:LT> CO THE KING'S CLASSICS UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF PROFESSOR I. GOLLANCZ, Litt.D. TEMPLE UPON THE GARDENS OF EPICURUS, WITH OTHER XVI Ith CENTURY GARDEN ESSAYS Also by A. Forbes Sie-vcking. The Praise or Gardens (Dent). ^bammus GuUdmiu Temple EqwBawne&u* S/~r""clJ},Tl'"Jhuj.J]n/t and others make some kind of rhamnus, is allowable in the sense ; and we contend not about the species, since they are known thorns in those countries, and in our fields or gardens among us : and so common in Judsea, that men conclude the thorny crown of our Saviour was made either 0 paliurus or rhamnus. 1 Hosea x. 4; Amos vi. z. 120 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 5. Whether the bush which burnt and consumed not, were properly a rubus or bramble, was somewhat doubtful from the original and some translations, had not the Evangelist, and St. Paul expressed the same by the Greek word, /?citos, which, from the descrip- tion of Dioscorides, herbalists accept for rubus : although the same word ySaros expresseth not only the rubus or kinds of bramble, but other thorny bushes, and the hip-brier is also named KuvotrySaTos, or the dog-brier or bramble. 6. That myrlca is rendered heath,1 sounds in- structively enough to our ears, who behold that plant so common in barren plains among us : but you cannot but take notice that erica, or our heath, is not the same plant with myrica or tamarice, described by Theo- phrastus and Dioscorides, and which Bellonius declareth to grow so plentifully in the deserts of Judaea and Arabia. 7. That the /3ot/3vs rr}<; KVKpov, botrus cypri,1 or clusters of cypress, should have any reference to the cypress tree, according to the original, copier, or clusters of the noble vine of Cyprus, which might be planted into Judaea, may seem to others allowable in some latitude. But there seeming some noble odour to be 1 Cant. i. 14. PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 121 implied in this place, you may probably conceive that the expression drives at the *t— pos of Dioscorides, some oriental kind oiligustrum or alcharma, which Dioscorides and Pliny mention under the name of Kiirpos and Cyprus, and to grow about Egypt and Ascalon, producing a sweet and odorate bush of flowers, and out of which was made the famous oleum cyprinum. But why it should be rendered camphor your judg- ment cannot but doubt, who know that our camphor was unknown unto the ancients, and no ingredient into any composition of great antiquity : that learned men long conceived it a bituminous and fossil body, and our latest experience discovereth it to be the resinous substance of a tree, in Borneo and China ; and that the camphor that we use is a neat preparation of the same. 8. When 'tis said in Isaiah xli. " I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrde, and the oil tree, I will set in the desert, the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree : " though some doubt may be made of the shittah tree, yet all these trees here mentioned being such as are ever green, you will more emphatically apprehend the merciful meaning of God in this mention of no fading, but always verdant trees in dry and desert places. 122 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 9. " And they cut down a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they bare it between two upon a staff, and they brought pomegranates and figs." This cluster of grapes brought upon a staff by the spies was an incredible sight, in Philo Judasus, seemed notable in the eyes of the Israelites, but more wonderful in our own, who look only upon northern vines. But herein you are like to consider, that the cluster was thus carefully carried to represent it entire, without bruising or breaking ; that this was not one bunch, but an extraordinary cluster, made up of many depending upon one gross stalk. And, however, might be paralleled with the eastern clusters of Margiana and Caramania, if we allow but half the expressions of Pliny and Strabo, whereof one would lade a curry or small cart ; and may be made out by the clusters of the grapes of Rhodes presented unto Duke Radzivil, each containing three parts of an ell in compass, and the grapes as big as prunes. 10. Some things may be doubted in die species of the holy ointment and perfume.1 With amber, musk, and civet we meet not in the Scripture, nor any odours from animals ; except we take the onycha of that per- fume, for the covercle of a shell-fish, called unguis 1 Exod. xxx. 34, 35. PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 123 odoratus, or llatta byzantina, which Dioscorides affirm- eth to be taken from a shell-fish of the Indian lakes, which feedeth upon the aromatical plants, is gathered when the lakes are dry. But whether that which we now call blatta byzant'ma or unguis odoratus, be the same with that odorate one of antiquity, great doubt may be made ; since Dioscorides saith it smelled like castoreum, and that which we now have is of an un- grateful odour. No little doubt may be also made of galbanum prescribed in the same perfume, if we take it for galbanum, which is of common use among us, approach- ing the evil scent of assafcstlda ; and not rather for galbanum of good odour as the adjoining words declare, and the original chelbena will bear ; which implieth a fat or resinous substance ; that which is commonly known among us being properly a gummous body and dissoluble also in water. The holy ointment of stacte or pure myrrh, dis- tilling from the plant without expression or firing, of cinnamon, cassia, and calamus, containeth less question- able species, if the cinnamon of the ancients were the same with ours, or managed after the same manner. For thereof Dioscorides made his noble unguent. And cinnamon was so highly valued by princes, that i24 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE Cleopatra carried it unto her sepulchre with her jewels ; which was also kept in wooden boxes among the rarities of kings ; and was of such a lasting nature, that at his composing of treacle for the Emperor Severus, Galen made use of some which had been laid up by Adrianus. ii. That the prodigal son desired to eat of husks given unto swine, will hardly pass in your apprehension for the husks of pease, beans, or such edulious pulses ; as well understanding that the texual word Kepariov, or ceration, properly intendeth the fruit of the siliqua tree, so common in Syria, and fed upon by men and beasts ; called also by some the fruit of the locust tree, and pan'is sanct'i Johannis, as conceiving it to have been part of the diet of the Baptist in the desert. The tree and fruit is not only common in Syria and the eastern parts, but also well known in Apuleia and the kingdom of Naples ; growing along the Via Appia, from Fundi unto Mola ; the hard cods or husks making a rattling noise in windy weather, by beating against one another ; called by the Italians, caroba or carobala, and by the French, carouges. With the sweet pulp hereof some conceive that the Indians preserve ginger, mirabolans, and nutmegs. Of the same (as Pliny delivers) the ancients made one kind of wine, strongly expressing PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 125 the juice thereof; and so they might after give the expressed and less useful part of the cods and remaining pulp unto their swine ; which, being no gustless or unsatisfying offal, might be well desired by the prodigal in his hunger. 12. No marvel it is that the Israelites, having lived long in a well-watered country, and been acquainted with the noble water of Nilus, should complain for water in the dry and barren wilderness. More remark- able it seems that they should extol and linger after the cucumbers and leeks, onions and garlick of Egypt ; wherein, notwithstanding, lies a pertinent expression of the diet of that country in ancient times, even as high as the building of the pyramids, when Herodotus delivereth, that so many talents were spent in onions and garlick, for the food of labourers and artificers ; and is also answerable unto their present plentiful diet in cucumbers, and the great varieties thereof, as testified by Prosper Alpinus, who spent many years in Egypt. 13. What fruit that was which our first parents tasted in Paradise, from the disputes of learned men, seems yet indeterminable. More clear it is that they covered their nakedness or secret parts with fig leaves ; which, when I read, I cannot but call to mind the 126 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE several considerations which antiquity had of the fig tree, in reference unto those parts, particularly how fig leaves, by sundry authors, are described to have some resemblance unto the genitals, and so were aptly formed for such contection of those parts ; how also, in that famous statua of Praxiteles, concerning Alexander and Bucephalus, the secret parts are veiled with fig leaves. 1 4. That the good Samaritan, coming from Jericho, used any of the Judean balsam upon the wounded traveller, is not to be made out, and we are unwilling to disparage his charitable surgery in pouring oil into a green wound ; and, therefore when 'tis said he used oil and wine, may rather conceive that he made an oinelaum, or medicine of oil and wine beaten up and mixed together, which was no improper medicine, and is an art now lately studied by some so to incorporate wine and oil, that they may lastingly hold together which some pretend to have, and call it oleum Samar'itanum or, Samaritan's oil. 15. When Daniel would not pollute himself with the diet of the Babylonians, he probably declined pagan commensation, or to eat of meats forbidden to the Jews, though common at their tables, or so much as to taste of their Gentile immolations, and sacrifices abominable unto his palate. PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 127 But when 'tis said that he made choice of the diet of pulse and water, whether he strictly confined unto a leguminous food, according to the vulgar translation, some doubt may be raised from the original word zeragnim, which signifies seminalia, and is so set down in the margin of Arias Montanus ; and the Greek word spermata, generally expressing seeds, may signify any edulious or cerealious grains beside ocnrpta or leguminous seeds. Yet, if he strictly made choice of a leguminous food, and water, instead of his portion from the king's table, he handsomely declined the diet which might have been put upon him, and particularly that which was called the potibasis of the king, which, as Athenseus informeth, implied the bread of the king, made of barley and wheat, and the wine of Cyprus, which he drank in an oval cup. And, therefore, distinctly from that he chose plain fare of water, and the gross diet of pulse, and that, perhaps, not made into bread, but parched and tempered with water. 1 7. Whether in the sermon of the mount, the lilies of the field did point at the proper lilies, or whether those flowers grew wild in the place where our Saviour preached, some doubt may be made ; because xpivov, iz8 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE the word in that place, is accounted of the same signification with Xeipiov, and that in Homer is taken for all manner of specious flowers ; so received by Eustachius, Hesychius, and the scholiast upon Apol- lonius, Ka^oAou to. av6r) Aapia Xeyerat. And npivov is also received in the same latitude, not signifying only lilies, but applied unto daffodils, hyacinths, irises, and the flowers of colocynthis. Under the like latitude of acception, are many expressions in the Canticles to be received. And when it is said " he feedeth among the lilies," therein may be also implied other specious flowers, not ex- cluding the proper lilies. But in that expression, "the lilies drop forth myrrh," neither proper lilies nor proper myrrh can be apprehended, the one not pro- ceeding from the other, but may be received in a metaphorical sense : and in some latitude may be made out from the roscid and honey drops observable in the flowers of martagon, and inverted flowered lilies, and, 'tis like, is the standing sweet dew on the white eyes of the crown imperial, now common among us. And the proper lily may be intended in that ex- pression of i Kings vii., that the brazen sea was of the thickness of a hand breadth, and the brim like a lily. For the figure of that flower being round at the PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 129 bottom, and somewhat repandous, or inverted at the top, doth handsomely illustrate the comparison. But that the lily of the valley, mentioned in the Canticles, " I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valley," is that vegetable which passeth under the same name with us, that is, lilium convalfium, or the May lily, you will more hardly believe, who know with what insatisfaction the most learned botanists reduce that plant unto any described by the ancients ; that Anguillara will have it to be the ananthe of Athenjeus, Cordus, the pothos of Theophrastus, and Lobelius, that the Greeks had not described it ; who find not six leaves in the flower, agreeably to all lilies, but only six small divisions in the flower, who find it also to have a single, and no bulbous root, nor leaves shooting about the bottom, nor the stalk round, but angular. And that the learned Bauhinus hath not placed it in the classis of lilies, but nervifolious plants. 21. It is said in the Song of Solomon, that " The vines with the tender grape give a good smell." That the flowers of the vine should be emphatically noted to give a pleasant smell seems hard unto our northern nostrils, which discover not such odours, and smell K 130 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE them not in full vineyards ; whereas in hot regions, and more spread and digested flowers, a sweet savour may be allowed, denotable from several human ex- pressions, and the practice of the ancients, in putting the dried flowers of the vine into new wine to give it a pure and flosculous race or spirit, which wine was therefore called olvdvOtvov, allowing unto every cadus two pounds of dried flowers. And therefore, the vine flowering but in the spring, it cannot but seem an impertinent objection of the Jews, that the apostles were " full of new wine at Pentecost," when it was not to be found. Wherefore we may rather conceive that the word yXevnv in that place implied not new wine or must, but some generous strong and sweet wine, wherein more especially lay the power of inebriation. But if it be to be taken for some kind of must, it might be some kind of aleiyXevKos, or long lasting must, which might be had at any time of the year, and which, as Pliny delivereth, they made by hindering and keeping the must from fermentation or working, and so it kept soft and sweet for no small time after. 30. You will readily discover how widely they are mistaken, who accept the sycamore mentioned in several PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 131 parts of Scripture for the sycamore or tree of that denomination with us ; which is properly but one kind or difference of accr, and bears no fruit with any resemblance unto a fig. But you will rather, thereby, apprehend the true and genuine sycamore or sycaminus, which is a stranger in our parts. A tree (according to the description of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Galen), resembling a mulberry tree in the leaf, but in the fruit a fig ; which it produceth not in the twigs but in the trunk or greater branches, answerable to the sycamore of Egypt, the Egyptian fig or gianwz. of the Arabians, described by Prosper Alpinus, with a leaf somewhat broader than a mulberry, and in its fruit like a fig. Insomuch that some have fancied it to have had its first production from a fig tree grafted on a mulberry. It is a tree common in Judaea, whereof thev made frequent use in buildings ; and so understood, it explaineth that expression in Isaiah 1 : " Sycamori exc'ui sunt, cedros substituanus . The bricks are fallen down, but we will build with hewn stones : the sycamores are cut down, but we will change them into cedars." It is a broad spreading tree, not only fit for walks, groves, and shade, but also affording profit. And 1 Isaiah \x. 10. 1 32 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE therefore it is said that King David 1 appointed Baal- hanan to be over his olive trees and sycamores, which were in great plenty ; and it is accordingly delivered, that " Solomon made cedars to be as the sycamore trees that are in the vale for abundance." 2 That is, he planted many, though they did not come to perfection in his days. And as it grew plentifully about the plains, so was the fruit good for food ; and, as Bellonius and late accounts deliver, very refreshing unto travellers in those hot and dry countries : whereby the expression of Amos 3 becomes more intelligible, when he said he was an herdsman, and a gatherer of sycamore fruit. And the expression of David4 also becomes more emphatical : " He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycamore trees with frost." That is, their sicmoth in the original, a word in the sound not far from the sycamore. Thus, when it is said, " If ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye might say unto this sycamine tree, be thou plucked up by the roots, and be thou placed in the sea, and it should obey you : " 5 it might be 1 I Chron. xxvii. 28. - 1 Kings x. rj. 3 Amos vii. 14. * Psalm lxxviii. 47. 5 Luke xvii. 6. PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 133 more significantly spoken of this sycamore ; this being described to be arbor vasta, a large and well-rooted tree, whose removal was more difficult than many others. And so the instance in that text, is very properly made in the sycamore tree, one of the largest and less removable trees among them. A tree so lasting and well-rooted, that the sycamore which Zaccheus ascended is still shown in Judsea unto travellers ; as also the hollow sycamore at Maturaea in Egypt, where the blessed virgin is said to have re- mained : which though it relisheth of the legend, yet it plainly declareth what opinion they had of the lasting condition of that tree, to countenance the tradition ; for which they might not be without some experience, since the learned describer of the pyramids observeth, that the old Egyptians made coffins of this wood, which he found yet fresh and undecayed among divers of their mummies. And thus, also, when Zaccheus climbed up into a 6ycamore above any other tree, this being a large and fair one, it cannot be denied that he made choice of a proper and advantageous tree to look down upon our Saviour. 32. "For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree, 134 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE which is wild by nature, and wert grafted, contrary to nature, into a good olive tree, how much more shall these which be the natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree ? " In which place, how answer- able to the doctrine of husbandry this expression of St. Paul is, you will readily apprehend who understand the rules of insition or grafting, and that way of vegetable propagation ; wherein it is contrary to nature, or natural rules which art observeth : viz. to make use of scions more ignoble than the stock, or to graft wild upon domestic and good plants, according as Theo- phrastus hath anciently observed,1 and, making instance in the olive, hath left this doctrine unto us : urbanum sy/vestribus ut satis oleastris inserere. Nam si e contrario sylvestrem in urbanos sevens, etsi differentia quadam erit, tamen bona frugis arbor nunquam profecto reddetur : which is also agreeable unto our present practice, who graft pears on thorns, and apples upon crabstocks, not using the contrary insition.2 And when it is said, " how much more shall these, which are the natural branches, be grafted into their own natural olive tree ? " this is also agreeable unto the rule of the same author ; ecru St ySeAnW kyK€VTpurjx6% 6/Wcov eis ofxoia, insitio 1 Dt Causis Plant., lib. i., cap. 7. 2 See "Observations on Grafting," post, p. 158. PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 135 melior est simitium in similibus : for the nearer con- sanguinity there is between the scions and the stock, the readier comprehension is made and the nobler fructification. According also unto the later caution of Laurenbergius ; l arbores domestic* insitioni destinaU, semper anteponcnda sylvestribus. And though the suc- cess be good, and may suffice upon stocks of the same denomination ; yet, to be grafted upon their own and mother stock, is the nearest insition : which way, though less practised of old, is now much embraced, and found a notable way for melioration of the fruit, and much the rather, if the tree to be grafted on be a good and generous plant, a good and fair olive, as the apostle seems to imply by a peculiar word, scarce to be found elsewhere.2 It must be also considered, that the oleaster^ or wild olive, by cutting, transplanting, and the best managery of art, can be made but to produce such olives as Theophrastus saith were particularly named phauTia, that is, but bad olives ; and that it was among prodigies for the oleaster to become an olive tree. And when insition and grafting, in the text, is applied unto the olive tree, it hath an emphatical sense, very 1 De Htrticultura. a KaWifKatov. — Rom. xi. 14. 