s.ms Vcrl

Ellis and Solander. Natura! Historj ol Zoophytes, 1786, ]>. 81.
1 Palla . t haract ["hierpflanzen, 1 7 s - , p. 226.

! amouroux. llist. Polypes coral. flexibles, 1816, p. 419.
.- Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. s.uis Wit.. [836, p. 4
1 Valenciennes. ( ndus, XI. I, 1855, p. 14.

1 Milni Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 1
in . .• Gray. Proceedings Zool. Society London, 1857, p. 481.
Juncella juncea Verrill. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, (864, p. 37.
icella juncea Kölliker. Icones Histiologicae, II. 1 Sf ^5, p. 140.
mcella juncea Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes luit. Museum, 1S70, p. 25.
Juncella juncea Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,

1883, p. 253.
Juncella juncea Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series V, Vol. XI. [883, p
Juncella juncea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 1
Juncella gentmacea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 1 :
Juncella juncea Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhist. Museums in I.ubeck,

1894, ]>. 1 :
Juncella juncea Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 820.

Juncella juncea Thomson and Henderson.'Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 314.
Juncella juncea Thomson and Crane. Alcyonarians from Okhamandal and Kittiawar, [909, p. 133.

It is altogether likely that several described forms, where the description was based on
young colonies (as was probably the case with several included in the above synonytny), should
be included here.

Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters.

Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters.

Stat. 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, south of Saleyer. 8 to

10 meters.

Stat. 162. Between Loslos and B roken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. iS meters.

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., i30°4/.5K. Near New Guinea. 3- meters.

Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters.

Stat. 250. Anchorage off (Cilsuin, West coast of Rur Island. 20 — 45 meters.
Sta; ; Tual Anchorage, Rei Islands. 22 meters.

Stat. 273. Anchorage off 1'ulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters.

Stat. 2X2. 8°25'.2 S., ^27° l8'.4E. 27—54 meters.

Stat. 310. S° 30' S., H9°7'.5E. Flores Sea. jj, meters.

Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters.

Colony unbranched, 64 cm. long. Axis calcareous, rigid proximally and flexible distally,

with a round cross section. There is a median dorsal and ventral line which is free from

calyces, narrow luit evident. The diameter of the colony is 6.6 mm., and of the axis 3 mm.

thickly and evenly emplanted on all sidos of the colony, except <>n the narrow

.m lines. Their arrangement is hard to make out, luit they tend toward oblique rows of

19

ei°ht or nine to the row, extending from the dorsal to the ventral median line. The basal
portion of the colony is almost bare of calyces. iocm. from the base there are about 6 calyces
to the row, although almost the greatest diameter of the colony is here attained.

The individual calyces are papillate projections directed distally, but with their adaxial
sides appressed to the stem and their mouths turned directly towards the stem, so that they
look like fleshy scales with flattened, semicircular free margins. They average about 2.2 mm.
long and .8 mm. in diameter. Their distal ends are often somewhat furrowed longitudinally,
but this is not constant. There are also often pronounced grooves which are vertical and
appear on the sides of the calyces. These are sometimes so pronounced as to give the margin
the appearance of being trilobed, the middle lobe being much the largest. The calyx opening
proper is entirely concealed in the preserved specimens by being turned directly toward the
stem, leaving merely a curved, slit-like opening between the outer calyx wall and the ccenen-
chyma of the stem. The inner or adaxial wall is very short and thin compared with the outer,
and is entirely covered by the latter. The polyps are very small, resembling those of /sis
hippuris. They are so strongly retracted and so difficult to separate from the mass of small
spicules of the fleshy calyx that is is exceedingly dittïcult to ascertain their characters. The
mass of retracted tentacles is bent at an angle with the basal part, the latter being at right
angles to the axis and the former inclined toward it. The polyp body has its walls thickly
strewn with small oval or lenticular spicules and clubs, the former being probably undeveloped
clubs, some of which extend to the dorsal surface of the tentacles.

A section across the stem shows :

1 . A layer of club-stars with their club ends directed towards, and forming the surface of
the colony.

2. A very thick ccenenchyma filled with similar clubs in the outer portions intergrading with
symmetrical doublé heads and doublé stars in the inner parts.

3. A series of small round openings of the primary water-vascular canals symmetrically disposed
a short distance outside of the axis.

4. The axis cylinder, composed of a series of concentric lamellae of calcareous matter alter-
nating with horny layers within which is a practically solid core of calcareous matter.

A longitudinal section shows that the polyps communicate with the water-vascular canals
by definite round openings rather regularly disposed in the walls of the canals.

Spicules. These are all very minute and symmetrical. Those of the superficial layer
of the ccenenchyma are club-stars, showing a distal clavate end truly club-shaped, covered with
thorny points directed distally. Below this spiny portion is a perfectly smooth shank of much
less diameter. The proximal end of the spicule shows a number of radiating points forming a
many-rayed star, or a head with numerous pointed rays symmetrically disposed on all sides.
They intergrade with the doublé stars or doublé heads which pack the inner portions of the
ccenenchyma. These are beautifully symmetrical, minute spicules with a many-rayed head at
each end and a median perfectly smooth girdle. The outer spicules are yellow, while the

itly •■"'• Small oval <>r liiitirular spicules are found on the polyp

dier "uu-s in the tentacles I h< ie intergrade with the club-stars, many of which
are found in the polyp walk

ibed is .1 coral red. The exterior of the a\is is olive and
the int< llow and white Other specimens are yellow.

*, ' distribu tion. I 'he I i dit) is the India n Ocean li has also been

rted, probabl) >usly, from the West fndies. It seems to have a wide range in the

ally dichromatic, red and yellow colonies of apparently the same age
and from i tion being found. Other specimens are nearly white, in alcohol. Siill

othi • and some are deep crimson.

A specimen 5 cm. long from station 164 is found with others much larger. It

ally disposed and resembles some of the so-called s] ribed as

by previous writers. This intergrades completely with typical specimens as described above,

and from the same station, Hiere seems no doubt that a number ol specific descriptions have

on young specimens.

2. Juncella gemmacea (Valenciennes Plate IV, figs. 1, \a.

tacea Valenciennes. Manuscript in coll. of Museum. Paris, fide VVright and

ncella vimen Valencienm XI.I. [856, p. 1 |

Verrucella gemmacea Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoin Naturelle des Coralliain I >

Juncella gemmacea Kölliker. Icones Histiologicx, [865, p. 140.
Ellisella gemmacea Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes British Museum. 1870, p. -
Jun ■ 1 Klunzinger. Corallenthiere dos Rothen Meeres, I. 70. p. 53.

Jun tmacea Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,

>9-
Juncella gemmacea Ridley. Collection II. M. S. Alert, Alcyonaria, 1884, p. 346.
Juncella gemmacea Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, p. [58.
Juncella gemmacea • >n and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oystei Report, Alcyonaria,

p. 313.

5. Anchorag< off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Lslands. 13 meters.
! '. 10 52'.4 S., 123 1 . 1 E. 34 mct>

ilony subflabellate in form, attaining a height of 25.5 cm. The firsl forking occurs
4.5 cm. the Kas- Each of the resulting branches forks about 3.5 cm. above its origin.

The wb on) is regularly dichotomous in its branching, branchings of the to,h order being

attained. The average distance between forkings is perhaps 2 cm., although there is considerable

ition in this respect. As in many other ca f dichotomous branching it is possible t>>

branchlets as all springing from one side of a sinuous branch. This is truc in some
hut not all of the brand: I writer thinks it possible that Juncella racemosa Wright and
Studi Report, p. 159) is this species, and that these authors have taken this view

what I e to be dichotomous branching.

A thi item is devoid of coenenchyma, the axis being 3.2 mm. in

2 I

diameter. The largest branch is nearly round in section and 4.5 mm. in diameter. This diameter
is fairly well maintained throughout the median portions of the colony. In general there is a
tendency to a flattening of the branches, although this is due more to the median grooves,
which extend in the mid-anterior and mid-posterior surfaces of all of the branches, than to any
real flattening of the branches. The terminal twigs are from 2.cS cm. to 7 cm. in length. The
calyces are evenly and thickly distributed on all sides of the branches except along the narrow
but evident median lines, resembling in their distribution those of species of Eunicca, for
instance ; being so closely packed as to be usually contiguous. In some places they show a
strong tendency to an arrangement in spirals or oblique rows. On twigs they are arranged in
oblique rows of three or four on each side.

The individual calyces are stout club-shaped, with their clistal swollen portions abruptly
bent toward the branch and their apertures facing the latter. A typical one measures a trifle
over 2 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in its greatest diameter. The adcauline wall is less than
1 mm. in height. In lateral view a slight appearance of lobulation of the margins is seen.
The tentacles are armed with small club-shaped spicules.