136 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE agreeable unto that tree which is best propagated this way ; not at all by surculation, as Theophrastus observeth,1 nor well by seed, as hath been observed. Omne semen simile genus perfictt, prater oleam, oleastrum enim generat, hoc est sylvestrem oleam, et non oleam veram. " If, therefore, thou Roman and Gentile branch, which wert cut from the wild olive, art now, by the signal mercy of God, beyond the ordinary and commonly expected way, grafted into the true olive, the church of God ; if thou, which neither naturally nor by human art canst be made to produce any good fruit, and, next to a miracle, to be made a true olive, art now by the benignity of God grafted into the proper olive ; how much more shall the Jew, and natural branch, be grafted into its genuine and mother tree, wherein pro- pinquity of nature is like, so readily and prosperously, to effect a coalition ? And this more especially by the expressed way of insition or implantation, the olive being not successfully propagable by seed, nor at all by surculation." 34. " And therefore, Israel said, carry down the man a present, a little balm, a little honey, and myrrh, 1 Geobortki lib. x PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 137 nuts, and almonds." 1 Now whether this, which Jacob sent, were the proper balsam extolled by human writers, you cannot but make some doubt, who find the Greek translation to be prjcrcvr], that is, resina, and so may have some suspicion that it might be some pure distillation from the turpentine tree ; which grows prosperously and plentifully in Judaea, and seems so understood by the Arabic ; and was indeed esteemed by Theophrastus and Dioscorides the chiefest of resinous bodies, and the word resina emphatically used for it. That the balsam plant hath grown and prospered in Judaea we believe without dispute. For the same is attested by Theophrastus, Pliny, Justinus, and many more. From the commendation that Galen afFordeth of the balsam of Syria, and the story of Cleopatra, rat she obtained some plants of balsam from Herod .he Great to transplant into Egypt. But whether it was so anciently in Judaea as the time of Jacob ; nay, whether this plant was here before the time of Solomon, that great collector of vegetable rarities, some dMM may be made from the account of Joseph us, that the queen of Sheba, a part of Arabia, among presents unto Solomon brought some plants of the balsam tree, as one of the peculiar estimables of her country. 1 Psalm civ. 17. 138 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE Whether this ever had its natural growth, or were art original native plant in Judaea, much more that it was peculiar unto that country, a greater doubt may arise : while we read in Pausanias, Strabo, and Diodorus, that it grows also in Arabia, and find in Theophrastus,1 that it grew in two gardens about Jericho in Judaea. And more especially while we seriously consider that notable discourse between Abdella, Abdachim, and Alpinus, concluding the natural and original place of this singular plant to be in Arabia, about Mecha and Medina, where it still plentifully groweth, and mountains abound therein ; 2 from whence it hath been carefully transplanted by the bashas of Grand Cairo, into the garden of Matarea : where, when it dies, it is repaired again from those parts of Arabia, from whence the Grand Signior yearly receiveth a present of balsam from the xerifF of Mecha, still called by the Arabians balessan ; whence they believe arose the Greek, appella- tion balsam. And since these balsam plants are not now to be found in Judaea, and though purposely cultivated, are often lost in Judaea, but everlastingly live, and naturally renew in Arabia, they probably concluded, that those of Judaea were foreign and transplanted from these parts. 1 Lib. IX., cap. 6 2 Prosper Alpinus, de Balsamo. PLANTS IX SCRIPTURE 139 All which notwithstanding, since the same plant may grow naturally and spontaneously in several countries, and either from inward or outward causes be lost in one region, while it continueth and subsisteth in another, the balsam tree might possibly be a native of Judsea as well as of Arabia ; which because de facto it cannot be clearly made out, the ancient expressions of Scripture become doubtful in this point. But since this plant hath not for a long time grown in Judaea, and still plentifully prospers in Arabia, that which now comes in precious parcels to us, and still is called the balsam of Judaea, many now surrender its name, and more properly be called the balsam of Arabia. 3-. When 'tis said that Elias lay and slept under a juniper tree, some may wonder how that tree, which in our parts groweth but low and shrubby, should afford him shade and covering. But others know that there is a lesser and a larger kind of that vegetable ; that it makes a tree in its proper soil and region. And may 6nd in Pliny that in the temple of Diana Saguntina, in Spain, the rafters were made of juniper. In that expression of David,1 " Sharp arrows of the 1 Psalm czxix. 7. Ho PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE mighty, with coals of juniper." Though juniper be left out in the last translation, yet may there be an emphatical sense from that word ; since juniper abounds with a piercing oil, and makes a smart fire. And the rather, if that quality be half true, which Pliny affirmeth, that the coals of juniper raked up will keep a glowing fire for the space of a year. For so the expression will emphatically imply, not only the " smart burning but the lasting fire of their malice." That passage of Job,1 wherein he complains that poor and half-famished fellows despise him, is of greater difficulty ; " For want and famine they were solitary, they cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for meat." Wherein we might at first doubt the translation, not only from the Greek text, but the assertion of Dioscorides, who affirmeth that the roots of juniper are of a venomous quality. But Scaliger hath disproved the same from the practice of the African physicians, who use the decoction of juniper roots against the venereal disease. The Chaldee reads it genista, or some kind of broom, which will be also unusual and hard diet, except thereby we under- stand the orobanche, or broom rape, which groweth from the roots of broom ; and which, according to 1 Job xxx. 3, 4, PLANTS IX SCRIPTURE 141 Dioscorides, men used to eat raw or boiled, in the manner of asparagus. And, therefore, this expression doth highly declare the misery, poverty, and extremity, of the persons who were now mockers of him ; they being so con- temptible and necessitous, that they were fain to be content, not with a mean diet, but such as was no diet at all, the roots of trees, the roots of juniper, which none would make use of for food, but in the lowest necessity, and some degree of famishing. 41. While you read in Theophrastus or modern herbalists, a strict division of plants, into arbor, frutex, suffrutex et herba, you cannot but take notice of the Scriptural division at the creation, into tree and herb ; and this may seem too narrow to comprehend the class of vegetables ; which, notwithstanding, may be sufficient, and a plain and intelligible division thereof. And therefore, in this difficulty concerning the division of plants, the learned botanist, Csesalpinus, thus con- cludeth, clarius agemus si altera divisione neglect a, duo tantum plantarum genera substituamus, arborem scilicet, et herbam, conjungentes cum arboribus frueticcs , et cum herba suffrutices ; frutices being the lesser trees, and suffrutices the larger, harder, and more solid herbs. 1 42 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE And this division into herb and tree may also suffice, if we take in that natural ground of the division of perfect plants, and such as grow from seeds. For plants, in their first production, do send forth two leaves adjoining to the seed ; and then afterwards, do either produce two other leaves, and so successively before any stalk ; and such go under the name of 7roa, fioTavrj or herb ; or else, after the two first leaves succeeded to the seed leaves, they send forth a stalk or rudiment of a stalk, before any other leaves, and such fall under the classes of SeVSpov or tree. So that, in this natural division, there are but two grand differences, that is, tree and herb. The frutex and suffrutex have the way of production from the seed, and in other respects the sujfrutices or cremia, have a middle and participating nature, and referable unto herbs. 42. "I have seen the ungodly in great power, and flourishing like a green bay tree." Both Scripture and human writers draw frequent illustrations from plants. Scribonius Largus illustrates the old cymbals from the cotyledon palustris or umbilicus veneris. Who would ex- pect to find Aaron's mitre in any plant ? Yet Josephus hath taken some pains to make out the same in the seminal knop of hyoscyamus or henbane. The Scripture PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 1+3 compares the figure of manna unto the seed of coriander. In Jeremy J we find the expression, " straight as a palm tree." And here the wicked in their flourishing state are likened unto a bay tree. Which, sufficiently answering the sense of the text, we are unwilling to exclude that noble plant from the honour of having its name in Scripture. Yet we cannot but observe, that the septuagint renders it cedars, and the vulgar accordingly, v'tdi imp'ium superexaltatumy et elevatum sicut cedros Libani ; and the translation of Tremellius mentions neither bay nor cedar; sese explicantem tanquam arbor mdigena virens ; which seems to have been followed by the last low Dutch translation. A private translation renders it like a green self-growing laurel. The high Dutch of Luther's Bible retains the word laurel ; and so doth the old Saxon and Iceland trans- lation ; so also the French, Spanish, and Italian of Diodati : yet his notes acknowledge that some think it rather a cedar, and others any large tree in a prospering and natural soil. But however these translations differ, the sense is allowable and obvious unto apprehension : when no particular plant is named, any proper to the sense may be supposed ; where either cedar or laurel is mentioned, 1 Jer. x 5. H4 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE if the preceding words (exalted and elevated) be used, they are more applicable unto the cedar ; where the word (flourishing) is used, it is more agreeable unto the laurel, which, in its prosperity, abounds with pleasant flowers, whereas those of the cedar are very little, and scarce perceptible, answerable to the fir, pine, and other coniferous trees. 46. Though so many plants have their express names in Scripture, yet others are implied in some texts which are not explicitly mentioned. In the feast of tabernacles or booths, the law was this, " thou shah take unto thee boughs of goodly trees, branches of the palm, and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook." Now though the text descend eth not unto . particulars of the goodly trees and thick trees ; yet Maimonides will tell us that for a goodly tree they made use of the citron tree, which is fair and goodly to the eye, and well prospering in that country : and that for the thick trees they used the myrtle, which was no rare or infrequent plant among them. And though it groweth but low in our gardens, was not a little tree in those parts ; in which plant also the leaves grew thick, and almost covered the stalk. And Curtius PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 145 Symphorianus x in his description of the exotic myrtle, makes it folio dens'issimo senis in ordinem versibus. The paschal lamb was to be eaten with bitterness or bitter herbs, not particularly set down in Scripture : but the Jewish writers declare, that they made use of succory, and wild lettuce, which herbs while some conceive they could not get down, as being very bitter, rough, and prickly, they may consider that the time of the passover was in the spring, when these herbs are young and tender, and consequently less unpleasant : besides, according to the Jewish custom, these herbs were dipped in the charoseth, or sauce made of raisins stamped with vinegar, and were also eaten with bread ; and they had four cups of wine allowed unto them ; and it was sufficient to take but a pittance of herbs, or the quantity of an olive. 48. The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field, but while men slept, his enemy came and sowed " tares," or as the Greek, zizania, "among the wheat." Now, how to render zizania, and to what species of plants to confine it, there is no slender doubt ; for the 1 D: Hortu. 146 PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE word is not mentioned in other parts of Scripture, nor in any ancient Greek writer : it is not to be found in Aristotle, Theophrastus, or Dioscorides. Some Greek and Latin fathers have made use of the same, as also Suidas and Phavorinus ; but probably they have all derived it from this text. And, therefore, this obscurity might easily occasion such variety in translations and expositions. For some retain the word zizania, as the vulgar, that of Beza, of Junius, and also the Italian and the Spanish. The low Dutch renders it oncruidt, the German oncraut, or herba ma/a, the French yvroye or folium, and the English tares. Besides, this being conceived to be a Syriac word, it may still add unto the uncertainty of the sense. For though this gospel were first written in Hebrew or Syriac, yet it is not unquestionable whether the true original be any where extant. And that Syriac copy which we now have, is conceived to be of far later time than St. Matthew. Expositors and annotators are also various. Hugo Grotius hath passed the word zizania without a note. Diodati, retaining the word zizania, conceives that it was some peculiar herb growing among the corn of those countries, and not known in our fields. But PLANTS IN SCRIPTURE 1+7 Emanuel de Sa interprets it plantas semini noxias, and so accordingly some others. Buxtorfius, in his Rabbinical Lexicon, gives divers interpretations, sometimes for degenerated corn, some- times for the black seeds in wheat, but withal concludes, an hac sit eadem vox aut species cum zizanid apud evangelistam, quxrant alii. But lexicons and dictionaries by zizania do almost generally understand folium, which we call darnel, and commonly confine the signification to that plant- Notwithstanding, since lolium had a known and received name in Greek, some may be apt to doubt why, if that plant were particularly intended, the proper Greek word was not used in the text. For Theophrastus l named lolium cupa, and hath often mentioned that plant ; and in one place saith, that corn doth sometimes loliescere or degenerate into darnel. Dioscorides, who travelled over Judaea, gives it the same name, which is also to be found in Galen, iEtius, and jEgineta ; and Pliny hath sometimes Latinized that word into avo7rAo/coi, or expert persons to contrive them after the best grace and propriety. Though we yield not unto them in the beauty of flowery garlands, yet some of those of antiquity were larger than any we lately met with ; for we find in Athenseus, that a myrtle crown, of one and twenty feet in compass, was solemnly carried about at the Hellotian feast in Corinth, together with the bones of Europa. And garlands were surely of frequent use among them ; for we read in Galen,1 that when Hippocrates cured the great plague of Athens by fires kindled in and about the city : the fuel thereof consisted much of their garlands. And they must needs be very frequent and of common use, the ends thereof being many. For they were convivial, festival, sacrificial, nuptial, honorary, funebrial. We who propose unto ourselves the pleasures of two senses, and only single out such as are of beauty and good odour, cannot strictly confine ourselves unto imitation of them. For, in their convivial garlands, they had respect 1 De Therlaca ad Pisonem. OF GARLANDS 153 ■unto plants preventing drunkenness, or discussing the exhalations from wine ; wherein, beside roses, taking in ivy, vervain, melilote, Sec, they made use of divers of small beauty or good odour. The solemn festival garlands were made properly unto their gods, and accordingly contrived from plants sacred unto such deities ; and their sacrificial ones were selected under such considerations. Their honorary crowns triumphal, ovary, civical, obsidional, had little of flowers in them : and their funebrial garlands had little of beauty in them besides roses, while they made them of myrtle, rose- mary, apium, &c, under symbolical intimations ; but our florid and purely ornamental garlands, delightful unto sight and smell, nor framed according to any mystical and symbolical considerations, are of more free election, and so may be made to excel those of the ancients : we having China, India, and a new world to supply us, beside the great distinction of flowers unknown unto antiquity, and the varieties thereof arising from art and nature. But, beside vernal, aestival and autumnal, made of flowers, the ancients had also the hyemal garlands ; contenting themselves at first with such as were made of horn dyed into several colours, and shaped into the 154 OF GARLANDS figure of flowers, and also of as coronarium or cllncquantr or brass thinly wrought out into leaves commonly known among us. But the curiosity of some emperors for such intents had roses brought from Egypt until they had found the art to produce late roses in Rome, and to make them grow in winter, as is delivered in that handsome epigram of Martial — At tu Romanae jussus jam cedere brumae Mitte tuas messes, accipe, Nile, rosas. Some American nations, who do much excel in garlands, content not themselves only with flowers, but make elegant crowns of feathers, whereof they have some of greater radiancy and lustre than their flowers : and since there is an art to set into shapes, and curiously to work in choicest feathers, there could nothing answer the crowns made of the choicest feathers of some tomineios and sun birds. The catalogue of coronary plants is not large in Theophrastus, Pliny, Pollux, or Athenaeus : but we may find a good enlargement in the accounts of modern botanists ; and additions may still be made by successive acquists of fair and specious plants, not yet translated from foreign regions, or little known unto our gardens ; he that would be complete may take notice of these following : — OF GARLANDS 15} Flos Tigridis. Flos Lyncis. Pinea Ind'tca Recchi, Talama Ouiedi. Herba Paradisea. Volubilis Mexicanus. Narcissus Indicus Serpent arius. Helichrysum Mexicanum. Xicama. Aquilegia nova Hispania CacoxochitR Recch't. Aristochaa Mexicana. Camaratinga sive Caragunta quarta Pisonis. Maracuia Granadilla. Cambay sive Myrtus Americana. Flos Auricula [Flor de la Oreia). Floripendio nova Hispania. Rosa Indica. Z ilium Indicum. Fula Magori Garcia. Champe Garcia Champacca Bontii. Daullontas frutex odoratus seu Chamamelum arbor- escens Bontii. Beidelsar Alpini. Sambuc. Amber boi Turcarum. Nuphar JEgyptium. 156 OF GARLANDS Lilionarcissus Indicus. Bamma JEgyptiacum. Hiucca Canadensis horti Farnesiani. Bupthalmum nova Hispania Alepocapath. Valeriana seu Chrysanthemum Americanum Acocotlis. Flos Corvinus Coronarius Americanus. Capolin Cerasus dulcis Indicus Floribus racemosis. Asphodelus Americanus. Syringa Lute a Americana. Bulbus unifolius. Moly latifolium Flore luteo. Conyza Americana purpurea. Salvia Cretica pomifera Bellonii. Lausus Serrata Odora. Ornithogalus Promontorii Bona Spei. Fritillaria crassa Soldanica Promontorii Bona Spei. Sigillum Solomonis lndicum. Tulipa Promontorii Bona Spei. Iris Uvaria. Nopolxock sedum elegans nova Hispania. More might be added unto this list ; 1 and I have only taken the pains to give you a short specimen of 1 " Which Sir Thomas sent me a Catalogue of from Norwich." — Evelyn's MS. note. OF GARLANDS 157 those, many more which you may find in respective authors, and which time and future industry may make no great strangers in England. The inhabitants of nova Hispania, and a great part of America, Mahometans^ Indians, Chinese, are eminent promoters of these coronary and specious plants ; and the annual tribute of the king of Bisnaguer in India, arising out of odours, and flowers, amounts unto many thousands of crowns. Thus, in brief, of this matter. I am, &c. OBSERVATIONS ON GRAFTING1 In the doctrine of all insitions, those are esteemed most successful which are practised under these rules : — That there be some consent or similitude of parts and nature between the plants conjoined. That insition be made between trees not of very different barks ; nor very differing fruits or forms of fructification ; nor of widely different ages. That the scions or buds be taken from the south or east part of the tree. That a rectitude and due position be observed; not to insert the south part of the scions unto the northern side of the stock, but according to the position of the scions upon his first matrix. Now, though these rules be considerable in the usual and practised course of insitions, yet were it but reason- able for searching spirits to urge the operations of nature by conjoining plants of very different natures in parts, barks, lateness, and precocities, nor to rest in the experiments of hortensial plants in whom we chiefly 1 Probably addressed to Evelyn. 158 ON GRAFTING 159 intend the exaltation or variety of their fruit and flowers, but in all sorts of shrubs and trees applicable unto physic or mechanical uses, whereby we might alter their tempers, moderate or promote their virtues, exchange their softness, hardness, and colour, and so render them considerable beyond their known and trite employments. To which intent curiosity may take some rule or hint from these or the like following, according to the various ways of propagation : — Colutea upon anagris — arbor judae upon anagris — cassia poetica upon cytisus — cytisus upon periclymenum rectum — woodbine upon jasmine — cystus upon rosemary — rosemary upon ivy — sage or rosemary upon cystus — myrtle upon gall or rhus myrtifolia — whortle-berry upon gall, heath, or myrtle — coccygeia upon alaternus — mezereon upon an almond — gooseberry and currants upon mezereon, barberry, or blackthorn — barberry upon a currant tree — bramble upon gooseberry or raspberry — yellow rose upon sweetbrier — phyllerea upon broom — broom upon furze — anonis lutea upon furze — holly upon box — bay upon holly — holly upon pyracantha — a fig upon chesnut — a fig upon mulberry — peach upon mulberry — mulberry upon buckthorn — walnut upon chesnut — savin upon juniper — vine upon oleaster, rose- 160 ON GRAFTING mary, ivy — an arbutus upon a fig — a peach upon a fig — white poplar upon black, poplar — asp upon white poplar — wych elm upon common elm — hazel upon elm — sycamore upon wych elm — cinnamon rose upon hip- berry — a whitethorn upon a blackthorn — hipberry upon a sloe, or skeye, or bullace — apricot upon a mulberry — arbutus upon a mulberry — cherry upon a peach — oak upon a chesnut — katherine peach upon a quince — a warden upon a quince — a chesnut upon a beech — a beech upon a chesnut — an hornbeam upon a beech — a maple upon an hornbeam — a sycamore upon a maple — a medlar upon a service tree — a sumack upon a quince or medlar — an hawthorn upon a service tree — a quicken tree upon an ash — an ash upon an asp — an oak upon an ilex — a poplar upon an elm — a black cherry tree upon a tilea or lime tree — tilea upon beech — alder upon birch or poplar — a filbert upon an almond — an almond upon a willow — a nux vesicaria upon an almond or pistachio — a cerasus avium upon a nux vesicaria — a cornelian upon a cherry tree — a cherry tree upon a cornelian — an hazel upon a willow or sallow — a lilac upon a sage tree — a syringa upon lilac or tree-mallow — a rose elder upon syringa — a water elder upon rose elder — buckthorn upon elder — frangula upon buckthorn — hirga sanguinea upon privet — phyllerea upon vitex ON GRAFTING 161 vitex upon euonymus — euonymus upon viburnum — ruscus upon pyracantha — paleurus upon hawthorn — tarnarisk upon birch — erica upon tamarisk — polemonium upon genista hispanica — genista hispanica upon colutea. Nor are we to rest in the frustrated success of some single experiments, but to proceed in attempts in the most unlikely unto iterated and certain conclusions, and to pursue the way of ablactation or inarching. Whereby we might determine whether, according to the ancients, no fir, pine, or picea, would admit of any incision upon them ; whether yew will hold society with none ; whether walnut, mulberry, and cornel cannot be propagated by insition, or the fig and quince admit almost of any, with many others of doubtful truths in the propagations. And while we seek for varieties in stocks and scions, we are not to admit the ready practice of the scion upon its own tree. Whereby, having a sufficient number of good plants, we may improve their fruits without translative conjunction, that is, by insition of the scion upon his own mother, whereby an handsome variety or melioration seldom faileth — we might be still advanced by iterated insitions in proper boughs and positions. Insition is also made not only with scions and buds, but seeds, by inserting them in cabbage M i6z ON GRAFTING stalks, turnips, onions, &c, and also in ligneous plants. Within a mile of this city of Norwich, an oak groweth upon the head of a pollard willow, taller than the stock, and about half a foot in diameter, probably by some acorn falling or fastening upon it. I could show you a branch of the same willow which shoots forth near the stock which beareth both willow and oak twigs and leaves upon it. In a meadow I use in Norwich, beset with willows and sallows, I have observed these plants to grow upon their heads ; bylders,1 currants, gooseberries, cynocrambe, or dog's mercury, barberries, bittersweet, elder, hawthorn. 1 Bilberry. THE GARDEN THE MOWER, AGAINST GARDENS BY ANDREW MARVELL (1620-1678) THE GARDEN How vainly men themselves amaze, To win the palm, the oak, or bayes ; And their uncessant labours see Crown'd from some single herb or tree,__ Whose short and narrow-verged shade Does prudently their toyles upbraid ; While all the flow'rs and trees do close, To weave the garlands of repose. Fair Quiet, have I found thee here, And Innocence, thy sister dear ! Mistaken long, I sought you then In busie companies of men. Your sacred plants, if here below, Only among the plants will grow ; Society is all but rude To this delicious solitude. No white nor red was ever seen So am'rous as this lovely green. Fond lovers, cruel as their flame, Cut in these trees their mistress' name : 1 66 ANDREW MARVELL Little, alas ! they know or heed, How far these beauties her's exceed ! Fair trees ! wheres'ere your barkes I wound, No name shall but your own be found. When we have run our passions' heat, Love hither makes his best retreat. The gods, who mortal beauty chase, Still in a tree did end their race ; Apollo hunted Daphne so, Only that she might laurel grow ; And Pan did after Syrinx speed, Not as a nymph, but for a reed. What wond'rous life is this I lead ! Ripe apples drop about my head ; The luscious clusters of the vine Upon my mouth do crush their wine ; The nectaren and curious peach, Into my hands themselves do reach ; Stumbling on melons, as I pass, Insnar'd with flow'rs, I fall on grass. I Meanwhile the mind, from pleasure less, Withdraws into its happiness : ANDREW MARVELL 167 The mind, that ocean where each kind Does straight its own resemblance find ; Yet it creates — transcending these — Far other worlds and other seas ; Annihilating all that's made To a green thought in a green shade. Here at the fountain's sliding foot, Or at some fruit-tree's mossy root, Casting the bodie's vest aside, My soul into the boughs does glide : There, like a bird it sits, and sings, Then whets and claps its silver wings ; And, till prepar'd for longer flight, Waves in its plumes the various light. Such was that happy garden-state, While man there walk'd without a mate After a place so pure and sweet, What other help could yet be meet ! But 'twas beyond a mortal's share To wander solitary there : Two paradises 'twere in one, To live in paradise alone. 1 68 ANDREW MARVELL How well the skilful gardner drew Of flow'rs and herbs this dial new ; Where, from above, the milder sun Does through a fragrant zodiack run, And, as it works, th' industrious bee Computes its time as well as we ! How could such sweet and wholsome hours Be reckon'd but with herbs and flow'rs ! THE MOWER AGAINST GARDENS Luxurious man, to bring his vice in use, Did after him the world seduce, And from the fields the flow'rs and plants allure, Where Nature was most plain and pure. He first enclos'd within the gardens square A dead and standing pool of air ; And a more luscious earth for them did knead, Which stupifi'd them while it fed. The pink grew then as double as his mind ; The nutriment did change the kind With strange perfumes he did the roses taint ; And flow'rs themselves were taught to paint. - The tulip, white, did for complexion seek, And learn'd to interline its cheek ; Its onion-root they then so high did hold, That one was for a meadow sold : Another world was search 'd through oceans new, To find the marvel of Peru ; And yet these rarities might be allow'd To man, that sov'raign thing and proud ; Had he not dealt between the bark and tree, Forbidden mixtures there to see. 169 170 ANDREW MARVELL No plant now knew the stock from which it came ; He grafts upon the wild the tame : That the uncertain and adult'rate fruit Might put the palate in dispute. His green seraglio has its eunuchs too, Lest any tyrant him outdoe ; And in the cherry he does Nature vex, To procreate without a sex. 'Tis all enforc'd, the fountain and the grot; While the sweet fields do lye forgot, Where willing Nature does to all dispence A wild and fragrant innocence, And fauns and fairyes do the meadows till More by their presence then their skill. Their statues, polish'd by some ancient hand, May to adorn the gardens stand; But, howso'ere the figures do excel, The Gods themselves with us do dwell. GARDEN LETTERS PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN GARDEN CUTTINGS FROM DIARY BY JOHN EVELYN (1620-1706) John Evelyn, Esq. to Dr. Browne. Co. Garden, Lond. 28 Jan. [1657-8J. Honoured Sir, By the mediation of that noble person, Mr. Paston, and an extraordinary humanity of your owne, I find I haue made acquisition of such a subsidiary, as nothing but his greate favour to me, and your com- municable nature could haue procur'd me. It is now, therefore, that I dare promise myselfe successe in my attempt ; and it is certaine that I will very justly owne your favours with all due acknowledgements, as the most obliging of all my correspondents. I perceive you haue seene the proplasma and delineation of my designe l which, to avoyde the infinite copying for 1 A projected work bearing the title, Elysium Brittanniatm, the plan of which is given in Upcott's Miscellaneous Writing' of J. Evelyn, Esq. This work was intended to comprise forty distinct subjects, or chapters, disposed in three books. One of the chapters was " Of ike coronary garden, \Sfc." to which Sir Thomas Browne's tract, ** Of garlands, and coronary or garland plants," was intended as a contribution. The work, however, was never completed : though parts of it remain among the MSS. at Wotton. One chapter only, "Of Sallets," was published in 1699, under the title, " A:etaria ; a Discourse of Sallets." (See post, p. 193.) 173 174 JOHN EVELYN some of my curious friends, 1 was constrain'd to print ; but it cannot be imagined that I should haue travell'd over so large a province (though but a garden) as yet, who set out not many moneths since, and can make it but my diversions at best, who haue so many other impediments besieging me, publique and personall, whereofF the long sicknesse of my unicus, my only sonn, now five moneths afflicted with a double quartan, and but five yeares old, is not one of the least ; so that there is not danger your additionalls and favours to your servant should be prevented by the perfection of my worke, or if it were, that I should be so in- jurious to my owne fame or your civility, as not to beginn all anew, that I might take in such auxiliaries as you send me, and which I must esteeme as my best and most efFectuall forces. Sir, I returne you a thousand acknowledgements for the papers which you transmitted me, and I will render you this account of my present vndertaking. The truth is, that which imported me to discourse on this subject after this sorte, was the many defects which I encounter'd in bookes and in gardens, wherein neither words nor cost had bin want- ing, but judgement very much ; and though I cannot boast of my science in this kind, as both vnbecoming my yeares and my small experience, yet I esteem' d it GARDEN LETTERS 17 j pardonable at least, if in doing my endeauour to rectifie some mistakes, and advancing so vsefull and innocent a divertisement, I made some essay, and cast in my symbole with the rest. To this designe, if forraine observation may conduce, I might likewise hope to refine upon some particulars, especially concerning the ornaments of gardens, which I shall endeavor so to handle, as that they may become usefull and practic- able, as well as magnificent, and that persons of all conditions and faculties, which delight in gardens, may therein encounter something for their owne advan- tage. The modell, which I perceive you haue seene, will aboundantly testifie my abhorrency of those painted and formal projections of our cockney gardens and plotts, which appeare like gardens of past-board and march-payne, and smell more of paynt then of flowers and verdure : our drift is a noble, princely, and uni- versal Elysium, capable of all the amcenities that can naturally be introduced into gardens of pleasure, and such as may stand in competition with all the august designes and stories of this nature, either of antient or moderne tymes ; yet so as to become vsefull and significant to the least pretences and faculties. We will endeauour to shew how the aire and genious of gardens operat vpon humane spirits towards virtue and 176 JOHN EVELYN sanctitie, I meane in a remote, preparatory and instru- mental! working. How caues, grotts, mounts, and irregular ornaments of gardens do contribute to con- templatiue and philosophicall enthusiasme ; how elysium, antrum, nemus, paradysus, hortus, lucus, &c, signifie all of them rem sacram et div'mam ; for these expedi- ents do influence the soule and spirits of man, and prepare them for converse with good angells ; besides which, they contribute to the lesse abstracted pleasures, phylosophy naturall and longevitie : and I would have not onely the elogies and erhgie of the antient and famous garden heroes, but a society of the paradisi cu/tores, persons of antient simplicity, Paradisean and Hortulan saints, to be a society of learned and ingenuous men, such as Dr. Browne, by whome we might hope to redeeme the tyme that has bin lost, in pursuing Vulgar Errours, and still propagating them, as so many bold men do yet presume to do. Were it to be hoped, inter hos armorum strepitus, and in so generall a catalysis of integrity, interruption of peace and propriety, the hortulane pleasure, these innocent, pure, and vsefull diversions might enjoy the least encouragement, whilst brutish and ambitious persons seeke themselues in the ruines of our miserable yet dearest country, quis talia fando — ? — But, sir, I will not importune you with GARDEN LETTERS 177 these matters, nor shall they be able to make me to desist from my designe, so long as you reanimate my languishings, and pardon my imperfections. I greately thanke you for your discourses, and the acoustic diagramme, &c. I shall be a faithfull reporter of your favours to me. In my philosophico- medicall garden you can impart to me extraordinary assistances as likewise in my coronary chapter, and that of transmutations, c. 1. lib. 3. Norwich is a place, I understand, which is very much addicted to the flowry part ; and what indeede may I not promise myselfe from your ingenuity, science, and candor ? And now to shew you how farr I am aduanced in my worke, though I haue drawne it in loose sheetes, almost euery chapter rudely, yet 1 cannot say to haue finished any thing tollerably farther than chapter xi. lib. 2, and those which are so completed are yet so written that I can at pleasure inserte what- soeuer shall come to hand to obelize, correct, improve and adorne it. That chapt. of the history of gardens being the 7th of the last booke, is in a manner finished by itselfe, and, if it be not ouer tedious, I think it will extreamely gratifie the reader : for I do comprehend them as vniversally as the chapter will beare it, and yet am as particular in the descriptions as is possible, N 178 JOHN EVELYN because I not onely pretend them for pompous and ostentatiue examples, but would render them usefull to our trauellers which shall goe abroad, and where I haue obserued so many particularities as, happly, others descend not to. If you permitt me to transcribe you an imperfect summ of the heads, it is to let you see how farr we correspond (as by your excellent papers I collect) and to engage your assistance in suppliing my omissions ; you will pardon the defects in the syn- chronismes, because they are not yet exactly marshalled, and of my desultory scribbling. CHAP, vii., lib. 3. Paradise, Elysian fields, Hesperides, Horti Adonidis, Alcinoi, Semyramis, Salomon's. The pensile gardens in Babylon, of Nabucodonosor, of Cyrus, the gardens of Panchaia, the Sabean in Arabia Felix. The Egyptian gardens out of Athenjeus, the Villa Laura neere Alexandria, the gardens of Adominus, the garden at Samos, Democritus's garden, Epicurus's at Athens, hortorum ille magister, as Pliny calls him. That of Nysa described by Diodorus Siculus ; Masinissa's, Lysander's, the garden of Laertes, father of Ulysses, ex Homero. Theophrastus's, Mithridates' gardens ; Alexandra's garden at Sydon, Hieron's Nautilus GARDEN LETTERS 179 gardens out of Athenasus ; the Indian king's garden out of jElian ; and many others, which are in my scattered adversaria, not yet inserted into this chapter. Amongst the antient Romans. — Numa's garden, Tarquin's, Scipio Airicanus's, Antoninus Pius's, Dio- clesian's, Maecenas's, Martial's gardens ; the Tarentine garden, Cicero's garden at Tusculum, Formia, Cuma ; the Laurentine garden of Pliny junior, Cato, at Sabinus, jElius Spartianus's garden, the elder Gordian's, Horti Cassipedis, Drusi, Dolabella's garden, Galienus's, Seneca's, Nero's, the Horti Lamiani, Agrippina's, the Esquiline, Pompey's, Luculla's most costly gardens, &c. More moderne and at present. — Clement the 8th 's garden ; the Medicean, Mathseo's garden, Cardinal Pio's ; Farnesian, Lodovisian, Burghesean, Aldo- brandino's, Barberini's, the Belvedere, Montalta's, Bossius's, Justiniane's, the Quirinal gardens, Cornelius's, Mazarini's, &c. In other parts of Italy. — Ulmarini's at Vacenza, Count Giusti's at Verona, Mondragone, Frescati, D'Este's at Tivoli. The gardens of the Palazzo de Pitti in Florence ; Poggio, Imperiale, Pratoline, Hieronymo del Negro's pensile garden in Genoa, principe d'Oria's garden, the Marquesi Devico's at Naples, the old gardens at Baiae, Fred. Duke of Ur- 180 JOHN EVELYN bine's garden, the gardens at Pisa, at Padoa, at Capra- roula, at St. Michael in Bosco, in Bolognia ; the gardens about Lago di Como, Signior Sfondrati's, &c. In Spaine. — The incomparable garden of Aranxues, Garicius's garden at Toledo, &c. In France. — Duke of Orleans at Paris, Luxemburg, Thuilleries, Palais Cardinal, Bellevue, Morines, Jard. Royal, &c. In other parts of France. — The garden of Froment, of Fontaine Beleau, of the Chasteau de Fresnes, Ruel, Richelieu, Couranet, Cauigny, Hubert, Depont in Champagne, the most sumptuous Rincy, Nanteuile, Maisons, Medon, Dampien, St. Germain en Lay, Rosny, St. Cloe, Liancourt in Picardy, Isslings at Essonne, Pidaux in Poictiers. At Anet, Valeri, Folembourg, Villiers, Gaillon, Montpellier, Beugen- sor, of Mons. Piereskius. In Loraine, at Nancy, the Jesuites at Liege, and many others. In Flanders. — The gardens of the Hofft in Brux- elles, Oroenendael's neere it, Risewick in Holland. The court at the Hague, the garden at Leyden, Pretor Hundius's garden at Amsterdam. In Germany. — The Emperor's garden at Vienna, at Salisburgh ; the medicinall at Heidelburg, Caterus's at Basil, Camerarius's garden of Horimburg, Scholtzius's GARDEN LETTERS 181 at Vratislauia, at Bonne neere Collen, the elector's there : Christina's garden in Sweden made lately by Mollet ; the garden at Cracovia, Warsovia, Grogning. The elector's garden at Heidelburg, Tico Brache's rare gardens at Vraneburge, the garden at Copenhagen. Tho. Duke of Holstein's garden, &c. In Turkey , the East, and other parts. — The grand Signor's in the Serraglio, the garden at Tunis, and old Carthage ; the garden at Cairo, at Fez, the pensal garden at Pequin in China, also at Timplan and Porassen ; St. Thomas's garden in the island neere M. Hecla, perpetually verdant. In Persia the garden at Ispahan ; the garden of Tzurbugh ; the Chan's garden in Schamachie neere the Caspian sea, of Ardebil, and the city of Cassuin or Arsacia ; the garden lately made at Suratt in the East Indias by the great Mogoll's daughter, &c. In America. — Montezuma's floating garden, and others in Mexico. The King of Azcapuzulco's, the garden of Cusco ; the garden in Nova Hispania. Count Maurice's rare garden at Boavesta in Brasile. In England. — Wilton, Dodington, Spensherst, Sion, Hatfield, Lord Brook's, Oxford, Kirby, Howard's, Durden's, my elder brother George Evelyn's in Surry, far surpassing any else in England, it may be 1 82 JOHN EVELYN my owne poore garden may for its kind, perpetually greene, not be vnworthy mentioning. The gardens mentioned in Scripture, &c. Miraculous and extraordinary gardens found upon huge fishes' backs, men over growne with flowers, &c. Romantique and poeticall gardens out of Sidney, Spencer, Achilles Statius, Homer, Poliphele, &c. All these I have already described, some briefly, some at large according to their dignity and merite. But this paper, and my reverence to your greate patience, minds me of a conclusion. Worthy, sir, I am your most humble and most obliged servant, J. EUELYN To the Earle of Sandwich, Ambassador Extraordinary in the Court of Spaine, at Madrid. My Lord, 1 am plainely astonish'd at your bounty to me, and I am in paine for words to expresse the sense I have of this greate obligation.1 1 Upon his communicating particulars of Horticultural matters in Spain. GARDEN LETTERS 183 And as I have ben exceedingly affected with the Descriptions, so have I ben greately instructed in the other particulars your Lordship mentions, and especialy rejoice that your Excellency has taken care to have the draughts of the Places, Fountaines, & Engines for the Irrigation & refreshing their plantations, which may be of singular use to us in England. And I question not but your Excellency brings with you a collection of Seedes ; such especially as we may not have com'only in our Country. By your Lordship's description, the Encina should be the Ilex major aculeata, a sucker whereoff yet remaines in his Majesties Privie- Gardens at White Hall, next the dore that is opposite to the Tennis Court. I mention it the rather, because it certainly might be propagated with us to good purpose, for the father of this small tree I remember of a goodly stature ; so as it yearely produc'd ripe Acorns ; though Clusius, when he was in England, believed it to be barren : & happily, it had borne none in his tyme. I have sown both the Acorns of the tree, and the Cork with successe, though I have now but few of them remaining, through the negligence of my Gardiner ; for they require care at the first raising, 'till they are accostom'd to the cold, and then no rigour impeaches them. What your Excellency meanes by the Bamade 1 84 JOHN EVELYN Joseph, I do not comprehend ; but the Planta Ahis, which is a