A cross section of the axis shows much the same features as in J. juucea, except that
there is a less symmetrical and regular alternation of calcareous and horny rings, the appear-
ance being more like that of the outer portions of the axis of Plexaurella.

Spicules. These are mainly of two sorts, which however intergrade. ist a doublé
headed spicule with one head like a many-rayed star and the other oval or almost equally
round, but with distally directed imbricating spines. These intergrade completely with typical
doublé stars, much less numerous than the doublé heads.

Color. The colony is a lig ht tan, or yellowish brovvn.

General distribution. The type locality is the Red Sea. Also reported from Ceylon
and the Indian Ocean.

3. Juncella racemosa Wright and Studer.

Juncella racemosa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 18S9, p. 159.
Juncella racemosa Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 268.

Stat. 99. 6° f.$N., i20°26' E. 16 — 23 meters.

Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. 32 meters.

Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters.

Stat. 260. 5°3Ó'.5S., i32°55'.2E. 90 meters.

Stat. 310. 8° 30' S., H9°7i'.5E. 73 meters.

Colony subflabellate, straggling in habit, 38 cm. in height, branching dichotomously.
The first forking is 7 cm. above the base. The main stem is mostly decorticated and lias a
diameter of 3,3 mm. The branches are dichotomous, or unilateral according to interpretation ',

1 It secms to the writer that there is much confusion over this point. He would call the branching unilateral when the mam
branch is straight (not undulating) and bears branchlets on one side only. When the main branch is regularly undulating and >i a 1
forth branches from the knees of the undulations the branching is dichotomous.

As a goud illustration of the former Ctmocella may be cited, while the present species is an excellent illustration of the latte r.

the fifth order beii letimes attained The distance betweei /aries

from m. to 3.5 cm. thus averaging much more than in the precedin Hie ter-

minal twigs are much longer, reaching ;i length of 16 cm The diameter ol the branches
varies fn mm. near tips of branchi I • median grooves are evident on the

in. il parts '>t' the cblony, bul are almost obliterated on the distal parts. I In- calyces are
emplanted on .ill sides of the branches, and are in oblique rows <>f 3 to 5, although the rows
n obscured 1>\ younj being intercalated between the older and largi

ome places 1 1 1 • ide of the branch are inclined upward, while those on the

othei inclined downward ; but this is exceptional.

ndividual calyces are club-shaped, prominent, with their distal ends enlarged and
inclined toward the branch. The aperture seems in general to be more strictlj terminal than
in othei es and less inclined to face the branch. This, however, may be largely due to

contraction of the polyp. A typical calyx measures i.6 mm. in length and
1 2 mm. in diameter. There is a slight appearance of lobulation around the margin. The dorsal
surfaces of the tentacles are armed with small, often bar-like spindles transversely disposed.
A cross section of a branch shows that the ccenenchyma is rather thick and the a
I of many concentric and interrupted rings of calcareous and horny material alter-
nately disposed. 1'he water-vascular canals are symmetrically disposed arround the axis, but
s. ime distance outside of it.

Spicules. These are of two kinds characteristic of the genus. The club-stars have
the club ends more slender, as a rule, than in the last species, and simple clubs are r
common. Typical doublé stars are rare. 1 'ouble crosses are also found, as well as an occasional
simple spindle.

Color. The colony is a bright coral red throughout. The polyps are white.

General distribution. Type locality off Japan, 345 fathoms. This species is also
found in the Indian ( )cean.

The specimens n-ferred to this species are identified with somc doubt, but the one
•il Kil agrees fairly well with the original description, particularly as regards spiculation,
manner of growth and the calyces.

Th and Simpson regard Juncella miniacea as a synonym for this species.

yucella sanguinea new specii - Plate V. figs. 1, \a. Plate X. fig. 1 .

St.it. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei [slands. 22 nieters.
. 1. io° 52 .4 S.. 123° 1 . ! 1 - \ \ meters.

Colony incomplete) subflabellate in form and attaining a height "f 37.5 cm. The speci-
men consists apparentlj "t ene ol the main branches of a much larger colony. The branching
is partly dichotomous and partly irregular. The main stem. or branch, is 4 mm. in diameter
as first forking is 3.5 cm. above its base. The resultant branches are quite irregular, the
small • giving off branchlets from the outer side only, while the larger one is dichotomously

branched. The distance between branchings is from 6.8 cm. to 9 mm. (on distal parts). The
polyps are regularly and thickly emplanted on all sides of the branches, there being but a
slight indication of median grooves on the anterior and posterior surfaces ; but more thickly
on the distal than on the proximal parts of the colony. They are arranged in somevvhat
irreoular diagonal rows of about four to each row, reachino- from back to front of the colony.

The individual calyces are much as in the last species, being club-shaped with their
openings turned toward the branch and often pressed against it. A typical calyx measure
2.8 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in greatest diameter. The adcauline wall is about 1.3 mm.
long, the calyx being less extensively appressed to the branch than in J. gemmacea. The
oral end shows a small central aperture surrounded by eight rather shallow lobes. I am unable
to detect any spicules on the tentacles.

A cross section of the axis near the base shows a distinct difference from other species
of the genus examined. There is no central core of homogenious consistency, but the whole
axis is made up of interwoven calcareous and horny material, very much as is represented by
Kölliker in his figure of the axis of J. gemmacea 1.

Spicules. These are much as in the last species, being almost exclusively of two
types, the most common being doublé heads or rather club-stars according to the nomenclature
adopted in this work. The second form is a typical doublé star. I can find no true spindles
except some very minute ones which I suppose to be young spicules.

Color. The colony is deep crimson throughout. The axis has an olive green cast and
the polyps are white.

This species is closely allied to J. gemmacea. It differs, however, in being more robust
in habit, in the size and shape of the calyces, in having no tentacular spicules, and in color.
This last character, however, would not, alone, be a sufficiënt one to justify us in regarding
it as distinct. It differs from J. racemosa in size of calyces and in the character of the spicules.

Note on the genus Scirpearea.

The writer has already (p. 5) given his reasons for regarding this genus untenable.
He is further of the opinion that the species heretofore included in Scirpearea could be acom-
modated in other genera. Some of these species could be placed in Juncella, and such
species as Scirpearea furcata Hickson a could go into the genus Scirpearella as defined by
Wright and Studer.

Genus Scirpearella Wright and Studer.

Scirpearella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1S89, p. 154.
Scirpearella Délage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, Tomé II, 2me Partie, 1901, p. 429.

Icones Histiologica:, II, 1865, plate XIV, fig. 4.
Alcyonaria of the Maldives, II, 1905, p. 822.

- »

The original definition "i this genus is .is follows

-i iimple i branched. Axis cali , brittle, smooth or symmetrically

grooved on the surface. Polyps arranged in spirals or sometimes in mus on the >tem; tentacles
and upper portion "t the polyps retractile within prominent verrui l oenenchyma moderatel)
thick, with and «.!< >ul >1« • clubs forming a roughened outer layer".

branching does not seem t" be a good generic character in this group,
and is for this genus. The spicules, according to the figures given by Wricht

and S XXXIV, figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8) are seldom true doublé clubs. This is also

tru>- s in the Siboga collection. The forms called "doublé clubs" by Wrighi

and - would be called doublé heads bj the present writer who would define the genus

Gorgonellidae which are variously branched. but in no known case reticulate. Calyi
arranged in spirals or oblique rows in adult colonies, but opposite in young colonies, low ver-
or domes capable of retracting with the polyps. Spicules mostly doublé heads and girdled
spindles, but simple spindles and a few clubs are also found.

The type of this species is Scirpearella profunda Wright and Studer. < >ther known
species are Scirpearella aurantiaca Thomson and Henderson, S. divisa Thomson and Hen-
derson, S. gracilis Wright and Studer, S. indica Hickson, S. moniliformis Wright and Studer.
S. rubra Wright and Studer, S. (Scirpearea) furcata (Hickson) and the new species des-
cribed beyond.

1. Scirpearella rubra Wright and Studer (Plate VI, iïgs. 1 — 5).

irpearella rubra Wright and Studer. Chalienger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 18S9, p. 157.

t. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island mar Timor. 23 meters.

Stat. 80. 2°23'S., 1170 '43' E. 50—40 meters.

Stat. 91. Muaras Keef. inner side, Mast coast of Bornco. Up to 54 meters.

Stat. 155. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters.

it. 164. I°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. 32 meters.

Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., I22°s8'E. From 75 to 94 met. 1

Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 — 45 meters.

Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters.

Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., 1 32° 55.2 !•:. 90 meters.

Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters.

a. 310. 8°30'S., 1 >9°7 -5 1"-- 73 meters.