monstrous kind of Sedum, will like it endure no wett in Winter, but certainely rotts if but a drop or two fall on it, whereas in Summer you cannot give it drink enough. I perceive their culture of choyce & tender Plants differs little from ours in England, and as it has ben publish'd by me in my Calendar'tum Hortemey which is now the third time reprinting. Stoves absolutely destroy our Conservatories ; but if they could be lin'd with cork, I believe it would better secure them from the cold & moisture of the walls, than either matrasses, or reedes with which we co'monly invest them. I thinke I was the first that ever planted Spanish Cardons in our country for any culinerie use, as your Excellency has taught the blanching ; but I know not whether they serve themselves in Spaine with the purple beards of the Thistle, when it is in flower, for the curdling of Milk, which it performs much better than Reinet, and is far sweeter in the Dairy than that liquor, which is apt to putrifie. Your Excellency has rightly conjectur'd of the Pome-Granad : I have allways kept it expos'd, and the severest of our Winters dos it no prejudice ; they will flower plentifully, but beare no fruit with us, either kept in cases & in the repository, or set in the open GARDEN LETTERS 185 ayre ; at least very trifling, with the greatest industry of stoves & other artifices. We have Aspargus growing wild both in Lincoln- shire 5c in other places; but your Lordship observes, they are small & bitter, & not comparable to the cultivated. The red Pepper, I suppose, is what we call Ginny- Peper, of which I have rais'd many plants, whose pods resemble in colour the most oriental & polish'd corall : a very little will set the throat in such a flame, as has ben sometimes deadly, and therefore to be sparingly us'd in sauces. I hope your Lordship will furnish your selfe with Melon seedes, because they will last good almost 20 years ; & so will all the sorts of Garavances, Calaburos, & Gourds (whatever Herrera affirme) which may be for divers oeconomical uses. The Spanish Onion-seede is of all other the most excellent : and yet I am not certaine, whether that which we have out of Flanders & St. Omers, be all the Spanish seede which we know of. My Lady Clarendon (when living) was wont to furnish me with seede that produc'd me prodigious cropps. Is it not possible for your Excellency to bring over some of those Quince and Cherry-trees, which your 1 86 JOHN EVELYN Lordship so celebrates ? I suppose they might be secur'd in barrells or pack'd up, as they transport other rarities from far countries. But, my L d : I detaine your Excellency too long in these repetitions, & forget that I am all this while doing injury to the publiq, by suspending you a moment from matters of a higher orb, the Interest of States, & reconciling of Kingdomes : And I should think so of another, did I not know withall, how universal your comprehensions are, & how qualified to support it. I remain, my Lord, Sayes-Court, 21 Aug. 1668. Your &c. To Lady Sunderland. Deptford 4 Aug. 1690. As for the * Kalendar ' your Ladyship mentions, whatever assistance it may be to some Novice Gardiner, sure I am his Lordship will find nothing in it worth his notice but an old inclination to an innocent diversion, & the acceptance it found with my deare (and while he liv'd) worthy friend Mr. Cowley, upon whose reputa- tion only it has survived seaven impressions, & is now entering on the eighth with some considerable improve- ments, more agreeable to the present curiosity. 'Tis GARDEN LETTERS 187 now, Madame, almost fourty yeares since first I writ it, when Horticulture was not much advanc'd in England, and neere thirty since first 'twas publish'd, which con- sideration will I hope excuse its many defects. If in the meane time it deserve the name of no un-usefull trifle, 'tis all it is capable of. When manv yeares ago I came from rambling abroad, observ'd a little there, & a great deal more since I came home than gave me much satisfaction, & (as events have prov'd) scarce worth one's pursuite, I cast about how I should employ the time which hangs on most young men's hands, to the best advantage ; and when books & severer studies grew tedious, & other impertinence would be pressing, by what innocent diversions I might sometimes relieve my selfe without complyance to recreations I tooke no felicity in, because they did not contribute to any improvement of the mind. This set me upon Planting of Trees, & brought forth my * Sylva,' which booke, infinitely beyond my expectations, is now also calling for a fourth impression, and has ben the occasion of propagating many Millions of usefull timber-trees thro'out this Nation, as I may justifie (without im'odesty) from the many letters of acknowledgment receiv'd from gentlemen of the first quality, and others altogether strangers to me. His late 1 88 JOHN EVELYN Majesty Cha. the 2d. was sometimes graciously pleas'd to take notice of it to me, & that I had by that booke alone incited a world of planters to repaire their broken estates and woodes, which the greedy Rebells had wasted & made such havock of. Upon this encourage- ment I was once speaking to a mighty man, then in despotic power, to mention the greate inclination I had to serve his Majesty in a little office then newly vacant (the salary I think hardly ^300) whose province was to inspect the Timber-trees in his Majesties Forests, &c. and take care of their culture and improvement ; but this was conferr'd upon another, who, I believe had seldom ben out of the smoke of London, where tho' there was a greate deale of timber, there were not many trees. I confesse I had an inclination to the imployment upon a publique account as well as its being suitable to my rural genius, borne as I was at Wottony among the Woods. Soon after this, happen'd the direfull Conflagration of this Citty, when taking notice of our want of Bookes of Architecture in the English tongue, I published those most usefull directions of Ten of the best Authors on that subject, whose works were very rarely to be had, all of them written in French, Latine, or Italian, & so not intelligible to our mechanics. What the GARDEN LETTERS 189 fruite of that labour & cost has ben (for the sculptures which are elegant were very chargeable) the greate improvement of our workmen, & several impressions of the copy since, will best testifie. In this method I thought properly to begin with planting Trees, because they would require time for growth and be advancing to delight & shade at least, & were therefore by no meanes to be neglected & deferr'd, while building might be raised and finish'd in a sum'r or two if the owner pleas'd. Thus, Madame, I endeavoured to do my country- men some little service, in as natural an order as I could for the improving & adorning their estates & dwellings, &, if possible, make them in love with these usefull & innocent pleasures, in exchange of a wastfull & ignoble sloth which I had observ'd so universally corrupted an ingenious education. To these I likewise added my little History of Chalcography, a treatise of the perfection of Paynting, & of erecting Libraries, . . . Medals, with some other intermesses which might divert within dores, as well as altogether without. i9o JOHN EVELYN To Mr. Wotton. Worthy Sir, I should exceedingly mistake the person, and my owne discernment, could I believe Mr. Wotton stood in the least neede of my assistance ; but such an expression of your's to one who so well knows his own imperfections as I do mine, ought to be taken for a reproche ; since I am sure it cannot proceede from your judgment. But forgiving this fault, I most heartily thank you for your animadversion on Sylva ; which, tho' I frequently find it so written for f vXtta & vX-q, wood, timber, wild & forest trees, yet indeede I think it more properly belongs to a promiscuous casting of severall things together, & as I think my Lord Bacon has us'd it in his " Natural History," without much reguard to method. Deleatur, therefore, wherever you meete it. Concerning the Gardning & Husbandry of the Antients, which is your inquirie (especialy of the first), that it had certainely nothing approaching the elegancy of the present age, Rapinus (whom I send you) will aboundantly satisfie you. The discourse you will find at the end of Hortorum, lib. 40. capp. 6. 7. What GARDEN LETTERS 191 they cal'd their Gardens were onely spacious plots of ground planted with platans & other shady trees in walks, & built about with Porticos, Xisti, & noble ranges of pillars, adorn'd with Statues, Fountaines, Piscariae, Aviaries, &c. But for the flowry parterre, beds of Tulips, Carnations, Auricula, Tuberose, Jon- quills, Ranunculas, & other of our rare Coronaries, we heare nothing of, nor that they had such a store & variety of Exotics, Orangeries, Myrtils, & other curious Greenes ; nor do I believe they had their Orchards in such perfection, nor by far our furniture for the Kitchen. Pliny indeede enumerates a world of vulgar plants & olitories, but they fall infinitely short of our Physic gardens, books and herbals, every day augmented by our sedulous Botanists, & brought to us from all the quarters of the world. And as for their Husbandry & more rural skill, of which the same author has written so many books in his Nat. History, especial lib. 17. 18. &c. you'l soone be judge what it was. They tooke great care indeede of their Vines and Olives, stercorations, ingraftings, & were diligent in observing seasons, the course of the stars, &c. and doubtlesse were very industrious ; but when you shall have read over Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladio, with the Greek Geoponics, I do not think you will have cause to 192 JOHN EVELYN prefer them before the modern agriculture, so exceed- ingly of late improv'd, for which you may consult & compare our old Tusser, Markham, the Maison Rustic, Hartlib, Walter Blith, the Philosophical Transactions, & other books, which you know better than my selfe. I have turn'd down the page, where poore Palissy begins his persisting search. If you can suffer his prolix style, you will now & then light on things not to be despised. With him I send you a short Treatise concerning Metals, of Sir Hugh Platts, which perhaps you have not seene. I am sorry I have no more of those subjects here, having left the rest in my library at Deptford, & know not how to get them hither till I get thither. Sir, I am in no hast for the returne of these, if they may be serviceable to you, but in no little paine for the trouble your civility to mine puts one, who knows so much better how to employ his time, than to mind the impertinence of, Sir, your &c. Wotton, 28 Oct. 1696. THE PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN: Describing, and Shewing the Amplitude, and Extent of that part of Georgicks^ which belongs to Horticulture ; In Three Books BOOK I Chap. I. Of Principles and Elements in general. Chap. II. Of the four (vulgarly reputed) Elements; Fire, Air, Water, Earth. Chap. III. Of the Celestial Influences, and particularly of the Sun, Moon, and of the Climates. Chap. IV. Of the Four Annual Seasons. Chap. V. Of the Natural Mould and Soil of a Garden. Chap. VI. Of Composts, and Stercoration, Repastina- tion, Dressing and Stirring the Earth and Mould of a Garden. 193 o 194 PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN BOOK II Chap. I. A Garden Deriv'd and Defin'd ,• its Dignity T Distinction, and Sorts. Chap. II. Of a Gardiner, how to be qualify 'd, re- garded and rewarded ; his Habitation, Cloathing, Diet, Under- Workmen and Assistants. Chap. III. Of the Instruments belonging to a Gardiner ; their various Uses and Machanical Powers. Chap. IV. Of the Terms us'd, and affected by Gardiners. Chap. V. Of Enclosing, Fencing, Platting, and dis- posing of the Ground ; and of Terraces, Walks, Allies, Malls, Boivling-Greens, Sec. Chap. VI. Of a Seminary, Nurseries ; and of Pro- pagating Trees, Plants and Flowers, Planting and Transplanting, Sec. Chap. VII. Of Knots, Parterres, Compartment sy Borders, Banks and Embossments. Chap. VIII. Of Groves, Labyrinths, Dedals, Cabinets* Cradles, Close- Walks, Galleries, Pavilions, Portico's, Lanterns, and other Relievo's ; of Topiary and Hortulan Architecture. PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN 195 Chap. IX. Of Fountains, letto's, Cascades, Rivulets, Piscina's, Canals, Baths, and other Natural, and Artificial Waterworks. Chap. X. Of Rocks, Grotts, Crypt*, Mounts, Pre- cipices, Ventiducts, Conservatories, of Ice and Snow, and other Hortulan Refreshments. Chap. XL Of Statues, Busts, Obelisis, Columns, In- scriptions, Dials, Vasa's, Perspectives, Paintingsr and other Ornaments. Chap. XII. Of Gazon-Theatres, Amphitheatres, Arti- ficial Echo's, Automata and Hydraulic Muiick. Chap. XIII. Of Aviaries, Apiaries, Vivaries, Insects, &c. Chap. XIV. Of Verdures, Perennial Greens, and Perpetual Springs. Chap. XV. Of Orangeries, Oporotheca's, Hybernaculay Stoves, and Conservatories of Tender Plants and Fruits, and how to order them. Chap. XVI. Of the Coronary Garden : Floivers and Rare Plants, how they are to be Raised, Governed and Improved ; and how the Gardiner is to keep his Register. Chap. XVII. Of the Philosophical Medical Garden. Chap. XVIII. Of Stupendous and Wonderful Plants. 196 PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN Chap. XIX. Of the Hort-Tard and Potagere ; and what Fruit-Trees, Olitory and Esculent Plants, may be admitted into a Garden of Pleasure. Chap. XX. Of Sallets. Chap. XXI. Of a Vineyard, and Directions concern- ing the making of Wine and other Vinous Liquors, and of Teas. Chap. XXII. Of Watering, Pruning, Plashing, Palii- sading, Nailing, Clipping, Mowing, Rowling, Weeding, Cleansing, &c Chap. XXIII. Of the Enemies and Infirmities to which Gardens are obnoxious, together with the Remedies. Chap. XXIV. Of the Gardiner's Almanack or Kalendarium Hortense, directing what he is to do Monthly, and what Fruits and Flowers are in prime. BOOK III Chap. I. Of Conserving, Properating, Retarding, Multiplying, Transmuting, and Altering the Species, Forms and (reputed) Substantial Qualities of Plants, Fruits and Flowers. PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN 197 Chap. II. Of the Hortulan Elaboratory ; and of distilling and extracting of Waters , Spirits, Essences, Salts, Colours, Resuscitation of Plants, with other rare Experiments, and an Account of their Virtues. Chap. III. Of composing the Hortus Hycmalis, and making Books, of Natural, Arid Plants and Flowers, with several Ways of Preserving them in their Beauty. Chap. IV. Of Painting of Flowers, Flowers enamelFd, Silk, Callico's, Paper, Wax, Gums, Pasts, Horns, Glass, Shells, Feathers, Moss, Pietra Comes sa, Inlayings, Embroyderies, Carvings, and other Artificial Representations of them. Chap. V. Of Crowns, Chaplets, Garlands, Festoons, Encarpa, Flower-Pots, Nosegays, Poesies, Deckings, and other Flowery Pomps. Chap. VI. Of Hortulan Laws and Privileges. Chap. VII. Of the Hortulan Study, and of a Library, Authors and Books assistant to it. Chap. VIII. Of Hortulan Entertainments, Natural, Divine, Moral, and Political ; with divers Historical Passages, and Solemnities, to shew the Riches, Beauty, Wonder, Plenty, Delight, and Universal Use of Gardens. 198 PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN Chap. IX. Of Garden Burial. Chap. X. Of Paradise, and of the most Famous Gardens in the World, Ancient and Modern. Chap. XL The Description of a Villa. Chap. XII. The Corollary and Conclusion. Laudato ingentia rura, Ex'wuum colito. GARDEN CUTTINGS FROM EVELYN'S DIARY Wotton, the mansion house of my father, left him by my grandfather, (now my eldest brother's) is situated in the most Southern part of the Shire, and tho' in a vally, yet really upon part of Lyth Hill, one of the most eminent (993 feet) in England for the prodigious prospect to be seen from its summit, tho' by few observed. From it may be discern'd 12 or 13 Counties, with part of the Sea on the Coast of Sussex, in a serene day ; the house large and ancient, suitable to those hospitable times, and so sweetly environed with those delicious streams and venerable woods, as in the judgement of Strangers as well as Englishmen it may be compared to one of the most pleasant Seates in the Nation, and most tempting for a great person and a wanton purse to render it conspicuous : it has rising grounds, meadows, woods, and water, in abundance. The distance from London little more than 20 miles (nearly 26 miles) and yet so securely placed as 199 zoo JOHN EVELYN if it were ioo; three miles from Dorking, which serves it abundantly with provisions as well of land as sea ; 8 from Gilford, 1 4 from Kingston. I will say nothing of the ayre, because the preeminence is uni- versally given to Surrey, the soil being dry and sandy ; but I should speake much of the gardens, fountaines, and groves, that adorne it ; were they not as generaly knowne to be amongst the most natural, and (til this later and universal luxury of the whole nation, since abounding in such expenses) the most magnificent that England afforded, and which indeede gave one of the first examples to that elegancy since so much in vogue and follow'd in the managing of their waters, and other ornaments of that nature. Let me add, the contiguity of 7 Mannors, the patronage of the livings about it, and, what is none of the least advantages, a good neighbourhood. All which conspire to render it fit for the present possessor, my worthy brother, and his noble lady, whose constant liberality give them title both to the place and the affections of all that know them. Thus, with the poet, Nescio qua natale solum dulcedine cunctos Ducit et immemores non sinit esse sui. 19 Aug., 1 64 1. We visited the Haff or Prince's OX GARDEN'S 201 Court at the Hague, with the adjoining gardens, which were full of ornament, close-walks, statues, marbles, grotts, fountains, and artiticiall musiq, Sec. But there was nothing about this Citty which more ravished me than those delicious shades and walkes of stately trees, which render the fortified workes of the towne one of the sweetest places in Europ ; nor did I ever observe a more quiet, cleane, elegantly built, and civil place, then this magnificent and famous Citty of Antwerp. Brussels. By an accident we could not see the Library. There is a faire terrace which looks to the Vine-yard, in which, on pedestalls, are fix'd the statues of all the Spanish Kings of the House of Austria. The opposite walls are paynted by Rubens, being an history of the late tumults in Belgia ; in the last piece the Arch- Dutcbesse shutts a greate payre of gates upon Mars, who is coming out of hell, arm'd, and in a menacing posture. On another, the Infanta is seen taking leave of Don Philip. From hence we walked into the Parke, which for 202 JOHN EVELYN being intirely within the walls of the Citty is particu- larly remarkable ; nor is it less pleasant than if in the most solitary recesses, so naturally is it furnish'd with whatever may render it agreeable, melancholy, and country-like. Here is a stately heronry, divers springs of water, artificial cascades, rocks, grotts, one whereof is composed of the extravagant rootes of trees cunningly built and hung together. In this Parke are both fallow and red deare. From hence we were led into the Manege, and out of that into a most sweete and delicious garden, where was another grott, of more neate and costly materials, full of noble statues, and entertaining us with artificial musiq ; but the hedge of water, in forme of lattice- worke, which the fontanier caused to ascend out of the earth by degrees, exceedingly pleased and surpris'd me, for thus with a pervious wall, or rather a palisad hedge, of water, was the whole parterre environ'd. There is likewise a faire Aviary, and in the court next it are kept divers sorts of animals, rare & exotic fowle, as eagles, cranes, storks, bustards, pheasants of several kinds, a duck having 4 wings, &c. In another division of the same close, are rabbits of an almost perfect yellow colour. ON GARDENS 203 Paris. 