Colony an unbranched stem (incomplete) 125 cm. long. Diameter near proximal end

6 mm., ncar distal end 4 mm., near middle 7 mm. The calyces are arranged in more or less

regular spirals around all sides of the stem, there being usually from seven to ten calyces in

a spiral, a lutle more than 2 mm. apart on the average. Proximally they are much more

•it, distally somewhat more closely approximated. Near the distal end one side ol the

v shows a ratlier broad bare band, but this is not evident on most ol the stem. On the

proximal part there is a tendency t" show two such bands, frequently invaded however, on

te sides <<i the colony.

25

The individual calyces are in the shape of a reversed horn or curved cone, the sum-
mit being curved upward and the opening being directed upward, or upward and a little
outward. A typical calyx measures 2.7 mm. in height and 2.8 mm. in diameter at base. Xear
the distal end it has a diameter of 1.4 mm. and the walls on the distal portion show faint
indications of eight streaks of reddish against the lighter distal parts of the wall. The walls
are crowded with vertically disposed spicules, most of which seem to be tuberculate spindles.
The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles bear transversely disposed spindles. There are also short
stout spindles in the lower portion of the mesenteries, usually vertically placed. Very large
ova were found attached to four of the mesenterial filaments.

A cross section of the stem shows a moderately thick ccenenchyma. The axis cylinder
is much like that of Jitucclla, with a comparatively dense core showing but slight evidence
of concentric lamellation, and an outer envelope composed of concentric layers of horny and
calcareous matter. The water-vascular canals are regularly disposed around the axis and their
walls are filled with stout doublé clubs.

Spicules. By far the most common form is the densely tuberculate doublé head. Occa-
sionally these take the form of very stout crosses through longitudinal division of the heads.
The next most common form is the regular spindle, found mainly in the polyps themselves.
Sometimes these have regular whorls of verrucse, but they are usually stout, with irregularly
disposed warts. Clubs are rarely seen.

Color. The colony is coral red, as are also the polyps. Other colonies are creamy white.

General distributie n. Type locality. Hyalonema Ground, off Japan, 345 fathoms.

A large series of this species makes it possible to determine that the young specimens
may be of either color. In these the calyces are lateral and usually opposite.

These intergrade with typical colonies, sometimes from the same station. Several spe-
cimens are slightly branched.

2. Scirpearella gracilis Wright and Studer. (Plate VII, figs. 1 — 5).

Scirpearella gracilis Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 18S9, p. 156.

Stat. 58. Bay of Nangamessi, Sumba. Up to 36 meters.
Stat. 166. 2°28'.5S., 131° 3'. 3 E. 118 meters.
Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., 1220 58' E. 75 — 90 meters.
?Stat. 208. 5°39'S., 1220 12' E. 1886 meters.
Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., i32°55'.2E. 90 meters.
Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., i34°53'.9E. 57 meters.
Stat. 289. 90 o'. 3 S., I26°24'.5E. 112 meters.

Colony originally forked, but with one branch missing. 44.5 cm. in length. Main stem
to fork 4.4 cm. long, 3.5 mm. in diameter, and devoid of calyces. Main branch devoid of
calyces for 13.5 cm., 3.5 mm. in diameter near base and diminishing to 3 mm. near distal
end. There is a shallow but clistinct groove running along one side of the colony, and that

BIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII i3. 4

26

thickly emplanted with calyces than the other and there is ;i distim t tendencj
toward 1 on either side ..t" the groove. The calyces are ihus on three sides of the

stem, where the) often tend t" .1 spiral arrangement, there being usually tour calyces in each
oblique row the impressed line on one side around to the one on the other. < *n the

(listal part of the colony then two opposite gi li in the centre ol a distinct band

doublé row of calyces on each side Another fragment in
irs to bi listal end <>f the branch just described. lt is 32 cm. long.

lt is th probable that tliis colony was originally 76.5 cm. long, tapering to a very

fine nd.

individual calyces are subconical nr rather truncated cones, rather low and broad.
A ; measures 1 mm. in height and [.9 mm. in diameter at the base I he t(

. mostly doublé spindles, thickly encrusted over their basal portions.

Spicules. These are almost exclusively doublé heads and girdled spindles 'doublé
spim The) are all densely tuberculate. Heavy fusiform spicules are formed when the

depressed girdles are obliterated by the invasion of tubercles. The doublé heads and girdled
spindles intergrade in every possible degree. Regular spindles, such as are common in S. ruóra,
are 'almost never seen. Smal! cr< formed of four tuberculate heads joined by a cross

shap other part, are rather common, the four heads being so close as to be often con-

tiguous. I find no clubs.

lor. The colony is light grayish brown throughout, with a tinge of olive.
u-r al distribution. Type locality. Off New Hebrides. [30 fathoms.

A young specimen from station 289 is 22.5 cm. long, very slender, with a length
mm. without calyces, and 15 mm. with calyces. The calyces are lateral and regularly
alternate, averaging about 2.3 mm. apart. In form they are low cones with rounded summits
which are directed outward. The spicules are as in the specimen described above. Another
specimen trom the same station lias lateral calyces which appear much more prominent on
account of the partial expansion of the polyps. It also shows a faint median impressed line.
A specimen taken from station 208, depth [886 meters agrees quite well with young speci-
mens from station 260 (90 meters) and 204 (94 metei

lt is altogether likely that some of the so-called species of this genus that have been
described a lly distinct and are listed on page 24 are based on young specimens

of this form.

rpearella regia new species. Plate VIII, figs. 1. \a\ Plate X, fig. 5).
:. 172. Gisserj anchorage between this NI. nul and Ceram-Laut. r8 meters.

Iried an enormous bushy ma-s profusely branched in a dichotomous marmer,
in height. The base is a rudely hemispherical mass embracing corallines, wormtubes

in diamet,!- and 8 cm. high. The- stem is 2.1 cm. in diameter at its base, bears

27

a stub of a branch 4 cm. from its proximal end and bifurcates about 1 2 cm. from its base.
The main branches bifurcate 10.5 cm. above their origin and continue to divide dichotomously
until branchings of the Sth order are attained. The ultimate twigs are very long and slender,
sometimes 60 cm. long, with an average diameter of 3.5 mm. The branches and twigs are all
erect and proximately parallel, and are very numerous, there being considerably over 100. The
ccenenchyma is thin, and the main branches are without calyces and often denuded of ccenen-
chyma. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the smaller branches and twigs. There is
no evidence of a median groove in the dried specimen, and the calyces are so shrunken in
the type that they can not be studied in a satisfactory manner. At the distal ends of the
twigs the ccenenchyma is so shrunken that a cross section is sometimes triangular and some-
times quadrangular.

A cross section of a small branch shows a rather thin ccenenchyma, regularly disposed
primary water-vascular canals and axis with a hard amorphous core of limestone and an outer
relativelv thick investment of concentric layers of partly calcareous and partly horny material.

S pi cu les. These are mostly densely tuberculated doublé heads with the girdle usually
quite well marked and seldom entirely obliterated. These intergrade with girdled spindles,
doublé crosses, etc. Regular Greek crosses are also seen, but the most common form, next
to the doublé head, is the doublé cross. Simple spindles and clubs are rarely seen.

Color. The dried colony is a rather light reddish brown or terra cotta. It was probably
bright red in life. The spicules are an orange yellow.

This is by far the largest gorgonellid in the collection, and must have been a truly
magnificent specimen when alive.

4. Scirpearella hemispherica new species. (Plate V, figs. 2 and ia\ Plate X, fig. 6).
Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters.

Colony unbranched, 18 cm. in height. The basal part of the stem is devoid of calyces
and is 2.2 cm. in diameter. 5 cm. from its base the colony seems to have been forked and
one of the brach.es broken off short. Above this point the stem is bare for 2.6 cm., and but
1.2 mm. in diameter across the polypiferous portion. The calyces are very irregularly but rather
closely scattered on all sides of the stem with a tendency toward a more compact arrangement
on the sides.

The individual calyces are regularly hemispherical or dorne-shaped, varying greatly in
size. One of the larger ones is 1.7 mm. in height and 2.3 mm. in diameter at its base. They
are so completely closed by the strong contraction of the polyps that the openings are seen
with difhcultv, but appear to be somewhat inclined toward the distal end of the colony. The
distal end of the polyp body is filled with a mosaic of spicules in the form of doublé heads
and doublé spindles, and these run out over the basal portions of the tentacles in broad bands
which appear conspicuously on the tentacles after the polyp has been dissected away from the
calyx, the red spicules contrasting with the yellowish polyp.

iles. Practically all of the spicules are very densely tuberculated doublé lieads
with the girdl ind often obliterated s.i as to produce an oval forfh compactly

| with iti i verrucse Spindles are very rarely seen, and these are

probably from the

lony is coral red, tin- part <>t' the stem which bears no calyces is < lull
pink I : yellowish and the polyps yellow.

appears to 1" clearly distinct from the others in tin- collection, and I am
una ntify it with any <>f the described forms. The shape of the calyces, although often

no; ible specific th.ir.i seems to \«- <[uite characteristic in this case. ïhe spicu-

lation <>t" the ] •< »1\ | •-. also furnishes a good character. It is probably nearest S. gracilis\ but
that seems constant is color, no red specimens having been found.

i ïenus Nicella Gray.

Ni G iy. Catalogue Lithophytes in the British Museum, [870, p. 40.

e/Ia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonarien, 1SS7, p. 6j.

Ha Wri^ht and Studer. Challen; . the Alcyonaria, jNSo. p. i.w.

Studer (1887) gives the only satisfactory definition of this genus that 1 have been
able to find. The following is a translation :

"Stem upright, branched, with thin ccenenchyma and exserted calyces which stand vertically
and have their ends truncated. Calyces lateral on stem and branches, leaving a median space
bare. The spicules form an otiter layer of small doublé clubs and an inner layer of longer
cylindrical or spindle forms, thickly covered with verrucae".

Wright and Studer (18S9) give practically the same definition as the one quoted above.

With the single change of the words "doublé clubs" to "doublé heads" the definition
as given by Studer can stand as acceptible for our present purpose.

The type of this genus appears to lic Nicella dichotoma (Gray) '. Dut two other species
of the genus seem to have been described, i. e. Nicella pustu/osa and N. rcticulata. both by
Tm and Simpson. It seems. however, from the descriptions and figures, that neither of

these species can be regarded as belonging to this genus as defined by Studer.

1. Nicella coralloidcs new species. (I'late IX, figs. 2, 2 a ■. Plate XI. tig. 1).

' 117. 1 0.5 X., 122 56 1 ;. 80 nu t
Stat. 257. Duroa Strait, Kei 1-1. nul-. Up to 52 meters.

1 olony flabellate in form, 11 cm. in height and with a spread of 9.5 cm. The l>ase is

and also one large branch. The main stem is i.8 cm. long t<> where it forks, and

one of the resultant branches is broken <>tï. Diameter of stem about 2 mm. The main branch

1 1 originnlly oamed Scirfitarea dichotoma Gray aod afterward changed by the

iuld nut 1,1 1 allowable undcr our present rules of nomcnclature,

29

is curved in the shape of a sickle and sends off a number of secondary branches which again divide
in an irregularly alternate manner and often fork distally, the ultimate branchlets being short,
rarely exceeding 1.50111. in length. The distance between secondary branches averages about
5 mm. There is no evident keel or groove in the median line, although it is indicated in
places. The calyces are lateral and alternate in position, and are usually about 1.5 mm. apart.

The individual calyces are cylindrical in form and are projected nearly at a right angle
with the branch, although they tend to be distally inclined. A typical calyx measures 1.3 mm.
in height and 1.1 mm. in diameter. The basal end is usually somewhat broader than the
distal. The margin is surrounded by eight lobes which are continuous with the bases of the
tentacles. These lobes are not so distinct as in the next species.

The tentacles are very thickly encrusted with a mosaic of bardike spicules, and similar
spicules are placed vertically in the body wall of the polyp.

A cross section of a branch shows a relatively thin ccenenchyma and a regular series
of water-vascular canals which, in a large branch, is separated from the axis by a thin layer
of ccenenchyma. The axis is calcareous, without lamellse of horny material.

Spicules. As in the next species, these are of two kinds, an outer layer of small
doublé heads and an inner layer of rnuch larger bardike forms with rounded corners and a
densely and finely tuberculate surface. This species differs from the next, however, in having
the girdles almost always obliterated in these bardike forms, although it is occasionally seen
in what are probably immature spicules.

The doublé heads sometimes become doublé stars, and the bardike forms sometimes
intergrade with slender spindles.

Color. The colony is a bright coral red; the polyps are white, but may originally
have been vellow. The axis is greenish.

J o

Other specimens from the type locality have verruciform calyces. This is probably due
to the fact that the calyces partake of the retraction of the polyps. Another specimen is very
large, broken, the largest fragment being 25 cm. long.

2. Nicclla carinata new species. (Plate IX, figs. 1, \ a\ PI. XI, fig. 2).

Stat. 117. i0o'.j N. 1220 56' E., 80 meters. (Type).

Stat. 154. o°7'.2N., I30°25'.5E. 83 meters.

Stat. 213. Saleyer Anchorage and surroundings, including Pidu Pasi Tanette, near the North

point of Saleyer Island. Up to 36 meters.

Stat. 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. (Type).

Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. 90 meters.

Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters.

Colony very profusely branching, irregular in form, but tending to form a sub-flabellate
structure. The base is absent, and the main stem is branched about 7.5 cm. from its proximal
end. It is about 3.1 cm. in diameter, round in section and ascends in a feebly geniculate
manner pivingf off branches alternatelv to the rieht and left. These branches are sometimes

I.iirk straight and .it others tortuous, and give ofl branchlets which tend to an alternate
nd rebranch muil branchings of the 6,h order are sometimes attained. The front
and back "l the branches are devoid of calyces and often show .1 median longitudinal ridge
nr keel. The distance between branches varies greatly, but wil] average perhaps 8 mm. The
tips of the twigs bear .1 pair of nearly opposite calyces with a 1 »lunt point between them indi-

rularly alternati
ndividual |uite prominent for tliis group, cylindrical in form and regu

ite in position. rhey are directed ontward, upward and slightly forward or toward
\. A typical calyx measun t.6 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in diameter,
iften slightly longer in the distal parts of the colony. The walls show a tendencj
longitudinal ridges or corrugations on the distal parts. The margin is eight-
i and the bases of the infolded tenl ire ver) prominent, forming a radiate mass, the

the tentacles showine as a star-like fieure. The tentacle bases are heavily
spiculated, mostly with doublé heads similar to those on the calyx walls and genera! ccenen
chyma. They encrust the dorsal surface of the tentacles well to the distal end. The ccenen-
chyma is rather thin and the axis is calcareous without evident lamelle of chitinous matter.

Spie nies. These are verv characteristic and consist mainly of two forms; 1 an outer
layer of minute doublé heads, densely tuberculate; 2nd an inner and thicker layer of spicules
which differs from any others that 1 have seen aside from this genus. They are much larger
than the doublé heads, and bar-like in outline. The hars are somewhat narrowed at the ehds
and have their corners rounded. although the etuis an- fairly square. Their surface is verj
linely and densely tuberculate, so that the actual surface of the spicule is almost completely
hidden except for the median girdle which is usually sharply cut but sometimes obscured or
completely obliterated. Almost all of the spicules are one or the other of these two forms.
Rarely minute crosses are seen and very rarely minute regular spindles.

Color. The colony in general is yellowish golden brown 5 the polyps very dark brown
or chocolate, a most unusual color, which is quite conspicuous when the polyps are dissected
out. None were expanded in the specimen described.

This species is a typical Nicella according to the original definition by Gray, and
demonstrates the validity of the genus.

In a specimen from Station 2^- the calyces are more crowded and proportionally shorter,
and grayish in color. as il' bleached. A small specimen from station 260 has the calyces much
more distant than in the type, and is grayish brown in color.

Genus Kllisella G by Studer).

Ellisella Gray. Proceedings Zoologica] Society of London, 1857, p. 2-,j.

Ellisclla Gray. Catal 1 ithophytes British Museum, [870, p.

Ellisella Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaft, ku Berlin, 1878, p

Ellisella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes <lcr Alcyonaria, [887, p. 1

Ellisella Wright and Studer. Chalienger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. i.wi.

Studer (1878) defines the genus as follows :

"Stamm einfach oder gabelastig, Warzen kaum vorspringend, in zwei Reihen seitlich am
Stamm angeordnet. In der Rinde nur dopple Keulen und Spindeln".

The same author (1887) gives a slightly extended definition, translated as follows:

"Colony simple, or with forked branches, thick coenenchyma and scarcely developed
calyces which are arranged in two rows. Coenenchyma contains doublé clubs and spindles".

This definition is practically repeated by Wright and Studer (1889) since which time
it has apparently received no further definition. Studer's last definition may therefore stand as
the one here adopted, with the understanding that the "Dopple Keulen" of that writer be
interpreted as "doublé heads" according to the system here used.

The type of this genus appears to be Ellisclla elongata (Pallas). Other species are
Ellisella calamus Studer, E. maculata Studer, and the single species secured by the Siboga
Expedition.