8 Feb., 1644. I took coach and went to see the famous Jardine Royale, which is an enclosure walled in, consisting of all varieties of ground for planting and culture of medical simples. It is well chosen, having in it hills, meadows, wood and upland, naturall and artificial, and is richly stor'd with exotic plants. In the middle of the Parterre is a faire fountaine. There is a very fine house, chapel, laboratory, orangery, & other accommodations for the President, who is allways one of the King's cheife Physitians. From hence we went to the other side of the towne, and to some distance from it, to the Bois de Vincennes, going by the Bastille, which is the Fortresse Tower and Magazine of this great Citty. It is very spacious within, and there the Grand Master of the Artillery has his house, with faire gardens and walkes. In another more privat garden (in the Louvre) towards the Queene's apartment is a walke or cloyster under arches, whose terrace is paved with stones of a greate breadth ; it looks towards the river, and has a pleasant aviary, fountaine, stately cypresses, &c. On the river are seene a prodigious number of barges and boates of great length, full of haye, come, wood, wine, 204 JOHN EVELYN &c. Under the long gallery dwell goldsmiths, payn- ters, statuaries, and architects, who being the most famous for their art in Christendom, have stipends allowed them by the King. We went into that of Monsieur Saracin, who was moulding for an image of a Madona to be cast in gold, of a greate size, to be sent by the Queene Regent to Lauretto, as an offering for the birth of the Dauphine, now the young King of France. I finish'd this day with a walke in the greate garden of the Thuilleries, which is rarely contrived for privacy, shade, or company, by groves, plantations of tall trees, especially that in the middle, being of elmes, another of mulberys. There is a labyrinth of cypresse, noble hedges of pomegranates, fountaines, fishponds, and an aviary. There is an artificial echo, redoubling the words distinctly, and it is never without some faire nymph singing to it. Standing at one of the focus's, which is under a tree, or little cabinet of hedges, the voice seems to descend from the clouds ; at another as if it was under-ground. This being at the bottom of the garden, we were let into another, which being kept with all imaginable accuratenesse as to the orangery, precious shrubes, and rare fruites, seem'd a paradise. I From a tarrace in this place we saw so many coaches, as one would hardly think could be maintained in the OX GARDENS 205 whole Citty, going, late as it was in the year, towards the Course, which is a place adjoyning, of ncere an English mile long, planted with 4 rows of trees, making a large circle in the middle. This Course is walled about, neere breast high, with squar'd freestone, and has a stately arch at the entrance, with sculpture and statues about it, built by Mary di Medices. Here it is that the gallants and ladys of the Court take the ayre and divert themselves, as with us in Hide Park, the circle being capable of containing an hundred coaches to turne commodiously, and the larger of the plantations for 5 or 6 coaches a brest. Returning through the Thuilleries, we saw a build- ing in which are kept wild beasts for the King's pleasure, a beare, a wolfe, a wild boare, a leopard, &c. 27 Feb. Accompany'd with some English gentle- men, we tooke horse to see St. Germains en Lay, a stately country-house of the King, some 5 leagues from Paris. By the way we alighted at St. Cloes,1 where, on an eminence neere the river, the Archbishop of Paris has a garden, for the house is not very con- siderable, rarely water'd and furnish'd with fountaines, statues, and groves ; the walkes are very faire ; the fountain of Laocoon io in a large square pool, throwing 1 Saint Cloud. 2o6 JOHN EVELYN the water neere 40 feet high, and having about it a multitude of statues and basines, and is a surprising object ; but nothing is more esteem'd than the cascade falling from the greate stepps into the lowest and longest walke from the Mount Parnassus, which con- sists of a grotto, or shell-house on the summit of the hill, wherein are divers water-workes and contrivances to wet the spectators ; this is covered with a fayre cupola, the walls paynted with the Muses, and statues placed thick about it, whereof some are antiq and good. In the upper walks are two perspectives, seem- ing to enlarge the allys. In this garden are many other contrivances. The Palace, as I said, is not extraordinary. The outer walles onely paynted a fresca. In the Court is a Volary, and the statues of Charles IX. Hen. III. IV. and Lewis XIII. on horseback, mezzo-relievod in plaster. In the garden is a small chapell ; and under shelter is the figure of Cleopatra, taken from the Belvidere original, with others. From the tarrace above is a tempest well paynted, and there is an excellent prospect towards Paris, the meadows, & river. At an inn in this village is an host who treats all the greate persons in princely lodgings for furniture and plate, but they pay well for it, as I have don. ON GARDENS 207 Indeed the entertainment is very splendid, and not unreasonable, considering the excellent manner of dressing their meate, and of the service. Here are many debauches and excessive revellings, being out of observance. About a league farther we went to see Cardinal Richelieu's villa at Rueil. The house is small, but fairely built, in form of a castle, moated round. The offices are towards the road, and over against are large vineyards walled in. Though the house is not of the greatest, the gardens about it are so magnificent that I doubt whether Italy has any exceeding it for all rarities of pleasure. The garden nearest the pavilion is a parterre, having in the middst divers noble brasse statues, perpetually spouting water into an ample bassin, with other figures of the same metal ; but what is most admirable is the vast enclosure, and variety of ground, in the large garden, containing vineyards, cornefields, meadows, groves, (whereof one is one of perennial greens), and walkes of vast lengthes, so accurately kept and cultivated, that nothing can be more agreeable. On one of these walkes, within a square of tall trees, is a basilisc of copper, which managed by the fountainere casts water neere 60 feet high, and will of itself move round so 208 JOHN EVELYN swiftly, that one can hardly escape wetting. This leads to the Citroniere, where is a noble conserve of all those rarities ; and at the end of it is the Arch of Constantine, painted on a wall in oyle, as large as the real one at Rome, so well don that even a man skill'd in painting may mistake it for stone and sculpture. The skie and hills which seeme to be betweene the arches are so naturall that swallows and other birds, thinking to fly through, have dashed themselves against the wall. At the further part of this walke is that plentiful though artificial cascade which rolls down a very steepe declivity, and over the marble steps and bassins, with an astonishing noyse and fury ; each basin hath a jetto in it, flowing like sheetes of trans- parent glasse, especially that which rises over the greate shell of lead, from whence it glides silently downe a channell thro' the middle of a spacious gravel walke terminating in a grotto. Here are also fountaines that cast water to a great height, and large ponds, 2 of which have islands for harbour of fowles, of which there is store. One of these islands has a receptacle for them built of vast pieces of rock, neere 50 feet high, growne over with mosse, ivy, &c. shaded at a competent distance with tall trees, in this the fowles lay eggs and breede. We then saw a large and very ON GARDENS 209 rare grotto of shell-worke, in the shape of satyres and other wild fancys : in the middle stands a marble table, on which a fountaine plays in forms of glasses, cupps, crosses, fanns, crownes, Sec. Then the fountaineere represented a showre of raine from the topp, mett by small jetts from below. At going out two extravagant musqueteeres shot us with a streme of water from their musket barrells. Before this grotto is a long poole into which ran divers spouts of water from leaden escallop bassins. The viewing this paradise made us late at St. Germains. The first building of this palace is of Cha. V. called the Sage ; but Francis I. (that true virtuoso) made it compleate, speaking as to the style of magnificence then in fashion, which was with too greate a mixture of the Gotic, as may be seen in what there is remaining of his in the old Castle, an irregular peece as built on the old foundation, and having a moate about it. It has yet some spacious & handsome roomes of state, & a chapell neately paynted. The new Castle is at some distance, divided from this by a court, of a lower, but more modern designe, built by Hen. IV. To this belong 6 tarraces built of brick & stone, descending in cascads towards the river, cut out of the naturall hill, having under them goodly vaulted galleries ; of these, 4 have 210 JOHN EVELYN subterranean grotts & rocks, where are represented severall objects in the manner of sceanes, and other motions by force of water, shewn by the light of torches onely ; amongst these is Orpheus, with his musiq, & the animalls, which dance after his harp ; in the second is the King and Dolphin (Dauphin); in the third is Neptune sounding his trumpet, his charriot drawne by sea-horses ; in the fourth Perseus & Andro- meda ; mills ; hermitages ; men fishing ; birds chirp- ing ; and many other devices. There is also a dry grott to refresh in, all having a fine prospect towards the river and the goodly country about it, especially the forrest. At the bottom is a parterre ; the upper tarrace neere half a mile in length, with double declivities, arch'd and baluster'd with stone, of vast and royal cost. In the Pavilion of the new Castle are many faire roomes, well paynted, and leading into a very noble garden and parke, where is a pall-maill, in the midst of which, on one of the sides, is a Chapell, with stone cupola, tho' small, yet of an handsome order of archi- tecture. Out of the parke you goe into the forrest, which being very large is stor'd with deare, wild boares, wolves, and other wild game. The Tennis Court, and Cavalerizzo for the menag'd horses, are also observable. ON GARDENS 211 We return'd to Paris by Madrid, another villa of the King's, built by Francis I. and called by that name to absolve him of his oath that he would not go from Madrid, in which he was prisoner in Spayne, but from whence he made his escape. This house is also built in a park, walled in. We next called in at the Bonnes hommes, well situated, with a faire Chapel and Library. 1 March. I went to see the Count de Liancourts' Palace in the Rue de Seine, which is well built. Towards his study and bedchamber joyns a little garden, which tho' very narrow, by the addition of a well painted perspective is to appearance greatly en- larged ; to this there is another part, supported by arches, in which runs a streame of water, rising in the aviary, out of a statue, and seeming to flow for some miles, by being artificially continued in the painting, when it sinkes downe at the wall. It is a very agree- able deceipt. At the end of this garden is a little theater, made to change with divers pretty seanes, and the stage so ordered that with figures of men & women paynted on light-boards, and cut out, and, by a person who stands underneath, made to act as if they were speaking, by guiding them, & reciting words in different tones as the parts require. We were led into a round 212 JOHN EVELYN cabinet, where was a neate invention for reflecting lights by lining divers sconces with thin shining plates of gilded copper. Having seene the roomes (at Fontainebleau) we went to the Volary, which has a cupola in the middle of it, greate trees and bushes, it being full of birds who drank at two fountaines. There is a faire Tennis Court & noble Stables ; but the beauty of all are the Gardens. In the Court of the Fountaines stand divers antiquities and statues, especialy a Mercury. In the Queenes Garden is a Diana ejecting a fountaine, with numerous other brasse statues. The Greate Garden, 180 toises long and 154 wide, has in the centre a fountayne of Tyber of a Colossean figure of brasse, with the Wolfe over Romulus & Rhemus. At each corner of the garden rises a foun- taine. In the Garden of the Fishpond is a Hercules of white marble. Next is the Garden of the Pines, and without that a Canale of an English mile in length, at the end of which rise 3 jettos in the form of a fleur de lys, of a great height ; on the margin are excellent walkes planted with trees. The carps come familiarly to hand £to be fedj. Hence they brought us to a OX GARDENS 213 spring, which they say being first discover'd by a dog, gave occasion of beautifying this place, both with the Palace and Gardens. The rocks at some distance in the Forest, yeald one of the most august & stupendous prospects imaginable. The Parke about this place is very large, and the Towne is full of noblemen's houses. 1 April. I went to see more exactly the roomes of the fine Palace of Luxemburge, in the Fauxborg St. Germains, built by Mary de Medices, and I think one of the most noble, entire, and finish'd piles that is to be seen, taking it with the garden and all its accom- plishments. The gallery is of the painting of Rubens, being the history of the Foundresses life, rarely designed ; at the end of it is the Duke of Orleans's Library, well furnished with excellent bookes, all bound in maroquin and gilded, the valans of the shelves being of greene velvet fring'd with gold. In the cabinet joyning it are onely the smaler volumes, with 6 cabinets of medails, and an excellent collection of shells, and achates, whereof some are prodigiously rich. This Duke being very learn'd in medails and plants, nothing of that kind escapes him. There are 2i+ JOHN EVELYN other spacious, noble, and princely furnish'd roomes, which looke towards the gardens, and which are nothing inferior to the rest. The Court below is formed into a square by a corridor, having over the chiefe entrance a stately cupola, covered with stone ; the rest is cloister'd and arch'd on pillasters of rustiq worke. The tarrace ascending before the front, paved with white & black marble, is balustred with white marble, exquisitely polish'd. Onely the Hall below is low, and the stayrecase somewhat of an heavy designe, but the faciata towards the parterre, which is also arched & vaulted with stone, is of admirable beauty, and full of sculpture. The Gardens are neere an English mile in com- passe, enclos'd with a stately wall, and in a good ayre. The parterre is indeed of box, but so rarely design' d and accurately kept cut, that the embroidery makes a wonderful effect to the lodgings which front it. 'Tis divided into 4 squares, & as many circular knots, having in the center a noble basin of marble neere 30 feet in diameter (as I remember), in which a triton of brasse holds a dolphin that casts a girandola of water neere 30 foote high, playing perpetualy, the water being convey'd from Arceuil by an aqueduct of ON GARDENS 215 stone, built after the old Roman magnificence. About this ample parterre, the spacious walk.es & all included, runs a border of freestone, adorned with pedestalls for potts and statues, and part of it neere the stepps of the terrace, with a raile and baluster of pure white marble. The walkes are exactly faire, long, & variously descending, and so justly planted with limes, elms, & other trees, that nothing can be more delicious, especi- aly that of the hornebeam hedge, which being high and stately, butts full on the fountaine. Towards the farther end is an excavation intended for a vast fishpool, but never finish'd. Neere it is an enclosure for a garden of simples, well kept, and here the Duke keepes tortoises in greate number, who use the poole of water on one side of the garden. Here is also a conservatory for snow. At the upper part towards the Palace is a grove of tall elmes cutt into a starr, every ray being a walk, whose center is a large fountaine. The rest of the ground is made into severall in- closures (all hedgeworke or rowes of trees) of whole fields, meadowes, boxages [bocages^, some of them containing divers acres. Next the streete side, and more contiguous to the 216 JOHN EVELYN house, are knotts in trayle or grasse worke, where like- wise runs a fountaine. Towards the grotto and stables, within a wall, is a garden of choyce flowers, in which the Duke spends many thousand pistoles. In sum, nothing is wanting to render this palace and gardens perfectly beautifull & magnificent ; nor is it one of the least diversions to see the number of persons of quality, citizens and strangers, who frequent it, and to whom all accesse is freely permitted, so that you shall see some walkes & retirements full of gallants and ladys ; in others melancholy fryers ; in others studious scholars ; in others jolly citizens, some sitting or lying on the grasse, others runing, jumping, some playing at bowles and ball, others dancing and singing ; and all this without the least disturbance, by reason of the largeness of the place. What is most admirable is, you see no gardners or men at worke, and yet all is kept in such exquisite order as if they did nothing else but work ; it is so early in the morning, that all is dispatch'd and done without the least confusion. I have been the larger in the description of this Paradise, for the extraordinary delight I have taken in those sweete retirements. The Cabinet and Chapell neerer the garden front have some choyce pictures. All the houses neere this are also noble palaces, ON GARDENS 217 especialy petite JLuxemburge. The ascent of the streete is handsome from its breadth, situation, and buildings. The next morning I went to the Garden of Monsieur Morine, who from being an ordinary gardner is become one of the most skillfull and curious persons in France for his rare collection of shells, flowers, & insects. His Garden is of an exact oval figure, planted with cypresse cutt flat & set even as a wall: the tulips, anemonies, ranunculus's, crocus's, &c. are held to be of the rarest, and draw all the admirers of such things to his house during the season. He lived in a kind of Hermitage at one side of his garden, where his collec- tion of purselane and coral, whereof one is carved into a large Crucifix, is much esteemed. He has also bookes of prints, by Albert fjDurer], Van Leyden, Calot, &c. His collection of all sorts of insects, especially of Butterflys, is most curious ; these he spreads and so medicates that no corruption invading them, he keepes them in drawers, so plac'd as to represent a beautifull piece of tapistre. He shew'd me the remarks he had made on their propagation, which he promis'd to publish. Some of 2i 8 JOHN EVELYN these, as also of his best flowers, he had caus'd to be painted in miniature by rare hands, and some in oyle. I went to see divers of the fairest palaces, as that of Vendosme, very large and stately ; Longueville, Guyse, Condi, Chevereuse ; Nevers, esteem'd one of the best in Paris towards the river. I often went to the Palais Cardinal, bequeathed by Richelieu to the King, on condition that it should be called by his name ; at this time the King resided in it, because of the building of the Louvre. It is a very noble house, tho' somewhat low ; the gallerys, paintings of the most illustrious persons of both sexes, the Queenes bathes, presence chamber with its rich carved and gilded roofe, theatre, & large garden, in which is an ample fountaine, grove, and maille,1 are worthy of remark. Here I also frequently went to see them ride and exercise the Greate Horse, especialy at the Academy of Monsieur du Plessis, and de Veau, whose scholes of that art are frequented by the 1 i.e. Play-ground for Pallle Maille (Pall Mall), "a pastime not unlike goff" according to Strutt ; but more like croquet, if we may trust Cotgrave's Dictionary: — " Paile-Maille is a game wherein a round box ball is struck with a mallet through a high arch of iron, which he that can do at the fewest blows, or at the number agreed upon, wins." ON GARDENS 219 Nobility ; and here also young gentlemen are taught to fence, daunce, play on musiq, and something in forti- fication & the mathematics. The designe is admirable, some keeping neere an hundred brave horses, all managed to the greate saddle. We ariv'd at Blois in the evening (April 28, 1644). The town is hilly, uneven, and rugged. It stands on the side of the Loire, having suburbs joyn'd by a stately stone bridg, on which is a pyramid with an inscription. At the entrance of the castle is a stone statue of Lewis XII. on horseback, as large as life, under a Gothic state ; and a little below are these words : " Hie ubi natus erat dextro Ludovicus Olympo Sumpsit honorata regia sceptra manu : Foelix quse tanti fulsit Lux nuncia Regis Gallica non alio principe digna fuit." Under this is a very wide payre of gates, nailed full of wolves and wild-boars' heads. Behind the castle the present Duke Gaston had begun a faire building, through which we walked into a large garden, esteemed for its furniture one of the fairest, especialy for simples and exotic plants, in which he takes extraordinary delight. On the right hand is a longe gallery full of 220 JOHN EVELYN ancient statues and inscriptions, both of marble and brasse ; the length, 300 paces, divides the garden into higher and lower ground, having a very noble foun- taine. There is the portrait of an hart, taken in the forest by Lewis XII. which has 24 antlers on its head. In the Collegiate Church of St. Saviour we saw many sepulchres of the Earls of Blois. Sunday, being May day, we walked up into the Pall Mall, very long and so nobly shaded with tall trees (being in the midst of a great woode), that, unless that of Tours, I had not seene a statelier. The Gardens (at Cardinal Richelieu's Palace) without are very large, and the parterres of excellent imbrodry, set with many statues of brasse and marble ; the groves, meadows, and walkes are a real paradise. This Palace of Negros (Palazzo Negrone, at Genoa) is richly furnish'd with the rarest pictures ; on the terrace, or hilly garden, there is a grove of stately trees amongst which are sheepe, shepherds, and wild beasts, cut very artificially in a grey stone ; fountaines, rocks, and fish- ponds : casting your eyes one way, you would imagine ON GARDENS 221 yourselfe in a wildernesse and silent country ; sideways, in the heart of a great citty; and backwards, in the middst of the sea. All this is within one acre of ground. To this Palace (of Prince d'Orias) belong three gardens, the first whereof is beautified with a terrace, supported by pillars of marble ; there is a fountaine of eagles, and one of Neptune with other Sea-gods, all of the purest white marble ; they stand in a most ample basine of the same stone. At the side of this garden is such an aviary as Sir Fra. Bacon describes in his Sermones JideBum, or Essays, wherein grow trees of more than two foote diameter, beside cypresse, myrtils, lentiscs, and other rare shrubs, which serve to nestle and pearch all sorts of birds, who have ayre and place enough under their ayrie canopy, supported with huge iron worke, stupendous for its fabrick and the charge. The other two gardens are full of orange-trees, citrons, and pomegranads, fountaines, grotts, and statues ; one of the latter is a Colossal Jupiter, under which is the sepulchre of a beloved dog, for the care of which one of this family receiv'd of the K. of Spaine 500 crownes a yeare during the life of that faithfull animal. The 222 JOHN EVELYN reservoir of water here