1 . Ellisclla Jïava new species (Plate IX, fig. 4, 4 a ; Plate XI, fig. 3).
Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., 1220 56' E. 80 meters.

Colony fragmentary, the largest piece being 6.5 cm. long, dichotomously branched twice,
the first forking being immediately above the proximal end of the specimen. One of the
resultant branches is simple and is 4.1 cm. long. The other branch forks 3.7 mm. above its
origin, the resulting branchlets being simple, the longer 2.6 mm. and the shorter 1.4 cm. long.
The branches are slender with a comparatively uniform diameter of .7 mm. There is a clearly
defined furrow along the front of the branches. The calyces are disposed on two opposite
sides of the branches, in some places being regularly opposite in position and in others being
irregular. The former, however, seems to be the normal arrangement.

The individual calyces are very low subconical verrucae appearing as mere swellings
along the sides of the branches. A typical calyx measures 1.1 mm. in its longer diameter (being
oval in section) and .6 mm. in height. The margin is feebly marked with eight lobes. The
calyx walls are filled with regular spindles which are vertically disposed on the distal parts
and point toward the margin. Similar spindles encircle the basal parts and are longitudinally
disposed in the coenenchyma of the branches. The tentacle bases are thickly encrusted with
smaller spindles disposed longitudinally, as a rule. On the distal parts of the tentacles there
is a dorsal band of small transverse spindles.

The coenenchyma is comparatively thin and the axis is hard, white and calcareous.

Spicules. The spicules of this form do not have the general facies of the spicules of
the Gorgonellidse at all. The most common form by far is the tuberculate spindle, terete in
form and almost never with a distinct girdle. The tuberculation is usually quite dense, so as
to hide the actual surface of the spicule. There are also a few clubs, crosses, small irregularly
branched forms and, very rarely, doublé heads.

C o 1 o r. The colony, in alcohol, is rather bright yellow.

Were it nol for th<- calcareous axis, without j< >int^. the writer would hardh suspect tliis
mging to ilic Gorgonellidae. It seems to fit better in the genus Ellisella than
in any other, although the practical absence ol doublé clubs is not in accord with th< defini
i for ili.it genus.

nus Plumigorgia new genus.

I olony bearing symmetrically disposed, delicate, pinnately arranged ultimate branchlets,
mbling a plumularian hydroid. Calyces minute. Spicules very minute, oval lenticular
and disk-shaped forms embedded in a translucent horn-like coenenchyma from which il is
difficult to separate the spicules.

i, Plumigorgia hydroides new species. (Plate IX, fig. 3, 3a; Plate XI. fig. 1

Boutheast side "t" Pearl Bank, Sulu Archipelago. \\ meters.
Stat. 123. North Bay, Biaru Island. 36 27 nieters. (Typ< ,

Colony straggling in form, branches truly pinnate, greatly resembling a plumularian
hydroid; total height [3.7 cm. The colony arises from an irregularly calcareous mass. The main

siem is 2 mm. in diameter near its base and forks 2.8 mm, above its origin. The main branches
ar<- stitï and tortuous, must of their branchlets being broken off, hut their stubs show that they

rather regularly alternate, at least on the distal parts of the colony. The ultimate branchlets
are regularly alternate offshoots trom the secondary branches, and are gracefully curved exactly
as are the hydrocladia in a plumularian. The ultimate twigs are about 3.5 mm. apart and
attain a length of 13 mm. The axis in these branchlets is exceedingly attenuated, being at
the ends no larger than a hair, and is calcareous throughout. The calyces are all lateral, but
are otherwise irregularly disposed, being opposite, subopposite or alternate in different parts
of the same twig.

The individual calyces are very minute for alcyonarians, a typical one being less than
.5 mm. in height and about as wide as high. They vary in shape, some being dome-shaped
and others in the form of short cylinders. Their walls are full of minute disk-shaped or
biscuit-shaped spicules. These are embedded in the coenenchyma in a peculiar manner, not
being contiguous, but distinctly spaced as if stuck in a horn-like translucent coenenchyma, each
spicule being distinctly isolated from its fellows. This horn-like matrix is peculiar in that it
r'-sisis boiling in a potash solution and comes off from the axis like a transparent pellicle with

ipicules siill l'irmK' embedded. An end view of a calyx shows that the aperture is very
small, when the polyp is retracted, and the margin is surrounded by eight not very strongly
marked lobes. The tentacles have very long and slender pinnules and their dorsal surfaces
are packed with minute disk-like spicules which are even smaller than those in the calyx walls
and coenenchyma.

ii ule rhesi are ol two forms which an really but modifications oi one. The)
' ir or disk-shaped. ( >ften the oval is constricted in the middle and thus a biscuit

form is produced. Their surfaces are all covered with fine granules which are much smaller
than verrucse. None of them are girdled and the granules are so thick that the spicules are
not translucent.

C o 1 o r. The whole colony is creamy white.

A number of specimens from Station 96 were preserved in formalin and the spicules
were exceedingly hard to demonstrate. A few, however, were found and proved to be of the
same peculiar forms as described above.

Genus Isidoides new genus.

Axis solidly calcareous ; calyces club-shaped ; spicules comparatively large bar-like forms
with the ends swollen and the surface comparatively smooth, without evident verrucse. The
operculum is composed of eight segments, each consisting of a plate formed of adherent longi-
tudinally disposed bars.

1. Isidoides armata new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, 2 a ; Plate XI, fig. 5).
Stat. 267. 5°54'S., I32°56'.7E. 984 meters.

The specimen is fragmentary, the largest fragment being straggling in form, 1 ^ cm.
high and with the base lacking ; although it is partly retained in another, where it is solidly
calcareous. The main stem, or branch, forks 5 cm. from its base, one of the resulting bran-
ches being broken off 3 cm. from its base and the other forming practically the entire spe-
cimen. This latter is denuded to its first lateral branchlet 4.4 cm. from its origin. 1.1 cm.
above this branchlet another arises on the same side which forms the main part of the spe-
cimen and is about 8.6 cm. long. It bears one terminal simple twig on one side and two on
the other. The axis is solidly calcareous, round, 1.5 mm. thick at its base. The calyces are
almost all lateral in position on the main branches, but may be on all sides of the distal
parts of the twigs. They are irregular in distribution, averaging about 2 mm. apart.

The individual calyces vary greatly in size and shape according to age and stage of
contraction of the polyps. Ordinarily they are tubular when retracted and club-shaped when
expanded, but the distal ends are almost always enlarged, even in retraction. A typical calyx
with retracted polyp measures 1.8 mm. in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter near its distal end.
One with the polyp partly expanded is 4 mm. high and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyx
walls are packed with comparatively large, bar-like or lenticular spicules which are criss-cross
but show a tendency to be vertical when the polyp is expanded and horizontal, especially
near the margin, when the polyp is retracted. The tentacles are closely folded over the oral
disk and their dorsal surfaces are heavily armed with Iongitudinally disposed bar-like spicules
like those in the calyx walls. These completely cover the dorsal surface with an imbricating
series, the distal ends of some overlapping the basal ends of others, and are adherent to
each-other so that the whole pseudo-operculum is made up of eight segments, each covering
one tentacle with an adherent mass of overlapping bar-like spicules.

SIBOGA-EXPEIHTIE XIII /j3. 5

34

Spicule \' ■ ill «'t" thr bar-like form, the bars often being sotnewhat expanded

distally. I h<ir ends are evenly rounded and their surfaa • are quite «mooth showing merel)
a very fine, dei [ranulated appearance under moderately high powers ol the microscope,

rheir profil* .mooth, nol showing verruca; or points "i anj I li>\ resemble in form

certain spicules found in the I>iil.i Bathygorgia profunda, but ar<- smoother than any

others that the writer has seen.

lor rh< colon) is ver) light brown and the axis is the same.

'Tliis remarkable form shows a close resemblance to certain Isidae, and would be jilaced
in that family were the axis jointed It .i1m> shows an approach to the Primnoidae in th<- cha-
i the operculum.

DISTRTBUTION OF THE GORGONELLID^E COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION.

List of Stations

at which Gorgonellidae were secured, together with the depth and character
of the bottom ; and the species collected at each Station.

STATION 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud, with patches of fine coral sand.
/ 'errucella flaviflora.

STATION 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells, according
to locality. Gorgonclla rigida, Juncella juncea.

STATION 53. Bay of Nangamessi, Sambu. Up to 36 meters. Coral sand, mud near shore. Scirpea-
rclla gracilis.

STATION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Juncella juncea, Scirpearella rubra,
Scirpearella hemïspherica.