is a most admirable piece of art ; and so is the grotto over against it. The garden (of the Palazzo di Strozzi, at Florence) has every variety, hills, dales, rocks, groves, aviaries, vivaries, fountaines, especialy one of five jettos, the middle basin being one of the longest stones I ever saw. Here is every thing to make such a paradise delightfull. In the garden I saw a rose grafted on an orange-tree. There was much topiary worke, and columns in archi- tecture about the hedges. Rome. Returning home we view'd the Palazzo de Medici, which was a house of the Duke of Florence, neere our lodging, on the brow of Mons Pincius, having a fine prospect towards the Campo Marzo. It is a magnificent, strong building, having a substruction very remarkable, and a portico supported with columns towards the gardens, with two huge lions of marble at the end of the balustrade. The whole outside of the faciata is encrusted with antiq and rare basse-relieves and statues. Descending into the garden is a noble fountaine govern'd by a Mercury of brasse. At a ON GARDENS 225 little distance on the left is a lodge full of fine statues, amongst which the Sabines is antiq and singularly rare- In the arcado neere this stand 24 statues of great price, and hard by is a mount planted with cypresses representing a fortresse, with a goodly fountaine in the middle. Here is also a row balustred with white marble, covered over with the natural shrubbs, ivy, and other perennial greenes, divers statues and heads being placed as in niches. At a little distance are those fam'd statues of Niobe and her family, in all 15, as large as the life, of which we have ample mention in Pliny, esteemed among the pieces of best worke in the world for the passions they expresse, and all other perfections of that stupendous art. There is in this garden a faire obelisq full of hieroglyphics. In going out, the fountaine before the front casts water neere 50 foote in height, when it is received in a most ample marble basin. Here they usually rode the greate-horse every morning, which gave me much diversion from the terrace of my owne chamber, where I could see all their motions. We went to see Prince Ludovisio's villa where was formerly the Viridarium of the poet Sallust. The 224 JOHN EVELYN house is very magnificent, and the extent of the ground is exceeding large considering that it is in a Citty; in every quarter of the garden are antiq statues, and walkes planted with cypresse. To this garden belongs a house of retirement built in the figure of a crosse after a particular ordonance, especially the stayrecase. The whitenesse and smoothnesse of the pargeting was a thing I much observ'd, being almost as even and polish'd as if it had been marble. The garden which is called the Behidere di Monte Cavalhy in emulation to that of the Vatican, is most excellent for ayre and prospect, its exquisite fountaines, close walkes, grotts, piscinas or stews for fish, planted about with venerable cypresses, and refresh'd with water-musiq, aviaries, and other rarities. I walked to Villa Borghesi, a house and ample garden on Mons Pincius, yet somewhat without the Citty walls, circumscrib'd by another wall full of small turrets and banqueting-houses, which makes it appeare at a distance like a little towne. Within it is an elysium of delight, having in the centre a noble Palace ; but the enterance of the garden presents us with a very OX GARDENS 225 glorious fabrick or rather dore-case adorn'd with divers excellent marble statues. This garden abounded with all sorts of delicious fruit and exotiq simples, fountaines of sundry inventions, groves, and small rivulets. There is also adjoining to it a vivarium for estriges (ostriches), peacocks, swanns, cranes, &c. and divers strange beasts, deare, and hares. The grotto is very rare, and represents among other devices artificial raine, and sundry shapes of vessells, flowers, &c. which is effected by changing the heads of the fountaines. The groves are of cypresse, laurell, pine, myrtil, olive, &c. The 4 sphinxes are very antique and worthy observation. To this is a volary full of curious birds. The house is square, with turrets from which the prospect is excellent towards Rome and the environing hills covered as they now ars with snow, which indeed commonly continues even a great part of the sum'er, affording great refreshment. Round the house is a balustre of white marble, with frequent jettoes of water, and adorn'd with a multitude of statues. I went to see the garden and house of the Aldo- brandini, now Cardinal Borghese's. This palace is, for architecture, magnificence, pompe and statr, one of <2 226 JOHN EVELYN the most considerable about the Citty. It has 4 fronts, and a noble Piazza before it. . . . In the garden are many fine fountaines, the walls cover'd with citron trees, which being rarely spread invest the stone worke intirely ; and towards the streete, at a back gate, the Port is so handsomely cloath'd with ivy as much pleas'd me. About this Palace are many noble antiq bassirelievi,twoespecialy are placed on the ground, representing armor and other military furniture of the Romans ; beside these stand about the garden numerous rare statues, altars, and urnes. Above all, for antiquity and curiosity (as being the onely rarity of that nature now knowne to remaine) is that piece of old Roman paynting representing the Roman Sponsalia, or celebration of their marriage, judged to be 1400 yeares old, yet are the colours very lively and the designe very intire, tho' found deepe in the ground. For this morcell of paynting's sake onely 'tis sayd that Borghesi purchased the house, because this being on a wall in a kind of banqueting house in the garden could not be removed, but passe with the inheritance. I went farther up the hill to the Pope's Palace at Monte Cavallo, where I now saw the garden more ON GARDENS 227 exactly, and found it to be one of the most magnificent and pleasant in Rome. I am told the gardener is annualy alowed 2000 scudi for the keeping it. Here I observ'd hedges of myrtle above a man's height ; others of laurell, oranges, nay of ivy and juniper ; the close walks, and rustic grotto ; a crypta, of which the laver or basin is of one vast, intire, antiq porphyrie, and below this flows a plentifull cascade ; the steppes of the grotto and the roofs being of rich Mosaiq. Here are hydraulic organs, and a fish-pond in an ample bath. By these (stairs) we descended into the Vatican Gardens cal'd Belvedere, where entring first into a kind of Court we were shown those incomparable statues (so fam'd by Pliny and others) of Laocoon with his three sonns embrac'd by an huge serpent, all of one entire Parian stone very white and perfect, somewhat bigger then the life, the worke of those three celebrated sculptors, Agesandrus, Polidorus, and Artemidorus, Rhodians ; it was found among the ruines of Titus's Baths, and placed here. ... In the Garden without this (which containes a vast circuit of ground) are many stately fountaines, especialy two casting water 228 JOHN EVELYN into antiq lavors brought from Titus's Bathes ; some faire grotts and water works, that noble cascade where the ship daunces, with divers other pleasant inventions, walkes, terraces, meanders, fruite- trees, and a most goodly prospect over the greatest part of the Citty. One fountaine under the gate I must not omitt, consisting of three jettos of water gushing out of the mouthes or proboscis of bees (the armes of the late Pope), because of the inscription : — Quid miraris Apem, quae mel de floribus haurit? Si tibi mellitam gutture fundit aquam. We descried Mount Cascubus, famous for the generous wine it heretofore produc'd, and so rid onward the Appian Way, beset with myrtils, lentiscus, bayes, pomegranads, and whole groves of orange-trees, and most delicious shrubbs, till we came to Formiana, where they shew'd us Cicero's Tomb standing in an olive grove, now a rude heap of stones, without forme or beauty ; for here that incomparable Orator was murther'd. I shall never forget how exceedingly I was delighted with the sweetnesse of this passage, the sepulcher mixed amongst all sorts of verdure. ON GARDENS 229 Adjoining to this (St. Maria in Navicula) are the Horti Mathsei, which only of all the places about the Citty I omitted visiting, tho' I was told inferiour to no garden in Rome for statues, ancient monuments, aviaries, fountaines, groves, and especialy a noble obelisq, and maintain'd in beauty at the expense of 6000 crownes yearely, which if not expended to keepe up its beauty forfeits the possession of a greater revenue to another family ; so curious are they in their villas and places of pleasure, even to exccsse. The gardens of Justinian, which we next visited, are very full of statues and antiquities, especialy urnes, amongst which is that of Min. Felix ; a Terminus that formerly stood in the Appian Way, and a huge colosse of the Emperor Justinian. There is a delicate aviarie on the hill ; the whole gardens furnish'd with rare collections, fresh, shady, and adorn'd with noble fountaines. After dinner we went again to see the Villa Bor- ghesi, about a mile without the Cittie ; the garden is rather a park or paradise, contriv'd and planted with walkes and shades of myrtils, cypresse and other trees 230 JOHN EVELYN and groves, with abundance of fountaines, statues, and bass-relievos, and several pretty murmuring rivulets. Here they had hung large netts to catch woodcocks. There was also a F'ivarie, where amongst other exotic fowles was an ostridge ; besides a most capacious aviarie ; and in another inclosed part, an herd of deere. Before the palace (which might become the courte of a great prince) stands a noble fountaine of white marble, inrich'd with statues. We tooke coach, and went 1 5 miles out of the Cittie to Frascati, formerly Tusculanum, a villa of Cardinal Aldobrandini, built for a country-house, but surpassing, in my opinion, the most delicious places I ever beheld for its situation, elegance, plentifull water, groves, ascents, and prospects. Just behind the palace (which is of excellent architecture) in the center of the inclosure rises an high hill or mountaine all over clad with tall wood, and so form'd by nature as if it had been cut out by art, from the sum'it whereof falls a cascade, seeming rather a greate river than a streame precipitating into a large theater of water, representing an exact and perfect rainebow when the sun shines out. Under this is made an artificiall grott, wherein are ON GARDENS 231 curious rocks, hydraulic organs, and all sorts of singing birds moving and chirping by force of the water, with severall other pageants and surprising inventions. In the center of one of these roomes rises a coper ball that continually daunces about 3 foote above the pavement by virtue of a wind conveyed secretely to a hole beneath it; with many other devices to wett the unwary spectators, so that one can hardly step without wetting to the skin. In one of these theaters of water is an Atlas spouting up the streame to a very great height ; and another monster makes a terrible roaring with an horn ; but, above all, the representation of a storm is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind, and thunder, as one would imagine ones self in some extreame tempest. The garden has excellent walkes and shady groves, abundance of rare fruit, oranges, lemons, &c. and the goodly prospect of Rome, above all description, so as I do not wonder that Cicero and others have celebrated this place with such encomiums. Arriv'd at Tivoli we went first to see the Palace d'Este erected on a plaine, but where was formerly an hill. The palace is very ample and stately. In the 232 JOHN EVELYN garden on the right hand are 16 vast conchas of marble jetting out waters ; in the midst of these stands a Janus quadrifrons, that cast forth 4 girandolas, call'd from the resemblance [to a particular exhibition in fireworks so namedj the Fontana di Speccho f_looking- glassj. Neere this is a place for tilting. Before the ascent of the palace is the famous fountaine of Leda, and not far from that 4 sweete and delicious gardens. Descending thence are two pyramids of water, and in a grove of trees neere it the fountaines of Tethys, Esculapius, Arethusa, Pandora, Pomona, and Flora ; then the prancing Pegasus, Bacchus, the Grott of Venus, the two Colosses of Melicerta, and Sibylla Tibertina, all of exquisite marble, coper, and other suitable adornements. The Cupids pouring out water are especialy most rare, and the urnes on which are plac'd the 10 nymphs. The Grotts are richly pav'd with Pietra Commessa, shells, corall, &c. Towards Roma Triumphans leades a long and spacious walk, full of fountaines, under which is historized the whole Ovidian Metamorphosis in rarely sculptur'd mezzo relievo. At the end of this, next the wall, is the Cittie of Rome as it was in its beauty, of small models, representing that Cittie, with its Amphi- theaters, Naumachia, Thermae, Temples, Arches, Aquc- ON GARDENS 233 ducts, Streetes, and other magnificences, with a litde streame running thro' it for the Tyber, gushing out of an urne next the statue of the river. In another garden is a noble aviarie, the birds artificial, and singing till an owle appeares, on which they suddainly change their notes. Near this is the fountaine of Dragons casting out large streames of water with great noises. In another Grotto called Grotto di NaturcL, is an hydraulic organ ; and below this are divers stews and fish- pounds, in one of which is the statue of Neptune in his chariot on a sea-horse, in another a Triton ; and lasdy a garden of simples. Taking leave of our two jolly companions Signor Giovanni and his fellow, we tooke horses for Bologna, and by the way alighted at a villa of the Grand Duke's called Pratoline. The house is a square of 4 pavilions, with a faire platform about it, baiustred with stone, situate in a large meadow, ascending like an amphi- theater, having at the bottom a huge rock with water running in a small channell like a cascade ; on the other side are the gardens. The whole place seems consecrated to pleasure and summer retirement. The inside of the place may compare with any in Italy for 23+ JOHN EVELYN furniture of tapistry, beds, &c. and the gardens are delicious and full of fountaines. In the grove sits Pan feeding his flock, the water making a melodious sound through his pipe ; and an Hercules whose club yields a shower of water which falling into a greate shell has a naked woman riding on the backs of dolphins. In another grotto is Vulcan and his family, the walls richly compos'd of corals, shells, coper, and marble figures, with the hunting of severall beasts, moving by the force of water. Here, having been well washed for our curiosity, we went down a large walke, at the sides whereof several slender streams of water gush out of pipes concealed underneath, that interchangeably fall into each others channells, making a lofty and perfect arch, so that a man on horseback may ride under it and not receive one drop of wet. This canopy or arch of water, I thought one of the most surprising magnificencies I had ever seene, and very refreshing in the heate of the sum'er. At the end of this very long walk stands a woman in white marble, in posture of a laundress wringing water out of a piece of linen, very naturally formed into a vast lavor, the work and invention of M. Angelo Buonarotti. Hence we ascended Mount Parnassus, where the Muses plaied to us on hydraulic organs. Neere this is a greate aviarie. OX GARDENS 235 All these waters came from the rock in the garden, on which is the statue of a gyant representing the Apen- nines, at the foote of which stands this villa. Last of all we came to the labyrinth in which a huge colosse of Jupiter throws out a streame over the garden. This is 50 foote in height, having in his body a square chamber, his eyes and mouth serving for windows and dore. The next morning I went to see the Garden of Simples (at Padua), rarely furnish'd with plants, and gave order to the gardener to make me a collection of them for an hortus hyemalis, by permission of the Cavalier Dr. Vestlingius, who was then Prefect and Botanic Professor as well as of Anatomic Next morning the Earle of Arundel, now in this Citty, a famou3 collector of paintings and antiquities, invited me to go with him to see the Garden of Mantua, where as one enters stands a huge colosse of Hercules. Count Ulmarini (at Vincenza) is more famous for his gardens, being without the walls, especially his Cedrario or Conserve of Oranges eleven score of my 236 JOHN EVELYN paces long, set in order and ranges, making a canopy all the way by their intermixing branches for more than 200 of my single paces, and which being full of fruite and blossoms was a most delicious sight. In the middle of this garden was a cupola made of wyre, supported by slender pillars of brick, so closely cover'd with ivy, both without and within, that nothing was to be perceived but greene ; 'twixt the arches there dangled festoones of the same. Here is likewise a most inextricable labyrinth. In the evening we saw the garden of Count Giusti's villa (at Verona), where are walkes cut out of the maine rock, from whence we had the pleasant prospect of Mantua and Parma, though at greate distance. At the entrance of this garden growes the goodliest cypresse I fancy in Europ, cut in pyramid ; 'tis a prodigious tree both for breadth and height, entirely cover'd and thick to the base. Aug. 1649. Returning to Paris we went to see the President Maison's Palace, built castle-wise of a milk-white fine freestone ; the house not vast, but well contriv'd,especialy thestaire-caseand the ornaments OX GARDENS 237 of Putti about it. 'Tis inviron'd in a dry raoate, the offices under-ground, the gardens very excellent with extraordinary long walkes set with elmes, and a noble prospect towards the forest and on the Seine towards Paris. Take it altogether, the meadows, walkes, river, forest, corne-ground, and vineyards, I hardly saw anything in Italy exceede it. The yron gates are very magnificent. He has pulled downe a whole village to make roome for his pleasure about it. March 22, 1652. I went with my brother Evelyn to Wotton to give him what directions I was able about his garden, which he was now desirous to put into some forme ; but for which he was to remove a mountaine overgrowne with huge trees and thicket, with a moate within 1 0 yards of the house. This my brother immedi- ately attempted, and that without greate cost, for more than an hundred yards South, by digging downe the mountaine and flinging it into a rapid streame, it not onely carried away the sand, &c. but filled up the moate, and level'd that noble area, where now the garden and foun- taine is. The first occasion of my brother making this alteration was my building the little retiring place betweene the greate wood Eastward next the meadow, 238 JOHN EVELYN where sometime after my father's death I made a triangular pond, or little stew, with an artificial rock after my coming out of Flanders. We went to see Penshurst, the Earl of Leicester's, famous once for its gardens and excellent fruit, and for the noble conversation which was wont to meete there, celebrated by that illustrious person Sir Philip Sidney, who had there compos'd divers of his pieces. It stands in a park, is finely water 'd, and was now full of company on the marriage of my old fellow collegiate Mr. Robert Smith, who married my Lady Dorothy Sidney widdow of the Earle of Sunderland. 17 Jan., 1653. I began to set out the ovall garden at Sayes Court, which was before a rude orchard and all the rest one intire field of 100 acres, without any hedge, except the hither holly hedge joyning to the bank of the mount walk. This was the beginning of all the succeeding gardens, walks, groves, enclosures, and plantations there. May, 1654. I went to Hackney to see my Lady Brook's garden, which was one of the neatest and most ON GARDENS 239 celebrated in England, the house well furnish'd, but a despicable building. Returning, visited one Mr. Tombs's garden; it has large and noble walks, some modern statues, a vineyard, planted in strawberry borders, staked at 10 foote distances ; the banquetting-house of cedar, where the couch and seates were carv'd a /'antique. Hence we went to the Physick Garden (at Oxford), where the sensitive plant was shew'd us for a greate wonder. There grew canes, olive-trees, rhubarb, but no extraordinary curiosities, besides very good fruit, which when the Iadys had tasted, we return'd in our coach to our lodgings. We all din'd at that most obliging and universally- curious Dr. Wilkins's, at Wadham College. He was the first who shew'd me the transparent apiaries, which he had built like casdes and palaces, and so order'd them one upon another as to take the hony without destroying the bees. These were adorn'd with a variety of dials, little statues, vanes, &c. and he was so aboundantly civil, as finding me pleas'd with them, to present me with one of the hives which he had empty, and which I afterwards had in my garden at Sayes Court, where it continu'd many years, and which his 24o JOHN EVELYN Majestie came on purpose to see and contemplate with much satisfaction. He had also contriv'd an hollow statue which gave a voice and utter'd words, by a long conceal'd pipe that went to its mouth, whilst one speaks through it at a good distance. In the afternoone we went to Wilton, a fine house of the Earl of Pembroke, in which the most observable are the dining-roome in the modern built part towards the garden, richly gilded and painted with story by De Creete ; also some other apartments, as that of hunting landskips by Pierce; some magnificent chimny- pieces after the best French manner ; a paire of artificial winding-stayres of stone, and divers rare pictures. The garden, heretofore esteem'd the noblest in England, is a large handsom plaine, with a grotto and water-works, which might be made much more pleasant were the river that passes through cleans'd and rais'd, for all is effected by a meere force. It has a flower garden not inelegant. But after all, that which renders the seate delightful is its being so neere the downes and noble plaines about the country contiguous to it. The stables are well order'd and yeild a gracefull front, by reason of the walkes of lime- OX GARDENS 241 trees, with the court and fountaine of the stables adorn'd with the Caesar's heads. I went to Box-hill to see those rare natural bowers, cabinets, and shady walkes in the box-copses : hence we walk'd to Mickleham, and saw Sir F. Stidolph's seate environ'd with elme-trees and walnuts innumer- able, and of which last he told us they receiv'd a considerable revenue. Here are such goodly walkes and hills shaded with yew and box as render the place extreamely agreeable, it seeming from these ever-greens to be summer all the winter. 