STATION 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, south of Saleyer. Dead
Coral, Halimeda, Lithothamnion. 8 to 10 meters. Juncella juncea.

STATION 80. 2°25'S., ii7°43'E. Borneo bank. From 40 to 50 meters. Fine coral sand. Scirpea-
rella rubra.

STATION 91. Muaras Reef, inner side; East coast of Borneo. Up to 54 meters. Hard coral sand.
Scirpearella rubra.

Station 96. Southeast side of Pearl Bank, Sulu Archipelago. 15 meters. Lithothamnion bottom.
Pluin igo rgia hydro icies .

STATION 99. 6° 7'. 5 N., I20°26'E. North Ubian, Sulu Archipelago. 16 — 23 meters. Lithothamnion.
Juncella racemosa.

Station 117. i°o'.5 N., i22°56'S. Kwandang Bay entrance, Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Nicella coralloides, Nicella cariuata, Ellisella /lava.

STATION 123. North Bay, Biaru Island. 36 — 27 meters. Stone and Lithothamnion bottom. Pluiiu-
gorgia hydroides.

STATION 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand.
Scirpearella rubra.

STATION 154. o°y'.2 N., I30°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion.
Nicella carinata.

STATION 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West Coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse and
fine sand, with clay and shells. Juncella juncea.

Station 164. i°42.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stone mixed with
mud. Juncella racemosa, J. juncea, Scirpearella rubra.

neai Mi ooi. Ii8metei , Hard i >ai • .me!. Scirpearella gracilis.

riON i tl 11. md and Ceram-Laut. i8 n and Litho-

thamnion l> >ttom.

Buton Strait. ;■; 94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Gorgoitella
urn -

I Banda St.i. [886 meters. Solid green mud. Scirpearella gracilis.

Anchorage and surroundings, including Pulu Pasi Tanette, near the North
l/a carinata.

B cl md < oral. JunceUa juncea, Scirpearella rubra.

■ Kilsuin, West o ol Kur Island. 20 — 45 meters. JunceUa juinen.

[n Duroa Strait, Kei [slands. Up to 52 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral.
l/a cora/loides, N. carinata.

1 1"\ 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei [slands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Junce/la juncea,
.-. S irpearella rubra.

lTION 260. 5°36'.5S., 1 • ! E. Near Kei [slands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. (,,

. JunceUa racemosa, Scirpearella rubra. S. gracilis, Nicella carinata.

STATION 267. 5 54 >.. 1 . Gray mud with brown upper layer. 984 meters. Isidoides armata.

STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Am tsfemds, (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand
and shells. 'la pectinata, JunceUa juncea, J. gemmacea.

STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., 134 55.9 E. nv.u Aru [slands. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Gorgonella
'ttalis, Scirp *raci/is.

STATION 282. 8 :;.:S., [27 184E. Anchorage between Nusa Besi and the N. E. point of Timor.
27 — 54 meters Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. JunceUa juncea.

STATION 289. 9°o'.3 S., t26 24'. 5 E. South coast of Timor. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells.
Scirpearella gracilis.

STATION 299. to 52. 4 S., i23°i'.i E. Buka or Cyrus Bay, South coast of Rotti Island. 34 meters.
Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Ctenocella pectinata, JunceUa gemmacea, J. sanguivea, Scirpearella gracilis.

5. Mid Channel in Solor Strait. off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Gorgonella
orientalis, G. rigida, Scirpearella rubra, Nicella coralloides, Nicella carinata.

STATION 27' S., I22°54'.5E. near Flores. 247 meters. Sandy mud. Gorgonella orientalis.

STATION 310. 8°3oS., 1 190 7.5 11. Flores Sea. /$ meters. Sand, dead coral. GorgoneUa orientalis,
Verrucella rubra, /'. stellata, JunceUa juncea, J. racemosa, Scirpearella rubra.

STATION 315. Anchorage East end of Sailus Besar, Paternoster [slands. Up to 36 meters. Coral
and Lithothamnion. JunceUa juncea.

It appears from this list that Gorgonellidx were secured at 35 stations uut of about
147 stations ulicn: the bottom was sucessfully explored with the dredge or trawl.

Station 310 seems to have yielded tin- greatest numbcr of Gorgonellida-, six species
having been secured, the next bes) yield being Station j<»> and Station 305 where five species
were secured, while stations 204, 258 and 299 yielded four species each.

The most abundant species of Gorgonellidae in the collection is Jiimclla juncea, which
'.1 at 12 stations, the next in abundance being Scirpearella rubra which was dredged
11 . Scirpearella gracilis coming v1. being found at 8 stations. But one species

was secured from each of 21 stations in the foregoing lis'.

37

Table show ing the geographic and bathymetric distribution
of the Gorgonellidae collected by the Siboga Expedition.

BATHYMETRIC.

GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE KROM DUTCH

I to

50 to

100 to

Over

EAST INDIES.

50

100

200

200

meters

meters

meters

meters

Gorgonella orientalis

*

*

*

Off Japan.

Gorgonella umbraculum ....

■£

East Indies in general (Studer).

Gorgonella delicatula

*

Gorgonella rigida

*

*

*

Verrucella mbra

*

Gulf of Manaar.

*

Red Sea.

Verrncella stellata

■

*

*

Indian Ocean, New Guinea, China Sea, A

ustralian

Juncella juncea

*

*

Indian Ocean.

[waters.

'Juncella gemmacea

*

•

Red Sea.

*

*

Japan.

*

•

*

*

Off Hyalonema Ground, Japan.

*

*

*

Off New Hebrides.

*

Scirpearella liemispherica . . .

~

•

Nicella coralloides

•

*

Nicella carinata

*

*

Ellisella flava

*

Plumigorgia hydroides

*

Isidoides armata

•

*

Totals

12

This table shows clearly that the Gorgonellidae are essentially shallow water forms, all
but one of the twenty one species in the Siboga collection having been secured from waters
less than 100 meters in depth. While six species in the above list are known to be from
more than 100 meters, but three of 'these Scirpearella gracilis, Gorgonella orientalis and Isidoides
armata, were taken from over 200 meters by the Siboga Expedition. The records show that
about 80 hauls of the dredge or tawl were taken in over 200 meters, and these should have
yielded more than three species of Gorgonellidae, if that family is at all common at such depths.

The deepest water from which a gorgonellid was taken was at Station 208 where
Scirpearella gracilis was dredged. This species also has a very remarkable bathymetric range,
being found from 34 to 1886 meters. Isidoides armata was taken from a depth of 984 meters.

The geographical distribution indicated by the table is, as would be expected from the
bathymetric table, much more restricted than would have been the case with more characteristic
deep water forms. All of the species represented by the Siboga collection are restricted to the
Indo-Pacific region. A few species of the family Gorgonellidae are, however, found outside of
this region, at least five species Verrucella gnadalupcnsis, V.ramosa, V. gramilif era, Juncella
extans and J. hystrix having been reported from the Atlantic.

It remains true, however, that the apparent centre of distribution for this family is in
the Oriental region and that its occurence elsewhere is exeptional.

Literature cited
in the Report <>n th<- Goi [onellidae ol the Siboga collection.

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delle Scienze di Torino, Serie 2. Vol. XIX, 1S60.
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various parts of the Globe by the late John ELLIS, systematically arranged and described bj
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i r Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche wahrend der Reise S. M. S. "Gazelle" um die

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Lübeck, II Ser., Heft 7 und 8; Lübeck, 1894.
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Gulf of Manaar. By W. A. HERDMAN, Supplementary Reports, Nn. XX, the Alcyonaria ;

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THOMSON and SlMPSON. Report on the Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean by the Royal Indian

Marine Survey Ship "Investigator" ; Part II, the Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area; Calcutta, 1909.
VALENC1ENNES, M. Extrait d'une monographie de la familie des Gorgonidies de la Classe des Polypes;

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de 1'Academie des Sciences, XLI, Paris, 1855.
VERRILL, A. E. List of the Polyps and Corals sent by the Museum of Zoology to other Institutions in

Exchange, with Annotations; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. I, N". 3,

Cambridge, 1S64.
Wright and StuüER. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years

1S73 — 76. The Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI, London, 1889.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

The phetographs were made from nature by the auther
The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Bayt@n Stoner.

FLATE I.

. i. Verrucella flavijlora (new name), Natural size. la, part of hranch ;.
Fig. 2. Gorgonella delicatula n. sp. Natural size 2 a, part of branch X 5-

Fig. 3. Gorgonella rigida n. sp. Natural size. $a, part of branch X 5.

SIBOGA-EXPED'TIE XUI bs. C. C. NUTTING, GORGONELUDAE.

PLATE II.

i . / 'errucella stellata n. sp. Natural size. i a, part of tip of branch X 5.