9 Aug., 1 66 1. I first saw the famous Queen's Pine l brought from Barbados and presented to his Majestie ; but the first that were ever seen in England were those sent to Cromwell foure years since. June, 1662. The park (at Hampton Court) formerly a flat naked piece of ground, now planted with sweete rows of lime-trees ; and the canall for water now neere 1 At Kensington Palace is a curious picture of King Charles receiving a pine apple from his gardener Mr. Rose, who is presenting it on his knees. R 242 JOHN EVELYN perfected ; also the hare park. In the garden is a rich and noble fountaine, with syrens, statues, &c. cast in copper by Fanelli, but no plenty of water. The cradle- walk of home beame in the garden is, for the perplexed twining of the trees, very observable. There is a parterre which they call Paradise, in which is a pretty banquetting- house set over a cave or cellar. All these gardens might be exceedingly improved, as being too narrow for such a palace. Next to Wadham, and the Physick Garden, where were two large locust trees, and as many platana, and some rare plants under the culture of old Bobart.1 1666. There stand in the Garden (of Nonesuch) two handsome stone pyramids, and the avenue planted with rows of faire elmes, but the rest of these goodly trees, 1 Jacob Bobart, a German, was appointed the first keeper of the Physic Garden at Oxford. There is a fine print of him after Loggan by Burghers, dated 1675. Also a small whole length in the frontispiece of Vertumnus, a poem on that garden. In this he is dressed in a long vest, with a beard. His descendants were still in Oxford in Loudon's time. He died in his Garden-house, 4 Feb., 1679 (Anth. Wood). ON GARDENS 243 both of this and of Worcester Park, adjoyning, were fell'd by those destructive and avaricious rebells in the late warr, which defac'd one of the stateliest seates his Majesty had. To Alburie to see how that garden proceeded, which I found exactly don to the designe and plot I had made, with the crypta through the mountaine in the park, 30 perches in length. Such a Pausilippe l is no where in England besides. The canall was now digging, and the vineyard planted. His house (Lord Arlington's at Euston) is a very noble pile, consisting of 4 pavillions after the French, beside a body of a large house, and tho' not built altogether, but forra'd of additions to an old house (purchas'd by his Lordship of one Sir T. Rookwood) yet with a vast expence made not onely capable and roomesome, but very magnificent and commodious, as well within as without, nor lesse splendidly furnish'd. The stayre-case is very elegant, the garden handsome, the canall beautifull, but the soile drie, barren and 1 A word adopted by Mr. Evelyn for a subterranean passage, from the famous grotto of Pausylippo, at Naples. 244 JOHN EVELYN miserably sandy, which flies in drifts as the wind sits. Here my Lord was pleas'd to advise with me about ordering his plantations of firs, elmes, limes, &c. up his parke, and in all other places and avenues. I persuaded him to bring his park so neere as to compre- hend his house within it, which he resolv'd upon, it being now neere a mile to it. The water furnishing the fountaines is raised by a pretty engine, on very slight plaine wheels, which likewise serve to grind his come, from a small cascade of the canall, the invention of Sir Sam. Moreland. 17 Oct., 167 1. Next morning I went to see Sir Tho. Browne (with whom I had some time corresponded by letter, tho' I had never seen him before). His whole house and garden being a paradise and cabinet of rarities, and that of the best collection, especialy medails, books, plants, and natural things. Amongst other curiosities Sir Thomas had a collection of the eggs of all the foule and birds he could procure, that country (especialy the promontary of Norfolck) being frequented, as he said, by severall kinds which seldome or never go farther into the land, as cranes, storkes, eagles, and variety of watcr-foule. ON GARDENS 245 For the rest, the fore court (at Lord John Berkeley's, of Stratton) is noble, so are the stables, and above all, the gardens, which are incomparable by reason of the inequalitie of the ground, and a pretty piscina. The holly hedges on the terrace I advised the planting of. The porticoes are in imitation of an house described by Palladio, but it happens to be the worst in his booke, tho' my good friend Mr. Hugh May, his Lordship's architect, effected it. 3 Jan., 1673. My sonn now published his version of ' Rapinus Hortorum.' l 29 April, 1675. I read my first discourse « Of Earth and Vegetation,' before the Royall Society, as a lecture in course after Sir Rob. Southwell had read his the weeke before On Water. I was commanded by our President and the suffrage of the Society to print it. 10 Sep., 1677. The orange garden (at Euston) is 1 Of Gardens. Four Books. First written in Latin Terse, by Renatus Rapinus, and now made English. By I. e! London, 1673. Dedicated to Henry Earle of Arlington, &c. 246 JOHN EVELYN very fine, and leads into the green-house, at the end of which is a hall to eate in, and the conservatory some hundred feete long, adorn'd with mapps, as the other side is with the heads of Caesars ill cut in alabaster : over head are several apartments for my Lord, Lady, and Dutchesse, with kitchens and other offices below in a lesser form, with lodgings for servants, all distinct, for them to retire to when they please and would be in private and have no communication with the palace, which he tells me he will wholly resign to his sonn-in- law and daughter, that charming young creature. The canall running under my lady's dressing-room chamber window is full of carps and foule which come and are fed there. The cascade at the end of the canall turnes a corne-mill, which provides the family, and raises water for the fountaines and offices. To passe this canal into the opposite meadows, Sir Sam. Moreland has invented a screw-bridge, which being turn'd with a key lands you 50 foote distant at the entrance of an ascending walke of trees, a mile in length, as tis also on the front into the park, of 4 rows of ash-trees, and reaches to the park-pale, which is 9 miles in compass, and the best for riding and meeting the game that I ever saw. ON GARDENS 247 27 Aug., 1678. I tooke leave of the Duke, and din'd at Mr. Hen. Brouncker's, at the Abby of Sheene, formerly a monastery of Carthusians, there yet remaining one of their solitary cells with a crosse. Within this ample inclosure are several pretty villas and fine gardens of the most excellent fruites, espe- cialy Sir William Temple's (lately Ambassador into Holland), and the Lord L isle's, sonn to the Earle of Leicester, who has divers rare pictures, and above all, that of Sir Brian Tuke's by Holbein. After dinner I walk'd to Ham, to see the house and garden of the Duke of Lauderdale, which is indeede inferior to few of the best villas in Italy itselfe ; the house furnish'd like a greate Prince's ; the parterres, flower gardens, orangeries, groves, avenues, courts, statues, perspectives, fountaines, aviaries, and all this at the banks of the sweetest river in the world, must needes be admirable. Hence I went to my worthy friend Sir Henry Capet [at Kew] brother to the Earle of Essex : it is an old timber house, but his garden has the choicest fruit of any plantation in England, as he is the most industrious and understanding in it. 248 JOHN EVELYN 1 8 April, 1680. On the earnest invitation of the Earle of Essex I went with him to his house at Cashioberie, in Hartford-shire. . . . No man has ben more industrious than this noble Lord in planting about his seate, adorn'd with walkes, ponds, and other rural elegancies ; but the soile is stonie, churlish, and uneven, nor is the water neere enough to the house, tho' a very swift and cleare stream runs within a flight shot from it in the vally, which may fitly be call'd Coldbrook, it being indeede excessive cold, yet producing faire troutes. 'Tis pitty the house was not situated to more advantage, but it seemes it was built just where the old one was, which I be- lieve he onely meant to repaire ; this leads men into irremediable errors, and it saves but a very little. The land about it is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the coldnesse of the place hinders the growth. Black cherry-trees prosper even to considerable timber, some being 80 foote long ; they make also very hand- some avenues. There is a pretty oval at the end of a faire walke, set about with treble rows of Spanish chesnut trees. The gardens are very rare, and cannot be otherwise, having so skillful an artist to govern them as Mr. Cooke, who is, as to the mechanic part, not ignorant ON GARDENS 249 in Mathematics, and pretends to Astrologie. There is an excellent collection of the choicest fruit. 30 Aug., 1 68 1. From Wotton I went to see Mr. Hussey (at Sutton in Shere), who has a very pretty seate well water'd, neere my brother's. He is the neatest husband for curious ordering his domestic and field accommodations, and what pertains to husbandry, that I have ever seene, as to his granaries, tacklings, tooles, and utensills, ploughs, carts, stables, wood-piles, wood-house, even to hen-roosts and hog-troughs. Methought I saw old Cato or Varro in him ; all substantial, all in exact order. The sole inconvenience he lies under, is the greate quantity of sand which the streame brings along with it, and fills his canals and receptacles for fish too soone. The rest of my time of stay at Wotton was spent in walking about the grounds and goodly woods, where I have in my youth so often entertain'd my solitude : and so on the 2d of Sept. I once more returned to my home. 30 Oct., 1682. Being my birthday, and I now entering my greate climacterical of 63, after serious recollections of the yeares past, giving Almighty God 2So JOHN EVELYN thanks for all his mercifull preservations and forbear- ance, begging pardon for my sinns and unworthinesse, and his blessing and mercy on me the yeare entering, I went with my Lady Fox to survey her building, and give some directions for the garden at Chiswick ; the architect is Mr. May ; somewhat heavy and thick and not so well understood ; the garden much too narrow, the place without water, neere an highway, and neere another greate house of my Lord Burlington, little land about it, so that I wonder at the expence ; but women will have their will. I went to Windsor, dining by the way at Chesewick (Chiswick), at Sir Stephen Fox's, where I found Sir Robert Howard (that universal pretender), and Signor Verrip, who brought his draught and designs for the painting of the staire-case of Sir Stephen's new house. . . . There was now the terrace brought almost round the old Castle ; the grass made cleane, even, and curiously turf 'd ; the avenues to the new park, and other walkes, planted with elmes and limes, and a pretty canal, and receptacle for fowle ; nor lesse observable and famous is the throwing so huge a quantity of excellent water to the enormous height of the Castle, for the use of the ON GARDENS 251 whole house, by an extraordinary invention of Sir Samuel Morland. I went to Kew to visite Sir Hen. Capell, brother to the late Earle of Essex ; but he being gone to Cashioberry, after I had seene his garden and the alterations therein, I return'd home. He had repair'd his house, roof'd his hall with a kind of cupola, and in a niche was an artificial fountaine ; but the roome seems to me over melancholy, yet might be much improv'd by having the walls well painted a fresca. The two greene houses for oranges and mirtles com- municating with the roomes below, are very well contriv'd. There is a cupola made with pole-work betweene two elmes at the end of a walk, which being cover'd by plashing the trees to them, is very pretty : for the rest there are too many fir trees in the garden. 12 June, 1684. I went to advise and give direc- tions about the building two streetes in Berkeley Gardens, reserving the house and as much of the garden as the breadth of the house. In the meane time I could not but deplore that sweete place (by far the most noble gardens, courts, and accommodations. 252 JOHN EVELYN I stately porticos, &c. any where about the towne) : should be so much straighten'd and turn'd into tene- ments. But that magnificent pile and gardens con- tiguous to it, built by the late Lord Chancellor Clarendon, being all demolish'd, and design'd for Piazzas and buildings, was some excuse for my Lady Berkeley's resolution of letting out her ground also for : »o excessive a price as was offer'd, advancing neere £ I ooo per ann. in mere ground rents ; to such a made intemperance was the age come of building about a citty, by far too disproportionate already to the nation; I having in my time seene it almost as large again as it was within my memory. 7 Aug., 1685. I went to see Mr. Wats, keeper of the Apothecaries Garden of Simples at Chelsea, where there is a collection of innumerable rarities of that sort particularly, besides many rare annuals, the tree bearing Jesuits bark, which had don such wonders in quartan agues. What was very ingenious was the subterranean heate, conveyed by a stove under the conservatory, which was all vaulted with brick, so as he has the doores and windowes open in the hardest frosts, secluding only the snow. OX GARDENS 255 I accompanied my Lady Clarendon to her house at Swallowfield in Berks, dining by the way at Mr. Graham's lodge at Bagshot ; the house, new repair'd and capacious enough for a good family, stands in a Park. Hence we went to Swallowfield ; this house is after the antient building of honourable gentlemen's houses, when they kept up antient hospitality, but the gardens and waters as elegant as 'tis possible to make a flat, by art and industrie, and no meane expence, my lady being so extraordinarily skill'd in the flowery part, and my lord in diligence of planting ; so that I have hardly seene a seate which shews more tokens of it than what is to be found here, not only in the delicious and rarest fruits of a garden, but in those innumerable timber trees in the ground about the seate, to the greatest ornament and benefit of the place. There is one orchard of 1000 golden, and other cider pippins; walks and groves of elms, limes, oaks, and other trees. The garden is so beset with all manners of sweet shrubbs, that it perfumes the aire. The distribution also of the quarters, walks, and parterres, is excellent. The nur- series, kitchin garden full of the most desireable plants ; two very noble Orangeries well furnished ; but above all, the canall and fishponds, the one fed with a white, 254 JOHN EVELYN the other with a black running water, fed by a quick and swift river, so well and plentifully stor'd with fish, that for pike, carp, breame and tench, I never saw any thing approching it. We had at every meale carp and pike of size fit for the table of a Prince, and what added to the delight was to see the hundreds taken by the drag, out of which, the cooke standing by, we pointed out what we had most mind to, and had carp that would have ben worth at London twenty shillings a piece. The waters are flagg'd about with Calamus aromaticus, with which my lady has hung a closet, that retains the smell very perfectly. There is also a certain sweete willow and other exotics : also a very fine bowling-greene, meadow, pasture, and wood ; in a word, all that can render a country seate delight- ful. There is besides a well furnish'd library in the house. 24 Mar., 1688. I went with Sir Charles Littleton to Sheene, an house and estate given him by Lord Brouncker. . . . After dinner we went to see Sir William Temple's neere to it ; the most remarkable things are his orangerie and gardens, where the wall fruit trees are ON GARDENS 255 most exquisitely naiJ'd and train'd, far better than I ever noted elsewhere. There are many good pictures, especialy of Van- dyke's, in both these houses, and some few statues and small busts in the latter. From thence we went to Kew, to visite Sir Henry Capell's, whose orangerie and myrtelum are most beautifull and perfectly well kept. He was contriving very high palisados of reeds to shade his oranges during the summer, and painting those reeds in oil. 13 July, 1700. I went to Marden, which was originally a barren warren bought by Sir Robert Clayton, who built there a pretty house, and made such alteration by planting not only an infinite store of the best fruite, but so chang'd the natural situation of the hill, valleys and solitary mountains about it, that it rather represented some foreign country which would produce spon- taneously pines, firs, cypress, yew, hollv, and juniper ; they were come to their perfect growth, with walks, mazes, &c. amongst them, and were preserv'd with the utmost care, so that I who had seene it some yeares before in its naked and barren condition, was in admiration of it. 256 JOHN EVELYN ON GARDENS 31 Oct., 1705. I am this day arriv'd to the 85th year of my age. Lord, teach me so to number my days to come that I may apply them to wisdom. John Evelyn died on Feb. 27, 1706 : more than the majority of men, he had all through his long life applied his days to wisdom. Finis BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 131, 138. Alpinus, Prosper, b. 1553 at Marostica, state of Venice. 1580, followed the Consul George Ems, sent by the Republic to Egypt. The first European to see, at Cairo, and describe the coffee plant ; he made better known the famous Balsamum of the Ancients. 1584, Doria, Prince of Amalfi, the Commander, appointed him Physician to the Fleet of Spain. Professor of Botany to the University of Padua, and enriched its garden with the plants brought from Egypt; d. at Padua, 1617. Chief works : De Medicina JEgyptiorum, lib. iv.; De Bahama Dialogus ; De Plantis Egyptii ; De Plantis Exoticis. (Biog. Univers.) 129. Anguillara, Aluigi. Date and place of birth un- certain ; travelled over the whole of Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, Slavonia, Macedonia, Greece, Cyprus, Crete and Corfu. He botanised round Bologna in 1539, Pisa 1544 and 1545, and was a friend or pupil of Luca Ghini, whom he calls "Maestro" (see Biog. Universelle, torn, ii., art. by Du Petit Thouars). Author of Semplici, edited by Giovanni Marinello - Vinegia, Vincenzo Valgrisi, 1561 — a Latin translation with notes, by C. Bauhin. Basle, 1593. 89. Bauhin, Caspar, b. at Basle 1550, d. 1624, studied under Fuchs ; collected plants in Switzerland, Italy and France ; Professor at Basle, 1580 Greek, 1589 Botany (see Haller and Sprengel). Works : Pinax and Prodromus Theatri Botanki (1620): fully distinguishes between Species and Genus; the description of a single species is developed into an art and becomes a diagnosis (Sachs). His Herbarium is still pre- served at Basle (Meyer, iv. 267). Linnzus gave name Bauhinia to genus of Leguminosa:. Conrad Gesner's letters to Bauhin were edited by the latter. Basilex, 1594. 8vo. Bauhin, Johann, b. at Basle 1541, studied medicine 257 S 258 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES under father, a Protestant exile from France ; travelled in Italy, Alps and south of France collecting Historia Plantarum, published 1650, 37 years after his death (3 vols., fol.), describes 5,000 plants in 40 classes — the first attempt at Systematic Botany (Sachs). 147. Buxtorfius, Johannes, b. 1564 in Westphalia; Orientalist ; Professor of Hebrew and Chaldaic at Basle, where he died 1629. Works : Lexicon Chaldaicum Thalmudicum et Rabbinkum ; Hebrew Bible with Rabbi, and Chaldc. Para- phrases ; Via Massora ; Hebrew and Chaldc. Dicty. and H. Grammar ; Synagoga Judaica (Colin, of Modes and Cere- monies), Biblioth. Rabbinica, &c. 180. Camerarius, Rudolf Jacob, b. at Tubingen, 1665- 1721. 1685, travelled two years over Europe; "the true discoverer of sexuality in plants" (Sachs). 1688, Professor and Director of Botanic Garden in Tubingen. 1695, suc- ceeded his father as First Professor of University. Author of De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (1694), R. J. Camerarii opuscula Botanici Argument!, J. C. Mikan, ed. Prague, 1797. 141. Cesalpino, Andrea (Ceesalpinus), b. at Arezzo 1519, d. 1603. First physician to Clement VIII.; pupil of Ghini and Professor at Pisa. Works : Speculum artis mcdica Hippo- craticum ; De Plantis Libri xvi., Florence 1583, 4to. ; De Metallicit, libri tres, Rome, 1596, 4to. ; Praxis universis medi- cina ; Qiiastionum peripateticarum Libri quinque, Venice, 1596, 4to. Cesalpino's first book, De Plantis, " contains a full and connected exposition of the whole of Theoretical Botany. . . . The Doctrine of Metamorphosis appears in a more consistent and necessary form in Cesalpino than in the Botanists of the 19th Century before Darwin " (Sachs's Hitt. ofBot.). 183. Clusius, Carolus (Charles De I'Escluse), b. at Arras, BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 259 Flanders, 1526 ; lived chiefly in Germany and Netherlands to avoid religious persecution. 1573, invited by Maxn. II. to Vienna and made superintendent of Royal Gardens. 1593, Professor at Leyden, where he died (1609), 84 years old. Translated Dodonzus's Cruydcbocck into French 1557. 1563-4, travelled with Graf Fugger in France, Belgium, Spain and Portugal. 1 57 1, visited London ; a friend of Drake. " None of his predecessors or contemporaries has more enriched Botany with new discoveries " (Meyer, iv.). Works : 1. Caroli Clusii Atrebatis variorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum Historia. Antwerp. Plantin, 1576. 8vo. 299 Woodcuts. 2. Rariorum aliquot* Stirpium per Paunoniam Austriam . . Historia, IV. Books. Antwerp, Christ. Plantin, 1583. 8vo. 364 Woodcuts. 3. Rariarum Plantarum Historia. Antwerp. Moretus, 1601. Folio. 4. Exoticorum Libri Decern. Ex off. Plant. 1605, folio. 5. Curae Posteriores. 1611. 4to. 129. Cordus, Euricius, b. i486 in Hess (father of Valerius Cordus, b. 1515); correspondent of Erasmus; studied Medicine at Ferrara, 1527; became Professor of Med. at Marburg ; translated Alexipharmaka and Theriaka of Nikandros into Latin verse, and wrote his book in German on Theriak, 1532 ; his Botanilogicon, published at Cologne in 1534; d. 1538 at Bremen (Meyer). Cordus, Valerius, b. 1515 ; studied at Wittenberg 1535; his "Dispensatorium Pharmacorum Omnium" at Nurem- berg. 1542, visited Padua, Ferrara and Bologna. Caught fever and died at Rome 1544, set. 29. Works: " Annota- tions ad Dioscoridem," published 5 years after his death, as appendix to the translation of Ruellius. Frankfort, z6o BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Christ. Egenolph, 1549, fol. 2nd edition, with Historiae Stirpium (Lib. III.), Sylva, De Artificiosis Extractionibus and Compositiones medicinales (the same volume also con- tained Conrad Gesner's De Hortis Germanic, he editing the work); Argentorati (Strasburg), Jos. Rihelius, 1561. Fol. (2nd ed., 1563). 98, 144. Curtius, Benedictus Symphorianus, author of Hortorum Libri xxx. Lugduni, 1560. Folio. 143. Diodati, Giovanni, b. Lucca, c. 1576. Protestant, at age of 21 Professor of Hebrew at Geneva and (1619) represented Clergy of Geneva at Synod of Dort; appointed one of six to draw up Belgic Confession of Faith ; translated Bible into Italian and French, and Father Paul's History of Council of Trent into French ; d. 1649 at Geneva. 89, 120, etc. Dioscorides, Pedacius (or Pedanius). Greek writer on Materia Medica, b. at Anazarbus in Cicilia, and lived in reign of Nero. Travelled in Greece, Italy, Asia Minor and Gaul, and collected plants and information (especially as to Indian medical plants), from which he compiled his work on "Materia Medica" in 5 books, in which 500 to 600 plants are described. For sixteen centuries (to beginning of 17th century) this work was the authority on Botany and the Virtues of Plants ; most celebrated MS. of Dioscorides, the " Cantacuzene Codex" (quoted by Mathiolus), is at Vienna, some of figures inserted by Dodoens in Historia Stirpium, an MS. of 9th century in Paris, used by Salmasius, has Arabic and Coptic names. Edit. Princeps. published by Aldus, Venice, 1499, fol. Paris, 1549, 8vo. Frankfurt, 1598, fol. Almost every herbalist and botanist of note, especially Mathiolus, has made commentaries upon Dioscorides. Last edition of Greek text by Sprengel (Leipsic, Kiihn, 1899, 8vo.), also p i BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 261 Sibthorp — the highest critical authority — his work embodied by Sir J. E. Smith in Prodromui Flora Graeme and Flora Grteca. In the 5th century the Nestorians established their schools of Medicine among the Arabs (Dr. Royle, Ch. Knight's Cycl. of Biog.). Hartlib, Saml'ei, (p. xt of Introduction). Sir Ernest Clarke, in his Cambridge Lectures on "The History of Agriculture" (1897-9), has proved that the work published by Samuel Hartlib in 1651, under the title of "Legacy of Husbandry," was written entirely (except 3 pp.) by Robert Child of Corpus College, Cambridge. 185. Herrera, Gabriel Alonso, a native of Talavera, Spain's great Agronome and Agricultural writer, called the New Columella, flourished 2nd half of 15th and beginning of 16th century. Professor at the University of Salamanca, he published, under patronage of Cardinal Cisneros, Obra de Agricultura Copilada de Diversos Autores, fol., Alcala, 15 1 3 (black letter). Twenty-eight imperfect editions followed till the Sociedad Economica Matritense restored the text in their Agricultura General Corregida y Adicionada, 4 vols. 4-to., Madrid, 1818. (Knight's Cycl. cf Biog.) 128. Hestchtos, Grammarian of Alexandria, c. 4th century a.d. (most learned of all ancient critics (Casaubon) ; author of Greek Lexicon ; possibly a Christian. Eds. Alberti and Ruhnken, 2 vols. , fol. Lug. Bat. 1746-66; Schmidt Sup- plem. 1857-64 (Sax. Onom., I., p. 464; Fabr. B. Gr. 4 c- 37)- 129. De L'Obel (Lobelius), Matthias, b. at Lille 1538 ; studied Medicine under Rondeletius at Montpellier ; practised t Antwerp and Delft; physician to Statthalter, William of Orange, after whose death in 1584 he settled for life in England, which he had probably visited already. His Patron 262 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES was Lord Zouch, wnose Gardens at Hackney he super- intended, and whom he accompanied in 1598 when Ambas- sador to Copenhagen. James I. made him Royal Botanist. Died 1616, aged 78, at Highgate (see Meyer, iv., and Rd. Pulteney's Sketches of History of Botany). Works : 1. Stirpium Adversaria nova, in collaboration with Petrus Pena, Lond. 1570, 4to, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth ; other editions 1571 and 1572; then enlarged at Antwerp, Christ. Plantin, 1576, folio ; 6 editions at Leyden, Frankfurt and London before 165 1. 2. Dilucidae Simplicium Medicamentorum Explicationes et Stirpium, &c. Lond. 1605. Fol. 3. Plantarum Sex Stirpium Historia. Antwerp, Ch. Plantin, 1576. Fol. 4. Kruydtboeck. Antwerp, Plantin, 1581. Fol. Parti., 1619, Woodcuts. Part II. 5. Stirpium Illustrationes (left unfinished by Lobel. Parkinson used part of it, without permission). Edited by Wm. How, London, 1655. 4to. 144: Maimonides {Moses Ben Maimon Ben Joseph), b Cordova, c. 1131-9. Arab and Jewish Physician and Philo- sopher, Theologian and Expounder of Law. In 15th cent, his books, translated from Arab, and Hebrew, widely read in Latin: "Guide of Erring," Compendium of Logic; Commenty. on Mishna, and Exposn. of 613 Laws of Moses. Translated Avicenna's Canon into Hebrew ; wrote in prose Hebrew Mishne Thora, or lad Chasaka = The Work — a complete system in 982 chapters of the Talmudic Judaism, d. 1201-9, buried in Palestine. MaTTIOLI, Pierandre {Petrus Andreas Matthiolus), b. at Siena 1501. Physician at Court of Ferdinand I. His Herbal (in interests of Medicine rather than Botany) is a Com- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 263 mentary on Dioscorides ; first Italian edition 1544 (Venice); Latin 1554, with Woodcuts; 1562, Bohemian and German (Prague), translated by Georg Handsch(with larger illustra- tions). French translation, by Antoine du Pinet (Lyons : Gabr. Cotier, 2nd edn. 1566). Opera Matthioli, by Caspar Bauhin. Basle, 1598. Fol. His Commentary went through more than 60 editions, d. 1577. (Tiraboschi and Meyer, iv.) 98. Porta, Giambattista, b. at Naples, c. 1539. 155^, his (1) Magia Naturalis appeared. English translation, London, 1658, fol., quoted without acknowledgment by Bacon. Friend of Cardinal Luigi d'Este ; founded an Academia de' Segretti in his house at Naples. Pope Paul V. summoned him to Rome, and suppressed his Academy. He was the creature of the Doctrine of Signatures in scientific form ; he leant too much to the secret, mysterious, superstitious side of things, d. 1615. (Meyer iv., 438-444.) 2. De Furtivis Literarum Notis, vulgo de Ziferis. 3. De Distillatione. Rome, 1608. 4. De Aeris Transmutationibus, libri quatuor. Naples, 1609. 5. Phytognomica octo libris contenta (on plants, animals, metals). Naples, 1588. Fol. Woodcuts. De humana phy- siognomia (anticipation of Lavater). 6. Villa?, libri xii. Frankfurt, 1592. 4to. Naples, 1583. 4to. 7. Pomarium (imperfect). 190, 245. Rapinus, Renatus (Rene Rapin). A French Jesuit Father, Latin Poet, Critic and Theologian, b. 1621 at Tours, d. 1687. His Hortorum Libri iv. (Paris, 1665, 4to.) — reprinted, with improvements, 1666, i2mo., and edited by Brotier (1780, i2mo.) — was twice translated into English verse, by John Evelyn, Jr., London 1673, 8vo. , and 264 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES by James Gardiner, Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, 8vo. , 1706, Cambridge. 142. Largus, Scribonius, physician in age of Augustus and Tiberius ; wrote de Compositione Medicamentorum liber jam pridem Io. Ruellii opera e tenebris erutus, &c. Basilise apud Andream Cratandrum, 1529. 8vo. (Brunet, Meyer iv., p. 251 (Ruellius).) xvi (Introduction). The full title of Swift's " Battle of the Books " is, "An Account of a Battel Between the Antient and Modern Books in St. James's Library." INDEX Aaron, 104, 115, 142. Abdachim, 138. Abdella, 138. Abydenus, 99. Acetaria, 173 «. Achilles Statius, 182. Achmetes, 116. Adam, 21, 115. Adominus, Gardens of, 178. Adonidis, 178. Adrian, 124. ^Egineta, 147. Egyptians, 101. jElian, 179. JElias Spartianus, 179. /Etius, 147. Africanus, Scipio, 179. Agrippa, 18. Agrippina, 179. Ahasuerus, 90-97. Albury, 243. Alcinous, 24, 178. Aldobrandino, 179, 225-226. Alexander, 21, 106, 126, 178. Alexandria, 27, 178. Alpinus, 125, 131, 138, 257. America, 89, 112, 154, 157, 1S1. Amos, 119, 132. Amsterdam, 180. Anet, 180. Angelo, M., 234. Anguillara, 129, 257. Anjou, 48. Anth. Wood, 242 n. Antoninus, 10, 179. Antwerp, aor. Apennines, 235. Apocalypse, 117. Apollonius, 128. Apples, 47-48. Golden Pippin, 47. Kentish Pippin, 47. Apricots, 47. Brussels, 47. Masculin, 47. Apuleia, 124. Arabia, 120, 138-139, 178. Arabians, 131, 138. Aranxues, 180. Arceuil, 214. Archimedes, 106. Ardebil, 181. Arias Montanus, 127. Aristotle, n, 100, 117, 146. Arlington, Lord, 243, 245. Armenia, 27. Arsacia, 181. Artaxerxes, 97. Artemidorus, 116. Arundel, Earl of, 235. Ascalon, 121. Assyria, 25, 33, 34. Athenaeus, 127, 129, 152, rs4, 178 170. Athens, ig, 178. Atticas, 16, 17. Augustus, 7, 18. Azcapuzulco, 181. Babylon, 22, 95, 99, 106, 126, 178. 26; >.66 INDEX Bacon, Francis, 190, 221, 261. Nicholas, 89, 113 *. Bagshot, 253. Baiae, 179. Barbados, 241. Barbcrini, 179. Basil, 180. Bastille, 203. Bauhin, 89 «., 129, 257. Bedford, Countess of, 50. Bellevue, 180. Bellonius, 119, 120, 132. Belvedere, 179, 206, 227. Berkeley, Lady, a ■>.. — Lord, 245. Gardens, 251. Berks., 253. Bernier, 23. Beugensor, 180. Beza, 146. Bisnaguer, 157. Blois, 219, 220. Blyth, Walter, 192. Bois de Vincennes, 203. Bologna, 180, 233. Bonne, 181. Bopart, 242 and n, Borghtse, 224. Cardinal, 225. Borneo, 121. Bosco, 186. Bossius, 179. Box Hill, 241. Brache, Tico, 181. Brazil, 181. Brook, Lady, 238. Lord, 181. Brouncker, Mr. Hen., 247. — Lord, 254. Browne, Sir T., 176, 244. Evelyn's Letter to, 173-182. Garden 0/ Cyrus, 89-112. Miscellanies, 113-162. Of Garlands, 151-157. On Graf tine:, 158-162. Plants in Scripture, 113-150. Vulgar Errours, 176. Brussells, 180, 201, 202. Burghers, 242 ». Burg^hesean, 179. Burlington, Lord, 250. Buxtorfius, 147, 258. Caesar, 16. Caesalpinus, 141, 258. Cairo, 138. Calendarium Hortense, 7o«., 184. Caligula, 8. Callot, 217. Camerarius, 180, 258. Campo Marzo, 222. Canticles, 107, 128, 129. Capel, Sir H., 247, 251, 255. Capraroula, 180. Cardinal, Palais, 180. Carthage, 27, 181. Cashiobury, 248, 251. Caspian Sea, 181. Cassipedis, 179. Cassuin, 181. Caterus, 180. Cato, 26, 90, 179, 191, 249. Cauigny, 180. Chaldee, 140. Champagne, 180. Chan, The, 181. Charles II., 39. V., 209. King, 241 n. Chasimir, 23. Chelsea, 252. Chevereuse, 218. China, 121, 153, 181. Chinese, 53, 54, 157. Christina, 181. Chronicles, 132 «. Cicero, 179, 228. Clarendon, Lady, 185, 253. Lord, 252. Clayton, Sir R., 255. Clement VIII., 179. Cleopatria, 124, 137. Clusius, 183, 258. Coldbrook, 248. Cologne, 181. Columella, 191. INDEX 267 Como, 1 So. Condi, 218. Constantine, 179. Cooke, Mr., 248. Copenhagen, 181. Cordus, 129, 258, 259. Corfu, 124. Corinth, 152. Cornelius' Gardens, 179. Coronary Garden, 173 if. Couranet, 180. Cowley, 186. The Garden, 69-83. Cracovia, 181. Cromwell, 241. Cuma, 179. Curtius de Hortis, 93, 99, 144, 259. Cusco, 181. Cyprus, 120, 127. Cyrus, 21, 96, 97, 173. Damascus, 23, 25, 27, 31. Dampien, 180. Daniel, 126. David, 132, 139. Darwin, E., 90 n. De Creete, 240. D'Este's Gardens, 179. D'Oria, 179. De Vico's, 179. Democritus, 178. Depont, iSo. Deptford, i36, 193. Descartes, 11. Diana Saguntina, 139. Didymus, 99. Dioclesian, 7, 179. Diodati, 143, 146, 259. Diodorus, 05, 138, 178. Diogenes Laertius, 15, 178. Dioscorides, 89, 120, 121, 123, 131, 137. 140, 141, 143, 146, 259. Dolabella, 179. Dorking, 200. Downe, Dr., 50. Drusi, 179. Durdens, i8r. Durer, A., 217. Eden, 21. Egyp'i I0Ii I2I> I25> I3Ii 133> 154.. 178. Egyptians, 101, 151. Elias, 139. Elysian Fields, 178. Elysium Brittannicum, 173 *., 175- Emanuel de Sa, 147. England, 36, 37, 39, 46. Epicureans, 12, 14, 15. Epicurus, the Gardens of, 3-65, ii, 19, 20, 76, 178. Epire, 27. Esquiline, 179. Essex, Earl, 247, 248, 251. Essonne, 180. Europe, 53. Eusebius, 99. Eustachius, 99. Euston, 243, 245. Evelyn, George, 181, 237. John, 69 ; Acetaria, 173 n. ; Elysium Brittannicum, 173 «., 175 ; KaL Hortense, 70, 113 »., 151 «., 156 n., 158 n. ; Garden Letters, 173-192 ; Letter to Dr. Browne, 173-182 ; Diary, 199-236 ; Letter to Earl of Sand- wich, 182-186 ; Miscellaneous Writings, 173 n. ; of Sallets, 173 m. ; Sylva, 187, 190 ; Hist, of Chalcography, 189. Ezekiel, 116. Fanelli, 242. Famese Gardens, 179. Fez, 181. Figs, 46, 64. Flanders, 180, 185, 238. Florence, 179, 222. Fontainebleau, 37, 38, i2o, 212. Formia, 179. Fox, Lady, 250. Sir F., 250. France, 36, 37, 39, 40, 180. Franche Comte, 45. Francis I., 209. 268 INDEX Frescati, 179. Fresnes, Chasteau de, 180. Froment, 180. Gaillon, 180. Galen, 124, 131, 147, 148, 152. Garicius, 180. Garlands, of, 151-157, 173 "• .97. Gascony, 37. Gassendi, 76. Geneva, 150. Genoa, 179, 220. Georges, 28, 31. Germany, 180 Giusti's Gardens, 179, 236. Gordian, 179. Grafting, 134. Observations on, 158-162. Graham, Mr., 253. Grapes, 45. Arboyse, 45. Burgundy, 45. Chasselas, 45. Frontignacs, 45. Grizelin, 46. Muscat, 46. Rhodes, 122. Greece, 25, 26, 27, 59. Grogning, 181. Grotius, 146. Guildford, 200. Guyse, 218. Hackney, 238. Haff, 200. Hague, 180, 201. Ham, 247. Hampton Court, 241. Hartlib, S., 192, 259. Harvey, Dr. W., 89 n. Hatfield, 181. Hebrew, 146. Hecla, 181. Heidelberg, 180, 181. Henry II. of France, 7. Henry IV., 209. Heraclitus, 19. Herod, 137. Herodotus, 125 Herrera, 185. Hertfordshire, 50, 248. Hesperides, 24, 178. Hesychius, 128, 260 Hieron, 178. Hippocrates, 90, 111, 152. Hispania, Nova, 157, 181. Hobbes, 11. Hofft, 180. Holbein, 247. Holland, 36, 40, 180. Holstein, 181. Homer, 24, 25, 97, 112, 114, 128, 182. Horace, 16, 18, 41, 62. Horimburg, 180. Hosea, 119. Howard, R., 250. Howard's, 181. Hubert, 180. Hundius, 180. Hussey, 249. Hyde Park, 205. Imperiale Gardens, 179. India, 22, 123, 153, 157, 181. Isaiah, 121, 131. Ispahan, 181. Israelite, 121, 125. Isslings, 180. Italy, 27, 36, 38, 39, 124, 233, 237, 247- , Gardens in, 179. Jacob, 137. James, 114. Jardin Roy ale, 180, 203. Jeremy, 143. Jericho, 126, 138. Jerome, 118. Jesuits, 180. Job, 115, 140, 149. John, St., 124. Jonah, 118. Josephus, 95 n., 137, 142. Judsea, 117, 119, 131, 133, 137, 138, 147. INDEX 269 Jude, 114. Junius, 146. Jupiter Thyraeus, 151. Limeneus, 151. Justinus, 137, 229. Kalcndarium Horiense, 70, 184, 186, 196. Kensington Palace, 241 n. Kew, 247, 251, 255. King Charles, 241 n. Kings, Book of, 128, 132. Kingston, 200. Kirby, 181. Laertius, D., 15, 178. Lamiani, 179. Laocoon, 205, 227. Largus, 142, 262. Lauderdale, Duke of, 247. Laurembergius, 13s, 149. Laurentine, G., 179. Lazarolli, 57. Leicester, Earl of, 238, 247. Leyden, 180. Liancourt, 180 Liege, 180. Lincolnshire, 185. Lisles, Lord, 247. Littleton, Sir C. , 254. Lobelius, 129, 260. Lodovisian, 179, 223. Loggan, 242 n. London, 39. Longueville, 218. Loraine, 180. Loudon's, 242 n. Louis XII., 220. Louvre, 203, 218. Low Countries, 39. Lucretius, 15, 16, 18. Luculla, 179. Lucullus, 7, 26. Luke, 132. Luther, 143. Luxemberg, 180, 213, 217. Lysander, 178. Lyth Hill, 199. Madrid, 37. Maecenas, 16, 17, 179. Mahometans, 157. Maimonides, 144, 260. Maison, President, 236. Rustic, 192. Maisons, iSo. Mantua, 235. Marden, 235. Markham, &., 192. Martial, 154, 179. Marvell, A., 165-170. The Garden, 165. The Moiver, 169. Masinissa, 178. Mathaeo, 179. Matthew, St., 146. Mattioli, 261. Maturaea, 133, 138. Maurice, Count, 181. May, Hugh, 245, 250. Mazarin, 179. Mecha, 138. Media, 31, 33, 34. Medicean, 179. Medici, Mary di, 205, 213. Palazzo di, 222. Medina, 138. Medon, 180. Mexico, 55, 181. Mickleham, 241. Mithridates, 178. Mogul, Great, 181. Mollet, 1S1. Molonists, 14. Mondragone, 179. Montalta, 179. Monte Cavallo, 224, 226. Montezuma, 55, 181. Montpellier, 180. More Park, xx, xxi, lxvi. Morine, Mons., 217. Morines, 180. Moor Park, xx, xxi, 50-53. Morland, Sir S., 244, 246, 251. Moses, 114. Mount Parnassus, 234. Munster, Bishop of, 43. 270 INDEX Nancy, 180. Nanteuile, 180. Naples, 124, 179, 243 n. Nautilus, 178. Nebuchodonosor, 95, n6, 178. Nectarines, 45. French, 45. Murry, 45. Negro, H. del, 179. Negrone, Palazzo, 220. Nero, 8, 27. Nevers, 218. Nile, 125. Nimrod, 95. Ninas, 7. Nonesuch, 242. Norfolk, 244. Normandy, 48. Norwich, 162, 177. Nova Hispania, 157. Numa, 179, Numantia, 27. Numidia, 27. Nysa, 178. Of Earth and Vegetation, 243. Orange, Prince of, 38. — - trees, 59, 60. d'Orias, Prince, 221. Orleans, Duke of, 180, 213. Oroenendael, 180. Ovid, 94. Oxford, 238, 242 n. Padua, 180, 235. Palais, Cardinal, 218. Palissy, 192. Palladio, 191, 245. Pall Mall (Paille Maille), 218 «., 221. Panchaia, 178. Paradise, 21, 94, 125, 178. Paris, 180, 203, 205, 206, 236, 237. Parma, 236. Paston, Mr., 173 Paul, St., 116, 129, 130, 134. ; Pausanias, 59, 138. Pausilippe, 243. Peaches, 44. Pears, 47. Peiresc, 180. Pekin, 181. Pembroke, Earl, 240. Penshurst, 181, 238. Persia, 27, 29, 33, 34, 112, 181. Phavorinus, 146. Phenicia, 24. Philo Juda:us, 122. Philosophical Transactions, 192. Philostratus, 151. Picardy, 180. Pidaux, 180. Pierce, 240. Pincius, Mons., 222. Pio, Cardinal, 179. Pisa, 180. Pitti, Palazzo, 170. Piano/ a Royal Garden, 193-198. Plato, 11. Platts, Sir Hugh, 192. Plessis, du, 218. Pliny, 90, 95, 121, 122, 124, 137, 139. *4°, J47. i54i 178, 17°. '91. 223, 227. Plums, 47. Plutarch, 97 n. Poggio Gardens, 179. Poictiers, 180. Poliphele, 182. Pollux, 154. Pompey, 17, 179. Pontus, 27. Porassen, 181. Porta, 98, 261. Portugal, 38, 179. Pratohne, 233. Praxiteles, 126. Pretor Hundius, 180. Privy Garden, 183. Prosper Alpinus, 125, 131, 138. Psalms, 132, 139. Pythagoras, 18. Queen's Pine, 241. Quincuncial Lozenge,- 87, 98, 99. Quincunx, xxvi, 97, et seq. INDEX 271 8uintilian, 87, 100. uirinal Gardens, 179. Rabbinical Lexicon, 147. Rapinus, 190, 345. —— Horiorum, 190, 245. Richelieu, 180, 207, 218, 220. Rincy, 180. Roman Gardens, 179. Rome, 25, 26, 27, 154, 208, 222, 227, 220, 232. Rookwood, Sir T., 243. Rose, Mr., 241 n. Rosny, 180. Royal, Jardin, 180. Royal Society, 245. Rubens, 213. Ruel, 180, 207-208. Ryswick, 180. Sabean Gardens, 178. St. Cloe (Cloud), 180, 305. St. Germain, 180, 205, 209, 213. St, James, 114. St, Jude, 114. St. Matthew, 146. St. Omers, 185. St. Paul, 116. Salisburgh, 180. SalUts, of, 173 *., 196. Sallust, 223. Samos, 178. Sandwich, Earl of, 182-186. Sayes Court, 186, 339. Scaliger, 140. Schamachie, iSr. Scholtzius, 1 80. Scipio, 7, 179. Scnbonius Largus, 143, 362. Scripture, Gardens in, 183. — — Plants in, 1 13-150. Seine, 337. Semir&mis, 7, 22, 95, 178. Seneca, 170. Seraglio, 181. Severus, 124. Sevile, 38. Sfondrati, 180 Shakspeare, 8. Sheba, 137. Sheen, 37, 45, 247 354. Sidney, Lady Dorothy, 338. — — Sir Philip, i8s, 338. Sion, 181. Smith, Mr. R., 338. Socrates, 10. Solomon, 96, 116, ir9, 129, 132 137, 178. Southwell, Sir R,, 245. Spain, 39, 180, 182, 184, 33i. Spanish seeds, 185. Spencer, 183. Spensherst, 181. Statius, 183. Stidolph, Sir F., 341. Stoics, 12, 13. Strabo, 21, 23, 122, 138. Stratton, 245. Strozzi, Palazzo di, 223. Suidas, 146. Sunderland, Earl, 338. Lady, letter to, 186-189 Surat, 181. Surrey, 181, 300. Sutton in Shere, 349. Sydon, 178. Sylla, 17. Sylva, 187, 19a Syria, 37, 134. Syriac, 146. Swallowfield, 353. Sweden, 181. Tabernacle, too, Tarentine Gardens, 179. Tarquin, 179. Temple, Sir Wm., 347, 254. Theocritus, 101. Theophrastus, 89, 100, 120, 129, 13*. 134, i35i 13^ i37i 138, i4'i 147. i54i 178. Thuilleries, 180, 304-305. Timplan, 181. Titus's Baths, 327-338. Tivoli, r79- Toledo, 180. 272 INDEX Tombe, Mr., 239. Tours, 221. Transactions, Philosophical, 192. Tremellius, 119, 143 150. Tuke, Sir B., 247. Tunis, 181. Turkey, Garden in, 181. Tusculum, 179. Tusser, 192. Tyber, 233. Ulmarini, Count, 235. Gardens, 179. Ulysses, 178. Upcott, 173 n. Urbino, Duke of, 179. Vacenza, 179. Valerie, 180. Van Leyden, 217. Varro, 41, 98, 100, 191, 249. Vatican, 224, 227. Veau, de, 218. Vendome, 218. Verona, 179, 236. Verrio, Signor, 250. Veslingius, 235. Vienna, 180. Villa Borghese, 224, 229. Laura, 178. Villiers, 180. Vincenza, 235. Virgil, _ 16, 28, 29, 31, 70, 75, 100. Vitruvius, 108. Vraneburgh, 181. Vratislauia, 181. Vulgar Errours (Browne's), 176. Wadhain College, 239, 242. Warsovia, 181. Watts, Mr., 252. Whitehall, 183. Wilkins, Dr., 239. Wilton, 240. Wiltshire, 40. Windsor, 250. Wood, Anth. , 242 «. Worcester Park, 243. Wotton, 173 «., 188, 192, 199, 237, 249. Wotton, Mr., Letter to, 190-192. Xenophon, 21, 97. Zaccheus, 133. Zoroaster, 95. Richard Clay PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Sieveking, Albert Forbes (ed.) Sir William Temple upon the gardens of Epicurus* •• (Essays on gardens. ••) 73