SIBOQA-EXPEOITIE XIII bs. C. C. NUTTING, GORGONELLIDAE.

I'LATK III.

Fig. i. Juncella juncea (Failas). Part of large red specimen, natura] size.

uncella juncea. l'art of another colony, red, with calyces more prominent. Xatural size. 2 a, part
of same specimen 5.
3. Juncella juncea. l'art of a white colony, showing mcdian impressed line. Xatural size.
Fig. 4. Juncella juncea. l'art of another white colony, much smaller. Xatural size.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b». C. C. NUTTING, GORGONELL1DAE.

PLATE IV.

i. Juncella gtmmacea (Val.). Natural size. \a, part of branch ■ ;.

S1BOGA-EXPEDITIE Xl!l b3. C. C. NUTTIN» iONELLlDAE.

PLATE V.

Fig. i. Juncella sanguinea n. sp. Natural size. \ a, part of branch X 5.

Fig. 2. Scirpeardla hemispherica n. sp. Natural size. 2 a, part of branch X 5.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b=>. C. C. NUTTINO, GONOONELLIDAE.

PLATE VI.

Fig. i. Scirpearella rubra W. and S. Large red colony. Natural size. ia, part of colony

J. Scirpearella rubra. Smaller red specimen. Natural size.

}. Scirpearella rubra. More slender, white form. Natural size.
Fig. 4. Scirpearella rubra. Small red specimen. Natural size.

5. Scirpearella rubra. Young colony, white, with opposite calyces. Natural size.

SIBOGA-EXPED1TIE XIII b*. C. C. NUTTING, GORGONELLID

VI

PLATE VII.

Fig. i. Scirpearella gracilis W. and S. Fairly large colony, with calyces on all sides. Natural size.
i •!. part of colony ;.
; anti 4. Smaller colonies of the same species, with alternate calyces. Natural size. 3^, part of
colony ;.
5. A very young colony, same species, with very regular lateral and alternate calyces.

S1BOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b\ C. C. NUTTING, GORGONELLIPAF.

VII

1'LATK VIII.

i Scirpearella regia n. sp., with meter rod at right to show actual size. \a, part of branch ■ 5.
2. Isidoides armata n. sp. Xatural size. 2a, part of branch ;■ 5.

SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b-\ C. C. NUTTING, GORGONELLII

PLATE IX.

Fig. i. Nicella carinata n. sp. Natural size. \ a, part of branch ;.

Fig. 2. Nicella coralloides n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch 5.

Fig. 3. Plumigorgia hydroides n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of colony 5.

Fig. 4. Ellisella flava n. sp. Natural size. 4«, part of branch 5.

SIBOGA-EXPED1TIE XIII b5. C. C. NUTTING, GOR0ONELL1DAE.

IX

PLATE X.

Fig. i. Gorgonella delicatula n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, b, c and tl. ■ 330.

2. Gorgonella rigida n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, b, c and <l. 330.

Fig. 3. Verrucella stellata n. sp. Group of five spicules, «, /', c, </ and <■. 330.

4. Juncella sanguinea n. sp. Group of four spicules, «, b, c and </. x 330.

Fig. 5. Scirpearella regia n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, b, c and d. - 330.

6. Scirpearella hemispherica n. sp. Group of three spicules, «, /' and c. ■ 330.

Siboga-Expeditie XIII b3 C. G. Nutting, Gopgonellidae.

ivc

Dayton Stoner del.

PLATK XI.

Fi;,,'. i. Nicella coralloides n. sp. Group of five spicules, a, b, c, J and e. 330.

Fig. 2. Nicella carinata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. ■ 330.

3. Ellisella flava n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, b and c. X 330.

Fig. 4. Plumigorgia hydroides n. sp. Group <>f four spicules, <z, ^, c and (/. • 330.

5. Isidoides armata n. sp. Group of five spicules, a, b, c, d and e. X 1 10.

Siboga-Expeditie XIII b3 C. C. Nutting, Gorgonellidae.

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RÉSULTATS DES EXPLORATEONS
ZOOLOGIQUES. BOTANIQUES, OCÉANOGRAPHIQUES ET GÈOLOGIQUES

ENTUEPBISES AUX
INDES NÉEBLANDAISES OEIENTALES CQ 1899 — 1900,

a bord du SIBOGA

SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE

G. F. TYDEMAN

PUBLIÉS PAR
MAX "W E B E K,

Chef Je 1'espéditiou.

Siboga-Expeditie

*ii.
*m.

IV.

* IV Ais.

V.

*VI.

VII.

•vin.

*IX.

*x.

*XI.
• XII.

•xm.

XIV.

XV.

*XVI.

XVII.

XVHI.

XIX.

*XX.

•XXI.

XXII.

xxiir.

XXI VI.
XXI va.

• XXV.

• XXVI.

* XXV Ito.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
*XX1X.

*xxx.

• XXXI.

XXXII.

XXX1I1.

*XXXIV.

XXXV.

* XXXVI.

«XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

*XL.

XLI.

*XLII.

*XLIII.

*XLIV.

*XLV.

XLVI.

*XLVII.

*XLVIII

*XLIX'.

*XLIX*.

*L.

*LI.

*LII.

LUI.

*LIV.

LV.

*LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

L1X.

*LX.

*LXI.

LX1I.

LXIII.

LXIV.

LXV.

LXVI.

Iutroduction et description de 1'expc'dition, Max Weber.

Le batcau et sou équipement scientifique, G. F. Tydcman.

Résultats bydrographiques, G. F. Ty de man.

Foramiuifera, 1'. W. Winter.

Xenophyupbora, F. E. S c h u 1 z e.

Radiolaria, M. II art manu.

Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijinia ').

Hydropolypi, A. Billard.

Stylasterlna, S. J. Hickson et Mi'« 11- M. F,ngland.

Siphouophora, Miles Lens et van Riemsdijk.

Hydromedusae, O. Maas.

Scyphomedusae, O. Maas

Ctciiophora, MUe P. Moser.

Gorgonidae, Aleyonidae, J. Versluys, S. J. Hickson et

Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson. [O. C. Nutting').

Actiniaria, P. Mc Murrich.

Madreporaria, A. Alcock et L. Dödcrlein ').

Antipatharia, A. J. van Pesch.

Turbellaria, L. von Gr af f et R. R. von S tammer.

Cestodes, J. W. Speugel.

Nematomoi'pba, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Cbaetoguatha, G. il. Fowler.

Nemertini, A. A. W. Hubrecht.

Myzostomidae, R. R. von Stummer.

Polychaeta errantia, R. Horst.

Polychaeta sedeutaria, M. Caulleryet F. Mesnil.

Gephyrca, C. Ph. Sluiter.

Enteropucusta, J. W. S pen gel.

Ptcrobrancbia, S. F. II arm er.

liracbiopoda, J. F. vau Beminden.

Polyzoa, S. F. Har ra e r.

Copepoda, A. Scott1).

Ostracoda, G. W. Muller.

Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hoek ').

Isopoda, H. J. Hanseu.

Amphipoda, Cb. Pérez.

Caprellidae, P. May er.

Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen.

Cumacea, W. T. Calman.

Schizopoda, H. J. Hansen.

Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen.

Decapoda, J. G. de Man.

Pantopoda, J. C. C. Lorna».

Halobatidae, J. Tb. Oudeinans.

Crinoidca, L. Dóderlcin et C. Vancy ').

Echinoidea, J. C. H. de Me ij e re.

Holotburioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter.

Opbiuroidea. R. Kohier.

Asteroidea, L. Doder lei n.

Solenogastres, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz.

Pvosobranchia, M. M. Schep man ').

Prosobranchia parasitica, . H. F. Nierstrasz et M. M.

Opisthobranchia, R. Bergh. [Schepmau.

Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch.

Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch.

Lamellibrancbiata. P. Petseneer et Ph. Dan tzcnb erg.

Scaphopoda, MUe M. Boissevain.

Cephalopoda, L. J o u b i n.

Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle.

Pisces, Max Weber.

Cetacea, Max Weber.

Liste des algues, Mme A. Weber.

Halimeda, MU<= E. S. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp).

Corallinaccae, M"ie A. Weber et M. F os 1 ie.

Codiaceae, A. et M"»e E. S. Gepp.

Dinoflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. L o t s y.

Diatomaceae, J. P. Lotsy.

Deposita mariua, O. B. Böggild.

Résultats géologiques, A. Wicbmaun.

THE

GOBfiOIAGEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION

VI. THE GORGONELLIDyE

DY

C. C. NUTTING

Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa

With il plates

/*- -«»•

Monographie XIII^3 of:

UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH,
BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED

verzameld in Nederlandsen Oost-Indië 1899 — 1900

aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van
Luitenant ter zee ie kl. G. F. TYDEMAN

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

Dr. MAX WEBER

Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie

(met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van liet Natuurkundig
Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloniën)

x—

BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ

VOOHUKSK

E. J. BRILL

LEIDEN

.

v

-'T"
'

OM

'■:

Publié Septembre 1910

Les numéros avec un astcrique ont déja paru; ceux marqués 1) seulement en partie

Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditde hebhen
bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld:

Maatschappij t<-r bevordering van h<-t Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandschc
Koloniën.
1 [et Ministerie van Koloniën.
1 Ii i Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken.

riet Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap »Natura Artis Magistra'' te Amsterdam.
1 ). lOostersche Handel en Reederij" te Amsterdam.

1 ><■ Heer B. II DE Waai. Oud-Consul-Gencraal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad.
M B. te Amsterdam.

CÜNDITIONS GÉNÉRALES DE VENTE.

i '. L'ouvrage du .Siboga" se composera d'une série de monographies.

< "es monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu'elles seront prètes.

j' Le prix de chaque monographic sera different, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de
ventc: p>>ur une feuille d'impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuille avcc fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25;
pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planchc coloriée flor. 0.40; pour une photogravurc flor. 0.60.

40. 11 y aura deux modes de souscription :

a. La souscription a 1'ouvragc complet.

b. La souscription a des monographies separées en nombrc rest rein t.

I )ans cc dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/0.

L'ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avcc titres et index. Les souscripteurs a 1'ouvrage complet reecvront
ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet.

Ja £* •"* • Souscription Monogr.iphics

h t'ouvrëge complet sépnrées

ie Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. f 6. — ƒ 7.50

2<= Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halirhcda. With 4 plates „ 1.S0 „ 2.40

3e Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et description de 1'expédition. Avec Liste des

Stations et 2 cartes „ 6.75 v 9. —

4e Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Tydeman. Description of the ship and appliances used for scientific

exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations „ 2. — „ 2.50

5e Livr. (Monogr. XLVII) H. F. Nierstrasz. The Solenogastres of the Siboga-Exp. With 6 plates. „ 3.90 „ 4.90

6e Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.

I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 Figuren im Text „ 3. — „ 3.75

7e Livr. (Monogr. XVI a) A. Alcock. Report on the Deep-Sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-
Expedition. With S plates „ 4.00 „ 5.75

8e Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Sipunculiden und Echiuriden der Siboga-Exp.

Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text „ 3. — „ 3.75

9e Livr. (Monogr. VI a) G. C. J. Vosmaer and J. H. Vernhout. The Porifera of the Siboga-
Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates „ 2.40 „ 3. —

ioe Livr. (Monogr. XI) Otto Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 12 Tafeln. „ 7.50 „ 9.50

1 ie Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. „ 2.80 „ 3.50

12e Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. „ 7.80 n 9.75

13e Livr. (Monogr. III) G. F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga-Expedition. With

24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths „ 9. — fl ir. 25

14e Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. deMeijere. Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Exp. Mit 23 Tafeln. „ 15. — „ 18.75

15c Livr. (Monogr. XhVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de 1'Expédition du Siboga.

ie Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches „ 16.50 „ 20.50

i6e Livr. (Monogr. Lil) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 6 plates. .' „ 3.75 „ 470

17e Livr. (Monogr. LVI«) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln „ 6.75 „ 9. —

18e Livr. (Monogr. LXI) A. Weber— van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures „ 12.50 B 15-5°

19e Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. England. The Stylasterina of

the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates „ 1.50 „ 1.90

20e Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Chitonen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 8 Tafeln. „ 5.— „ 6.25

2 ie Livr. (Monogr. XLV£) René Koehler. Ophiures de 1'Expédition du Siboga.

2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches „ 10.25 „ 12.75

22c Livr. (Monogr. XX Vlbis) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of the Siboga-Expedition,

with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures „ 6.75 „ 9. —

23e Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. Calman. The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition. With

2 plates and 4 text-figures . . „ 1.S0 n 2.40

24e Livr. (Monogr. LVIrt) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 1 Tafel. „ —.7$ „ 1. —

I Rud. Bergh. Di( Opisthobranchiata der Sib . d. Mi! 20 Tafcln, / 11.25 / 14.10

X Otto Maas. 1 > ■ doten Medusen d.-r E Exp. Mil 14 Tafcln. . 9.25 . 12.50

:. XIII 4) J, Versluys. Di< liden dei Siboga-Expedition.

II. Die Primnoidac. Mit IQ Tafcln, 17. n im Text und einer Kartc. . . , 12.50 , if>-75

\XI G. Herbert Fowler. TIn- < haetognatha "f the Siboga Expedition.
With 3 plates and '■ charts , 4.20 .

i J. J. Tesch. Die Heteropoden dei Siboga-Expedition. Mit 14 Tafcln. „ 6.75 „ 9. —

30* l.ivi. M XXX G. W. Muller. Di> Ostra "den der Siboga l icped. Mil 9 Tafeln. . 3.50 . 4.40

Franz Eilhard Schulze. 1 >ie Xenöphyóphorcn der Siboga-Expcd.

Mit 3 Tafeln , 2.40 „ 3.—

I 1\ Maria Boissevain. The Scaphopoda of the Siboga Expedition.

Witl textfigures , 4.S0 B 6. —

\\\I J. W. Spengel. Studiën über die Enteropneusten dei Siboga-Exp.
Mit 17 Tafeln umi 20 Figuren im Text , 14. — , 17.50

Livr. M"ii.'_;r. XX) H. F. Nierstrasz. 1 >ic Nematomórpha der Siboga-Exp. Mit 3 Tafeln. , 2.80 „ 3.50

Monogr. XIII. Sydney J. Hickson und J. Versluys. Die Alcyonidon der Siboga-
Fxped. I. Coralliida . II. Pseudocladochónus Hicksoni. Mit 3 Tafeln und 16 Figuren i&i Text. „ 2.20 „ 2.75

ivf. Monogr,, XXXI.; P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia nf the Siboga Expedition.

A. Cirripedia pedunculata. With 10 plates „ 5.40 „ 0.75

1 ivr. Monogr^ XI.ILr) L. Döderlein. Die gestielten>Crinoiden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit

23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren im Text „ 8. — „ 10. —

IX Albertine D. Lens and Thea van Riemsdijk. The Siphonophores

<>f the Siboga Expedition. With 24 plates and 52 textfigures „ '3-5o » "'-7?

Mopogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.
Part I. Rhipidoglossa and 1 >> . with an Appendix by Trof. R. BERGII.

With 9 plates and 3 textfigures „ 4.S0 „ 6. —

40* Livr. M XI. J. C. C. Loman. Die Paatopoden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 15

In und 4 Figuren im Text . B 6.25 B 7.80

41c Livi gr. LVL) J. K. W. Ihle. Die Appendicularien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4

Tafeln und 10 Figuren im Text • , 4.80 „ 6. —

I >m>-r. XI.IXvi M. M. Schepman und H. F. Nierstrasz. Parasitische Proso-

branchier der 'Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafcln „ 1.20 „ 1.50

43c Livr. (Monogr. XI.l.XV'i M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.

Part II. Taenjoglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates ' , 4.50 , 5.00

4-t' Livr. Monogr. XXIX.' Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of the Siboga Expedition.

Pait I. Free-swimfliing, Littoral and Semi-parasitic Copepoda. With 69 plates. . r 26. — „ 32.50

LV1 C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.

il. Abtëüung. Die Merosomen Ascidicn. Mit 8 Tafeln und 2 Eiguren im Text. „ 5.75 „ 7.25

46° Livr. (Monogr. XLlX'f] M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.

Part III. Gymn With I plate „ — .80 , 1. —

Livr. Monogr. XIII/') C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.

III. The Muriceida.-. With 22 plates r 8.50 „ 10.75

48c Livr. iMonogr. XIII^'j C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.

IV. The Plexauridae. With 4 plates „ 1.60 , 2.--

;r. IA' E/ J. E. W. Ihle. Die Thaliaceen (einschliesslich Pyrosomen) tier
■Expedition. Mit 1 Tafel und 0 Figuren im Text „ 1.75 „ 2.20

50^ ! 1. XIII4') C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.

Y. Th. With 6 plates „ 2.25 „ 3. —

5i< XXXVII) H. J. Hansen. The Schizopoda of the Siboga Expedition: With

• text fïgures „ 12.75 „ 16.—

C. C. Nutting. TIn Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.
VI. The Gorgonellida;. With 11 plates 4.— , 5. —

1 flor. = Mrk 1.70 — 1 sli. 8 cl. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondin