C 2 8 5 11

SIX MONTHS TOUR

THROUGH THE

NORTH of ENGLAND.

CONTAINING,

An Account of the prefent State of Agriculture^

Manufactures and Population, in feveral

Counties of this Kingdom.

P A R T I C

"J. The Nature, Value, and Rental
of the Soil.

II. The Size of Farms, with Ac-
counts of their Stock, Products,
Population, and various Methods
«f Culture.

III. The Ufe, Expence, and Profit
of feveral Sorts of Manure,

IV. The Breed of Cattle, and the
refpedtive Profits attending them .

V. The State of the Wafte Lands
which might and ought to be
cultivated.

U L A R L Y,

VI. The Condition and Number
of the Poor, with their Rates,
Earnings, &c.

VII. The Prices of Labour and
Pro virions, and the Proportion
between them.

VIII. The Regifrer of many cu-
rious and ufeful Experiments in
Agriculture, and general Prac-
tices in Rural Oeconomics, com-
municated by feveral of the No-
bility, Gentry, £fc. &c.

INTERSPERSED

With Defcriptions of the Seats of the Nobility and Gentry;
and other remarkable Objects : Illuftrated with Copper Plates of
fuch Implements of Huihandry, as deferve to be generally known ;
and Views of fome picturefque Scenes, which occurred in the Courf«
of the Journey.

La feule voie de fe procurer urt corps complet d'agriculture feroit, fans
doute, de rafTembler les diverfes obfervations qu'auroient fourni dans
chaque province. ENCYctopEniE.

The SECOND EDITION, correaed and enlarged.

«— — — — >■■—»■ — ■ ■ ■ ■ .1 ■ ■ I ■■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■!■■■■ «|

VOL. IV.

LONDON,

frinted for W. Strahan; W. Nicoll, N°ci, in St.

Paul's Church-Yard; T. Cadell, in the Strand;

B. Collins, atSalifbury; and J. Balfour, at

Edinburgh.

MDCCLXXI,

■ i >

CONTENTS

O F T H E

FOURTH VOLUME. .

* ■ *■ ** — *»- — ' ~ ■- ■ ■

LETTER XXVI.

p

0 TA FOES — Culture and producJ-—
Comparifon — Remarks,

Page i to 15.

LETTER XXVII.

Cabbages — Review of culture, produce, ufe, &cl
— Average weight per acre — Value per ton —
Average value per acre — Producls compared
with rents — Ditto with foils — Comparifon
cf the times of fowing — Duration of the crops
- — Dijlance of the rows — Remarks — Appli-
cation to feeding flock — Fattening oxen —
A 2 Feeding

424139

iv CONTENTS.

Feeding cows — Feeding Jheep — Feeding fwine
— Average expences of culture — Average -pro-
fit — General corollaries — Turnep cabbages —
Batterfea ditto — Anjou ditto — Ruflia ditto —
Red ditto •*- Savoys, Page 16 to 55.

LETTER XXVIII.

Clover — Review of culture and produce — Pro-
duels compared with rents, P. 56 to 64.

LETTER XXIX.

Lucerne — Review of culture and produce — A-
verage producls — Burnet — Culture and pro-
duce — Sainfoine — Ditto — Carrots — Ditto,

P, 65 to 79.

LETTER XXX.

Quantities of feed — Averages of wheats barky,
cats, peafe, and beans — Remarks — • Seed com-
pared with crops \ P. 80 to 103.

LETTER XXXI.

Ccurfes of crops — Producls compared with courfes
^-Remarks, P. 104 to 114.

LET-

CONTENTS. f

LETTER XXXII.

Village — Review of the particulars — Draught
— Depth — Price — Compared with foil — Un-
accountable management — Comparifon of horfes
and oxen — Remarks , Page 115 to 148.

LETTER XXXIII.

Cows — Review of particulars — Produces —
Milk — Food, &c. — Comparifon of various
circumjlances with total produtls — Bad ma-
nagement of cows — Improvements propofed —
Sheep — Review of particulars — Flocks —
Profit — Fleece, &c. — Comparifon of thefe
circumjlances with foil — With profit — Sad
management — Open and inclofed countries com*
pared — Remarks — Average expence of keeping
horfes, P. 149 to 191.

LETTER XXXIV.

Particulars of farms — fable of them — Propor-
tion between the foil, flock, population, and pro-
duels — Obfervations — Thofe particulars com-
pared with the Jtze of the farms — Live flock —
Population — Produft — - General recapitulation,

P. 192 to 267.

LET-

vi CONTENTS.

LETTER XXXV.

Sums of money employed in flocking farms — Gene*
ral averages — Live flock — Implements —
Furniture — Sundries — Remarks,

P. 268 to 273^

LETTER XXXVI.

The prices of provifwns — Tables of bread, butter \
cheefe, and butchers meat — Compared with the
diflance from London — Remarks — Houfe-rent
— Firing — Wear and tear of tools,

P. 274 to 290.

LETTER XXXVII.

The prices of labour — Tables of pay per week — •
General averages — Tables of fervants wages -,
and women per week — Comparifon between the
prices of labour and provifions — Surprising
variations — The price of labour not depending
on that of provifions — Remarks — Comparifon
between the prices of labour and provifions, and
the fize of farms — Remarks — Average value
of fervants board, wafhing, and lodging — Price
of manufacturing labour — Compared with that
&f provifions, P. 291 to 322.

LET-

CONTENTS. vii

LETTER XXXVIII.

Poor rates — Compared with the price of provifions
and that of labour — Averages — Remarks,

Page 323 to 330.

LETTER XXXIX.

Manuring — Lime — Paring and burning —
Folding Jheep — Farm yards — Sad manage-
ment — Stacking hay in fields — Stubbles —
Compojls, P. 331 to 333.

LETTER XL.

Averages of this Tour proportioned to the kingdom at
large — Tythes — Remarks — Tears purchafe
of land — State, rental and value of the foil of
England — Great importance of raifing rents —
Stock in hujbandry — Obfervations — Product
of the foil — Remarks — Expenditure of huf-
bandry — Profit of hujbandry — Income arifing
from the foil — Population — Recapitulation —
Obfervations — Vaji conference of increafing
income — Of taxes relative to the foil and its
products ~-~ Calculations of the income arifing
from feme obvious improvements — Raifing rents
a grand means of improving agriculture — Re-
marks -— The proportion between income and

taxes

viii CONTENTS.

taxes — Thofe of England not burthenfome —
Conjectures on the general income of the State —
Flourifhing Jlate of the kingdom — Great expe-
diency of cultivating crown lands, and other'
waftes — Prices of labour and provifions not to*
high for general profperity — Falfe ideas concern-
ing population — This kingdom more populous
than commonly imagined — Remarks,

#• 334 to 422;

LETTER XLII.

Mifcellanies — Roads — Seats,— Author's adver-
ts fement to the experimental fart of his readers,

Pi 423 to *442.

"A SIX

A

SIX MONTHS TOUR, &c.

LETTER XXVI.

POTATOES are a crop which, in
many circumftances, referable thofe I
considered in my laft letter ; they are
of an ameliorating nature, a large product of
them being more beneficial to the foil than
even a fallow j and they probably yield an
increafe proportioned to the culture beftowed
on them while growing ; but yet it would
have cauied much confufion to have joined
them together ; for potatoes vary from all
the reft in numerous circumftances, befides
that material one of not being a common
article of culture in very extenlive tracks of
country through which this tour was made.
I (hall firft lay before you a general ftate of
their culture and produce, and if it gives rife
to any average accounts, mall extract them
accordingly.

At Sandy, in Bedfordjfjire.

Soil. A rich deep black land.

Rent, 3/. ioj-.
Vol. IV. B Seed

t 2 1

Seed and diftance. Twenty bufhels at

one foot every way.
Culture. Hoe them thrice.
Product. Two hundred and fifty bu-
fhels, 20/. 16 s. Expences, 12/. i8j.

td. Profit, 7/. lys. 6d.
About Doncajier.

Soil. A fine light rich loofe fand.
Product. Two hundred and fifty bufhels.
About Tork.

Soil. Light. 12/. per acre.

Planted in two feet rows, and earthed

up with hoes.
Product. Sixty bufhels.
At Cottingham, near Hull.

Soil. Rich loam and mixed clay, at 3 /.

per acre.
Seed, &c. twenty bufhels. Hoe feveral

times.
Product. A hundred and eighty bufhels.
About Stillingfleet .
Soil. Sandy, at 14.J.
Seed, &c. Sixteen bufhels, rows two

feet, plants one foots horfe hoe them

two or three times, and hand weed

them.
Product. Eighty bufhels.
Mr. Turner, at Kirkleatham.
Soil. A light poor fand, at 8 s.
In rows three feet, plants one foot j

horfe hoed once, and hand hoed

once -, twice weeded.

Pro-

[ 3 ]

Product. Five hundred and eighty-
eight bufhels.
Ditto. A rich black loam, well manured.

In beds four feet wide, three rows on
each ; alleys two feet j plants eigh-
teen inches afunder.

Product. One thoufand one hundred
and fixty-fix bufhels.
Mr. Crowe; Kiplin.

Soil. Clay, at us. 6 d.

Culture. Manures with long dung or
haulm ; plants in rows two feet afun-
der, plants nine inches ; twelve bu-
fhels to the acre; four horfe hoeings,
and well hand hoed.

Product. A hundred and twenty bu-
fhels. Feeds all forts of cattle.
Mr. Smelt , at The Leafes.

Soil. Gravel.

Culture. Manure four loads of long
dung ; fets in rows fifteen inches, ten
from fet to fet ; fifteen bufhels feed.
Kept clean from weeds.

Product. A hundred and thirty bufhels.
Swinton moor- fide farms.

Soils. Black moory land, at 4/. 6 d.

Product. A hundred and twenty bufhels.
The Colliers' moor hufbandry.

Soil. Black peat earth. •

Culture. In rows two feet, fets one
foot ; thirteen bufhels.

B 2 Pro-

[ 4 ]

Product. A hundred and fifty -eight
bufhels.
Mr. D alt on, Sleninford,

Soil. Light loam on limeftone, at 8 s.

Culture. Rows, three feet ; ten loads
of dung. Horfe and hand hoed.

Product. A hundred and fifty bufhels.
Mr. Scroope, at Danby.

Soil. A fandy loam, at 1 2 s. 6 d.

Culture. Plants, one foot afunder, a
handful of dung to each, five loads ;
eight bufhels fets ; horfe and hand
hoed.

Product. Two hundred and fixteen
bufhels.
Near Newcajlle.

Soil. Sandy, at 2oj.

Culture. Twelve bufhels of fets, at
one foot fquare; hand hoc twice,
and hand weed.

Product. Two hundred and twenty-
fix bufhels.
At Morpeth,

Soil. A loamy clay, in general 1 2 s.
but planters give 5 /.

Culture. Twenty-five loads of dung ;
dibble one foot fquare, dig for them;
twenty -three bufhels; hand hoe
thrice.

Product. Three hundred and fifty bu-
fhels. Expences, 12/. 5 s. td. Pro-
fit, 5 /. 4 s. 6 d.

At

t 5 ]

At Alnwick.

Soil. Gravelly loam, at 1 5 j.
Culture. Dig and plow for them, and
dung ; nine bufhels feed ; twelve
inches fquare.
Product. A hundred and fifty bufhels.
At Belford.

Soil. Strong loam, at 15/. 6 d.
Culture. Fourteen inches fquare $ fix

bufhels ; hand hoe twice.
Product. Forty-two bufhels.
About Rothbury.

Soil. Gravel, fand, and moory, at

ioj. 6d.
Culture. Manure; and hand hoe once

or twice.
Product. Eighty bufhels.
At Glenwelt.

Soil. Sandy, &c, 12 s. 6 d.
Culture. Twelve loads long dung;
twenty bufhels in one foot fquare;
hoe twice.
Product. Two hundred and twenty
bufhels.
South of Carlijle.

Soil. Light loam, at 1 5 s.
Culture. Manure well, in rows eigh-
teen inches, one foot plant to plant ;
horfe hoe.
Product. Three hundred bufhels.
About Penrith,

Soil. Various, at 8 s. 9 d.

B 3 Cul-

[ 6 ]

Culture. Manure with long dung;
rows eighteen inches, one foot the
plants; hand hoe.

Product. One hundred and twenty
bufhels.
Kefwick.

Soil. Hazle- mould, fand, &c. at 251.

Culture. Two forts ; in furrows eigh-
teen inches by twelve. Manure
well; horfe hoe, and weed. The
other the lazy-bed, dung on grafs,
and earth out of trenches.

Product. In the ftrfr. three hundred
bufhels, which is more than the
other.
From Kendal to Bnrton> about "Holme.

Soil. Light loam on lime-ftone, at 2 1 s.

Culture. Lazy-bed, dung the grafs
well ; eighteen bufhels fets, feven
inches fquare.

Product. One hundred and eighty
bufhels.
At Kabers.

Soil. Light loam, and fand, at 17 s.

Culture. Plow for, dibble eight or ten
inches fquare ; weed them.

Product. One hundred and fifty bufhels.
About Garjlang.

Soil. Light loam, at 17 s.

Culture. Dig all the land nine inches
deep ; dibble in nine inches afunder;
hand weed.

Pro-

[ 7 ]

Product. Three hundred and eighty

bufhels.
Around Ormjkirk.

Soil. Light loam, at i$s.

Culture. Manure well, on both grafs

and arable, plow for them; fets

nine inches fquare ; hand weed.
Producl. One hundred and fifty bufhels.
About Altringham.

Soil. Sandy loam, at 20 s.

Culture. Dig for them ; manure well,

dibble twenty -two bufhels ; hand

weed and hand hoe.
Producl. Seven hundred bufhels.
At Knotsford.

Soil. Sandy, at 1 6 s.

Culture. Dig grafs; twenty bufhels,

at one foot fquare, dibbled; hand

hoe and weed.
Product. Five hundred bufhels.
Around Stone.

Soil. Sandy, at 1 6 j.

Culture. Manure grafs well, and dig

it in ; hand hoe.
Producl:. Four hundred and fifty bufhels.
About Shenjione.

Soil. Sandy, at 1 5 s.

Culture. Dung grafs well, and dig in ;

dibble ten inches fquare; hand hoe

well.
Producl:. Four hundred bufhels.

B 4 Near

[ 8 ]

Near Birmingham.

Soil. Sandy, at ly s. 6d.

Culture. Dig up grafs land, and dibble

in fets.
Product. Five hundred and fifty bufhels.
At Bend/worth.

Soil. Clay, and fome light, at 2 1 s.
Culture. Manure well with long dung ;

dibble in rows, one foot fquare.
Product. Three hundred and fifty
bufhels.
Kenfington.

Soil. Sand and gravel, at 40 s.
Culture. Dung well, and plow in rows,
one foot, plants fix inches ; hoe
twice and weed.
Product. 15/. as they grow.
As there is a great variety in thefe pro-
ducts, I fhall throw them into divifions ac-r
cording to the quantity, without any other
rule -, as it will then in general appear what
foil and management are moft adapted to
them. Firft, all that produce five hundred
bufhels and upwards -, fecondly, fuch as yield
from two to five hundred ; and thirdly, thofe
that yield under two hundred.

Crops

r 9 ]

Crops of §00 bujhels, &c.

Placet,

Mr. Turnery

Ditto, J

Altring- 7
bam, j

Knotsford,

Birmingham,

Averages,

Soil,

Sets,

Sand, 8 s.

Black loam,
worth 40 s.

—

Sandy loam,
20 S.

22

Sand, 16;.

20

Sand, 17^.6^.

—

7.0s.

21

Rows, Culture, Produ3,

3f«">y'.lHhida)ndh3nd^88

18 inches, Dug for, 1166

fDig for them,")
• — •< manure, hand > 700
L hoe, & weed, J

rDig grafs, dib--j
1 foot fq. \ ble, hand hoe \ 500
L and weed, J

$ Dig grafs and ?
~~ I dibble in fets,i 55°

700

Placet,
Sandy, *

Doncajler,

Mr. r

Ssroope, I

Neweajlle,
Morpeth,

Soil,

Rich fand,
3/. 10s.

Sand,

Crops from 200 to 500.

Culture, Produ£l,

1 foot fq. Hoe thrice, 250

— — 250

loam,

Sandy
12 j. 6d.

Sand, 20 s.
Loamy, 5 /.

Sets, J Rows,

20

8

12

23

r footfq.
Ditto,

Ditto,

«£ dung, horfe )■ 216

p Five loads of "j
dung, horfe )■
and hand hoe J

Hand hoe twice? ,
and weed, * 2

("Dug for; twen-T
J ty-five loads I
) ofdung,handf ^°
L hoe thrice, J

Glenwelt,

Places,
Glenwelt,

Carl'ijle, {
Kcfwick, \
Garjlang,

Stone,

Shenjlone,

Bendfvoorth,

Averages,

Places,

York,

Cotting- 7
ham, J

Stilling fleet,
Mr. Crewe.

Soil,

Sandy, i2*6i

Light loam,

Hazel mould
25 J.

Light, 1 7 s.
Sand, ids.
Ditto, 15*.
Light, 2\ s.
1/. gs. 5^

[

20

-1

16

10 ]

I foot fq.

] inches
by 12,

Ditto,

Culture, Produ8>

f Twenty loads ")
•^ oflongdung; V 220
L hoe twice, J

5 Manure well 5 1. 300

* horfe hoe, *

S Ditto and ditto, 1 300

* and weed, *

. , r r Due for, and -, ,,«
9 inches fq. I h5nd ^ J 380

f Manure grafs, "*
— -^ dig it in, and >• 450
hand hoe, J

grafs and"]
it, hand >• 400
hoe, J

1 footfq. 5 Manure well; 7

I long dung, 5 35

10 inch. fq.

t

JDung gra
1 dig it,

3°7

Crops under 200 buJJjeh.

Soil,

Light, 12 5.

Rich loam,
3^-

Sets,

20
16

Sandy, 145.
Clay, 12s 6d\ 12

Rows, Culture, ProduR,

m r . r Earthed up 7 ,

2 feet rows, i ... , r ( 60
' t with hoes, 5

rHoed feveral 7 0^
I times, J l8°

~ r * 1. f Horfe hoe and > 0

2 feet by 1, { ^^ \ 80

["Manure long "J
2 ditto by 9 V dung, horfe V
inches, \ hoe 4 times, ;

I and weed, J

M*

Places,

Mr. Smelt,

Swinton,
Ditto,

Mr. Dalton,

Alnwick,

Belford, j
Rothbury, S

Penrith,

Holme, J

Kabers,
Ormfkirk,

Averages,

Soil,
Gravel,

Moory, ^.sbd
Ditto,

Light, 8 s.

Gravelly,^*

Strongloam,
15 j. 6d.

Various.
Light, ioj6d?

Various, 8/9^

Light loam,
21 s.

Light, 17 s.

Ditto, 1 5 s.

16

[ U ]

Sets, Rows, Culture, Producl,

15 inches f Manure 4 loads-j
by

J5

*3

iches I

10, i J?ng dung. > 130
L Kept clean. J

13

120
158

5°

2 feet by 1, — — ---

("Manure ten "1

3 feet •{ Joads dung; I

0 j horfe and f
L hand hoe,

1 foot fq. fDung and dig;?

*■ and manure, S JS°

} 42

14 inch. fq. cHand hoe
t twice,

— — c Manure and ? 0
2 hand hoe, * *°
18 inches -.

by 12, 5 Ditto and ditto, 120

7 inch fq. 5 Lazy bed, dung? 0

1 thegrafs, * iy°

10 ditto, Weed them, 150

Manure well on^j

9 ditto

• {

gr. and ar. > 150
weed, J

124

Average produce of firft divifion,
Ditto of the fecond,
Ditto of the third,

General average, 377.
Average of fets in raft,
Ditto in the fecond,
Ditto in the third,

General average, 16,

700

307
124

21
16

J3

It

[ 12 ]

It is very evident from thefe tables, that
rent is no more a guide to product than the
•wind ; nor is any particular foil (except the
fandy and light being generally the beft) a
mark whereby to point out the fcale of pro-
duce. The diftance of the rows, and the
quantity of lets, as well as the material arti-
cles of manuring and cleaning, are none of
them, feparately taken, at all decifive in fix-
ing the fuperiority. Thus much, however,
may be obferved, that the more conliderable
products are thofe that are in general very
fpiritedly cultivated j all in the firft divifion,
except one, are dug for, and likewife the
beft of thofe in the fecond ; this feems as if
digging for them was much fuperior to
plowing : The ftrong variations we other-
wife obferve remit certainly be attributed to
fertility of foil, richnefs of manuring, or a
general excellent management : A circum-
itance greatly encouraging to all who are
willing to cultivate this moft ufeful vegeta-
ble, for there is great reafon to fuppofe, that
a vigorous conduct in railing potatoes will
more than balance every other advantage.

It mould be obferved, that thefe roots are
every where confidered as an excellent fal-
low crop, greatly ameliorating the foil, and
preparing in every refpect for wheat in par-
ticular, or for any other grain in a very fupe-
rior manner. It is extremely evident from
the preceding tables that their culture is un-
commonly

r «3 ]

commonly profitable. In numerous places
I was allured that they made infinitely more
by potatoes than by any other crop. The
price of them are various, but at is. 6d. a
buftiel, the average product amounts to above
28/. but is. 6d. is a low price. It is a great
error in many parts of this kingdom not cul-
tivating potatoes in large quantities.

No fallow crop is more advantageous to
the foil, nor could there be a greater im-
provement in three-fourths of the counties
of England, than introducing potatoes into
the courfes of their fields, as regularly, upon
foils proper for them, as turneps, or any other
vegetable.

The common objection to cultivating
them in large quantities, is the want of a
market ; but fuch a plea is an abfolute piece
of gothicifm. The moft advantageous ufe
they can be applied to, where they bear an
high price, moft certainly is to fell them ;
but where the prices are low, or the market
overftocked, this root fhould be applied to
feeding and fattening cattle, in which the
profit will be very great, both in the price
paid for the crop, and in the great improve-
ment of the farm, by railing large quantities
of manure ; an object which ought always to
be foremoft with every farmer. The intel-
ligence received of Mr. Crowe, of this ap-
plication of his crops at Kiplin, to feeding
all forts of cattle and poultry, is particularly

valuable ;

t H ]

valuable ; it is well known in feveral places,
that no food is better for rearing and fatten-
ing hogs, but I never before heard of feed-
ing promifcuoufly all the frock in a farm-
yard on them; but that gentleman's long
experience proves it not only to be eligible,
but extremely profitable.

If potatoes came in once every courfe of
crops on light or rich foils, not very heavy,
and were all applied to fatten numerous
heards of fwine, or to maintain oxen, cows,
young cattle, &c. the improvement of the
whole farm would be the certain confe-
quence ; for the fields in which they are cul-
tivated are finely enriched by themfelves,
and their confequences in manuring would
perform the fame office to others.

From what I have remarked in the tour,
I have reafon to think digging a much fupe-
rior method to plowing, with the fets laid
in the furrows. The latter way may be
very proper in a very light rich land ; but
in fandy or gravelly loams the digging is
fuperior. If I was to recommend a practice
it mould be the following, which I think,
from the preceding minutes, as well as my
own experience, is excellent. Unite the
plowing and lazy-bed methods; firft plow
the land fine, in beds about five feet broad,
then fpread your dung ; if the foil is very
light, it mould be well rotted and mixed
together; but if the land is inclinable to ftifF-

nefs,

[ « ]

nefs, then long dung, old thatch, flubble, or
any thing of that kind -, upon the manure
lay the potatoe flices promiicuoufly, about a
foot afunder ; cover them five inches deep,
with earth dug out of the furrows, a trench
in each like a water furrow, about eighteen
inches wide. Keep them perfectly clean by
hand work; hoeing before they come up,
but weeding afterwards. Van: crops may
be had in this method, and the beds left in
excellent order for a crop of any thing elfe.

I remain yours, &c.

LETTER

[ 16 ]

LETTER XXVII.

"X7 O U certainly muft have remarked in
■*■ the minutes of this journey, that no
tillage crop (all which I think we mould
confider before we come to grafs lands or
general ceconomy) makes fo diftinguifhable
a figure as Cabbages. This branch of
field culture is new in England, although it
has been ufed in Germany, and fome of the
more northern parts of Europe, for many
years, perhaps ages. I do not remember
cabbages being expreflly treated of, as food
for cattle, in any book of hufbandry, until
Mr. Randal published his Semi Virgilian
Hufbandry a few years ago. He therein re-
commends the culture of the large Scotch for
fatting oxen, enters particularly into direc-
tions how to prepare for them, and ajferts
their being particularly profitable. As that
gentleman was a practical farmer, I take it
for granted that he has cultivated them,
though I think he does not expreflly men-
tion it. He does not infert one experiment
upon them. The preparation he recom-
mends is prodigioufly expenfive, more fo, I
apprehend, than trench digging land two
feet deep ; infomuch that the culture of this

excellent

t '7 1

•excellent vegetable would never have ex-
tended itfelf, if fuch coftly methods had been
confidered as really requifite.

The public heard nothing farther upon
this branch of agriculture, till Mr. Wynn
Baker, under the patronage of the Dublin
Society, published fome experiments upon
the turnep cabbage, and boor cole : They
were few, but extremely valuable; executed
with an accuracy, and related with a precifion
not often found in writings on hufbandry.

Since the publication of Mr. Bakers re-
port, we have had no frefh intelligence con-
cerning cabbages •: There is not extant in
print a lingle experiment upon the Great
Scotch fort : It is with the utmoft pleafure
that I minuted in my journey all the intel-
ligence I could gain concerning this vege-
table : I was fortunate enough to meet with
many gentlemen that had cultivated it for
feveral years ; fome of them, from the curio-
fity of the object, had made accidental mi-
nutes of feveral circumftances of the culture,
expences, produce, &c. thefe they favoured
me with, and in other particulars gave me
accounts from their own memory, and that
of their fervants : But as I had not any re-
gular regifters of experiments in a feries, I
threw the intelligence I received into as
clear and methodical an order as I was able.
So far did very well for each minute ; but
as the circumftanees of culture, product, and

Vol. IV. C value,

[ i8 ]

value, have great variations, it is here abfo-
lutely neceflary to draw all thefe fugitive
articles into one point of view -, to compare
the intelligence, and to draw the averages
of every circumftance, that the culture and
value of cabbages may be completely known.
I fhall make the extract in as few words as
poflible ; the article begins with
Mr. Middlemore, at Grantham.

Sort. Batterfea, turnep, and Scotch.
Soil. A red fand.

Time of fowing. Beginning of March.
Once pricked out, and planted at
Midfummer.
Rows. Four feet afunder, from one
foot to eighteen inches from plant to
plant. Six thoufand^r acre.
Culture. Watered in dry weather.
Duration. April.

Product. Turnep cabbage $lb. or nine-
teen tons per acre ; Batterfea 1 1 lb.
or forty-two tons per acre ; Scotch
1 4 lb. or fifty -four tons. Ufed for
fatting oxen, and feeding fheep.
Expences. Pricking out and trans-
planting, i s. per thoufand.
Mr. Lyfter, at Bawtry. The Scotch fort.
Soil. A very light fand.
Rent, us.

Time of fowing, &c. End of January,,
or beginning of February. Tranf-
plant the middle of June.

Rows.

t 19 I

Rows. Four feet afunder, plants two
feet. 6240 plantSi

Culture. Horfe hoed thrice, and hand
hoed.

Duration. Begin to burft in October %
all mult be done by Chriftmas.

Product; Twenty-feven tons. Feed-
ing cows both dry and milch, rear-
ing young cattle, and feeding fheep.
Will not go near fo far as turneps.

fexpences. Six men plant an acre a day*

Mr. Wharton, at Doncajier. The Great
Scotch. t :

Soil. A light fand.

Rows. Three feet, plants two*

Culture. Hand hoeing.

Duration. Late in fpring to turning
into grafs.

Product. Two acres completely fat
three large beafts.

Mr. Tucker, at Rot her am. The Great
Scotch.

Soil. A light fandy loam, extremely rich.

Rent, 2/. 5 j.

Preparation. Winter fallow 5 and ten
loads rich rotteri dung.

Time. Middle oiAttguft, and the fpring.
The firft pricked out the middle of
Oclober -, tranfplant the 1 aft week in
May ; the others not pricked out at
all. The winter plants the larger!:.
C z Rows,

f *° ]

Rows. Four feet* plants, two and tv/d
and an half. Five thoufand^r acre.

Culture. Watered if dry ; two horfe
hoeings, and hand hoeing.

Duration. End of March ; fome to
beginning of April. Some want
cutting before Chrijlmas, the winter
plants.

Product. One crop 30$. another 10 lb.
average 20 lb. or forty-four tons per
acre. — Two acres and an half, under
\olb. (kept, with fome ftraw) twelve
cows the principal part of the winter.
If milch cows are kept conftantly on
them, without other food, the butter
is rank. Fat oxen ; feed pigs.

Expences. A man plants two thou-
sand in a day.

Profit. Very great. More than ten
quarters of oats after them, and
eight the fecond crop.
Mr. Ellerkers, at Rifby. Large Scotch.

Soil. Loam on a chalkftone.

Rent, 9 j. 3</.

Preparation. A winter fallow; ma-
nures, ten loads of farm yard dung.

Time. Sows the end of February-^*
pricks out once ; plants the begin-
ning of June.

Rows. Three feet; plants two.

Culture. Water in dry feafons. Horfe
hoc once to thrice.

Duration*

[ 21 ]

Duration. To the end of April.

Product. Fats two beafts completely,
of thirty-fix ftone each (14$.)
Completely fats fuch, and finifhes
others of eighty flone : Has fold
oxen of 23/. from cabbages.

Expences. A. man plants an acre in
three days.

Profit. Exceedingly great.
Marquis of Rockingham's Kentifh farm.
Great Scotch.

Soil. A rich, deep, black loam.

Time. Sows the end of February \
plants the middle ofjfune.

Rows. Three feet, and plants three feet.

Culture. Water in dry weather. —
From three to five horfe hoeings,
befides hand hoeing.

Product. Worth, for feeding any cat-
tle, a halfpenny each, the number
of plants being 4840 3 that is,
10/. j s. per acre. Fat oxen
chiefly.
His Lordfhip's Hertford/hire farm, the
fame as the preceding, except only
hand hoeing.
Mr. Wilfon, Ayton. Scotch fort.

Time. Sows in September, plants in
May.
Mr. Turner, at Kirkleatham.

Soil. Clay, loam, and rich fandy loam.

Rent, 15/.

C 3 Pre-

t t? ]

Preparation. Winter fallowed ; and
fome a whole year. Some crops
limed.

Time. Sows the latter end of Fe-
bruary, and in March for ipring
plants ; and in Augufi for winter
ones. Tranfplants through the
months of May and June,

Rows. Three to four feet, and plants
two.-?— Generally 5445 plants,

Culture. Horfe hoed twice, and hand
hoed as often. Never waters.

Puration. To Candlemas.

Produdt. In general from twenty tons
to fifty-eight ; average thirty-nine.-
Fats and feeds oxen, cows, young
cattle and (heep infinitely better than
any other food. The increafe of
one cow's milk from cabbages two
quarts a day, but it tafted. The
improvement of an ox of eighty
flone, (14$.) fatting four months
on cabbages, is on an average 5 /.
1 o s. and in proportion per ton (the
hay he eats deducted) is 8 s. 6 d. the
value of the cabbages. That of a
two year old heifer fatting 4/. 4^. and
the value per ton of the cabbages eat
14/. 7 d. Upon the whole go much
farther than turneps, and prepare
much better for fpring corn. The

average

[ 23 1

average value of the crops k/,

5 * 3 &

Quantity eat. An ox of eighty ftone

2 io lb. in twenty-four hours, befides
y lb. of hay. Cows twelve flone of
cabbages a day, and half a ftone of
hay. Heifers nine ftone of cabbages,
and 5 lb. of hay. Calves five flone
of cabbage leaves, and a little
flraw.

Expences. After a fummer fallow 3 /.
1 5 j. 6 d. a winter ditto 2 /. 7 j.
— Expence of watering is 2 j-. i i d~
planting 4*. 6 d. hand weeding
2 s. 6 d.

Anjou cabbages tried, but proved good
for little.
Mr. Hewit at Kirkleatham.

Product, 21/. 9 j. 6 d. per acre.
Mr. Crowe at Kiplin. The average of
eight years. Great Scotch,.

Soil. Clay,

Rent, 1 2 j. 6</„

Preparation, Winter fallows and limes,
a chaldron per acre.

Time, Sows in Augujl for winter
plants, pricks out at Michaelmas,
and transplants in March, for ipring
plants (of which he has but few)
lows in February, tranfplants the
end of May, or beginning of June.
C 4 Rows,

1763, — l^lb.

-—

1764, — 12 lb.

—

1765, — 20 lb.

—

1766, — i8/3.

—

1767, — 15Z*.

— .

I768, — n#.

—

[ 24 ]

Hows. Four feet and plants two.
Culture. Horfe and hand hoe, as rehj

quifite ; never water.
Duration. Until May-day.
Product In 1762, they weighed

per cabbage 1 2lb. or, per acre 29 Tons

34
29

48

43
36

. 2/
Average thirty-five tons.

Ufed for all forts of cattle,

and with univerfal (uccefs.

Expences. At 10/. rent, the total 2 /.

4 s. 6 d. Seed, 6 d. Pricking out

and tranfplanting, 5 s, each. Hand

hoeing, 4J.

Mr. Smelt at T/5^ Leafis.

The average of five years.

Soil. Sandy, gravel.

Preparation. Winter fallow, and ma-
nure with feven loads of rotten dung.

Time. Sows the beginning of March,
and tranfplants in May.

Rows. Four feet afunder, and two
the plants.

Culture. Horfe hoes four times, and
hand hoes and weeds.

Duration. Until the end of March.

fcro-

[ S5 1

Product.
Jn 1763, the cabbages weighed
upon an average j lb. or, per
acre -r- — ijTons.

In 1764, r— Sib. — 19
In 1766, — 2 lb, — 19
In 1767, — - 8 lb. — 19
Jn 1768, — 6 lb. — 15
Average eighteen tons.
Ufes them for fleers and fheep, but
principally for cows, on account of
the butter being incomparable, and
given in great quantities, not more
in height of fummer -, butter keeps a
fortnight, but the cows muft have
no decayed leaves.
Mr. JDodfwortb at Crakehall.
The great Scotch fort.
Soil. Gravel.
Rent, 1 3 j.

Average of four years, 1 7/. 1 $s. id.
Ufe them for oxen, cows, and meep,
with the utmoft fuccefs. Two
cows in January, one that had
newly calved, and the other to
calve at Lady-day, produced in a
week 1 j lb. 10 oz.
Quantity eat. An ox of feventy-five
ftone will eat fixteen ftone of cab-
bages in twenty-four hours.
Mr. Dalton at Sleningford.

Soil. Light loam on a lime-ftone, very

' ^allow- Rent,

[ 26 ]

Rent, 8 j.

Preparation.Winter fallow, and a dung-

ing.

Time. Scotch, tranfplanted the be-
ginning of jfune. Turnep cabbage
fown in fpring, tranfplanted in May.

Rows. Four feet by twenty-two inches.

Culture. Horfe and hand hoeing.

Product. Scotch, 4 lb. and 1 lb. ave-
rage 2 f , or fix tons. Turnep
5 lb. twelve tons. The firft given
to cows, and made the butter abfo-
lutely ftink, but attributed it to the
decayed leaves not being taken off.
The latter were given to fheep the
middle of 'April, who were very fond
of them.
Mr. Scroop at Danby,

The Scotch.

Soil. Clay, loam, and rich black land.

Rent, 41. 6d. Xoz^s. average 14J. gd.

Preparation. Winter fallow, and upon
all but the richeft foils, manures with
comports or lime.

Time. Sows early in the fpring, and
tranfplants the end of May or begin-
ning of "June.

Rows. Four feet, and two feet from
plant to plant.

Culture. Never waters. Two horfe
and two hand hoeings.

Duration. Till the end of April or
beginning of May. Produdh

[ 27 ]

Product Average value of feven years,

at 5 s. gd. per ton, 9/. 16/.
Value of 1769, » 9 19 3

J9 15 3

Average, - £- 9 U 7 k

Tens.
I763, - - - - 34

j766, ~ - - - 5z

Ditto, - 40

Ditto, 23

Ditto, 25

1767, - - - - 40
Ditto, - 25
Ditto, 53

1768, ^ - - - 35
Ditto, 50
Ditto, - - - 30

Average 37 tons.
Oxen of an hundred ftone, thathavehad
the fummer's grafs, are finished and
without delay, never going back in
flefh, (the cafe oftentimes with tur-
neps) and improving farter than on
any other food, Ail kinds of young
cattle maintained through winter in
full health and growth to great pro-
fit. Cows fed with them to more
advantage fix to one than upon any
other food -, the milk being great in
quantity, perfectly fweet, and the

butter

r * ]

butter excellent, but the precaution
muft be obferved of picking off the
decayed leaves. Fat fheep are car-
ried forward in great perfection, bet-
ter infinitely than on turneps. Lambs
of ewe9 fed on them have always
proved uncommonly fine and ftrong.
Swine feed very freely on them, and
are kept in very good condition with-»
out other food.

Quantity eat. An ox of an hundred
ftone (14/.) in twenty-four hours
eat 168 lb. and 7 lb. of hay.

Expences. Average of feven years,
2 /. 1 6 j. 6 d.

Profit. Ditto, 61. 1 6 s. 9*/. part at
5 s. 9 d. per ton.

The turnep cabbage tried one year, the
fame culture as Scotch, weight 8 lb.
Sheep eat them freely, but preferred
the Scotch.
Mr. Scroopc at Dalton.

Soil. Some light loam on ljmeftone,
and black moory land.

Culture. The management, in every
refpect, the fame as at Danby,

Product. The weight of each crop not
minuted, but in general it was from
fifteen to thirty-four tons per acre 4
average twenty-four.
Earl of Darlington, at Raby. Scotch,

Soil. Strong gravel and loam.

Rent,

[ *9 |

Rent, 16/.

Preparation. Some on paring and burn-
ing ; others only a winter fallow.

Time. Plants from the end of May to
the end of June.

Rows. Three feet, plants two.

Culture. Horfe hoed twice, hand ditto
once.

Tons.

Produdl. 1766, — i\lb.per\

cabbage, 5 "

1767, — ditto 45

1768, — 10/. 32
Average 40 tons.

Ufed conftantly for milch cows (the
decayed leaves all taken off;) the
butter particularly excellent, and none
keeps better.
Mr. Dixon at Belford. Scotch.

Soil. Clayey loam.

Rent, 15/. 6d.

Preparation. Winter fallow, and a
dunging.

Time. Sows in Augujl -, transplants
from middle of March to beginning
of April.

Rows. Three feet, plants two.

Culture. Horfe and hand hoed.

Product. The weight of all the crops
not minuted, but that that is, is
1 5 lb. per cabbage, or per acre forty-
eight tons, Uies them for milch

COWS;

t 30 I

tows ; the butter very plentiful, and

excellent -, a lofs of cabbages, the

lofs of the winter's butter.

Having thus brought all the intelligence

concerning cabbages into one view, I muft,

in the next place, draw it into fuch averages

as the nature of the fubject requires*

In the firft place the general produce mull
be difcovered, and reduced to value in mo-
ney. The only method of doing this will be
to difcover an average value per ton*

Average value per ton at Kirkleatham, by*

fatting oxen, - - - $ s. 6d.

Ditto, by fatting heifers, - 14 J-, yd*

Ditto by Mr. Scroope fatting oxen, 5 j-. 9 d*

Average, 9 s. yd.
This muft be our guide for valuing thofe
crops of Scotch cabbage, whofe weight only
is fpecified. They are as follow :

Tons.

Mr. Middlemore - -

54

t Mr. Lyjier - -

27

Mr. Tucker - - -

44

Mr. Turner -

39

Mr. Crowe

35

Mr. Smelt - -

18*

Mr. Scroope -

37

Ditto at Dalton - -

24

* It would be a great injuftice to include Mr. Dal-
tons ', one pound average proves fufficiently, that the
foil, a fhallow furfacc on a limeftone, is abfolutely im-
proper.

Earl

[ IO I o

\ l7 lS 2

r 21 96

[ 31 ]

Earl of Darlington 40 Tons.

Mr. Dixon - - 48

Average 36 tons, which at 9 s. yd. is

17 /. 5 j. /w acre.
In addition to this avarage we mini: infert
others that were not difcovered by weight.

£. i. d.

17 5 °
Mr. Turners, 1760, 9167

Ditto, 1769, 11 90

Marquis of Rockingham's

KentiJJj farm,
Medium of Mr. Dodf-

worttis crops,
Mr. Hewett's, at Kirk lea-

tham,
Mr. Scroope, in 1769, 919 3

97 15 6

Average, 13/. 1 9 j-. 4 */.

It is here proper to remark, that this
price muft undoubtedly be under the real
mark ; it is partly formed by a valuation of
cabbages in fattening beafts at 9 J". 7 d. per
ton ; but thofe who have been converfant
in feeding ca*ttle muft be fenfible, that a va-
lue taken from one application only may be
under the mark : That it is fo muft ftrike
every one who confiders, that turneps, and
other articles of food, will fat an ox, though
not fo well as cabbages ; but turneps will
not feed fheep through the months of March
and April; and neither turneps nor hay will

keep

[ 32 ]

keep cows in plentiful as well as fweet milfe
all the winter : Thefe two ufes are peculiar
to cabbages, and fuch an application of them
muft confequently make a greater return,
than a ufe in which other fpecies of food
rival them.

Thofe who have been ufed to the enor-
mous expence of wintering cattle on hay,
will eafily believe, that 9 x. a ton for cab-
bages can by no means be an adequate price;
the very proportion on comparifon with hay
is finking. And as to the turneps, the com-
parifon is yet clearer. It before appeared,
that the average value of turneps in the
north of England, that is, the fame country
the cabbages are all cultivated in, is 3/. is. 6d.
per acre : Now from the attentive manner
in which I viewed as well as weighed thofe
at Kiplin, that fine and rich turnep foil, I
was well convinced the average weight was
not above five tons, which is better than
1 2 j. per ton ; now the fuperiority of cab-
bages to turneps is abfolutely fixed by the
preceding intelligence 5 thofe cultivators who
think the contrary, bearing no proportion to
their antagonifts ; confequently cabbages are
of much more value than 1 2 s. per ton, or
probably double the amount I have calcu-
lated them at : Which circumftance muft
certainly convince every one, that cabbages
are, in thefe calculations, much underva-
lued -, and for the ufe of fuch as may be of

this

t 33 )

this opinion, I fhall add the value of the
average crop at more eftimations.

£. s. J.
Thirty- fix tons at i o s. - 18 o o
at 11 J. - 19 16 o
at 12 j. - 21 12 o
at 13 J". - 23 8 o
at 14J. - 25 4 o
Had I been fortunate enough to have
gained other clues to difcover the value of
cabbages, particularly in making butter for
fale in winter, and fpring feeding fheep and
lambs, I have no doubt but the average fum
would have been yet higher. But for want
of other fads to calculate upon, I muft make
ufe of fuch as I poffefs *.

In the next place I muft compare the
product with the rent of the land.

Mr. Lyjler - 1 1 s. 27 Tons.

Mr. Tucker - 45 s. 44

Mr. Turner - 1 5 s. 39

Mr. Crowe - 12 s. 6 d. 35
Mr. Scroope - 14J. g d. yj
Ditto - - 4 s. \ 24
Earl of Darlington 16 s. 40

Mr. Dixon - i$s. 6 d. 48
Average rent, 16 j. 8 d.

* I cannot avoid, in this place, particularly requeft-
ing thefe moft ingenious cultivators being in future at-
tentive to the value of their crops per ton; and that
in every application ; efpecially feeding- ewes and lambs
from the beginning of March to the tenth day of May.

f Never yielded any thine, but I call it 4 j.

Vol. IV. D At

t 34 1
At and under i S0 JW j -^

rent average, j J ?

Ditto above 15/. 25 s. 6 d. 44
It appears from hence, that cabbages de-
pend very much on being planted in a rich
foil ; and this is precifely the opinion of
mod of the preceding cultivators ; as well
as perfectly confiftent with reafon; for the
plant is a moil vigorous one, roots very
ftrong and deep, and confequently is very
well calculated for improving proportionably
to the fertility of the foil. £% u 4

Forty-four tons at 9/. yd. is 21 1 8
Thirty-two at ditto - 1568

Superiority of the former 515 o
This comparifon mews the great profit
of applying the beft land of a farm to the
culture of cabbages j and it proves at the
fame time the advantage of manuring and
fallowing well. I apprehend there are few
more beneficial ways of applying manure
than to this culture. But to carry this com-
parifon the farther, I mail next ftate the
foils and product.

On clays and Jlrong loams.
Mr. burner - - 39 Tons.

Mr. Crowe - - 35

Mr. Scroope - - 37

Earl of Darlington - 40

Mr. Dixon - - 48

Average 39 tons.

0*

t 35 1

On rich deep light loam,
Mr. Tucker 44 Tons*

On other inferior foils.
Mr. Middle mo re - - 54
Mr. Lyjier - - - 27
Mr. Smelt - - - 18

Mr. Scroop at Dalton - 24
Average 30 tons.
The inferiority of the lad: to the two others
mews how much the cabbages affect a rich
foil ; but at the fame time the product on
inferior foils proves clearly, that this ad-
mirable vegetable thrives to vaft profit on
all forts.

Reflecting the preparation for this crop,
it has in general been by winter fallowing,
and manuring as for turneps. But many of
the trials had no manure.

The grand variation in time is the fummer
and fpring fowing : The firft is varioufly
practiced in the months of Augufl and Sep-
tember; but chiefly in the former; the
fpring fowing is from the end of February
to the end of March. The firft fown are
planted int® the field in April and May, and
the others in June. It is very difficult to
draw an exact comparifon between thefe
times, for want of having the dates to all
the trials ; but I may in general remark,
that the largeft cabbages, and crops, are the
winter ones. This was the cafe with Mr.
Turners -, Mr. Crowe's are chiefly winter
D 2 onesi

[ 3« ]

ones : Mr. Tuckers largeft cabbages, and all
Mr. Dixon s. It is true, Mr. Scroop's are
generally fpring ones. I cannot affert the
point ; but I believe the ballance in weight
lies in favour of the winter crop : I think
alio, that it flands to reafon it mould; for
the plants having all the fummer to increafe
in, may be fuppoied to grow to a larger
weight than when planted fo late as 'June ;
and the receiving the tranfplantation in the
fpring, which twenty to one is a wet feafon,
muff give a great fuperiority, upon an ave-
rage of years, over thofe planted at Mid/um-
mer, which is probably a dry one.

But the comparifon does not concern
weight alone ; duration is of equal, and in
many cafes of fuperior importance ; we mud
run over the table, and fee if any conclulions
under this head can be drawn from it.

Spring /owing.

Duration.

Mr. Middlemore - April.

Mr. Lyjler - - Chriflmas.

Mr. Tucker - - End of March,

Mr. Ellerker - End of April

Mr. Smelt - - Ditto March.

Mr. Scroop - - Beginning of May,

Summer /owing.

Mr. Tucker - \ ^s cutting be-

i rore Lortjtmas.
•Mr. Crowe - - May -day.

Several

[ 37 ]

Several of the cabbage cultivators feafons
of fovving not being minuted, the point is
not decifive ; but upon the whole, I think
the fpring plants evidently lafl: the longed;
and let me, in addition to this, remark, that
Mr. Tucker cultivating both, and finding the
fpring ones to lafl: much longer than the
others, is a very decifive circumftance ; and
I may further obferve, that of the crops I
viewed of Mr. Turners, the winter ones
were fo exceffively large, and ftraitened over
the heads, that I mould think it a miracle
if they lafted longer than Chrijlmas, or at
leaft than January: To reafon upon the
point, one cannot help concluding in the
fame manner ; for it is well known, that a
cabbage holds but a mort time in perfection ;
when at its full growth it burfts, and then
the weather feizes it, and, if it is not too
late in the fpring for moots to proceed from
it, rottennefs takes place. Whoever has
obferved the feveral fpecies that are culti-
vated in gardens, mud have taken notice,
that the plants not near full grown are thofe
which fupport the winter bed. Upon the
whole, I (hall venture to conclude, that the
fpring fown plants, upon an average, conti-
nue in ufe the longed.

Crops that require being confumed early
in the winter, cannot be applied to the com-
plete fatting of beads ; but mud be ufed for
finifning the fatting of thofe that have had
D 3 the

4241.13

C 38 ]

the fummer's grafs, for which purpofe, in-
deed, they are of admirable utility ; they are
alfo ufed for keeping lean cattle and milch
cows, but not for fheep and lambs. This
points out the proper conduct, which is to
fow at both feafons, that the crop may be in
life during the whole winter, and for all forts
of cattle.

The diftance at which the cabbages are
planted is another point that requires atten-
tion ; it is neceffary to examine whether any
material effects feem to attend variations in
this part of the culture.

Diftance.

Tom.

Mr. Lyfler, - -

4 by 2 -

27

Mr. Tucker,

4 by 2 -

44

Mr. Turner,

4 by 2

39

Mr. Crowe,

4 by 2 -

35

Mr. Smelt,

4 by 2 -

18

Mr. Scroop,

4 by 2

27

Ditto at Dalton,

4 by 2 -

24

Average weight 32

t tons.

Mr. Middlemore,

4 by 11 -

54

Earl of Darlington,

3 by 2 -

40

Mr. Dixon,

3 by 2 -

48

Average 47 tons.
This comparifon carries fome weight with
it ; and gives no (light reafon to fuppofe that
four feet diftance of the rows is too much :
But I do not pretend to make fuch an after-
tion from a comparifon not experimentally
made. I beg leave to recommend this point

tQ

[ 39 ]

to the future attention of thefe fpirited cul-
tivators ; to vary the diftances in the fame
fields, feafon, and management ; the fol-
lowing variations are perhaps fucli as may
deferve the trial.

2 feet fquare.

3 feet fquare.

4 feet fquare.

The Marquis of Rockingham laft year had
a field in three feet fquares and horfe-hoed
acrofs both ways. But I know not the
refult.

3 feet by 1 8 inches.

3 feet by 2.

3 feet by 2^.

4 feet by 1 8 inches.
4 feet by 2.

4 feet by 24.

4 feet by 3.

5 feet by 2.

6 feet by 2.

A fingle feafon would decide the point :
(like all comparative experiments) a few
rows to each, under a perfect fimilarity of
circumftances, would be more authentic
than whole fields.

The article of culture while growing is
very limilar among all thefe gentlemen ; all
horfe and hand hoe fufficient to deftroy
weeds, and pulverife the intervals. But in
the point of watering there are variations.
Mr. Scroop is, upon this head, pofitive that
D 4 it

[ 40 ]

it is quite needlefs ; he planted with great
fuccefs in the middle of the drought of
1765, without watering. Mr. Crowe and
Mr. Turner aflert the fame. The Marquis
of Rocking /jam's, Mr. E/Ierkers and Mr.
Tuckers are watered in dry feafons. This
is a feeming contradiction, but eafily recon-
ciled; the firft fet of cultivators are of opi-?
nion the plants will do without it, confe-
quently, as the practice is troublefome and
fomewhat expenlive, it is well to omit it;
the others may think that they will live
without it, but fuppofe the benefit they re-
ceive from it is more than equivalent to the
trouble and expence : and this I take to be
the cafe between both parties; reafoning
can never overturn facts ; thofe which Mr.
Scroop in particular brings in fupport of his
opinion, are too ftrong to be overthrown ;
but then they certainly do not imply that
watering in dry feafons would do no fervice.
I have already examined fo much of the
point of ditration as depended on the time of
lowing; but it is further requifite to add,
that upon a general view of thefe excellent
cultivators experiments, it clearly appears,
that the Scotch cabbage will laft in good
perfection quite through the winter and
fpring, till the grafs is ready to receive the
cattle : This is not the cafe with every mode
of culture, but it is evidently a quality in the
vegetable, when managed with an eye to

this

[ 4i ]
this effect : And I cannot help obferving,
that this circumftance is one of the moil
important among the many favourable ones
that attend this admirable vegetable.

Every one knows that turneps are totally
inadequate to fuch a ufe. They begin to
moot very early in the fpring, and after their
tops have made but a little growth, their
roots become fticky and of little value.
During the laft fortnight of March and all
April but little dependence can be placed
on their roots, for they will either be fticky
in this manner, or rotten with the frofts ;
the green herbage is then the principal food
they yield, and that is proper for meep
alone; but further, it is well known that na
vegetable exhauits the foil more than tur-
neps after they begin to run for feed, fo that
the farmers, who leave them for ufe at that
feafon of the year, pay a vaft price for the
advantage they receive from them ; if it is any
thing of a warm forward fpring, their bar-
ley crop, in all probability, is half ruined,
and confequently the foil during the whole
courfe much injured,

It is a fad: that the Scotch cabbage is open
to none of thefe evils; when planted at a
proper feafon it reiifts the utmoft feverity of
weather, even in high moors, that are too
cold for moit. crops ; nothing decays it but a
premature growth and burfting ; if it is.
backward enough to keep from that, no

weather

[ 4f ]

weather affects it : It is al fo a fa ft that this
backwardnefs is no injury to the crop; for
the fpring planters reap immenfe crops of
them that lad; even to M^y-day in full per-
fection.

The importance of a fpring food for all
forts of cattle, at a time when all other food
exxept hay is gone, muft be evident to every
one; and greater ftill when we confider the
quantity of the produce, as well as the dura-
tion of it. This grand point of fpring food
for cattle, is that which has received fo much
attention from all fuperior farmers in this
age ; and which the Society for the en-
couragement of arts, manufactures, and
commerce, have fo much promoted : The
Scotch cabbage, from this continued regifter
of numerous experiments, is proved to an-
fwer every purpofe of fpring feed, and that
in a degree very uncommon with all the ve-
getables I ever heard of.

In refpect of produtt, I have already con-
fidered it as to weight of crop; but it mull:
here be examined in other points of view,
particularly the cattle fed, that you may be
convinced, that when I talk of all 'forts of
cattle, I do not much exaggerate.

Fattening Oxen.
The following gentlemens crops are ap-
plied to this, with great profit.
Mr. Middlemore's.

Mr.

[ 43 ]

Mr. Wharton % two acres completely fat
three large beafts: This is an im-
menfe produce.

Mr. Tuckers.

Mr. Ellerker's finifhes beafts of eighty
ftone -, oxen of 23 /. fold out of cab-
bages ; an acre completely fats two
of thirty- fix ftone (14/^.) each.
N. B. The foil (hallow, on a chalk-
ftone.

Marquis of Rockingham's.

Mr. Turners. Improvement of an ox of
eighty ftone, fattening four months
on cabbages, is, on an average,
5 /. 1 o /.

Mr. Crowe's.

Mr. Dodfworttis.

Mr. Scroop's oxen of an hundred ftone,
that have had the fummer's grafs,
are nnifhed and without delay, never
going back in fleili (the cafe often-
times with turneps) and improving
fafter than on any other food.

From thefe articles of intelligence it is
fufEciently plain, that this cabbage is a moft
fuperior'food for fattening oxen of the largeft
ftzes. As to feeding young cattle, every one
muft at once be fenfible, that a vegetable
that will fat an ox, will undoubtedly keep a
fteer.

Feeding

[ 44 ]

'Feeding Cows.

Mr. Lyfters.

Mr. 'Tuckers. — But if kept conftantly at
cabbages, without any other food,
the butter rank.

The Marquis of Rockingham's.

Mr. Turners. The increafe of one cow's
milk from cabbages two quarts per
diem ; but it tafted.

Mr. Hewetty of Bilham. Butter, if ufed
immediately, good; but will not
keep twelve hours.

Mr. Crowes.

Mr. Smelt's. The butter incomparable,
and in vaft quantities, not more in
height of fummer ; and will keep a
fortnight ; but the cows muft have
no decayed leaves.

Mr. Dodfworttis. With great fuccefs.
Two cows in January, one that had
lately calved, and the other to calve
at Lady-day, produced in a week
i j lb. ioqz.

Mr. Daltons. — But made the butter ab-
folutely ftink -, attributed, however,
to the decayed leaves not being
taken off.

Mr. Scroopes. Cows fed with them to
more advantage, fix to one, than
upon any other food, the milk being
great in quantity, perfectly fweet,

an4

[ 45 ]

and the butter excellent; but the
precaution muft be obferved, of
picking off the decayed leaves.
Earl of Darlington's. Ufed constantly for
milch cows. The butter particularly
excellent, and none keeps better ;
but the decayed leaves are picked off.
Mr. Dixojis. The butter very plentiful
and excellent. A lofs of cabbages a
lofs of the winter's butter.
That cabbages will feed cows very fait,
and make them give an immenfe quantity
of milk, is a fact that has been difputed by
none ; the great point is the fweetneis of the
butter ; and this, I think, appears equally
clear from the preceding table. Mr. Tucker
found the butter tafted when the cows had
nothing to eat but cabbages : But this is no
objection j for there exifts not the fmallefl
neceffity of keeping them abfolutely upon
cabbages alone. It certainly muft be more
proper to give them portions of hay or good
ftraw every day : Beiides, it is not added,
whether the decayed leaves were picked off,
or not. This alfo is the cafe with the mi-
nute of Mr. Turners experiments, and Mr.
Hewetfs ; we muft certainly conclude, that
the decayed leaves were, not picked off,
which circumftance is regiftred of Mr. Da/-
tons ; from all which we may venture to
conclude, that the loofe decayed leaves will
give the butter a bad tafte. But it is indif-

putable

[ 4& )

putable from Mr. Smelt's, Mr. Scroop's, Lord
Darlington's, and Mr. Dixon's experiments,
that the butter, with the precaution above
mentioned, is excellent, and much fuperior
to that from any other article of food; which
mull: indubitably be agreed to, as the refult
of all the preceding intelligence on that
head.

I cannot help paufing a moment to reflect
on the prodigious confequence of a plant
that yields fuch an immenfe quantity of
a food, which keeps cows all winter in
full milk ! It is equalled by no other that
has hitherto been known; and moll: cer-
tainly is an uncommon fuperiority attending
this branch of culture.

Feeding Sheep.

Mr. Middle jnore's.

Marquis of Rockinghain's*

Mr. ^Turner's.

Mr. Crowe's.

Mr. Smelt's.

Mr. Scroop's. Fat fheep are carried for-
ward in great perfection, better in-
finitely than on turneps. Lambs of
ewes fed on them have always proved
uncommonly fine and ftrong. One
acre will keep fifty fheep through
the winter.

From hence it appears as clear as polTible,
that no food excells this cabbage in quality

for

[ 47 ]

for fheep : Mod certainly none at prefent
known equals it in quantity; and the dura-
tion is undoubted. And the circumdance
of an acre keeping fifty fheep is one of the
mod: important articles of intelligence I any
where gained ; it is explicit and decifive :
By keeping is to be underdood the common
method of wintering ftock fheep, the breed
large and fine, but the crop mud be good ;
twenty acres for one thoufand fheep ! What
hufbandry can equal this ?

Feeding Swine.

Mr. Scroop's fwine feed very freely on
them, and are kept in very good
condition, without other food.

Having thus examined the merit of this
vegetable in feeding and fattening cattle, I
fhall next infert the minutes concerning the
quantity eat : They are few, but are of great
ufe in calculations of the proportion between
cattle and food, whereby it is known what
quantity of cabbages mud be allotted to a
given weight of beef.

Mr. Turner. An ox of eighty flone
(14/^.) eat 210 lb. in twenty-four
hours, befides 7 lb. of hay.
Mr. Scroop. An ox of an hundred done
in twenty-four hours eat 168 lb. and
7 lb. of hay.
Mr. Dodfwortb. An ox of fcventy-fiv*
Hone 224 lb.

Suppofe

t 48 ]

Suppofe a beafl of eighty ftone to be put
to cabbages the firft of November, he will by
the laft day of April coniiime feventeen tons
of cabbages and 1 icwt. of hay. The average
of the above crops is thirty-fix tons, or a
fufficiency for fattening two fuch oxen,
and leaving a furplus of two tons, which
will yield a good mare of the value of the
hay. If inftead of two fuch large beafts,
four of half the weight were fatted, they
might be put quite lean to the cabbages,
and they would be completely fat in lefs
than fix months : What a noble product to
be able to fat four head of oxen per acre!
What quantities of manure would be raifed!
How foon might a whole farm be im-
proved !

Thefe proportions are nearly the fame.
It comes in the next place to examine the
expences of cultivating this vegetable, taking
the prices of labour as they are in the re-
ipedtive neighbourhoods.

Seed.

Mr. Crowe -
Mr. Scroop -

Average, 1;. 7 d.

Planting.

Mr. Middlemorey 1 s. per thou-]

fand, or at four feet by two, >o 5 o
about - j

Mr.

£•

s.

it.

0

0

6

0

2

8

[ 49 ]

C s. d.

Mr. Lyjier, fix men an acre in 7
a day, this we may call j 9

Mr. Tucker, a man plants two?

thoufand in a day - $39

Mr. Elkrker, a man plants")
an acre in three days, three I
by two, which at four by j

two is about two days j

Mr. Turner - o

4

6

Mr. Crowe o

5

0

Mr. Scroop - o
Average, 41. 9 d.

2

6

Watering.

Mr. Turner 0

2

1 1

HORSEHOEING.

Mr. Turner 0

2

3

Mr. Crowe 0

1

3

Mr. Scroop (one horfe) - 0
Average, 1 j-. 5 ^.

0

10

Handhoeing.

Mr. Crowe - 0

4

0

Mr. Scroop 0
Average, 3 j-.

2

0

Hand weeding.

Mr. Turner 0

5

0

Seed - jf 0 1 7

Planting - 049
Horfehoeing -015

Handhoeing 0 3 0

Ti:

0109
Vol. IV. E

.efe

[ So ]

Thefe expences are the extraordinary
ones for cabbages : As to the plowing, har-
rowing, and manuring, they are not pecu-
liar, but common to all crops, and depend
quite on the opinion of the farmer ; the ex-
pence varies in proportion as the culture is
good or bad. Other extra's, if ufed, are,
Pricking out ^o 4 9
Watering - o 2 1 1
Handweeding 050

General expences of all forts are as fol-
low with the undernamed gentlemen.

Mr. Turnery rent 1 5 s. £2 7 o

Mr. Crowe, rent ioj. 246

Mr. Scroop, rent 25 s. 212 6

Average, 2 /. 8 s.

From this ftate of the culture of thefe
gentlemen, it is evident that cabbages are
not expenfive, rent on an average of 20 s.
an acre, and included, the whole expence
is no more than 2 /. 8 s. which is under that
of turneps on the fame rented land. This
is another, and no trifling argument, in their
favour.

Laftly, we come to profit of the crop.
The only general way of calculating it, is
to (late firfl the average product, and then
the average expence, taking the average of
rents :

Average product - XJ3 J9 4

Mr. Turners expences, ex-

clufive of rent - J

Mr.

[ 5' J

Mr. Crowe's
Mr. Scroop's
Average
Ditto rent

- - £i

I

£ i n 4
o 16 8

14 6

7 &

280

which happens to be the fame fum as the
average rent of only three made it. This
is exclufive of manuring. Many crops were
not manured ; fome only limed at a fmall
expence, and none more than for turneps.
It alio includes one in the three who pricks
out before planting at 5 s. expence.

Product - - - {13 19 4
Expences - - 280

Clear profit per acre - 1 1 1 1 4

Which fum is very conliderable, and far be-
yond any thing that ever is gained from tur-
neps. But as I remarked before, the valua-
tion of the cabbages, from which the above
product is gained, is fo low, that it is pro-
bably much under the truth.

In addition to theie remarks on the pro-
fit of cabbages, I mould add, their vaft uti-
lity in cleaning and ameliorating the foil,
and preparing it for crops of corn. Mr.
Tuckers oats after them is a ftrong proof of
this; ten quarters per acre the iirft ciop,
and eight the fecond, without a fallow in-
tervening, proves fufficiently that cabbages
E 2 ha4

[ 5* J

had a furprizing effect, even in enriching the
land, for they were prepared for only by a
winter fallow. Mr. Turner alfo found, that
they prepare excellently for fpring corn, and
upon a companion of them in this refpect
with turneps, were found to be vaftly fupe-
rior. Mr. Scroop''?, intelligence likewife
proves the fame thing ; and it is to be ob-
served, that this comparifon is not made with
the common unhoed Torkjhire turneps, as
both thofe gentlemen hoe very completely.
Upon the whole, I may venture to recom-
mend the culture of this excellent vegetable
to all the reft of the kingdom, under the
firm conviction that it will vaftly more than
equal all the expectations that can be rea-
fonablv foimed of it : For feveral circum-
ftances unite to render it uncommonly be-
neficial.

Fhjt. The Scotch cabbage is raifed on
all foils, even fo low as is. 6 d. an
acre, that have any depth : It re-
je6ts none but very fh allow ones on
a rock.
Second, It mod attccls clays, ftrong loams,
and all very ftrong rich foils, that is,
fuch as turneps cannot be cultivated
on. The farmers of thefe foils are
under a prodigious difadvantage in
hcini^ obliccd to winter their cattle
on hay ; there are none of them but
are unhappy for want of turneps,

envy

[ 53 ]

envy their neighbours every acre of
turnep land, and even cultivate that
root on foils totally improper for it :
Whereas cabbages will fupply their
place on fuch foils, and yield the clay
and clayey loam farmers five times
the profit that is ever gained by their
brethren from turneps : This is an
advantage of a mofl peculiar nature,
and highly worthy of the attention
of all gentlemen in clay and loam
countries.
'Third. Cabbages are a crop that may be
depended upon much more fecurely
than turneps : The feed, with pro-
per management, fcarce ever fails;
it is fown at a feafon that fecures it ;
and all thefe experiments prove, that
they never fail in the transplanta-
tion; even without watering and in
droughts. Of allthe crops on fome
hundred acres that thefe gentlemen
have conftantly cultivated, for feven
or eight years, not one acre ever
failed ; which is faying much in
favour of the vegetable. Turneps
are often deflroyed by the iiy, and
froits early in winter.
Thefe circumrtances, among many others
already mentioned, cannot fail of rendering
the culture of the Great Scotch cabbage an
objecf of vaft importance to Britain.

E 3 As

t s+ 1

As to the experiments on other forts ox
cabbages, they may be drawn into one
point of view, in a very fmall compafs.

Turnep Cabbage.
Mr. Middlemore - - 19 Tons.
Mr. D alt on - - - 12
Mr. Scroop - - 19

Average 17 tons.

Mr. Dalton found that fheep were very
fond of them. Mr. Scroop found that they
eat them freely, but preferred the Scotch:
That gentleman's trying them upon the
fame foil, and in the fame manner, and
finding them fo much inferior, appears to be
very decifive, on comparifon, in favour of
the Scotch.

Battersea.
Mr. Middlemore cultivated this fort to
forty-two tons per acre.

A N J o u.

Good for nothing with both Mr. Turner
and Mr. Scroop.

Russia.
In Mr. Scroop's trial of comparifon in
1759, this was larger than any, but did not
itand the winter well.

Red.
This, in the above comparifon, was in
value next to the Scotch.

Savoys.

r 55 ]

Savoys.

This, in the fame trial, in rows four feet
afunder by one in the rows, came to 5 lb. at
an average, or twenty-four tons per acre,
which is a considerable produce. Cattle
liked them very well, but they would not
ftand the winter.

I cannot conclude this review of the cab-
bage culture, without expreffing my wifhes,
that thefe truly fpirited farmers mould con-
tinue it ; and if they will favour me with the
effedt of future trials, and thefe meets
mould fee another edition, I would readily
infert each article in its proper place, and
again calculate all the averages. And this,
I mould add, would, in all other cafes, be
the means of advancing this work to a
greater perfection than otherwife it can ar-
rive at.

I remain, &c.

E 4 LET-

[ 5° ]

LETTER XXVIII.

HAVING proceeded thus far in the re-
view of arable crops, I fhall next exa-
mine the culture of the mod: common of the
artificial grades. Oluvtr, which in fome
counties makes fo great a figure in the
courfes of crops. It is abfolutely necefTary
to difcover the value of all crops, before we
attempt to reafon on the grand fyilem of po-
litical ceconomy, and to know the extent of
country that cultivates thole vegetables
which are common in fome places, but not
general.

From Woobum to Newport-Pagnely at
Brought on.

Soil. Very good at 20 s.
Product. Never mow it. Feed fheep ;
fats an ox in fpring, with a little ray
grafs, better than natural grafs.
Stamford to Grimjihorpe, By ten.

Soil. Clay, and gravelly loam, 4/.
Culture. Sow it over wheat in the
fpring, and harrow in wheat after it.
Product. Mow it twice for hay.
Coljierwortb to Grantham.
Soil. A loamy gravel, 10;.
Culture. Mix fome ray grafs with it;
fow both on barley and wheat.

Product,

[ 57 1

Product. Mow once, one load and an
half of hay per acre.
Newark to Tiixfbrd.

Soil. A rich fandy gravel, at 15s.
Product. At two cuttings three loads
of hay.
Sheffield to Bam/ley.
Soil. Clay, 12 s. 6d.
Culture. Sow on fpring corn.
Product. At two mowings three loads
of hay.
Leeds to Tadc after.

Soil. A ftrong blue clay, 8 s. 6d.
Culture. Sow on wheat and barley.
Product. On one mowing near three
loads of hay per acre.
York to Bamby-Moor.

Soil. Sandy, loam, and clay, i$s.
Culture. Sow it on their barley lands ;

wheat after it.
Product. Mow it twice for hay, four
loads at the two.
About Rifby. Clover unknown.
Mr. E//erker, at Rifby. Clover of incom-
parable ufe both in mowing and feed-
ing ; wheat after it on one earth.
At Stilling fleet.

Soil. Clay and fand, 14/.
Culture. Sow on barley.
Product. At two mowings two tons
of hay.

About

[ 5« ]

About How den.

Soil. Clayr at i$s.
Product. Two tons of hay at a mowing.
Marquis of Rockingham's Hertfordshire
farm.

Soil. Clay and hazle mould.
Culture. On barley, and harrowed in

in the fpring on wheat.
Product. Mows twice for hay, three
tons per acre, valued at 1 /. per ton.
Marquis of Rockingham's experiments on
time of lowing, tried thrice in autumn,
without corn, and failed, notwithftand-
ing it was in the fame field, and confe-
quently unufually fallowed.
Around Wentworth-houfe.
Soil. Clay and loam, at %s.
Product. Mow twice ; three tons of
hay at the two. No crop whatever
anfwers better; the wheat better
after that which is mown than after
that which is fed.
B ever ley to Driffield.
Soil, Clay, at 10/.
Product. Mow it twice, three loads
of hay, fow barley after it.
Sir Digby Legard.

Soil. Light loam on lime-ftone. Wold

land, 1 s.
Product. Twenty millings /w acre.
About Brumpton.

Soil. A rich loam uponalime-flone, 14*.

Culture.

[ 59 ]

Culture. Sow it with barley, oats, and

wheat.
Product. Mow it for hay, two tons

and an half per acre.
Yeddingbam-Bridge .
Soil. Sandy, 6 s. 6 d.
Product. Mow it for hay, two tons

and an half at the firft cutting.
TLafi Newton.

Soil. Loams and clays, and lime- (lone

land, 12 s.
Culture. Sow with barley or oats ;

and wheat after it on that land that

ufed to yield nothing but rye.
Product. Four tons of hay at two

mowings.

About Nunntngton.

Soil. Lime-ftone land, 6 s. 3 </.
Product. Mows the firft crop, two
tons of hay.
Mr. Turner, at Kirkleatbam.
Soil, Clay, 8 s.

Product. In hay and feed, 4/. 4.J.
per acre.
At Schorton.

Soil. Clay and gravel, at 10 s.
Product. Sixteen cwt. of hay at one
mowing. They get no more, on
account of feeding it with fheep
late in the fpring.
About Rookby they know nothing of
clover.

Very

[ 6° ]

Very little known about Kiplin and
S win ton.

Sleningford fometimes fown.

Soil. Shallow on lime-ilone, 8 s.
Product. 30 j. per acre.
About Danby.

Soil. Gravelly clay, and loam, 12 s. 6d«
Product. Three tons of hay ; wheat
after it : Better after mowing than
after feeding.
About Raby-Cajile nothing known of
clover ; nor at Gojworth, near Newcajile.
About Morpeth.

Soil. A loamy clay, at 12 s.
Product. Mow for hay; a ton and
three quarters per acre; oats after it.
No clover at Alnwick.
At He t ton, near Be/ford.

Soil. Light loams, and moory foils,

6 s. 6d.
Product. Both mow and feed it ; if
the former, a ton and a half per acre.
Fen ton, near IV 00 Her.

Soil. Sandy loam, in. 3 d.
Product. Two tons of hay; oats after it.
About Glenwelt.

Soil. Sand, gravel, and clay, 12 s. 6d.
Product. Mow it twice, two tons and
a quarter. Wheat after it.
South of Carlijle.

Soil. Loam, gravel, and clay, \$s.
Product. A ton at a mowing.

About

[ 6i ]

About Penrith.

Soil. Various, 1 5 s.

Product. Two tons of hay per mowing.
About Kefwick they know nothing of it.
From Kendal to Burton.

Soil. Light loam on a lime-ftone, 21s.

Product. Fifteen cwt. the flrfr. mow-
ing ; eleven cwt. the fecond.
Around Ormjkirk.

Soil. A fandy loam, 15 s.

Product Great crops -, reckoned more
profitable than corn.
About Altringham.

Soil. Loam and fand, 20 s.

Product. Two tons per acre at one

mowing.

About Knotsford.

Soil. Clay and fand, 16 s.
Product. Two tons and an half the firfl:
mowing, and one ton the fecond.
Around Stone.

Soil. A fandy loam, 16s.
Product. A ton and an half at a mow-
ing.
Rudge ley -Bridge to Litchfield.

Soil. Light, fandy, and gravelly, 15 s.
Product. Mow it once ; two tons of
hay.
A/Ion, near Birmingham.
Soil. Sand, ijs. 6d.
Product. Mow it once, a ton and an
half.

About

[ 62 3

About Hagley.

Soil. Light loams, fand, and cold

clays, 20;.
Product. Mow the fir ft crop ; three
tons hay.
At Benfmgton.

Soil. Gravel, fand, clay, 25J. 6 d.
Product. Mow once, two tons.
North Minis.

Soil. Clays, and pebbly gravels, 12 s.
Product. Mow twice for hay ; two
loads three quarters per acre, at two
mowings.
The only way to ftrike an average of thefe
products, will be to ftate that of one mow-
ing, as there are variations in the number.
Clover univerfally yields two crops, which
may be mown, only they find that in feve-
ral places it is more profitable to feed one of
them. Where there is a difference minuted
between the produce of the firft and fecond
cuts, I ihall take the average of the two. I
add the rent, to make the view more com-
plete.

Rent. Tons. Civt.

Colfterwortb to 7

n +1 1 ox. 1 10

(?r ant bam* 3

Newark f &c. 1 5 s. 1 10

Sheffield, &c, 1 2 s. 6 d. 1 10

heeds, &c. 8 s. 6 d. 2 15

Tor A, &c. 1 5 j. 2 o

Stillingjieet \\s. 1 o

Howden,

[ 63 ]

Rent.

7c«;.

Civt.

How den, - - 1 5 s.

2

O

Marq. of Rock-\
mghamt 3

I

IO

Around. Went- 7 0

*L \ OS,

worth, 3

I

10

Driffield, - - io/.

I

10

Brumpton, - 1 4 j.

2

10

Teddingham, - 6 j". 6 <7.

2

10

£#/? Newton, - 12 s.

2

0

Nunnington, - 6 s. 2 d.

2

0

Danby, - - 12 s. 6d.

I

10

Morpeth, - - 12;.

I

1S

He t ton, - - • - 6 s. 6 d.

I

10

Fenton, - - 1 1 j. 3 */.

2

0

Glenwelt, - - 12 s. 6 d.

I

0

Carlifle, - - 1 5 x.

I

0

Penrith, - - 1 5 j".

2

0

Burton, &c. - 21;.

O

*3

Altringham, - 20 s.

2

0

Knotsford, - - 1 6 j.

I

IS

Stone, - - - 1 6 j.

I

10

Rudgeley -Bridge, 1 5 j.

2

0

Bir?ninghatn, - ijs.6d.

I

10

Benfmgton, - 25 s. 6 d.

2

0

North Minis, - 1 2 j.

I

5

Average one ton 1 3 cwt. per mowing per
acre, or three ton 6 cwt. at the two mow-
ings , which is a very confiderable product,
and mews, I apprehend, that this grafs is in
few places managed improperly : The rents
are generally high, confequently but few

poor

f 64 ]

poor foils come into the account. It is
needlefs to throw the fcale into diitinct ave-
rages according to rent, becaufe a flight ex-
amination (hews that the variations would
be fo great, that no conclufions could be
drawn from it ; there are but few low rents,
and their produce is near as great as moit.

From the other particulars of the intelli-
gence, the value of this excellent vegetable
is fufficiently dilplayed.

About Ormjkirk it is reckoned more pro-
fitable than corn ; and at Wentwortb the
farmers think that nothing exceeds it. Mr.
Turners crops at 4/. 4.J. per acre ; and Sir
Digby Legard*s of 20 s. upon twelvepenny
wold land ; all fhew that this grafs is un-
commonly profitable.

Several conliderable tracks of country in
this route do not poffeis it; but, upon the
whole, the culture is more common than I
expected.

It appears,ythat wheat fown after the clo-
ver mown, is fuperior to that which fucceeds
the crops fed.

In feveral of thefe places it is the cuftom
to fow oats after it ; this is a bad practice ;
for when the clover is fine, wheat may al-
moft univerfally fucceed it. Witnefs the
poor thin rye foils oxEaJi Newton, converted
into wheat ones by this grafs.

LET-

[ &5 ]

LETTER XXIX.

1 Shall in this letter review the experi-
ments I minuted on feveral other vege-
tables befides cabbages, that are not com-
monly cultivated. Of thefe Lucern claims
the firft attention.

Mr. Bramftone at Wooburn.

Soil. Very loofe, black, rich fand.

t Culture. Broad call: ; drilled at eigh-
teen inches, and tranfplanted at two
feet.
Product. The broad carl: yields mod
at firft ; but it is apprehended that
the drilled will exceed it, and that
the tranfplanted will laft longer than
either.
Mr. Mtddemore at Grantham.
Soil. A red fand.

Culture. A rood tranfplanted in rows,
two feet fix inches, in March 1767,
I found it over-run with weeds.
Two acres, three roods, broad caft,
feven years old. Cleaned by har-
rowing.
Product. The tranfplanted cut once
in 1767, and twice or thrice in
Vol, IV. F 1768.

[ 66 ]

1768. The broad caft always cut
three times a year. Often made
into hay, a load an acre at each
cutting. An acre lafts three horfes
at foiling the fummer through ; this,
at fix months the fummer, and 2 s.
6 d. a week per horfe, amounts to
9 /. 1 5 s. per acre. All forts of cat-
tle fed with it, but none affect it fo
much as horfes.
Mr. Lyfter at Baivtry.

Soil. A light fand.

Culture. Drilled five years ago in
rows two feet afunder.

Product. Ufed for foiling horfes, but
inferior to clover or natural paftures.
Sir Digby Legard at Ga?iton.

Soil. A light, rich, hazel loam.

Culture. Drilled, double rows at one
foot on five feet ridges ; horfe and
hand hoed.

Product* More than a ton and a half
of hay per acre. Yields more than
in the broad call; method.
Mr. Turner at Kirkleatham.

Soil. A rich loam.

Culture. Half an acre drilled in 1765,
in equally diftant rows ten inches
afunder. Kept clean from weeds by
hand hoeing.

Product.

[ «7 ]

Product. In 1766 cut five times, in
1767 five, in 1768 four. Maintains
at the rate of four cows per acre
through the fummer, which, at fix
months, and 2 /. per week per cow,
is 10/. 8 j*. per acre.
Mr. Dalto?i at SleningfonL

Soil. Shallow loam on lime-ftone
rock. Rent at 8 s.

Culture. Drilled in 1765, equally dis-
tant rows, fix inches afunder.

Product. Cut three times in 1765,
the fame in 1766 and 1767. Not
comparable to fainfoine, nor equal
to clover.
Mr. Scroop at Danby.

Soil. A cold wet gravel, and a rich
black loam, at 25 s.

Culture. Drilled half an acre in 1761,
the firft foil ; but the plants all died
the fecond year. In 1766 drilled
feven rows, containing one rood
eleven poles, equally diftant four feet
on the fecond foil. Twice horfe
and twice hand hoed each year.

Product. Cut twice the firft year.
The firft maintained four coach
horfes and five calves fix weeks ; the
fecond kept (even horfes a month.
In 1767 it was cut three times, and
maintained (even, horfes from the
F 2 middle

[ 68 ]

middle of May to the end of Septem-
ber. In i yO 8, fix horfes the fame
time. It faved 12 s. 10 d. a week
in hay for thefe fix horfes ; the pro-
portion for the feven, laft year, is,
therefore, 1 4 s. 11 d. and the ave-
rage, 13 s. \o\d.

The product, therefore, of thefe two
years is this,

Twenty weeks, at 1 , • ,

1 t j > 171. 17 s. od.

13 j-. 1 of d. j * '

This per acre is 43/. 8 s. nd.

This is a prodigious product, and I
think much higher than the cul-
ture was ever before carried to.
Mr. Penny at Bendfiyorth.
Soil. Sandy loam, at 2 1 s.
Culture. Two acres drilled in 1761,
in equal diftant rows, twelve inches
afunder. Hand hoed well for three
or four years, and afterwards bread:
plowed twice a year.
Product. In foiling horfes,, 16/. 12 s.

psr acre.
Expences. Hand hoeing, 40 s. per
acre. Breaft plowing, 5 s.
From thefe feveral minutes we muft, in
the next place, draw an average of the
whole. The product is the principal
point.

Mr.

/.

/.

d.

9

15

0

IO

8

0

43

8

1 1

16

12

0

[ 69 ]

Mr. Middlemore, per acre,

Mr. Turner,

Mr. Scroop,

Mr. Penny,

Average, 20/.

This is a vaft product, and certainly
proves, in a very clear manner, the fur-
prizing excellencies of this vegetable.

The foil it requires to be in perfection
appears clearly in the above table, for that
of the latter three is very rich and deep;
and Mr. Scroop's, which yields fo much,
the fuperior product, one of the blacked:,
richeft, moift, crumbling loams I ever met
with — the true putre folum. The great
importance of an extreme rich foil to the
culture of lucerne is, therefore, extremely
evident ; and it is equally plain, that no ufe
can pay better, if fo well, as applying it to
this plant. Confidering the fmallnefs of the
expences, Mr. Scroop's crop far exceeds the
profit of moil: hop gardens.

In refpect to manner of fowing, the
broad caff is the lead crop : Mr. Scroops
four feet rows the greater!, Mr. Penny %
and Mr. "Turners much the fame, v/z.
one foot and ten inches. But the iuperio-
rity of Mr. Scroop's foil prevents our con-
cluding ablblutely that his diitance is the
moft beneficial.

F 3 JBurnet.

[ 7° 1

Burnet.
THE experiments I met with upon this,
grafs were not numerous, hut feveral of
them are of too much importance to be
paiTed over in this review.
Mr. Searancke, at Hatfdd.
Sod An upland gravel.
Culture. Sown by itielf after a com-
plete fallow and manuring with
fainfoine; and alio with oats. Kept
clean foi a year by hand work.
Product. A load and quarter of hay
at two mowings, from the firft ;
and a load and half from the laft.
For hay it is a nothing ; but good
for cows, making fine butter ; and
alio very early for meep. It ftands
the rigour of the fevereft winter
without being damaged.
Mr. Sijfon, at C after ton.
Soil. Light fandy land.
Culture. Sown in May 1767, mown

in 'July.
Product. Twenty-three bufliels feed
per acre.
Mr. Hewet, at Bilham.

Soil. A fine light hazel mould.
Culture. Sown in drills two feet afun-
der, and kept perfectly clean two
years.

Fro-

[ 7' ]

product. No cattle whatever would
eat it, unlefs abfolutely forced by
hunger. One acre of feed 4/.
Sir Digby Legard.
Soil. Light loam.

Product. A ton of hay per acre.
Coarfe hay, but cattle will eat it.
Mr. Da/ton, at Sleningford.

Soil, Shallow light loam on lime-

ftone, at 8j-.
Culture. Sowed five acres in 1767

with barley, zolb. per acre.
Product. Fed down the firft fpring by
forty meep three weeks in April,
after which it ftood for hay, and
yielded a large cart load per acre ;
very good, and eat freely by the
cattle.
From thefe trials it appears clearly, that
burnet will certainly abide the winter's froft,
yield plenty of green feed for fheep early in
the fpring, that cows will feed on it, and
that the milk is fine.

That horfes feed on it botb green and in
Jiay.

Thefe conclufions are relative to certain
foils, for on others it feems to appear that
no cattle will touch it : This muft arife ei-
ther from a diverfity of foil, or fome unre-
lated circumftances. This point, of cattle
not feeding on burnet, is not fo clear as I
F 4 could

r 72 ]

could wifh ; and yet I have no doubt about
it in my own mind : Few articles of green
food are more beneficial than clover, and
yet thofe very hories which, when accuf-
tomed to it, will fatten on it, will not touch
it at firft turning out, until every fprig of
natural grafs around the borders is eat up.
The preceding trials prove indubitably, that
fheep, horfes, and cows, will feed and thrive
on it.

Sainfoin e.
THIS grafs is a common crop in many
counties of this kingdom, but as feveral of
the articles of intelligence concerning it are
experimental, I mail treat of it here as J
have done writh the preceding grafles.
Mr. Heivett, at Bilham.

Soil. Fine hazel mould on limeftone.
Culture. Sows it with half a crop of
barley after a fallow, or turneps,
four bufhels of feed per acre. Lafts
twelve or fourteen years.
Product. After the firft year, always
mows the firft growth for hay, 50
cwt. per acre, at 30 s. a ton.
Sir George Stricklandy at Boynton.
Soil. Light wold land, at 2 s. 6 d.
Product. Improves the land to 22 s. 6d>
per acre.
Sir Digby Legardy at G ant on.

Soil. Light thin wold land, at 3/. 6d,
Culture. Drilled. Pro-^

t 73 ]

Product. A ton an acre of hay : Im-
proved to be well worth ioj. per
acre.
Mr. Dalton, at Sleningford.

Soil. Thin loam on a limeftone, at 2 s,
Culture. In 1764 fowed twelve acres
after turneps, alone — and carefully
weeded.
Product. Mows it once every year ;
it produces as much hay per acre as
any three of natural grafs in the
neighbourhood.
About Renfington.
Soil. Light chalk.
Culture. Sow a fack full of feed per

acre, lafts fifteen years.
Product. Mown once every year ;
55 cwt. of hay per acre : the fecond
crop fed off with lambs.
Thefe trials all prove the great excellen-
cy of this grafs. The great improvement
made by it on the poor wold lands by Sir
George Strickland and Sir Digby Legard,
is a finking inftance ; Mr. Da/ton's is alfo
worthy of much notice. The products in

weight are

Tons.

Civt,

Mr. Hewett

-

- 2

10

Sir Digby Legard

-

I

0

About Benfington

-

- 2

'5

Average, 2 tons,

1

cwt.

From

[ 74 ]

From this ftate of the Sainfoine culture*
I cannot help remarking how much the
vail tracks of poor light dry foils in this,
kingdom, call for f® cheap "and great an
improvement : There are many very execu-
tive waftes in the north of Engla?id admi-
rably adapted to this culture, and yet how
few have the fpirit to fet about even this
cheap and eafy improvement ! The poor
foils on which this grafs is the greatest im-
provement, are not worth cultivating in
any other manner ; the common wold,
huibandry is a proof of this. The yield-
ing food tor meep is not a comparable pro-
duce to rich crops of excellent hay and
after- feed -, but nothing fpeaks this clearer
than their letting only from i s. to as. an,
acre, and being railed by fainfoine to ioj.
and 25 s.

Carrots.

THIS excellent root is not fo univer-
fally known as a food for cattle, as it well
deferves : The experiments I met with
upon it are not numerous, but fome of
them are very valuable.

The Duke of Bedford finds them of
great ufe for winter feeding large
itocks of cattle and deer. Soil, a
fand.

Gar-.

[ 75 ]

Gardeners at Sandy.

Soil. A rich deep fine fand, at 3/. ioj\,

Culture. Sow at Lady-Day on one

fpit digging ; hoe very carefully

three times ; leave them from eight

to ten inches afunder.

Product. Two hundred bulLels per

acre, at ^s.
Expences. Digging, 1 /. Seed, 8 j.
Sowing, 6 d. Raking, 4^. Hoe-
ing, 1 /. 5 s. Digging up, 1 o s.
Parfnips thefe gardeners alio cultivate
\n the fame manner, but the crop never
equal to that of carrots by fifty or fixty
bufhels.

Mr. Lyfter, at Bawtry.
Soil. A very light fand.
Culture. No hoeing, but hand weed-
ed.
Product. They are found to be of
incomparable ufe in feeding hogs.,
Duke of Norfolk, at Workfop.
Soil. A light fand.
Culture. Hoes and weeds thoroughly.
Product. They anfwer incomparably.
Mr. Hewett, at Bilbam.

Soil. A fine light hazel mold, a foot

deep.
Culture. Sowed during four years in
drills one foot afunder, the middle
of April ; four pound and half of

feed

r 76 j

feed per acre ; horfe hoed thrice,
and hand weeded once. Left at the
diftance of fix inches in the rows.

Product. Six hundred and forty
buihels per acre, 32/. at is. per
bufhel. Beads fatted on them and
turneps, which evidently preferred
the carrots fo much, that it was
foon difficult to make them eat the
former at all. Six horfes kept on
them through the winter, without
oats ; they performed their work
as ufual, and looked equally well.
A lean hog was fatted on carrots in
ten days time, eat nothing elfe, and
the fat very fine, white, and firm,
nor did it boil away in the drefiing j
he ate fourteen ftone. Hogs in
general feed on them with great
eagernefs.
Mr. Ti(r?:ery at Kirkleatham.

Soil. A black rich fand -, and a white
poor one.

Culture. Six acres were fown in
1767, fummer fallowed and fown
broadcaft the beginning of April,
hand weeded four times, and alfo
hand hoed ; but the crop left
within three or four inches of each

Otl:

Pro-

[ 77 ]

Product. The fize in the black {and
from fix to eight inches long, but
lefs than a man's wrift. In the
white five inches long, and lcfs
than the other. Fed milch cows
and hogs, the firft very fond of
them, and their milk received no
ill tafte from them. Several hogs
of fix ftone (14$.) were fat-
ted on them. No pork could be
finer. They fatted quick, and ex-
ceedingly well. The carrots given
raw.

Expence. Weeding, hoeing, and
taking up, 2 /. iol per acre.
Mr. Scroop, at Danby.

Soil. The rich fine black loam.

Culture. Drilled in fingle rows four
feet afunder ; horfe hoed thrice, but
left thick in the rows.

Product. Very fine; eighteen inches
long, and eleven in circumference.
Given to hogs, who fatted fo well
upon them, that a few peafe finifhed
them, and the fat was very fine and
very firm.
Mr. Wilkie, of Retton,

Soil. A light loam.

Culture. Sows the end of March ;
hoes them twice, to the distance of
five inches.

Pro-

[ 7* ]

Product. Grow to the fize of a man's
wrift, and twelve inches long. All
cattle are very fond of them, parti-
cularly hogs.
Thefe minutes clearly prove the great
importance of the culture. The products,
drawn into one view, are as follow :

£. ,. d.

Sandy gardeners, at 2s. perl

bulhel, 200 3

Mr. Hewett, 640 bufhels)
at 1 s. 5

Ditto at 2 j. - - 64 o o

I think it fair to add the laft valuation, as
it is the actual one of the firft inferted j nor
do I think 2 J", an extravagant price : The
average is 38 /. 13/. Rejecting the laft
price it is 26 /.

In the ufe of them feveral very important
facts appear in the preceding intelligence.
Mr. Lyjiers, Mr. Turner's, Mr. Hew-
ett's, Mr. Scroop's, and Mr. Wilkies ex-
periments all prove, that carrots raw are
of incomparable ufe in both feeding and
fattening hogs ; the particular inftances of
fattening them quick and well, are ex-
tremely valuable. It alfo appears from Mr.
Turners trials, that they are very fine food
for milch cows, giving the butter no bad
tafte. Mr. Hewetfs intelligence fliews,
that oxen fat to much advantage on them,

and

t 79 ]

and that they completely fupply the place of
oats to horfes.

There are feveral other articles of cul-
ture not common, that are regiftered in dif-
ferent parts of the minutes of the jour-
ney ; but as moft of them are very much
confined to fingle fpots, no averages can.
be drawn from them, and, confequently,
there is no ufe in reviewing them here. I
fhali therefore, for the prefent, conclude
myfelf, &c.

LET-

[ 8o ]

LETTER XXX.

I Was, throughout the journey, attentive
to difcover the quantities of feed every
where fown, which is of confequence not
refpecting the crop alone, but in a gene-
ral political view of the growth and con-
fumption of corn. I {hall here lay be-
fore you a table of the quantities ufed
of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Peafe,
and Beans, and then draw from them
fuch averages as they admit, and trouble
you with thofe obfervations on the refult
which happen to flrike me on the fub-
jed.

Peafe and beans mixed I (hall call
peafe.

i. Bat- 4

►2i

\ 23

20

. Around 7 .
Stevenage, 3 ]

3. Stevenage 7 .
to Luton* 3 2

4. Dunjiable ~\
to JVooburn, ri
Houghton* J

5.Ditto,M/-7

6. Wooburn to')
Newport Y2 24

Pagnel, J

7. Br ought on, 2 25

8. Newport to'}
Bedford, fz 1
Aftwick, J

9. Biddenhanty 2

10. S/.Afo/'j,?
to Kimbolton, 3 ~>

1 1 . Kimbolton 7

to Thrapfton, \2 4

12. Cajlertc??, 2{
i$. Stamford

n

[

Places. Wheat

t. Hatfield to 7

JVelwyn, 3

2. Around

22

rg. Stamford 7

to Grimfthorp,y

Vol. IV.

81 ]

Rye. Barley. Oats. Peafe. Beans.

2. U

2 0
20

32

S^

24

23

24

24

5 40

28

24
24

32
S2
16
G

2*

C/i ("J

324

36

2-;

124

2S

32

244

36

242

16

40
16

20

*7

32

24

20

20

20

4 12

<? 1 o

2|

2-i-

24
«'5

24
20
l6

Grantham,

20

25

20

[

£

>2

]

Places. Wh

in
a.

14. Grant haml
to Newark, \ 2

eat.

0

0

27

a-

re.

0

0

T3

Bar

4

ley.

c
•p

27

Oats.

c , r.

Pe

fa

afe.

c

-5

Sea

If

n.

4

0
20

15. Newark 7
to Tuxford, $

4-

32

4

32

3i

24

4i

24

1 6. Weft Dray ton

3

36

5

40

3

24

4

20

17. B aw try to 7
Doncafter, 3

16

2

16

3

28

4

24

3

14

1 8 . Doncajlcr 7
to Rotherham,\^

20

4

32

4

32

4

18

19. Sheffield to}
Barn/ley, )-2h
Ecclesfisld, J

20

3^

32

5

32

0

20

3^

30

20. Woolley, 2

22

4

28

4

40

3

I.

3

18

21. Z>£<& tO 7

Tadc after, $ r

*9

4

32

41

40

3

M

4

26

22. 2flr£ to ^

Barney-moor, ^2,|
Wilbersfort, j

3°

2

25

3

35

4

55

4

l7

4

17

23. Do. Hatton,2

17

2

20

3

'5

4

32

2

10

3

24

24. #£/£y, 2

21

31

38

3i

36

31

16

3f

30

25. Stillingfleet,3

24

2§

24

3

24

5

32

5

22

26.InHoldemefs2

32

40

4

40

31

32

27. How den, 2

24

3

24

4

32

4

40

31

20

28. Thome, 3

24

4 !

36

4

48

1

M*3

M

arq

iris

I 33 ]

Places. Wheat.] Rve. Barley. i Oat?. |Peafe. iCeans

29. Marquis 1
of Rocking- 1 j

ham's Kc-'.t j
ijh Farms j

30.Ditco/7fr/-7 j
fordftjire, \

31. Around 1,

Went-worth, \ z

32. Driffield, 2

33. Around 7
Gantoriy 3

34. Brumplon, 2
3 5 . Yeddingham, 2 1
3 6 . EajlNewton, 3
3 7 . Nunnington, 2 \
Z%.KirkleaLhamt2

39. Gil/dak^ 2

40. Mr. Turner^ 1

41. Scbcrton, 2

42. Richmond]
to Greta- I
bridge, Gil- | *
//"ȣ, J

43. Rookby, 2:

44. Kiplint 2

3

27
24

20

24

25
20
20
20

2

16
21

24

2£

4r

G2

CO

P.

O

0

a.

0 !
3

-c

to i

H

T3

1

4

40

4

32

3!

23

4

32

5

40

2f

20

3

4O

4

3*

2^
32

24

3

28

4

16

3

24

3

9

4

12

2

32

4

24

2

40

2!

40

2|

15

4

28

41

32

I

16

2f

24

4

3°

2f

16

2

40

4
4

40
40

41

3°

[

32

41

45

2

32

4

40

2

r6

3

45

5

45

3

16

*5

5

3{j

2

*7

2i

32*

3

3c

3

20

3 !40

2F32

&.\

4
4
5l

28

24
16
24

41

20

2s

4 I30

Mr.

[ »4 ]

Places. Wheat.l Rye. Barley. Oats. jPeafe. Bean?.

8*1 "•

n a

45. Mr. Crowe,*

46. Swinton, %\

47. Craikbill, 2f

48. Steningfordii

49. Dauby, 2f

50. Mr. Scroop,

51. About 7

52. Earl of 7
Darlington, \

53. Go/worth

54. Morpeth,

55. Alnwick,

56. Belford,

57. Hetton,

58. Fcnton,

59. Rotbbury, 2

60. Cambo, 3

61. Glc?iivelt, 3

62. South of ]

G?r///k, I3

63. 4/a?/, j

64. Penrith, 2

32

20
20

22

25
33

'4

20
21
10
24

18

24

30
20

21

2 I

20

45

20

[8

35

20

2|

2

2

4

j

3^

3

4*

3

20

2S
20

32

40

35

45
3°

2C

4G
40

24
28

24

35

32

20

41

4l

5
6

6

6

6

6

7

6

7§

24 2 24 2 1 254

5°4
I,
242I

3°|2

24I3

35-4

40 2 1

45

30

3°

40

48

3o
40

50

50
90

50

28 2

32

24

JO
12

32
30

24

22
31

"4
20

25

*5

20

IO

15
15

28

45
60
18

5l

40

16

Kefzv?ck?

r

Places. Wheat.

85

.Rye.

]

Bai

■ley.

Oats.

Peafe.

Beans.

1/5

ft

ft

a.

65. Kejwtck, 2v

0
3

37

s

a.

n

<s>.

a.

6

0

0
-0

40

CM

n

fit

7

0

-a
50

C/3

a.

0

en
n

if
Cfa

0

0

13

66. Shapp, 2

20

7*

35

6j. Holme, 7
near Burton, )

l3

2

IC

3

20

4

24

If

7

2

23

68. Kabers, 3 1

26

3

32

3

30

6

40

3

304

36

69. Gar Jiang, 3

35

3

30

7

45

41

30

70. Ormjkirk, \{

27

- 1

20

4

20

2i

30

71. Altringham,2

30

,

4

33

4*

45

3 40

72. Knotsford,

3

40

5

45

73. Litchfield ~]
ro Birming- >2
£#»?, Shenfton)

25

2

30

31

40

4

45

4

30

74. Near #/>-")
mingham, >2y
4#o», j

24

3\

25

5

32

3

20

75. /&£&)?, 2

28

2-

20

3i

35

4

36

31

30

76. Benjingtcn, 2

28

«*

32

2f

52

2

40

7 7 . NorthMims, 2 fj 20

4

24

4

32'

3

24

Averages Seed. Wheat 2 bufhels, 1 peck.

Rye 2 ditto, 1 ditto.

Barley 3 ditto, 1 ditto.

Oats 4 ditto, 2 ditto.
Peafe 3 ditto.

Leans 3 ditto, 3 ditto.

G

3

rh

sfe

[ 86 ]

Thefe are the general Lvetfage quantities,
of feed aied in this extenfive track of
. I am fomewhat varp rizp:! : their,
not ier : The idea 1 had iOL;ned

was fupcnoi to thqfe quantities. I {hall,
in the next place, draw the products into
averages according tc tl - quantities of feed :
There will be much utility in difcovering
thofe quantities that are moft beneficial ;
and I mould remark, that the refult,
though not abfolutely decifive, will be of
no trifling authority : Tillage, ibil, and
rent are, doubtlefs, of great confequences
and caufe variations that overpower all
other circumflances ; but this general view
includes all circumftances, and promif-
cuoufiy ; every quantity of feed is equal in
that refpect, for none are rejected ; the
chances of foil, tillage, and manuring, run
through the whole.

The quantity of feed is one of the mod
important as well as dubious points in huf-
bandry ; the crop muft depend on it fo
much, that it is impoilible but the averages,
of quantity muft be attended with a cor-
reiponding effect in thofe of crop. I fhall
begin with Wheat, but mall omit the names
of the places, as it would take up fo much
room, and the reader may fee them by
rwing his eye upon the table.

[ 87 ]

From the ftnalleji quantity to two bufiels
inclufive.

Seed. Crop.

Seed. Crop.

Numb. 4.

2 — 15 Numb. 41.

2 20

5-

2 — 20

44.

2 21

6.

2 — 24

45-

2 — 32

7-

2 — 25

48.

2— IS

8.

2—15

5i-

2 25

9-

2 — 22

52.

2 — 33

10.

2—15

53-

2 — 16

11.

2 — 24

55-

2 — 20

14.

2 ^— 27

57-

2 — 10

20.

2 — 22

59-

2 — 18

23-

2 — 17

64.

2 — 24

24.

2 — 21

66.

2 — 20

26.

2 — 32

67.

2—13

27.

2 — 24

70.

if- 27

32'

2 — 24

!*■

2 — 30

34-

2 — 20

73-

2 — 25

38.

2 — 25

75-

2 — 28

39-

2 — 20

76.

2 — 28

40.

I — 20

Average

product 22 bufhels

Two bujloels and an

half of feed.

Numb

K I. — 25

Numb.

37. — 16

2. — 23

42. — 25

3- — 15

43.— 16

12. — 20

46. — 20

19. — 20

47. — 20

22. — 30

49. — 22

29. — 32

54. — 14

30. - 18

65- — 37

31. — 27

74. — 24

35. - 28

77. — 2©

Average product of tbefe, 23 bufhels 2 pecks.

G 4 Three

[ 88 ]

*Tbree bujheh of feed.

Crep. Cnp,

Numb. 17. — 16 Numb. 56. — 21

18. — 20 58. — 24

21. — 19 60. — 24

25.-24 61. — 3P

28. — 24 62. — 20

36. — 24 69. — 35
Average product of thefe, 23 bufhels, 1 peck.

As there are only two numbers where
the feed exceeds three, one twenty and
the other twenty-fix, averages cannot be
drawn ; but it is obfervable, that one of
thefe places exceeds by three bufhels the
average product from three of feed.
Product from 3 »*- 23 1
from 2i — 22 2
from 2 v— ' 22 o
The difference between thefe numbers
is not great, but it is enough to give us
reafon for thinking, that the writers who
talk largely of the vaft lofs of over- feeding,
rather exaggerate the matter. They affert,
that the farmers lofe infinitely by over-
fowing : It is true, the ballance between
two, and two and a half, is perfectly equal,
but yet there is no lofs by fowing two and
a half, which ought to be considerable ac-
cording to fuch authors, and the ballance
between two and a half and three, is one
peck in favour of the latter, which is to-
tally

[ «9 1

tally contrary to their ideas. Now I am
far from offering this average as a proof
that decides at once, I mean it as nothing
more than a prefumption which requires
experiment to decide, inftead of wholesale.
aiTertions, which prove nothing.

Rye.

Prom one to two bujhels inQlufive.

Crop.

Numb. 17. — 16 Numb. 49

22. — 25 53

23. — 20 54
35- — 28 55
37. - 28 58

39- — ?8 59

41. — 25 64

43. — 40 67

44- — 27 73
Average produft of thefe, 26 bulhels.

Crop.

— 45

— 30

— 20

— 20

— 30

— 20

— 24

— 13

— 30

Numb. 25. — 24
31—24

42. r* 40
46. — 20

Average product of thefe, 29 bufhels.

Numb. 51.
61.

75-

40

35

20

Three bujhels.
Numb. 27. — 24 Numb. 62.

36. — 20 68.

Average product of thefe, 24 bulhels.

— 20

— 32

9ne

[ 90 ]

One place three and a half produces

eighteen. It would be aftoniihiiig, I think,

if fo much any where yielded a great crop-

Average of 2| bufhels, — 29

2 — ~- 26

3 — — - ^r

I mould not, from the fmallneis of the
feed, have thought that two bumels had
been lefs advantageous than two and a half.
Indeed, it includes fome lefs quantities,
which I apprehend mult occafion fome part
of the inferiority; however, the difference
between thefe is fo connderable, that there
certainly is much reafon to fuppofe two
bumels and a half better than two. Three
are evidently too much.

Barley.

From one to two bufeeh inclujive.

Crop. Crop.

Numb.

34- — 32

50. — 4O

35- —40

52- — 45

38. — 40.

54. — •>-..

40. — 32

55- — 40

Average product, 4 quarters, 2 bufhels, 2 pecks.

From two bufoels and an half.
^sumb. 37. — 24 Numb. 51. — 35

44- — 32 53- — 3°

47. — 28 64. — 25

48. — 20 70. — 20

49- — 32 76. — 32

fcreiage product, 3 quarters, 3 bufhels, 3 pecks,

From.

[

91

]

*

From three

bufiels,

1

Crop.

Crop^

Numb. 4. — 23

Numb.

43- ~ 25

16. — 36

46. — 20

17. — 28

57. — 24

22. — 35

59- — 24

23-— i5

61. — 32

25. — 24

62. — 20

26. — 40

67. — 20

31. — 40

68. — 30

32. — 28

69. — 30

33-— 9

72. — 40

42. — 45

Average product, 3 quarters, 4 bufhels.

From three bufiels and an half.
Numb. 19. — 32 Numb. 73. — 40

24. — 38 74. — 25

58.-28 75- — 35

Average product, 4 quarters, 1 bufhel.

From four bufhels.
Numb. 1. — 33 Numb. 18. — 32

2.-36

20. — 28

3- ~ 24

21. — 32

6. — 24

27. — 32

8.-28

28. - 36

9. —24

29. — 40

10. — 24

3°- — 32

11. — 32

36. — 28

12. — 32

56. — 40

14. — 27

7i- ~33

J5- — 32

77. — 24

Average product, 3 quarters^ 6 bufhels, 2 pecks.

From--

[ 9* ]

From four bufiels and an half and upwards.

Crop. Crop.

Numb. 7. — 40 Numb. 60. — 36

13. — 16
Average product, 3 quarters, 6 bufhels, 1 peck.

Product from two bufhels, 422

r- from three bufhels

and a half, -410

1 from four - - 3 6 2

from four and a half, 361

from three, - - 3 4 o

from two and a half, 333

This fcale of products is fo contrary to
all rules and ideas, that it is difficult to
know what to think of it. The fmallefr.
quantity of feed produces the moft ; in
confiftence with which, the other quanti-
ties ought to be marked in inferiority in
proportion to the largenefs; whereas, the
next to two bufhels, viz. two and a half,
is in product the loweft of all the reft •> four
bufhels exceed it, whereas that quantity,
in proportion to the firft article in the
fcale, mould have produced much lefs.
There is a regular progreffive rife from
two and a half to three, and from three
to four ; and from four to four and a half a
fall ; but two, and three and a half, break
the chain. It is idle to reafon upon mat-
ters of this fort, which are not accountable

for

[ 93 1

for from facts : Thus far, however, I mould
add; two bufhels, in the preceding minutes,
appear to be the quantity ufed by feveral
very fkilful cultivators, particularly Mr.
Scroop and Lord Darlington, whofe fields
certainly are in great heart, befides being
the common practice in feveral rich foils.
Now on fuch a fmall quantity it is probably
much fuperior to a very large one, from
the branching of plants on fuch ; and this
circumftance, I think, from looking over
the table, is more peculiar to that quan-
tity than the reft. The largeft, viz. four
and a half, &c. is particularly unfavour-
able in including the practice between
Stamford and GrimJiborpey where huf-
bandry is, I think, at a lower ebb than
in any place throughout the whole tour.
This divilion in the fcale contains only
two other numbers, the average of which,
rejecting that peculiar one, would be
higher than the average of four bumels.
But when the refult of fuch calculations
turns out in this manner, we muit attri-
bute feeming contradiction to circumftances
unknown.

Oats.

From three tmjhels and under.

Crop. - Cup,

Numb. 4 — 28 Numb. 44. — 30

13- — 16 76- — 5*

35- — 40

Average prod u& of thefe, 4 quarters, 1 bufhel.

From

[ 94 ]

From three to four bufheh.

Numb.

Crop.

Crop*

I. — 32

Numb. 31. — 36

2.-36

32.— 16

3. — 12

33- — 12

5- — 32

34. — 24

6. — 24

37- — 30

8. — 18

38. — 40

g. — 24

39- — 40

10. — 16

41. — 40

12. — 40

45. — 56

15.-32

47- — 30

17. — 24

48. — 24

18. — 32

49- — 35

20. — 40

50. — 50

22. — 55

51. — 40

23- — 32

64. — 28

24. — 36

67.-24

26. — 40

70. — 20

27. — 40

73- — 45

28. — 48

75- — 36

29. — 32

77- — 3*

Average product, 4 quarters.

From four bufoels and an half.

Numb.

21.

— 40

Numb.

52.

— 45

36.

— 32

53-

— 30

40.

— 45

71-

— 45

46.

— 24

Average produd, 4 quarters, 5 bufhels, 1 peck.

Front

Numb. 7
16

*9

25

30

[ 9S )

From Jive biifijels*

Crop. C j^,

— 36 Numb. 42. — 45

— 40 43- — 33

— 32 54- — 3°

— 32 72.-45

— 40 74- — 32

Average product, 4 quarters, 4 bufhels, 2 pecks.

From jix bufoels.

Numb. 55. — 40 Numb. 59 50

56. — 48 61. — 90

57- — 3° 68. — 40
58. — 40

Average product, 6 quarters;, 1 peck.

From /even bujhels.

Numb. 60. — 50 Numb. 65. — 50

62. — 50 69. — 45

Average producl, 6 quarters, 3 pecks.

Only one number of {even, and a half,
is not, therefore, taken into tae account.

it

Product from

feven bufhels, 6
fix ditto, - 6
four and a half

0
0

P.

3
1

ditto,
five ditto,
tr -ec ditto,
four di:io, -

4
4
4

4

5
4

1

0

1
2
0

0

Another

[ 96 ]

Another way, and perhaps a j after one*
as more comprehenfive, of flriking the me-*
dium, will be as follows :

Product from fix and feven & ■#■ Ps
bufhels, 602
. four and a half

and five ditto, 443
three and four

ditto, -402
From this fcale there are fome circum-
ftances clearly demonftrated, and a few that
remain doubtful ; of the latter are the dis-
tinctions between fix and fcveny four and
a half and five, and three and four; the
ballance between thefe quantities is ex-
tremely fmall 1 indeed fo much, that when
feed is deducted, it will be very difficult
to fay which appears the belt. In the lafl
table alio the difference between the quan-
tities, from the fmalleft to five bufhels,
is fo flight, (feed deducted,) that they all
remain nearly upon a par. But, on the
other hand, the fuperiority of fix and {even
bufhels is fo great, that there is the greateft
reafon to think the other quantities are
not equal to thefe in advantage j at leaft, if
it is not fo, it mufl be attributed to caufes
that have nothing to do with the prefent
enquiry.

Six or feven bufhels are fo large a quan-
tity* according to moft peoples ideas, and

fo

[ 97 ]

fo abfolutely contrary to all the prefcrip-
tions and opinions of the writers of hus-
bandry, that many, upon the very men-
tion, would directly conclude the crops
trifling, and not to be compared with
others raifed from lefs feed : But all t)iis
is very contrary to the fact ; whatever rea-
foning may be ufed to anfwer thefe aver-
ages, frill the refult, in whatever manner
gained, will give to the larger quantity of
feed the larger produce, and that in a confi-
derable degree ; fo that the modern ideas of
fmall quantities of feed are not univerfally
to be adopted. Experiments fhould be
tried on all forts of foils, and in every fitua-
tion, on fmall pieces of land (that the fimi-
Jarity of foil may be certain) to decide this
important point; but until we fee fome-
thing decifive, we mull: be content with
fuch authorities as are to be gained from
common practice.

Pease.
From trjao btifheh and under.

1 ■

Crop.

Numb. 23. — io

Numb. 54.

— 14

36.-16

59-

— 10

41. — 16

64.

— 16

43- — 17

67,

- 1

47- — 30

\yerage produ< !, 1 quai

'ter,

7 buftiels.

Y (.-:.. IV. 1 1 From

t 98 ]

From two bu/bels and an half.

Crop, Crept

Numb. 2. — 17 Numb. 37. — 16

9. — 20 46. — 24

30. — 20 51. — 30

35- ~ 15

Average product, 2 quarters, 4 bufhels, 1 peck.

From three bufhels.

Numb. 4. — 32

Numb,

42. — 16

12. — 20

44. — 20

16. — 24

48. — 12

17. — 14

55. — 20

19. — 20

62. — 15

20. — 15

68. — 30

21. — 14

74. — 20

32. — 24

77. — 24

Average product, 2 quarters, 4 bufhels.

From three bujhels and an half.
Numb. 13. — 16 Numb. 31. — 24

15. — 24

58.

— 20

24. — 16

75-

— 30

29. — 32

Average product, 2 quarter

s, 7 bufhels.

From four

bufiels.

Crep.

Numb. i. — 20

Numb. 22.

Crop.
— l7

3- ~ J7

45-

— 32

5-~ 24

6. — 20

49.
56.

— 32

— 25

7. — 20

57-

— 15

10. — 12

73-

— 3°

Average product:, 2 quarters, 6 bulhels.

From

[ 99 J

From four and an half to five bujhels.

Crop. Crop.

Numb. 38. — 30 Numb. 6r. — 15

Average product, 2 quarters, 6 bufhels, 2 pecks.
Product from three and a half, 2 7 o
from four and a half,

and five, - -262
from four, - - - 2 60
from two and a half, 241
from three, 2 4 o

from two, - - - 1 70

Another average may be formed out of
thefe, in the following manner :

Product from three and a half

to five, - - - 2 6 2
from two to three, -221

In the firft of thefe tables there are
many difproportions ; very little gradation
is to be found in the product from a lefs
quantity to a greater of feed, or from a
greater to a lefs. Three exceeds two, but
two and a half exceeds three ; four is fu-
perior to three, and four and a half and
five to four; but then three and a half beats
all : Thefe are feeming contradictions ; but
then other points of comparifon are equally
clear; for inftance, three and a half is
much fuperior to two and to three ; even
four and a half and five much exceed two ;
from whence we may conclude, that three
P! 2 and

[ I0° ]

and a half is the moft beneficial quantity.
The fecond table proves equally clear, that
the larger quantity of feed is, upon the
whole, moft advantageous.

At this I am not furprized ; for if peafe
are not hoed (which is the cafe through
nine-tenths of the kingdom) the crop re-
quires to be fown fo thick as to enable it
foon to fmother the weeds, which it can
only do by joining, and the tendrils en-
tangling with each other ; this thicknefs
kills the weeds -, whereas, if the feed is
fpread very thin, the weeds have time to
gain much vigour before the peafe begin
the attack ; and as to richnefs of foil, and
the fuperior ftrength of a vegetable that
{lands (ingle over that of others which are
crouded -, this reafoning is as applicable to
the weeds as to the crop; the fertility of
foil will carry on the one as well as the
other.

Beans.

From two and two bufieh and an half.

Crop, Crop.

Numb. 2. — 20 Numb. 67. — 23

4. — 25 70. — 30

9. — 24 76. — 40

3°- — 32
Average product, 3 quarters, 3 bufhels, 2 pecks.

From

[ ioi ]

From three and three bujhels t

in d an half*

Crop,

Numb. 19. — 30

Numb

Crop.
28. — 23

20. — 18

29. — 4O

23. — 24

24. — 30
26. — 32

50—31

54. — 28
57. -l8

27. — 20

71.— 40

Average product, 3 quarters, 3 bufhels, 3 pecks.
From four and four bujhels and an half

Numb. 10.

— 15

Numb.

35- — 24

11

— 24

36. — 16

14

— 20

41. — 20

15

. — 24

44- ~ 30

16

— 20

45- — 30

18

. — 18

46. — 24

21

. — 26

49. — 22

22

• — 17

68. — 36

31

. — 18

69. — 30

32

. — 28

Average product, 2 quarters, 7 bufhels, 1 peck.

From five, five and an half and fix bufiels.

Numb. 7. — 20 Numb. 55. — 45

25. — 22 , 56. — 60

37- — 24 -61.-40

42. — 25

Average product, 4 quarters, 1 bufhel, 2 pecks.

H 3 Produd

[ 102 ]

Product from five to fix, -412
from three and three

and a half, - - 3 3 3
from two and two

and a half, 3 3 2

This is a regular progreflion ; but yet,
feed confidered, it is pretty equal from
two to three and a ha)f ; but five to fix
is much fuperior, which appears to me
very extraordinary; for the fame reafon for
fowing thick does not hold with beans as
with peafe : I fhould have apprehended,
that the addition of two bufhels after three
would have rather damaged than increafed
the crop.

Upon the whole, the following are
the quantities of each article that ap-
pear in thefe averages to be the mofl
beneficial.

Of wheat, 3 bufhels.

Of rye, - - - — 2I ditto.

Of barley, - - 2 ditto.

Of oats, - - - - 6 ditto.

Of peafe, - 3 J- ditto.

Of beans, - - - 5I ditto.

There is nothing in this table which
furprizes me fo much as two bufhels of

barley

[ V3 ]

barley being the fuperior quantity; but
the obfervations I made on it, perhaps,
may fomewhat explain it. Beans are ajfo
higher than I fhould have conceived ; the
reft, I apprehend, are confiftent with moll
of the private experience of good common
farmers in other parts of the kingdom, as
well as thofe through which this tour was
made.

H 4 LET-

[ ** ]

LETTER XXXI.

Throughout the minutes of this
journey you certainly remarked the
conftant attention I gave to the courfes of
crops, a part of rural management which
is certainly of uncommon importance,
fince all advantages of rent, foil, manure,
&c. are of little avail, if the farmer does
not crop his land with judgment. But in
making this review, there are fome diffi-
culties which I am not clear in my ideas
of removing : Something more is requiiite
than a mere detail of courfes ; they muft
be thrown into different divifions, accord-
ing to their natures, and inferted diftinctly
with the crops, that we may difcover how
far the latter are dependent on the former.
But thefe courfes vary ad infiiitum, fo that
it would be impoffible to aflign a divifion
to each, for which reafon they muft be
Amplified, by reducing them into claffes
according to their merit. The only proper
diftinction that, at prefent, occurs to me*
is the number of crops to a fallow : But
then the ameliorating ones, or fallow crops,
muft be efteemed as fallows; in which

there

[ »5 ]

there is fome difficulty ; for beans and ttir*
neps are certainly fallow crops, when pro-
perly cultivated by hoeing ; but they are
the very contrary when managed impro-
perly ; for this reafon a diftinclion muft
be made between thofe crops when hoed
and unhoed : In the firft cafe I fhall ar-
range them as fallows j and in the fecond
as exhauiting crops. Peafe muft always
be ranked as a fallow, becaufe they are
every where ufed as fuch, in the heft cul-
tivated countries, if the crop be good,
whether hoed or not ; and if it is bad, they
cannot well be fucceeded as a fallow in the
worft. Hoed turneps, hoed beans, peafe,
potatoes, cabbages, and clover, I mail call
fallows.

The befr. of hufbandry, which is a crop
and a fallow, I mail rank firft : This either
a fummer fallow, or a fallow crop inter-
vening between the grain, and other crops
not fallow ones, fo that no two of the latter
come together.

In the next clafs, two crops to a fallow*

In the next, three, and fo on.

A crop

[ io6 j

Places.

Soil.

> Chalk

mtlt t0 JGravel
Weiwyn, y

Amund ?C1

Stevenage, \ J

Stevenage ~)
to Luton, {
about [
0#y, J

Dunjtabkx.cr\
IVooburn, K Varif us
Houghton,}

Woohurn to"|

Newport- ! ^
D ' , >Ditto
Pagnel,

By ought onyS

St. Neot's "J

to A'/;;?- j G ravel -
bolt on, V ly loam

/&/<?- i

Cajlerton ~)

near >Clay
Stamford, J

tcwr/A to > Gravel

Grantham, J

Newark to -j

Tuxford^ I Sandy
^(Z? J>tfy- [ gravel

/w«, J

> # W tf

fallow.

Rent.

/. s. d.

5a

•-<

O

pa

13

H

O 12 O

25

32

32

20

O9O

23

36

36

. *7
/

O50

*5

24

10

^7

0 14 0

15

2i

28

32

1 0 0

25

40

36

20

15

24

16

12

0 12 6

20

32

40

20

0 10 0

28

28

32

32

0 15 0

36

40

24

bs

27
26

25

20

24

28

'5

16

28

242&

2030

Sheffield

Places.

Soil.

[ I07

Rent.
/. S. &

V I n

o 17 o

loam

1 10 o

20

32

24

o, TJ

32

40

48

P-

32

o 12 6
o 16 o
066

o 11 3

o 15 o

32

33
10

24
25

20

3?

w 1 n

40

32

26

35

45
24

2 6

1 5 632

2 o 0*48

3C

32

45

56

45
3°

32

3°

32

Sheffield to~]
Barn/ley, si >
Ecclesfield, j

Marquis ofl
Rocking- '.Rich
bam'sKen- \ loam
///?> Farm J

Barnbc- lR|fih

Mr Farrer,J

Kirk lea- ~)
/to?, Mr. >Clay o 842
Turner, J

KipU«,Mr.-la
Crowe, 3 '

Lord Z)*r-7Gravcl
kngton, y

ft«^near7Loam
Belford, y

Fenton,nearl Sandy
Wo oiler, 51°am

Perjhore, Clay

Bend/worth, Clay

D - , C Chalky
Benfington, j day

Kenfington, Gravel

North Mims,Grzvd o 12 0)20 243224

The general medium of thefe crops, the average
of all taken, is 3 quarters, 6 bumels.

7w<?

2840

24
4864

28:52

6 1
2432

37

41

l9

1%

2525
4040

4038
4853
25

[ io8 ]

Two crops and a fallow.

Places. Soil.

Wocburn toT

%"**<" Uand
Pagnel, j

V/anden, J

Rent.

r. j. J.

3 | 9

24

^

n

w
24

0
24

T3
n

20

W

n

3

>
<

23

Newport to^
Bedford, ,^Clay
Jftwick, j

15

28

18

20

&mhltmo\c.

Thrap/lon, \ J

o 17 0

24

32

24

27

Stamford x.o\qx
Grimjihorp, \ '

040

20

l6

l6

16

'7

Grantham -1

"to Newark, >CIay

F#tf, j

0 io 0

27

27

20

24

5^/rvto 7Sand
Doncajler, \

.

l6

l6

28

24

14

'9

Tork to 1
Barnby- >Clay

0 10 0

30

25

35

55

*7

*7

30

Aboutta/-7Gravcl

0 12 6

*7

20

*5

32

10

24

J9

Around "IChalk-
JJj^y, 5 ftone

0 9 3

21

38

36

r6

30

28

How den, Clay

0 15 c

L

24

■32

40

20

28

Marquis

Placei.

Soil.

Marquis of)
Rocking- J Clay

[ 109 ]

Rent.

/. s. d.

ham's

y and

Hertford- ! loam
Jhire farm, J

Around ]Clay
TVentworth,\ loam

Driffield, Clay

Brumpton, Loam

bridge, \

Eajl Newton,Vsinous

Nunmngtcny ft<mc

Kirkleatham, Clay

Gilfdak, Moory

Schcrton, Gravel

Rookbyt Gravel

Around 7 r
oipmton, 3

Craikbill, Gravel

Sleningford^^

Mr. Scroop* 's? ,r .
u /u j J-Vanou1
hulbandry, 3

Around ?Gravel
RabyCaJile^ Joam

08c

o 10 o
o 14 c

066

O 12 C
o 5 IC
o 13 0
o 10 6

o 10 0

O 12 O

o i5 6
o 13 o

080

o 12 6

o 16 c

[8

a 7

24
20

28 2

Wi »

32

24

*4

16

2H
28

2 5!
2028

20

10

2 0

20

I c

4-
28
3.2

40

28
24

40

25 32
40 2^

28

20
4O

40'35

20
24

14

4c

;6

6

•4

40

32

3^
40

40

40

33

24

jo

24

50
4o|3°

1*1 >»

28

28

24
25
29

22
23

ff

29

25
26

22

32

(S
2S

24

10
24

20
2-4

3'

40

34

Gofwortb%

[ "o ]

Places.

Soil. Rent.

/. S. d.

Go/worth, "j
near New- >Loam
cafile, j

A/cot, fouth") Loam
oiCarliJle,\ gravel

Penrith, Various

IVarringtoti)

to Liver- /"Clay
pool, Bowles'}

Altrinzham < ,
6 I clay

Holm's- chapel, Ditto

Rudgeley to")
Litchfield, /^Light
Shenjione, J

AJlon, near")
Binning- >-Sand
£#7;z, J

Moreton, Gravel

Henley, Light

Maidenhead, Clay

o o

o 15 o
089

0 17 6

1 o o
1 o o

o 15 o

o 17 6

£ O O

0 17 o

1 o o

£ » 1 M

16

20

24

30

20
25

24

28
24
28

3030

20 20

2425

30

33

45

3030

40

25

40
24
J2

45

32

40
24
40

3c-

20

20

16

40

24

25
23

<9

37
27

34

25

30
24

3i

The general medium of thefe crops, the average
of all being taken, is 3 quarters, 2 buihels.

Three

[ III ]

'Three crops and a fallow.

Places.

Soil.

Rent.

/. S. d.

From Do?t-^\
caftcr to I Sandy
Rather- j gravel
ham, J

From She/-")
field to

:•-]

Clay

Barn/ley
Wcolley

Leeds to CLime-
Tadcafier,\ ftone

Thome, Clay

Richmond ~\

9 °

to Greta- [

>Loam

bridge,
Gilling, j

AboutAjp-TClay &
lin, y gravel

\ Gravel-

Da"iy' l ly clay

Jfcp* {Lc,aaymy

Mnivick,

Belford, Clay

Rothbury, Various

Cambo, . Clay

O 12 6

8 6

O lO o
O JO o

20

22

Ii

2 4

24

I O 25

O 12 6
O 12 6

O 12 O

ay
Light o 150

o 1

0

o 10 6
015 c

2 1

22

1.4

20
2 1
18
24,

U

22

28

3*

w >

32

40

40

'5

14

2432
3648

10 45

^7
45

20
20

20

iS

32
32

20

40
40
24
35

45

30
35

30
40
48

5°
5°

16

18'

18

26

22

23

1

2 5

20i

I
32 22

f
20

*5

45

6c

10

25

24

26

25
32

32

26

31

21

30

1*

24

3*

Places. Soil.

Glemvelt,
Kefwick,

Shapp,

Burton,

Kabers,

Or'mjkirk, jS^

Knotsford, \°^
Stone, Sandy

Hagley, Various

■n r \ Sand

Broom/grove,^^

Various
f Hazel
•{ mould
I &c.
CLime-
\ (tone

Loam

Clay

112

Rent.
S. c

O 12 6

5 o

o io 6
i o
o 17 o
o 15

o 16 o

0 16 o

1 o o
[ IO o

30

37

10

26
*7

22

28

37

35

20

40

20

20

40

35
42

9°

50

25
24

40

20

45
40

36

15

40

7

23

036
25j3°

30

50.3040

1 1

>

<

n

t

40
42

22
l6

32

24

42
29
29

39

The medium of the averages, 3 quarters, 5
bufhels.

The only place where they run four crops
to a fallow is about Garjlang ; foil, clay,
£JJV. Rent, ijs. Wheat, 351. Barley, 30^.
Oats, 45 x. Beans, 30 s.

4 -»• /».

Average product from a crop 7 ,

and a fallow, J ^

Ditto from two crops and a?
fallow, 3 ^

Pitto from three crops and a 1

fallow, J 3 5 9

The

[ i'3 1

The refult of this table is not, upon the
whole, fo ftrikmg as I expected : The
point of judicious cropping is fo very im-
portant, that I imagined the effect would
appear in this companion fo ftrong as to
over- balance every other consideration :
However, the crop and fallow is fuperior
to the others ; but two crops and a fallow
being inferior to three, is totally beyond all
reafon's accounting for it j and muft be
owing to the circumftances of fail, tillage,
manuring, &c\ that chance to be more fa-»
vourable to the one than to the other.
Upon a fuppofition that the average rent
might be of afiiftance to explain the refult>

I have caft them up.

/.
That of the crop and fallow is, o
Of two crops and a fallow, o

Of three ditto, ditto, - o

Now from this fketch one would ap-
prehend, that it was rent alone that occa-
sioned variations in the crops, for the three
divifions of product correfpond exactly
with the rent ; but it is impoffible that
rent mould mere than balance all other
circumftances ; we have, on divers oppor-
tunities, fhewn, that other matters have an
equal weight, and in many infiances a fu-
perior one. The refult of this enquiry,
upon the whole, leaves great reafon to be-

Vol, IV. i lieve,

s.

d.

l5

6

l3

i

J5

o

[ H4 ]

lieve, that the effect of judicious cropping,
though of undoubted importance, is ba-
lanced by various favourable circumftances
that cannot be taken into the account ;
which circumftances prevent the divifion of
two crops and a fallow from maintaining the
fuperiority over a worfe practice, that a bet-
ter does over itfelf. The fuperiority of the
bed: courfe, though not great, yet is of fome
confequence, and as it coincides with the
acknowledged ideas of good hufbandry, de-
ferves the more attention. And it mould
be remarked, that bad courfes proving fuc-
cefsful, is aftrong prefumption of good huf-
bandry ; for the management mult be ex-
cellent that will counteract: the ill effects,

LET-

t "5 ]

LETTER XXXII.

T)EFORE I take my leave of arable
•*-* land, and its management, you muft
allow me to review the principal operation
of tillage, viz. plowing ; that we may be
able to form a juft idea of the proportion,
if any, between the ftrength and expence,
and the quantity of work performed ; it
may be of utility to know in what degree
this branch of the practice of hufbandry is
founded on juft proportions, and how far
it i« liable to objections : Evils muft be
known before they can be cured ; and the
knowledge of the exiftence of good, pre-
vents the falfe ideas of throwing each object
into a worfe light than the reality : Thefe
fort of enquiries are not of the lefs ufe, be-
caufe they fometimes bring matters to light
that are unexpected, and contrary, perhaps,
to juft ideas; on whatever fide the refult
turns, the very knowledge of the fact muft
be uieful : For there is as great an impro-
priety in defcanting on practices apparently
mifchievous, but which in reality are inno-
cent, as in praifing every thing that is com-
monly done, merely becaufe it is common.
But to return.

I 2 Around

[ "6 ]

Around Stevenage.

Soil. Much clay.

Draught. Four horfes and two men.

Work. An acre.
From Stevenage to Luton, at Off ley.

Soil. A chalky clay.

Draught. Four horfes and two men.

Work. An acre.
From Dunjiable to JVooburn, Houghton.

Soil. Chalk and clay.

Draught. Three horfes at length, and
a driver.

Work. An acre and a half in light
work.
At Milton.

Soil. Clayey gravel.

Draught. Four or five hories at length,
with a driver.

Work. An acre.
W go bum to Newport Pagnell, Wanden.

Soil. Sand.

Draught. Four or five horfes at
length.

Work. An acre.
About Broughton.

Soil. Loam.

Draught. Four or five horfes at length,
and a driver.

Work. An acre.
From St. Neots to Kimbolton.

Soil. A gravelly loam.

Draught.

[ ii7 1

Draught. From three to fix horfes at
length.

Work. Five roods.
From Kimbolton to Thrapfton.

Soil. Clay.

Draught. From four to eight horfes.

Work. Five roods.
From Stamford to Grimfthorpe.

Soil gravelly loam.

Draught. From four to fix horfes at
length.

Work. An acre.
From Grantham to Newark.

Soil. Clay.

Draught. Four horfes at length.

Work. An acre.
At Weft Drayton.

Soil. Sandy gravel.

Draught. Three or four horfes, with a
driver.

Work. An acre.
From Bawtry to Doncafter, about Can-
tier.

Soil. Sand.

Draught. Three horfes at length.

Work. An acre.
From Sheffield to Barnftey, at Ecclesfield.

Soil. Loam.

Draught. Three and four horfes at
length.

Work. An acre.

1 3 At

[ ii8 ]

At Woolley.
Soil. Clay.
Draught. Three or four horfcs at

length, fometimes two a-breaft.
Work. An acre.
Leeds to 'fade after.
Soil. Clay, ©V.

Draught. Two horfes double in their
light lands, and in the flrong four
oxen and one horfe, or two an4
two.
Oxen reckoned the befl for plowing.
York to Beverley, at Wilbersfort.
Soil. Clay.

Draught. Two horfes double.
Work. An acre.
Throughout this track of country many
oxen ; the waggons all two oxen and two
horfes ; the former much the beft \ out-
draw and out-plow the horfes.
At Stillingfleet,

Soil. Clay and fand.
Draught. Two or three horfes a-breaft.
Work. An acre.

Price, 3 j. 6d. firft ftirring j the reft
2 s. bd.
About How den.
Soil. Clay.

Draught. Two or three horfes a-breaft,
Work. An acre.
Price. 2 s. 6d.

About

C 119 ]

About Thome.

Soil. Clay.

Draught. Two horfes.

Work. An acre.

Price. 4 s.
Marquis of Rockingham's Kentifi farm.

Soil. Loams.

Draught. Three or four horfes, and
a driver.

Work. An acre.

Proportion of draught cattle to arable
land. Six horfes to fixty acres.
His Lordfhip's Hertfordflnre farm.

Soil. Clay and loam.

Draught. Three or four horfes.

Work. An acre.

Proportion. Four to eighty acres.
Around Wentworth.

Soil. Clay and loam.

Draught. Strong work four at length,
afterwards two a-breaft.

Work. An acre.

Price. 5 s, per acre.

Proportion. Six horfes to fixty acres.

Horfes reckoned better for tillage than
oxen.
From Beverley to Driffield, about the
latter.

Soil. Clay.

Draught. Four horfes a-breaft.

Work. Five roods.

I 4 Price.

[ 120 ]

Price, is. 6 d.

Proportion. Six oxen and eight
horfes to one hundred and twenty
acres.
Around G ant on.

Soil. Thin light wold land.

Draught. Two horfes.

Wc-k. Half an acre.

Price. 5 s.
Eqft Newton.

Soil. Various.

Draught. Two, three, or four horfes
in a plough.

Work. Five roods.

Price. 3 s. 9 d.

Proportion. Eight horfes to one hun-
dred acres.

Horfes they find quicker than oxen,
but the latter moft fteady and much
the moft profitable. The propor-
tion of pace is, the horfes plowing
their acre in fix hours, and the oxen
in eight.
At Nunmngton.

Soil. Lime-ftone land.

Draught. Four horfes and two oxen.

Work. An acre.

Price. 4 j-. 6 d.

Proportion. Six horfes to fifty acres.

Horfes reckoned to do the work beft,
but cheapeft done with oxen.

Acrofs

[ 121 ]

Aerofs Hambledon, Kirby.
Soil. Sand.

Draught. Three horfes at length..
Work. An acre.
Price. 5 s.
Mr. Turners hufbandry at Kirkleatham.
Soil. Clay.
Draught. Two oxen and one horfe,

and a driver.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Four inches.
Oxen much more profitable than

horfes.
Around Kirkleatham.
Soil. Clay.
Draught. Two or three horfes ; two

double, three at length ; a driver to

the firft, but none to the laft.
Work. An acre.
Price. 5 s.
Proportion. Ten horfes to one hundred

acres.
At Kildale, in Cleveland.
Soil. Various.

Draught. Two or three horfes.
Work. An acre.
Price. 5 s.
Proportion. Three horfes to twenty

acres.
Cleveland to Richmond; S chorion.
Soil. Gravels.

Draught.

[ 122 ]

Draught. The firit ftirring two oxen
and four horfes, at other times two
and two.

Depth. Five inches.

Price. 5 s.

Proportion. Six horfes and four oxen
to fifty acres.
From Richmond to Greta-Bridge ; Gil-

ling.

Soil. Light loams.

Draught. Two oxen and four horfes

for fallowing, but often flir with

three horfes.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 5 j.
Proportion. Four oxen and eight

horfes to one hundred acres.
Oxen they reckon much better and

more profitable than horfes.
At Rookby*
Soil. Gravels.
Draught. Two oxen and two or three

horfes.
Work, An acre.
Depth. Six inches.
Price. 5 s.
Proportion. Six horfes and four oxen

to one hundred acres.
At Kiplin.

Soil. Clay and gravel.

Draught,

[ I23 1

Draught, Four horfes in fallowing,

three at other times.
Work. An acre.
Pepth. In clay four inches, in gra-»

vel fix.
Price. 5 s.
Proportion. Eight horfes to one hun-»

dred acres.
/Vbout Swinton.

Soil. Loam and gravel.

Draught. Four horfes and two oxen j

and four horfes.
Work. Scarcely an acre.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 5 s.
Proportion. Three horfes and two

oxen, or five horfes, to fifty acres.
Oxen reckoned much the fleadieft

draught, and to plow the land heft*

but horfes are moll ufed.
About Craikhill.
Soil. Gravel.
Draught. Four horfes.
Work. Three roods in fallowing, af-
terwards an acre.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 4/.

Proportion. Six horfes to fifty acres,
ground Slenningford.

Soil. Thin light loam on lime-ft-one/
Draught. Three horfes.

Work.

[ *24 ]
Work. An acre.
Depth. Four inches.
Price. 4 j.

Proportion. Four horfes to fifty acres.
Around Danby.

Soil. Gravelly, clay, and loams.
Draught. Two horfes and two oxen.
Work. An acre.
Price. 4 s. g d.

Proportion. Four horfes and fix oxen
to one hundred acres.
Around Raby-Cajlle.
Soil. Gravel and clay.
Draught. In clay two oxen and two

horfes ; in gravel three hories.
Wrork. Three roods.
Depth. Six inches.
Price. 4 s.

Proportion. Eight horfes and eight
oxen to one hundred acres of clay;
four of each in gravel.
Oxen they reckon better and more
profitable than horfes.
At Go/wort b, north of Newcqftle.
Soil. Loam and fand.
Draught. Three horfes.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 5 s.

Proportion. Eight horfes to one hun-
dred acres.

Around

t »** ]

Around Morpeth.
Soil. A loamy clay.
Draught. Three horfes, or two horfes

and two oxen.
Work. Half an acre in the ftrongefl:

work, and one and a half in the

lighter.
Depth. Four inches and a half.
Price. 5 J. td. per acre.
Proportion. Six horfes to one hundred

acres.

At Alnwick.

Soil. Light loam and gravel.
Draught. Two horfes.
Work. An acre and a half.
Depth. Four inches.
Price. 3 s. per acre.
Proportion. Four horfes to one hun-
dred acres.

At Belford.

Soil. Clayey loam.

Draught. Two oxen and two horfes j

and two horfes.
Work. In ftrongefl: work half an

acre ; in the lighter an acre and a

half.

At Hetton, near Belford.
Soil. Loams.

Draught..

[ 126 ]

Draught. Two horfes and two oxen \
and two horfes.

Work. In fummer an acre, in winter
three roods.

Depth. Seven inches and a half in
light loams.

Price. 5 s. per acre.

Proportion. Twenty horfes and twen-
ty oxen for five hundred acres.

Fentofi, near JVoollef.
Soil. Sandy loams.
Draught. Two horfes and two oxen.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Four to feven inches.
Price. 3/. 6d. to $s.
Proportion. Twenty horfes and fixteen

oxen to five hundred acres.
They prefer horfes fo much, that oxen

are going out of ufe by degrees.

About Rothbury.
Soil. Various.
Draught. Two horfes and two oxen ;

fometimes only two horfes.
Work. From half to three quarters of

an acre a day.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 3 j. td. per acre.
Proportion. Four horfes and four oxen

%o one hundred acres.

About

r i27 i

About Cambo,

Soil. Clay and moory.

Draught. Three horfes ; and two horfes

and two oxen.
Work. Three roods.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 3 /.

About Glenwelt.

Soil. Sand, gravel, and clay.

Draught. Two horfes and two oxen.

Work. An acre.

Depth. Four inches.

Price. 6 s. per acre.

Proportion. Four horfes and four oxen

to one hundred acres.
They reckon oxen much the beft on.

fiony and unlevel ground; but on

other land, horfes.

Afcoty fouth of Carlijle.

Soil. Loam, gravel, and clay*
Draught. Two horfes.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Six inches.
Price. 5 s. per acre.
Proportion. Six horfes to one hundred
acres.

About Penrith;

Soil. Clay, fand, gravel, loam.
Draught. Two or four horfes*
Work. An acre and a half.

Depth.

[ 128 ]

Depth. Four inches.
Price. 5 s. to 5/. 6 d. per acre.
Proportion. Six horfes to one hundred
acres.

About Kefwick,

Soil. Light loam, fand, and gravel.
Draught. Two or four horfes.
Work. An acre.
Price. 5 j. to 6 s. per acre.
Proportion. Twelve horfes to one
hundred acres.

About Sbapp.

Soil. Light loam on lime-ftone.
Draught. Two or three horfes.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Five inches.
Price. 5 j. to 6 si per acre.

At Holme , near Burton.

Soil. Light loam on a lime-ftone.

Draught. Three or four horfes.

Work- Three roods.

Depth. Five or fix inches.

Price. 8 j". per acre.

Proportion. Four horfes to fifty acres.

At Kabers.
Soil. Clay.
Draught. Six horfes.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Four or five inches.
Proportion. Six horfes to fifty acres.

Around

[ i29 ]
Around Garjlang.

Soil. Clay and light loam.

Draught. Four horfes.

Work. An acre.

Depth. Six inches.

Price. &/. per acre.

Proportion. Twelve or thirteen horfes
to one hundred acres.
Around Ormjkirk.

Soil. A fandy loam.

Draught. Two or three horfes.

Depth. Six inches.

Price. 4 j. to 5 jr. per acre.

Proportion. Six horfes to one hundred
acres.
About Altrmgham.

Soil. Loam and fand.

Draught. Three or four horfes.

Work. An acre.

Depth. Five inches.

Price. 5 j. 3 di per acre.

Proportion. Six horfes to one hundred
acres.
About Stone.

Soil. Sand and loams.

Draught. Three or four horfes.

Work. An acre and a quarter, or
half.

Depth. Four inches.

Price. 5 s. per acre.

Vol. IV. K Pro-

t 13° ]

Proportion. Eight horfes to one hun-
dred acres.
About Shenjione.

Soil. Light, fandy, and gravelly.

Draught. Three or four horfes.

Work. An acre.

Depth. Two to four inches.

Price. 5 s. per acre.

Proportion. Six horfes to one hundred
acres.
At AJlon, near Birmingham*

Soil. Sand.

Draught. Two or three horfes.

Work. An acre.

Depth. From three to fix inches.

Proportion. Six horfes to one hun-
dred acres.
About Hagley.

Soil. Light loams, fand, and clay.

Draught. Three horfes at length in
common ploughs ; four in double
ploughs.

Work. An acre with the firftj with
the fecond two.

Depth. From three to five inches.

Price. 6 j-. per acre.

Proportion. Seven horfes to one hun-
dred acres.
About Broom/grove.

Soil. Sand and clay.

Draught.

[ 13' ]

Draught. Four horfes in both common
and double ploughs.

Work. An acre with the firft ; double
with the others.

Depth. From four to fix inches.

Price. 4J-. to $s. per acre.

Proportion. Eight horfes to one hun-
dred acres.

BendfwGrth, near Evefkam,
Soil. Clay.

Draught. Five or fix horfes at length.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Two and a half or three

inches.
Price. 6 s. per acre.
Proportion. Twelve horfes to one

hundred acres.

Evefiam to Oxford, at Moreton.
Soil. - Gravel.

Draught. Four horfes at length.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Four or five inches.
Price. 7 j. 6 d. per acre.
Proportion. Eight or nine horfes to
one hundred acres.

From Oxford to Henley, about Benjington.
Soil. Gravel, fand, and clay.
Draught. In ftrong land five horfes ;
in light three.

K 2 Work.

[ J32 ]

Work. In ftrong land three quarters

of an acre a day ; in light, one and

a half.
Depth. Three inches deep in ftrong

land ; in light four.
Price. 6 s. per acre.
Proportion. Five horfes to one hundred

acres.

About Henley.

Soil. Gravel, chalk, clay, &c.
Draught. Four horfes.
Work. An acre.
Price. 5 s. to j s, 6 d. per acre.

Proportion. Six horfes to fifty acres.

About Harmondfwortb .
Soil. Gravel and loam.
Draught. Four horfes.
Work. An acre and a half.
Depth. Four inches.
Price. 5 j. 6 d. per acre.

North Mims.

Soil. Pebbly gravel.
Draught. Four horfes.
Work. An acre.
Depth. Three to four inches.
Price. 5 s. per acre.
Proportion. Eight horfes to one hun-
dred acres.

Having

[ J33 ]

Having thus brought thefe various arti-
cles of intelligence into one point of view,
I fhall, in the next place, endeavour to
throw them into particular lights, reipect-
ing the mod material of their variations. I
mail mow the ftate of tillage on three
foils, /and, loam, clay, which include all
others; and is as much as to fay, light,
middling, heavy. By prefenting a view of
each particular on thefe foils, firft, we mall
difcover whether the ftrength of the foil is
the rule that guides the conduct of tillage :
Whenfoever four or five, five or fix, &c.
&c. are ufed, I mall always divide them,
though I be forced to make a fuppoiition
of half a horfe ; the general average will
not carry the face of fuch a feeming ab-
furdity, though particular inftances may.
Horfes and oxen I mull; fuppofe the fame,
and where the foil is various, the medium,
viz. loam, muft be taken.

K 3 Sand.

[ 134 ]

S A

N

D.

Places. o |

c

5"
Wanden, 4f :

Depth,
inches.

Work.

Price.
J. d.

Propor-
tion
per 100
acres.

"Drayton, 3 §• J

Cantler, 3 i

Gayiton, 2

1
2

5

Kirby, 3 i

5

Gillingy 6 1

5

5

12

Sleningfordy 3 1

4

4

8

Go/worth, 3 1

5

i

8

Fenton, 4 1

5i

4

3

7

Glenwelt, 4 1

4

6

8

Kefwick, 3 1

5

6

12

Shapp, i\ 1

5

5

6

Holme, 3I

4 5^

8

8

Ormjkirk, 2 f

6

4

6

6

Altringham, 3! 1

5

5

3

6

Stow, 3i r

I- 4

5

8

Shenjlone, 3- 1

3

5

6

>0to», 2f i

41

;■;

i//^/(y, 3 1

|4 |6

Averages, 3 | 1

14 |

5

1

B|

Comparifoa
between
horfes aasl
oxen.

Oxen bed

Horfes beft;
Oxen bell

Ho A

M.

f '35 1

Loam.

Places. J?

B
c
<m

cr

Offley, 4

Houghton, 2

St.Neoi's ■)
to A7/«- >4f
bolton, J

Stamford, "1
to Grimf- Y5
thorp, j

Ecclesfield, 3 1

Stilling fleet, 2|

Marquis of"j
Rocking- I ,
ham'sKen- f **
///ft Farm, J

Ditto, Herts, 2 1

Wentworth, 3

Newton, 3

Nunnington, 6

Gil/dale, 2f

Schorton, 5

Rookby, 2 \

Kiplin, 3 1

Swinto?i} 5

3

0

5'£

0 *~"

Price.
J. J.

Propor-
tion
per 100

acres.

J I

1 2

r I

* 4-

3

5

IO

5
10

T I
* 4

3

9

8

4

6

12

5

15

5

5

20

6

5

10

5

5

8

•*

5

5

10

Companion
between
horfes and
oxen.

Horfes beft
Oxen beft
Horfes beft

K4

Oxen beft
Craikhilly

[ 136 ]

Places.

Craikhill,

c

00

4

O
I

5"C

5

Pr

.r.

4

ice.

I Propor-
1 tion

ptr 100

acres.

12

Comparifon
between
horfes and
oxen.

Dauby 9

4

I

4

9

IO

Raby,

2 l-

02.

1

6

4

12

Oxen beft

Morpeth,

31

I

41

5

6

6

Alnwick,

2

If

4

3

4

Helton,

3

I

1\

5

8

Rothbury,

3

%

5

3

6

8

Cambo,

3\

A

-

3

Afcot,

2

0

5

6

Penrith,

3

j 1

4

5

3

6

Car Jiang,

4

6

8

[2|

Broom/grove,

4

5

4

6

8

Morel on,

4

4f

7

6

Sv

Benfington,

4

m

3§

6

5

Henley,

"4

6

3

12

,

Harmfivortb

»4

j £

4

5

6

Mims,

4

3i

5

8

Averages,

rs I
0 1

I

41

5

9

Clay.

[ i37 ]

Clay.

Places. o 1

c
Oo

Stevenage, 4

0

8 &

Price,
5. d.

Propor-
tion
per 100
acres.

Comparifon
be -ween
horfes and
oxen.

Mil'm, 4|

to -/£; op- J- 6
A»> J

1 1

1

Grantham 7
to Newark, \^

Woolky, 3

Zio/j to 7 ,.
Tadcajler, \^

Oxen beft

Wilbersfort, 2

Gxen beft

How den ) 2 1

2 6

Thome, 1

4

Driffield, 4
Mr. Turner, 3

T 1

1 4

4

2 6

II

Oxen beft

Kirkleatham, 2f

5

10

Belford, 3

Kabers, 6

41

12

Bendfworth, §\

2|

6

12

Averages, g|

r

31

4

I I

Sand, 3
Loam, 3 |
Clay, 31
Gen. Aver age 3 f

i,

4

41

31

4

iilatioi

5
5
4
4 8

2.

8

9
1 1

9i

[ i38 J

This view of the ftate of tillage through-
out the counties I travelled, throws the
whole matter into a very clear light : The
refult is certainly furprizing. I never had
any conception that a juft proportion would
be found between the nature of the foil*
and the ftrength employed to till it; but
that all common fenfe would be put fo to-
tally to the blufh, as in this table, was
what I had little notion of. The equality
of the draughts, on fuch different foils, is
ftrange : The clay land takes no greater
force than the loam ; and the fand, within
a feventh part as much as either of them.
This mews clearly, that cuftom alone has
been the guide of the farmers in the num-
ber of draught cattle they ufe ; a piece of
abfurdity, which muft be attended with
wretched efFe&s on their profit ; and
fatal ones to the good of the kingdom at
large.

Had the average draught of all foils been
no greater than requifite, the evil would
not have been fo alarming ; but three and a.
half are more cattle than neceiTary for any
foil in Engla?idy provided the hufbandry is
good. If fallows are broke up at the fea-
fon they univerfally ought, two horfes, or
two flout oxen, are fufficient for the ftrong-
eft of all foils, alone excepting fuch as are
on very fleep hills; and even in that cafe

the

[ »39 ]

the courfe of plowing ought ever to be
acrofs the Hope, which reduces the labour
nearly to that of a level. Thus the grand
average is near double the requifite ftrength.
That of clay is the fame as the general ave-
rage ; what, therefore, muft be the excefs
of fand ?

No farmer can urge the effect of long
experience in anfwer to this remark; his
inftancing the cuftom of his neighbours,
and the prefcription of ages, is of no avail ;
fince nothing can be clearer than that cuf-
tom and that experience are the effect of
chance ; not the refult of reafon, of know-
ledge, or experiment. No demonftration
in mathematics can be clearer than the
plain affertion, that clay requires a greater
ftrength to work it than fand ; which
ftrength may as well lie in the quantity per-
formed in a day, as in the number of cattle.
This maxim every farmer will agree to ;
but they have no notion of the refult of a
general average.

But in this table we find a yet greater
equality in the quantity plowed, than in
the number of cattle; nothing, therefore,
is more certain, than the whole ceconomy
of tillage being quite a matter of 'chance.
One cannot view a light fandy country,
plowing with more than as many cattle
as would till the ftrongeft clays, without

their

[ Mo ]

their performing more in quantity ; one
cannot think of fuch a courie of bufinefs
without indignation : Thoufands of fami-
lies are deprived of half their fubfiltence ;
and the kingdom feeds millions of horfes
inftead of induftrious fubjecls. It is an
object of infinite importance, and calls for
attention, from thofe who have it in their
power to remedy fo great an evil. The
legiilature certainly might interfere in
feme way which feemed mod confident
with the delicacy of fo free a people :
but if nothing of that fort mould be
thought advifeable ; or, rather, if, among
numerous other matters, of equal im-
port, overlooked or defpifed, to fave time

tor I cannot but recommend it to

all landlords to endeavour to remedy, on
their own eftates, fuch mifchievous cuf-
tcms : There can be no doubt of its being
in their power; all that is wanting is re-
fblution : The moment a bufinefs is firmly
refolved by a man who has money in his
pocket, it is half executed : Prizes, re-
wards, bounties, &c. muff, be given, not
only to farmers, but to plowmen ; both
farmers and fervants mould be procured
that have been ufed to good cuftoms, at
any expence. it is well worth a land-
lord's thought; for he cannot introduce a

cheap,

[ i4« ]

cheap, and at the fame time good method
of culture, into a country, io as to make
it common, without virtually railing his
rents ; befides the fatisfaction which, I am
confident, numbers muft feel at being fer-
viceable to their country.

It is an object, likewife, worthy the at-
tention of the Society for the encourage-
ment of arts, manufactures, and commerce,
who might eafily devife an honorary pre-
mium for gentlemen that executed luch a
plan with fpirit, over an eftate (heretofore
cultivated in the old cujlomai'y way) of a
certain extent.

Every column of this table is pregnant
with contradictions. In that of depth, they
ftir in loam three quarters of an inch deeper
than in fand, and in clay within half an
inch. This certainly indicates, that cuf-
tom prefcribes alfo a certain depth in each
neighbourhood, which is followed impli-
citly upon all foils, without any variation ;
and this cuftom, as evidently, is the child
of chance, not reafon.

The column of price is alfo very curious ;
upon clay a (hilling per acre cheaper than
upon fand or loam, which are equal. This
is a freih proof that the whole is guided by
chance-founded cuftoms, and in nothing by
the nature of the foil.

1. hat

r 142 ]

That of number of cattle to an hundred
acres is fomewhat more reafonable. There
is a fmall variation according to the nature
of the land ; but not near fo great as there
evidently ought to be. This divifion is
another proof how much the agriculture of
this kingdom wants reforming in refpect
of the number of horfes. The average
of all foils is above nine, a number enor-
moufly great 5 and correfponds with the
extravagant draughts fo general in the
ploughs.

In feveral of the richeft. and beft culti-
vated parts of EJ/ex, particularly between
Braintree and Hocken//, by Satnford and
T/jaxted, the farmers do not keep above
four or five horfes per hundred acres of
arable, which confequently perform all the
work of the grafs beiides. Ten to a farm
of two hundred arable and one hundred
grafs are reckoned a very complete allow-
ance ; and yet it is obfervable that the foil
is a ftrong clay ; firong enough to yield
great crops of beans ; and that many of
the farms have much arable on the fides of
hills, which makes the work pretty flout ;
yet they plow their land very well, and
never ufe more than two in a plough, al-
though they do not break up their ftubbles
till after barley fowing. Through the befl
cultivated parts of Suffolk it is the fame ;

but

F H3 1

but as to nine hories to every hundred
acres, it is a monftrous allowance : conii-
dering that it includes light loams and
fands, it is at leaft five too many ; lb that
more than double all the hories employed
through this track of country are kept to
no purpofe. When good hufbandry and ex-
traordinary tillage are the confequence of
numerous teams, the objection is anfwered ;
but we very well know that is not the
cafe, by clay farmers keeping no more
than fand ones ; and by the depth of ftir—
ring being the fame in all. It is cuftom,
not good hufbandry, that occafions any va-
riations at all. To reflect, for one moment,
that half the horfes empolyed in hufbandry,
through fo coniiderable a part of the king-
dom, are ufelefs, is a very melancholy con-
fideration ; that ufelefs horfes are perni-
cious to the public good, is a fact indifpu-
table ; in no light whatever are they bene-
ficial; they have nothing to do with the
exportation of horfes, fuppofing it a trade
ever fo beneficial ; for it is confuming the
commodity one's- felf, which, in a com-
mercial view, ought to be converted into
money. It prevents the culture of a vaft
quantity of exportable corn. It takes great
tracks of grafs from fattening beafls, which
yield plenty of butchers meat, and confe-
quently enables us to export the more

corn,

[ <44 I

corn*, but gives no profit in return. No
article of ufeiul confumption is promoted
by fuch extra horfes; no induftrious hands
employed by them ; in fhort, in every light
the object can be viewed, the keeping fuch
numbers of ufelefs ones is a mod pernicious
conduct to agriculture, to the landlord, and
to the public.

In the comparifon between horfes and
oxen, the balance of opinions is much in
favour of the latter. In thofe countries,
where both are ufed, and where the com-
parifon has been accurately made, oxen
have been found preferable, in every re-
fpect, but that of fpeed ; and even in that
article their inferiority amounts to nothing
more, than being two hours in a day
longer at work than horfes : they perform
the fame quantity every day, and in a bet-
ter manner. Their being cheaper, in all
refpecl:s, is allowed every where : and yet,

* Whenever I fpeak of the exportation of corn, it
is relative to what was our policy, not to the wretched
fyftem of eternally flopping the export upon every mob
that infefts the fheet ; or every mob-addrefs that de-
mands pernicious meafures. Wheat is now, withia
fifteen miles of the capital, at 45. 3 d. a bufhel.
Through all the eaftern part of the kingdom every
fort of corn is a drug ; much bailey at Ss. a quarter ;
fome oats a guinea a lalt ; but no exportation. No
trade will bear fuch rough ufage as our corn trade has
received of late years : It was once our boait — but
now our folly.

not with-

[ ns ]

hotwithilanding all thefe advantage?, they
are ufed in very few places ; and fome
whole counties, that not many years ago
Scarcely pofleffed a plow-horfe, now have
not a Tingle ox. This fcems very extraor-
dinary, and has, by many, been elleemed
as a itrong proof, that horfes are really pre-
ferable.

But I think the change is to be ac-
counted for without this fuppofition. I at-
tribute it to the price live cattle have
yielded of late years. It is well known,
that the. regular couife of bulinefs in the
ox counties ufed to be, to keep three fetts
of hearts ; one of young cattle that were
coming into work ; the teams ; and fatten-
ing cattle, that had been worked three
years. But when cattle came to be fo
very dear, as to be bought lean for near /as
much as they fold for when fat-, the ox
farmers were tempted to fell their young
flock before they plowed them ; or at
leaft to throw them directly to fattening,
that their high value might come in the
fooner. And as horfes, once bought, re-
quired no annual addition, they by degrees
increafed with all poor farmers, to enable
them to fell their oxen at high prices. The
great decreafe of the ufe of oxen dur-
ing the period of live cattle felling fo very
high, gives fome reafon to fuppofe this the

Vol. IV. L caufe

[ 146 1

caufe of it. I need not, furely, add, that
. this, or indeed any other reafon that can
be offered, is and muil be falfe and incom-
plete ; and that the ufe of them in tillage is
much fuperior to that of hones. The ava-
rice of the farmers (it is obfervable among
the great farmers in Northumberland, who,
we are certain, are not poor, oxen yet con-
tinue to be much ufed, viz. half and half,)
has alone driven them out of ufe, not for
the fake of profit, but for railing ready
money at a future expence.

Several modern French authors, of con-
siderable abilities, have attacked the ufe
of oxen with all their power ; particularly
the celebrated Marquis de Mirabeau, and
the authors of the huibandry articles in the
'Encyclopedia ; I think M. Quefnay le Jils,
and M. le Roy. They divide the agricul-
ture of France into two grand parts ; the
great culture, and the fmalL The firft is
that of horfes, and the latter of oxen;
and reckon the fmall to exceed the great
culture, in common practice, as five, if I
recoiled: right, to thirty. They reprefent
the ufe of oxen as vattly inferior to that of
horfes; but their arguments run directly
counter to all ones ideas in England; con-
fequently circumitances vary prodigioully
between the two kingdoms. But the prin-
cipal

[ 147 ]
cipal objection feems, from thofe writings,
rather to lye againft the nature of the ox-
teams than againft their life in general.
From many exprefiions, I apprehend the
plowing oxen to be very fmall, lean, weak,
wretched beafts; for they talk of turning
them on to open commons for their food :
if this is the cafe, no wonder the ox culture
is fo unprofitable *.

* I have not the Encyclopedia by itie; but M. de
Mirabeau writes as follows: "Dans la grande cul-
ture, un homme feul conduit une charrue tiree par
deux chevaux, qui fait ant ant dc travail que trois char-
rues tiree par des bceufs^ & conduite par six hommes.
Dans ce dernier cas, faute d'avances primitives pour
retabliffement d'une grande culture, la depenfe annu-
elle eft exceffive par proportion au produit net, qui eft
prelque nul, Sc Yon y employe dix on douze fois plus
de terre. Les proprietaires manquont de fermiers en
etat de fubvenir a la depenfe d'une bonne culture, les
avances fe font aux depens de la terre ; le produit des
pres eft confomme pendant l'hyver par les bceufs de la-
bour, & on leur taiffe une partie de la terre pour !eur
paturage pendant l'ete ; le produit net de la recolte
aproche ft fort de la nonvaleur que la moindre impofi-
tion fait renoncer a ces reftes de la culture ; ce qui
arrive meme eft bien des endroits tout fimplement par
la pauvrete des habitans. Ce detail d'agiiculture fe
trouvera combattu par l'habitude & par le prejuge local
dans bicn des lieux. Vous entendez dire aux notables
meme parmi les nations pauvres qui font reduites a
cette petite culture dans les trois quirts de leur terri-
< ire, & ou il y a d'ailleurs plus d'un tiers de terres
cultivates qui font en non valeur. On afTure, dis-je,

L 2 duns

[ 148 ]

dans ces pays la que la grande culture n'eft pas pro-
pre a leurs terres ; qu'elles font ou trop compa&es 6u
trop legeres pour les chevaux impatiens ; qu'ils nou-
riflent leurs bceufs avec prefque rien pendant tout l'ete,
en les laiflant ener dans les jonquiers ou pituraux ;
qu'il ne leur faute ni avoine, ni orge, ni fers, ni har-
nois conteux, & autres obje&ions qui font autant d'ar-
gumens de la misere raifonnec." Vami des Hommes,
tome vi. p. 91.

What would M. de Mirabeau fay if I informed him,
that I ufed ox-teams for plowing, in Suffolk, of only
two oxen to a plough, that equalled my- beft horfes in
quantity of work performed per diem ; did it in the
fame hours ; in a better manner ; and at a lefs price
per acre, the driver included : The oxen coft 15 /. a
pair, and they out-plowed horfes of 30 /. a pair*

LET-

[ i49 1

LETTER XXXIII.

T Have no apprehenfions of your thinking
•J- it ufelefs to review the ftate of grafs land :
The whole conduct of it is certainly of
great importance ; and the averages into
which its value, product, &c. may be
drawn, will prove one of the principal parts
of that complete knowledge of the ftate of
agriculture, which is the aim of this work.
I fhall begin with cows.
From Hatfield to Welwyn.

Product per cow. 5 /.
Stevenage to Luton.

Product. 4/. iox.
From Dunfiable to Woo bum -, Mitt on?

Product,. 4 /.
Wooburn to Newport Pagnei.
Product. 4 /.

Quantity of food per cow. One acre
of grafs.
St. Neot's to Kimbotton*

Product. 4 /.
From York to Beverley -, Wilbersfort.

Product. 3 /. 10 j.
About Stillingfieet.
Product. 4/.

L 3 Quan-

[ '5° I

Quantity of milk per diem. Four gal-
lons.
At Thome.

Product. 5 /.
Around V/entworth Houfe.

Food. Two acres. In winter two tons
and half of hay.

Milk. Three gallons.

Product. 4 /.

Hogs maintained by cows. Three or
four to fix cows.
About Driffield.

Rent of good grafs. 20 s.

Food. An acre and a quarter.

Product 5/.

Milk. Two gallons.
About Eaji Newton.

Rent. 20 s.

Food. Two acres. In winter two
tons of hay.

Product. \L 5-r.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. Three to ten cows.

Number of cows to a dairy-maid.
Ten.
Around Nunnhigton.

Rent- ioj-.

Product 5 /.

Milk. Four gallons and a half.

Hogs. One to thiee cows.

Food.

[ J5J 3

Food. Two acres. Two loads and a

half of hay in winter.
Dairy-maid. Twenty cows, with a

gir.

About Klrkleatham,

Rent. 25 s.

Food. An acre.

Product. 5/.

Milk. Five gallons.
At Gi If dale in Cleveland.

Rent. 25 s.

Food. One acre.

Product 5/.

Milk. Five gallons.

Hogs. One to two cows.
Around Schorton.

Rent. 20 s.

Food. Two acres. One ton and fif-
teen cwt. of hay in winter.

Product 6/.

Milk. Three gallons and a half.

Hogs. Four to ten cows.
GilTing near Richmond.

Rent. 35 j.

Food. One acre, and an acre of hay.

Produft. 5/.

Milk. Six gallons.

Hogs. Two pigs to a cow.

Maid. Twelve cows.
At Rookby.

Rent, 20 s.

L 4 Food,

[ • Itf ]

Food. Three roods, and one acre and
a half of hay.

Product. 5/.

Milk, Four gallons.

Hogs. Ten pigs to four cows-
Maid. Seven cows.
From Afkrig to Reetb, Fremington.

Rent. 30 j.

Food. One acre, and one acre and a.
half of hay.

Product. 5/. 10 s. and fuppofe the
calf 1 /. 6/. 1 ox.
About Kipl'm.

Rent. 22 s. 6d.

Food. One acre and a half, and two,
tons of hay.

Product. 5/.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. Three to ten cows.

Maid. Ten cows.
Mr. Crowes hufbandry-

Food. One acre. Forty flone of hay,«

Milk. Two gallons.
About Swinton.

Rent- 2 2 s. 6d.

Food. One acre and a half, a,nd two,
of hay.

Milk. Four gallons;.

Product. 5/.

Hogs. Three or four to ten cows.

Maid. Eleven cows.

About

t U3 1

About CraikbilL

Rent. 20 s.

Food. Two acres ; and two of hay.

Product. 7 /. js.

Hogs. Three or four to ten cows.

Maid. Ten cows.
About Signing ford.

Rent. 20 s.

Food. Two acres and a half, and four*
of hay. (A fine cow country !)

Product 6 1.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. A pig to every cow.

Maid. Seven cows.
About Danby.

Rent. 25 s.

Food. Five roods.

Product. 6/. js.

Milk. Seven gallons.

Hogs. Five to ten cows*

Maid. Ten cows.
About Af garth.

Rent. 27 s. 6d.

Food. One acre, and two acres of hay.

Product. 4/. 1 2 s. 6d.

Milk. Five gallons.

Hogs. Two or three to ten.

Maid. Five or fix cows,
irl of Darlington 's.
Product. Eight gallons.

About

[ J54 ]
About Raby-Ctiftle,
Rent. 30 j.
Food. One acre and a half, two tons

of hay.
Product. 5 /.
Milk. Five gallons.
Hogs. Three or four to ten.
Maid. Fourteen cows.

Go/worthy near Newcajile.
Rent. 30 j.
Food. One acre and a half 3 two tons

of hay.
Milk. Five gallons.
Product. 5 /.
Hogs. None.
Maid. Seven cows.

About Morpeth,
Rent. 20 s.

Food. One ton and a half of hay.
Product. 9 /. ioj.
Milk. Nine gallons.
Hogs. Five or fix to ten cows.
Maid. Ten cows.

About Alnwick,
Rent. 40 s.
Food. One acre, and one and a half

of hay.
Product. 7 /.
Hogs. One fow to ten cows.

Around

[ *S5 ]

Around Br!ford.
Rent. 20 j.
Food. One acre, and one ton and a

half of hay.
Product. 4/.
Milk. Six gallons.
Hogs. Nine or ten to eight cows.
Maid. Ten cows.

Hetton, near Belford.
Rent. 20 j.
Product. 4/. 4 J".
Milk. Five gallons.
Food. One ton and three quarters of

hay.
Hogs. One to two cows.
Maid. Twelve cows.

Fentojt, near Woo Her.
Rent. 20 s.
Food. One acre and a half, two tons

of hay.
Product. 3/.
Milk. Four gallons.
Hogs. Two pigs to one cow.

About Rothbury.
Rent. 2 1 j.

Food. One acre, half an acre of hay.
Product. 4 /. 1 5 s.
Milk. Six gallons and a half.
Hogs. Two to five or fix cows.

About

[ is* I

About Cambo.

Rent. 22 s. 6 J.

Food. One acre and a half. One acre-
and a half ditto of hay.

Product. 4/. 1 5 J".

Hogs. Three or four to. ten cows.
About Glenwelt.

Rent. 20J-.

Food. One acre ; and one ton of hay.

Product. 4/.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. Two to twelve cows.

Maid. Ten. cows.
AfcQt, fouth of Carlijle.

Rent. 20 J.

Food. One acre and a half ; and one
ton and a half of hay.

Product. $$s.

Milk. Three gallons.

Hogs. None.

Maid. Ten cows.
About Penrith.

Rent. ijs. 6d.

Food. One acre; one ton of hay.

Product. 4/. 10 s.

Hogs. Two to ten cows.

Maid. Ten cows.
Around Kefwick.

Rent. 30 s.

Food. One acre and a half; and: two.,
tons of hay.

Product,

[ *$7 3

•product. 3 /. 1 3 J". 6 </.

Milk. Six gallons.

Hogs. One to ten cows.
About Shapp.

Rent. 22 j. 6 d.

Food. One acre ; one and a half of
hay.

Product. 5/.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. None.
At Holme, near Burton*

Rent. 50 s.

Food. Five roods.

Product. 6 /. 13 s.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. Two or three to ten cows-
Maid. Eight cows.
About Kabers.

Rent. 26 s.

Food. One acre and a quarter; one
and a quarter of hay.

Product. 4 /.

Milk. Six gallons.

Hogs. One pig to two cows.

Maid. Ten or twelve cows.
About Garjlang.

Rent. 32 j. 6d.

Food. One acre and a quarter ; on«
acre of hay.

Product. 3/. i$s.

Hogs, None,

. from

r 158 ]

From Warringtoii to Prefcot.

Produdt. 3 /.
Around Ormjkirk.

Rent. 30 j.

Food. Two acres. And one hundred
and twenty ftone (20$.) hay.

Milk. Six gallons.

Hogs. Two or three to ten cows.

Maid. Ten cows.
At Altringham.

Rent. 30 s.

Food. One acre. Three quarters of
an acre of hay.

Product. 5 /. 1 o s.

Milk. Five gallons.

Hogs. Two or three to twenty-fix
cows.

Maid. Seven or eight cows.
Around Knotsford.

Rent. 25 s.

Food. One acre and a half; two tons
of hay.

Product. 6 /. 10 s.

Milk. Four gallons.

Hogs. Three to twenty.

Maid. Fifteen cows.
About Holme s-Cha^ el.

Rent. 30 s.

Food. One acre and a half.

Milk. Five gallons.

Product. 6 /. 5 s.

I logs..

f *59 ]

Hogs. Three or four to ten cows.

Maid. Seven cows.
Around Stone.
Rent. 30/. «

Food. One acre; and twelve rzctf. and
a half of hay.

Product. 5/.

Milk. Five gallons.

Ho£s. Four to ten. cows.

Maid. Ten cows.
Around Sbenjione.

Rent. 22 s. 6 d.

Food. One acre; fifteen cwt. of hay.

Product. 5 /. 1 5 j.

Milk. Six gallons.

Hogs. Six to twenty cows.

Maid. Ten cows.
At jiflon, near Birmingham.

Rent. 30 s.

Product. 8/.

Milk. Six gallons and a half.

Food. Three cwi. of hay per week.
Around Hagley.

Rent. 50 s.

Food. One acre ; and one ton of hay.

Product. 6/. 51.

Milk. Four gallons and a half.

Hogs. Two pigs to three.

Maid. Seven cows.
About Broom/grove.

Product. 3 /. 10 s.

Mi

[ iCo ]

Milk. Four gallons.
At Bendfuorth, near Eve/ham,
Rent. 3 5 s.
Food. One acre:
Product. 5/.
Milk. Five gallons.
Hogs. Two fows to ten.
Maid. Eight cows,
At Benjington.
Rent. 50 s.
Food. One acre -, and one acre and a

half of hay.
Product; 7 /. 7 s.
Maid. Ten cows.
About Henley.

Produft. 6 A
Maidenhead.

Product. 7/. \os.
North Minis.
Rent. 20 s.
Food. One acre and a half; two load:

of hay.
Product. 61.

Milk. Two gallons and a half.
Hogs. Three fows to ten.
Maid. Eight or nine.
Having thus collected all the intelligence
concerning cows into one point of view, I
(hall, in the next place, calculate fuch
averages as appear to be the moll ufeful ;
the ftandard, whereby we muft judge of the

various

[ i6i ]

various articles, is that of product -, by
taking that for a guide, we (hall be able to
fee what proportion thofe articles bear to
product j which will at once diicover fuch
as are moft beneficial.

PreduSt under 4 /.

PIdces. Rent.lSl"Ti Win.) Produft. Miik. Hogs, |Maids.

J

Wilbersfort,
Fentdn,

Afcot, 20

Kefzvick, 30

-CarJJang, 32

Prefcoty

Broom/grove,

I have, in this table, Amplified the arti-
cles as much as I could* The number of
hogs ; one reckoned to ten cows ; and the
winter food, when fpecified in weight, I
change to acres, (as it is abfolutely requi-
fite for drawing an average,) by the general
role of one hundred of hay for each milling
of rent; and when no rent fpecified, a ton
and an half per acre ; five pigs I call a hog,
and a fow three hogs.

Averages, 27 6 j 1 ^ | 1 ^ ] 3 6 2 [ 4 ] 1 | 10

. J S u m
food.

Win.
food.

1 P
t

rodufh
IO

Miik.

Hogs. 1

i

O

4

4

If

If

2

'5

3

none

1 1

i4-

3

13 6

6

1

l!

1

3

3

l5
0

none

1

3

10

4

I

Vol. IV.

M

Prodiiul.

[ 162 ]

Produtt at 4.I

. and upwards,

under 5

1

Places. Rent.
S. d.

Sum.
food.

Win.
food.

Produft.

Milk.

Hogj.

Maids.

LlitOtty

4 IO

Milton,

4 0

Newport,

I

4 0

Kimboiion,

4 0

Stillingfleet,

4 0

4

Wentworth,

2

*t

4 0

3

6

Eaft Newton>20

2

2

4 5

4

3

IO

Afgarth, 27 6

I

2

4 12 6

5

2|

Si

Belford, 20

I

l\

4 0

6

IO

IO

Bet ton, 20

H

4 4

5

5

12

Rothbury, 2 1

I

1

2

4 15

6|

4

Cambo, 22 6

If

If

1 J5

31

Gknwelt, 20

I

I

4 0

4

2

IO

Penrith, ij 6

I

I

4 10

2

IO

Kabers, 2 6

I*

4 0
409

6
41

1

II

Averages, 21 6

4

9

Produfi

t 163 ]

ProduB at 5 /. and upwards, under 6 A

Peaces.

tVelwyn,

Rent.

s. d.

Thome,

Driffield,

20

Nunn'mgton,

IO

Kirkleatkam

,25

Gil/dale,

25

Gilling,

35

Rcokbyt

20

Kiplin,

22 6

Swinton,

22 6

About Rab)

>3°

Go/worth,

30

Shapp,

22 6

Altringbamy

30

Stone,

30

Shenfione,

22 6

Bendfivorth,

35

Averages,

3i 9,

Sum

food.

Win
food

iProduft.

Milk-

Hogs.

5

0

5

0

If

5

0

2

2

5

5

0

4f

3

I

5

0

5

I

5

0

5

5

I

1

5

0

6

4

3

4

if

5

0

4

5

If

2

5

0

4

3

If

2

5

0

4

3f

If

It

5

0

5

3f

If

4

5

0

5

none

I

*i

5

0

4

none

I

3
4

5

10

5

1

I

i

5

0

5

4

I

J

5

5

15

6

3

I

5

0

5

6

I

If

5

1

4f

3

Maids.

15

12

7
10

11
14

7

?i

10

10

8
10

M

Produtt

[ i64 ]

Product at 61. and upwards, under jl.

Places. Rent.
s. d,
Schorton, 20

Fremington, 30

Sleningford, 20

Danby, 25

Holme, 50

Knotsford, 25

Holm's- chapel 30

£%^J> 5°

Henley,

Minis, 20

Averages, 30

Sum.
food.

Win.
food.

Product.

Milk.

Hogs.

Maid

2

I*

6

0

31

4

I

if

6

10

2f

4

6

0

4

2

7

n

6

7

7

5

10

H

6

J3

4

2|

8

if

if

6

10

4

If

15

if

6

5

5

31

7

1

1

"IT

6
6

5
0

41

if

7

if

2

il

6

0

2|

41

9
31

8

6

8

9

Product

<?/ 7

/. *« */ upwards

Craikhill, 20

2

2

7 7

31

10

Morpeth, 20

t|

9 10

9

51

6

Alnwick, 40

1

if

7 0

3

y^?c«, 30

i|

8 0

6f

Bc-ifngton, 50

1

if

7 7

10

Maidenhead,

*f

if

7 10
7 l5 6

7*

4

Averages, 32

8

Such

[ i«5 1

Such tables as thefe you muft not expect
to be minutely exact to the fplitting of
fractions ; fuch accuracy is not requifite ;
fince the proportions are what is chiefly
wanted, and while one degree of exactness
runs through all, they remain the fame.

Recapitulation,

Rent.

Averages ") s. d.

Sum.
food.

Win.
food.

Produdt,

Milk.

Hogs.

Maids

of upwards ^32
of;/. j

U

if

7

15 6

71

4

8

Of 61. 30

I§

i*

6

8 0

41

31

9

Of 5/. 31 91

H

5

1 0

4f

3

10

Of 4/. 21 6*1

u

4

0 .9

4!

4

9

Under 4/. 27 6 i|

Hi

3

6 2

4
5

1
3

10

Gen.Average28 4;i4-

5

6 3

9

M3

It

[ .66 ]

It is in the firft place to be remarked on
this table, that the variation of product
does not depend totally on the richnefs
of the grafs; though there is fomething
of a proportion between them. The
higheft product is from the beft grafsj
and the two next products are from the
next rents in the icalej but below that
the regularity is broken, and 21s. 6 d.
exceeds 27 jr. 6 d. The richnefs of the
land has, therefore, a pretty confiderable
effect, though it does not bear an unbroken
proportion.

From 4/. to 6/. product, the quantity
of milk is pretty equal ; but 7 /. and up-
wards has a correfponding fuperiority in the
milk.

There is not much proportion to be
found in the quantity of either fummer or
wincer food.

In the number of hogs alfo no variations
are difcovered, which could occafion thofe
of product.

The general average is, in this table, as
in all fimilar enquiries, of particular im-
portance. We find from it, that the ave-
rage rent of good grafs land, throughout
the tour, is 28 s. \d. and we find that
the mean product of cows is 5/. 6s. %d.
Likewife, that the average of cows eat
the product of very near two acres and a

half

t '67 ]

half of grafs, at 28 s. ^d. per acre. That
five gallons is the mean quantity of milk
per cow per diem ; and three hogs the
number maintained by ten cows. Even
the knowledge that nine is the number
managed by one dairy-maid is a point of
fbme confequence, as it difcovers that part
of the expence of dairies.

It appears, upon the whole, that cows
are by no means, as they are commonly
managed, profitable. Two acres and a half
of this average grafs come to 2 /. i6j. Sd.
in rent alone, befides all other charges,
and making half of it into hay; a dairy-
maid cannot be reckoned at lefs than 9/.
board and wages, or 20/. a cow. Here
is above 4/. befides all the firing, and
wear and tear of the utenfils, and other
labour ; all which, I am clear, muft a-
mount to above 5/. It is extremely my-
fterious, but I cannot poflibly difcover where-
in, according to this general view, lies the
profit of thefe dairies. And this leads me to
point out the reafons why the advantage is
nothing, or at leaft, fo fmall.

In the firft place, the average quantity
of hay eat in the winter (very near an acre
and a half,) is one immenfe deduction
from product. The very rent of the land
pn which it grows is 2/. 2 s. This heavy
expence is, four parts in five, incurred for
M 4 want

t 168 ]

want of other winter food. In fome coun-
tries they have not turneps to feed them
with when dry ; but in very few have they
a green food for fuch as give milk, that
will not make it tafte. In this view appears
the importance of any vegetable of this
fort, either cabbages, carrots, parfnips, pota-
toes, &c. The two firft, we have already
found, will certainly perform this office;
and as they are railed in perfection on
different foils \ the two including every fort
in England; no farmer need ever more be
under the coftly neceffity of feeding his cows
with fuch quantities of hay ; which is evi-
dently one material reafon why the profit of
cows is no greater.

In the next place we find, by the pre*
ceding table, that three hogs are the ave-
rage number to ten cows ; not three fows,
(nor pigs,) but half, or three fourths, or
full grown ; keeping with deflgn to fat,
That this is a ftrange reduction of the pro-
fit of a dairy, will eafily be believed by
thofe who have been ufed to a better prac-
tice. It is a common thing in EJ/ex, Suf-
folk, and Norfolk, to fee a herd of two or
three hundred fwine, of all forts, in a farm
that keeps thirty or forty cows : They will
keep at the rate of three or four fows to
twelve cows, and all the pigs and hogs
bred by them; But this is by applying the

dairy

[ i69 ]

dairy food only to keeping fows and pigs,
and pigs that are weaning : And this prac-
tice I cannot but ftrongly recommend to
moft of the farmers in this extenfive track
of country, who make fo fmall a profit by
their cows for want of applying their dairy
warn to the bed: advantage.

I am guilty of no exaggeration when I
affert, that a different conduct in thefe two
points, of bogs, and winter food, would
increafe the farmer's profit by near 3 /. a
cow.

Vff yfc ^d M£ V

It is abfolutely requifite to take the fame
review of fheep, their product and profit*
as we have done with cows : The refult
will be equally ufeful ; both muft be clearly
known, before any one can pretend to con-
fider the true political ftate of the kingdom
at large. I confider myfelf as collecting
data for politicians to calculate upon : I
(hall at leaft give them fome authorities
which they have not yet porTerled.

From Stamford to Grimjlhorpe.

Fold their fheep ; a thoufand to an acre
and half. An hundred and fixty in
a fummer fold twenty acres.
About Rijby.

Flocks. From a hundred and twenty
to two hundred.

At

[ i;o ]

At Stillingjleet.

Price. 1 1 J. 6 d. Sell at 25 /. 6 </.

Profit. 14/.
About Thome.

Profit, 4 s.
About Wentworth-houfe.

Flocks. From ten to thirty.

Profit. 8 s. 6 d.
Beverley to Scarborough 5 about Drlf-
jield.

Flocks. From three hundred to five
hundred.

Profit. Folding the chief.

Fleece. 3 lb and a half.
About Ganton.

Flocks. Three hundred to a thoufand.

Fleece. 3 lb. at 8 d.
About Eajl Newton.

Flocks. From twenty-five to three
hundred.

Profit. 1 1 /. 9 d.

Fleece. 5 lb. and a half.
At Nunn'mgton.

Flocks. Twenty to eighty.

Profit. 8 s. 6 d.

Fleece. 5 lb.
Mr. Turners in Cleveland.

Fleece. 10 lb.
About Kirkleatham.

Flocks. From twenty to fixty.

Profit. 1 1 s.

Fleece.

[ W ]

Fleece. % lb.
At Gilfdale, in Cleveland.

Flocks. From fifty to five hundred.

Profit. 5 s.

Fleece. \od. each.
About Schorton.

Flocks. From ten to two hundred.

Profit. 22 s. 6 d.

Fleece 8 lb,
'Richmond to Greta-Bridge ; Gilling.

Flocks. From twenty to two hundred.

Profit. 1 1 j-,

Fleece, y lb.
At Rcokby.

Flocks. From twenty to three hundred.,

Pre fit. 5/.

Fleece. 7 lb.
From AJk rig to Richmond \ $X F reming-
ton.

Flocks. To five hundred.
t Profit. 10 j.

Fleece. 3 lb. and half, at 7 d.

Flock?. From twenty to two hundred.

Profit. 2 1 j-.
Mr* Crowe.

Profit. 255-.,

Fleece. 8 lb. at jod.
About Swinfon.

Flocks. From twenty to fixty.

Profit.

[ i;2 ]

Profit, 10 s.

Fleece. 4. lb. and a half.
Around Craikhill.

Flocks. From twenty to eighty.

Profit. 1 5 s.

Fleece. 6 lb.
About Sknningford.

Flocks. Twenty to thirty.

Profit. 1 5 s.

Fleece. \lb. and an half.
About Danby.

Flocks. From fifty to three hundred.

Profit. 8/.

Fleece. 6 lb. and half.
About Afgarth.

Flocks. From thirty to four hundred.

Profit. 8 j. 4 d.

Fleece. \lb. at q\ d.
Earl of Darlington.

Profit. 1 /. 8 s, 6 d.

Fleece. 1 2 lb.
Around Raby-Caftle,

Flocks. From thirty to two hundred.

Profit, j 3 S,

Fleece. 9 lb.
At Go/worth, near Newcajlle.

Flocks. From forty to eighty.

Profit. i$s.

Fleece. 5 lb.
About Morpeth.

Flocks. From thirty to an hundred.

Profit.

[ i73 1

Profit. 10 s.
Fleece. 3 lb.
At Belford.

Flocks. From one hundred to fix hun-
dred.
Profit. Fatting, 14J. Stock, 7 s. 8 d.
Fleece. 4 lb. at 7 | */.
At Hetton.

Flocks. From three hundred to two

thoufand.
Profit. 5 j.
Fleece. 7 Z£. at 7 d.
At Fenton, near Wooller.

Flocks. From five hundred to tea

thoufand.
Profit. 8 s. in the vales ; and 3 s. on

the hills ; average 5 s. 6 d.
Fleece. 3 to 7 lb. in the vales ; from
two to four on the hills ; at from 6d.
to 9 d.
About Rothbury.

Flocks. From forty to four thoufand.
Profit. 7 j.

Fleece. 4 lb. and half.
Around Cambo.

Flocks. From an hundred to a thou-
fand.
Profit. 8 j.
About Glenwelt.

Flocks. From twenty to five hun-
dred.

Profit.

C 174 ]

frofit. 5 j-.

Fleece. 3 lb.
Afcotty fouth of Carlijle.

Flocks. From twenty to an hundred
and twenty.

Profit. 6tf.

Fleece. 4/^. at 3*/.
About Pt/iruti.

Flocks. From forty tp three thoufand*

Profit. 5 s.

Fleece. ^lb. at \d*
Around Kefwick.

Flocks. From an hundred to a thou-
fand.

Profit. 4J-. 3</.

Fleece. 4$. at 4 d.
About Shapp.

Flocks. From five to fifteen hundred.

Profit. $s.

Fleece. 3 lb. and half, at 3 d.
At Holme, near Burton.

Flocks. From twenty to an hundred
and fifty.

Profit. 5J. 6 d.

Fleece. 6 lb. and half, at \d.
About Kabers.

Flocks. From twenty to four hundred*

Profit, ys. gd.

Fleece. 3 lb.
Around Garjlang.

Flocks. From twenty to two hundred.

Profit.

[ '75 1

Profit. 4 s. 6d.

Fleece. 3 lb.
Around Ormjkirk.

Flocks. From twenty to an hundred.

Profit. 1 o s.

Fleece. 2 lb.
Near Altringham.

Flocks. From twenty to two hundred.

Profit. 10 j.

Fleece. 4 lb. and half.
About Sbenjione.

Flocks. From ten to two hundred.

Profit. 1 4 s.

Fleece. 8 lb.
jijlon, near Birmingham.

Profit. 8 j.

Fleece. 3 lb.
Around Hagley.

Flocks. From forty to a thoufand.

Price. us. Sell at 22 s. Profit 1 1 s.
in inclofures ; but on commons,
2 s. ^d.
Worcefter to Eve/ham ; at Per/hore.

Flocks. From eighty to two hundred.

Profit. 10 s.
Bendfworth, near Evefiam.

Flocks. From fixty to twelve hun-
dred.

Profit. 8 s. 6 d.

Fleece. In inclofures 9 lb. in open
fields 3 lb. and half.

Around

[ *?« ]

Around Moreton.

Flocks. From one hundred to fourteen

hundred.
Profit. 7 s. 6 d.
At Benjington.

Flocks. From an hundred to a thou-

fand.
Profit. 20 s.
Fleece. 6 lb.
At Harmondjwortb, Middlefex.

Profit. 1 2 s.
About North Mims.

Flocks. From twenty to three hun-
dred.
Profit. 9 s. 6 d.
Fleece. 4 lb.

The next view we take of this part of
rural ceconomics, muft be the profit, &c.
relative to the foil. But there are not the
fame reafons, in this cafe, for taking the
rent only of grafs land, as with cows ; for
fheep live in many counties as much off the
arable as the grafs : Rent muft, therefore,
be the average of the country at large, that
we may difcover how far the prefent ftate
of the flocks in England are regulated in
value by the foil. Taking a general view
of each article, upon this principle, will pre-
fent us with numerous facts that are of
confequence.

Rent

f l77 ]

Rc?it i o s. and under.

Places. Rent.
s. d.

Rijby, 9 3

Stilling feet, 10
Thome, i o

1Ventwortht 8
Driffield, 10

Ganton, I

Nwmington, 5 10
Mr. Turner, 8 4
Scborton, 1 0
Sleningford, 8
Hetton, 6 6

Fenton, 8

Penritb, 8 9

Averages^ 8

Flocks.

120 to 2C0

10

30

300

500

300

1000

20

80

IO

200

20

30

300

2000

500

10000

40

3000

Profit.

M
4
8 6

8 6

22 6
r5

5

5 6

5

Fleece.

9 9

3
5

10
8

41

7
4
3

51

Rent from 10s. to 20 s.

EaJINewton, 1 2
Kirkleatharh, I 3
Gil/dale, 10 6
Gilling, 20

Rookby, 1 2

Kiplin, 12 6

Vol. IV.

Price.

25 to

300

II 9

sk

20

60

II

8

50

500

5

20

200

12

7

20

300

5

7

20

200

21

8*

7

7£
4

N

Mr,

Places. Rent.
s. d.

Mr. Crowe, 12 6

Swinton, 16 6

Craikhill, 1 3

Danby, 12 6

Jfgartb, 20

Lord Z>*ro6
lingtan, i

About i^afy, 16

Gofworth, 20

Morpeth,

Be'fordy

Rcthbury,

Cambo,

Glenwelt,

AJcot,

Sbappy

Kabers,

Garjlang,

Ormjkirk,

Aliringham, 20

ihtnjlone, 1 5

Hagky,

Perjhore,

Mareton,

12

15

10 6

12 6

10 6
17
17
15

17 6

20

20

[ 178

Flocks.

20 to 60

20 80

50 300

30 400

30

40

30

ICO

40

100
20
20

5

20

20
20
20
10

200

80

100

600

4000

1000

500

120

1500

400

200

100

200

200

40 1000

80 200

100 1400

Profit.

Fleece.

s. d.

25

8

10

4|

IS

6

8

h

8 4

4

28 6

12

J3

9

15

5

10

3

10 10

4

7

41

8

5

3

6

4

5

31

7 9

3

46

3

10

2

10

4i

14

8

8

3

67

10

7 6

/fcr-

Places. Rent.
s. d.
Harmondf-*
ortb, i

IV

Minis

12

Averages,

15

[ 1/9 ]

Flocks.

Profit.

s. d.

12

Fleece.

20 to 300

96

4

1

10 8

5 1

Price.

6£

Rent upwards of 20 s.

Fremington, 30 to 500

Kefwlcky 25 100 1000

Holme, 21 20 150

Bendfzvorth) 22 6 60 1200

Benfington, 25 6 100 1000

Averages, 25 i

10

31

7

4 3

4

4

56

i>\

4

8 6

(>\

20

6

98

i 5 1

5

Recapitulation.

10s. and under;, 8

9 9

Si

6

Ditto to 20 s. 15

10 8

5

6*

Upwards of 20x25

98

5

5

Gen. Average, 16

io

1 5

5*

N-2

The

[ iSo ]

The companion of foil with profit, in
this table, turns out very different from,
what I expected. I fuppofed that the beft
land would prove in fheep the moft profita-
ble; but, on the contrary, the equality of
the profit on ail is very great; and the
little variation there is, marks no propor-
tion of profit to rent. In one refpeel wc
do not fee clearly die matter of rent; the
funis here fpecified are the rates of the
places in general ; but not of fheep-walks
In particular: In the North, van1 tracks of
moors feed fheep ; but it is impoflible to
ipecify the rent of certain tracks of a farm,
which probably were never either mca-
fured or valued. Now in. moil: of thofe
extenfive countries, the flocks are kept up-
on the moors the year round, except juit at
turaepping; the rents do not, perhaps, ex-
ceed ix. or 2 x. per acre ; but in the table
they may be marked at 6s. Ss. ios. 12 s«
&r. Now in all the moor farms I viewed,
the profit by fheep is trifling, and their
value very fmall; which circumftance be-
ing mixed with the products of much
richer countries, of the fame rent, their
average is lowered ; otherwife a propor-
tion would probably appear between foil
and profit.

The

f ,81 3

The following divinon, according- to
profit, may be of ufe.

Profit 5 s. and under.

Places.

Thome,

Hettonf

Penritby

Gilfdaky

Rookty,

Glenwelty

Sbappy

Carjlangy

Kefwicky

Rent.

/. s. d.

10 o

6 6

8 9

10 6

12 o

IX 6

10 6

17 o

1 5 o

Flocks
rife to.

, Profit.
S. d.

4

20OO

5

3OOO

5

500

5

300

5

500

5

15OO

> 5

200

4 6

>

IOOO

4 3
' 4 9

1 U25

Profit from 5 /. /<? ioj.

Wentworthy
Nunningtony

Fentoiiy

SwintcWy

Danby,

8

30

8

6

5 10

80

8

6

8 0

1 0000

5

6

16 6

60

IQ

1

12 6

300

8

Fleece

7
3

7
3

31

3

4

4 *

5

4

4£

6f

N3

Afgcirth9

Places.
Jfgarth,

[

Rent.

/. s. d.
I o o

182 ]

Flocks
rife to.

400

Profit.

s. d.
8 4

Morpeth,

12 O

IOO

10

Belford,

15 O

600

10 10

Rothbury,

10 6

40OO

7

Cambo,

15 °

IOOO

8

Afcot,

15 0

I20

6

Kabers,

17 0

400

7 9

Ormjkirk,

15 0

IOO

10

Altringbam,

1 00

200

10

AJlon,

17 6

8

Hagley,

1 00

IOOO

^ 7

Verfoore,

15 0

200

10

Moretoriy

1 00

1400

7 6

Mints,

12 0

300

9 6

Fremington,

1 10 0

500

IO

Holme,

1 10

150

5 6

Bend/worth,

1 26

1200

8 6

Averages,

*5 9

1 05 1

8 4

Prgfe

[ i»3 1

Profit from ioj. to i$s.

Places. Rent.

/. s. d.

Stillingfleet, i o

Sleningford, 8

Eaji Newt "on, 1 2

Kirkleatham, 1 3
Gilling, 1 00

Craikhilly 1 3

Rahy, 1 6
Gofworth, 1 00

Belford, . 1 6

Sbenflone, 1 5
Harm/worth, 1 00

Averages, 14 9

Flocks
rife to.

Profit.

/. s. d.
14

• Fleece,

30

■'5

4l

300

ii 9

5l

60

11

8

200

12

7

80

15

6

200

13

9

80

15

5

600

10 10

4

200

14
12

8

194

13 0

6

Profit from i$s. upwards.

Schorton,

10

200

1

2

Kiplin,

12 6

200

1

1

Mr. Crowe,

12 6

150*

1

5

Lord Dtfr-7
lington, 3

16

200*

1

8

Benfir.gton, 1

5 ^

1000

1

0

Averages,

T5 3

35°

1

3

12

6

* Small numbers foppofed, being Angle farm*

N 4 itetf-

[ >84 ]

Recapitulation.

Rent.
s. d.
I 12 6

Ditto 55. to 10s. 159
Ditto ioj. to 155. 14 9
Ditto 155. up-

Profit 5 j. and
under,

\v

ard.c

1

l5 3

Flocks
1 rife to

Profit.
/. s. d.

II25

O

4 9

IQ5I

O

8 4

194

O

13 0

35°

I

3 41

Fleece.

4!

41

6

There does not appear to be much
proportion between rent and profit in this
table ; but it has another ufe, which is
not to be flighted. The two lowefi; ave-
rages of profit, thofe of 5 s. and iox. are
much the greateft flocks ; which proves
the very point I was before remarking,
that the rents were not decided by the
land applied to fheep. We find from the
height to which the flocks rife, where
the profit is low, that there mutt be large
fheep-walks to maintain them, which fuf-
ficiently lets us into the nature of the
country; and explains that puzzling cir-
cumftance, the equality of rent. And this
will appear very flrong, if we throw toge-
ther the two low articles of profit, and
the two high ones, each in one average,
thus :

Profit;

[ i«5 ]

Rent. 1

Flocks 1
rife to

Profit. ]

FIeec<

s. d.

s. d.

Profit to 10 s.

14 if

1088

6 6

41

Ditto from lOS.]

upwards, j

\15

272

18 2

7

From this little fketch we at once find
mod of the contradictions removed , it ap-
pears, that rent muft not be our guide to
difcover the nature of the foil, but the
fize of the flocks ; for large flocks are rare-
ly kept in rich countries ; and this circum-
ftance of rent being deceitful, arifes, as I
before remarked, from the waftes and
wilds that chiefly maintain fheep not be-
ing characterized by the rent fo much as
the cultivated parts of the country. We
find that the profit of fheep depends, at
prefent, much upon the foil ; for where
rlocks rife on an average to ipbB, the pro-
lit is only 6 s. 6 d. but where they are not
more numerous than 272, it riles to near
three times as muchj which is a remarkable
difference.

The lownefs of the profit through fuch
an extenfive track as all thefe countries, in
which it rifes no higher than ioj. calls
for fome attention. Is 6 s. 6 d. an ade-
quate return for a year's keeping of a
iheep ? Surely not. From whence comes,

then,

r i36 ]

then, the lownefs of this profit; which to
appearance renders fheep an object of fmall
importance ? This is a queftion that comes
immediately to the point.

Throughout the moor farms in feveral
counties in the north of England, their
breed of fheep is more paltry than can well
be conceived in the fouth ; fo wretched,
that it would be abfurd to expect any consi-
derable profit from them : In the moors of
Northumberland, flocks rife to forty thoufand,
which number is kept near the head of
North Tync, by one Mr. (I think) Simon
Kidder, or fome fuch name ; many of thefe
immenfe flocks are not reckoned to pay
more than from is. to 31. a head, and
yet the cheefe they make of them is reckoned.
They milk the ewes, and ufe the butter for
greaiing their bodies in autumn, to preferve
the wool -, the cheefe they fell. Could any
good farmer have fuppofed there had exifted
fuch a fyftem of trifling ? And all this for a
profit of twelve-pence a head ! But farther;
would a Norfolk farmer believe, that men
who rented farms from 500/. to 2000/. a.
year, who have vaft tracks of arable land,
and are able to keep from five thoufand to
forty thoufand fheep, who take the minute
and amazing trouble of milking their ewes ;
would any man conceive, that thefe farmers
{hould not know what a fold is r This is

one

[ i87 ]

one of the mod: aftonifhing pieces of bar-
barifm that can any where be met with.

The fleeces of thefe fheep weigh from
I lb. to 2, z I , and ^lb. the quality of.
the wool very bad; in Cumberland and
Wejhnorland i^d. or 4 </. per lb. What
a lofs is this to the ftate ? To have whole
counties of uncultivated land, without the
poiTeffion of thofe rich fleeces which ex-
tended fheep - walks convey the idea of.
Thefe northern genius's aiiert, that their
moors would not do for better iheep : The
argument carries an abfurdity in the very-
face of it : And thofe who know mod of cat-
tle will allow, as an univerfal maxim, that
the poorer the foil the better ought the cat-
tle to be? not the larger. A good breed of
cattle, of any fort, that are not out of fize,
will, on the pooreit foils, ftarve the poorer
herds. But in this cafe facts have proved
what reafon only conjectures. Mr. Culey,
of Feriton, near Wooller, has been at the
expence of hiring tups of that famous
breeder, Mr. Bakeiall, of Ditchky, near
LougLborough, in Lcicejlerfoire, by which
means he has (I think in two years) fb
improved his flock, that all his neighbours
are aitonilhed, and fome of them are now
hiring tups of him at no trifling expence;
convinced, at lad, that no land is too poor
tp have a good ilock on it. The profit by

fheep

[ 188 ]

iheep will, in that neighbourhood, foon
be advanced five hundred per cent. This
inftance proves, that the breed of fheep in
the Moor counties, ought, by all means, ta
be improved. It is a matter that equally
concerns the landlord, the farmer, and the
nation. The firir. is bound, by an hun-
dred confiderations, to exert himfelf in (o
important a matter, not to leave their te-
nants to continue in the old route, till an
accidental man, from another part of the
kingdom, (the cafe with Mr. Culey,) ari-
fes among them, with better ideas than
his neighbours. Improvements depend
greatly on landlords : But when we view
fuch millions of acres of improveable
racors, as wafle as when ravaged by the
fury of the Sc&ttijh borderers -, when we
hear of flocks of forty thoufand fheep, that,
inftead of folding, are milked, and the whole
profit twelve-pence a head, we furely can-
not but conclude, that the landlords are
afleep. Were they frozen in the fnows of
Cheviot, their hufbandry could not be more
contemptible.

That the profit of fheep may be pufhed
very high, we find by the average above
1 5 s. being i /. 3 s. \d. which is confi-
derable, the weight per fleece 8 11?. This
fhews ftrongly the effect of having a good

breed %

t 189 ]

breed; for to nothing elfe cari the fupe-
riority be attributed ; The rent of the foil
is only 6 d. an acre different from that
of iqs. to 1 5 x. profit, and the flocks
are even larger ; fo that it can only be
the breed that gives fuch a fuperiority of
profit.

It is fuch extenfive tracls of the king-
dom being flocked with fuch bad kinds
of fheep, that reduces the general ave-
rage profit to fo low as 1 o s. a head ;
the average fleece to 5 lb. and the price
to $ib~\. In this general light the evil
appears ftrongly ; for we find the me-
dium lefs by more than half, to what it is
in particular dittri&s not peculiarly happy
in foil.

Before I conclude, I mud: take notice
of one circumftance in the minutes, of
particular importance, which is, the a-
mazing fuperiority of wool and profit in
inclofed countries to open ones. It is
very remarkable, that every one of the
places minuted in the fcales of profit,
from 1 o s. upwards, are all in inclofed
countries. And one or two minutes of
comparifon prove the fame thing. About
Hag/ey, the profit in inclofed grounds
is 1 1 x. but in open ones only 2 s. 3 d.
which is a prodigious difference. About

Bendf-

[ 19° ]
Bendfaortb, in the Vale of EvefoaiHt
the average fleece is 9 /^. in the inclo-
fures ; but only 3 \ lb. in the open fields*
Can there be a ilronger argument for in-
clofing? The common vulgar ideas, of in-
juring iheep and manufactures by inclofures,
are hence, 1 think, fufficiently anfw.ered :
By inclofing you have 9 lb. of wool imtcad
of three ; that is, one iheep yields as much
as three did ; and, in refpect to profit, one
pays as much as five : Do theie wifeacres
think, that inclofing the moors would do
miichief to manufactures ? or, that leflening
the number of iheep, that are milked in-
flead of folded, or yield from one ihilling
to five or fix profit fer head, would lefien.
the quantity of Britifo wool ? Inclofures
raife rents, high rents make men induftri-
ous ; they put a thouiand pounds in their
pocket to go hire a farm, which, when
open, would have taken only 3 or 400 /.
Every thing mud be turned to good ad-
vantage when high rents are paid -, the
farmer knows that every thing muji be
profitable ; and that very circumitance ren~
ders them fb : In fuch a train will twelve-
penny fheep be found ? It is thus that in-
clofures act ■, and that lefiening the number
of fhcep is increafing the quantity and va-
lue of wool.

But

[ IQI ]

But this is fo evident that one cannot
but admire at the prejudice or folly of ibme
writers, who have harangued againft them
as the enemies of manufactures.
* *- *

Another branch of the article of cattle*
is the expence of keeping horfes, which is
minuted in mod part of the tour : I have
calculated the average fum, and find it
61, 6 j.

LET-

t i92 ]

LETTER XXXIV.

T Mud, in the next place, enter upon a.
-*■ review of perhaps the moft important
part of the intelligence I generally received,
that of the particulars of farms. There are
numerous lights in which they mull: be
viewed, and all of them fo connected with
utility, that I fcarcely know which is moil
important. There has not, of late years,
been any fubject in political ceconomy that
has been more debated, than the fize of
farms that is molt advantageous : The im-
portance of having the kingdom divided
into fuch as are moft favourable to product,
and induftrious population, is apparent and
undifputed ; but the moft advantageous
proportions are unknown. Upon this very
important fubject, the publick has hitherto
received no other information, or fatisfac-
tion, than what is to be had from reafon-
ing ; we have had volumes of reafons,
arguments, and opinions, upon this point,
but fcarce any facts ; it is, therefore, with
peculiar fatisfaction, that I mail endeavour
to treat the fubject in a new way, by pre-
ferring facts. In every branch of agricul-
ture.

irottvhout

tfartrs.

(Fheat.

20
150

50

Average T a e l e of all the Farms infcrtcd throughout the T o u r.

[To be placed tt the Bejlnnlnc of
Letter XXXIV. Vol. IV.] A.

iStmiup,

; Mill ,,,

„ //;.<../»,

b Ditto,

9 Ditto,

10 Ditto,

■
uTbrapJlim,

i ' ■
i .

,6 DrajlMi,

aWhimmr,
uMbmfirt,
u Haltm,
qRiJiy,
■J4 Dm,,
IjStilllngfiat,
26 Ditto,
1 Ditto,

2» Ditto,

29 Ditto,

30 Ditto,

33 Ditto,

34 HMrmfi,

35 Ditto,

36 Ditto,

37 r\fiu,.V„,

38 Thmt,

39 Ditto,

40 Ditto,
4, Ditto,

\i

+3 Ditto,

44 Ditto,

45 Ditto,

46 Ditto,

47 Ditto,

48 Ditto,

49 DriffiilJ,

I S.1I, arfiim
'cI,I2J

Clay, 91.
Chalk, 5J.
Various, 14

» "3 9

-*«,.

Cr.fi.

frablt.

150

3°

I 300

200

1000

300

20

280

300

" "

- -

150

3=>

120

140

.20

20

200

- -

" "

2O0

140

60

660

60

6co

250

- -

- -

180

- -

200

50

150

81

20

61

55

12

rV3

70

25

45

5°

7

43

283

70

213

80

40

40

140

- -

2C0

'3°

70

70

- -

70

155

77

77

240

120

120

IO7

77

3°

90

50

40

'■5

40

75

no

50

60

160

80

80

130

60

;0

122

42

80

too

50

5'

90

60

3°

150

90

60

500

300

200

120

20

100

I70

40

130

70

10

bo

87

33

57

l80

120

bo

■45

75

7°

80

40

40

60

3^
5"

SO

70

30

40

50

'5

35

280

140

140

200

80

120

5

-

-

Sbctj,.

6

-

-

60

J

—

—

100

-

-

150

30

—

~

80

—

—

80

2

30

—

400

20

_

_

650

30
6

-

_

1(30

5
6

8

-

" -

1

—

—

60

4

:

12

l80

16
4

_

_

70

3

—

—

150

12

—

—

30

'4
■5
6
6

-

-

lo

16
8
6

8

50

6

6

—

40

10

12

16

40

6

7

5 '

z

260

200

6

-

-

300

6

8

*

6
b

18

3

—

4

IO

4

—

4

bo

8
4

-

6

10

_

-

- -

5

8

S

i"

3

—

8

400

o 140
0 700
0 140
o 300

51 DriffitU,

o

r^,

ouvhout the T

Wheat.
10

l7

22

Barky .
22

, Oats.
10

54 Ditto,
57 Ditto,

1

70

066

- •

55

0 1 a

- -

- -

- -

3=°

2C0

68 Ditto,
: Ditto,

. . .
i,

■

02 Dmo,

Average Table of all the Farms inferted throughout the Tour.

o be placed at the BrVnnipe of
LelKrXXXlV.VoUV.] B.

I 128

20 to 20

^

r

\ghout the Tour.

WUat.

Barley .

■ Oats.

Peafe.

Bel

4

4

4

5

5

5

— '

—

—

—

Average Table of all the Farms inferted throughout the Tour.

id Slinhgfird,

102 Ditto,

103 A[g«rlb,

104 Ditto,

105 Ditto,

106 Ditto*

109 Ditto>
lie Ditto,
111 Ditto,
1 u Ditto,

,0 Ditto,
iS Ditto,

I

29 Ditto,

Dim,,

, ,2 l\:„,,,

;Ditto,
1 J4 Ditto,
13s Ditto,

I j6 RtiMury,

lj.jD.tto,
j 40 CumtiOy

,4, Ditto,
142 Ditto,

14+ Ditto,

i+5 Ditto,

.47 Ditto,

• Ditto,

,49 Ditto,

150 Ditto,

!•:

v:Azt-

Am.

_

69
56

'-

0 0

75
160

„

16 O

35
1080

D

16 0

240

57
80
150

.

00

300
450
180

■ 2 0

130
300

0

15 0

400

'"

6 0

360
2500

2500

1000
700

^

11 3

240
6000

5000
2000
1000

-

10 6

450
200
130

0

15 0

2T
300

:

12 6

90
j 30
200

80

-

15 0

100
ho
125
80
5°

irallt.

R,,:.

l8

31

20

2.1

4

8

5

76

55

■35

- -

42

43°

800

80

180

3°

75

16

40

20

5°

5°

100

1

300

200

420

80

140

6

90

80

60

160

160

100

90

350

320

400

300

700

7oo,

200

250'

1250

650

1000

703

800

300

500

320

500

160

too

200

30

75

2000

1050

1500

■ 500

500

700

400

500

250

180

80

70

40

35

5«

3°

150

too

150

140

40

5°

60

60

80

80

20

35

60

70

80

95

55

7°

40

70

20

to 30

20

to 30

20

to 30

80

to too

I ■

to 100

80

to 100

8(j

tO 100

5°

to 400

5°

to 400

5°

to 400

5°

to 4OO

S°

to 500

r

to 500

3°

to 5,00

'

tO 530

too

to 500

too

to 500

100

to 500

DO

to 500

rhout the Tour.

en.

Wheat.

Barley.

1 Oats. P

8

8

8

24

24

24

A

A

4

Average Table of all the Farms ittferted throughout the Tour.

,si Pairith,

152 Ditto,
,53 Ditto,
,5+Dtoo,

,56 Ditto,
,57 Ditto,
,58 Ditto,

160 Ditto,
,61 Ditto,
,62 Ditto,
163 Ditto,
, 04 Mint,
165 Ditto,
,1.6 Ditto,
,07 Ditto,
,68 Kabtrs,

,69 Ditto,
170 Ditto,

IjlGarJIang,
.72 Ditto,
173 Ditto,

,75 Ditto,
176 Ditto,
1 -7 Ormjl'ir&i
17S Ditto,

Ditto,

1 S I j-tlu'mghar,

182 Ditto,
,83 Ditto,
1S4 Ditto,
,Ss J&wjM,

186 Ditto,

187 Ditto,

1 88 Ditto,

189 Dit

,91 Dit

192 Ditto,

19+ Ditto,
,95 Ditto,

198 Ditto,

1 og Sheti/lon
200 Ditto,

t-ehapei

5"
5

5°

20

50

5

3°

8

38

46

16

40

3°

no

70

,00

60

60

5°

28

12

45

20

6c

30

300

100

40

20

40

20

°5

7°

3°

to

70

40

40

47

170

3=

no

40

no

20

45

5

38

|6°

40

170

30

50

- -

2JO

ISO

no

90

60

3°

7°

70

45

80

15

35

400

300

120

120

ss„p.

Strwnli.

1&

!„,.

„».»„„.

•'■■'■■

frr&y,

«,„.

?..;,.

Smh,

Tnupi.

diver.

_

40

2000

I

2

4

—

—

—

-

-

23

4

24

100

I

I

1

8

8

8

•

8

8

-

8

3°

200

>

2

2

24

24

24

■

-

24

24

—

10

—

—

1

—

4

4

4

-

-

4

4

4

20

400

I

I

1

18

i;.

36

-

-

42

5

18

400

'

2

2

14

4 +

48

.,

200

—

I

—

4

4

8

-

60

'5

700

2

'

-

-

-

-

—

"

22

1 i

8

500

I

I

_

_

+
>

■5

-

.

.

2

8

200

—

I

6

10

80

2

4
6

30

—

"

1

3

—

.2

.

"

-

"

16

—

6

—

—

I

—

7

:

7

—

4

20

I

—

—

—

9

9

9

3
3
5

6
8

30
40

J

\

-

4

2
4

4

. 4

8

;

-

32

8

25

50

2

2

2

'4

14

14

14

-

35

4

18

>5

26

,

2

]

10

,0

.0

10

"

—

6

—

—

I

—

—

4

—

4

.

19

—

6

20

I

I

—

"

—

7

-

.

—

1 S

20

I

I

—

1-

—

10

-

-

.

to

30

40

4

2

2

2

14

28

28

■4

-

-

'4

24

— ■

tc

—

1

I

—

—

3

6

b

3

.

_

^

3

10

20

1

I

—

—

3

6

6

3

.

-

3

5

6

20
8

40
60

3

\

2

-

'7

"

25
■7

-0

-

25
'7

37

3
5

6

20

3

3

2

_

7

7

7

'

12

42

5

-

~o

'

3

-

5

5

5

-

-

1-

,

4

a

6

10

-I0

2

—

i —

20

2

3

4

2

7

—

i 7

7

—

4

—

—

1

I

12 30

5°

3

2

I

6

21

42

. 21

21

21

21

2

3 20

20

2

2

I

3

'I

26

1 '3

-

■3

■3

■3

-

- i 8

—

1

1

I

1

4

! s

i _+

4

4

4

-

6

12

IO

2

1

1

3

10

: 2;

10

10

10

"

_

\~3

_

,

_

_

5

5

5

5

5

3=

-

200

4

4

2

10

5°

10=

50

-

-

5°

5°

1

4<:

\ —

—

2

—

1

3

1 21

' 42

21

-

* -

21

21

80

to

'50

80

to

150

80

to

150

to

150

10

to

80

10

to

80

10

to

80

40

to

4 "

40
40
40

;:

4: 3
4: 3
400

4°

to

400

20

to

8o

20

to

80

20

to

80

20

1 ..-..

81

10

to

JO

10

to

70

10

to

1-

10

to

. 8 3

20

40
40
40
40

1 8c
80
80
80

300

jOO
jOC

20

300

r\

d throng

5oys. '

1
1

Labourers

2
I

r,v>

Average TaALE of all the Farms inferted throughout the Tour.

Pll

jtlfll.

*.:.

""'

r.-..

■

•••■■'

''--

.

40
35

60

5°

""

6
4

10

5

-

2

2

1

2

- -

20

4 '^

40

4

5

—

—

—

'

1

—

- -

3°

20

10

25

3

4

,

0176

(..,

75

3

'5

—

—

1

1

—

—

.

- -

7°

5°

20

55

3

12

—

—

—

—

1

1

—

- -

40

4

- "

40

1

12

~

—

—

—

—

1

—

I 0 c

35

3°

90

120

1

b

_

5

,

2

,

,

- -

150

30

I20

113

S

'2

2

-

2

2

1

3

.11 Ditto,

'35

35

100

90

(j

7

I

5

1

-

2

4

- -

So

'2

5

4

6

—

4

1

I

1

1

- -

45

10

25

3

6

—

5

—

—

■

1

I

i

1 10 0

20

4^

6

—

5

2

I

1

1

- -

200

40

160

18

10

!

6

3

2

4

10

!

4

5

—

8

— —

1

'

-

.

57

'5

40

6,

5

8

—

10

— , 1

1

1

—

.

0 15 0

100

160

'5

—

' 1

1 ' 4

2

i

5

- -

too

60

90

9

'

—

10

1

-

2

220 Ditto,

- -

90

1

80

7C

5

5

—

1

—

1

—

1

■

I 2 6

200

- -

200

'--

12

1 1

—

S

1

2

2

8

222 Ditto,

850

453

400

3°

4:

4«

20

S

s

4

10

223 D„to,

- -

7 'J

20

SO

7°

7

—

—

—

—

1

—

224 Ditto,

- -

90

90

5°

S

1

—

2

1

I

1

2

■

1 0 0

200

60

'■

200

12

16

—

2

4 1

1

2

2

—

,

- -

57°

'-

47"

530

+0

3°

1

20

5

4

3

'i

- -

460

"

410

.<: :

3°

:

8

—

900

3

3

3

■

.

310

10O

210

320

'7

i

10

—

800

3

3

1

1 5 6

2000

" "

2000

1450

40

20

-

8

7

•7

5

-

20

- -

600

5°

525

16

20

—

—

500

4

3

3

7

231 Ditro,

- -

460

50

410

400

■3

20

—

5

200

4

3

2

6

- -

300

30

2:°

; :

'4

21

_

—

200

4

1

—

10

■

60

5

55

46

6

5

—

—

—

—

—

J

1

. AH,„;,t,

c 17 0

60

20

4

50

8

6

—

5

>5

3

1

2

2

1

3°

7

s+

8

10

2

J

30

2

1

1

2

236 Ditto,

- -

40

10

3°

36

5

4

—

2

—

—

—

1

—

I 0 0

420

60

360

400

■ S

2

—

—

4

4

■

3

8

300

'

28

■3

8

—

4

200

2

2

—

6

- -

200

4-0

1

'

10

5

5

—

50

1

1

2

6

100

20

-

6

4

—

1

—

—

—

1

2

I 0 0

100

100

s

6

—

—

100

1

1

1

3

- -

160

30

130

ISO

—

10

—

5

80

2

2

2

5

243 Ditto,

So

10

70

80

—

5

—

—

30

1

1

1

2

244 Ditto,

■:■

5

■;

45

—

5

—

—

20

—

—

1

—

0 13 0

200

60

■40

3b

8

6

—

—

40

2

2

1

1

-■. 1 .

300

260

40

40

5

18

—

5

5°

—

■

1

1

24^ Ditto,

- -

7°

40

3°

50

4

2

—

—

—

1

'

—

—

248 Ditto,

- -

80

10

'°

60

6

8

—

—

100

2

1

1

.249 Ditto,

- -

200

200

130

5

-

—

100

4

1

1

6

2S0 Ditto,

,00

40

60

60

8

4

-

—

-

2

—

J_

5

- -

7'. "73

35.525

35,648

35,666

2011

'3093

97

i083

53.583

1 488

271

234

7S1

mm.

'

■

8

16

'4

8

_

.

8

7

4

4

8

_

5
4

~

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

26

—

' 1

1 j

34

34

-

1 '

-

17

—

M

-

■4

20

—

10

10

—

5

5

8

+

4

4

32

16

16

6

0

3

-

3

S

8

-

4

:

4-

_

,,

5

—

20

20

-

1

5

—

7 .1

5

25

25

50

: :

5
6

5'
6

100

5

i

52

35

52

"

-

7

!

—

—

5 '-'

—

137

■37

—

—

■37

—

102

—

—

1 .

—

67

'-

-

-

-

'j

1 3

—

—

1 j

—

12

12

—

6

6

20

20

—

1

10

8

B

—

4

4

12

1

—

6

.

—

S2

to

—

4'

—

54

54

—

27

—

26

26

—

—

28

28

—

1 1

14

36

30

—

18

18

2 =

20

—

1

10

10

'7
5

■7
5

34

5

5

5
'7
5

4

4

8

8

8

9

9

. i

9

-

9

25

2 7

5 '

25

-

25

. _ii_z

'4

7

"

7

5894

4707

[418

)

4 -

- !■

4s'-'.

20

ZZ\

50

to 200

5°

10 200 J

5«

5J

7 3

to 200

4

40

to 200

40

to 200

■}'

tO 200

60

to 150

60

to 150

60

to 150

40

0 1000

40

') lO'O

40

0 1000

43

0 1000

So

to 500

5

50

to 500

SO

to 500

-1 1

0 400

43

to 400

■i

0 400

:

4"

to 400

40

1 1

4

to 100

40

to to

SO

to <

50

So

to 5 1

50

to 500

to 202

40

to 20

40

to 20c

■:

2 1

to 180

20

to 180

20

0 180

20

to 180

20

to 180

0 180

1

r^

t 193 ]

ture and rural oeconomy the world has
been deluged with reafoning; it is high
time that faff and experiment mould dilii-
pate the contradictions and obfcurities of
opinion. I have not the lead: prejudice in
favour of, or againft, large, middling, or fmall
farms ; and I am now totally ignorant how
the event of the following calculations will
turn out; but on which ever fide of the
queftion, I fhall adhere to the relult, and
found my future opinion on it, till more
extenfive minutes prove any thing to the
contrary.

In the firft place I (hall form a table of
all the farms of which I gained particulars,
with the addition of one or two circum-
ftances collected from the general minutes.
In the particulars of farms, the number of
acres, of each fort of grain, &c. is not
always fpecified; but as that is a point of
much confequence, I (hall calculate them
from the courfes of crops in the refpeclive
neighbourhoods, which will give the totals
pretty accurately, as thofe I minuted were
every where the moil common in ufe ;
and where feveral courfes are regiftered I
mall extract one that feems molt the ave-
rage of the red: ; by this means we mail
come very near the truth. It was common,
in my enquiries after farms, in afking the
acres of each grain, for the farmers to re-

VOL. IV. O ply,

[ 194 ]
ply, Tou may fee that by the crops. I told
you before* for our courfes -are regular.
I mall alio add the average product of
grain and pulfe to each fet of farms. This
firft general view will give us the grand
average of every article throughout the
whole journey, a point of no flight confe-
quence.

See the annexed table.
Thefe particulars of two hundred and
fifty farms, of all forts and fizes, on all
kinds of foil, and under every variation
of culture and ftock, fpread over a line
of country of more than five and twenty
hundred miles, undoubtedly prefents an
epitome of all that part of the kingdom
through which the tour was made, and
will, I apprehend, be thought to contain
very numerous data to calculate on, rela-
tive, if not to the kingdom at large, at
leaft to that very confiderable part of it
here traveled over : The fubjedt of every
one of thefe columns is of too much
importance to be neglected : The firft
light into which I fhall throw them will
be the drawing up the general averages
of the whole table; thefe will exhibit
thofe proportions which are fo particu-
larly valuable in all enquiries into the
ftate of rural as well as political ceco-
. nomy.

Total

r *95 j

Total acres per farm,

287

Ditto of grafs, -
Ditto of arable, -

148
149

Rent, 142 /. 12 J". 6d.

Draught cattle, -
Cows, -

liorf
12

Fatting beafts, -

9

Young cattle, -

20

Sheep *, -
Men fervants, -

260
2

Maid ditto, - - - -

if

Boy ditto, -
Labourers, -

1

3

Acres of wheat -f,

27{

Ditto of barley, -

26

Ditto of oats, -

20i

Ditto of peafe, -

Ilf

Ditto of beans, -

6

Ditto of turneps, -
Ditto of clover, - -

14
61

* Including right of commonage in fome farms.

f A difficulty here occurred to me: Upon reviewing
the courfes of crops throughout the tour, I found
the quantity of rye and maflin extremely fmall ; com-
ing into too few courfes to form a feparate column;
yet, as it is fown in feveral places, fome part of
this quantity muft be rye; but, from the moft atten-
tive obfervation I have been able to make, I am con-
fident the quantity of rye, compared to that of wheat,
throughout this tour, is a nothing, not more than as one
to ten.

O 2 This

[ '96 ]

This table, which is the average of above
feventy thoufand acres of land, cannot be
far in any particular from the medium of
the counties through which the tour ex-
tends, and confequently the utility of it in
difcovering the proportions of foil, product,
population, and ftock, muft be far beyond
whole volumes of conjectures. To throw
the proportions into a yet clearer light, the
following flate will be of fervice.

Rent. About 10 /. per acre.

Draught cattle. Twenty-feven acres
total per head. Ditto of arable, thir-
teen acres and half.

Cows. Twenty-four acres per head.

Ditto grafs twelve.
Fatting beafts. Thirty- two acres per

head. Of grafs fixteen.
Young cattle. Fourteen acres per head.

Of grafs feven.

Sheep. Rather better than one acre
per head.

Men fervants. One hundred and forty-
three acres per head.

Maid ditto. One hundred and ninety-
one per head.

Boys. Two hundred and eighty-feven
ditto.

Labourers. Ninety-fix ditto.

Labourers

t 197 ]

Labourers and fervants. Fifty-feven

ditto.
The wheat the tenth part of the

farm.
Ditto the fifth of the arable.
The barley the twelfth of the farm ;

and the lixth of the arable.
The oats the fourteenth of the farm ;

and the feventh of the arable.
The peafe the twenty-fifth of the

farm; and the twelfth and half of

the arable.
The beans the forty - eighth of the

farm ; and the twenty-fourth of the

arable.
The turneps the twentieth of the

farm; and the tenth of the ara-
ble.
The clover the forty-fourth of the

farm; and the twenty-fecond of the

arable.

Thefe circumftances are much worthy
of obfervation. The table includes every
fort of foil, culture, and ftock ; counties
that are divided into very large farms,
and many others that have fcarcely a large
one in them; there are confequently few
particulars that have not fome effect in
the foundation of the averages.

O 3 We

[ 19* ]

We find, firfty That the greateft part of
the kingdom is divided into moderate farms ;
for thofe under three hundred acres (in-
cluding the moft wafle and barren foils)
cannot be thought large in any county :
The tour extends twice through the large
one of Northumberland, which contains few
fmall farms, and feme fo great as fix thou-
fand acres, feveral of which clafs are in-
cluded in the preceding tables ; the gene-
rality muft therefore be very moderate in
ilze, for the medium of the whole to be
no greater than two hundred eighty-ieven
acres. This is a fact which contradicts,
very ftrongly, the popular ideas current at
prefent, or the whole kingdom being mono-
polized by great farmer's. buch notions
have, indeed, been fo very common, and
have given rife to fuch numbers of publi-
cations, complaining of this imaginary evil,
as one of the moft dreadful that could
befall the kingdom, that I was prepoiTef-
fed with the expectation of the average
of farms being much larger. Whether
large or fmall farms are moft advanta-
geous to the kingdom, is another quef-
tion, that concerns not the prefent part
of our enquiry. Granting, therefore, that
large farms are ever fo pernicious, yet the
aflertions of their being predominant at

prefent

f 199 }

prefent in England, is, I think, plainly a
miftake.

Large flocks in every bufinefs are at-
tended with conliderable profit : It is lb
in commerce, in manufactures, in mop-
keeping, and in every other branch of
traffic ; it mull: confequently be the fame
in agriculture. To fuppofe that a man
is to employ fifteen or twenty thouiand
pounds in farming, and not make conli-
derable profits, is an abfurdity. Now the
exiftence of a few great farms, that are
cultivated at much expence, and of courfe
with a conliderable profit, give rife to a
feries of notions of monopolizing farms ;
and of the immenfe profits of hufbandry,
till the fubject becomes a ftanding-diih at
every table; though perhaps there are not
ten great farms in half a county : One or
two probably are formed by an union of
feveral fmall ones ; only one farmer lives
where five or fix lived before : Ergo, fays
common talk, nine-tenths of the kingdom
are nlonopolized and depopulated. It is
furprizing how few inftances, in any thing
out of the common road, are fufficient to
raife a clamour of lies and abfurdity among
the vulgar, until they are lifiened to even
by the legiilature itfelf. In the counties
of Worccjier and Northumberland, for in-
O 4 fiance,

[ 200 ]

fiance, in both which there are very great
farms, and where converfation turns much
on them, if an account was taken of every
one, I have little doubt but the average
would turn out, in the former, lefs than
the general medium of this tour, and not
much above it in the latter. There is no
county in England, where large farms, and
rich farmers, are more the fubject of com-
mon converfation, than Norfolk ; and yet I
dare venture to anfwer for it, that the ave-
rage of that county, no more than of this
tour, is fo high as three hundred acres.
We, in no large track of country, hear of
very large farms, without a greater num-
ber of fmall ones : Certain diftrict.s in
Northumberland are exceptions, but they
no where continue for above ten or a dozen
miles together. For thefe, and an hun-
dred other reafons, I apprehend the in-
stances quoted every where in converfation,
of a country being converted into enormous
farms, under the inflammatory epithet df
monopoly, if true, bear no proportion to
the general ilate of fuch country ; and re-
fpecting the kingdom at large, from the
minutes of this exlenhve journey, we have
the greater]: reafon to believe, that farms
are yet moderate upon an average -, and in
all matters of this fort, particular inftances

are

[ 201 ]

are nothing; the medium of the kingdom
is the only point to be confidered.

But there is another circumftance which
makes this medium of two hundred
eighty-feven acres yet more moderate,
and it is that of including fome extreme
great farms in the North, on foils that
could not poffibly be divided into fmall
ones : Take a view of the Northumberland
moors, that are occupied by thoufands of
acres under a tenure; fuch farms exift
merely from being large ; were they not
immenfe, they would not exift at all : Many
of them contain vaft tracks of country, as
wild as it was centuries ago ; but being
occupied by very rich farmers, much of it
receives fome cultivation, which, bad as it
is, is, as far as it extends, beneficial to the
kingdom. Would it be better in fmall
farms ? Would it be cultivated at all ?
View, on every hand, considerable tracks
that are unoccupied, and to be hired, at
any time, for twelve-pence an acre. If
fmall farms, in fuch countries, are bene-
ficial, furely we mould fee fome of them :
The cottages that are fpread over it would,
by degrees, grow into farms, while fur-
rounded by land they may have for afking.
Great farms, in fuch countries, might, with
no impropriety, be thrown out of the quef-

tion;

[ 202 ]

tion ; and then the average of the remain-
der would be much lefs than two hundred
and eighty-feven acres.

The proportion of the gfafs and arable
furprizes me not a little. I had no notion
of fo juft a proportion exiftirig in general :
The common mifchief, irt nine farms out
of ten, is the having too little grafs land j
by which means the arable is fo frequently
run out of heart for want of the manure
which arifes from great flocks of cattle.
Half and half is a good proportion ; it
Would be much for the benefit of agricul-
ture if fuch an one was preferved in all the
moid and heavy parts of the kingdom,
inftead of poaching with the plough over
fields that do not get a manuring once in
feven years.

The article of rent is a llrong con-
firmation of the fize of farms not be-
ing, upon the whole, overgrown. An
hundred and forty-two pounds a year
is, in no country which I am acquainted
with, reckoned even a large farm j or too
targe even by thofe gentlemen that argue
very much againft large farms in ge-
neral.

The rent per acre is nearly ten fhil-

The fmall variation between that

ftirn, and the general average of the tour,

drawn

[ 2°3 ]
drawn from quite another calculation, is a
ftrong confirmation of both ; fince it would
have been no material contradiction had
they varied considerably.

The article draught cattle is quite con-
fident with the former refult of the en-
quiry into tillage 3 and a flrong confirma-
tion of the remark I before made, that
the number of draught cattle (particularly
horfes, as they are more than ten to one)
in this kingdom, is vaftly greater than
it ought. The proportion of ten horfes
and a half to two hundred eighty-feven
acres, an hundred and forty-nine of them
arable, is vaftly beyond the neceflary
ftrength. Suppcfing the farm cultivated
in two circumftances, as it ought, viz,
the fallows broken up before winter, and
a fufficient portion of it every year under
clover, I will venture to aver, that eight
horfes, or oxen, are teams enough for'
two hundred acres of arable land, or fix
to an hundred and fifty : But this depends
en never plowing with more than two
of either. However, according to the
common practice of feveral whole counties,
feven and a half to fuch a farm would be
an ample allowance. It is much to be
regretted, that fuch a wade of ftrength
mould be fufTered : It is a regular and na-
tional lofs.

The

[ 204 ]

The ftock of cows, beads, and fheep,
bear a tolerable proportion to the grafs land,
coniidcring that the whole farm is at ten
fhiilings an acre ; as fome of the fheep
are kept on commons, the cattle would
be more numerous on an hundred and
forty acres of good grafs j but ten millings
per acre is much under the mean value of
good grafs.

The article of labour is much below
what it ought to be ; five men and one
boy are too few for cultivating fuch a
farm in a complete manner, or, indeed,
upon the improved lyftem of feveral coun-
ties. And this difproportion will be found
the greater, when it is confidered, that,
in the greateft part of the kingdom, a
plough never moves without two men ;
confequently, a very confiderable portion
of this amount of labour is ufelefsly ap-
plied. The hulbandry that is conducted
with this ftrength cannot be good ; and
it is much to be regretted, that the average
of the kingdom mould lie under this de-
ficiency of labour. It was very natural to
conclude, that fuch would be the refult
of that part of the table, from common
obfervation, in mod counties. Very few
farmers employ the hands they ought :
The alignment of fifty -feven acres per

man,

[ 205 1
man, half grafs and half arable, is pal-
pably too great to be confident with
good husbandry ; twenty acres per head,
half, or two- thirds arable, would be much
nearer the ftandard of excellent manage-
ment.

Candour requires me to remark, that
the proportions of the crops are not drawn
from equal authority with the other arti-
cles. In many inftanccs I was not in-
formed of the actual number of acres of
each grain ; in which cafe I fupply the
break by the mean proportions of the
courfes of crops in the neighbourhood; a
method that, probably, is not accurate,
but which is undoubtedly more to be
depended on, than any general calcu-
lations or fuppofitions ; for although it
is not exact, yet the deviations from
fact cannot well be great, or numerous ;
and confequently the proportions of this
farm not far from the average of the
tour.

The fifth part of the arable land being
fown with wheat, is, upon the whole, a
good proportion, and does not look as if an
eagernefs for gain induced the farmers to
fbw too much of it.

The proportion of the oats being fo near
that of the barley, is a very melancholy

con-

[ 206 ]

consideration : It is a grain that much ex-
haufts the foil, and at the fame time that
the ufe of it contributes fo little to the
public good. Barley exported, or malted,
is infinitely more valuable to the public
than oats, feeding horfes for that work
which oxen would perform as well.

The worft proportion in this table is
the amount of the exhaufting crops, viz.
wheat, barley, and oats, fo much exceed-
ing the ameliorating ones of peafe, beans,
turneps, and clover. The former amount
to feventy-four acres, or half the arable ;
beans, (as nine-tenths of the country ne-
ver hoe them,) are the fame, which makes
the exhaufling crops eighty acres, whereas
the ameliorating ones are only thirty- two.
This is very pernicious, and cannot fail of
cauiing a regular deduction from the pro-
ducts, which the foil would otherwife
yield. The quantity of wheat and barley
raifed is much the lefs on this account, for
the fewer the acres, with good manage-
ment, one may almoft fay, the greater the
crop,

Having thus drawn the total of all thefe
articles into one view, we mud:, in the
next place, form a comparifon of the diffe-
rent fized farms, that we may be able to
determine, as far as thefe minutes extend,

which

[ 207 ]

which are the moil advantageous, both to
individuals and to the ftate. And this
companion I fhall make diftinctly, under
the feveral heads of Live Stock, Population,
and Produdt. In the fcale of this compa-
rifon, I think it will be ftating it with more
precifion, to be guided by the acres rather
than rent ; the latter is a capricious cir-
cumftance, varying according to favour
and other extraneous caufes; whereas the
former always is decifive of the fize of the
farm.

Refpecting the article Product, it is
necefTary to add, that the fair compa-
rifon of that lies with the general run
of farms, in each neighbourhood -, as the
average products in bufhels are not of
each refpective farm, but, like the gene-
ral fize of farms, that of the neighbour-
hood.

LIVE

r

2C

6

1

LIVE STOCK.

Farms to 50 acres.

2

V)

2.

>

HI

O
s

53

CI

3

a ■

00 i

0

0

11

0

c

3

f

-0

nV

/. J. d.

n

1 i

"?

19

12 6

50

43

7

62

5

1

6a

48

8

50

35

15

22

5

2

64

5

50

12 J 3

3

2

5

300

65

5

35

9

3

2

200

85

1 10

40

40

49

6

2

100

86

1 10

20

20

35

3

200

106

1

35

35

42

2

3

6

100

150

15

50

20

3°

35

3

I

2

20

163

10 6

50

50

40

1

8

6

10

80

1 66

1 l

35

30

5

35

4

6

167

1 1

46

38

8

40

4

6

j

4

20

168

17

45

13

32

50

4

4

3

6

12

*74

17 6

40

12

28

50

3

4

6

181

1

40

10

30

40

2

7

188

16

50

5

45

45

2

12

189

16

38

38

30

1

9

192

1

50

50

40

1

10

4

198

16

50

35

15

45

4

4

3

204

15

3°

10

20

25

3

4

207

17 6

40

40

40

1

12

208

17 6

35

35

30

1

11

213

1

45

35

10

25

3

6

5

216

1 10

40

3°

10

53

4

5

8

236

17

40

30

10

36

5

4

2

244

1

40
41

35
25

5

27

45
37

3

5
1 5

1 1,

2

2a

Kv.

17

I do

[ *°9 ]

t do not give the average of fheep> as the
common right would prevent any ufeful
companion ; but I give the number in the
column, for the fake of a general view.

Farms J

ront

5°

to 100 tfm?.r.

2

IB

O

1/1
/. J. </.

>

>

0

5a

3

0

c
B"

0

/ 5j

<
0

c

a

in

tr

-a

6

9 9

100

60

8

12

20O

*5

10

81

61

20

36

9

6

72

16

!5

55

43

12

40

6

7

1

18

J7

70

45

25

50

4

6

8

19

12 6

50

43

7

62

5

1

21

12 6

80

40

40

30

2

10

24

9 3

70

70

40

14

3

I50

28

10

90

40

50

60

6

6

10

35

17 6

90

30

60

80

6

6

6

40

40

10

70

60

10

38

6

6

300

4i

10

87

57

30

70

6

6

2C0

44

8

80

40

40

35

6

3

"4

10

45

8

60

30

30

30

5

4

4

60

46

8

100

50

50

40

10

8

6

10

47

8

70

40

30

25

6

4

14

5i

10

70

40

30

40

6

2

100

54

6 6

55

35

20

23

5

2

67

13

100

40

60

50

5

9

10

69

*3

100

30

70

70

3

9

4

12

70

*3

95

30

65

62

2

10

3

30

7i

13

100 i

40

60.

70

3

10

4

10

Vc

»L. IV.

P

Plq

ces,

t 210 ]

2

5"
No.

w

0

>

>

3

0;

0

53

a

d

c

JQ

0
0

c
eJ5

73

10 6

86

10

76

34

3

6

10

76

10

80

30

50

60

5

5

5

77

r 1

60

20

40

60

6

6

6

79

1 1

I0D

35

65

80

5

6

8

15

83

12

72

42

30

30

5

2

4

84

1 10

55

55

52

7

1

3

87

1 10

55

55

60

8

92

12 6

89

22

67

40

3

6

4

97

16 6

100

50

50

65

5

10

8

98

16 6

65

20

45

40

3

8

6

ior

8

69

18

5i

31

3

7

3

102

8

56

20

36

26

3

5

6

103

1

ioo

4

96

80

6

6

16

20

104

1

75

5

70

76

3

5

10

13

109

16

100

30

70

75

7

6

4

18

no

16

57

16

41

40

5

3

2

8

in

16

80

20

60

5o

4

4

10

116

1

100

60

40

90

6

4

8

139

10 6

100

50

5^

3°

6

4

8

142

J5

90

40

50

50

6

5

6

H5

12 6

80

20

60

35

3

5

2

146

J5

100

60

40

70

4

6

1

10

149

15

80

40

40

70

5

1

13

152

8 9

100

40

60

75

6

10

4

24

J54

8 9

80

20

60

55

3

4

10

J55'

1 5

100

90

10

50

8

10

4

20

.5*

1 5

70

20

50

50

4

8

2

160 1

10 6

100

^l

85

100

2

20

15

15

Places.

f -II ]

>

>

cr

/. s. d.

10 6

- 70

5

i i

55

50

i i

70

50

*7

62

16

J7

70

30

17 6

65

20

17 6

90

30

15

60

20

15

60

20

1

87

47

16

90

30

i5

100

60

15

85

50

15

60

40

17 6

86

26

17 6

70

20

1

100

90

1

80

68

1 10

60

40

1 10

55

40

J5

100

90

15

90

80

1 26

70

50

126

90

90

1 5 6

60

55

17

60

4°,

O I &

65

63

5

56

20

65

46

63

40

75

45

58

60

85

40

120

40

50

40

72

60

60

40

70

35

70

20

40

60

75

50

55

10

120

12

50

20

100

r5

69

60

100

10

70

20

70

50

5

46

20

50

10

10
12
IO
12

6
10

15
6
6
6

10
6

5

J5

12

6

6

15
8

5

10

5
6

4
6
8

10
6

13

10

10

10

200

30

30
40
20
20

20
30

20
10

5

4

5

10

10
10

150
10

50

180

100

5 15

P2

Places.

[

212 ]

2

<■>
No.

>

>

0

0

c

TO

3"

0

0

^
»>

0

235

17

100

70

30

84

8

10

2

5

240

I

100

80

20

95

6

4

3

241

r

100

IOO

90

8

6

243

1

80

70

10

80

5

247

12

70

30

40

5°

4

2

248

12

80

70

10

60

6

8

250

12

100

60

40

60

8

4

Av.

15 7

79

41

38

59

11

7

j

5

3®

100
30

100

1

5

7
8

9

10

*3

H
22

23
25

27

29
30
31
32
33
36

Farms from 100 /0 200 acres.

12

150

120

30

120

6

5

13

9

150

120

3°

90

9

10

I

140

20

120

140

4

30

I

200

160

3

30

I

200

160

2

10

I

200

60

140

180

7

2

3c

5

180

50

10

30

12

6

200

150

50

100

6

10

12

6

140

70

8

16

9

3

200

70

130

120

n

4

10

*55

77

77

100

8

12

10

107

3°

71

75

5

J5

10

115

75

40

84

6

6

10

no

60

50

80

6

6

10

160

80

8c

no

8

12

10

130

70

60

82

10

16

iC

122

80

42

80

8

8

17

61

j 50

60

90

120 1

14

10

12

16

Phces.

100
100

J50

80

80
400
200
160

70
30

10

20

50
10
10
40

r 213 ]

2.
/. S. d.

cr

p

to1

50

d

P

0

c

m

! *4
0

a

-7-

■0

JO

120

100

20

76

6

7

200

10

170

130

40

56

10

12

8

180

60

I2C

80

7

6

2

6

8

H5

70

75

60

9

8

2

6

iS

10

200

120

80

90

12

3

8

400

6 6

200

70

130

100

8

J5

8

10

80

12

150

30

120

95

9

'9

4

'20

140

12

160

30

130

95

5

24

ic

10

20

12

140

40

100

75

3

20

9

25

12

200

40

160

100

8

20

6

20

300

5 10

no

30

80

35

7

11

3

3

25

5 Jo

200

90

no

82

8

22

8

'4

40

13

180

60

120

117

7

13

4

10

10 6

162

12

150

60

3

10

6

20

10

190

80

no

100

10

10

8

18

140

10

180

60

120

85

9

11

18

80

12

150

130

20

80

8

6

H

26

12 6

130

40

90

55

4

10

8

20

12 6

190

28

162

100

3

10

8

24

J5Q

8

178

50

128

84

4

12

4

6

50

1

160

55

ic5

l35

8

J5

6

20

400

16

150

50

ICO

100

12

12

8

30

100

1

180

80

100

140

8

7

7

20

30

12

130

80

50

60

7

4

4

12

20

12

200

100

100

90

8

10

5

10

30

15

200

200

100

8

16

16

60

10 6

200

80

120

70

6

10

8

200

10 6

130

40

90

35

4

5

4

100

iS

200

150,

50

100

16

12

20

12 6

130

60 '

70

60

6

9

3 I 22 1 100

1J3

P.la<

:es.

[

214 ]

2

H

No.

/. s. d.

>

>

a;
0* 1

0

s

0

w

e

» 1

•4

0

c

3

09

tr

n

0

144

12 6

200

80!

120

80

8

10

5

22

3oq

147

15

I40

86

54

95

7

12

2

22

30

I4S

J5

125

55

7°

70

4

9

2

26

50

157

1 5

130

50

80

95

6

12

18

200

J59

10 6

200

200

140

2

IO

60

20

700

161

10 6

120

20

100

75

3

13

8

10

500

17^

?;7

200

70

130

180

12

10

8

25

5°

172

17

l6o

60

100

140

9

15

4

18

200

U3

J7

no

5°

60

85

8

6

2

15

26

180

15

135

70

65

95

8

20

6

40

1S2

1

200

100

100

300

10

26

5

20

60

183

1

110

40

70

90

4

15

2

8

20

185

16

200

30

170

W

6

50

5

6

20

186

16

150

40

no

120

35

5

187

16

I30

20

no

100

4

40

10

191

1

200

30

170

200

3

30

20

194

16

200

90

no

150

9

20

3

20

20

196

16

I40

70

70

!?S

8

H

6

12

10

197

16

125

80

45

100

8

15

210

1

150

120

30

no

8

12

2

4

2CG

211

1

?35

100

35

90

6

7

1

5

130

215

1 10

200

160

40

180

10

20

6

20

20

221

126

200

200

170

12

16

5

170

225

1

200

140

60

200

12

16

20

40C

239

1

200

160

40

200

10

5

5

5°

242

i

160

130

3°

150

10

5

8c

245

12

200

140

60

36

8

6

4c

249
Av.

12
14.

200
163

200
78

8-5

130
106

,10

Q

5

4

9

IOC

f *<5 ]

Farms from 200 to 300 acres.

2

n
n

No.

/. S. d

>

>

2;

0

0

c

0

0

0-

0

c

3

n

~-3

3

5

300

28c

20

70

6

6

220

4

H

300

200

9

12

60

12

17

250

100

n

20

200

20

8 6

283

213

70

120

21

4

12

180

26

10

240

120

120

152

16

14

2

49

10

280

140

140

l6o

16

5

8

8

100

53

6 6

300

no

190

112

12

22

18

J3

140

59

12

300

45

255

125

12

16

6

25

300

61

12

300

40

260

95

12

6

2

10

80

82

12

272

172

100

135

14

20

36

IS

89

12 6

300

70

230

200

6

H

8

24

80

95

12 6

300

60

240

150

7

7

4

9

180

96

12 6

300

60

240

170

6

7

4

8

230

99

16 6

250

50

200

80

6

10

4

15

30

108

16

240

80

160

180

16

10

5

24

150

JI3

1

300

100

200

300

14

12

20

12

40

118

12

300

i6o;

1

140

160

12

20

10

30

50

131

6 6

240

3°

210

75

8

4

6

400

141

15

300

150

150

140

18

20

20

J53

89

240

120

120

100

8

12

8

30

200

156

1 5

220

120

100

80

12

22

5

30

4.00

200 J

15

250

130

120

210

16

'5

40

218!

15

260

160

100

300

15

24

'4

100

232

1 5 6

300

270

30

200

H

21

200

238

1

300

250

50

280

J3

8

4

100

246 |

12

300

40

260

40

5

18

5

50

Av.l

13 6|

278

123

lSS

151

ul

i3l5f|i

J

r 4

/fc

rr,.s

[ »i6 1

Farms from 300 to 400 acres.

No.
78
90

93

120

124
177
190

193

228

Av.

in

>
0

>

0*

0

5° 1

n 1
P I

a

c

3*

0
0

0

c

I I

400

80

320,

200

10

17

39

28

12 6

320

120

2G0

100

10

11

27

12 6

400

80

3,20

I70

8

24

16

36

15

400

350

50

320

28

8

20

15

360

200

l60

250

12

10

3

,6

J5

400

100

300

200

20

3°

10

30

I

400

40

360

25O

6

50

12

16

400

150

250

300

12

3.6

12

30

I

310

210

100

320

17

3,0

10

16 4

365

J37

128

234

Ut

24

10

22!

200

30

60
300

50

50

800

"Farms from 400 to 500 acres.

37
58
114
136
227
231
237

Av.

15

J2

17 6

500

200

300

200

22 1

6

50

450

60

39°

225

14

25

12

30

450

200

250

420

27

30

25

30

450

250

200

180

17

15

20

460

410

50

400

30

10

3

460

410

50

400

13

20

5

420

360

60

400

18

2

455

270

185

315

20

15 1

n\

12

26?

250

90

1000
90Q

200
400

Farms

[ "7 1

"Farms from 500 to, 700 acres.

\ 1. d.

6 6
6 6

15

5 6

14 9

>

>

0

s?

3

a

c

(TO

tr

O

0

0

c

3

xra

Ml
ta-
re
n

660

600

60

300

20

20

65O

700

400

300

300

S^

10

12

30

500

700

500

200

l60

30

6

20

500

700

100

600

200

20

6

12

70O

700

300

400

400

22

26

3°

20Q

57°

450

120

530

40

30

10

20

1 100

600

55°
4H

5°
247

52S
345

l6

26

20

17

7

12

500

661

Farms from 700 to 1000 acres.

84

1000

416

24

30

14 |

36

170

6 6

1000

500

500

320

34

5

20

1000

11 3

1000

400

600

500

36

8

60

800

,126

850

400
433

450
516

800
5°9

30
31

40

20£

40
131

20

34

1000

12

962

Farms of above 1000 acres.

9

1200

1000

200

700

40

22

28

800

8

2080

60

20

40

300

1200

16

1080

43°

650

800

38

14

60

12

5*7

15

1 1 00

700

400

700

42

35

20

60

600

6 6

2500

1250

1250

650

76

4

40

40

2000

6 6

2500

1000

1500

700

38

12

45

2000

6 6

1 100

800

300

300

33

6

5.°

1000

Places.

[

21

B ]

2

n

>

cr

0

3

No.

/. X. d.

332

11 2 6000
1

2000

4000

IO50

133

11 315000

I5OO

3500

1500

134

11 32000

500

1500

700

157

8 9

2000

2000

200

229

1 5 6

2000

2O00

I45O

Av.

10*8

2380

I0l6

1390

734

l80

140

40

5

40

57

O. **1

20

12

200

150

80

40

8
82

800a
3000
2000
2000
700

Recapitulation .

*1

■J

i

5*

IB
J*

S. d.

>

•1

>

w
cr
a"

0

50

9

0
s

c
3-

0
i

m

50 acres

17

4i

25

27

37

3

5

1
2

50 — 100

iS 7

79

41

38

59

5

7

I

100 — 200

H

163

78

85

106

9

13

4

200 — 300

13 6

278

123

155

151

11

13

5

300 — 400

16 4

365

l37

128

234

13

24

10

400 — 500

17 6

455

270

185

3i5

20

15

13

500 — 700

14 9

661

414

247

345

26

17

7

700 — 1000

12

962

433

516

509

3i

20

13'

Above 1000

10 8

2380

1016

1390

734

57

20

I21

5

9

12

22

12

* Numbers 132, 3, 4, at iu. 3^. is near double the rents
of the farms, but the rule mud be adhered to.

Draught

[ 219 ]

Draught
Farms to 50 acres,

50 to ioq acres,

400 to 200 acres,

200 to 300 acres,

300 to 400 acres,

40Q to 500 acres.

500 to 700 acres.

700 to 1 poo acres.

Above 1000 acres,

Cattle,

1 3 acres per head.

8 ditto arable.
12/. rent per head.
1 5 acres per head.

8 ditto arable,
19/. rent per head.
1 8 acres per head.

8 ditto arable.
1 1 /. rent per head.
25 acres per head.
1 1 ditto arable.
13/. rent per head.
28 acres per head.
10 ditto arable.
18/. rent per head.
22 acres per head.
13 ditto arable.
15/. rent per head.
25 acres per head.
15 ditto arable.

1 3 /. rent per head.
3 1 acres per head.

1 4 ditto arable.
16/. rent per head.
41 acres per head.
17 ditto arable.

1 3 /. rent per head.

Cows.

[ 220 ]

Cows.
Farms to 50 acres.

50 to 100 acres.
ioo to 200 acres,
2®o to 300 acres.
300 to 400 acres.
400 to 500 acres.
500 to 700 acres.
700 to 1000 acres.
Above 1000 acres.

8 acres per head.
5 ditto grafs.

7 /. rent per cow.
1 1 acres per head.

5 ditto grafs.

8 /. rent per cow.
j 2 acres per head.

6 ditto grafs.

8 /. rent per cow.
2 1 acres per, cow,

1 1 ditto grafs.
11/. rent per cow.
1 4 acres per cow.

5 ditto grafs.

9 /. rent per cow.
30 acres per cow,

12 ditto grafs.

2 1 /. rent per cow.
3 8 acres per cow.
1 4 ditto grafs.
20/. rent.
48 acres per cow.
25 ditto grafs.
25 /. rent per cow.
113 acres per cow.
66 ditto grafs.
34/. tent per cow.

Fat-

[ 221 ]

Fatting Beasts.
Farms to 50 acres

50 to 100 acres.
100 to 200 acres.
200 to 300 acres.
300 to 400 acres.
400 to 500 acres.
500 to 700 acres.
700 to 1000 acres.
Above iooo acres. 1

82 acres per head.
54 ditto grafs.
74 /. rent per head.
79 acres per head.

38 ditto grafs.
59/. rent per head.
40 acres per head.
2 1 ditto grafs.

26 /. renter head.
' 5$ acres per head.
3 1 ditto grafs.
30 /. rent.
36 acres per head.
1 2 ditto grafs.
23 /. rent per head.
35 acres per head,

14 ditto grafs.
24/. rent.

94 acres per head.
35 ditto grafs.
49 rent per head.
74 acres per head.

39 ditto grafs.

39 /. rent /w head.
98 acres per head.

1 5 ditto grafs.

6 1 /. rent per head.

Young

[ 222 ]

Young Cattl

E.

Farms to 50 acres.
50 to 100 acres.
100 to 200 acres.
200 to 300 acres.
300 to 400 acres.
400 to 500 acres.
500 to 700 acres.
700 to 1 000 acres.
Above 1000 acres.

20 acres per head.

13 ditto grafs.

18 /. rent per head.

1 5 acres per head.
7 ditto grafs.

11 /. rent per head.
18 acres per head.
9 ditto grafs.

11 /. rent per head.
23 acres per head.

12 ditto grafs.
12/. rent ditto.

16 acres per head.
5 ditto grafs.

10/. rent per head.
37 acres per head.
15 ditto grafs.
26 /. rent per head.
55 acres per head.
20 ditto grafs.
28/. renter head.

28 acres per head.
1 5 ditto grafs.
14/. renter head*

29 acres per head.

17 ditto grafs.

9 /. rent per head.

Thefe

[

223

]

Thefe proportion
the following table.

is will

appear

clearer in

D R A U

G H

T C

ATT

L E.

Farms*

/«

Acres,
'■r head.

Ditto
arable.

Rent,
per head.

To 50 acres

*3

8

12

50 to 100

15

8

*9

100 to 200

18

8

11

200 to 300

25

11

13

300 to 400

28

10

18

400 to 500

22

J3

J5

500 to 700

25

15

13

700 to 1000

31

14

16

Above 1000

41

17

13

It mould be obferved, that oxen bear no
proportion to horfes, in number j (6 few
are ufed, that one might almoft call
thefe numbers, horfes ; but where oxen
are in ufe, it is totally in large and mid-
dling farms : Nor 'thumber land particularly,
where mod of the very large farms in this
lift are fituated.

Upon thefe proportions it may be re-
marked, that the great excefs of draught
cattle, which was proved in another place
to be fo extremely detrimental to the king-
dom, without benefitting the culture of it,
here appears to be owing almoft entirely to
the fmaller farms. In thofe of two hun-
dred

[ 224 ]

dred acres and under, a horfe is kept to"
every eight acres of arable land, which is
an enormous number, very near, if not
quite three times as much as necerTary.
From two hundred to five hundred the
extra number is confiderable, and in the
very large farms more than requifite : The
proportions will be feen by dividing thus.

p . Acres Ditto Rent,

per bead. arable. per bead.

To 200 acres 15 8 14

200 to 500 25 11 15

Above 500 32 15 14

The difference is very great between
the firft and the laft ; within a trifle
double the number of hories on fmall,
than on large farms.

Cows.

Farms.

Acres
per bead.

Grafs

ditto.

Rent-

ditto*.

To 50 acres

8

s

7

50 to 100

11

5

S

100 to 200

12

6

8

200 to 300

21

11

11

300 to 400

14

5

9

400 to 500

30

12

21

500 to 700

33

14

20

700 to IOOO

4$

25

25

Above 1000

**3

66

34
It

[ 225 ]

It was certainly to have been fuppofed,
that large farms do not keep fo many
cows as fmall ones ; for it would be almoil
impoffible were the foil ever fo favourable:
But the large farms in this lift, only one or
two excepted, are on poor foils, totally
improper for feeding cows, and we find
them accordingly applied chiefly to feeding
fheep and young cattle. Cows are particu-
larly adapted to fmall farms, and we find
by this table, that, in general, the fmaller
the farms the more the cows; this is a fa-
vourable circumftance to them : There is
One ftrong exception, however; but it is
requifite to reduce the table into three ave-
rages, as follows:

Farms.

To 200 acres
200 to 500
Above 500

The difference between the firft. and fe-
cond articles is not fo great as I expected,
efpecially as the latter includes fo large farms
as five hundred acres : However, the ad-
vantage is certainly, upon the whole, on the
fide of fmall farms; from the fmalleft. to
a hundred acres, and alfo from three hun-
dred to four hundred are all equal.

Vol. IV. (^ Fat-

Acres
per head.

Grafs

ditto.

Rent

ditto.

IO

5

7

21

66

9
35

13

16

[ 226 ]

Fatting Cattle-

c. Acres. Craft n .

Earms. . , _ , ,./ Rent,

per ■bead. ditu.

To 50 acres S2 54 74

50 to-ioo 79 38 5$

100^0 200 40 2 J 26

200 to 300 5§ 31 30

3 OQ <tO 4GO 36 12 23

400 to 50Q 35 14 24

500 to 700 94 3.5 49

700 to 1000 74 39 39

Above xqoo 198 115 61

This table is clearly deciiive ia favour of
trie middling farms, large and fmall are
alrnofl equally inferior; which will appear
the plainer from the following diviiioci :

To 300 acres

64

3-6

47

300 to 500

35

*3

n

Above 500

122

63

49

Thefe proportions are not, I apprehend,
difficult to account for : The farms in the
lair, divifion include great numbers that
maintain little flock, but vafr. flocks of
fheep, from the poverty of the foil: And
the fhfr. divifion includes all the little
farms that are either occupied by farmers,
not rich enough for grazing, or that are
applied chiefly to feeding cows. The

dif-

t 2-7 1
difference between thirteen and thirty-fix
acres of grafs per head, between the firft and
fecond divisions is very great ; and will ap-
pear yet more considerable, when we re-
flect, that the richnefs of foil adapted to
grazing lies in favour of the fnaaller
farms.

Young Cattle.

Farms.

To 50 acres

50 to IOO

100 to 200

200 tO 3OO

300 to 400
400 to 500
500 to 700
700 to 1000
Above 1000

There are fo many variations in this
table that contradict any general deductions,
that I know not how abfolutely to con-
clude any thing from it: The advantage
lies alternately on the fide of both large
and fmall farms ; but in particular inftances
thofe from three hundred to four hundred
acres are the firfb in advantage : Next,
thofe from fifty to an hundred ; the-n, from
two hundred to three hundred, and under

CL2 fifty :

Acres
fer bead.

Grafs
ditto.

Rent
ditto.

20

l3

18

15

7

II

l8

9

II

23

12

12

l6

5

IO

37

15

26

55

20

18

28

15

14

29

17

9

[ 228 ]

fifty : But if a divifion was made in the lift,
I mould fketch it as under.

Farms.

To 400 acres
Above 400

Acres
per bead.

IS

37

Ditto
Grafs.

9
16

Ditto

Rent.

12
l6

In this comparifon the advantage lies
pretty much with the fmaller farms, that is,
the middling fized ones j and this is the only
parallel I can draw between them.

But there are Co many variations in thefe
feveral companions, that the mod fatisfac-
tory will be to give the three forts of profi-
table cattle in one total ; which will, at
once, (hew us the fize of the farms that
maintains mod.

Farms.

Acres
gra/s.

Rent.

Cat-
tle.

Acres
per hd.

To 50 acres

27

37

n

1 J

50 to 100

3°>

59

l3

3

10 -; to 200

85

106

26

3

to 300

155

J51

30

5

300 to 400

128

234

56

2

4:60 to' 500

!.-> J

3l5

40

4

500 to 700

247

345

36

6

ro I OOO

516

599

67

7

>* 5 OOO

1390

734

109

12

Rent
per hd.

k

4
4
5
4
7
9
7

6
I marl

[ 229 ]

I (hall probably be allowed to think, that
this table is very dcciiive in difcovering
which clafTes of farms are moft beneficial
in maintaining large flocks of thefe kinds of
cattle.

In the firft rank Hand thofe from three
hundred to four hundred, which have one
head of cattle to every two acres of grafs;
next come thofe from fifty to two hun-
dred ; then fuch as are under fifty ; and
next from four hundred to five hundred \
the large farms are not equally beneficial
in acres, but nearly fo in rent, that is, from
five hundred acres upwards.

This fomewhat furprizes me, for although
I am very clear in the great farms (which
are moitly fituated on poor foils) being in-
finitely fuperior to fmall ones in their ftocks
of fheep, yet I fully expected, that the mid-
dling fized ones would greatly exceed them
in thefe kinds of cattle, which are fo very
feldom kept in iarge quantities on poor
foils.

This table may be further divided in the
following manner.

_, \ %- acreserafs? S 4 1. i zs. rent

To ceo acres < ^ , &, t <\ r j
5 I per head, J \ per head.

. Above 500 — 8 7

Q_3 Here

[ 23° 3
Here is a fuperiority, but yet it is lefs
than might reafonably have been expected.
This whole companion of cattle muft be
reduced to fingle figures, or a decifive idea
cannot be gained; both draught and pro-
fitable cattle muft be included in one ac-
count, and reduced to fingle fums, or the
companion will not be complete : For this
purpofe, the proportion between them muft
be calculated, that is, between a horfe
and one of thefe cattle ; the average of
cows, fatting beafts, and young cattle :
I think it cannot be eftimated at lefs than
one to two : Coniidering how many young
cattle come into the account, and the
Jargenefs, variety, and nature of the food of
draught beafts, particularly horfes, (the mofl
numerous kind,) I mould not have exagger-
ated, perhaps, had I named one to two and
an half; however, to obviate objections, I
mall fuppofe but one to two ; that is, one
horfe's food, the year through, equals that
of two of the average of cows, fat, and
young cattle ; and then we muft calculate
the neat number of profitable cattle kept
by each farm ; or the remainder, after de-
ducting that of draught cattle. I mall
take the total of acres, as both grafs and
arable are concerned : And as proportions
per acre are not fo clear as whole num-
bers,

[ 23* 3
bers, it will add to perfpicuity to cal-
culate the number of cattle per hundred
acres,

Farittf.

Cattle per
100 acres-

Cattle fer

To 50 acres

i

3~.

4T;

50 to 100

« 4*
** 79

5 59

100 to 200

14S

7j?

* 10S

200 to 300=

244
2aT&

5-

300 to 400

fa

937s

MS

12 —

*3*

400 to 500

0

O

500 to 70a

0

O

700 to IOOO

3

2

1

Above 100a

O

O

A divifion of this table (leaving out the

fractions) may be made thus :

To 100 acres

3

4*

100 to 400

71

8

Above 400

0

0

0^4 Or

[

Or thus,

232 ]

To 200 acres

3t

51-

200 to 400
Above 400

5i

0

8f

0

As far as the variety extends, which is
included in this tour, thefe tables will,
I flatter myfelf, appear very conclufive ;
they prove clearly, that farms of more
than four hundred acres, of the nature
of thofe which come into this account, are
highly difadvantageous in the article of
profitable cattle (draught cattle deducted)
exclufive of fheep. Alfo, that farms to
two hundred acres are not near fo ad-
vantageous as thofe from two hundred
to four hundred j that others to only an
hundred, are yet lefs beneficial ; and the
degrees of fuperiority are confiderable.
If the average of averages be not taken
as a guide, but the table itfelf is recur-
red to -, the farms from three hundred to
four hundred acres are more than doubly
beneficial to any of the others ; and three
times over more fo, than thofe to an hun-
dred acres. All which proportions are ex-
tremely decilive.

Something, however, mud be remark-
ed on the great inferiority of the large
farms. I mould obferve, that the county

of

[ 233 1

of Northumberland was the moft pregnant
of fuch of any other, and both in that
county, and in many others, they are fitu-
ated on extreme poor foils, which an-
fwer much better to feed fheep than other
cattle. Now the average of fheep cannot
be taken here, as the right of commonage
would totally deftroy all conclufions ; it
would not be the fize of farms that de-
termined the point, but the commons. It
is every where a well known fact, that
fmall farms, under an hundred acres for
inftance, maintain fcarce any j unlefs with
a right of common.

It is for this reafon that a general idea
in disfavour of large farms, with refpecl: to
this article of cattle, mould not be formed,
without reflecting, that fheep are their
peculiar flock; and a track of land fo ap-
plied equally promotes the public good,
with the keeping any other ftock.

But I venture this obfervation in ge-
neral, and not particularly refpecting the
farms in Northumberland * , &c. The ge-

* Of thirty farms above four hundred acres, near
half are in Northumberland, viz. fourteen j and two on
moors in Craven and Wejlmor eland.

neral

[ 234 j
i^eral management is there fo execra-
ble, in many particulars, that I fhould
not be greatly iurprized if their farms
were found inferior, under the allowance
of every advantage whatever. But event
to this general want of merit, an ad-
vantage is oppofed; that of occupying and
flocking foils, which, but for the divi-
fion into exceffive large tenures, would
not be occupied at all. In a country,
where the exigence of a farmer is fome
degree of merit, and alone depending on
his being a great one, we muft not too
critically compare him with his fmalleir
brethren in- richer foils.

General Recapitulation*

Firji. The larger the farms, the fewer
the draught cattle.

Second. The fmaller the farms, the greater
the number of cows.

Third. Middling farms, (from three hun-
dred to five hundred,) have
near three times more fatting
cattle than fmaller ones, and
near five times as many as
larger ones.

Fourth. That farms from three to four
hundred acres keep moft young

cattle >

[ 235 ]
cattle ; and in general thofe to
four hundred acres near twice
as many as thofe above four
hundred.

Fifth. That farms from three to four
hundred acres maintain more
* of thefe three forts of cattle
than any other fize; and thofe
of five hundred acres and
under, more than double the
number of thofe above five
hundred.

Sixth* That farms from two to four
hundred acres are more be-
neficial in the neat flock of
thefe three forts of cattle,
draught ones excepted, than
fmaller farms, in the propor-
tion of five and a half to
three and one third ; and more
than five times fuperior to
larger farms.

P O P U-

[ 236 ]

OPULATION.

Farms to 50 acres.

Farms.
Nc.

*9

48

64

65

85

86
106

150
163
166

• 167

168

*74
181
188
189

192

19S

204
207

208
213

216

236
244

Acres.
5°

50

35

40
20

35

50
50

35
46

45

40
40

50
38

50
50

30

40

35

45
40

40

40

Arable.

43
35

Aver. 41.

20

30
38

13
12

10

5

35

10

35
30
30
35

25

Servants

I
I

Rent.

62

22

12

9

49
35

42

35

40

35

40

5°
50
40

45
30
40

45
25
40

30
25
53
36

45

37 i 1 to 5

Maids.

Boys. 1
I

Labourers*

I

I

I

I
I

I

I

I

2

I

I

I

I

I

I
I

I

I
I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I
J

I

2 to 5

1
1 2

1 to 6

[

237

]

Farms from

50 to 100 acres.

Acres.

Arabic.

Rent.

Servants.

Maids.

Boys.

Labourer

100

60

2

2

81

6l

36

3

2

55

43

40

I

I

70

45

50

3

I

50

43

62

1

I

80

40

3°

1

I

70

70

40

4

2

90

40

60

2

I

90

30

80

1

I

I

7°

60

38

2

2

87

57

70

3

I

80

40

35

2

I

60

30

30

2

100

50

40

2

X

70

40

25

2

70

40

40

1

I

55

35

23

1

100

40

50

I

100

30

70

1

95

30

62

1

I

100

40

70

2

86

10

34

1

I

80

30

60

2

60

20

60

1

I

10

35

80

2

I

72

42

30

1

I

55

52

I

I

55

60

I

I

1'Vwms.

[ *38 ]

Farms.
No.

Acres.

Arable

Rent.

Servants,

Maids.

Boys.

92

89

22

40

I

97

10

50

65

■

I

98

65

20

40

I

101

69

l8

31

102

56

20

26

103

100

4

80

2

2

104

75

5

76

109

100

30

75

no

57

16

40

in

80

20

50

116

100

60

90

r

*39

100

50

30

142

90

40

50

H5

80

20

35

146

100

60

70

149

80

40

70

J52

ICO

40

75

154

80

20

55

*55

100

90

50

I

158

70

20

50

160

100

15

100

162

70

5

63

164

55

50

56

165

70

50

65

169

62

16

63

170

70

3°

75

175

65

20

58

176

90

30

85

178

60 / 20

20

179

60]

20

50

•

Labourers.

Farms.

[

1 39

]

Acres.

Arable.

Rent.

Sen ants.

Maids.

Boys. I

Labourers,

«7

47

72

1

£

Z

90

30

60

I

I

I

100

60

70

2

2

2 '

3S

5°

70

I

I

1

60

40

40

86

26

75

I

70

20

55

ICO

90

120

I

2

I

80

68

50

I

I

60

40

100

2

I

55

4°

69

I

100

90

ICO

I

2

2

90

80

70

I

I

70

50

70

4

90

90

50

I

2

60

55

46

1

60

40

50

3

2

100

70

84

2

2

100

80

95

2

ICO

100

90 :

1

0
^

80

70

80

1

2

70

30

5°

1

80

70

60

2

100

60

60
59

2

2t03

s

79

4i

1

itoif.

I to 1 |

Far mi

[ 240 ]

Farms from ioo to 200 acres.

Farms.
No.

Acres.

Arable.

Rent.

Servants

I

150

120

120

4

5

I50

120

90

4

7

T40

20

I40

2

8

200

l6o

3

9

200

l6o

2

10

200

60

l80

2

13

180

50

3

14

200

150

IOO

4

22

I40

70

3

23

200

70

120

2

25

J55

77

10

3

27

107

3°

75

2

29

i*5

75

84

3

3°

no

60

80

3

3i

160

80

no

3

32

130

70

82

2

33

122

80

80

3

36

150

60

120

2

38

120

100

76

2

39

170

130

56

3

42

180

60

80

2

43

H5

70

60

3

50

200

120

90

3

52

200

7°

100

3

55

150

30

95

3

Maids.

Boys.

Labourers.

Farms.

[

241

]

irms.

Acres.

Arable

Rent.

Servants.

Maids.

Soys.

Labourer*,

56

l6o

3°

95

2

57

140

40

75

2

60

200

40

100

2

I

62

110

30

35

2

53

200

90

82

2

I

58

i3o

60

117

2

I

n

162

12

60

2

I

1\

190

80'

100

3

2

I

15

180

60

85

2

2

I

JI

150

130

80

1

I

M

130

40

55

1

I

I

H

190

28

100

1

2

)0

178

50

84

1

2

r

>5

160

55

!35

2

2

1

[2

150

50

100

2

1

5

180

80

140

1

2

1

7

130

80

60

3

9

200

100

90

1

1

.2

200

200

100

1

3

2

17

200

80

70

1

1

[8

130

4.0

35

t

.0

200

150

100

1

2

■3

130

60

60

1

r4

200

80

80

2

•7

140

86

95

1

2

1

^8

125

55

70

1

1

7

130

50

95

1

'9

200

140

2

ii

120

20

75

1

I I

Vo

L. IV

]

R.

Farrr

Farms.

No.

171

Acres.
200

172

160

173

no

l80

135

182

200

183

no

185

200

186

150

I87

I30

I9I

200

I94

200

I96

140

I97

125

210

150

211

135

215

2C0

221

200

225

200

239

200

242

l6o

245

200

249

2C0

Av.

163

[

242

Arable.

Rent.

Servants.

70

l8o

2

60

140

I

50

85

I

70

95

2

100

300

3

40

90

I

3°

150

3

40

120

1

20

100

1

30

200

2

90

150

2

70

115

2

80

100

2

120

no

2

100

90

1

160

180

3

200

170

1

140

200

3

160

200

1

13°

150

2

146

36

2

200

130

4

78

ic6

»*

Maids.

Boji.

Labowqr^.

2

2

2

2

3

2

I

2

I

2

2

2

2

2

2

I

I

I

3

2

2

2

»

3

2

3

2

-2

2

I

3

r

I

2

2

I

3

2

I

3

2

4

3

2

4

2

2

t

2

2

1

2

6

2

2

S

2

I

1

1

3

6

2

z

I

1

Farms

[

243 ]

Farms from 200 to 3

00.

arms.

Acres.] Arable. Rent.

Servants.

Maids. |

Boys.

Labourer!*

N«.

3

300 '

280

70

5

4

4

300

200

9

3

12

250

100

4

2

20

283

213

120

7

2

26

24O

120

152

6

3

49

280

I40

160

4

2

53

300

110

112

4

3

59

300

45

125

2

1

61

300

40

95

2

1

82

272

172

ns

3

2

2

3

8g

300

70

200

3

2

I

2

95

300

60

150

2

I

3

a

96

300

60

170

2

6

99

25O

50

80

2

I

1

a

108

24O

80

180

2

2

2

3

113

300

I©0

300

1

3

3

8

118

3OO

160

160

2

2

2

*3i

24O

30

75

1

2

3

141

300

150

140

2

*

2

3

153

240

120

100

1

2

1

2

156

220

120

80

1

2

2

2

200

250

130 ] 210

2

1

3

218

260

160

300

4

2

3

3

232

300

270

200

4

2

10

238

300

250

280

2

2

6

246

300

40

4c

1

2

i—

1

Av,

278

I 123

151

3
R

1

2

1 *

3

Farm*

t 244 ]

Farms from 300 to 400 acres.

Farons.

No.

78
90

93

120
124
177
190

193
228

Av.

Acret.

400
320
40O
400
360
400
400
400
310

365

Arable.

Rent.

Servants.

Maids.

Boys.

Labourcri.

80

200

3

3

I

2

120

100

2

2

I

3

80

170

2

3

2

1

350

320

2

2

T

6

200

250

1

2

2

3

100

200

4

2

2

2

40

25O

2

4

2

6

150

300

3

2

I

6

210

320

3

3

2

5

!37

234

2l

2 '

2

3i

Farms from 400 /<? 500 <zfra".

37
58
114
136
227
231
237
Av.

500

200

200

5

450

60

225

3

450

200

420

2

3

450

250

l80

1

4

3

460

410

400

3

3

3

460

410

400

4

3

2

420

360

400

4

1

3

455

2^0

3I5

3

"Ti

2

6
1

10
2

10
6
8

Farm.,

[ 245 ]

Farms from 500 to 700 acres.

Acrci

66 r

-

-

5;:

-;:

100

700

300

57C

-::

::

661

4.14

Re-.:.

Boys.

-::: .:;: = .

300

8

10

3

3

2

10

16c

3

i

I

13

1

-1

6

4

-

2

10

53°

5

4

3

11

5*5

4

1
j

"

3-5

_

i|

9

r 700/0 IOOO d

: : : :

,::

1

1 : : :

.:

- - -

2

^

• - ■<

—

5 : ;

0

t

B5>

|OG

a

5

_;;

5

:

I M

22

8

16

IX

iz:z j; -:•-•.

■• : : :

: ; : :

-:;

S

1

108c

—

S : :

G

B

-

-::

-::

3

5

4

.;

- 5 :

1

-

6

-;:

:

:

J

:

:

;:

; ; . D

: :

r

.

: :
::

35

::

[ 246 ]

Farms.
No.

133

134

15'

22$

Av*

Acres.

Arable.

Rent.

Servants.

Maids.

Boy». |]

5000

I5OO

15OO

3

4

3

2000

500

700

2

2

2

2000

200

1

2

1

2000
2407

2000
I0l6

I45O

739

17

5

5

5t

1 21

1 *4

n

50

25

4
20

28-

Recapitulation.

Farms.

To 50

5? — 100
100 — 200
200 — 300
300 — 400
400 — 500
500 — 700
700 — 1000
Above 1000

Acres.

Arable.

Rent.

Serv.

Maids.

Boys.

41

25

37

1
i

f

1

79

41

59

I

2

T

z
T

163

78

106

If

4-

T

278

123

*5*

3

I

I

365

J37

234

2f

2|

2

455

270

3X5

3

If

2

661

414

345

4

2i

If

962

433

509

5

2

li

2407

1016

739

5t

2*

2|

3

3!
6

9

H

2lf

* N". 88 is left out in the averages. It is Mr. Elliot's im-
proving moor farm ; the number of hands mull, therefore,
be very great, but, as they are not in the minutes, it ought
not to be included. A farm of 2000 improving acres, without
labour, is an abfurdity in idea ; befides, it is the only one
above the fmall fcales in which the hands are not minuted.

u

[ 247 ]

So complex a view as this is, however
reduced from the preceding tables, will by
no means convey a clear idea of the po-
pulation of thefe farms j we muft, there-
fore, reduce the feveral numbers to fingle
ones of the number of fouls to each farm,
and add the farmers and the families of
them and the labourers ; and by calculating
the proportion per hundred acres of arable
land, the view of population will be clear
and complete.

But fome data are requifite to calculate
on. I fhall fuppofe that only one-fixth of
the farmers are unmarried, and only one-
tenth of the labourers. Thefe proportions
are different from thofe I ufed in my Six
Weeks Tour ; but from further information
from feveral quarters, I apprehend them
nearer the truth ; I alfo calculate each fa-
mily at five fouls upon an average.

The proportion of one-fixth of the far-
mers being married, with families of five
fouls, is twenty-fix fouls to fix farms, or
four and two-fixths per farm, which, to
avoid fractions, muft be called four.

Nine-tenths of the labourers being mar-
ried, and forming families of five people,
make forty-fix fouls to ten families, or four
and fix-tenths : Now as there will be fome
ufe in calculating the general population of

R 4 the

r ns ]

the kingdom dependent on agriculture, \
mall in this article allow for the reduction
of that of the farmers, and call the la-
bourers on an average at five fouls. This
will bring the whole very near the truth,
according to the given data-, and I have
great reafon to believe not in the leaft an
exaggeration of the reality. Nor will the
fuperiority of the labourers families to the
farmers be offenfive to ones obfervation ;
for more farmers are found unmarried, and
with fmall families, than labourers. It is
fomewhat remarkable, but the more able
men are to maintain and provide for fami-
lies, the lefs, upon an average, (I appre-
hend,) will be the number. It is a raoft
uncommon thing to find a labourer un-
married 3 and their cottages are generally
Hb full of children, that I believe I mould
be juftified in fuppofing the average high-
er. Thofe which have been laid down
by political arithmeticians, for the whole
kingdom, will not, I mould fuppofe, be
found juft to this body of men, who are
certainly more arTifiant to population than
the inhabitants of towns, manufacturers,
&c. &c. and confidering the nature of
their life, the wonder would be if they
were not. Upon the whole, we are to
reckon a farmer as four fouls, and a la-
bourer as five 3 boys, maids, and fervants,

fingly.

f 249 ]

fingly. Relative to a general view of po-
pulation, fomething fhould be deducted
from thefe, on account of fome of the
boys, &c. being part of the families of the
labourers ; but in a companion of farms
all muft be taken into the account, the cafe
being different.

N°. Souls per Ditto per

100 acr. arab. l oo /. rent.

Farms to 50 acres 2o — 1 7 —

48 ^37

- 13-

48 <■> 37

39 js

48

CO tO IOO 21 — 1 r

D 41 J 59

IOO tO 200 I578 11^

20010300 19-j i5ig

21 ^ I^'JL*

137 234

300 to 400

400 tO 5QO 15 12 "^

318 , 1S0

500 to 700 J3^-4 io34S

700 to 1000 I9473 10 w

Above 1000 iAiz!

220

H;

20

016 739

I apprehend the reader will not be diA
pleafed with this table, which I have
calculated with all the accuracy I am
mailer of, by the rules of fractions. It

takes

f 25° ]

takes in every advantage and difadvantage
of all fized farms; for the farmers (four
fouls for each) are reckoned to each quan-
tity of land that forms a farm in the pro-
portion of every fcale. And even fuppo-
fing my data, of four and live to one, for
farmers and labourers, to be falfe, yet the
proportions between the farms remain juft
as they would, were any other imaginary
number fixed on.

It is to be remarked here, that the rental
is what we muft take as our principal
guide. Rich foils are, in every part of the
world, better peopled than poor ones. If
the arable acres were to be our guide, the
comparifon would not be fo exact; as the
fize of the farms would not determine the
degree of population, but the richnefs of the
foil. Whatever were the numbers of acres
in the farms, the rich foils would univerfally
prove the moil: populous. But the rental
(though not always the exact value of the
land) is a good index to the nature of the
country, and throws all farms on a par : All
the collateral advantages of the calculation
are the fame to both -, confequently there is
no objection to the ufe of that method which
is obvioufly the faireft. But for the ufe of
thofe who are curious enough to view thefe
matters in every light, I fhall confider the
one as well as the other.

Tht

t «5> 1

The order of population in thefe farms, is
as follows :

Souls.

A country divided into farms ofl

above a thoufand acres each, I «o
is peopled with, per i oo /. a : 739
year J

From 700 to 1 000 acres - 16 —
' 509

From 500 to 700 - - - *^3«
From 200 to 300 - - - 15 —

From co to 100 - - «• i?~

D J 59

To 50 13 i?

37

From 400 to 50P - - - 1 2 ~

19*

300t0 400 - - - I2~

100 tO 200 - - - H¥TT

234

if
106

Rejecting fractions, the table may be
divided as follows :

500 acres and upwards - 17
To 300 acres - - 13

300 to 500 - - - J2

Or

[ 252 1

Or thus,

Souls.

Above 500 acres - - 17
Under 500 acres* - - 21 \

This is the proportion of 8 \ to 6 \
General average 15.

Thefe methods of flating the propor-
tions prove feveral points of much impor-
tance. We find that the larger the farms.

* The calculations per hundred acres are as fol-
low :

Souls*

From 50 to 101
300 to 400

To 50

From 200 to 300
700 to 1000
J 00 to 200
400 to 500

Above 1000

21

39

41

21

121
»37

20

36

4S

19

6J

I2J

19

7J
43 J

15

30

15

576

From 500 to 7C0 - - - 1?^-

4I+
It is from hence obvious, that no conclufions are to

be drawn from this method of calculation. There
are fo many contradictions, that one knows not how
to determine any point from it ; but the fmall farms
have rather the advantage, which muft be occafioned
by richnefs of foil.

a very

[ 253 ]

a very few inftances excepted, the more
population is encouraged. This is fo very
contrary to the notions moft common, that
it may be expected fomething mould be
offered by way of accounting for it.

Great farmers are generally rich far-
mers ; and it requires no great fkill in agri-
culture to know, that they who have mofl
money in their pockets, will, upon an
average, cultivate the foil in the moll
complete manner ; good culture, in mod
cafes, is but another word for much labour.
And this ftate of the quefHon opens ano-
ther view of this branch of rural cecono-
my, which mould not be flighted: — A
very considerable portion of the labour of
a farm is of the extra kind ; all included
in thefe tables is the regular yearly allow-
ance; but improvements, and moft articles
of vigorous culture, are done by extra
hands ; witnefs, marling ; chalking ; par-
ing and burning j turnep hoeing ; wall-
ing; &c. &c. &c. confequently the great
farmers (the richeft men) ufe a much
greater proportion of this extra labour,
than fmaller (poorer) ones: And this re-
mark is not only confident with reafon, but
is verified by common obfervation, in every
county in England.

In the next place I mould obierve, that
great farmers do not keep near the pro-
portion

r 254 ]

portion of fervants, maids, and boys, that
imaller ones do. Their fuperiority in po-
pulation lies totally in labourers ; indeed it
would be ufelefs and impoflible for them
to keep the proportion of fervants of
fmall farmers ; their houfes would not con-
tain them. Now it is not the employ-
ment of fingle hands that promotes popu-
lation, but that of men who have families;
and this circumftance muft operate ftrongly,
in giving fo great a fuperiority to large
farms. The variation from thefe rules,
between, under, and over three hundred
acres, is not great ; nor can any remark be
totally unexceptionable.

We may draw from thefe tables this
general corollary, which will ftate the cafe
m the cleareft manner:

That the farms moft. advantageous to
population, without exceptions, are
thofe from five hundred acres up-
wards; and of fuch, thofe above a
thoufand acres are the fuperior; thofe
under five hundred acres much in-
ferior.

I doubt not but you will allow me to
add upon this conclufion, that the vulgar
ideas, of great farms depopulating the
kingdom, are here proved, from fadts, to
be falfe; and not from one or two in-

fUnces,

[ *ss ]

ftances, but from the divifions of above
feventy thoufand acres of land ; of all foils,
in all fituations, and under a vaft variety
of circumftances, throughout a line of
country extending above two thoufand five
huadred miles. I will not affert that the
average of fuch a tour muft be the average
of the whole kingdom ; but I may furely
be allowed to think, that there is a much
greater probability of it, than of the truth
of random aflertions, general reafonings,
and vulgar prejudices, all deduced from
opinion, and founded upon that, and par-
tial inftances. If facts do not give me this
advantage, they will yield me nothing, and
I will reject them in favour of notions as
more fatisfactory evidence.

PRODUCT.

THERE is fomething of uncertainty
in this article : The products are the average
of each neighbourhood, and the fize of the
farms is alfo the fame average -, confequently
neither of them are drawn from particular
farms ; and as the average product is gene-
ral, it includes that of all fizes ; fo that the
refult can only mew any general tendency
of countries that are pretty ftrongly marked
by large or fmall farms.

If the refult is regular in favour or a-
gainft large or fmall farms, there will be the

greatest

[ *S6 ]

greateft reafon to fuppofe it occafioned by
me.jize of the farms ; but, on the contrary,
if there is great irregularity, much cannot
be decided from it.

Farms to 50 /. a ye dr.

Counties

.j.

jfve"age of
Producis.

Ayechui ■

40

—

27

Fojfen

*■"

—

24

Dqncafter

to

—

19

Eccksfidd

5°

—

26

Wilb&rsfort

40

—

30

Wentivortb

40

—

28

Ditto

40

—

28

Ditto

40

—

2$

Ditto

40

—

28

Ditto

40

—

28

Ditto

40

—

28

Ditto

40

—

28

Ditto

40

—

28

Cilfdale —

35

—

29

Ditto -

35

—

29

Swinton -

22

—

22

Ditto

22

—

22

Ditto -

22

—

22

CUnwelt —

30

—

40

Ditto

30

—

40

Ditto -

30

—

40

Kefajick —

45

—

42

Ditto -

45

■ '

42

Ditto

[

*S7 ]

Counties*

Farms*

Avtragt of
Produfa.

Ditto

—

45

—

42

Ditto

—

45

—

42

Holme

—

50

—

16

Ditto

—

50

—

16

Ditto

—

50

—

l6

Ditto

—

£0

—

l6

Kabers

—

40

—

32

Ditto

—

40

—

3«

Ditto

—

40

—

32

Bowles

—

50

—

19

Ditto

—

50

—

*9

Ditto

—

50

—

l9

Qrmjkirk

—

40

—

24

Ditto

—

40

—

24

Ditto

—

40

—

24

Averages

— 39

27

Farms

from

150 to

100/.

Milton

—

75

—

25

'Drayton

, —

70

—

30

IVhinmoor

~_

80

— .

26

Rijby

-—

75

—

28

Ditto

—

75

—

28

Holdernefs

—

100

,—

36

Ditto

— ,

100

—

S^

Ditto

—

100

— .

36

Vhorne

—

75

—

32

Ditto

—

75

»«?

32

Vol. IV.

S

1

Diro

[ «5* ]

Counties.

Farms*

Average ef
Produfis.

Ditto

—

75

—

32

Ditto

—

75

—

32

Driffield

—

75

—

24

Newton

—

70

—

22

Ditto

—

70

—

22

Ditto

—

70

—

22

Ditto

—

70

—

22

Ditto

—

70

~

22

Ditto

—

70

—

22

Ditto

—

70

—

22

Nunnington

—

60

—

23

Ditto

—

60

—

23

Kirkleatham

—

100

—

34

Ditto

—

100

—

34

Ditto

—

100

—

34

Ditto

—

100

—

34

Ditto

—

100

—

34

Rookby

—

95

—

26

Ditto

—

95

—

26

Ditto

—

95

—

26

Ditto

—

95

—

26

Skningford

—

70

—

18

Ditto

—

70

—

18

Ditto

—

70

—

18

Raby

—

9°

—

34

Ditto

—

9°

—

34

Ditto

—

9°

—

34

Ditto

—

9°

—

34

Ditto

1 r '

90

■ ■ "

34
Rcthhtry

[

259 J

Counties,

Farms.

Average of
Produ8s>

Rothbury

—

IOO

—

24

Ditto

-^

IOO

—

24

Ditto

•—

IOO

—

24

Ditto

—

IOO

—

24

Cambo

—

65

— .

31

Ditto

—

65

—

3i

Ditto

—

65

—

3i

Afcot

, —

55

—

25

Ditto

—

55

*—

25

Ditto

—

55

— »

25

Ditto

—

55

—

25

Garjlang

—

95

—

35

Ditto

. —

95

—

35

Ditto

—

95

—

35

Henley

' —

70

—

24

Ditto

—

70

*■*

24

Ditto

—

7°

—

24

Mints

—

100

—

25

Ditto

—

IOO

—

25

Ditto

> —

100

—

25

Ditto

—

IOO

—

25

Ditto

■ —

IOO

—

25

Ditto

—

IOO

—

25

Averages — 82 — 27

S i

*ret&

t 260 ]

From 100 to 200/.

Counties*

Farms*

Averagi of
Product.

Woobum

— ^75

—

24

Wanden

— 115

—

23

Broughton

— 15°

—

28

Ditto

— 15°

—

28

Ditto

— 15°

—

28

Ditto

— 15°

—

28

Woolley

— no

— -

24

StiUingfleet

~ IO5

—

25

Ditto

— IO5

—

25

Ditto

— IO5

—

25

Ditto

— IO5

—

25

Ditto

— IO5

—

25

Ditto

~ IO5

—

25

Ditto

— IO5

—

25

Ditto

— IO5

— ,

25

Ditto

~ 105

—

25

Yeddingham

- 155

—

29

Ditto

- 155

1

29

Ditto

- 155

~

29

Kiplin

— I IO

—

26

Ditto

— I IO

—

26

Ditto

— no

—

26

Ditto

— no

—

26

Ditto

— no

—

26

Ditto

— 1 10

-—

26

Penrith

- 115

—

23

Ditto

11 5

— —

23

Ditto

[

261 ]

Counties*

Farms*

Avtragt tf
Produtls.

Ditto

—

115

—

23

Ditto

—

115

—

23

Altringbam

—

160

—

37

Ditto

— -

160

—

37

Ditto

—

160

—

37

Ditto

—

160

—

37

Knotsford

—

150

—

42

Ditto

—

150

—

42

Ditto

—

150

—

42

Ditto

—

150

—

4*

Ditto

—

150

—

42

Holme's Chapel

—

160

—

27

Ditto

—

160

—

27

Ditto

—

160

—

27

AJlon

—

no

—

25

Ditto

—

no

—

25

Ditto

—

1 10

—

25

Ditto

—

1 10

—

25

tfagley

—

I25

—

29

Ditto

—

125

—

29

Ditto

—

125

—

29

Ditto

—

125

—

29

Ditto

—

125

—

29

Broom/grove

—

120

—

40

Ditto

—

120

—

40

Ditto

—

120

—

40

Ditto

—

120

—

40

Perfhore

—

105

—

25

Ditto

■ - '

105
S3

■

25
Ditto

t

262 ]

Counties,

Farms.

jfverage of

Products.

Ditto —

IO5

—

25

Harmondfworth

I20

—

25

Ditto ■ —

I20

—

25

Ditto ■—

I20

—

25

Ditto —

I20

— —

25

Averages, —

126

—

28

From 200 to 300/.

Stevenage
Stamford
Gofworth
Ditto

—

300
260
225
225

—

26

28
26
26

Ditto

—

225

—

26

Ditto

—

225

—

26

Morpeth
Ditto

jk—

265
265

—

21
21

Ditto

—

265

—

21

Belford
Ditto

t

300
300

—

38
38

Ditto

—

300

—

38

Ditto

—

300

—

38

Ditto

—

300

—

38

Hetton
Ditto

mmmm

250
250

J9
*9

Ditto

—

250

—

*9

Dittp

250

19
Ditto

[

263 ]

Counties,

Farm*.

jfveragt of

Produciu

Ditto

—

250

—

*9

Ditto

—

250

—

*9

Ditto

—

250

—

19

Shapp

—

220

—

22

Ditto

—

220

—

22

Ditto

—

220

—

22

Ditto

—

220

—

22

Ditto

—

220

—

22

Stone

—

265

—

29

Ditto

—

265

—

29

Ditto

—

265

—

29

Ditto

—

265

—

29

Ditto

—

265

—

29

Ditto

—

265

—

29

Shenftone

—

2IO

—

34

Ditto

—

2IO

—

34

Ditto

—

2IO

—

34

Ditto

—

2IO

—

34

Ditto

—

2IO

—

34

Ditto

—

2IO

—

34

Moreton

— -

*75

—

3°

Ditto

—

275

■ —

30

Ditto

—

275

—

30

Ditto

—

275

—

3°

Benfington

—

220

—

38

Ditto

—

220

—

38

Ditto

—

220

—

38

Ditto

—

220

—

38

Ditto

•"-"

220
S 4

"^^

3^

Maidenhead

[ 264 ]

Ctuntjfs,

Farms,

Average $f
Product.

Maidenhead

— 275

—

31

Ditto

— 275

—

P

Ditto

— 275

—

3i

Ditto

— 275

—

3i

Averages

249 —

29

Farms above 300/.

Ftnton

—

500

—

28

Ditto

—

500

—

28

Ditto

—

500

—

28

Ditto

—

500

—

28

Bend/worth

—

520

—

40

Ditto

-—

520

—

40

Ditto

—

520

—

40

Ditto

—

520

—

40

Averages — 510 —

34

Recapitulation.

Farms.

Rental

Average Produft.

To 50 /.

a year

— 39l- —

27 bufhels.

50 to

100/.

— 82/. —

27

100 to 200/.

— 126/. —

28

200 to

300/.

— 249/. —

29

Above

300/.

— 510/. —

34

The

t 26j J

The refult of this enquiry much fur-
prizes me. General, as well as particular
obfervation, has convinced numbers, in
every part of the kingdom, that great
farmers have better crops than little ones ;
and reafon tells us, that it would be a
miracle if it was not fo ; but that the
rife of product mould be fo regular with
the greatnefs of the farms, when neither
are taken from particular ones, but are
the averages of the neighbourhoods, is fur-
prizing ; and proves that the fuperiority of
great farms mull be immenfe; for mod
neighbourhoods have fome large ones that
unite with others to form each average ;
fo that even the loweft articles in this fcale
include lome advantage of great ones; con-
fequently, as the general balance is in fa-
vour of them, it mult inevitably have been
exceeding great had the refpective averages
been deduced from lingle farms. And this
obfervation is founded fo ftrongly in this
fact, that I cannot but efteem the circum-
flance decifive.

The increafe of product with the fize
of the farms is fo regular, that it cannot
be attributed to chance. But there is an-
other circumftance, which, if any thing
was wanting to demonstrate this fuperi-
ority, would, I apprehend, effectually do

it;

f 266 ]

it; it is the nature of the foil. We have
found, throughout this tour, that large
fauns include very poor foils, which form
a much greater proportion of their total,
than of that of fmall ones ; hence, if o-
ther circumftances were equal, they ought
to yie*d much lefs crops ; fo that the ave-
rage product being greater, inftead of lefs,
fhews clearly, that the circumftance of be-
ing divided into great ones is alone fuffi-
cient more than to ballance all other ad-
vantages. The comparifon will appear
fomewhat clearer in the following ftate.

An hundred acres of corn 1 %*

and pulfe in farms of I

above 300 /. a year, j ^ ■*

yield J

Ditto in farms to 100 /. a 7

year, £ 3.>7 4

Superiority of the former,

87

4

Above 300/.
Under 300 /.

425
346

0
3

Superiority of the former,

78

5

This proportion is as 8 \ to 6 Jp.

Genera!

t 267 ] T""^

General Recapitulation.

Firft. That farms from two to four
hundred acres are fuperior in
Live Stock, to fmaller ones,
a6 5 1 to 3! ; and more than
five times fuperior to larger
farms.
Second, That farms of above five hun-
dred acres, are, in Popula-
tion, fuperior to fmaller
ones, as 8 1 to 6 1.

Third, That farms of above 300/. a
year, yield a Product of
corn and pulfe fuperior to
fmaller ones, as 8 1 to 6}g.

LET-

[ 268 ]

LETTER XXXV.

TH E next article of rural (Economics
which I (hall trouble you with exa-
mining, is that of the fum requisite to ftock
farms, according to the various modes of
hufbandry, in different counties. This is a
very important enquiry, and merits as much
attention as can be given it.

Farms Stock.

fiool. a year,^

Siittingfieet, \ half grafs and y , • > - £ . 300

L half arable, j

Ditto all arable, - - 200

Hcwden, - 100 - - - - 500

<Thomci - 100 - - - - 300

("Live flock, 50

I Implements, 25

Furniture, 20

"T'^u < half graisanoX Sundries, 75

170

1

_._., f 100/. half and? "

Drtffiek, j half> £ . - 450

Newton*

[ 2«9 ]

Farm, Stcci.

A

{"Live (lock, 128
I Implements, 63

Nemton. { l°£' a11 ara" j Sundries> ^

501
L

Ditto half and
half,

600

400

$ •

Kirkleatbam, 100/. - - - 300

Gilfdale,. Ditto, - 300

f^. {■e&SeI - - **>

mm** J 100 A half and 7 ^

&"aS' I half, 1 " "

*•%, |1haif;halfandS - - 4°°

f 100/. one third")
•Kiplin, < arable, two > • - 6o#

C thirds grafs, J

Mr. Crowe's 7 r ^

hufbandryJIO0/' ' -65a

Swintony 50/. * - - - 450

Crake bill, 90/. - - *. - 275

Sknningfordy 100 1. - - - - 300

n„*,/,„ . J 100 /. half and 7

Danhy* I half, J - - 400

yifgo.rtbv 50/. - - 2 go

Zte^y, 100/. - - - - 400

Gc/wertb, iqqI. - 1 - - 300

Morpetb%

[ 270 ]

farms. Stock.

Morpeth^ iooI. - - - - - £m ^Q

Alnwick, iooI. - - - - - _ g00

Belford, 300/. 120o

Hetton, 500/. -_--._ 1750

Fenton, 500/. 2500

Rothbury, 100/. - - - -. - _ gr0

Cambo, 100/. ---___ oqo

Glenwelt, 100 /. - - - - - - 400

Afcot, 100/. ------ 200

Penrith, 100 /. - - - - - - goo

Kefwicky Sol. ----__ ~8o

££*#>, 100/. ------ 550

Holme, 50/. IOO

jfo&rx, 5°^- - 150

Garjlang, 150/. grafs - - - - 500

Ditto common - - 200

Ormjkirk, 50/. ----- - I50

("Live ftock, 178

I Implements, 44

Altringham, 100/. - <( Sundries, 85

[ 307

Knotsford, 50/. ----- - 2oo

fLive ftock, 172

j Implements, 40

Holmes Cha- 7 , 'Sundries xcn

pe{ > iool. 4 Ullunci' I50

! 362

I _

r 271 ]

Farms, Stock.

Stone, 100L . - ----- £.350

Sbenjione, 100/. ------ 250

pLive flock, 274

{ Implements, 57

*a ■ , -Sundries, 188
Aft on, 100/. - <

519

Hagley, 100 L - - - - - - 550

Broom/grove, 100 1. - - - - - - 400

rLive flock, 1840

7 Implements, 2 s 1

f50O /. 500 T- r - J

- ; b urniture, 200

,Q,

Btnifwortb* ■< acres, half< c ,
J \ and half, j Simdnes'

I 3271

Btnfingtony 100 /. - - - - - - 300

Mims, 100/. ------ 300

General average flock per 100/. a year, is

39 ll-

Thau of particulars as follow :

Live flock per 100 1 '. a year, - 228
Implements ditto, - . - - 63

Furniture, - - - - 70

Upon thefe fums it is in general to be
remarked, that farms are univerfally uiider-
ftocked. Four hundred pounds are by no
means a fufficient fum to flock the average
farm of 100/. a year for complete huf-

bandry ;

[ 272 ]

bandry ; and there is not, in the whole
range of rural ceconomy, a more impor-
tant object than the country being richly
flocked. The beft land is of no avail with-
out a fufficient fum of money to render its
fertility of ufe : Neither fkill nor induftry
will make any amends for want of an am-
ple ftock. One of the moil common, and
yet mod fatal errors, to which the conduct
of a farmer is open, is that of underftock-
ing : Inftances are innumerable ; this ave-
rage of the whole Tour is one, and fpeaks
the thing very ftrongly. Suppofe the farm
for this average rent of ioo/. to be two
hundred acres, half grafs and half arable ;
an hundred acres of grafs, at 10;. will
keep thirty cows ; the arable hundred,
thrown into that moil beneficial courfe, of
i. turneps, 2. barley, 3. clover, 4. wheat,
will fummer keep or fatten (with the af-
fiftance the grafs will give after the cows)
eighty fheepj and winter fatten on turneps,.
belides what is ufed for the other cattle,
thirty fleers of 6 /. value -, reckoning the
cows at 7/. and the fheep at 15J. this
amount of cattle is 450/. or, in other
words, 59 /. more than the whole average
itock of this farm.

If it be afked, why farmers in general fb
much underftock themlelves ; it is at once
anlwered, by obferving the univerfal prac-
tice

[ 273 ]
tice of hiring more land than they ought :
To be a farmer of two or three hundred
pounds a year, is very flattering to the va-
nity of him who mould occupy but an
hundred. And this circumftar.ee, uniting
with the falfe idea of much land, much
•profit, occafions their acting fo very con-
trary to their intereft. I mould alfo obferve,
that this miftaken conduct is of the utmoft
prejudice to the intereft of the ftate;
for the public pofTerTion of a diftrict per-
fectly cultivated is of as much national
value as one of twice the extent but indif-
ferently cultivated : Suppofe a rich farmer
keeps an hundred cows, five hundred (heep,
and fifty fatting beafts on a given number
of acres; the circulation of that buiinefs
we will call of 50 /. profit to the public.
Now it is very clear, if a poor farmer hires
the fame land, and underftocks it by hal£
that the national profit v/ill be but 25 /.
Every cow, ox, and fheep is profitable to
the nation, and the cultivators of the foil
not being pofTefTed of fufficient fums to ltock
their farms completely, reduces the number
of cattle, and confequently diminimes that
profit which arifes to the ftate from the
pofTeffion of circulating riches.

Vol. IV. T LET\

t 274 3

LETTER XXXVI.

^Hp H E multiplicity of fubjects which
~ demand a particular review in the
minutes of this tour is fo great, that I am,
in every Letter, fearful of fwelling it to too
great a length -, and yet much of the uti-
lity, which attends fuch an undertaking,
would be totally loft, if the average of
every article was not ftated, and compared
with collateral circumftances that either do,
or may probably affect, it. The fubject up-
on which I now enter, viz. the prices of
provifions, is one of the mod: important
that can engage the attention of the ftatef-
man. It ought to be known with the ut-
moft. perfpicuity in every poffible variation,
and in every the mod remote combination.
Circumftances, that at firfr, light appear to
have fcarce any connection, are fometimes
found, on a near infpeclion, to be intimately
united.

The firft view I fhali offer of thefe
prices, is that of butcher's meats, bread,
butter, and cheefe ; and the average of
meats, with the diftance of each place from
London,

Places.

Ko. Places.

i Hatfield^

2 Stevenage,

3 Offlty*

4 Houghton,

5 Milton,

6 Wanden,

j Brougbton,

8 Biddenham,

cj Wefton,

jo Cat-worth,

11 Ay church,

12 Cajierton,

14 Pdonion,

16 Cromwell,

■ 7 Drayton,

18 Cantler,

19 Concyfbrough,

20 Rot her ham,

2 1 Ecclesfield,

22 Woolley,

22 Wakefield,

23 heeds,

D<!> Rread. Tutt., .

I

2r

32

34
37
41

49

47

53

57
70

85

92

99

1 12

123

13 +
150

'55
161

i66
178

190

if

i|

\\

2

7

7

7
7

6
6

7
6

6

6

4
6

6

6

7

7
6

6

8

6

7
'6*

4

3'

3^

3:

4

3*

4

3*

3

4

3i

3r

4

2|

4
3

3^
31

o T

3r

4

Veal

5

4

1 :
O -

4
31

3
31

2

3
3
3

3

2!

4
4
4
4
3^

Av.

31
3*
3*

if

-> x.
5 i

3*

o 4
54

si

3i
3

3*
3f

H

3

5

31
3k
3\
Bi

31

a Much oat bread.

b Butter in molt places reckoned by 18, 20, 22, or 24 ounces,
but throughout all thefe tables I reduce it to 16 ounces.

T 2 24 Kid-

[

24 Kiddel, ?igJ

Whinmoo)\ \

25 IVilbersfort, 192

26 Hatton, 188

27 #//£y, 185

28 $ tilling fleet ^ 192

29 How den * 173

30 'Thome , 168

31 Abound 7
Wentworth,\ OD

32 Driffield^ 200

33 Honanby, 225

34 Neivtony 22c

35 Nunnington, 22 •

36 Kir by y 23 fc

37 Kirkleatham, 261

38 Scbortont 240

39 GHHng, 264

40 Rockby, 270

41 Brcugbt 28c

42 FremingtoHy 230

43 Kiplin^ 238

44 Sivinton> 23c

45 Craikhill, 232

46 Sleningford, 232

276 ]

Bread. iButt. Cb. MulBeeflVeal.'Pork. Av.

3:
If

I|
l<

I|
If
If

Ji

a

1:

1
1

6|
Si

5*

55

4

6
6

5:
41

7i

6^

6

. *

6:

5i

04

51

3

Zl

3

3

31

3i

3

3

31
l'3
'i3

2k

2f

3i

4

3

31

3*

31

3!

3

3

3

3

31

31

3

3

il

3f a|

4
31

3f

3^

2 M 2| 2|

2 r i3
'131I31

2 f3 I3

a Much oat bread.

47 Dauby ,

No. Places.

47 Banby,

48 Afgarth,

49 Raby,

50 Newcaftle,

51 Morpeth,

52 Alnivick,

53 Belford,
54. Rett on,

55 Fen ton,

56 Rcthbury,

57 Cambo,

58 Glcnwelt,

59 4M>

60 Penrith,

61 Kefwick,

62 Shapp,

63 Kendal,

64 Holme,

65 Kabers,

66 Gar Jiang,
6y Warrington

Mazlin.

[ 277 ]

Dift.l Bread. Butt. Ch. Mu'Beef Veal. pork

b Rye.

- ivia/.iin. i\yc,

c Rye; wheat and peale; barley and peafe.
d Barley and peafe. e Rye, mazlin and barley.

f Barley and peale ; and beans and oatmeal.
8 Barley; and barley and rye. h Oat and barley.

» Oat. k Oatmeal cakes.

1 The rife of prices at Kendal from the preceding muft be
owing to her numerous manufactures.
m Oat and barley mixed.

T 3 6S Liver-

No. Places. Dift. Brer-.d.

68 Liverpool, 200

69 Altringham, 18c

70 Knctsford, 17c

7 1 Holme's- 7 c

Chapel, 5

72 Ncwcafile 1

under Line, 3 ^

7 3 Sber.flone, 1 1 7

74 ^vV/7, 1 1 2

75 £%'.'> I,c
7 6 Broomfgroye, 1 1 1

77 Perfkore, 102,

78 Bend/worth, 96!

79 Moreton, S51
So Benjfngton, 47
8 1 /iV/. 3 5

52 Maidenhead, 27

53 Harmf"jocrth, 16
04 Ken/ington, ■ 2
85 Minis, 1 7

Bu't

Ch.l

Win

Beef.

Veal.

Pork.

7

3 |3i

2l

4

4

6

31

3

2|

31

34

6

21

3:

2L

*• 2

4

4

6

3f

3i

ai

5i

%i

8

3

3

3

3

7

2 7

z|

2|

3

8

i

>

21

3^

6

4

3

^

3

31

i

3

1

3

2|

4

7

3

3

2

4

8

3.

3

2|

3

3i

/

3;

3 1

31

2|

4 .

6

4

3l

3i.'3

4 -

"7

/

4

31

31

4 ■

7

41

3\

4

4 -

7

4

31

3l

4

4 .

8

3\

2{

3i

4 :

8

-

31

31

4_

4^

6

3 i

3

3

3

31 "

Averages

' Wheat and barley mixed
Wheaten, notwi:
liot remarked as other forts,

once of w'neaten

-ccs, I
oijt the variations fire iery

ra^es will not amount to any thing

b Barley. c Mazlin.
rig the firnilarity of price ; when
it is always wheaten.
bread ||.

"ear, are r.ct abfclirtely sccura'e ;
ma!!, and in calculating the ave-

Upon

[ 279 ]

Upon thefe averages it is in general to be
obferved, that all the prices are mod rate.
Bread at id U per lb. wheaten, ifc well
as other forts, is as reafonab - as anyone
can defire it. Butter at 0 d. is higher, I
think, than bread, but cannot, noon the
whole, be thought extravagant. All forts
of butcher's meat at 3 d. is middling ; it
is not very dear, nor is it very cheap ;
but it certainly calls for no fuch clamour as
we have lately heard through th ; kingdom,
on account of its being fo high : It was
plainly fuppofitious.

We mutt, in the next place, examine
thefe prices in compariion with the diftance
from the capital.

Fifty mi/es roimd London*

N°

1

2

3

4

5
6

7
8

80

Bread.

Butter,

Cheefe.

7

4

7

31

7

3%

4

7

4

7

4

6

4

6

4

6

4

T4

Average
of meats.

3i

a*

3i

3\

31

31

4

3\
N°8i

ro 81

[

Bread.
I

28o

Butter.

7

]

Cheefe.
4

Average
of meats.

3f

82

If

7

4f

3£

S3

if

7

4

3!

84

U

8

4f

31

85

If

8

4i

4

Av.

H

H

4

ai

JFr0/» 50 ta 100 /#//kr.

9

10

11
12

13
14
78
79
Av.

2

if
if

if

7

4

3!

6

4

3f

6

4

af

6

3

3

4

4

31

6

4

31

8

3f

3

7

3f

3f

6

3.1

31

prom

[ »8i ]

From ioo to 200 miles.

N°i5

Bread.

Butter.

6

Cheefe. J
4

Average
of meats;

31

16

6

4

31

J7

7

4

2£

18

7

4

3

*9

6

4

3

20

U

6

4

3£

21

l|

8

3f

31

22

6

4

31

2f2

H

7

3t

23

il

6|

4

3*

24

6§

4

3

25

61

2

3*'

26

6|

2|

3r

27

51

2|

3^

28

I

51

2

3§

29

I

51

3

3£

30

I

4

3

3r

31

I

6

3*

3

67

7i

31

3*

68

If

7

3f

3t

69

6

31

3

N°;o

N° 70

71
72

73
74

75
76

77
Av.

[

2§2

]

Bread.

Butter.

Cheefe.

Average
of meats*

6

24-

3^

6

3r

31

8

3

3

7

2i

2^

8

2l

24

T 1

1 "2"

6

4

3

t 1

ft

o1

^4-

T 3

-1 4

7

3

3

T I

1 4-

6

31

3

From 200 /<? 3 co /;z//<?.f.

32

33

34

35
36

37

3*

39
40

41

42

3

4

6

2

II

6

2

3
4

5~

2

3

4-

4r

2

1 I

1 4

„ 1
/r

1

2z

T I

X 4

6|

If

■1 I
1 4

67

2

. I

7r

2i

j i

6

2|

j I

1 4

6.

2i

2

5^ 1

2|

5

3

31

31

3r

3~

3

3

3

3

3

N°4;

[

283

]

i

Bread.

Butter.

Cheefe.

N°43

Ij

5*

2

44

51

2

45

5k

If

46

5

2

47

61

2

48

Si

2

49

*l

* 4-

50

4-

7

If

51

8

2

57

41

2

58

6

2

59

4-

6

2

60

3

4-

51

2

61

4

51

2

62

6

2|

^3

I

$\

31

64

4

5i

3

65

3

4

8

3

66

3

4

7

3

Av.

I

6

2

Average
of moats.

*- +

3

31

3

31

31

3*

3*

3

2f

af

2|
2f

3

2r

3
3

21

Upwards

[ 2»4 ]

Upwards of 300 miles*

N°52

Err ad.

Butter.

6

Cheefe. .
2i

Average
of meats.

2l

53

51

3

2*|

54

5

2

2f

55

5

2\

2|

56

5

2l

3

Av.

2;

2|

To 50 miles
50 to 100
100 to 200
200 to 300
300 upwards

Recapitulation.

\l

61

4

ll

6

31

II

6

3^

1

6

2

—

1 5

%\

31

31
3

21
2\

The influence of the capital appears very
ftrongly in this table. It is apparent even
in the article of bread, which one would
fuppofe, in reafon, not to be much arTecled.
The equality of the price of butter fur-
prizes me : But even that is deareft near
London, and cheaped the fartheft from it:
But the famenefs from fifty to three hun-
dred

[ *85 ]

dred miles contradicts fo far the general
tenor of the table. Cheefe, near the ca-
pital, is doable the price it is at a diftance
from it; but this circumftance requires
fome explanation. Scarce any cheefe is
made around London It anfwers fo much
better to make butter, and to fuckle, that
the quantity of cheefe made is very tri-
fling ; the cheefe of the weftern counties
is to be had through all England nearly
as cheap as at London; but the poor do not
eat it as their brethren do around London:
They confume only their own country
cheefe, of a much poorer fort.

The variations in the prices of butcher's
meat are fo regular; the fall fo unbroken,
in proportion to the diftance from the ca-
pital, that one cannot but attribute it to
the diftance. The fall of price is regular,
even in circumitances that one would ap-
prehend fufficient totally to deitroy it. The
populous manufacturing counties of Lin-
cajiery and the Weft Riding of Yorkjhire,
I expected to find as dear as London ; bdt,
on the contrary, the fall of price is regular
throughout them. If this regularity of
variation is not owing to the diltance from
London, I know not to what to attribute it;
nor can any other fatisfactory account be
given for it.

You

[ 286 ]
You will next allow me to review the
other particulars of the poor's houfe-keep-
ing, &c. which were minuted throughout
the Tour; but fome of thefe I mail omit.
Milk is, in general, of a uniform price;
the variations not considerable enough to
give rife to any conjectures of caufes. Po-
tatoes depend on the quantity cultivated;
and as to candles and foap, the uniformity
of price throughout the kingdom is fur-
prizing. The remaining articles, to which
I mail confine myfelf, are Houfe - rent.
Firing, and Wear of Tools,

Places.
Hatfield,

H. Rent.

1 s. d.

2 15 O

Firing.
I. s. d.
2 0 0

I Tools.
/. s. d.

1 5 0

Stevenage,

2 00

OOO

I 10

Offley,

2 2 6

I 10 0

1 10 0

Houghton,

2 0 0

2 10 0

0 12 O

Milton,

I 10 0

1 5 0

060

Wanden,

2 0 0

000

0 15 0

Brougbton,

I OO

2 10 0

I 00

Hale Wejlon,

I76

1 10 0

I 00

Cat-worth,

I OO

1 5 0

086

Aychurch,

0 3 9

2 10 0

080

m

C'ljlerton,

0 14 0

Byter.,

0 19 0

1 10 0

Paonton,

2 10 0

200

Fojjen,

0 15 0

1 10 0

Crom-

r 287 ]

Places.
Cromwell ,

H. Rent.
/. s. d.

1 5 0

F

I.
1

Wing. j
, d.
0 0

1. s. d.

Drayton,

1

0 0

1

15 O

0

14 0

Cantler,

1

10 0

1

0 0

O

5 0

Coneyjbrough,

1

10 0

1

4 0

O

5 0

Ecclesfield,

2

0 0

1

0 0

0

6 0

IVoolley,

1

10 0

0

12 0

Wakefield 7
Manufactures, i

2

5 0

1

0 0

Leeds ditto,

2

0 0

1

0 0

Kiddel,

0

18 0

1

0 0

0

5 0

Wilbersfort,

1

0 0

1

10 0

Hatton,

1

0 0

1

0 0

0

10 0

Rljby,

1

0 0

0

5 °

0

15 0

Stillingfieet,

1

0 0

1

0 0

0

5 0

Howden,

1

10 0

0

15 0

Thome,

1

5 0

0

12 0

0

5 0

TVentivorth,

1

5 0

0

12 0

0

4 0

Driffield,

1

10 0

1

10 0

0

0 0

Newton,

0

18 0

1

5 °

0

5 0

Nunnlngton,

1

b 0

1

5 °

0

io 9

Kirby,

1

5 0

0

10 0

0

5 0

Kirklcatham,

1

0 0

1

10 0

0

2 6

Scbcrton,

1

0 0

1

8 0

0

5 0

Gilling,

0

18 6

1

10 0

0

36

Roolchy,

0

5 0

2

10 0

0

36

B rough,

1

10 0

1

0 0

JFremington,

1

5 0

1

15 0

JiipUn,

1

5 0

0

16 0

0

3 0

Swintorif

[ 288

]

Places.

Swintoriy

H. Rent.
1. s. d.
176

Firing.
1. s. d.

0 15 0

Tools.
1. s.d.

060

Craikhill,

I 5 O

IOO

0 10 0

Sleningfordy

0 15 0

OOO

050

Danby,

0 17 6

0 17 6

0 12 2

4fsar$*

0 15 0

1 10 0

050

Raby,

1 15 0

1 5 0

NezvcafJcy

1 10 0

1 10 0

Gcfivorthy

1 10 0

1 10 0

Morpeth,

0 10 0

0 10 0

Alnwicky

100

i 00

09©

Belford,

1 00

1 40

Hcttox,

0 10 0

0 15 0

Bertvicl,

100

1 5 0

Fentoriy

0 10 6

100

Rothbury,

0 15 0

1 00

Cambo,

0 10 0

0 16 0

Glenweltj

0 15 0

0 10 0

Afcot,

0 15 0

Penrith,

1 00

1 10 0

Kefivicky

1 00

1 5 0

S happy

1 10 0

1 5 0

Kendaly \
Manufactures, 1

1 10 0

276

Holmey

126

1 76

KaberSy

1 00

1 00

0 10 6

Garjlangy

176

1 10 0

Warrington \
Manufactures, i

1 5 0

0 16 0

Liver-

Places.

■Liverpool,
Altringbam,
Knot sf only

Holmes- cbapcly

Newcajllcy 7
Manufa&ures, J

Stone,
Sben/lone,

Ajhlly

Hagleyy

Broomfgrovey

Per/bore,

Bendfwortby

Morctony

Benfingtony

Henley,

Ma'ideyibeacly

Harmondf-
worthy

Kenfingtoiiy

North MlmSy

Averages,

[ 289 ]

//. Rent.
I. s. d.

5 °
10 o

5 o
7 6
12 6

2

0 11 3

1 15 o

2 0 0
2 15 O
2 0 0

i 5 O

0 12 6

1 15 o

1 10 o

250

2 10 O

3 J5 o

500
3 10 o

1 8 2

Firinc
/, ,.Y

0 17 6

1 00
1 00
i 10

126

I 10 o

1 5 o
1 10 o
I 10 o
I 10 o
1 5 o

1 5 o
200

2 10 o

Tools.
I. t. d.

I 3 II

O76
050

o 10 o
026

026

089

050

076

076
o 7 11

Thefe averages are moderate, and mew-
that the labouring poor in this kingdom
are by no means feverely burthened in
any of thefe articles of expence.

Vol. IV. U Houfe

[ 290 ]

/. /. d.

Honfe rent, - - 182

Firing, - - - 1 3 1 1

Tools, - 11

i

Total, 300

■.mount will, in no part of the
kingdoms be found of an unreaionable
heights

LET-

[ 291 ]

LETTER XXXVII.

Op H E price of labour is allowed by all
"-** to be one of the mod important ob-
jects in. political ceconomy. Agriculture,,
arts, manufactures, and commerce, are but
fo many aggregates of labour : Every cir-
cumstance that can affect the profperity of
a nation, is intimately connected, and even
founded on labour ; all nations fubfift by
it j where trade is neglected, labour is
nothing more than the meafure of fub-
fiftence ; but in commercial (tares it is the
meafure of riches, which include every
thing elfe. The grand point reflecting
labour, is the quantity that is well per-
formed; and it is obvious enough that the
price of it mud have considerable effect on
the quantity : By various methods of dating,
we mall be able to difcover the peculiar
circumftances attendant upon high, low,
and middling prices ; and, perhaps, more
than conjecture the advantages or difad-
vantages of the prefent average rates
throughout this tour. I fhall begin with
the labour of hufbandry. But as the prices
are feldom to be found in fingle fums with-
out fome other confideration beiides money,
fuch murt be valued ; board, ale, beer,
U 2 milk,

[ 292 ]

milk, &c. I proceeded in this method in
the Six Weeks Tour, but as provifions in
general are much cheaper in the north than
in the fouth, all the rates I there ufed will
not be of the fame truth here.

Board in the north (including Tork and

Lancajhire) I (hall call 8 d. a day.
In the fouth, i o d.
Ale, 2 d.
Small beer, I d.
Milk, \ d.
Broth, 2 d.

A dinner, 44 d. in the north.
In the fouth, 6 d.

In refpect to the periods of labour, they
are minuted throughout the Tour in the
divifions of harveft, hay-time, and winter ;
in mofl: of the counties I travelled, the
winter price does not vary for fpring ; but
as in a few there is a price between the
winter and the hay ones, we mull: reckon
the latter fomewhat longer than common.
Harveft I call five weeks.
Hay time fix weeks *.
Winter forty-one weeks.
And as much work is, in many places,
done by the piece, I fhall, in fome places
where it lefTens the day-work greatly, allow
a proportion for it. I mall likewife add
the diftance from London.

* Ln many parts of the north of England their hay
time is of a furprizing length.

N°.

[ *93 ]

I Dift.

]

3aypei we

ek.

No. Places.

Harv.

Hay.

Wint. Medium.

I Hatfield,

20

X3 3

9

6 6

7 6*

2 Stevenage,

32

12

9 6

6 6

7 4

3 QffUy,

34

J5

II

6

7 33

4 Houghton,

37

J5

II

7

8 »

5 Milton,

41

HbS

8 6

5 6

6 6a

6 Wanden,

49

J3 9

11

5

6 4

7 Broughton,

J3

9

5 6

6 5>

8 AjlvAck,

46

*5

8

4 3

5 6*

9 Biddenham,

47

15

8

4 6

5 6C

I 0 HaleWeJlon,

53

14 6

9 6

6 6

7 5d

II Catworth,

57

13

9 6

4 9

5 IOde

12 Ay church,

70

13 3

11

4 9

6 id

13 Cajlerton,

85

99
112

12 6

11

6
6
8 6

7 2

1 4 Paonton,

090

7 f

15 F#»,

11

11

9

16 Cromwell,

123

11

11

9

9 4

17 Drayton,

»34

11

11

9

9 4

18 Cantler,

150

10

10

9

9 2

19 Coney/bro\

J55

10

10

6 6

7 2

20 Eccks field,

167

10

8^6

6 6 8

21 IVolley, [

165

8

7h 1

4 9 1 5 3

a Harveft four weeks,
b zs. for carriage of wood.
c Harveft four weeks, and hay three.
*■ Harveft four weeks.
e Carriage of wood zs.

f Begin "June to Michaelmas 9/. feventeen weeks fummcr,
and thirty-five winter,
s 10/. for mowing, fo I call it 8/. 6</.
2s. mowing, I call it ~js.

U 3 N°.

[ 294 ]

Pay £<r week.

-*

No. Places. t

Dift.

r
Har v.

Hay.

Wint.

Medium.

22 K.ddel,

194

10

7a

6

6 6

2 j Wilbersfirt)

192

II 6

7b

4

5

24 Hatton,

188
185
702

"3

13

7

7
8

8 5

25 Rijby\

12 6

8 5<

26 StUlingfleet,

13

J3

9

27 Holderncfs,

193

14

H

8 6

9 7

28 Hoi. den,

J73

96

7

6

6 5

29 Thome,

168

12 6

9 6

6

7

30 Wcnttvorth,

*55

10

10

6

6 10

31 Driffield,

200

13

11

6 6

7 7

32 Teddingham,

225

14 6

11 6

9

9 9

33 Newton,

220

H

H

8

9 3

34 Nunnington,

225

10

10

7

7 7

35 JST/rty,

238

8 6

8 6

7

7 3

36 Kirkleatham,

260

10 6

9

5

5 '«

37 Schorton,

240

7 9

7d

6

6 3

38 Gilllng,

264

15

7e6

5

6 3

39 Rookby,

270

16

10

8

9

40 Fremington,

2(j>0

7

6

6 1

41 Kiplin,

238

10

10

5

6

42 Swinton,

23O

9 4

IOf

7

7 6

43 Cralkhill,

232

6 6

6 6

4 9

5 1

44 Sleningford,

232

6 3

7 6

4 9

5 2

45 Danhy,

235

7 6

6

5

5 4

a 8j. mowing; I call it 7/.

b Nothing fpecified; I call it, therefore, like the preceding,

c 12s. 6d. for fourteen weeks, the relt js.

d Not minuted ; I cs.ll it proportioned to the preceding.

" 6s. bd. but as mow hi g is very high, 2s. 6d. I call it 7s. bd.

* 1 is. 6d, but as it is for mowing I call it ioj.

46 Afgarth%

[ 295 ]

No.
46

47
48

49

50
5i
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

59
60
61
62
63
64

65
66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

Dift.

]

*ay fir we

,, -a. -..

ek.

Places.

■

Harv.

Hay.

Wint.

A/garth,

24O

7 6

7 6

7

Raby,

250

9 9

8

6

Go/worth,

279

9 ^

12 6

6

Morpeth,

291

10

96

5

Alnwick,

310

8 3

8 3

5

Belford,

325

6

6

5

Hetton,

325

9

6 6

46

Fenton,

330

9

9

6

Berwick,

340

6

6

5

Rcthbury,

301

10 9

89

6

Cambo,

290

10

10

8 6

Glenwelt,

276

8

7

7

A/cot,

296

8

10

8

Penrith,

282

96

8 6

5 6

Kefivick,

286

6 6

6 6

7

Shapp,

268

8 6

11 6

7

Holme,

246

10

10

7

Kabers,

230

10

10

7

Garjlang,

223

10

9

7

Orm/kirk,

200

6

4

5

Altringham,

180

7 3

6 6

5

Knctsford,

170

9 6

■ 9 6

6

Holm's Chapel,

158

14 '

14

7

Stone,

141

9 6

7 6

6 6

Shenjlone,

117

6 6

6 6

5 6

Afton,

112

11

1 1

8

Hagley,

no

n

n

6 6

Broom/grove,

118

11

n

6

Per/here,

102

n

n

6

Med!

7
6

7
6

5

5

5
6

5

6

6 10

7 7

7 7
7 7

7 6

4 11

5 4

6 9

8 5

6 10
5 8
8 7

7 5
7

U4

f 296 ]

Fay per week.
^

Did.

Harv.

Hay.

Wint. 1

96

II

9

6 6

85

J3

9 6

6

47

15

6 6

6 6

35

12 6

9 6

6 6

27

14

9 6

6 6

16

12 6

8 6

6 6

2

12 6

9 6

9

!!

14 3

9

7

i

io 8 1

9 5

6~5 1

No. Places.

75 Bcndfivorthy

76 Morcton,

77 Benfwgton,

78 Henley ',

79 Maidenhead,

$0 Hannoiidf- \
worth, ^

8 1 Kenfingtcn,

82 MjJm,

Averages

I do not think there is much reafon to
find fault with any of thefe average prices
as exorbitant, or higher than a flourifhing
agriculture can well afford to pay, nor are
any of them fo low as to oppreis the la-
bouring poor; there not being above one
or two places where any allowance is made
for piece-work, whereas much is every
where done ; and it is univerfally known,
that they earn more in that manner than
the weekly pay of the country ; this circum-
jftance is not divifible, but it undoubtedly
raifes the average.

The general average prices in proportion
to the diftance from London are as follow.

T

o 50 miies,
From 50 to 100,

js. id,
6 9

a Harveft four weeks.

From

[ 297 ]

From ioo to 200, - - ys. 2d.

From 200 to 300, - 7 °

Upwards of 300, - - ~ 5 &

This table is not, upon the whole, abfo-
lutely decifive of the influence of the capital
on the prices of labour : The fall, propor-
tioned to diftance, being broken in the mid-
d le ; fifty miles round London is not fo dear
a circle as one hundred to two hundred ;
from fifty to one hundred is much cheaper,
and upwarcfs of three hundred vaftly lower
ftfllj but from one hundred to three hun-
dred the price is equal to the London ones,
and the occafion is what I can by no means
conjecture. Within thofe diflances are in-
cluded part of two counties remarkably full
of manufactures ; but many reafons will
hereafter prove that this is a circumftance
totally without effect.

But before I proceed with thefe obferva-
tions, we mufr. take a fimilar view of other
fpecies of labour, the wages of fervants and
women : And as to the prices of their eat-
ing and drink, I mall reckon every article
two thirds that of the men.

Board in the north, 5 d.

in the fbuth, 6 d.

A dinner, 3 d. in the north.

In the fouth, 4 d.

Ale, \ d.

Small, beer, | d.

Milk, \d. Places.

[ 29« ]

beet,

Vo.

Firft

Men.

/. S.

Second

aiuu.

/. S.

Lads.
/. 5.

A

verage

Dairy-
Maids
/. S.

jOther
Maids
/. s.

A
/.

verage.
s. d.

Worn

t

Har-

veft.

s. d.

en per Week.

Hay. Win
ter.

s. d. s. d

25

12

12

7

10

5

26

ir

8

6a

8

6

5

+

4

4

12

27

*3

9

5

9

3 J5

3

15

3

15

28

1 1

11

4a

8

13

4

4

4

29

11 11

1 1

1 1

4a

9

3 5

3

5

3

5

30

9 ic

7

10

4

7

3

3

3

69

3 3

2 (

31

,3 IC

8

IC

1 15

7

18

4 15

4

4

76

76

3 6

33

II 10

5

21

6

3

5

4

'5

4

17 6

4 9

3 9

2

34

12 10

5

10

3 10

7

3

4 10

3

10

4

46

3

3<

35

8

5

2

5

36

12 10

10

3

8

10

5

4

4

10

8 6

4

2

37

12

9

4

8

6 6

4

4

4

7 9

3 3

2<

3*

12

5

10

4a

7

3

4 10

2

:>

IC

4

7 ^

3

2 <

39

12

4

3

0

6

5 ic

3

4

5

14 6

11 6

5<

40

9

7

2 IC

6

3

4

4

4

4 6

41

'3

10

4

9

5

3

10

4

5

5 3

3

2 <

42

II |0

7

3

7

3

5

3

r/

4

8 6

5 6

3 9

3

43

10 15

9

3 JC

7

*3

4 10

3

IC

4

5 3

3 9

2 t

44

12

9

4 10

8

10

5

4

4

10

5

3

3

45

IS

8

4a

9

5 ic

4

4

15

5 3

4

46

IO 10

7

3aio

7

3 I0

3

3

5

5 6

5 6

46

47

r3

11

6

; ::

5

4

4

10

7

36

2 3

48

12

8

103

/

16 6

4

3

10

3

15

5 6

3

3

49

1 1

•7

/

1 *>

/

3 10

^

j

3

5

49

3

50

9

6

J •

J

'*

* 1

4

4

7

3

Places.

t 299 ]

Women per Week.

aces,
fo.

[ Firft
Men.
/. S.

1 Second

ditto.

/. J. d.

Lads.
/. s.

A

/.

verage.
J. ^/.

D

VI

airy

aids.

J.

Other

Maids.
/. S.

Average. 1
/. S. d.

Har-

veft.

s.d.

— '^_

Hay.

s.d.

51

9

7

7

5

7

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

6

3

52

10

1

5

7

6

6

2

10

2

10

2

10

6

3

53

8

6

3

5

13

2

J5

2

15

2

15

5

2

54

9

7

7

5

7

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

6

3

55

12

8

3

7

J3

3

5

3

5

3

5

7

46

56

12

8

3

7

J3

4

4

4

7 6

5 6

57

10

6

1

5

J3

5

4

4

10

6 6

5 6

58

11

7

36

1

5

6

9

2

15

2

76

2

12

6 6

6 6

59

l3

9

3

8

6

6

5

10

3

10

4

10

5 3

4 3

60

10

10

6

3

5

6

11

6

4 146

3

3

3

18 6

6 3

63

61

9

7

10

2

10

6

6

6

4

10

4

10

4

10

5 6

5 6

62

9

10

6

3

6

3

4

4

2

J7

3

10 6

6 6

5 6

63

9

5

2

5

6

6

3

2

5

2

12 6

6 6

5 6

64

10

7

1

18

6

6

3

10

3

3

5

5 6

5

65

7

5

1

10

4

!0

3

2

10

2

l5

6

4

66

8

5

2

5

4

10

2

10

3

10

6 3

4 3

68

10

10

7

10

1

6

6

6

3

10

i

17 6

2

13 6

6 3

3 9

69

8

6

3

5

13

3

10

3

10

3

10

3 9

3 9

70

11

6

10

2

10

6

J3

4

2

10

3

5

6

6

7i

7

10

5

2

4

16

6

3

5

3

5

3

5

3 3

3 3

72

10

6

15

2

15

6

8

6

3

10

2

!5

3

2 6

6

3 3

73

8

6

2

10

5

1 3

3

2

10

2

15

6

6

74

9

10

8

3

6

16

6

3

3
0

3

6

3 3

75

10

8

3

t

7

4

2

15

3

7 6

6

3 ^

76

7

10

5

2

5

4

18

6

4

3

3

10

6

3

Win-
ter.

S. d.
2

Places.

[ 3°° 3

Women per Week,

Places.

No
11
78

79
80
81
82

Av.

Firft

Men.

/. S.d.

10 10

7 7

9 10

«o 5

11 5

10 8 6

Second ( Lads,
ditto I

/. s. d.l. s. d.

5 10
5

7

7 3 6

6 11

/. qs. 9 <af.

1 17 6

Aver- Dairy O.her I Aver- jHar
age. jMaids Maids age. veft

/. s. d. 1. s. 7. s. /. j. ^/ j-. <^,

6 18 6(3 10 2 52 17 6

5 3 4
4 15 64

6 10

6 16

67 3

5 5

3 5

4 10

3 3 10
3 5j3 12 6

3 5YS 5

4 104 10

4 15 4 15 4 15

6 3
6 3
9

3 19

Hay
S.d.

3 3

3 3
4

4 a

5 3
5

3 5'3 9 I6 3

Servants wages are higher than I con-
ceived. 10/. 8 j-. 6 d. for upper farming
men is out of proportion to the average pay
of labourers.

Thefe tables of labour thus reduced to
averages, remain too complex to form
companions between the rates, and other
circumflances. A parallel, to be completely
plain, mould confift in whole numbers.
To difcover, for infrance, that in a place
where bread is 2 d. a pound, day-labour
is 8 s. a week; fervants 5/. 10 s. and
women 3 s. 6 d. is fo complex, that it con-
veys no clear idea : But I mail endeavour
to reduce thefe multifarious rates to a fingle
ftandard, not of truth, in each place, but
of exadt proportion between the one and
the other.

I fup-

4 31 3

[ 3QI 3
I fuppofe a labourer to earn the average
of the three feafons ; his wife to work her
harvelt, and hay- time, as long as the huf-
band ; and to be employed fix weeks every
winter at the price of the neighbourhood ;
one of his fons to be a firft man ; another
a fecond ; and a third a lad in fervice : A
daughter a dairy-maid; and another a
common-maid ; all at the refpective prices,
but exclufive of the board of all fer-
vants. Now this is by no means a repre-
fentation of real families, becaufe pro-
bably but few are fo difpofed of; but it
will unite in one view the earnings of
all kinds ; and mew, in a fingle fum,
the total of each kind of labour, in a
juft proportion to the quantity of each.
And for a comparifon between labour
and provifions, I fhall, at the fame time,
give the average of all provifions ; that is,
bread, butter, cheefe, and meat; but left
fuch a medium mould not be fatisfaclory
to my readers (as the articles are not
of equal importance to the poor) I fhall,
at the fame time, add them diftinclly,
that ufe may be made of either, accord-
ing to the judgments of different per-
fons. In thofe places where the pre-
ceding tables are incomplete, I mail, fup-
ply them proportionally to the parts that

are

[ 3d2 ]
are given ; but to obviate any objec-
tions, I fhall alfo give the labourers weekly
pay.

Places.

Hatfield,

Bread.
2

Butt.

7

Ch.

4

Meat.

3!

Av.

4

Total

/.

52

earnings.

1. d.

1 6

Labour
weekly.

7 6

Stevenage,

2

7

31

31

4

52

*5

7 4

Qffley,

2

7

3*

/>3

J*

4

48

!7

6

7 3

Hough ten,

. i

1 2

7

4

35

4

48

18

6

8

Milton,

| 1

7

4

31

4

59

7

6

6 6

Wanden,

A X

7

4

3\

4

52

18

9

6 4

Br ought on,

j 3

6

4

31

3!

52

6 5

Biddenham,

| I

6

4

4

31

53

6

3

5 6

Wefion,

T 1

4

7

4

31

4

44

4

9

7 5

Cat-worth,

2

6

4

6%

31

53

11

6

5 IC>

Ay church,

T 3

1 4-

6

4

3l

31

44

16

6 1

Cajlerton,

1 2

6

3

3

91

50

7 2

Paonton,

f I

6

4

31

31

51

7

6

7

Fijfen,

_ I

6

4

3}

3i

59

12

6

9

Cromwell,

. 1

6

4

3§

3i

58

8

9

9 4

Drayton,

• I

1 4

7

4

2|

3!

5*

8

9

9 4

Canllcr,

i t

* 4-

7

4

3

2i

54

58

2

3

9 2

Coneyjbrough,

T I

* 2

6

4

3

3i

50

10

7 2

Ecclesfield,

T I

1 4-

8

3^

3\

4

42

5

6 8

IVoolley,

T I

* 4-

6

4

31

31

51

4

5 3

Kiddel,

| I

1 4

6|

4

3

3\

59

7

6

6 6

IVilhersfort,

T I

1 +

0f

2

31

31

47

8

6

•5
ratton,

Places.

Hatton, *

Stillingfleet,

Howden,

Thome,

Wentworth,

Driffield,

Yeddiigham

Newton,

Nunnington,

Kirby,

Kirkleatham

Schorton,

Gilling,

Rookby,

Fremington,

Kiplin,

Swinton,

Craikhill,

»b

Bread. iButt

s\

51

51

4

6

6

5§
51
4§
71
6|
6f

71

6

51

54
51
5\

3°3

Ch. Meat,

2{
2 1
2

3

31

2
2
2
2

2|

i!

2

31
31
31

Ik

3'

3

3

31

31

31

3^

31

3

3

3

3

2|

3

3*

Av.

3i

Tota
/.

48

earni
s.

*7

rigs.
J.

G

>

Labour
weekly.

8 5

3

'3

10

9

8 5

2|

66

6

9

3

54

6

3

^ 5

2i

A 4

55

J9

6

7

31

48

3

3

6 10

2f

55

2

6

7 7

2l

*• 4

9 9

2^

* 4

55

4

3

9 3

2f

52

5

6

7 7

3i

44

i8c

6

7 3

3

53

17

<

5 11

3

52

18

3

6 3

a§

49

5

6

0 3

31

59

12

(

9

3

44

3

6 1

2|

54

i

0

6

2^-

'4

53

5

7 6

^4-

47

18

(

5 1

a Thus far the labour, excepting the labourers' week
pay, is all fupplied by the proportion of other pla.es. In
Rtjby only that of common maid aid womens' wetKly pay,
and in the three following piaces, only the latte< : Alter
which all is from the minutes, noth 6 being fupp i d.

b The prices of provifions here taken liv.m its neighbour
Hetuton.

c Earnings of women not minuted; but taken from the
preceding place.

Sleningford,

[ 3°4 ]

Places.

Sleningford,

[Prcad

I

Butt.
5

Ch.
2

Meat.

3

:Av.
!

21

'.Total earnings.
/. s. d.
50 19

'La bout
[weekly.

|5 2

Dauby,

I

6|

2

31

3

52 l6

3

5 4

A/garth,

I

*i

2

3l

2|

50 5

6

7 1

Raby,

I

h

2-

3l

3:1

59 7

6

6 6

Gofujorth,

3

4

7

If

21

21

52 7

6

7

Morpeth,

3
4

8

2

3;

3'

45 3

9

6

Alnwick,

3

4

6

2f

Vf

»|

43 I0

5 8

Belfcrd,

3

4-

51

3

2|

2|

44 1

5 2

Helton,

3

4

5

2

2f

*5

43 4

5 1

Fenion,

3

4

5

2|

2|

2;

42 3

6 7

Kothbury,

J

4-"

5

2f

3

2]

50 15

6 9

Cambo,

3

4

4!

2

^7

2|

58 3

6

8 9

Glemvelt,

3

4

6

2

2|

2|

49 x

6

7 1

AJcot,

3

4

6

2

21

*■ 4

21

49 8

6

8 2

Penrith,

3

4

51

2

21

* 2

2|

53 11

0
3

6 2

Kefaick,

3

4

51

2

a'i

?f

49 15

9

6 10

Shapp,

3

4

6

3£

21-

5

50 14

6

7 7

Holme,

3
4

51

3

2|

21

49 17

6 7 7

Kabers,

3

4-

8

3

3

Ji

45 11

6 7 7

Garjlang,

2.

7

3

3

3lj

4-9' 2

6 j 6

Altringham,

I

6

3i

3

31

33 15

3

5 4

Ormfkirk,

3

4-

7

3

3

31

34 9

4 11

Holme's- 7

- Chapel, \\

I

6

31

31

1

*8 13

1
9,

8 5

a The fame as at Neivca/tlc.

Shenjlone,

[

3°

5 .

1

Place*.

Bread.

Butt.

Ch.

Meat.

Av.

Total earnings.

Labour

/. s.

j.

weekly*

Sbenftone,

7

21

* 2.

2|

3i

45 6

5 8

Afton,

8

2-

A 2

2^

31

5i 5

6

8 7

Hagley,

• i

1 2

6

4

3

It

43 3

6

7 5

Broom/grove,

* 2

6|

31

31

H

44 9

6

7

Perjhore,

i 3
* 4

7

3

3

3k

47 18

6

7

Bendfworth,

1 2

8

3k

3

4

49 2

7 3

Moreton,

j I

7

3k

3\

3!

42 17

7

Benfington,

• I
1 4-

6

4

3\

3k

45 *»

6

7 1

Henley,

7

4

3\

3*'(44 I

9\7 5

Maidenhead,

i I

1 4-

7

4i

3*

4

44 15

37 ^

Harmpworth,

1 I
1 2

7

4

31

4

|48 6

6J7 3

Kenfington,

j I

1 4

8

41

31

4l'58 5

9 4

Minis,

• 1

8

41

4

4i

55 2

7 9

This table gives a general view of the
proportion between labour and provifions;
but that you may fee the effect attended by
a gradation of price, I (hall, in the next
place, infert a table divided according to all
the various prices ; which will mew, at once,
the connection, if any, between the rates of
provifions and labour.

Vol. IV.

X

£:.A

[ 3°6 3

2 f d. the aggregate price.

Places.

Nunnington,

Bread.
3

4-

Butt.

4^

Ch.
2

Meat.

31

Av.
2f

Tota

/.

52

earnings.

5 6

Labour
weekly.

7 7

Hettotiy

I

4-

5

2

2\

2|

43

4

0

5 1

Cambo,

3

4

41

2

3

2|

58

3

6

8 9

Penrith^

3

4

51

2

2|

2|

53

11

0

6 2

Kefwick,

3

4

3

4>

5!
5

2
2

2|

2f

2|

49

*5

9

6 10

Averages,

2|

51

8

0

6 8£

d. the aggregate

tyillingfleet,

1

51

2

31

21

A4

Thome,

1

4

3

3.

01

■** 4

Driffield,

3
%

6

2

3

2'

Teddingham,

3

4-

5f

2

31

2|

Newton,

2

4.

51

2

31

H

Kiplin,

, 1

* 4

31

2

2 J

2\

Swinton,

51

2

3

2|

Craikhill,

51

i|

31

2'

Slenningford,

5

2

3

2^

Afgarth,

- 1

j +

2

GoJwortb9

.1

7

if
~ 1

2 r

2 ;

Alnzvick,

6

,1

2I

2 |

Belford,

3

4-

51

3)

2-1

2 *

rente;:,

4

5

- f

- .. 1

2 i

- 4

price.

66

6

0

9

©

55

19

6

7

0

55

2

6

7
9

7
9

55

4

3

9

3

54

1

3

6

0

53

5

0

7

6

47

18

6

5

1

50

x9

0

5

2

50

5

6

7

1

52

7

6

7

0

4-3

10

0

1

5

8

44

1

0

5

2

^2

3

ol

6

7

Reihburyt

[ 3°7 ]

Places,

Rothburyt

Buead.
1

4

Butt.

5

Ch.
2f

Meat.
2|

Av.

Total
/.

50

earnings.

15 0

Labour
weekly^

6 9

Glenwelty

1.

4

6

21

?i

2]

49

I

6

7 *

AJcot,

i

4

6

2

2|

2]

49

8

6

8 2

Holme,

3

3

4

5i

3

2

2|
2|

2 j

49

I?

6

7 7

Averages,

2|

51

3

10

7 0

3 d. the aggregate price*

Rfiy,

1

si

2|

31

3

63

10

9

8 5

Howden,

1

51

3

31-

3

54

6

3

6 5

Kirkleatham,

if

6]

1 4

31

3

53

17

6

5 11

Scborton,

if

6|

2

3

3

52

18

3

6 3

Fremington,

1

5i

2^3

3

44

0
0

0

6 1

Danby,

1

&\

2

31

3

52

16

3

5 4

Shapp,

4
1

6

i5!

2|
»*

3

5°

14

6

7 7

Averages,

3

53

2

4

6 6i

Rookby,

Raby,

Garjlang,

2[

34

3*

3

3

3i

3

X 2

3*47

3 I d. the aggregate price.

Wilbersfort,
Hat ton, \\ 6l

fVeniwortbj 1 6
if 6

6!

3U8

31 49

8 6

48 17

3
12

•9 7

0

98

69

6\6
Altrinz-

o

10

o

6

[

3C

8

]

Places.

Altringham,

Bread.
I

Butt.

6

Ch.

3i

Meat.

3

Av.

31

Total earnings.
/. 1. d.

33 15 3

Labour
weekly*

5 4

Owi/kirk,

4-

7

3

3

3\

34 9

0

4 "

Sbenjlone,

I

I

7
6|

2!

2|

3

31

3i

45 6

0

5 »

Averages,

47 l6

0

6 5i

3*

*/. /-6c1 aggregate price.

Paontoti)

if

6

4

31

31

51

7

6

7 ©

Fofiett,

If

6

4

2I

3*

59

12

6

9 P

Cromwell,

i|

6

4

31

31

58

8

9

9 4

Coneyjbrough,

if

6

4

3

31

50

10

0

7 2

Woolley^

l|

6

4

31

31

51

4

0

5 3

Kiddel,

l|

61

4

3

31

59

7

6

6 6

Kirby,

i|

_ 1
/ 2

21-

3i

31

44

18

6

7 3

ailing^

if

71

21-

3

31

49

5

6

6 3

Morpeth^

2_

8

2

31

31

45

3

9

6 0

Kabers,

i

8

3

0

31

45

11

6

7 7

Holme's- 7
Chapel^ }

1

6

3l

1 1
5i

31

48

13

9

8 5

4ftont

r

8

»*»!

31

51

5

6

8 7

Hagley\

It

0

♦ Is

3i

48

3

6

7 5

Broom/grove^

II

6|

j 1 2 1

44

9

6

7 0

PerjhorC)

1 2

* +

7

3j

31

31

47

18

6

7 0

Benjingtoft)

If

1
I1- 1

6
6<-

4 *

31

-> 1
0 1

45

1 1

6

7 1

Averages,

3i-J

si!

50

1

.J

7 3

•:</.

t 3°9 3

3 ! </. the aggregate price.

Places.

Brougbton,

Bread.

Butt.

6

Ch.

4

Meat.

3*

Av.

31

Total earning*.

;. r. d.

52 o o

Labour
weekly.

6 5

Biddenham,

i*

6

4

4

3^

53 6

3

5 ^

Catworth,

2

6

4

3^

3!

53 ll

6

5 10

Aychurch,

H

6.

4

31

31

44 l6

0

6 1

Drayton,

i|

7

4

2!

31

58 8

9

9 4

Cantler,

ii

7

4

3

31

58 2

3

9 *

Moreton,

ik

7

3i

31

31

42 17

0

7 0

Henley,

i

7

4

hi

31

44 '

9
11

7 5

Averages,

ll 1 6^

n

5° *7

7 «

4</. f£* aggregate price.

Hatfield,

2

7 4

131

4

52 1 6

7 6

Stevenage,

2

7 3

I 31

4

52 15 0

7 4

Offley,

2

7 3

1 21

4

48 17 6

7 3

Houghton,

i|

7 4

31

4

48 18 6

8 0

Milton,

if

7 4

3i

4

59 7 6

6 6

Wanden,

il

7 4

3f

4

52 18 9

6 4

Wejion,

il

7 4

31

4

44 4 9

7 5

Ecclesfield,

U

8 3

I 3l

4

42 5 0

6 8

Bendfworth,

If

8 3

1 3

4

49 2 0

7 3

Maidenhead,

il

7 4

* 3*

4

44 15 3

7 6

Harm/worth,

i£

7 4

• 31

4

48 6 6

7 3

Kenjington,

il

8 4

■1 3i

41

58 5 0

9 4

Mints,

if

8 4

■1 4

r 3t

41

55 2 c

7 9

Averages,

4

50 10 S

7 4

x3

/

^ggre-

[ 310 ]

£. s% J.

Aggregate price of 3 d. -53 24

Ditto of zd. |, - - 51 8 o

Ditto of zd.-l, - - 51 3 10

Ditto of 3^/. I, - - 50 17 11

Ditto of -4*/. - 50 10 8

Ditto of 3*/. k, - - - 50 1 11

Ditto of 3^/. I, - - - 47 16 o

Bread alone taken, the averages are as
follow :

I d. per lb. - - - 47 5 1 o
id. ----- 5196
id.\, - - - - 51 17 11
id. 1, - - - - 50 12 3
1 d. |, - - - - 50 12 11
id. - - - - 51164

Thefe tables prove, that the dependence
of the price of labour on that of provifions,
is extremely uncertain, if any thing at all;
and in numerous inftances the former feems
palpably in contradiction to the latter. The
labouring poor, who pay the aggregate price
of \d. per lb. for provifions, earn 3/. a year
lefs than others who are fupplied at ^d. per lb.
Thofe who feed at 3^/. i, earn lefs by near
61. than others at ^d. A monftrous difpro-
portion ! And thefe, befides the general con-
tradictions of four inferior prices being fupe-
rior in earnings to 4 d. and befides many
others of the fame kind, 2 d. \ , the lowejl
price of provifions, is attended with 1 8 s. a

year

r 3" ]

year greater earnings than 4 d. the highefi
price. In bread the fame contradictions are
found : The man who pays 1 d. a pound,
earns as much, within a few (hillings, as he
who pays 2 d. And he who eats it at id. f,
more. Whatever kinds of provifion are
taken, the fame contradictions will appear.
In no ftate of the cafe will there be found any
the lead: reafon for fuppoiing that the price
of provifions determines that of labour.

If the table be thrown into two divifions,
the refult will be a manifeft contradiction.
The average aggregate price] £, ,. d,

of 2d. I, zd.ifZnd^d. being I l ^ Q

the three loweft prices, give |

the average earnings of j
Ditto of 3*/. i, 3</.f, 3</.i-,an<ri 6

\d. the four highefi prices, j ^ *

Excefs of the former,

Average of the four loweflfl

• •'CO 17

prices, Jj /

Ditto of the three highefi, 50 10

Excefs of the former, 074

No perfon can be fo hardy as to aflert, that
provifions cannot be too high relative to la-
bour; but what would the poor of a country,
that pays the average price of id.i. for
bread, butter, cheefe, and meat, fay, if the
X 4 price

[ 312 1
price was raifed to 4^/.? They would com-
plain; riot; burn down all the mills; and
hang up all the bakers around. But might
they not be told, that they earned more than
other counties that already paid \d. ?

The rates of labour admit of prodigious
variations that are totally unaccountable. I
apprehend that chance has been the mother
of three fourths : Famine, before the ex-
portation of corn was encouraged, and ex-
treme high prices, locally heightened the
prices of labour, as the richer inhabitants
were more or lefs willing to aflift the poor:
The rates fo raifed, in fome places continued
after the occalion ; in others were reduced :
Kence undoubtedly arofe a part of thofe va-
riations which we are fo much puzzled to ac-
count for ; and fuch accidents could fcarcely
fail of throwing a great variety over th«
whole kingdom.

In one refpedl the refult of thefe tables is
particularly ufeful : They prove, that moll:
of the complaints ariling from what have
been called the high prices of provifions, are
fallacious, and ought never to be confidered
as marks, that the labouring poor of the
kingdom is oppreffed by them. The labouring
poor is a term that none but the mod: fuper-
ficial of reafoners can ufe ; it is a term that
means nothing. When it is afTerted fo and
fo of the labouring poor, which are to be

under-

[ 3J3 1
underftood; thofe that are fed at 2d. ^d. or
4*/. per average pound ? It is impoffible that
the fame facts and reafoning fhould be appli-
cable to all ; and yet thefe diftinctions have
never been made by any of thofe numerous
writers that have publifhed fo much on the
fubject. The labouring poor fed at id. {per
lb. earn more than thofe who eat at \d.
Suppofe wheat at 50 s. a quarter; it is im-
mediately clamoured that the poor are ftarved.
But, in the name of wonder, are the former
ftarved? Whatever oppreffion the latter may
feel, it is impoffible the others can be in the
fame predicament ; and as the higher prices
(4*/. and %d. §, for inftance) are found, in
tracks of country not a tenth fo extenfive as
the lower ones 5 may we not conclude, that
whenever very high prices opprefs, it is the
few, not the many : And consequently, that
the application of a remedy, fuppofing any
part of the evil real, ought never to be gene-
ral, but particular. A meafure may be of
utility to a tenth part of the kingdom, that
is extremely prejudicial to all the reft of it;
and when private intereft fpreads the cla-
mour of that tenth throughout the whole,
public meafures take place, of mo ft fatal
tendency, in facrificing the real interefts of
nine tenths of the kingdom, in favour of the
finall remainder.

*****

THE

f 3'4 ]

THE fize of farms having been often re-
prefented as one caufe of proviiions and la-
bour rifiri^ j and to be attended with various
effects refji* felling both; it is neceflary to exa-
mine the idea, by here throwing into one
view the fize of farms, the aggregate of the
prices of proviiions, and the total earnings
in labour; and I fhall alfo add the weekly
pay per man. The method that will pre-
sent the cleared: view, is to average the
farms in claries, according to their iize.

Farms to 50/. a year.

Places.

Average
fize of
Farms
in Rent.

Aggreg.

Price
of Pro-
vifions.

Weekly
Pay.

Aychurchy

40

il

6 I

Fojferty

28

U

9 0

Ecclesfieldy

5°

4

6 8

mibersfort,

40

3\

5 0

Weniworth,

40

31

6 10

Fremington,

32

3

6 1

SwzntGH)

22

21

7 6

Jfgarth,

25

1\

7 1

Glcnzuelt,

30

2|

7 1

Kefivick,

45

2$

6 10

Holme,

50

2}

7 7

Kabers,

40

31

7 7

Grmjkhk,

40

3i

4 11

Averages,

37

3

6 9

Total
Earnings.

/.

s.

d.

44

16

0

59

12

6

42

5

0

47

8

6

48

3

3

44

3

0

53

5

0

50

5

6

49

1

6

49

15

9

49

17

6

45

11

6

34

9

0

47

11 10

Farms

t 315 ]

Farms from 50 to 100/.

Places,

Hatfield,

Offley,

Milton,

Drayton,

Kiddel,
IVhinmoor, J

Rijby,

Thome,

Driffield,

Newton,

Nunnington,

Kirkleatham,

Schorton,

Rookby,

Rothbury,

Cambo,

Jfcot,

Garjlang,

Henley,

Mims,-

Averages

Average
fize of
Farms
in Rent.

Aggreg.

Price
of Pro-

vifions.

Wet
Pa

kly

100

4

7

6

100

4

7

3

75

4

6

6

70

n

9

4

80

Zk

6

6

75

3

8

5

75

7

0

75

2|

7

7

70

2|

9

3

60

2|

7

7

100

3

5

11

65

3

6

3

95

31

9

0

100

H

6

9

65

2|

8

9

55

*i

8

2

95

31

7

6

70

si

7

5

100

80

4i
3

7
7

9
8

TotaJ

Earning

1.

/.

i.

<i

52

1

6

48

J7

6

59

7

6

58

8

9

59

7

6

63

10

9

55

19

6

55

2

6

55

4

3

52

5

6

53

17

6

52

18

3

59

12

6

50

i5

0

58

3

6

49

8

6

49

2

6

44

1

9

55

2

0

54 7 9

Farms

[ 3'6 ]

Farms from ioo

Places.

IVooburn,

Wanden,

Broughton,

We/ion,

Catworth,

IVoolhy,

Stillhgfeet,

Yeddingham,

Kiplin,

Penrith,

Altringham,

Knotsfordj

Holme's- I
Chapel, I

Hagley,
Broom/grove,
Perjhore,
Harm/worthy

Averages,

Average
fize cf
Farms

in Rent.

175
115
150
120
1*5

no
105

155
no

"5

160

150

160

no

125
120

105

120

129

Aggreg.
Price
of Pro-
visions.

4

4

31

4

3!

3r

n
n

2!

*i

31

3f

3!

31
31
31
Zl

4

31

/0 200 /.

Weekly
Pay.

Total

Earningi

/. t.

d.

8 0

48 18

6

6 4

58 l8

9

6 5

52 O

0

7 5

44 4

9

5 *o

53 11

6

5 3

5i 4

0

9 °

66 6

0

9 9

- - -

-

6 0

54 1

3

6 2

53 IJ

3

5 4

38 15

3

6 9

- - -

-

8 5

48 13

9

8 7

5' 5

6

7 5

48 3

6

7 0

44 9

6

7 0

47 18

6

7 3

48 6

6

7 U

1 50 s

6

Farms

[ 2l7 ]

Farms from 200 to 300/.

Places.

Average
lize of
Farms

in Rent.

ARgreg.

Price
of Pro-

vifions.

Weekly
Pay.

Stevenage,

300

4

7 4

Cajlertoiiy

260

31

7 2

Goftuortby

225

2|

7 0

Morpethy

265

z\

6 0

Belford,

30O

if

5 2

Hettoriy

25O

2|

5 1

$ happy

220

3

7 7

Shenjioney

210

3l

5 8

Moretony

275

3*

7 0

Benjingtotty

220

31

7 1

Maidenhtady

275

4

7 6

Averages,

254

3i

6 7

Total

Earning!.

/. i.

i.

52 15

0

50 0

9

52 7

0

45 3

9

44 1

0

43 4

0

50 14

6

45 6

0

42 17

0

45 «

6

44 15

3

46 19 6

Farms above 300/.

JFenton,
Bend/worthy

Averages,

500

2i

■i-

6 7

520

4

7 3

510 J

0 r
J?

6 11

42 3 o
49 2 o

45 12 •

P R O V I-

[ 3«« ]

Provisions.

Above 500/. a year, - - 3 d. 1
From 200 to 300, - - 3 d. \
From 100 to 200, - - 3 d. £
From 50 to 100, - - 3 </.
To 50 /. - - - 3 d.

From hence we may conclude, that the
fize of farms has no influence on the price
of provilions. The farthing per lb. under
100 /. a year is too inconfiderable a variation
to be confidered the leait., unlefs it had con-
tinued in a gradation ; but, on the contrary,
from 100/. to 500/. a year are exadtly
equal ; which they could not pofTibly be, if
that farthing per lb. was occafioned by the
fmallnefs of thofe farms.

Labour.

Per week.

Farms from 50 to 100/. ys. #d.

from 100 to 200 /. 7 1 1

of 500 /. - - - 6 11

— to 50 /. - - 69

from 200 to 300 /. ° 7

Total Earnings.

From 50 to 100/. - jC*54 7 9
From 1 00 to 200 /. 5056

To 50 /. - - - 47 1 1 10
From 200 to 300/. - 46 19 6
Of 500/. - - 45 12 6

The firft of thefe tables is much broken
in regularity ; but yet it gives fome reafon to

conclude,

[ 3T9 ]
conclude, that if the lize of farms has any
effect on the price of labour, it is that fmail
ones rather heighten it; and this is fome-
what confirmed by the latter : From 50 to
100/. in both is the higheft in the fcale ;
and the very large ones in both have the
cheapeft labour. This will farther appear,
by dividing the tables thus :

Per iveei.
To 200 /. - 7/, 2 J.

Above 200/. - - 69.

Total Earnings.

To 200/. - - - £• S° li °
Above 200/. - 46 6 o

I do not offer thefe tables as abfolutely de-
ceive ; even their not being fo has its ufe ;
it ought to ftop that torrent of general notions
and vulgarifms, that large farms are the oc-
casion of every evil under heaven. How-
ever, this ftate of the comparifon mews, that
if the price of labour is affected by the fize
of farms, it is the fmall ones that raife it.

The ideas mod common on this fubject,
will, from hence, condemn fmall farms. But
I mull: fo far be their friend as to affert, that
the propriety of the concluiion is not clear.
I by no means venture to affert, that railing
the price of labour is a peculiar benefit at-
tending them ; but there is much reafon to
conclude, that this effect is the lealt pre-
judicial.

From

[ 32° ]

From this enquiry we at leaft gain two
points of knowledge, that are of confequence.
Large farms do not raife the prices either of
provifions or labour. This is perfectly con-
iiftent with reafon; but the contrary has,
like many other circumftances, been taken
for granted, in at leaft forty publications.

In fome places I was informed of the va-
lue of fervants' board, warning, and lodging;
the following is a review of that part of my
intelligence.

Danbyy --«*";

Ormjkirky

Altringham,

Knotsford,

Stone,

£.8

9
8

IO

6

J3

o

*3

8

IO

4
o

4
o

o

Shenjione, - - -
Hagley, - - -
Broom/grove,

9

IO

6

o
o
o

o
o
o

Bendfworth,

12

o

o

Benjington,

IO

o

o

Average, - -

9

o

o

Laftly, before I quit this fubjedl of labour
and provifions, I mall draw into one view
the prices of labour in the manufacturing
towns through which I pafTed; and give you
the general average of their earnings, together
with the aggregate price of provifions.

Places.

[ 321 1

'{failures. L

t> ic i t C Women, 4 6

Bedford, Lace, fe^

Plates. MatiuJ allures. Labour. Prow

s. d.

4

Rotherham, {p^erieSj {J^ "J °} 3r

{"Plating, "] ("Men, 13 6

Sheffield, -{ Cutlery, yi Women, 4 o

L &c. &c. j LGirls, . 3 o

<W« Cloths, {gn; * °} 3 J

Colliers, 1 1

fMen, 8 3!

£ttfr Ditto J Women> 3 6Lx

Wr» ' (Boys, 5 of 3*

LGirls, 1 8J.

/#>/*», Allom, Men, 7 6

fMen, 7 6T

LGirls, J 3 3j

Darlington, Huckabacks, Men, 8 6 — 3!

Newcaftle, Colliers, Men, 15 O — 2|

ew>, {cSs8; ?Men> 9 °~2*

{"Stockings, 1

j Cottons, j Men, 9 5")

Kendal, -i Linfey-wool- >- Women, 33^3

fey, I Children, 2 oj

LTannery,

Warrhgton.i p. s> > Women, 4 6 y 3^

& JChild™' * 6->

Vol. IV. Y Liverfool^

[ 322 ]

Places, Manufailures. Labour. Prov.

fPorcelane, "| s. «/.

Liverpool, -( Storkings, >Men, 8 n — 3I
LGlafs, j

fFuftians, -j M^ ;

MancbefterA ™ CK' }► Women, 5 4*^3!*

|"at*J i Children, 3 5j

ISmall-wareSjj ° p

Burjlem, Potteries, {^omcn, 6 e} 3t

C Shoes TMen» 8 6"!

Newcajlk, ) ??,' ^ Women, 46^3

iHats, {Children, 1 oj

w n CPorcelane, f^en' 9 °
Worcefier, jGloves << Women, 4 6

*■ ' LChildren, 2 3

Average of men, - - g 6

of women, - - 4 7

1. — of children, - - 2 8

A very tranfient view of the table will
fhew, that the price of provifions does not
influence that of manufacturing labour.

* Not minuted, but Altringham is 3?^/. and Liver-
pool the fame.
t As Newcajlk.

LET-

[ 323 ]

LETTER XXXVIII.

^HE poor-rates throughout this tour,
■*- were an object which I feldom failed
to make enquiries concerning ; and as they
are fuppofedto be particularly connected with
the fubjects of my two preceding letters, I
fhall here draw into one view, all the intel-
ligence I gained concerning them : To ren-
der the tables the more fatisfactory, I fhall
add the aggregate price of provinons, and
the aggregate of earnings, in each place.

Plices.
Sheffield^

Poor-rates
s. d.

4 o

Price of
Prov.

d.

<

Weekly
Pay*

i. d.

Total
Earnings.

/. s. d.

Rjfby,

o 6

3

8 5

63 10 9

Stillingfleet,

o 6

n

9 o

66 6 0

Driffield,

o 9

H

7 7

55 2 6

Newton,

O 2

n

9 3

55 4 3

Kirkleatham,

i 3

3

5 "

53 17 6

Gil/dale,

I o

Schorton,

o 8

3

6 3

52 18 3

Gilling,

o 8

3k

6 3

49 5 6

Rookby,

o 8

n

9 °

59 I2 6

Fremington,

i 3

3

6 i

44 3 °

Kiplin,

I o

%l

6 o

54 1 3

Swintsfjj &c.

o 6

if

Y 7.

7 6

53 5 0

Craikhlll,

[ 3H ]

Places.

Craikhill,

Sletiingford,

Jfgarth,

Raby,

Gofworth,

Morpeth,

Alnwick,

Bclford,

Hetton,

Fenton,

Roihbury,

Cambo,

Glenwelt,

Afcot,

Penrith,

Kefwick,

Shapp,

Holme,

Kabcrs,

Garflang,

Liverpool,

Ortnjkirk,

Altringham,

Knotsford,

Stone,

Shcnjlone,

Ajlon,

Haglcy,

Broom/grove,

Poor-rates
s. d.

6
o
6
6

2

6
6

ft

6

ol

5
6

6

6

3
9
9
3
3
5
o
6
o
o
6
6

3
6

6

Price of

Weekly

Prov.

Pay.

</.

s. d.

n

5 J

n

5 2

2 -

4-

7 »

3!

6 6

n

7 °

3\

6 o

n

5 8

n

5 2

2\

5 i

n

6 7

2±

6 9

2|

8 9

2*

7 *

2l

8 2

2k

6 2

1\

6 io

3

7 7

2*

7 7

3*

7 7

3\

7 6

31

31

4 ii

31

S 4

31

6 9

3£

6 io

31

5 8

3^

8 7

3r

7 5

3§

7 o

Total

Earnings,

/. s. ,

47 18
50 19

50 5

59 7

52 7
45 3

43 I0

44 *
43 4
42 3
5° lS
58 3
49 "
49 8

53 11

49 i5

50 14

49 17

45 11
49 2

34 9
38 15

45
5i
48
44

Bendjjjorthy

[ 325 ]

Places.

Bcndfworth,
Benfmgton,
Henley,
Minn,

Poor-rates

Price of

f Weekly

per£.

Hrov.

Pay.

j. d.

d.

5. A

4 o

4

7 3

2 0

«■

7 "

i 6

31

7 5

2 0

is

7 9

Tofal
Earning*.

/. i.

49 2
45 "
44 i
55 ^

o
6

9
o

Average of rates, u. i^.

The fuppofed connection between thefe
columns is very natural, and certainly ought
to exift, viz. that rates being a tax to fupply
the wants of the poor, they muft be high in
thofe places where the price of provifions is
high, and where the price of labour is low ;
and this conclusion is fo very obvious, that we
may reafonably look for a regular gradation in
the rates, according to fuch circumftances.

Rates to ^d. in the pound.

Places.

Newton,

Gofworth,

Fenton,

Holme,

Kabers,

Averages

Poor-rates

Price of

Weekly

f&

Prov.

Pay.

d.

d.

,. d.

2

2!

9 3

2

n

7 o

i
?

6 7

3

*\

7 7

3

$\

7 7

—

—

— _

2

H

7 7

Total

Earning

i*

/. s.

A

55 4

3

52 7

6

42 3

0

49 *7

6

45 JI

6

49 o 9

Rats

t 326 ]

Kates from %d. to 6d.

Poor-rates

Price of

Weekly

Total

Places.

per £.

Prov.

Pay.

Earnings.

d.

d.

Si d.

/. s. d.

Rifby,

6

3

8 5

63 10 9

Stillingjleet,

6

2|

9 0

66 6 0

Swinton,

6

2!

7 ^

53 5 0

Craikhill,

6

»i

5 !

47 18 6

Afgarth,

6

*i

7 J

50 5 6

Raby,

6

31

6 6

59 7 6

Morpeth,

6

31

6 0

45 3 9

Alnwick,

6

ft*

5 8

43 i° °

Hetton,

6

2§

5 1

43 4 0

Combo,

6

« 1
^1

8 9

58 3 6

A/cot,

6

2|

8 2

49 8 6

Garjlang,

5

3*

7 6

49 2 6

Ormjkirk,

6

3$

4 11

34 9 °

Shenjione,

6

31

5 8

45 6 0

Averages,

6

7.1

6 9

50 12 10

R

ates fron

1 6d. i

'0 9^/.

Driffield,

9

2}

7 7

55 2 6

Scborton,

8

3

6 3

52 18 3

Gilling,

8

3r

6 3

49 5 6

Rookby,

8

31

9 0

59 I2 6

Belford,

71

2!

5 2

44 1 0

Kefwick,

9

%\

6 10

49 5 9

Shopp,

9

3

7 7

50 14 6

Averages,

J*

2?

6 11

51 12 10
Rates

r 327 ]

Rates from gd.

to IS.

Poor-rates

- Price of

Weekly

Total

Places.

t<r£.

Prov.

Pay.

Earnings.

s. d.

d.

s. d.

/. s. d.

Kiplin,

I O

21

4-

6 0

54 1 3

Sleningford,

I O

2I

5 2

50 19 0

Liverpool,

I O
I O

-

• 3

5 7

Averages,

52 10 1

Rates from

I J", to

1 j. 6</.

Kirkleatham,

1 3

3

5 11

53 17 ^

Fremington,

1 3

3

6 1

44 3 0

Rotbbury,

1 5

n

6 9

50 15 0

Glenwelt,

i 6

a|

7 1

49 1 6

Penrith,

1 3

2r

6 2

53 11 3

Stone,

1 6

31

6 10

Ajlon,

1 3

31

8 7

5i 5 6

Broom/grove,

1 6

3f

7 0

44 9 6

Henley,

1 6

3i

7 5

44 1 9

Averages,

~ J

3

6 10 1 48 18 1

Rates from

1 j. 6^/.

tO 2S.

Altringham,

2 0

31

5 4

38 15 3

Benfington,

2 0

3£

7 1

45 11 6

Minis,

2 0
2 0

4i

Si

7 9
6 8

55 2 0

Averages, 1

46 9 7

Rates c

r&??;t* 2

s.

Knotsford,

3 0

3f

6 9

...

Hagley,

3 6

3i

7 5

48 3 6

Bend/worth,

4 0

4

7 3

49 2 0

Averages,

3~~6

31

Y4

7 1

48 12 9
Pro-

[ 3^ ]

p

ROVISIONS.

Rates*

At 2d. 1 per IB.

OS.

5d.\

At 3d.

-

I

2 i

At3d.U

Labour.

2

9

y s. yd. per

week,

O

2

ys. id.

-

3

6

6 s. 11 d.

-

0

8|

6 s. 10 d.

-

1

4i

6s. yd.

...

0

6

6 s. Bd.

.

2

0

5 j. yd.

Earnings.

1

0

£. s. J.

Ratts.

52 10 1

.

I

0

51 12 10

....

O

n

50 12 10

.

0

6

49 0 9

.

O

2

48 18 1

.

I

4|

48 12 9

.

3

6

46 9 7

. . .

2

0

Provifions here feem to have a remarkable
effect on the rates ; the progreffive propor-
tion is not broken ; but then the advances are
fo prodigious, that one fcarcely knows how
to account for them. A farthing a pound
makes a rife of 9 d. in the rates; and a half-
penny of 1 s. y d.\. Three farthings raife
them to 2 s. 3 d. f , Now this is out of all
proportion, that rates mould in one inftance
be trebled, and in another more than doubled,

becaufe

[ 329 1

becaufe provifions rife a farthing and a half-
penny per lb. Were only the price of bread
taken, thefe and feveral other inftances would
appear more extraordinary ; but the average
of feveral articles is more fatisfaclory, as it
includes the general rife in the prices of
commodities; for although butchers meat
does not form any great part of the houie-
keeping of the poor, yet as they confume
other articles that have rifen in price of late
years, fuch rife is taken into our account, by
giving the average of feveral articles.

The caufe of the ftrong erTecl: that here
appears, I take to be this ; poor rates are
never nicely proportioned to the prices of
provifions and the neceffities of the poor;
but depend on the temper of individuals, the
caprice of parifli officers and juftices of the
peace : They are as often railed by clamour,
as by real neceffity. Now a fmall rife in
prices is much noifed about, and never fails
of fending many of the poor to the parifh ;
not becaufe they really are in want, but be-
caufe they have an argument to ufe to officers
and juftices ; and they gain by fuch means
advances out of proportion to their increafe
of neceffity. This fomewhat accounts for a
difproportion between rates and prices ; but
I muft confefs, by no means, for fuch a vaft
one as we fee in the preceding tables.

In

[ 33° ]

In the article labour there is no kind of
proportion to be found. Where the labourers
earn y s. id. a week, rates are 2 s. 6d. in
the pound higher than where they earn but
5 s. 7 d. Where they are paid 6 s. 10 d. the
rates are 1 s. 4 d. \ : But at 6 s. 9 d. earnings,
they are only 6 d. which are fuch contra-
dictions, that they prove evidently that let
labour be ever fo dear, rates are not thereby
eafed, as it is extremely natural to fuppofe
they ought to be. The table of total earn-
ings alio prefents the fame contradictions.
Rates 1 s. in the pound, where the earnings
are above 52 /. and 2d. at 49/. &c. &c.
And this is a very llrong argument againft
railing wages upon every rife of provilions :
The high wages continue when the occafion
is gone -, and fo far from being really fervice-
able to the poor, they come to the parifh
while amply paid, as much as when their
time was of the lowed: value.

But to fhew how little the amount of rates
depends on the necefiities of the poor, we
need only turn to two or three places, where
provifions are high and labour low: If any
thing could caule high rates it would be fuch
an union of circumftances ; whereas at Orm-
Jkirk and Shenjlone labour is very low,andpro-
vilions high; and yet rates at only bd. Many
other fdch inftances might alfo be produced.

LET-

[ 331 ]
LETTER XXXIX.

>npHESE papers are fwelled to fuch a
■*- length, that I find it necefiary to over-
look, in this review of the particulars, many
fubjects which I mould not otherwife have
palled over. I cannot, however, omit a few
remarks on that important part of hufban-
dry — manuring.

Lime, throughout moft parts of the North,
is what they principally depend on ; the be-
nefit they urge to be very great ; and, confi-
dering they ufe only Jio?2e lime, it doubtlefs is
fo. But from the intelligence I gained in
many places, I have great reafon to believe,
that this fpirit of liming is not attended with
the effects that many believe. Its greater!
ufe, that of forming a part in comports, is
little attended to. Upon black moory foils
the ufe is exceedingly great ; much more fo
than on any other land.

Paring and burning is general throughout
the North and Weft, and the price pretty
equal every where, from 14.S. to 20 s. Uni-
verfal obfervation has proved it to be a moft
excellent practice, and has alio proved that
the idea of thinning the ftaple of the foil by
it, is falfe and groundlefs. Turneps are the
crop every where fown after it.

Folding

I 332 ]
Folding fheep is fliamefully and fcanda-
loufly neglected throughout many counties.
.The very mention of fuch an omiihon is
fufHcient to difplay its barbarilm.

The railing manure in farm-yards is at a
very low pitch throughout mofc parts of the
northern counties. This manure, with good
management, is the bed; and cheapeft a man
can ufe. Three circumftances occaiion this
defeit, fo very fatal to hufbandry :

Firji. The want of well-inclofed farm-
yards, (called in th&Notthf old-yards .)
I faw fcarce any that deferved the
name.
Second. The feeding the hay about the
fields. This practice is productive
of nothing but mifchief. The
paftures are poached all winter j and
the dung ariiing from many herds of
cattle loll ; for a thin fcattering about
the fields is worthlefs.
'third. The not chopping their wheat
flubbles for littering their yards.
Left in the field it is quite ufelefs as
a manure, from want of quantity
and fermentation ; and it choaks the
plough in breaking up. But when
it is carried into the farm-yard, to
receive all the dung and urine of the
cattle that eat the draw and Hay ;
it is converted into vaft quantities of
rich manure.

The

[ 333 ]

The Earl of Darlington* only by means
of flacking his hay at his farm-yard, makes
more dung in one year, than the common
farmers on the fame track of land in ten.

Refpe&ing the point of ftubble, I have
not, at prefent, room to difcufs it fully. I
have heard objections made to it ; but none
of weight. In the regiiier of my experi-
ments in Suffolk, which I propofe laying
before the public, this matter will be proved,
from a great variety of trials.

Refpecting compofts, moit of the com-
mon farmers are backward ,• but the Mar-
quis of Rockingham has carried this hulban-
dry to perfection. Mr. Scroop has alfo
exerted himfelf with uncommon Ipirit in it.

Upon the whole, the merit of manuring
chiefly lies with the landlord; but their
tenants are very backward. The dependence
on lime is every where too great, and the
neglect of farm-yard dung univerfal : The
latter is of fuch importance in agriculture,
that too much attention cannot be given
to it.

LET-

f 334 ]

LETTER XL.

TTAVING proceeded thus far in giving
-*- -*■ you the averages of mod of the articles
of intelligence I gained, I mall now at-
tempt to draw the whole into one general
view, and apply the particulars of this
tour to the kingdom at large. This may be
called the political arithmetic of the whole
enquiry : Bat previous to general propor-
tions, two points, particularly connected
with this defign, remain to be reviewed,
which are, tytbes, and the value of the foil.
The following table will mew the ftate of
tythes in many places through the counties I
pafled.

Places.

Rijby,

Comp. or
gathered.

Gath.

Comp.

Comp.

for

Wheat

Comp.

for

Barky

Ditto

fBr
Oats.

Ditto
Peafe&
Beans.

Hay.

Thome,

Ditto.

Newton,

6 6

4 3

4 3

4 3

1 9

Nunnington,

Comp.

Kirkleatbam,

5 o

3 o

3 o

3 o

2 0

Gilfdale,

5 o

3 c

3 o

3 °

2 0

Schorton,

Gath.

Gilling,

5 6

4 o

3 6

2 0

Fremington,

Gath.

KipliH,

[ 335 ]

Places.

Comp. or

gathered.

Kiplin,

Comp.

Swinton,

Comp.

Craikhill,

Sleningford,

Gath.

Danby,

Raby,

Go/worth,

Morpeth,

Belford,

Fenton,

Comp.

Rothbury,

Ditto.

Cambo,

Gath.

Jfcot,

Ditto.

Penrith,

Ditto.

Holme,

Ditto.

Kabers,

Comp.

Ormjkirk,

Gath.

Altringham,

Ditto.

Stone,

Shenjlone,

Ajion,

Hagley,

Gath.

Broom/grove,

Benfington,

C

Comp. -4
L

Minis,

Averages,

Comp.
per lb

y.perl
acre >
round \

Comp.

for
Wheat

2 O

6 O

6

7 o
6 o

4

4
5

5

4 o

Comp.

for
Barley

4 6

4 6
7 o

5 ©

3

3 °
2 6

4 o

4 °

5 23 11

/?r

Oati.

4 0

4 o
7 o
3 6

2 o

2 6

2 6

2 6

3 4

Ditto/or

Peafe &
Bians.

3 6

6 o
3 0

2 6

2 6

4 o

2 o

3 4

r/jy. Turn,

i g'6

2 o

1 6

2 o

1 10

I fliall

[ 336 ]

I fliall only remark on this table, tkat
the rates are high ; and that the number of
places in which tythes are gathered is very
great; a difcouragement to agriculture that
is inconceivable. Of all the oppreffive
taxes the wit of man could devife,
none throws fuch a damp on the cul-
ture of the earth as thofe which in-
creafe in proportion to produce ; being li^
terally taxes on improvement: But at e-
very place where I made enquiries, all
ranks agreed, the clergy as well as others,
that tythes were univerfally found a great
difcouragement to hufbandry. Competi-
tions are not the remedies they at firft
fight appear; for they are often propor-
tioned to the good or bad hufbandry of
particular farmers ; and always depend on
the will of the rector.

As to the value of the foil, the fol-
lowing table will mew the number of
years purchafe at which land fells in thofe
places where the article is minuted : I
add the rent, by way of an index to the
country; but in feveral inftances it refpecls
only the cultivated parts, for inftance, at
Fremington, Gknive/t, Kefwick, &c.

Places.

[

337

]

Placet.

Years

Rent.

/

wrcbafe.

£. s. d.

Rijby,

—

35

0 9 3

Thome,

—

35

—

0 10 0

Wentworth,

—

35

—

080

"Driffield,

—

40

—

0 10 0

Newton,

—

35

—

0 12 0

Kirkleatham,

—

47

—

080

Gil/dale,

—

35

— 1

0 10 6

Schorton,

—

35

_

0 10 0

Gilling,

—

35

—

1 1 0

Rookby,

— '

35

—

0 12 0

Fremington,

—

30

—

1 10 0

Swinton,

—

40

—

0 16 0

Craikhill,

—

371

—

0 13 0

Sleningford,

—

37\

—

080

Danby,

—

35

_

0 12 6

Raby,

—

35

—

0 16 0

Go/worthy

—

29

—

100

Morpeth,

—

32

—

0 12 0

Alnwick,

—

30

—

0 15 0

Belford,

—

30

—

0 15 0

Hetton,

—

30

—

066

Fenton,

—

3°

-—

080

Glenwelt,

—

35

—

0 12 6

Penrith,

—

30

— ,

090

Kefwick,

—

371

—

1 5 0

Shapp,

—

3*\

—

0 11 3

Garjlang,

—

35

—

0 17 0

Ormjkirk,

—

1 1T

65

—

0 15 0

Altringham.

—

30

—

100

Vol. IV.

7

Knot;

[

338

Places.

Tears
burchafe.

Knolsford,

— ■

3'

Stone,

—

31k

Shenjione,

—

32£

Afion,

—

3°

Hagley,

—

3'f

Bendfworth,

—

29

Benfington,

—

30

Mints,

—

28

Average,

- -

Rent.
£. s. d.

o 16 o

o 16 o

o 15 o

0 17 6
100

1 1 o
1 1 6

O 12 O

33k'

As to the proportioning thefe and the
preceding averages to the whole kingdom,
perhaps fome of my readers may think the
general authority too fmall ; that the ave-
rage of this tour is different from that of the
whole kingdom -, this I grant may probably
be the cafe ; but that the variation is very
confiderable, I do not think is probable.
The journey lies through the counties of
'Northumberland, Cumberland, and Wejl-
moreland, and through the uncultivated parts
of Yorkflrire, which are amongfl the moft
barren in the kingdom. It alfo extends feve-
ral hundred miles through fome very fertile
counties. Upon the whole, I have reafon to
think the difference not very great between
the country here travelled, and the king-
dom at large : But candour requires me to
obferve, that if there is a variation, I appre-
hend

[ 339 ]
hend it is in favour of fertility ; that is, that
the kingdom in general is richer than the
average of this tour. T>erbyjlme (not in-
cluded) it is true, is chiefly uncultivated ; but
then all the other counties fouth oiTorkjhire
and Lancajhire, are in general well culti-
vated ; and many of them remarkably rich,
and full of manufactories. If therefore there
is a variation, it certainly is in favour of the
kingdom at large. But it mould be ob-
ferved, that there is no flight degree of
utility in proportioning every fort of country
to the whole kingdom. I demand, for in-
stance, the population, product, rent, &V.
of the whole kingdom, if as wafte as Nor-
thumberland'? What are the fame propor-
tions if as well cultivated as the ifle of
Tbafiet? What are the proportions of the
whole kingdom, compared with the weft of
Norfolk before the difcovery of marie ?
and thofe fince that improvement ? Such
a knowledge of the importance of fertility
and improvement, is of fome confequence;
and when it extends to fo confiderable a part
of the kingdom as the counties here travelled,
certainly demands more than a flight at-
tention.

This method of gaining a knowledge of
the rural ceconomy of the nation, although
not perfect, i.s far more fatisfactory than

Z 2 con-

t 340 ]

conjectures, and general calculations, found-
ed on circumftances extremely foreign to the
fubject; like many which, at different
times, have been publifhed concerning ren-
tal> value, &c.

The number of acres in England has
been varioufly calculated, by different wri-
ters, from twenty-nine to forty millions,
exclufive of Wales. The rev. Mr. Harte,
in his juflly applauded EJfays on Hujba?idry,
calculates them at thirty-four millions: I
(hall follow this fuppofition, as that gen-
tleman has evidently confulted mod writers
on thefe fubjects, and is withal particularly
accurate.

From thefe thirty-four millions I know
of nothing to be deducted but large rivers,
(fmall ones and roads are always meafured
to the adjoining lands; the acres of the
farms inferted in the minutes were always
the grofs number commonly mentioned in
converfation, which is the total per farm,
including rivers, lanes, hedges, ditches,)
towns, cities, houfes, parks, chaces, royal
forefts, woods, and commons : Barren and
uncultivated lands muft not be excluded, as
they come pretty largely into the particulars
of many of the farms vhemfelves. A million
and half of acres muft be an ample deduction
for thofe articles : But to obviate objections,
I mail fuppofe them to amount to two

millions ;

[ 34i ]

millions*: The remainder is thirty-two
millions; for fuch lands as compofe the
preceding two hundred and fifty farms;
that is, grafs and arable; including good
and bad, cultivated and uncultivated -f.

According to the preceding, the average,
in every particular of the whole tour, this
quantity of land will contain as follows.

State, Rental, and Value ^Soil.

Acres in all, — 32,000,000

Ditto of arable land, — 16,000,000
Ditto of gra/s, — 16,000,000

Number of farms, — 111,498

Rental J, — — £. 16,000,000
Value of the foil at 33 1\ p l
years purchafe, J *>* 53 >

* That is, to as much land as is contained in the
four counties of EJ/ex, Hertford/hire, Middlefex, and
Huntingdon/hire. Surely this muft be a very ample
allowance.

+ This being a point of much importance, deferves
attention : The number of acres is, by all conjectures,
from the menfuration of maps, and liable to objections.
There are many reafons for fuppofing the number
greater than I have taken j fo that if my Heduftion of
two millions is thought too little, tha. objection may
be nearly removed by fuppofing a greater total. When
there is fuch an uncertainty in the real total, the beft
light to view the following calculations in, is that of
thirty-two millions of acres, whether more or lefs than
England: Scotland, Wales, and Ireland arc very near at
hand to fupply deficiencies.

X The exacl: rent is gs. iid. but I call it here ioj.

Z 3 The

[ 342 ]
The rental here fpecified is exclufive of
that of houfes; how much higher they
would carry it, is a queftion that can only
be conjectured ; but considering the ama-
zing riches of the city of London, and the
flourishing increafing (late of fo many other
cities and towns, with the prodigious num-
ber of fplendid as well as convenient coun-
try feats that are every where fpread over
the kingdom, the rent of them muft be
very confiderable ; and undoubtedly raife
the above fum to confiderably more than
twenty millions. When the houfes of
London were calculated at one hundred
thoufand, the rental was fuppofed to a-
mount to two millions; now they are an
hundred and fifty thoufand, it ought, by
the fame rule, to amount to three millions,
though I believe that fum beyond the
truth ; it is an average of £, 20 per houfe :
But thole of the whole kingdom muft ex-
ceed, by thefe rules, with proper allow-
ances* five millions, or make the rental
twenty-one millions ; which, after all cir-
cumftances are confidered, particularly the
rental of this tour being probably under that
of the whole kingdom, muft, I think, yet
remain under the truth. Five millions a
year, at twenty years purchafe, amounts
to one hundred millions ; which makes the
total value £.636,000,000.

Suppofe

[ 343 1

Suppofe that flock yields a profit to the
owners of ^percent, their annual income
then amounts to£. 19,080,000.
At i\ per cent, it comes to^. 22,260,000*
At ^per cent, it amounts to £. 25,440,000.
It certainly muft be a matter of vaft con-
fequence to keep the property of the king-
dom on the increafe ; which I take to be
the fureft mark of a flourifhing people :
Now it is vilible, from this table, that agri-
culture forms one of the grand pillars of the
riches of the ftate 3 improvements in it in-
creafe property, and confequently income,
and ought therefore to receive from politi-
cians, and the Great, all poffible encou-
ragement. The rife of rent of 1 s. per acre
increafes the rental of the lands of England
£. 1,600,000 a year. Nor mould it be
confidered as a transfer of income from the
farmer to the landlord, but as a creation of
frefli income. There is fcarcely a track of
country in the kingdom in which a rife of
rent to a certain pitch, (which, by the way,
is much higher than generally believed,) is
not attended with a correfponding increafe of
product, but much beyond the proportion.
Inftances are every where innumerable of
farms low rented that have been occupied
by none but flovenly, poor, and ruined te-
nants ; whereas the fame farms doubled, or
trebled in the rent, become the fortunes of
Z 4 fucceed-

[ 344 ]
fucceeding occupiers. There is nothing in
this difficult to be accounted for; high rents
are an undoubted fpur to ir.-duftiy ; the far-
mer who pays much for his land, knows
that he mud be diligent* or flarve. Land
of 20 s. an acre triuft yieM good crops, or its
occupier be ruined. Whatever be the na-
ture of the foil, that circun.fiance will make
it yield them. In no part of England,
where rents are low, is there good hufban-
dry. 'Norfolk is not an exception j the
wafte parts of that county were thrown into
very large farms; the foil would yield no-
thing without marling ; confequently none
hired it but men who were either rich, or
could command money. A ftrfi expence,
of three or four pounds an acre, is, confi-
dering the value of ready money to a farmer,
no low rent. Wherever land is underlet,
twenty to one but the farmers are flovens ;
unlefs fome fuc^ circumftai^ce operates.

Hence let me remark, that there is no
evil more pernicious to the public, than
Great Families, through a falfe magnifi-
cence, letting their efiates be rented at low
rates, from father to fon, by a pack of flo-
vens, rather than not have it to boaft, that
their rents have never been raifed ; which is
nothing more than faying, My tenants are
foor ; their hujbandry bad ; and the fiat e in-
jured in "wealth, revenue, and population. A

very

[ 345 ]

very patriotic boaft ! Univerfal experience
juftifies this affertion. The landlords, who,
through a falfe pride, will not raife, when
they eafily might, do an inconceivable pre-
judice to their country. I will venture to
affert, that the man who doubles his rental,
benefits the ftate more than himfelf.

Stock in Husbandry.

Total according to the ave-1

rage fum of 391 /. neceflary \ 62,560,009

to flock 100/. a year, j
Live flock at the average of 7 , 0

220 /. per 100/. a year*, \ J T

Implements at the average of 7 o

I , / * r 10,080,000

63/. per 100/.* >

Furniture at the average of 7

, . , * r 11,200,000

70 /. per 1 00 /. a year *, \

Sundry articles at the average 7

of 8I9 /.« J 35.040,000

Number of draught cattle, 1,170,729

Cows* - i>337>976

Fatting beafts, - - 1,003,482

Young cattle, - - 2,229,960

Sheep, - 28,989,480
Suppofe the draught cattle to!

be worth at an averaged 11,707,290

10/. the amount is j

* Thefe, it fhould be remarked, are not the parts of
the 391 /. but the averages of thofe places where they
"were feparately minuted.

Suppofe

[ 346 ]

Suppofe the average value of]

the cows to be 7 /. the to- J- 9*365,83:2
tal is j

Suppofe the value of the fat-~)

ting beads to be 10/. at a>- 10,034,820-
medium, the amount is j
Suppofe the mean value of")

the young cattle to be 4/. y 8,919,840
the total is j

Suppofe the average value of 7

iheeptobe 1 o ^"the total is I l 4>494>74<>
Suppofe the 111,498 farms")
in E?tgla?id each to have, !
on an average, thirty fwine f 3>344>94
of all forts, the number is J
Suppofe the average value to? ^

be 1 5 s. the total is i 2,508,705

Suppofe each farm to pofiefsl
poultry of all forts to the i
value of 3 /. at an average, ; 334*494

the total is J

Total value of all the livel

flock according to thefe > 57*365,721
calculations, j

Live flock by this 7 ,

rule, y i57.36j.72x

Implements by the 7 0

/ J io, 000,000

former, 3

Furniture by ditto, 1 1,200,000

Sundries by ditto, 35,040,000

Total according to this joint] ,0
account, * {113,685,721

The

[347 ]

The article furniture I have inferted from
the minutes, as truth required me to do, it
being the average of thofe accounts which
gave it diflin&ly ; but there is great reafon
to believe that furniture does not equal im-
plements in general : But I do not fubflitute
a conjecture, becaufe the total undoubtedly
remains under the truth: And this, I think,
is obvious for more reafons than one.

The total live flock, according to the
fums poiTeiTed by farmers at (rocking their
farms, is 36,480,000/. but by the other
calculation it amounts to 57*365, 721 /. the
difference of the firft fum from the total
flock, cannot be lefs than the variation of
thefe fums ; for it mufl be confidered, that
not one farmer in an hundred has, at firft
coming into a farm, nearly the flock he
poffeffes a few years afterwards. All of them
hire too much land to flock it fully ; they
increafe it by degrees, till they have the
proper quantity. No truth in hufbandry
can be more generally known than this.
But the articles implements and furniture are
in the fame predicament, and increafe pro-
portionably -, confequently fhould be calcu-
lated by the proportion of the two amounts
of live flock; but this I (hall defifl from, as
I think thefe articles appear to be propor-
tionably higher than live flock.

I apprehend the difference between the
ilock on entering a farm, and the flock

fome

[ 34« ]

fome years after, is to each other at leaft as
62,560,000/. to 1 13,685,721/. For rhefake
of whole numbers we may perhaps ftate
The general ftocic in huf- } n

bandryat J£ 110,000,000

Suppofe this flock paysi

an intereft of i o per !

*u c. c r 11,000,000

cent, the profit of a- C

griculture is j

At 12 per cent, it is, - 13,200,000

At 15 per cent. - - 16,500,000
At 20 per cent. - - 22,000,000

Upon this fcale I mould remark, that the
profit of the kingdom's agriculture is un-
doubtedly a very confiderable fum. The
common notion of this matter is, that the
farmers make three rents ; one for the land-
lord, one for expences, and one for their
own profit : But this is certainly erroneous :
A rent will not pay expences if the hus-
bandry is pretty good ; and their own profit,
there is much reafon to believe, exceeds a
rent. In lands already improved, or natu-
rally rich, it equals it ; and in improveable
farms there can be no doubt of its exceed-
ing ir. Suppofing the equality, the aggre-
gate of profit amounts to 16,000,000/.$
and allowing a furplus, will raife it to
18,000,000, and probably to twenty.,

Now a profit of from fix teen to twenty
millions fterling per annum moft undoubt-
edly cannot ante from a trifling fum in ftock;

according

[ 349 3

according to any pFobable proportions it
cannot arife from a much lefs ium than the
total I calculated, viz. 110,000,000/.;
upon which I muft be allowed to obferve,
that the concurrence between the certain
profit, according to any reafonable eftima-
tion with my calculated total of flock, con-
firms it ; at leaft fo far as to fatisfy us, that
the deviation, whatever it may be from
truth, is not confiderable *.

Product of the Soil.
Acres of wheat and rye, 3,066,195

Product of ditto at the!

general average per\ Qrs. 9, 1 98,585

acre of 3 qrs. j

Value of ditto at ?8 s. rf\ r ,

-l. J \ L* i7>470,3io

quartei -p, J , f ,:

Acres of bai ley, - 2,898,948

Productof ciitto at 4 qrs.l ~

^acre, 4 J *'-la»S9*70«

Value of ditto at 1 7 s. £. 9,856,423

Acres of oats, - - - 2,285,709

Product of ditto at 4.O ^ Q ,

n« a.;w *~> %£s- 10,285,690

qrs. per acre,

* How well does this agree with the account of the
author of the Enquiry into the prices of ivl>cat, malt, &c.
p. in. who makes the prc/ii on arable land 68/. ijs.jd.l
per cent. Could the utmoft exertion of prejudice and ig-
norance deduce a more palpable abfurdity !

f The quantity of rye is very fmall ; trifling in
companion to that of wheat: The latter I reckon at
40 s. per quarter, and the quantity of rye to reduce the
whole to 38 s.

Value

[ 35° ]

Value of ditto at 15 s. - £. 7,714,267
Acres of peafe, - - 1,282,227

Product of ditto at 2 qrs.\~ ,, 0

7 bufh. 2 pecks, /%"'• 3766,538

Value of ditto at 24 s. per qr. £. 4,519,865
Acres of beans, - - 668,988

Product of ditto at 3 qrs.7n 0

7bufli. 3H !%•'• 2-S92-3^

Value of ditto at 24 s. JT. 3*110,793

Acres of turneps, - 1,560,972

Value of ditto at 46 j. - jC*4>1IO>559
Acres of clover, - - 724,737

Value of ditto at 40 j. - jT. 1,449,474
Total product of arable "j

crops exclufive of po- '> r n ,

tatoes, cabbages, &c. ^'^^W!

&C. &C. &C. J

Product of the cows at the ? ,

average of 5/. 6/. 3^. \ 7>™7>99*
Profit on the fheep at the"? r

average of 10/. J *>* I4>494>74°

Weight of the wool at the? ,,

average fleece of Slb. \lb' r44.94MOO
Value of ditto at the ave-7 ~ ,

rage price of $d. £, J *»' "4>539

Profit on the fatting beafts 7 r

at7/. J ^.7.024,374

Profit on young cattle at 20/. JT. 2,229,960
Suppofe the profit on fwinel r 0

tobe,S,. J £'*>5°*>7°S

Suppofe

t 351 1

Suppofe the profit on poul-| ~

try to equal their value, 3 fa 3 j4>494

Total product of live (lock, £. 33,700,269
And this ium is the total product of grafs

lands, exclufive of hay fold to towns.

Suppofe this makes it the] r

Total product of the foil,")

except as before ex- \ r o /•

cepted, and exclufive of i fa ^ *7> 9

woods, parks, chaces,£?<: J

I have no rule by which even to conjecture
the product of woods, and that of fcattered
trees and hedge-wood ; all together muft
amount to a very confiderable fum.

This table requires fome explanation ; for
it totally contradicts the ideas of feveral
writers, for whofe works I have the greateft
refpect. The very ingenious author of the
Three tracts on the corn trade, p. 142. fe-
cond edit, calculates the growth of wheat
and rye in England and Wales at 5,1 10,255
quarters ; whereas I fuppofe the quantity in
England alone to amount to 9,198,585
quarters ; which is a prodigious difference.
The growth of barley he makes 4,603,272
quarters: My account is 11,595,792. Oats
he calculates 314,240,947 quarters: In thefe
meets they are reckoned at 10,285,690
quarters. I have the utmoft deference for
the calculations of fo verv acute and fenfible

a writer ;

f 352 ]
a writer ; but at the fame time I muft be
allowed to remark, that the data upon which
he calculated appear fomewhat more liable
to error, than thofe upon which I have pro-
ceeded.

That gentleman founds his calculation on
the quantity of corn confumed by men and
animals. The confumption by men is taken
from average quantities eat by different peo-
ple; the latter is conjectured. The diffe-
rent proportions between the eaters of wheat,
rye, barley, &c. is conjectured ; the num-
ber of the people is conjectured ; the quan-
tities otherwife applied are imagined, and,
to appearance, rather at random ; and the
total of thefe conjectures fuppofed to be
the annual growth. Now it muft be evi-
dent, that this method of coming at the
growth, is at beft very fallacious.

I am far from exhibiting my own calcula-
tions as free from all thefe objections. This
tour extends over but a part of the kingdom ;
and I have often repeated, that I am now
only proportioning the particulars of this ex-
tent to thirty-two millions of acres. I am of
opinion the proportion is not unjuft; but
my readers may think differently ; in the
mean time, I venture only to aflert, that
dating fuch proportions have a particular ufe;
and that there is a much greater probability
of the exactnefs, than of difcovering the

quantity

[ 353 ]
quantity of corn raifed, from that eaten by
fifteen or twenty people.

The proportions of the different grains
I have taken from a variety of minutes in a
courfe of five and twenty hundred miles,
through all forts of foils; the averages of
which I can fcarcely believe to be deceitful.
The growth of each per acre is taken, with
great exactnefs, from the fame minutes,
and is the average of fo confiderable a part
of the kingdom.

In refpect to the number of acres in
England, I adopt the affertion of a very
accurate writer; but I mould remark, that
the greateft reductions, according to the
lowejt eitimat.es ever made, will not bring
the above quantities near to thofe of the
author of the Three Tracts. For confi-
dering that he includes Wales, my totals
are near three times larger than his. Now
if my data are fo very falfe, the total
amount of product:, which I have made
JT. 83,237,691, would be reduced to little
more than a third of that fum; which
iingle ftate of the cafe is fufficient to prove,
that this gentleman's data are erroneous.
For I ill all by and by mew, that fuch a
product would not amount to half the
expenditure of hufbandry; and that the
farmers, inftead of making fortunes, would
all ftarve.

Vol. IV. A a In

[ 354 ]

In a word, I cannot but apprehend, that
the method which I have adopted, of cal-
culating thefe totals, is founded more in
Facts, than that of the very ingenious wri-
ter of the Three Tracts. But I much wifh
for opportunities to complete the Tour of
thefe kingdoms ; in which cafe I mould be
able to calculate from facts, and in no
inftance to depend on fuppofition or con-
jecture.

The importance of increafing the quan-
tities of product, muft, from thefe accounts,
appear extremely clear. It much behoves
all lovers of agriculture to encourage the
culture of the earth ; to encreafe the pro-
duct of that which is already in cultiva-
tion -, and to bring wafte foils into ufe, that
the total of products may be carried to
their utmoft height ; upon which depends
every circumftance that concerns the pros-
perity of a nation.

Expenditure a/Husbandry.

Under this article I mall attempt to
draw into one view, as many of the far-
mers expences in conducting their bufi-
nefs, as can be calculated. It is a point
of much confequence to know the whole
amount and nature of the kingdom's in-
dustry, and the circulation dependent on
induftry.

The

[ 355 ]
The rental was before ? r ,

found to be {£.16,000,000

Tythes at the rates before
inferted, the average of
the Tour,
Wheat, - - 792,099
Barley, - - 567,710

Oats, - - 380,951

Peafe and beans, 325,402

Suppofe that of turO

neps and clover >£. 28 3,2 13
2 s. 6 d. j

Suppofe thofe oF)
grafs lands to e-
qual(fmall tythes \ 1,566,250
included)thofeof j
\ of the arable, j

Total, - - 3,91 5,625
Suppofing the whole com-^j

pounded for; but fo con- 1

fiderable a part of it being r 5,500,000

gathered, cannot make j

this fum lefs than j

Poor rates at the average of? o,////
. . . j . f 866,666

1 j. 1 a* in the pound rent, \

Suppofe the furveyor's, con-1

ftable's, church -warden's, J

and all other parifh ex- >- 200,000

pences to amount to 3 d. \

in the pound, j

£.22,566,666

A a 2 The

t 356 ]

The number of men fer-1
vants is 222,996. Thej
amount of their wages at >
the average rate of 8 /. |

9 s- 9 d- J

Value of their board, &c. at 7
the average of 9 /. 3

The number of maid-ler-l
vants is 167,247. The J
amount of their wages at \
the average of 3/. gs. isj

Suppofe the value of their")
board to be 5 /. the a- V
mount is j

The number of boys is")
1 1 1 ,498. The amount i
of their wages, at the •
average of 3/. 2j. is J

Suppofe the value of their")
board, &c. to be 6/. 1 os. y
the amount is j

The number of (conftant-"
ly employed) labourers is
334,494. Their earn-
ings, at the average of
7 s. id. per week, a-
mount to

22,566,666
1,892,675

2,006,964
577,001

836,235

345>643
724»737

£-

6,160,262

35,1 10,183

There

[ 3S7 ]

£> 3S>llo>^3

There remains all the extra \

labour ; or that which is

not regular : It amounts,

in every farm, to a confi-

derable proportion of the

total : As it includes moll:

of the harveft, hay, and) 2,053,420

other bufy times, and the

prices coniequently high,

it cannot be calculated,

for men, women, and

children, at lefs than a

third of the laft fum, or t
The renewal of the flock \

of draught cattle, (they

being an unprofitable

flock, and not calculated,

in the preceding ac-
counts, to yield any pro- J 780,486

fit) may be calculated

(including the expence

of farriers, &c.) at an

annual expence of a 1 5 th

of the total value, or )
The annual expence of\

horfes was found, on an [

average, to be 61. 6s. but I

as fome few of the total / 7>Q24>374

are oxen, I fhall call it

6/. or in the whole /

Aa

jT. 44,968,463
It

t 35S ]

It is difficult to calculate^
with exactnefs, the a-
mount of wear and tear;
the only data my mi-?
nutes yield me, is the
rule in Northumberland,
of the blackfmith's per-
forming all their work of
repairs at 40J. per horfe
per annum \ but this is
in a country where coals
and iron are plentiful ;
nor do they afford any
new implements at that
price. According to this
rule, I mould fuppofe the
average of the tour would
amount, including the
renewal^ as well as the
repairs, at 4/. per horfe ;
and the amount of all
other articles, fuch as the
wheelwright, carpenter,
collar-maker, &c. and
the wear, &c. of fun-
dries, in all articles, at
3/. per horfe more, in all
to 7 /. or J

£. 44,968,463

\ *M95>*03

£- 53>l63>S66
In

[ 359 3

In numerous places the te-\
nants repair the buildings
of the farms ; I appre-
hend, throughout two
thirds of the kingdom : )
Suppofe it half, and that
it amounts to 5/. per
farm, per ann. on an a-
verage ; this is
The quantity of^

feed wheat is,

upon an average

throughout the

tour, io~, and

rye 1 2th of the

product j fay,

therefore, nth;

confequently, it

amounts to

836,235 qrs.

which, at 38 s.

per quarter, is
Of barley it is a

tenth of the

product, or

i>i59>579 qfS-
and at ijs. per

qr. comes to

£.53,163,566

\ 1,588,844

985,642

£.2,574,486
Aa4

278,745

53,442,311
Of

[ 360 ]

£-53>442>3XI
£. 2,574,486

Of oats it is an 8th,l

or, 1,285,711 i 6 8

qrs. and at 15 s. i 7 T

comes to J

Of peafe it is a 7th,!

0r/ «8.o76 qrs. ! 6 fi

which at 24 j. a- •: T J 7

amounts to j

Of beans it is an 8 th,~|

or, 324,041 qrs.. J. gg g

which at 24 s. ; J T7

amounts to j

Suppofe all other 1

feeds to amount V 300,000

to j

4>873>3°8

Suppofe the farmers to payi

4 per cent, intereft for their |

money; that of the total )- 4,400,000

of flock, or 110,000,000

is per annum J

Total JT. 62,715,619

It is to be remarked, that this account
does not include fome particulars which are
not fufceptible of any calculation, and which
i'c may eafily be fuppofed amount to a very
considerable fum. Confidering that all the
articles minuted here are undoubtedly exift-

[ ih ]

irtg, and that none unthought of come into
this account, I apprehend it will be fuppof-
ed a moderate allowance to call the total
jT. 70,000,000. I do not imagine it can,
in any way of calculating, be laid at a lets
fum. Extraordinary lories of live (l:ock do
not come into the ettimate, no more than
other circumftances, which cannot fail of
bearing, in a courfe of years, pretty heavy
upon the farmer. However, to obviate ob-
jections, I (hall call the total expenditure
£. 65,000,000.

But whether this fum, or that fpecified in
particulars, be fuppofed; in either cafe the
amount muft prove, very decisively, that the
particulars of product given by the author
of the Three Tracis, quoted above, are far
below the mark j for by proportioning the
total given by the preceding accounts, to
the amount of thofe particulars mentioned
by that writer, we find that the total pro-
duct of the lands of England will not amount
to near half the annual expenditure of hus-
bandry; which implies fo manifeft a con-
tradiction, that truth is totally irreconcile-
able to it : And although fome of my par-
ticulars are conjectural, and others may
be contrary to fome received opinions,
yet I apprehend it will prove an un-
furmountable difficulty to reduce them all
fo much to nothing, as is neceiiary to

render

[ 3«* 3

render them coniiftent with that writer's
account.

Profit ^/Husbandry.

The total product appear- 7 - g ,

edtobe J ^'53'237»°9i

Ditto expenditure - - 65,000,000

£. 18,237,691

Which remainder fhould be the farmer's
profit 5 or that fum, out of which he lives,
maintains his family, pays his market ex-
pences, and all fuperfluities. It amounts
to fomething above a rent, but does not
rife to fuch a confiderabic fum ; or fall to
fuch a low one, as to give any reafon from
thence to think the particulars from which
it is calculated, overftrained on the one
hand, or under calculated on the other.

Income of the Soil.

The preceding calculations give us the
income of the following ranks of the peo-
ple.

Landlords,
Tenants,
Parochial clergy,

The induftrious poor employed by the
foil,

The

[ 363 ]

The non-induftrious poor.
The landlord's rent was 7 r ,

r 1. 1 \ L. 1 0,000,QOO

round to be \ **

The tenant's profit, - - 18,237,691
The clergy, - 5,500,000

The induftrious poor 1

(being the amount of >• 1 4*596,937

labour,) j

The non - induftrious 1

poor, (being the a- > 866,666

mount of rates,) j

Intereft of money, - - 4,400,000

Total of thefe feveral]

incomes ariiing from ^ 59,601,294

the foil, . j —

It is, however, to be remarked, that
thefe incomes are exclusive of thofe very
confiderable receipts which manufacturers
draw from all thefe claffes, amounting per-
haps to half the total.

As a continuation of this calculation, we
might further remark, that the product of
the foil may be divided into two parts ; —
Productive — and Non-productive income.
The firft includes all thofe fums that form
the income of different claffes of men ; the
fecond, fuch as may be ranked under the
contrary head, viz. maintenance of horfes,

f 364 ]

&Ck erV. The divifion is not cafily calcu-
lated, for part of the above fums are of one
fort, and part of the other, fuch as wear
and tear, &c. &c. however, this point
would certainly add confiderably to the above
total. This fum, with the product of ma-
nufactures and of commerce, unite to form
the aggregate income of the State. It is a
point of no flight importance to know the
total amount ; but thus far we may venture
to pronounce, that agriculture is the grand
product that fupports the people. The facti-
tious riches of trade and fabrics bear no pro-
portion to this fundamental fupportj not
only of them, but of every bufinefs, pro-
feiiion, and order of the kingdom.

Population.

Number of men fervants, - 222,996

Maid ditto, - 167,247

Boy ditto, - 111,498

Labourers, - 334>494

Men fervants and labourers, 557*49°

Farmers, - 111,498

Number of fouls according to"!

the average of fifteen per\

j ° 1 r c >2, 400,000

1 00/. a year, excluiive of ex- \ T
trahbour, j

The

[ 365 ]

2,400,000
The extra labour I before cal-1
culated as a third of the I
labourers, according to which ( -> -> ' ' *y

it amounts to, of fouls J

Total, - 2,957,490

Refpecting a deduction from this amount,
on account of the maids and boys in the
farmers families being part of them children
of the labourers, it is difficult to calculate
it with tolerable precifion ; but we may be
pretty certain that it cannot amount to half
the total, if it is called 157,490 fouls, in-
cluding all in this total not maintained by
husbandry ; the allowance I apprehend much
greater than abfolutely neceffary to be made.

This will reduce the] 00 r i
.. « A > 2,000,000 iouls :

total to 3

And this is about eleven acres and a half
per head; and 5/. 15s. rental.

This amount is exclufive of a vaft num-
ber of people as much dependent on, and
maintained by agriculture, as the very
plough-man who cultivates the foil; for in-
itance, the whole tribe of landlords ; a vaft
body, branching into a wonderful variety ■,
all thofe manufacturers who work for the
farmer alone; and for the landlord in his ru-
ral capacity alone j fuch as wheel- wrights,
blackfmiths, collar-makers, carpenters, brick-
makers, mafons, thatchers, glaziers, &&,

And

r 366 ]

And in another path, all thofe that cloath
thefe numerous bodies of people, furniih
their houfes, and adminifter to their luxu-
ries. Befides, there is a vaft portion of the
clergy, and the parochial poor : all together
moft undoubtedly form a number, which
bears a great proportion to the fum total of
the kingdom's population.

Recapitulation.
Rental, - - ~ £>• 16,00,0000

Value, -

Suppofed rental, houfes in- 7

eluded, 3

Value of total,
Stock in hufbandry,
Product of the foil in huf-]

bandiy, excepting woods, }■

parks, chaces, &c. j

Expenditure of hufbandry,
Profit of hufbandry,
Income arifing from the!

foil, exclufive of manu- y

facturers, j

The population of agricul-t

ture ; exclufive of land- !

lords, clergy, parochial [

536,000,000
21,000,000

636,000,000
110,000,000

83,237,691

65,000,000
18,237,691

59,601,294

Souls
2,800,000

poor, and manufacturers, j

This little table may be called that part
of The State of the Nation which
depends on rural ceconomics. I fhall ven-
ture

[ 367 ]

ture a few remarks on its general profperity,
as deducible from thefe, and other particu-
lars, fcattered throughout this fourth volume.
In fuch a deiign it is requilite to conned: ob-
jects that may, at nrft light, appear too un-
connected, but which, upon a nearer exami-
nation, will be found the links of one grand
chain.

The nrft point of capital importance, is
the product of the foil. From this arifes
every thing elfe : It is the total, which yields
an income to fo many ranks of people : It
is the foundation, if I may fo exprefs myfelf,
whereon the kingdom is built : The riches,
income, and population of the ftate evidently
depend on this : Increafe the product of the
foil, and you inevitably increafe all the feve-
ral incomes arifing from it; you add to the
(lock of riches, and increafe the number of
fouls dependent on agriculture ; all which
effects are of the molt important kind. Thefe
confequences will plainly appear if we attend
a moment to the progrefs 01 product.

The farmers receive, in the nrft place, the
total of this amount : Out of it they diipenfe
income to the other clalTes ; in rent to the
landlords; in the amount of labour to the
induftrious poor ; in rates to the non-induf-
trious poor ; and in tythes to the clergy.
Their other expences, in various inftances,
maintain many other ranks of people; and

the

t 368 ]

the furplus remains for their own profit; not
to lay up as finings, but to maintain them-
felves and families iri neceffaries and fuper-
fluities ; that is, chiefly in the confumption
of manufactures.

We have found the total of product to be
better than eighty- three millions : now fup-
pofe it mould, by an increafe of good huf-
bandry, be carried to an hundred millions,
or any other fuppofed amount ; in what
manner would this increafe act upon thefe
various ranks of people ? It would not, (as
fome writers have imagined,) center only in
the farmers profit, although fuch a circum-
ftance would be the moft favourable to the
State. The clergy would at once come in
for their fhare of the increafe ; the landlords
v/ould do the fame in a rife of rent; for high
profits of agriculture, in this refpect, is but
another word for competition for farms. The
very term, increafe of product, in fome mea-
fure implies an increafe of labour ; that is,
of income to the induftrious poor : So that
all ranks come in with the farmer for their
iliare of an increafe of product. His profit
is, doubtlefs, increafed -, but is not that, at
the fame time, increafing the income of all
thofe manufacturers among whom he necef-
iarily expends his furplus ?

The greater the farmers profit, the more
the State is benefited, and without confi-

dering

f 369 ]

dering either landlords or clergy. Which
of theie three ranks of people expend their
income moil: to the public good ?

Thofe expences which are productive of
riches, are, of all others, the moil benefi-
cial : Such are the additions which people,
in any kind of trade or bufinefs, make to
that bulinefs -, or the expenditure of money
in improving eftates, &c. Now, upon an
average of farmers and landlords (for the
clergy, in this view, are out of the queftion,)
the former clafs undoubtedly expends a
much greater proportion of additional in-
come in the improvement of culture, the
increafing of cattle, &c. &c. than land-
lords in the improvement of eftates. And
this fuperiority is fo great, that it is
almoft beyond the power of calculation.
It would be very extraordinary if it was
otherwife. Landlords are engaged in no
bulinefs, or purfuit, which gives them an
idea of a profitable expenditure of their
money ; and this circumftance is the moft
unfortunate that can befal any fett of people.
The eftates of fome are fully improved ;
and many that pofTefs wafte lands, or foils
in indifferent order, from cuftom, inatten-
tion, and want of fpirit, never think of
employing any additions that may be made
to their income in fuch works. On the
contrary, farmers are conftantly engaged in
Vol. IV, B b a pro-

[ 37° ]

a profitable trade -, every day fhews them
fome improvement that would repay the
expence with good intereft, befides that
univerfal, though unfeen one, of a general
improved culture, from money being al-
ways in the cultivator's pocket.

But expences admit of another view :
The coniumption of Britijh manufactures
is the confumption of national induflry,
and much more beneficial than confuming
the induftry of, that is, maintaining indu-
ftrious Frenchmen and Italians. Make an
addition to a landlord's income, and it will
be fpent in an enlargement of his former
expences ; he will drink fo much more
Burgundy and Claret, and import the more
filk, velvet, and fpices. The farmer's pa-
rallel expences are very different ; they
fcarcely, in any inftance, rife above the
manufactures and products of his own
country : and where he does exceed, as in
tea and fugar, &c. the excefs bears no
proportion to the clafs of landlords.

But if thefe particulars were not, in the
detail, fufficient to prove the fuperiority,
yet the fingle point of the one clafs being
idle, and the other induflrious, mould be
alone decilive. An addition of income had
certainly better be thrown into the latter
than the former. And thus much in an-

fwer

[ 37i ]

fwer to thofe who complain of the profit of
hufbandry.

But whether the profit was peculiar to
one or another party, ftill the general be-
nefit to the ftate is indifputable. Increaiing
products is increaiing the rental of the foil,
the value of it, the general income of all
ranks, and the number of the people.

But when we fpeak of the good of the
ftate, it is necefTary to be understood with
fome degree of precifion. In this age it is
not Sufficient for the individuals of a nation
to be well fed, and well cloathed ; to live
in good houfes, well furniihed ; and, in a
word, to be eafy and happy : There is an
aggregate intereft which muft alfo be at-
tended to, which coniifts of two kinds,
firft, the fupport of internal government
and national works ; and fecondly, the
power of the nation relative to her neigh-
bours ; that is, the porTeflion of fuch a de-
gree of power as may fecure her indepen-
dency in any wars which ambition or acci-
dent may kindle.

Without numerous preparatory explana-
tions, we muft come to the point : Thefe
aggregate interefts, in the preient enquiry,
are but other names for the public reve-
nue ; it is that which fets in motion the
whole machine of government. Thus,
the general wealth of the kingdom mull
B b 2 not

t 372 ]

not only be fufficient for the private eafe
and affluence of individuals, but alfo for
the levying all thofe taxes which form the
public revenue.

Both public and private wealth can arife
only from three fources, agriculture, ma-
nufactures, and commerce. Hence the con-
nection and importance of the prefent re-
flections muft be furliciently manifeft.
Agriculture much exceeds both the others;
it is even the foundation of their principal
branches.

In this view appears the vail: importance
to the State, of carrying the products of the
earth to the higher! pitch of which they
are capable. Raifing them, as I before
obferved, is increafing geiieral wealth, and
raifing the Income of all the ranks of the
people ; the public flock is therefore aug-
mented -, and as taxes are moftly laid on
co?ifumption, or pojfejjion, (principally the
former,) an increafe of riches and income
infallibly increafes taxes ; fince, perhaps,
nine-tenths of income is, in fome way or
other, melted in the confumption of taxed
commodities.

But that this point of raifing products
may be comprehended the clearer, I mail
ihew, that improvements, fmall when fe-
paratcly confidered, would be attended

with

[ 371 3

with great effects upon the aggregate a-

mount of all.

Suppofe the product per\

acre of wheat and rye |

was raifed four bufhels, y JT. 2,9 1 2,71 8

it would add to the ge- I

neral product of the foilj
Suppofe that of barley and)

oats received the fame >-

increafe, it would be j
The fame addition to peafe?

and beans would be 3
20 s. per acre value of tur-1

neps and clover, would |

be a rife very eafily ef- f

fected by good huf- \

bandry ; the amount I

would be J

If the prefent unprofitable"!

management of cows is |

conlidered, reflecting

their winter food, and

the fwine dependant ;

we may fafely venture to y

calculate the lofs at 40/.

a cow -, a better conduct:

would confequently rife

to that increafe of pro-
duct, or

2,089,193

2,285,709

2><>7S>9SZ

B b

£-n>339»°4°
The

[ 374 ]

The breed of fheep, found"
to be fo very bad in ma-
ny places as to reduce
the average profit to ios.
a head ; though in ma-
ny places not peculiar in
foil, &c. it amounted to f
much more than double, [
I fhall fuppofe, what I
might eafily be effected, I
an increafe of 7 s. 6 d. |
or j

The whole management!
of fwine is, in general, I
fo execrable, that to fup- I
pofe the profit increafed
one half, is a very mo-
derate idea, or

It was, I apprehend, clear-"
ly proved, that the num-
ber of horfes was more
than double the requi-
fite ftrength; but I mail >
fuppofe it only double ;
that evil remedied,
would make an addition
of

£-n>339>°4°

10,871,055

1*254,352

3,902,430

£. 27,366,877

Now

[ 375 ]

Now thefe improvements do not include
near the whole circle of the farmer's bufi-
nefs ; there are many other crops and points
of management; and the principal part of
that of half the kingdom, viz. grafs lands,
remain ; a very little improvement in thefe,
would raife this fum to much above thirty
millions per annum ; a noble iiureafe of
product, and which would be attended with
confequences of the moft important kind to
every part of the nation.

But there is another amazing field of im-
provement, which demands attention in the
ftrongeft manner imaginable : It is the
bringing into culture the vaft tracks of wafte
lands that difgrace fo many counties in this
kingdom. I have, in divers parts of the
preceding tour, given minutes of federal
improvements of moors, (the word ibrt of
all waftes,) which prove, in the cleareft
manner, the great profit anting from iuch
undertakings, amounting from fifteen to
twenty per cent, on all the money laid out :
It would lead me into too excenfive a field
for the prefent work, to calculate the addi-
tions to general product, that might, in this
manner, be made ; but they undoubtedly
amount to many millions annually.

We fhould here remark, as we pafs, that

if increafing the product of the foil is a bu-

fmefs of fuch uncommon coniequence, it is

B b 4 worth

t 376 ]

worth fome enquiry to difcover the means of
doing it : But fuch an important part of the
domeflic ceconomy of a great nation re-
quires a more minute attention than the
compafs of thefe papers will allow me.
However, I mall mention one or two par-
ticulars, which are peculiarly connected
with the minutes of this journey.

The proper rank of people to be addreffed
on fuch a fubjedt is the landlords : It is they
alone who can effect improvements -3 and
one method I mail venture to recommend,

is that of RAISING RENTS.

I have more than once heard fome of the
nobility and gentry, of great landed property,
fpeak with pleafure of their rents not having
been railed for many years ; confidering it
as a point of their magnificence to live in
the midfc of tenants who are fo greatly
favoured. There cannot be an idea more
pernicious to the public good. I know not
an inftance of rent being very low, and huf-
bandry at the fame time being good.
Wherever fuch inftances are to be found,
we may be certain the farmer, in fome way
or other, pays a real rent, though not a no-
minal one ; in marling, incloiing, or fome
expenfive improvement. But innumerable
are the inftances of farmers living wretch-
edly, and even breaking, on farms at very
low rents 5 and fucceeded by others on the

fame

[ 377 ]
fame land at very high ones, who make
fortunes. If land is cheap, it will be held
cheap. I have no doubt but if the beft clay
land in England was any where to be had
at 6 d. an acre in large quantities, but the
culture of it would fo much degenerate, as
to be inferior to the poorer! foils let at
their value. We actually fee this to be the
fact wherever lands are to be had much un-
der their value ; for I have univerfally obferv-
ed, that particular farms, which I have, in
my journey, remarked to be moil wretchedly
managed, have, on enquiry, been found to be
much under let ; and I have often heard the
fame obfervation made by many gentlemen
particularly attentive to thefe matters. But
it is rare to fee land very high let, badly
cultivated ; indeed, the very circumftance of
high rent is a caufe of good hufbandry ; for
without it the farmer mud be ruined. They
are very fenfible, that when a great rent is
paid, they mud either gain good crops, or
ftarve; and this general idea is fo flrong,
as to make them uncommonly induftrious ;
and to exert all their abilities in cultivating
their farms in a mafterly manner. When
you fee a man with three or four hundred
pounds a year, with not more than as many
acres for it ; you may lay it down as a maxim,
previous to walking over his farm, that it is
well cultivated 3 that the arable lands are

tolerably

r 378 ]

tolerably clean, well manured, drained, and
yielding good crops ; that the grafs is well
ftocked with a good breed of cattle, and
none of it over-run with rubbifh. When
men pay dearly for their farms, they learn to
value land, and let none of it be loft. On
the contrary, view the fame land let much
under the value, and twenty to one but the
profpect is, in every refpect, the reverfe.
One material point in fuch arrangement, is
the fum of money ufed to ftock farms ; when
the land is cheap, the farmer takes as much
as he can poffibly compafs, and necerlarily
overtrades himfelf ; but when it is very dear,
he confines himfelf to a fmaller quantity ;
knowing the price he has to pay for it, he
is fearful of having too great a fum go in
rent ; the confequence of which is, he is
always mafter of his farm, and cultivates it
the better : but he who takes as much land
as poffible, is fure to treat it like a floven.

What is the reafon that we fee, in many
of the moors in the north of England, fo
many great tracks of land lying abiblutely
wafte, that are as well worth ten or fifteen
millings an . acre, as one milling is worth
another ? This refults merely from its being
in fuch plenty. If not an acre could be had
under ten millings, I have no doubt but
amazing improvements would be the con-
fequence. We fee in Northumberland moo?

farms

[ 379 ]
farms of many thoufand acres, the moor
parts of which do not let for above a [hil-
ling an acre ; the farmers have fuch quan-
tities of it, that they think it only worth
taking a flovenly crop or two, and then let
it grafs itfelf; and without ever incloiing it.
Can any one fuppofe this could ever be the
cafe with land at ten millings an acre ?
And yet it is an abfolute fact, that moil of
thefe moors would pay admirable intcreft
for a good and rational improvement, how-
ever poor a one they may yield for the pre-
fent miferable mode of tilling. Soils that
require a thorough improvement from the
very inclofure, mud; have large funis of
money appropriated to them ; but the mis-
fortune of the prefent management is, that
the land, from its plentifulnefs, is held in fo
little eftimation, that no farmer will think
for a moment of employing large fums about
it, unlefs he grafps at a whole county, and
leaves it as wild as he found it.

For thefe reafons, no conduct can be fo
extremely prejudicial to the general in-
terefts of agriculture, as the furTering farms
ever to remain underlet. No landlord mould
entertain fuch falfe ideas of magnificence,
as to wound the very vitals of his country,
in order to raife a miftaken reputation of
grandeur : Far from reflecting credit, it is
undoubtedly a difgrace. True fplendor, is

to

f 3So J
to furround a manfion with an accurate and
mafterly cultivation. Were I pofiefTed of a
contiguous ten thoufand a year, I would
chuie to have my territory, and the approach
to my dwelling, marked by the excellency
of my tenants hufbandry ; I would have my
farms diftinguifhed from my neighbours, by
their fuperior products ; I mould chufe to be
able to boair, that an hundred acres of my
foil were of more benefit to my country,
than the fame quantity of another's land :
But mod aiTuredly this would not be by
leaving my farms at the old rent, but by rail-
ing them to their real value. He who boafts
of his cheap tenures, boafts of living in
the midif. of ilovens, inftead of fpirited
farmers. For the truth of thefe fenti-
ments, I appeal to the experience of all thofe
among the nobility and gentry, who have
confiderabiv raifed their rents, whether the
culture of their eftates has not been much
improved fmce their railing them. I muft
therefore be allowed to confider it as a
maxim, that the mil: ftep to increafing the
products of the foil, and confequently the
general income, from which fo many ufeful
effects refult, is to raife the rents of the king-
dom to the real value of the land; which
would be to raife nine-tenths of England.
As to otlur means of improvement, the
bounds of this letter will not allow me to

examine

t 38 1 ]

examine them ; but much might be done by
proper encouragements ; by judicious leafes ;
by tranfplantation of farmers and labourers ;
and, above all, by the government always
keeping the products of the foil at an high
price; which is done chiefly by a regular
exportation ; and a bounty at certain prices.

We have found, that part of the products
of the foil dependant on hufbandry, exclu-
sive of woods, timber, parks, mines, fifheries,
&c. to amount to above eighty-three millions
fer annum ; and with a few improvements,
of a moh: eafy nature, and extremely evident,
might be augmented thirty mil/ions more,
exclulive of any augmentation from breaking
up wafte lands. Now the great importance
of knowing the amount and nature of the
general products of the foil, lies in its rela-
tion to fupporting a (hare of the public re-
venue. It is always of ufe to know in what
degree a nation is flourishing or declining,
which can only be done by difcovering the
proportion between the wants of the go-
vernment and the ability of the nation to
fupport them.

It has been of late the fafhion among fome
of the numerous divifwns, I cannot call them
parties, into which public men have ar-
ranged themfelves, to reprefent this country
in a moft deplorable iituation ; as over-
whelmed with debts and expences, and un-
able

[ 3«« ]

able to fupport the additions to them, which
future events may render neceffary. I am
very far from pretending to be a politi-
cian, but I think it may be of fome ufe to
examine if the rural part of political ceco-
nomy carries any appearance of fuch a de-
cay, and unhappy iituation.

The whole amount of the taxes paid by
Great Britain (including Wales) amounts,
according to the lateft accounts, to ten mil-
lions ; and if the charge of collecting is
reckoned, at an average, at fix per cent, the
total will be about 10,600,000/. Suppofing
England pays of this 8,000,000/. this fum
is but thirteen per cent, upon the fifty four
millions, the income of landlords, tenants,
the clergy, and that part of the poor main-
tained by agriculture.

I will not aiTert that income ought to be
taxed thirteen per cent, but I may venture
to conclude, that this kingdom, in pofTeffion
of fuch amazing branches of income, un-
connected with the prefent enquiry, cannot
be in any defperate fituation, while the
taxes exceed not thirteen per cent, of part of
the income of agriculture alone.

The eighty three millions, the product of
the husbandry (except as before excepted)
we found to be expended as under :
Rent, - 16,000,000

Tythe and rates - - 6,566,666

Labour.,

[ 383 ]

Labour, - - - 14,596,937

Draught cattle, - - 7,804,860

Wear and tear, and repairs, 8,473,848

Seed - 4,875,308

Intereft of money, - 4,400,000

Profit of hufbandry, - * 18,237,691

Suppofe the taxes paid by] r o

all England to be J jC-8.ooo.ooo

Income of the foil, exclu-7 ,

re c xx r 00,00c, coo
live or manufactures, 3

Deduct the taxes, - 8,000,000

52,000,000

I have given this table, under the fup-
poiition of the foil alone paying all taxes.
It is thirteen per cent. But if woods, tim-
ber, parks, fifheries, and particularly mines
were added, the fixty millions would be
vaitly increafed, and the taxes confequently
amount to much lefs per cent.

Viewing the taxes as a part of the expen-
diture of the foil, the following circum-
ftances mould be kept in mind.

The amount of product, as I before ob-
ferved, is expended in two ways, which
may be called productive and barren ex-
pences.

* Thefe articles do not come to juft the amount, be-
«aufe I called the Expenditure 65,000,000.

The

[ 384 ]

The firft include all fuch as, in circula-
tion, form new incomes; thefe are the rent,
rates, tythe, labour; that part of wear and
tear that conlifts in the workmanship of
artifans ; intereft of money; and taxes;
and the remainder, or farmer's profit. Taxes
rank with thefe, becaufe they form the in-
come of thofe into whofe pockets government
makes them flow.

Barren expences, are fuch as produce no
frefh incomes; fuch as the maintenance of
horfes; feed; and that part of wear and
tear which is the purchafe of rough materials.

And further ; the expenditure of the
productive divifion is to be divided in the
fame manner. Thus ; a landlord receives
10,000/. rent; he lays it out in rich fur-
niture; fine cloaths; lhowy equipages;
wines; brandy; tea; fugar; fpices ; horfes;
&c. Now the furniture, cloaths, and equi-
pages are productive expences, becaufe the
principal part of their value forms frefh in-
come ; but all the other articles are barren,
becaufe the value either conlifts not in la-
bour, or in that of foreigners.

The fame divifion is to be made in the
expenditure of all the other branches of in-
come. Taxes are to be divided in the fame
manner. The civil lift; the pay of the
army and navy ; the building of (hips ; hof-
pitals and bridges; the charges of levying;

the

[ 3«5 ]
the interefl of debts at home ; are all pro-
ductive articles, forming income : But a
fubfidy paid to a foreign power; the main-
tenance and pay of armies abroad; the in-
terefl: of debts paid to foreigners ; thefe are
all barren.

Now in the above view of the whole ex-
penditure ; and in that of it fubdivided ; it
is extremely evident, that the aggregate in-
terefl of the State receives no mifchief from
the productive expences, provided they do
not deflroy induflry. Thus, a landlord's
railing his rents, we have fhewn to be bene-
ficial ; but if he raifes them fo enormoufly
that no farmer can hire of him, then his
eflate becomes wafle, and the nation is in-
jured. It would be the fame with* tythcs,
were they levied in a proper manner ; but
being multipliable on induftry, they are per-
nicious. The poor rates are a productive
expence ; but injurious, in encouraging idle-
nels. The interefl of money is nothing but
a change of income. Taxes, if expended
productively, are the fame ; they are collect-
ed from all the other heads ; fome of them
are the poorer; but then the people, to
whom they are paid, are the richer; and as
long as the income exifls, it matters not to
the State whether it is in one hand or in
another, as the induflrious will neceffarily
polTefs the greatefl mare.

Vol. IV. C c Thofe

[ 3«6 ]

Thofe who alTert that this kingdom is
ruined by taxes, feem not to underftand the
nature o£ taxes. Suppofe eight millions
paid by fixty millions of income ; are we to
fuppofe that the body of the people are
poorer by eight millions ? Are we even to
fuppofe that the pofifeflbrs of the fixty mil-
lions of income are poorer by the whole a-
mount ? Certainly not. Thefe eight mil-
lions create an income for King; foldiers ;
failors ; {hip-builders ; tax-gatherers ; ftock-
holders, &c. This body, in a political view,
carry the fame appearance as the pofifeflbrs
of the fixty millions from whom their in-
come is taken. It only divides that fum a-
mong a greater number of people ; the whole
remains income as before, only it is pofiefled
by Ay B, and C, inftead of A and B;
and C, with his new created income,
confumes as great a proportion of taxed
commodities as A and B; and confe-
qu~ntly immediately bears his mare of
all future taxes. But this {hews the great
confequence of fpending the amount of
taxes at home. All that are paid to foreign-
ers, fuch as fubfidies and intereft of debts,
&c. bear no {hare in future levies.

While taxes are principally laid on con-
fumption, as they are in Britain, and con-
iequently not burthenfome to indultry, it is
impoiiible to conjecture to what amount they

may

f 3S7 J

may be carried ; always fuppofing them ex-
pended at home. Bat as to the abfurdity of
expecting ruin from them ; or that we fhall
not be able to fupport our government with
that vigour which future exigencies may re-
quire, on account of our heavy taxes, appear
to be groundlefs apprehen lions.

But here I am afked, if the mifery undM
which hufbandry groans in France, and fome
other countries, looks like any fuch inno-
cence in taxes ? I anfwer, that Great Bri-
tain, by the beft accounts we have, is higher
taxed than France-, and Holla fid high 21 than
either. It is not taxes that opprefs France;
but arbitrary power j which deftroys indus-
try, from infecurity of poiTeffionj and by
unequal and irregular taxes. The taille in
France raifes about two millions fterling :
It is not the payment of that fum which
burthens fo great a kingdom j but the man-
ner in which it is raifed. A tax multiplia-
ble on live ftock and improvements that
raifes a million, is more burthenfome than
others on confumption that raife fix times
the fum. The taxes paid by Holland are
immenfe, yet the Dutch are a rich and
flouriihing people.

In the above table we find, that the tythes

of England amount to above 5, 500,000 L

This is the great burthen that keeps down

the products of the foil; mat checks im-

C c 2 provementj

t 388 ]

provement ; and that caufes the languor 111
agriculture, wherever it is found. The total
of products had much better pay twelve mil-
lion^ to the government by taxes on con-
fumption, than five to the clergy in tythes.
— This tax is the taille of England.

The article draught cattle amounts to near
eight millions ; that is, it is equal to the
aggregate of Eng/ifo taxes. This being an
abiblute barren expence is, no companion,
more burthenfome than the taxes which are
a productive expence. The reader will ex-
cufe my fuppoling all taxes paid by the foil
alone.

But the burthen of taxes, fay others, does
not lie upon our trade and manufactures only
to their own amount. The evil extends to
the advances made by every hand that pays
a tax, until the accumulated weight of all
falls upon the confumer. But what then ?
This addition to taxes is not the annihila-
tion of fo much income ; it is rather a crea-
tion of new : It takes money out of the
pockets of coniumers. But what is done
with it ? Why, it is put into the purfes of
the induftrious, who will create frefh in-
come with it. Where is the harm of this?
Too much cannot flow into thofe coffers
that are emptied for the advancement and
increafe of induftry.

I have

[ 3»9 ]

I have proved, that if the number of
draught cattle was no greater than neccllary,
it would be an addition to product of very
near four millions; or one half of the a-
mount of taxes.

Improving the breed of fheep, in a mo-
derate degree, would be attended with an
addition of above ten millions; and yet we
are told that this nation is half ruined by
the weight of taxes.

Thefe, and a few other improvements,
none extravagant or improbable, and exclu-
five of the cultivation of wafte lands, would
yield an addition to product of thirty"
millions. If tythcs were rendered a per-
manent tax, it would add five more, at the
lowed poffible computation. With iuch an
improveable eftate we are taught to tremble
at eight millions in taxes*!

But let us, for a moment, enlarge the
fphere of our difcourfe, and take a traniient
view of the whole kingdom.

Agriculture.

The income we have from!

products fpecified amount V 60,000,000
to j

— r

* Creating a new income, is enabling the nation to
pay nearly the total of the addition, in taxeb : As ex-
travagant as the faft would be, yet the ability is the
lame, and undoubted.

C C 3 Sup-

[ 39° ]

riuppofe woods, timber,!

inland fimeries, parks, [ ,

c n r • u r 0,000,003

mines oi all forts, yield j •

a product of j

4,000,000

668ooo,ooo

Manufactures,

The average of five accounts"!

now before me, makes |

the value of the labour )■ ^T. 7,000,000

added to our wool to a- |

mount to j

The labour bellowed on!

leather, exclufive of the j

confumption in the arti-
cle wear and tear in huf- •'

bandry, confiding of:

fhoes, breeches, coaches,

chairs, harnefs, &c. &c.

&c. Suppofe j

The manufactures of lead,")

tin, iron, copper, &c. |

is one of the firft, if not I

the greateft in the king- f

dom. Suppofe the labour

is J

Flax and hemp, glafs, pa-O

per,andporcelaine. Sup- y 2,000,000

pofe j

Silk

6,000,000

[ 39i ]

Silk and cotton muft be con-|
fiderably more than J

1,500,000

jT. 20,500,000

Befides thefe articles, there\
are all the earnings of the
whole body of artifans
that are fcattered, (ex-
cept in the hard-ware
way,) fuch as carpenters,
mafons, cabinet-makers,
upholfterers, glaziers,
&c. with an infinite

number of fhopkeepers : \ r A „^ ^^
rrtv U 1 rl L- o,<roo,ooo

The whole aggregate of / *°

labour, excluiive of the

preceding manufacturers,

muft be prodigioufly

great : However, that we

may not exaggerate, let

us fuppofe it,including all

trades, not before fpeci-

fied, at J

27,000,000

Commerce.

The amount of the income"

arifing from commerce,

can only be conjectured :

But when we confider

CC4

that

[ 392 ]

that it includes that, not
only of the merchants,
but alfo of all the nume-
rous bodies employed by y £. 10,000,000
them, fuch as failors,
fhip builders, boatmen,
writers, porters, fervants,
with a vaft number of
& cetera s, it muft cer-
tainly be very considera-
ble, fuppofe

The public revenue, ex-"|

clufive of the intereft s- 9,000,000
paid to foreigners j

The intereft of the favings*
in agriculture, manufac-
tures, and commerce,
exclufive of the public
funds, which are included
in the laft article ; and
the fums borrowed by
farmers; fuch as mortga-
ges, bond-debts, &c.&c.
&c. Suppofe

Law, phyfic, the fine arts,")
literature, &c. &c. can- ■

not create an income off 5»000>00°

lefs than j

5,000,000

Reca-

[ 393 1
Recapitulation.

The foil, - 66,000,000

Manufactures, -■»■"-■- 27,000,000

Commerce, - 10,000,000

Publick revenue, - 9,000,000

Sums at intereft, - 5,000,000

Law, phyfic, &c. - - - 5,000,000

Total income of England, 1 2 ?.,ooo,c : o

Now the moft inattentive eye mufl be
able, at the flighted glance, to fpecify
abundance of various kinds oi, incon e
omitted in this table; but I by no means
aim at an accuracy in a matter that requires
it not : All I would endeavour to mow, is,
that the income of the whole people is a
very great fum, compared to all public
wants ! and that it, in all probability,
amounts to confiderably more than an hun-
dred millions.

Now can any one with reafon affert, that
this income is too fmall for the levy of fuch
taxes as may be requifite for the public fer-
vice ? Is there any reafon for the melan-
choly reprefentations of this kingdom,
which we have heard and read of late ?
Have we reafon to dread a jult. naval war
with any of the potentates of the world ?
Does this mort and unexaggerated picture
tell us, that we mould fubmit to injury
and contempt, rather than engage in me l-

fures

[ 394 1
fures for which we cannot find the fup-
plics?

Bi.t it is fdid, that al^ thefe are ideas,
viiions .calculations: net fad:-. It

is tri» , in this gener 1 view I have dealt in
fa; politic nc, but I draw them from clear
and indisputable faefs : I may have erred in
many particulars, but the probable errors
air on the exaggerated fide ; all thefe

i By exirt, and mult, a-

nt to van: fun:_, thour :.h not precifely
I nave minuted : However,
molt common obfervrt?on confirms tne
general truth of thefe calculations. Throw
your eye ir >und the fphere of agriculture,
manufactures, commerce, and general ex-
pence ; Does not the view prefent the pic-
ture of a rich and flourishing ftate ? Does
not each dais of the people find money for
purpofes ? Are not the amazing expences
common topics of converfation ?
aly cxpence does not exift with--
income. View the improvements of
-here carried on: See the
tidings, 1 he palaces I might fay, erected
every village of the kingdom :
s money when a park is to bfc
nples to be raifed, or val-
. with water ? View the naviga-
roads, the harbours, and all
• • . pub}i arks : Fakx -ice of the

fpirit

[ 395 ]

ipirit with which manufa&Ures are carried
on. What part of the commerce of this
kingdom feels a languor that fpeaks a ge-
neral decay ? Move your eye on which fide
you will, you behold nothing but great
riches, and yet greater refources. To what
corner we muft fly to feek the figns of a
declining ftate, I know not. In every part
where I have been, I have feen none but
the ftrongeft marks of a rich, a happy, and
a <flourifhing people. If fuch an united ef-
fect does not tend powerfully to confirm
the truth and moderation of the preceding
eftimates, I know nothing that can. Nor let
it be forgotten, that out of three kingdoms
and a confiderable principality, I have con-
fined myfelf to Engla?id alone.

It is true, clouds will fometimes obfcure
the brightefl: hemifphere : Government, in
a free country, cannot be without its diffi-
culties : Money will be wanting, when
millions might be had : We mult fome-
times hear of taxes on plate and chip-hats.

Nor muft we be furprized when we arc,
With much gravity, informed, that we arc
to become tributary to France-, that ano-
ther war will be our ruin ; that fuppiies
can never be raifed ; that men will not be
found ; and that debts and taxes are our
ruin. All this is but a repetition of what
we have heard thefe fourfcore years. What

a con-

[ 396 ]
a constitution muft this ftate have, to belye
the predi&ions of fo many phyficians, for
fo many years !

Many very fenfible and uncontroverted
reafonings, as well as facts, have been ufed
in declamations againft debts and taxes ;
but vifionary ideas of a perfect conduct are
not the enquiry, unlefs it is proved that
our enemies in Europe are happy in the
practice of fuch a conduct : For when we
are told that our debts and taxes are to en-
flave us to France, it feems to be forgotten
that our neighbour has her debts and taxes
as well as ourfelves, and is yet more op-
preiTed by them.

When we are told, that it would be im-
pomble to find men or money for another
war, it reminds me of the ftate of Britain
in 1749. Had any man, at the termina-
tion of that war, predicted that another
would enfue in five years, in which this
country would expend above an hundred
millions, add feventy-five millions to her
debt, and keep, for feveral years, above
four hundred thoufand men in pay ; that
fhe would do all this, and increafe, during
the whole period, in income, power, and
wealth, and remain at the conclufion of it
in a moft flourishing iituation ; had any
man, I fay, dared to conceive fuch an idea,

would

[ 397 1
would he not have been treated as a fool or
a mad- man ?

The refources of fo free, rich, and in-
dubious a nation, are fo amazingly great,
that I thiiik there is no reafon to apprehend
any future administration, pofTemng the
affection and confidence of the people, be-
ing at a lofs for a future hundred millions,
or for armies and navies of an hundred
thoufand nrong in every quarter of the
globe.

But government certainly mould not.
trufl to chance in matters of fuch great im-
port : Domeftic improvement mould en-
large our refources : I have before proved,
that fome points, of no difficulty to effect,
would add an income to the foil of thirty
millions a year. A million a year expended
in the improvement of wafle land, during
the continuance of this peace, would more
than compenfate an expence of ten per an-
num in a future war, provided they were
not expended among foreigners. In anfwer
to fuch propofals, we are told of the ne-
ceffity of public ceconomy : But I will ven-
ture to aii'ert, that there is not fo great a
curfe to the nation as this boafted ceconomy.
I fuppofe it is this paltry ceconomy thai
prevents us from feeing among the fup-
plies, For the improvement of wajie lands,
100,000/.

Would

t 393 ]

Would it be a breach of ceconomy in
our minifters to direct a vote of that nature
every year, beginning with 10,000/. and
rifing according to the fuccefs ; the rental
of the improved land to be paid into the
treafury, and remain at the diipofition of
parliament. I (hall fome time or other
enlarge upon this idea. It might perhaps
be executed without the complication or
expence of a board of agriculture.

The greateft difgrace to a kingdom, fo
truly flourishing, is the exigence of fo
much wafte land : I moft fincerely wim to
fee a fund of money raifed for the improve-
ment of it : I would undertake to fketch a
plan that mould not eafily fail of moft be-
neficial effects, and give my weak affiftance
in the execution of any part of it. If a
fab j eel fo very obfeure as I am, might
venture to fuggeft an idea to his Sove-
reign, I fhould think the improvement of
the uncultivated crown lands an object
highly worthy of his Majefty's royal atten-
tion .

Enfield Chace is fo often the object of my
view, that it would be furprifmg if I had
not reflected on the improvement of it.
A very flight fetch is fufiicient to point
out the expediency of improving fuch
es.

The

[ 399 ]
The inclofure of a fquarc mile "
of 640 acres, (as in Plate iv.
Fig. 1. Vol. II.) contains
eight miles of hedging, or I ^ g
2^60 perches, which I cal- '
culate as follows, Ditch 1 s.
6d. Quick 6d. Dead- hedge,
1 s. In all, 3X.

Ten gates, - - - - -

Buildings. — Houie, - £. 300

Barn, - - - - -

Stable -----

Cow-houfe, - - -

Hog-flies, -

Grainery, -

Sundry pailing, &c. -

20

150

80

5°
5°
5°

Intereft of that fum at four per ? r .
cent. ■ S /o'44

Permanent rent to be paid his
Majefty, $s. per acre,

Tythe free, this In nd would, "
in fuch excellent order, both
with relpect to the foil,
buildings and inclofure, let
readily for 20 j. an acre; (I
would give that rent rhyielf :)
however, I iliall fuppolr only
ids:

160

204

572

[ 4°° ]
Deduct as above, - - 204

Clear profit, being 33 per cent.']

interefl of capital, and rent >■ 363
paid, j

Suppofe the chace contains ten thoufand
acres, the clear profit on the improvement
would, to his Majefty, be 83 1 3/. per a?inum,
interefl of capital paid.

When you come to apply figures to this,
and proportion it to larger undertakings, it
will appear that the improvement of wafte
land (to whoever belonging) is an object
highly worthy the attention of the legif-
lature.

I would undertake to realize this calcu-
lation on any wafte land in England ; and
I hope one day to prove inconteilibly, that
the improvement of our wailes would
provide a fund furricient to pay off the
national debt in a moderate number of
years, or remain applicable to any purpofe
which the legiflature thought more impor^
tarit.

Two points remain to fpeak to ; firft, it
is aiTerted, by thofe who would have us to
believe the kingdom in a moft, deplorable
fituation, that thofe very riches, boafted of
by others, with the numerous taxes that
form the public revenue, raife the price of
provifions fo greatly, that labour is confe-

quently

[ 4°i ]
quently raifed, to the decline of our manu-
factures, and foreign commerce.

A very few facts will furfice clearly to
anfwer this common place objection. The
price of provifions is 7iot raifed in any part
of the kingdom, to an unreafonable or dan-
gerous height : This facl: has been proved
too clearly, in the preceding minutes, to ad-
mit of a moment's doubt. The prices of
all the neceffaries of life throughout Eng-
land are moderate, and, in our deareft. times,
have not equalled the common prices in the
markets of Holland, the mod commercial
country in the world. I do not inftance
this as a proof of our flourishing fituation,
for reafons too complicated to be mentioned
here ; I think it rather a proof, that inftead
of declining, we may hope yet to make
great advances.

In the next place I afTert, upon the tefti-
mony of fome hundred fads contained in
the preceding papers, that fuppofing this
high price of provifions was true, yet that
it proves nothing relative to the price of
labour. In places where provifions are very
high, labour is uncommonly cheap : In
others, where labour is extravagantly dear,
provifions are found to be very moderate.
When I have fuch clear and deciiive facls
for my guide, I pay no regard to the com-

Vol. IV. D d mon-

[ 4°2 ]

mon-place reafo?iings of fpeculative poli-
ticians.

But thefe writers tell us further, that the
price of labour has rifen fo high among our
manufacturers, that foreigners beat us out
of mod articles of trade, by under-felling us.
This, by the way, is a mere alTertion, but
never proved : The intelligence I received,
at our principal manufacturing towns, was
directly contrary : All the mailer manufac-
turers I talked with allured me, they under-
fold the French at every market they met ;
this was particularly the cafe with thofe at
Mafic heft er, and alfo at Sheffield, Birming-
ham y Leeds, &c. &c. And, to recur from
fuch particular information to hifloric facts;
Do we not know that the French, in thofe
trades in which they rival us, have done it
merely by their intrigue, and family-alliances
between crowned heads, and not by fairly
under-felling us ? This has been the cafe,
in one inllance, at Conjiantinople; and in
the other, in Spain. But reafon would
furely tell us, that this mull neceffarily be
the fact : Can it be fuppofed that a nation
like the French, that have been driven arti-
ficially to manufactures ; that are fubject to
arbitrary power -, among whom trade and
manufacture are a difgrace j but never open
to the fame honour and cenfequence as the
noblefle ; profefTing the catholique religion ;

and

[ 403 ]
and having been long on the decline in all
points of manufacture, according to the belt
accounts among them : Is it confident with
reafon, that fuch a people mould ever make
the progrefs in manufactures that we have
done : It is impoflible : And the facts before
advanced prove it. It is not the daily pay
of a workman that is to be taken as a cri-
terion, but the quantity of work performed
in the fame manner, for a given fum of
money : Half a crown a day may certainly
be cheaper wages than one ihilling.

Secondly, it is afTerted by thefe writers,
who affect to run down our affairs, that,
rich as we are, our population has fuffered,
that we have loft a million and half of peo-
ple fince the Revolution, and that we are at
prefent declining in numbers.

To enter into a particular examination
of thefe points, to anfwer the fpirit of the
argument ftep by ftep, would exceed the
bounds of this letter ; I mail therefore only
venture a few remarks on the fubject in
general: If they are juft, the ideas of thefe
writers mull: be falfe.

I purpofely omitted fpeaking of popula-
tion before ; becaufe I conceived it to be
only a fecondary object, and dependent upon
others.

When we fpcak of the intereir. of indi-
viduals, the populoufneis of a country has
D d 2 nothing

[ 4-04 ]
nothing to do with the enquiry : A man
and his family may be fed and cloathed as
well, and live as happy, in a country that
contains but five millions of inhabitants, as
in one that contains twenty millions. The
only refpecl: in which great numbers of peo-
ple are of confequence, is relative to the
collective intereits ; thofe of the State.

All public works, and public employ-
ments, require men for the execution ; and
population fhould rlourim fufHciently for af-
fording fuch affirmance, without injuring the
ceconomy of agriculture, manufactures, com-
merce, or any ufefui profeilion in the na-
tion. I have before proved the nation to
be in the pofleffion of a vaft income, highly
fufficient for all demands, to pofTefs a vigo-
rous agriculture, flourifhing manufactures,
and an extended commerce, in a word, to
be a great induftrious country. Now I con-
ceive that it is impoffible to prove fuch
points without proportionably proving the
kingdom to be a populous one. Riches and
population, I apprehend, will eternally be
found fynonymous terms ; for I have no
conception of riches any where abounding,
without numbers of people.

It is certainly a fad:, that men have never
been wanting in this country when money
was at command, either for foreign wars,

or

[ 4°5 ]
or domeftic improvement, nor do I remem-
ber reading any fuch cafe in hiftory.

Some politicians, from very fallacious
materials, published, before the lad war,
accounts of the progrefs of pop^ation in
this kingdom, in which they attempted to
prove, that we had loft above a million of
fouls iince the Revolution : That war fuc-
ceeded ; they faw near half a million of
men taken into the pay of the public ; they
law, at the fame time, an agriculture more
flourishing than had ever been known be-
fore ; they faw our manufactures carried
on with more fpirit than any preceding pe-
riod could boaft -, they beheld the commerce
of Britain extended to a degree almoft in-
conceivable. At the fame time that agri-
culture, manufactures, and commerce
made fuch ftrides, that the public fervice
reckoned her men by hundreds of thoufands;
they faw all kinds of public and private un-
dertakings conducted with a fpirit unknown
before; they viewed turnpikes, inclofures,
and navigations making on every fide ;
harbours opening where fcarcely boats had
failed before ; fortifications erecting in every
quarter; every city, town, and village in
Britain receiving additions to her buildings ;
in a word, all the marks of an amazing iyf-
tem of employment, which feemed to call
for frefh millions of people to fupply fuch
D d 3 immenfe

[ 4°6 ]

immenfe demands. Surely thefe fads ought
to have taught them a better fyftem of po-
litics, and convinced them of the utter im-
poflibility of a nation's declining in popula-
tion, that made fuch immenfe efforts, with-
out her domeftic ceconcmy receiving the
moil transient wound.

But to our amazement be it fpoken, other
writers, who have feen all this, or might
have {ten it, have fince repeated the fame
tale, and gravely inform us of the millions
we have loft ; learnedly preaching upon the
fad confequences of depopulation. It is in
vain to talk of tables of births, and lifts of
houfes and windows, as proofs of our lofs of
people ; the flourifhing ftate of our agricul-
ture, our manufactures, and commerce, with
our general wealth, prove the contrary be-
yond the power of any fjch vouchers to in-
validate their teftimony.

During the courfe of the laft war, and
fince, not a feffions of parliament has palled
without numerous ads for inclofures, turn-
pikes, and navigations. We have, in every
county of the kingdom, i^cn thefe works
carried on with unabated fpirit, at the fame
time that all other demands for men are fully
fatisfied. It has been, however, complained,
that a want of hands has been felt in agri-
culture, in feveral parts of the kingdom :
This information I received more than once

during

f 407 ]

during my tour ; I never failed to make mi-
nute enquiries into the real ftate of the cafe,
and always gained the fatisfaclion I fought.

I found the want of hands complained
of, was relative to nothing more than price :
Labour was lbme times unufually dear, which
occafioned an unufual clamour : But as to
any work that ever flood ftill for want of
hands, when the money requiiite was ready,
I could no where difcover a lingle inftance.
In fome parts, where I made thefe en-
quiries, I found many caufes confpired to
render hands fcarce 5 turnpikes, naviga-
tions, drainages, and inclofures, all at once
had operated, with the war, to diftrefs the
farmer; I neverthelefs could not difcover
one inftance of any necefTary work in huf-
bandry ftanding flill for. want of hands ; no
field unplowed; none unreaped; no barn
of corn unthrafhed. At the fame time, I
converfed with many gentlemen upon their
buildings and improvements ; and I never
found one that wifhed to form a water; im-
prove a park ; or to execute any great work,
that ever dreamt of a want of hands : The
cafh was the only object.

At certain feafons of the year, a man
may certainly want to lay out, in a hurry,
forty or fifty pounds extraordinary, without
being able; but that proves nothing: It is
an employment of fome regularity and con-
D d 4 tini

[ 4°8 ]

tinuance that attracts hands in fpite of all
obftacles. I was a farmer myfelf, during the
war, as well as at prefent ; and have often
heard of thefe complaints among my neighs
hours, at the very time that I could have
procured hundreds of men for zd. extra per
day.

But to this it is anfwered, that although
railing prices will command numbers of men,,
yet, as thofe men mufr. come from fome-
where, fome perfons who hefore employ-
ed them mult be diftrefled. But the re-
ply to fuch an argument is but the com^
bination I before noticed : A farmer in the
parifh of jiy hires twenty men more than
ufual ; thefe twenty men come from the
pariihes of B, C, and D, but the quantity of
labour in thofe places being proportioned to
the old demand, the farmers are diftreiTed
for want of thofe twenty hands ; they add a
trifle to their wages, and gain by that means
eighteen hands from the pariuhes of£ and F ;
the rife of wages adds the other two hands
to make up the compliment from the non-
induftrious -, that is, from the clafs who are
idle when pay is but a milling, but work
v/hen it is fourteen-pence : E and F, di-
ftrefTed for their eighteen hands, gain fix-
teen from G and H, and add two to the
number of their own induftrious by an ad-
vance of wages, G and H do the fame by

/and

[ 409 ]
/and K, and fo on through the circle, till
the twenty hands are added to the number
of the induflrious. In fome places thelofs
of men may be made up by lads and wo-
men ; but it undoubtedly is made up by
fome means or other.

Againfl this reafoning, perhaps, other
arguments are ufed ; but I by no means
pretend to decide matters of opinion :
However, I mall afk thofe gentlemen that
think differently, in what manner they
account for the phoenomena before their
eyes ? A war, in three or four years, takes
a million of able hands from indu/iry. Surely
this is a fad flroke, and feverely felt !
Commerce is Jo prodigioufy increafed, that
the manufactories can fcarcely fnpply its de-
mands. Worfe Hill ! for me mufl apply
to her filler of the foil for the hands me
wants. More turnpike-roads made, during
the few years of the war, than ever known
in any former period of equal length. Every
man employed taken from the farmers !
How could they fupport themfelves under
fuch accumulated evils ? More par 'liam
tary drainages, at the fame time, than ever
experienced. And all the men furnifhed by
agriculture ! The plough muft have flood
flill, or women driven to hold it. All
publick works Jlourijhing ; navigations
through every county. Nay, then the people

muft

f 4'° ]
mult have ftarved; the barns mufr. have
remained full, for want of hands to thrafh
the corn. And, to complete the melancholy
talc, riches flowing in from North, South,
Eaji, and Wejl ; the pqfejfors of millions
ip reading the mf elves over the kingdom, and
bribing away the farmers few remaining
hands, to raife buildings, dig waters, and
lawn thofe acres that once were Ceres' own.
Enough ! enough ! Name not the cataf-
trophe of fo fad a tale ! We apprehend it
well : The nation's ruin followed : Rents
could no longer be paid, when hands were
wanting to till the land ; Husbandry died.
No, (fays common fenfe,) she at

THAT MOMENT FLOURISHED MORE

than Britain ever knew. But to
be ferious ; if my argument is falfe, let
thefe gentlemen account for the agriculture
of this kingdom never being in a more
profperous or improving ftate, than jufr. at
the time that every caufe confpired to rob
her of her hands.

i Theie, it is true, are facts, but reafon
tells us, that it would be miraculous, were
the cafe otherwife. It is employment that
creates population ; there is not an inflance
in ' globe of an idle people being

: u nerous, in proportion to their territory;
, on the contrary, . all industrious coun-
tries arc populous, and proportionably to

the

[ 4" ]

the degree of their indufhy. When em-
ployment is plentiful, and time of value,
families are not burthens. The father,
mother, and moil of the children, apply
themfelves to labour, and earn fuch a com-
petency, that lazinefs is the only road to
poverty. Marriages are early and nume-
rous, in proportion to the amount of em-
ployment. The great point is, to keep it
on the increafe, however flowly, for then
indullrious population will always be active.
In a great kingdom there mult always be
hands that are either idle, backward in the
age of work, unmarried for fear of having
families, or indulfrious only to a certain
degree. Now an increafe of employment
raifes wages, and high wages changes the
cafe with all thefe hands ; the idle are con-
verted to induftry; the young come early
to work ; the unmarried are no longer fear-
ful of families ; and the formerly induitri-
ous become fo in a much greater degree.
It is an abfolute impoffibility that, in fuch
circumftances, the people lhould not in-
creafe ; great numbers being carried off by
war, or otherwiie, matters nothing; it is
rather a fpur to the induflry of the remain-
der; for the greater the confumption of
hands, the greater the demand for induf-
try ; and that demand can never exiftwith-

e ;

[ 4*2 ]

out a proportionable increase of population
in confequence of it.

But frill, fay thefe writers, we are not fo
populous as at the Revolution. Now fup-
poiing all I have replied is falfe ; mppofmg
that agriculture, arts, manufactures, and
commerce, have made vail advances ; fup-
poimg that the whole kingdom is adorned,
and every enjoyment of life increafed ,• fup-
pofe all this has been regularly the deftruc-
tion of population ; and that we have loft a
million and half of people ; yet I anfwer,
that this lofs is no otherwife an evil than
being the fign of a decay in general pros-
perity. What are the hands that it is pof-
fible we mould have loft ? Many of thefe
writers allow (indeed they cannot pofiibly
deny) the increafe of agriculture, manufac-
tures, and commerce ; confequently we
cannot have loft any induifrious hands :
They muff have been on the increafe. It
is equally impoflible that the rich claiTes
can have decreafed, becaufe, if thofe pro-
feffions which yield riches have been aug-
mented, it would be flrange indeed if that
clafs was fallen off. Beiides, the old taxes
on confumption, that continue to the pre-
fent time ; the rife of rents ; the creation
of new income ; as well as univerfal opi-
nion, confirm this remark. The lofs in
population muft, therefore, have been only

in

t 413 ]

in the idle poor, or, in other words, the
lofs of thofe only that were burthenfome.
No nation is rich or powerful by means
of mere numbers of people ; it is the in-
duftrious alone, that confHtute a kingdom's
ilrength.

Thofe who urge the confequence of indis-
criminate population, mould take a view of
many of our prefent numbers ; and try to
conceive the ufe of them. Do they think
that beggars, vagrants, gypfies, thieves,
pickpockets, and all that bleffed population,
that fill our goals, and furnifh Tyburn, to be
of utility to the State ? Thefe are the fcum
of the non-induftrious poor : All of whom
are a burthen, without repaying the lofs by
breeding ufeful hands, or caufmg any circu-
lation of industry. Induftrious hands are
not bred by the idle ; and the (hare which
this clafs bears of our taxes is contemptible.
The number of them is very great, and
when wages are low it increafes : High
wages leffens it, in tempting thofe to work,
who otherwife would not touch a tool.
When therefore it is faid the nation is popu-
lous, let this clafs be ftruck out of the ques-
tion ; the only people that mould come into
the account are, the rich, and the induilri-
ous. There are many politicians who wo
harangue much on the b :nefit of id's

containing ten millions of fouls, without

enquiring

[ "4H ]
enquiring whether five were not non-induf-
trious. There is no doubt but this country
may be more populous in every refpect that
Gbacerns wealth, power, and general profpe-
rity, with only fix millions, than in fome
cafes with ten.

'Tell me of a kingdom, date, or prince,
that has many millions of lubjects : This
decides nothing ; tell me of one that is im-
menfely rich, no other enquiry is requisite ;
he muff, have men. No fear can be more
vain, than that of an induftdous wealthy
kingdom wanting fubjects. Let this nation
continue to encourage and honour agricul-
ture, manufactures, and commerce ; to be
rich in the pofTeffion of great wealth from
a vaft flock of induftry -, let her fee to thefe
points, and {he need not be concerned about
the number of her people. Population
will take care of itfelf. If you think you
have not people enough, make more, which
is as eafily done as to manufacture a ftatue :
Provide new employment, and new hands
will inevitably follow. An act of Parlia-
ment to raife money for the improvement of
a million of wade acres, would increafe po-
pulation more than twenty fcore of natura-
lization bills.

I think there is no flight realbn to appre-
hend, that the number cf the people, as
commonly received at prefent, is miiiaken -,

it

[ 4'S ]

it is thought to amount, by fomc, to not
more than five millions ; and by others, fix,
in England and J Vales.

The only method hitherto taken to dis-
cover the number, has been by calculating
fix to a houfe : The houfes are very near a
million. But this idea I have the greateft
reafon to believe erroneous. From a variety
of enquiries, and particular obfervation, I
mould conceive the number more confonant
with eight or nine millions of people, oreie;ht
or nine to a houfe; the mere foundation for
fuppofing it fix, is the calculation that a mar-
riage gives two adults and two young chil-
dren at once : But the point of marriage has
little to do with it, unlefs the number of
houfes was regulated by it; which is far
enough from being the cafe. The only juft
rule is, to gain the average of fouls that in-
habit a houfe, from the King's palace to the
lowed cottage. Now in this view, without
troubling ourfelves about marriages, is it
conceivable that the average can be (6 low
as fix ? Cottages are, in general, the habita-
tion of labourers, who all fwarm with chil-
dren ; and many have double, treble, and
even quadruple families. And in mofr. pa-
rifhes view the parifi cottages ', with do:
of families in them : RefLcf. upon the vaft
number of houfes in towns, where poor fa-
milies occupy on1}' a floor ; where every one,

[ 4i« ]

from the cellar to the garret, has each a
family ; and in all thele cafes it will be
found, that the act ual refident number will
be much higher than fix, or probably eight,
without reckoning Tons or daughters, that
are abfent in fervice. Then rife to the next
ranks, farmers, with houfes full of children
and fervants ; and in towns, fmall {hops,
with their one or two maids and a lad ; un-
til, riling, you come from ten to forty, fifty,
and an hundred in an houfe.

It is aflonifhing that our political arith-
meticians mould have been fo blind as to
imagine, that houfe was merely a fynony-
mous word for marriage. The latter is a
calculation that cannot poflibly give the
truth ; but the number of houfes is certainly
a good rule to judge by. However, we
ihould not be too ready to fuppofe the num-
ber of fouls per houfe, at all times the
fame. Houfes are much enlarged within
fifty years ; and among the poor, more fa-
milies may be reckoned to a certain num-
ber of houfes at prefent, than formerly.
The exad: number of houfes in 1758, was
961,578 ; but if we coniider the vafl pro-
greis which every art and trade has made,
from the inundation of wealth after the
war, and which we fee in the increafe of
towns and villages, within the lad ten years,
there can be little doubt of the number now

amounting

t 417 ]

amounting to a million. Suppofe popula-
tion is in the proportion of feyen families at
fix fouls to five houfes, the number in E?ig-
land and Wales will then be 8,400,000.

Six houfes giving nine families, the num-
ber is, 9,000,000.

Five giving eight, it is 9,600,000.
Whatever number is fixed on, there is the
greateft. reafon to believe, that the total is
much more confiderable than the common
notion makes it.

According to the minutes of this tour,
the number employed by agriculture alone,
that is, of farmers, fervants and labourers,
anwunt in England to 2,800,000 fouls.

The number of landlords, and their fa-
milies and dependents, including all thofe
employed by woods, timber, fiiheries, and
mines of all forts, cannot be eftimated at Ids
than 800,000.

According to the preceding eftimation,
the labour beftowed on manufactures a-
mounts to jT. 27,000,000 ; but as this is ex-
clufive of all the wear and tear of hufban-
dry, &c. it may here be called thirty
millions. Sir Matthew Decker, in his Caufes
of the decline of foreign trade , calculates the
manufacturers offilk to earn upon an average
6/. a header annum: But that calculation
would be too low at prefent for all our ma-

Vol. IV. E e nufoc-

[ 4i8 ]

nufa&ures; 8/. would poflibly be about the
mark, as fuch numbers of children are em-
ployed in mod; but fuppofe we call the
amount 10/. this will make the num-
ber of people employed in manufactures
3,000,000*.

The commerce of England in all its ex-
tent, both foreign and domeftic; and in-
cluding all the families, fervants, &c. of
this whole clafs, muft amount to more than
700,000 fouls.

The non-induftrious poor have alone been
eftimated at a million of fouls ; but I mail
fuppofe them only 500,000.

The clergy, lawyers, phyiicians, ..pro-
feflbrs of the arts, &c. &c. &c. may be
eftimated at 200,000.

The number maintained by the pub-
lic revenue mufl: be very great. Army,
navy, public offices, flock-holders, tax-
gatherers, &c. &c. cannot be eftimated,
with their families, fervants, &c. at lefs
than 500,000.

* The ingenious Mr. Anderfon computes the num-
ber employed by wool alone at 1,500,000. And that
the plantations, exclufive of failors, maintain a mil-
lion of people at home.

Recapitu-

[ 4i9 ]
Recapitulation.

Agriculture, - - - . 2,800,000

Landlords, mines, &c. - 800, coo

Manufacturers, - 3,000,000

Commerce, - 700,000

Non-induftrious poor, - 500,000

Clergy, law, &c. &c. - 200,000

By public revenue, - - 500,000

8,500,000

Let it not be imagined that I offer fuch
a table as probably accurate. I would only
wifh thofe who confider thefe matters,
would reflect on the numerous profeflions
left out of this table, and then determine
whether there is not a probability of the
people of England amounting to nine mil-
lions. There are many other reafons for
this fuppofition.

Sir W. Petty calculated the number in
England and Wales at 7,400,000, in 1682 ;
and Davenant, in 1692, makes them
8,000,000. Now I have already endea-
voured to fhew, that there is the greateft
probability imaginable to fuppofe the num-
ber increafed fince that time ; nor can fuch
increafe be fuppofed lefs than this diffe-
rence,

E e 2 T have

\

[ 420 ]

I have ventured this flight fketch rather
as an inducement for others to examine it
with more attention, than an accurate

idea.

*****

* * * *
* * *

From this review of the agriculture, &c.
of this kingdom, I apprehend there is no
flight reafon to conclude, that England is,
at prefent, in a moft. rich and flourishing
fituation ; that her agriculture is, upon the
whole, good and fpirited, and every day
improving ; that her induftrious poor are
well fed, cloathed, and lodged, and at
reafonable rates of expenoe ; the prices of
all the necefTaries of life being moderate;
that our population is confequently in-
creafing ; that the price of labour is in ge-
neral high ; of itielf one of the itrongeft
fymptoms of political health ; but at the
fame time not ib high as to leave any rea-
fon to fear thofe ill effects which have been
prognoilicated concerning it ; that the
wealth of all other ranks of people appear
to be very great, from the almoft univerfal
manner in which the kingdom is adorned
with flately as well as ufeful buildings, or-
namented parks, lawns, plantations, wa-
ters, ©V. which all fpeak a wealth and
happinefs not eafily mifiaken : That all

kind*

[ 42i ]

kinds of public works ihew the public to
be rich ; witnefs the navigations, roads,
and public edifices. If thefe circumftances.
do not combine to prove a kingdom to be
flouriihing, I muft. confefs myfelf totally
in the dark.

This conclufion, I am feniible, will by
no means render my undertaking popular.
The generality of readers are feldom 10
well pleafed, as when an author lavs before
them a melancholy picture of accumulated
evils under which a nation groans : This
is not to be wondered at ; it is human na-
ture. But I conceive it a duty incumbent
jon one, who engages in fuch a journey as
| this, to lay a fair and genuine account of
all thefe matters before the public. I have,
| it is true, offered fome reflections on them ;
j perhaps it was an error, and I mould have
j dealt only in facts ; but thefe reflections do
j not alter thofe facts, which may be viewed
i naked, and applied to any ufe more pene-
i trating minds can make of them.

The idea of proportioning the particu-
lars of this Tour to the whole kingdom,
may not be fatisfactory to all my readers ;
but perhaps there is fome utility in know-
ing fuch proportions ; for although the
whole was drawn into one view, and all
from facts, yet there is poffibly a ufe in
knowing what the ftate of the kingdom
E e 3 would

[ 422 ]

would be, if all was like Northumberland >
or all like Midd'efex. We mould furely
learn, from fuch eftimates, fome very
powerful leffons of the value of induftry
and riches.

But further ; many circumftances may
prevent my extending thefe Tours to the
whole kingdom -, I cannot do it without
that general encouragement which confills
in information ; and if the whole is not
traveled, the proportion I offer in thefe
meets will, I apprehend, be found more
fatisfavftory than thofe random gueffes with
which we have hitherto been amufed,

I E T

[ 423 ]

LETTER XLL

Tf O U will now allow me to take my
•*• leave, and finim this long correspon-
dence with a few fcattered matters not in-
cluded in the preceding review.

ROADS.

To Stevenage. Turnpike. Very good.

To Luton. Crofs. Execrable.

To Dunftable. Crofs. Very indifferent.

To Wooburn. Turnpike. Good.

To Newport -Pagnel. Turnpike. Middling.

To Bedford. Turnpike. A vile narrow

cut up lane.
To Nor thill. Crofs. An excellent road,

much fuperior to many turnpikes.

It is thrown up in the better fort

of turnpike method.
To St. Neot's, by Sandy. To the latter

crofs ; the reft turnpike. Good.
To Kimbolton. Turnpike. Very fhabby.
ToThrapfton. Crofs. But fo, foj much

cut up.
To Stamford, by Oundle. Good.
To Grimjlhorpe. Crofs. Very bad; and

one part of it over a common with

roads pointing nine ways at once,

but no direction- poft.

E e 4. To

[ 4H ]

To Colt/worth. Turnpike. Moil exe-
crably vile ; a narrow caufeway, cut
into rutts that threaten to fwallow
one up.

To Grantham. Turnpike. Very good.

To Behoir-Caflle. Crofs. Intolerably
bad.

To Cold Harbour. Crofs. A cut-up
common.

To Newark. Turnpike. Good.

To Scar thing Moor. Ditto. Ditto.

To Bawtry. Ditto. Very fandy over
Shirewood foreft.

To T/oncajler. Turnpike. Part fandy,
but tolerable.

To Rotherham. Ditto. Hilly ; but
pretty good.

To Sheffield. Ditto. Rough and ftony ;
bad.

To Wentworth-Cajlle. Ditto. Hilly ;
but good.

To Wakefield. Ditto. But indifferent;
through the town of Wakefield fo
bad, that it ought to be indicted.

To Leeds. Ditto. Pretty good.

To Tadcajler. Ditto. Good.

To York. Ditto. Ditto.

To Barnby Moor. Ditto. Excellent.

To Market Weigh ton. Ditto. Ditto.

To Beverley. Ditto. Ditto.

To Hull. Ditto. Ditto.

From

r 425 ]

From Fork to Stillingfleet. Crofs. Good.

From Rijby to Routh. Turnpike. Good.

To Cave. Crofs. Bad.

To Howden and Done after. Crofs. Bad.

To JVent worth Houfe. Turnpike. Good.

To Kiveton, by Rotherham. Turnpike.
Good.

To Workfop. Turnpike. Pretty good.

To Welbeck. Through the Park.

To Doncafter. Turnpike. Pretty good.

To Pontefracl. Crofs. Indifferent.

To Medley. Ditto. A line of vile deep
rutts cut into the clay ; fit for no-
thing but carts.

To "Temple Newfham. Ditto. Worfe ;
thefe roads are a difgrace to the
whole country.

To Ferrybridge. Turnpike. Rough ;
middling.

To Howden, by Snaith. Crofs. Indif-
ferent.

From Beverley to Driffield. Turnpike.
Mod excellent. Firmly made, of
good gravel ; free from rutts and
loofe ft-ones, and of a proper breadth.

To Burlington* Crofs. Bad.

To Scarborough. Ditto. Ditto.

To Malton. Turnpike. Tolerably good.

To Cajlle Howard. Infamous. I was
near being fwallowed up in a flough.

To Eajl Newton. Crofs. Exceeding bad.

To

f 426 ]

To Duncomb Park, by Kirby, &c. Crofs,
and very bad, except through Mr.
JDuncomb's eftate, which is made by
himfelf, and incomparably well. A
moft admirable road.

From Newto?i to Stokejley, in Cleveland.
Crofs ; and extremely bad. You are
obliged to crofs the Moors they call
Black Hanibledon, over which the
road runs in narrow hollows that
admit a fouth country chaife with
fuch difficulty, that I reckon this
part of the journey made at the ha-
zard of my neck. The going down
Into Cleveland is beyond all defcrip-
tion terrible ; for you go through
fuch fteep, rough, narrow, rocky
precipices, that I would fincerely
advife any friend to go an hundred
miles about to efcape it. The name
of this pafs is very proper, Scarth-
necky that is, fcare nick, or frighten
the devil.

To Kirkleatha?n. Crofs. This road is a
rare inftance of the public fpirit of
the gentlemen of Cleveland t who
determined not only to convert the
worft roads in England into good
ones, but to effect it without the
lead tax upon the traveller. They
are doing it by fubfcription. It was

fet

[ 427 ]

fet on foot, and greatly promoted, by
Charles Turner, efquire.

To Schorton. Crofs. From Kirkleatham
to the great Northallerton road, is
exceffive deep ; from thence to
Schorton middling.

To Richmond. Turnpike. Pretty good.

To Greta Bridge. Ditto. Very rough,
and broken.

To Bowes. Ditto. Middling.

To Bernard Cajile. Ditto. Good.

To Fall oj 'Tees. Crofs. Very bad.

To Brough. Turnpike. This road runs
acrofs Stainmore, and is a moft ex-
cellent one; firm, dry, level, and
free from loofe ftones.

To AJkrig. Crofs. It runs over the
mountains, and is fit only for a
goat to travel.

To Reeth and Richmond. Crofs. Good;
owing to the fpirited conduct of
Charles Turner, efq; when he lived
at Clintz.

To Kip/in, Crofs. The befl part of this
road is from Schorton to Kiplin,
which is much fuperior to molt of
the turnpikes in this country ; and
owing to the fpirited conduct of
Chrijlopher Crowe, efq; who, in the
capacity of a juftice of the peace, has
given much attention to roads.

To

f 4z3 ]

l"o S'wintan, Crofs. Good. The roads
around Swtnfon, the feat of Wil-
liam Dauby t efq; are all excellent,
that gentleman making and mend-
ing with imcomparable fpirit. Thro*
his own parimes he makes himfelf ;
and bribes the others ; he has ei-
ther made, or contributed to, above
twenty miles of road.

To CraikhilL Crofs. Good.

To Slenningford. Crofs. Exceflive bad ;
lanes all the way.

To Danby* Crofs. Part good, and part
middling.

To Afgafth r'Fofi. Crofs. Bad.

From Richmond to Dar/i?igtonf by Croft
Bridge. To Croft Bridge crofs, and
very indifferent. From thence to
Darlington is the great north road,
and execrably broke into holes, like
an old pavement ; fufficient to diflo-
cate ones bones.

To Winfon. Turnpike. Like the other.

To Raby Cafle. Through Lord Dar-
lington's grounds, made by his
Lordfhip, and excellent.

To Durham. Turnpike. Good. But
fome of it rough.

To Newcaflle. Turnpike. Good; but
part of it broken.

To the Iron works. Very bad.

To

[ 429 ]
To Morpeth. Ditto. A pavement for a
mile or two oat of Newcaftle, which

is tolerable ; all the reft vile.

To Alnwick. Ditto. Much better than
the Lift.

To Belford. Ditto. Better ftill.

To Berwick. Ditto. Part good, but
fome very bad.

To IVooller. Ditto. Part tolerable; but
fome extremely bad.

To Rothbury. Ditto. Part of it middling;
fome very good, but hilly.

Alnwick to Rothbury. Ditto. Middling;
fome good.

To Wollington. Ditto. Very good; to-
wards Wollhivton excellent.

To Choloford Bridge. Ditto. Excellent.
Much indebted is the country to
Sir Walter Blacket for the many
good roads which lead every way
around him.

To Glenwelt. The Military road. Ex-
cellent.

To the River Arden. Crofs. Very bad.

To Carlijle. Military. As far as Bramp-
ton good; but thence to Carlijle
vilely cut up by innumerable little
paltry one horfe carts.

To Penrith. Turnpike. Very good.

To Kefwick. Ditto. Ditto; except a mile
over a rotten common, which i
bad. To

[ 43° 1

To Hull's Water. Crofs. Middling; a
coach may pafs it very tolerably.

To Sbapp. Turnpike. Very good.

To Haws Water. Crofs. Very bad.

To Kendal. Turnpike. Exceeding hilly,
and Tome very fteep, but the road
itfelf excellent.

To Winander Mere. Turnpike ; now
making. What is finimed, is as
good, firm, level a road as any in
the world. I no where remember a
better.

To Lancajler. Turnpike. Very bad,
rough, and cut up.

To Prefton. Turnpike. Very bad.

To Wight, Ditto. I know not, in
the whole range of language, terms
fufficiently expreffive to defcribc
this infernal road. To look over a
map, and perceive that it is a prin-
cipal one, not only to fome towns,
but even whole counties, one would
naturally conclude it to be at leaft
decent ; but let me moft ferioufly
caution all travellers, who may ac-
cidentally purpofe to travel this
terrible country, to avoid it as
they would the devil ; for a thou-
iand to one but they break their
necks or their limbs by overthrows
or breakings down. They will

hers

[ 431 ]
here meet with rutts which I actu-
ally meafured four feet deep, and
floating with mud only from a wet
fummer; what therefore muft it
be after a winter ? The only mend-
ing it receives, is the tumbling
in fome loofe ftones, which fcrve
no other purpofe but jolting a car-
riage in the moft intolerable man-
ner. Thefe are not merely opini-
ons, but facts, for I actually parted
three carts broken down in thefe
eighteen miles of execrable me-
mory.
To Warrington. Turnpike. This is a
paved road, and moft infamoufly
bad. Any perfon would imagine
the poeple of the country had
made it with a view to immediate
deftruction ; for the breadth is only
fufficient for one carriage ; confe-
quently it is cut at once into rutts ;
and you will eafily conceive what
a break-down diflocating road rutts
cut through a pavement mufl be.
The pretence, of wanting mate-
rials, is but a mere pretence ; for I
remarked feveral quarries of rock,
fufficient to make miles of excel-
lent road. If they will pave, the
breadth ought to be fuch as to ad-
mit

[ 432 1

mit feveral carriages abreaft, or the
inevitable confequence muft be, the
immediate cutting up. Tolls had
better be doubled, and even qua-
drupled, than fuffer fuch a nuifance
to remain.

To Liverpool. Turnpike. This road is
moftly a pavement; the flrft part
of which is fuch as I have juft
defcribed ; though fcarcely fo bad.
But towards Liverpool is of a good
breadth, and as good as an indif-
ferent pavement can be. It is ob-
fervable this is a fecond work ; the
firft narrow one being found as I
have defcribed it.

To AJtringham. Turnpike. If poffible
this execrable road is worfe than
that from Prejion. It is a heavy
fand, which cuts into fuch prodi-
gious rutts, that a carriage moves
with great danger. Thefe fands
turn to floods of mud in any feafon
the lean: wet.

To Manchefier. Turnpike. Part of it
the fame as the laft -, the reft a paved
caufeway, and done in fo wretched
a manner, that it is cut into con-
tinual holes : For it is made fo nar-
row, that only one carriage can move

at

f 433 1
at a time, and that confequcntly in
a line of rutts.

From Dunholm to Knotsford. Turnpike.
It is impoffible to defcribe thefe
infernal roads in terms adequate
to their deferts : Part of thefe fix
miles I think are worfe than any
of the preceding.

To Holmes Chapel. Turnpike. Much
better.

To Newcaftle* Turnpike. This, in
general, is a paved caufeway, as
narrow as can be conceived, and
cut into perpetual holes, fome of
them two feet deep meafured on the
level; a more dreadful road cannot
be imagined ; and wherever the
country is the leafh fandy, the pave-
ment is difcontinued, and the rutts
and holes molt execrable. I was
forced to hire two men at one place
to fupport my chaife from over-
throwing, in turning out for a cart
of goods overthrown and almoft
buried. Let me perfuade all tra-
vellers to avoid this terrible coun-
try, which muft either di (locate
their bones with broken pavements,
or bury them in muddy land.

To Burjlem. Turnpike. Deep muddy
rutts in clay.

Vol. IV. F f Jkre

[ 434 J

Ftere you muft let me paufe; for thefc
execrable roads continuing no further, I
muft in general advife all who travel on
any bulinefs but abfolute neceffity, to avoid
any journey further north than Newcajlle.
Ail between that place and Prefton is a
country, one would fuppofe, devoid of all
thofe improvements and embellishments,
which the riches and fpirit of modern
times have occafioned in other parts : It is
a track of country which lays a moft heavy
tax upon all travellers, and upon itfelf.
Such roads are a much heavier tax than half
a crown a horfe for a toll would be. Agri-
culture, manufactures, and commerce, muft
fuller in fuch a track, as well as the tra-
veller. The rates of carriage and hire of
carts muft either run enormoufly high, or
the farmers ftarve by letting their teams.
But it is only bad management that can
occafion fuch very miierable roads, in a
country fo abounding with towns, trade, and
manufactures : The tolls of the turnpikes
for feveral paved roads do not rife higher
than 3 J. per horfe, for which fum they
pave wide enough for one carriage. If this
was quadrupled, they might certainly do
it well for three, and then it would elcape
being cut up : But if they were five times
trebled, it would be infinitely preferable
to the prefent condition. Until better ma-

nagement

C 435 1

nagement is produced, I would advife all
travellers to coniider this country as fea,
and as fbort think of driving into the ocean
as venturing into fuch detcftable roads. I am
told the Derby way to Manchejler is good.
But further is not penetrable.

To Stone. Turnpike. Moft of it good -,

fome very good.
To Lichfield. Turnpike. Pretty good,

but fome of it fandy, and cut up.
To Birmingham. Crofs. Better ; but
the laft mile and half into Birming-
ham exceffively cut up.
To the Lea/owes. Turnpike. Very good.
To Hagley. Ditto. Ditto.
To Broom/grove. Turnpike. Good.
To Worcefter. Turnpike. Excellent.
To Bendfworth. Turnpike. Ditto.
To Chipping Norton, Turnpike. To
Moreton bad, but to Chipping Norton
from thence good.
To Woodfiock. Ditto. Good.
*To Oxford. Ditto. Middling. Many
narrow ways, where a horfe cannot
pafs a carriage ; and in general, in
this country, the not breaking the
ftones fmall enough is a great nui-
iance. .
To Benfmgton. Turnpike. Good.
To Henley % Turnpike. Excellent.

F f 2 To

[ 43* 1

To Maidenhead. Turnpike. Admirable ;
but in all thefe roads there are too
many narrow ways left, that render
it difficult for carriages to pafs each
other.

To Salt Hill. Turnpike. Excellent.

To Brentford. Ditto. Ditto.

To London. Ditto. Ditto. But much
too narrow for fuch vaft traffic.

To Bradmore Farm. Ditto. Excellent,
and of a noble breadth.

SEATS,

[ 437 1

9?r ^t» yIv * 7ff

SEATS.

The following Table of Rooms in feveral
houfes, I mould remark, prefents a pretty
tolerable idea of thole parts that are ufually
{hewn to flrangers ; but it by no means
gives the exact proportions of the whole
houfe in any inftance ; and in fome I might
not be fhewn the whole of the grand apart-
ments. The rooms minuted are thofe I view-
ed. Wentworth-houfe > which is the largeft
in the tour, and I believe in the kingdom,
has only the grand floor minuted. Wooburn*
I think, contains all I was fhewn on the two
floors. Kiveton contains two floors. Aln-
wick, Raby, and Ditchley, but one : I be-
lieve, (but I write from memory,) that all
the reft contains the rooms on two floors
fhewn. Raby-Cajlle, which here appears
very fmall in general, is a vaft building,
and contains a great number of excellent
rooms j but as they are judicioufry thrown
into thofe of utility alone, the iize of the
building does not appear from this table.
I mull beg an excufe for errors in this re-
view ; it is not a matter of confequcnce,
but amufement ; and where I am wrong,
I mould be verv glad to be fet right.

Ff3 IP

t 433 ]

*****

IF this Work meets with fo favourable
a reception, as to induce the lovers of agri-
culture, in the remaining parts of the king-
dom, to defire a profecution of the under-
taking, the following counties are thofe
which demand the nrft attention, in the
order in which they follow, in cafe propo-
fed intelligence does not require deviations -,
viz. Buckinghamfiire ; Northamptonfiire y
Warwickfiire -? Leicejler and Rutlandfiires ;
Derby/hire) Nottinghamfiire; Lincolnfiire ;
Huntingdonjlnre ; Cambridgejhire ; the ma-
ritime parts of Norfolk, Suffolk, 2X\diEJfex',
Kent ; Suff'ex ; Surry ; Hampfiire ; Berk-
Jljire ; Dorfetjhire; Wiltjlrire ; So??ierfetfiire -,
DevonJJnre; Cornwall; Herefordfirre; Glou-
cejlerfiire ; and Shropfiire. The author
intends profecuting the Tour early next
fummer : he willies, therefore, that any inr
telligence he is honoured with, may be
early enough to enable him to mark his
route to the beft advantage.

GENERAL

[ *439 3

ADVERTISEMENT.

The Author to the Experimental Part of
bis Readers,

IT muft be obferved, that throughout
this Tour, the object which makes the
principal figure, not only for its novelty,
but the fuppofed importance of it, is
The Culture of Cabbages.
Since the firfr. publication of this Work, I
have received feveral intimations (not re-
gular experiments) that the account given
of Cabbages is exaggerated: — That fome
perfons have tried them with ill fuccefs ;
that even in the minutes of this very Tour,
feveral Experimenters condemned them.
Upon the whole, that their merit is not
decifive.

In anfwer to this, I muft beg leave to
affert, that my own conviction is clear and
total, from the uncommon number cf facts,

Vol. IV. *F f 4 which

[ *44° ]
which various Gentlemen, whofe honour
and veracity cannot be doubted, were
pleafed to give me : But as objections have
been ftated to the method taken in regifter-
ing their experiments, I beg leave to requeft
thofe of my readers, who have tried Cab-
bages, to form an experiment on them in a
different method, viz. Cultivate a given
number of acres, and keep an exact ac-
count of the expence. In the application
of the crop, (which is the great point) do
not turn your own cattle to them, nor ufe
the Cabbages in the common mifcellane-
ous manner; but purchafe a number of
oxen of a fmall fize, (for inftance, from
thirty to fifty flone, 141b.) and fatten
them on the Cabbages, (giving certain
quantities of hay at the fame time ;) when
fat, or the crop fmifhed, fell the beafts
directly; and the difference between the
buying and felling price will clearly decide
the value of the Cabbares. Valuing hearts
of your own, or reckoning the price per
week, is by no means equally fatisfactory.

For

TY,

Hall
Ditto
Saloo
Dinin

Lc

6

A Vim of the Dimensions of the Seats of the Nobility, &c. throughout this Tour. [To face m Page but one of Vol. i

Room s.

1' mvrlh

Hmfi.

60 60'

Vmlmrlb
CaJUc.

40 40

4""37

JO 25

Burltigh. ]

Klvam. 1

50 30

WMiA.

36 30
44 3°

67 25

mrtfip.

Caftli-
Hnuard.

33 '33

Dunami

Park.

60 40

Shlla-
tlrni.

«** nJXn.

Rub)

Cajllc.

Alnwick.

Haglry.
3° 3°

DiltUry.
36 36

Haifi'J.
55 3°

Hail
Ditto

40 40 h

35 n

25 30
20 20

35 «
35 22
40 22

22 35

40 27
30 27

35 20

45 33
4° 25
30 24

54 34
36 25

42 2S

28 21

87 25
33 25

40 20

55 22

36 3°

33 26

33 24
37 22
37 22
24 21

Saloon
Dining room

46 26

37 27

51 21

36 27
60 30
24 22

Ditto
Drawing room

24 24

27 22

36 30

21 21

25 22

37 25

30 20

30 '20

34 22

Ditto

36 36

40 25

20 20'

35 «

30 27

25 25

34 19

53 30

28 24

40 20

Ditto

-

- - "

33 22

33 3t

30 24

Ditto

Drefling room'
Ditto

30 25
16 16

15 "5

25 25

20 20

25 25'

26 22

21 20

---

iS 27

25 21

25 24

22 25

30 24

25*22

20 18
24 at

iS 12

20*20
20'20
20e20

:::

21 21

20 20

24 22

Ditto

Ditto

27 18

Ditto

28 18

Ditto

25 24

Ditto

18 18

Ditto

20 19

Ditto

22 20

Ditto

Bed cliamber
Ditto

23 15

25 25
27 15

24 20

25 18

20 20
25 25

25 20

26 22
30 22

27 21

23 21

25 22
34 24

30 18

25 25
25 25

21 21
28 24

25 2 2
25 20

18 18
18 18
24 18

19 18

«3 lS
25 18

20e20

20' 20

22 21

24 22
24 22

22 20
24 23
24 23

Ditto

Ditto

19 19

Ditto

20 18

Ditto

23 15

Ditto

'5 '5
.30 .8
60 20

i So 24
30 20

100 16

24 24

61 21

108 28

24 24

90 '36

65 22

85 22

33 25

24 22

105 20

Gallery
Library
Mufic room

30 20

28 22

Supping ditto
Ami ditto

40 22
30 20

20 20

23 23

25 25

24 20

30 24

Ditto

23 23

Coffee room

- - -

30 20

Billiard room

33 21

Chapel

Ereakfaft room

33 34

27 20

) 263 18

444

■59 "J

277

32 27

33 21
204 98

1 3°2

}[2 IK

522

«56 595
1451

445 249
694

^52 4°
953

217 142
359

377 304
6S1

268 164
432

22S iRS
416

253 21
469

219 191
410

5 304 19

50O

24+ 155
403

.90 8,

1 274

285 234
519

44S 261
709

1 4
" 4

1

3 high.

i ditto,
dilto.

|

■ Small
By recolle
ihefe fizes.

rooms, the
lion I app

ehend then

not fpecit
to be ab

ed.

60 high.
36 ditto.

0

t *44i ]
For fheep, the management may either
be the fame, in buying wethers, and felling
them fat; or (which would be better) to
keep your regular ftock of ewes and lambs
alone, unmixed with other cattle, on the
Cabbages through the months of March,
April, and the tirfl week in May. The
value of the keeping per week, in this cafe,
would be a fatisfa&ory rule.

On foils that will do for turneps, counter
experiments mould be tried on them in the
very fame manner, to form an exadt and
fair comparifon between the two vegetables
on land that is proper for both. If the
crops are fed on it, the account fhould
be continued through the barley or oat
year that follows.

Let me beg of the Gentlemen, who arc
interefted in this very important part of
Husbandry, to form thefe experiments
fairly; I will venture to affert, whatever may
he the refult, that they will deferve well of
their country from this attention. If they
Will

[ *442 ]

will favour me with the minutes, I will
take care and unite them into one view,
and lay them before the publick, that this
difputed point may be dearly afcertained.

ARTHUR YOUNG.

Bradmore-'Farnii

December 18, 1770*

G E N E-

GENERAL INDEX

T O T H E

FOUR VOLUMES.

N. B. The Roman Numerals dire ft to the Volume,
and the Figures to the Page.

yfGRl CULTURE Society at Mancheftcr,

^^m iii. 194. — Agriculture of the Kingdom, a
•^ "*■ general View of, Iv. 389. For Particulars,

fee Hufbandry*
AUwn-Work^ Defcription of that at Ayton, ii. 96
Atiwick, Methods of Hufbandry there, iii. 25. The

Duke of Northumberland's Seat there defcribed,

29. Note,
Aliringham^ Methods of Husbandry there, iii. 179. The

Duke of Bridgwater's Canal there defcribed, 232
Aiicajlery Puke of, Defcription of his Seat at Grim-

ftone, i. 81. Note.
Afgarib, State of Hufbandry there, ii. 422. Force,

beautiful Views from, ibid.
JJh, the valuable Purpofes for which this Tree is fit,

ii. 20
AiJIabie, Mr. the Ornaments of his Grounds defcribed,

ii. 300. His two Seats, Hackfall and Studley,

defcribed, ibid.
A/lwick, Method of Hufbandry there, i. 46
Author, his Advertifement to the Public, Pref. Page iv.

His Authorities on which this Work is founded, vii.

His Political Arithmetic, ix. His Experience in

Hufbandry, ibid. His Apology for introducing De-

fcriptions #f Houfes, Paintings, &c. xi. His Plea
F f 4 for

44o INDEX.

for Inaccuracy of Stile and Language, xiii. His
Thanks to his Afliitants, by Name, xv. His Offei
to thofe who may want his Affiftance, xxiv
Aychurcb, Method of Hufbandry there, 1. 62
Ayer, Mr. Defcription of his Machine for cutting up

' Mole and Ant-hills, i. 168
Jyton, Account of Mr. Wilfon's experimental Agri-
culture and Machines for Hufbandry, at that Town,
ii. 94. The Allum Manufacture there, 96

B.

Barley, Tables of the Quantity of the Seed fowed at
various Places, compared with the Produce of the
Crop, iv. 90

Barton- Bridge, a Defcription of the Duke of Bridg-
water's curious Navigation there, iii. 219

B>'.' a tber- Bridge, its Situation defcribed, ii. 179

Bawtry, Account of Mr. Lyfter's curious Experiments
in Agriculture there, i. 102

Beans, Produce of three Acres, drilled at Craikhill,
ii. 328. Drilled, Experiments of, by Mr. Scroope,
of Danby, 376. — Table of the Average Produce of,
hoc*d and unhoed, iii. 448. — Tables of the Quanti-
ties of the Seed fowed at various Places, compared
with the Produce of the Crops, iv. 100

Bedford, Character of the Road?, from Newport Pag-
nel, i. 46. State of Agriculture there, 48. Lace
Manufacture there, 49

Bedford, Duke of, Defcription of his Seat at Wouburn,
i. 31. The Park, 40. Note.

B'-'f'j>d, the Hufbandry there defcribed, iii. 30. The
Profit on Sheep there produced, 32. General View
of the Contents of the Parifh, 38. Town defcribed,
ibid. Mr. Dickfon's Benefactions to the Town, ibid.

Behoir-Caflk, a Defcription of, i. 93

Bi;:dfvjQ)tb, State of Hufbandry about there, iii. 310
ftenjington, State of Hufbandry there, iii. 328

Beverley, Defcription of the Town and Minfter, i. 148,

Biddenbam, State of Hufbandry there, i. 47
Bi> iningbam, Wages of Manufacturers there, iii. 2~Q

Biu .

INDEX. 441

BJaciett, Sir Walter, his Seat at Wellington defcribed,

iii. 81. Note.
Blackfmitb's Hammer, Contrivance of working it by

the Feet, ii. 230
Boarding, Eftimate of, in different Parts, iv. 292.

297
Bones, ufed as Manure, i. 306. — iii. 369, 370

Bownefs, in Cumberland, Account of, iii. 94

Brarnjione, Mr. his Experiments of Graffes at Woo-
burn, i. 33

Bridgwater, Duke of, the original Defign cf his Inland
Navigation, iii. 196. Defcription of this great
Work, 200. Method of landing his Coals from his
Boats, 202. A View of the Works at Worfley, 216.
At Barton-Bridge, 219. At Morcton-Bridge, 222.
The fubterranean Canal to the Coal-Mine, 225.
His Corn-Mill, 229. His Machine for fifting Sand,
230. His Improvement of a Bog, 231. His Canal at
Altringham, 234. His intended Canal from Sale-
Moor to Stockport, 236

Brlndley, Mr. See the preceding Articles ; as alfo the
Cuts defcribing the Works.

Bronzes, a Defcription of thofe in the Repofitory of the
Arundelian Marbles, Oxford, iii. 351

Broom/grove, State of Hufbandry there, iii. 306

Brough, the Country between that Place and Bowes
uncultivated, though good Soil, ii. 183. Hints for
the Improvement of, 1 85

Brumpton, Account of the Hufbandry there, ii. 43

Buckwheat, an unfuccefsful Trial of, as a Manure,
ii. 214

Building, Prices of Materials at Weft Drayton, i. 102.
Stillingfleet, 196. Holdernefs, 214. Howden, 236,
In the Neighbourhood of Wentworth-Houfe, 312.— •
Driffield, ii. 5. Ganton, 16. Nunnington, 72.
About Kirkleatham, 150. Scorton, 161. Frcming-
ton, 191. Kiplin, 209, Swinton, 250. Craikhill,
319. Sleningford, 337. Danby, 390. — Morpeth,
iii. 25. Belford, 37. Hetton, 62. Rothbury, 76.
Glenwelt, 89. 'High Afcott, 100. Penrith, 107.
Kefwick, 112. Shapp, 130. Garflang, 163. Orrr.f-.
kirk, 175. Altringharti, 252. Holms-Chapel, ibid.

From

442 INDEX

From Newcafrle-under-Line to Stone, 265, Shea*

Hone, 272, Afton, 278, Bendfworth, 317, Bea-

fington, 350
Burleigh- Haufe, the Seat ©f the Earl of Exeter, i. 65.

Note,
But-net, Culture of, by Mr. Scararicie at Hatfield, L 2.

By Mr, SifTon of Carterton, 71. Experiment wkh,

by Mr, Hewett, of Bilham, 33a — By Capt, Daltojv,

ii. 342. — A Review of the Experiments- wkh, fpe-

cifled in this Tc<ur, iv. 70
Burjlem7 Account of the Potteries there, iiu 252'
Burton, the Huibarsdry there defcFibed, iii, 138
Bute, Earl of, Defcriptie-n of his Park at Luton-Hos^

L 24.
Byrom, the Seat of Sir John Ramioerr, the Paintings

there defcribed, i. 355

C>

Callages, the Culture of at different Places, with Re-
marks, \. 88. 202. 3io» 116. 120. i6j„— iL 96, ia&»
Mr, Crowe's Courfe of Experiments on, 2 J 7.
Their Advantages over Tumeps {hewn, 221, Ge-
neral Inftruclrons for the Cultivation of, 22Z. The
Expence per Acre on this Plan, 223, Mr. Smelt's
Experiments with, 231. Ditto, by a Gentleman at
Craikhilf, 324. Capt. Dalton's Experiments with,
340. Experiments by Simon Scroope, Efq;ofDan-
by, 344. Principle of Culture deduced by Mr.
Scroope, 359. Eftrmate of his Expences, 362.
Produce, 363. At Dalton, 417. Lord Darlington's
Experiments with, 448. — Mr. Dsckfon's of Belford,
iii> 42. — Tables of the Produce and Management ofa
in the various Places comprehended in this Tour,
iv. 18. Tables of Averages, 27. Deductions, 31.
The Profit of in feeding Cattle, 42. The Expences
of cultivating in various Parts, 48. The Crops, 50

Colder- Alley, how fituated, and by whom founded, iii.

Canals, Defcription of the Duke of Bridgwater's, iii.

196
Cantler^ Method of Husbandry there, i. 108

Carljjlcj

INDEX. 443

Cat life, the Manufactures there, iii. 94

Carr, Mr. his ornamented Grounds at Cocken de-?
fcribed, iii. 1

Carrington, Village of, defcribed, i. 50

Carrots, Method of cultivating in the Gardens a\
Sandy, i. 52. — Cultivated for feeding Swine, ii,
105. Recommended in fandy Soils, 200. Mr.
Turner's Experiments with, 331. Mr. Hewett's
Experiments with, 336. Profits on the Cultivation
of eftimated, 337. By Mr. Scroope of Danby,
372. — Culture of by Mr. Wilkie at Hetton, iii. 60.
— A Review of the Experiments with, fpecified in
this Tour, iv. 74

Carts with three Wheels, a Defcription of, iii. 374.

Cajlle-Field, a View of the Duke of Bridgwater's Na-
vigation there, iii. 212

Cajlle-Howard, the Seat of the Earl of Carlifle, De-
fcription of, ii. 47. The Park, 60. Note.

Cattle. See Live Stock.

Cave, the Seat of Sir George Montgomery Metham,
defcribed, i. 150. Note.

Chalk, how dug and ufed for manuring Land, iii. 368.
See Manure.

Cheviot-Hill defcribed, iii. 70

Cholmondeley, Efq; Francis, of Branfby-Hall, converts
Warrens and Moors into Arable Lands, ii. 457

Clark, Mr. of Belford, his Propofal for furniihing
Machines for threfhing Corn, iii. 46. His Method
of cultivating Turneps, 48. Applies Electricity to
Vegetables, 49. Defcription of his Machine for
dicing Turneps, ibid.

Clay-Soils, a Table of the Proportions of Plowing ufed
to, at different Places, iv. 137

Cleveland, beautiful Profpects in the Road leading to,
ii. 93. Neatnefs of the Farm-Houfes there, 94. Of
Mr. Wilfon's experimental Agriculture, and Ma-
chines for Huibandry, ibid.

Clover, the Management and Product of, in the Parts
vifited in this Tour, iv. 56. 62

Coal-Mine, Defcription of the Duke of Bridgwater's
atWorfeley, iii. 226

Cock-

444 INDEX.

Cockchafers, great Deftrudtion made by in the Neigh-
bourhood of Wcibeck, i. 325

Cocken, Mr. Can's ornamented Grounds there de-
scribed, iii. I

Colliers, Character of that Clafs of Men, ii. 261. Mr,
Danby's Method of converting them into induftrious
farmers at Swinton, 262

Commerce of the Kingdom, general Eftimate of, iv. 391

Compojls, Account of thole ufed in manuring Lord
Rockingham's Land, i. 290

Cows, the comparative Merits of different Species, ii.
226. — The Prorit of feeding them with Cabbages,
iv. 44. Review of the Management and Product of
Milk from, in the various Parts viiited in this Tour,
149. Averages, 165. Deductions, 166. The
Numbers kept on the different fized Farms, 220.
Average, 225

Craikhill, the general Courfe of Hufbandry there, ii.
313. Curious Experiments in Agriculture, by a
Gentleman there, 320. Tillage, ib. Draining, 323.
Cabbages, 324. Beans, 328

Crawly s Iron Works at Newcaftle, Account of, iii. 9

Croft, James, a Collier, his induftrious Cultivation of
2 Moor Land Farm at Swinton, ii. 265. Propofal
for raifmg a Subfcription for him, 274

Crops, Courfe of, at Hatfield, i. 3. At Stevenage, 17'.
At Offley, 21. At Houghton, 27. About Newport:
Pagnel, 38. At Broughton, 43. At Aftwick, 46.
About Biddenham, 47. About Hale Wefton, 56.
Great Catworth, 59. Grantham, 84. FoiTen, 94.
Newark, 97. Weft Drayton, 99. Cantler, 108.
Doncafter, no. Ecckafield, 126. Wooley, 131,
Kiddel, 139. Wilbersfort, 142. Hatton, 144,
JJai ., 146. Rifby, 150. 160. Stillingfleet,

10b. i1 , .33. Thome, 236. Round Went-

worth' lloufe, 272. — Driffield, ii. 1. Honnanby, 8,
jjirurnpton, 36. EaftNewtori, 48. Nunnington, 68,
Kirby, 9c. Mr. Turner's, 134.. About Kirklea-
tham, 138'. Gllling, 163. Rookby, 171. Kiplin,
198. 236. Swinton, 270. Craikhill, 321. Slen-
ingford, 332. #fgarth, 422. — Goiwoith, iii. 17.
irpcth, 19. Alnwic.;, 25. Helton, 54. Ber-
wick,

INDEX. .t45

wick, 62. Rothbury, 71. Cambo, 77. Glen\ elt,
&3« High Afcott, 95. Penrith, 101. Kcfwick, 107.
IShapp, 115. Burton, 138. Kabcrs, 152. Garflang,
157. Bowles, 165. Ormfkirk, 170. Altringham,
178. Knutsford, 242. Holmes Chapel, 248. From
Newcaftle under Line to Stone, 250. Rudgeley-
Bridge, 266. Shenftone, lb. Afton, 273. Hagley,
281. Broomfgrove, 301. Perfhore, 307. Bendf-
worth, 310. Moreton, 321. Benfington, 328. Hen-
ley on Thames, 352. Maidenhead, 355. Harmon f-
worth, 359. Kenfington, 362. North Mims, 366.
— Tables of, compared with theSeed fowcd, iv. 81
Croxve, Mr. of Kipling, his Methods and Improve-
ments in Hufbandry, ii. 198. State of his Farm,
211. His Courfe of Crops, 2T2. His Method of
Liming his Land, 213. His Machine for makino-
Hay defcribed, 214. His Culture of Cabbages, 217.
His InftrucYions for the raifing of, 222. His Cul-
ture of Potatoes, 224. His Experiment on Clay
Land, 226. His Horie-Rake for cleaning Fallows
defcribed, 227. His Management of Hedges, ib.
His Conftru&ion of Drains, 228. His Contrivance
for working the Blackfmith's Hammer with the
Foot, 230. His Collection of Paintings, ib.

D.

Dairies^ Management of at Knutsford, iii. 244,
Holmes Chapel, 248. From Newcaftle under Line
to Stone, 259. Afton, 273. — A Review of the
Produce of, in the various Places vifited in this
Tour, iv. 149. Average, 161

Dalton Moor Land improved by Mr. Scroope, ii. 395

Daltoti, Rev. Mr. of Hawkefwell, his Improvements
of Moor Land, ii. 329

Daiton, Captain, his Courfe of Hufbandry, ii. 338.
His Culture of Potatoes, ibid. Cabbages, 340. Lu-
cerne, 342. Burnet, ibid. His Method of laying
down Grafs Land, ibid.

Dauby, fee Scroope's Method of Hufbandiy in the
Neighbourhood of, ii. 384

Dauby ^

446

INDEX.

Dauby, Mr. his Account of the Hufbandry at Swintoh9
250. See Croft, James. His Houfe and Park, de-
fer ibed, 297

Darlington, State of the Manufacture of Huckaback
Cloths there, ii. 427

Darlington, Lord, his Method of Moor Lard, ii. 179.
His Seat at Raby-Caftle defcribed, 428. The Park,
430. Particulars of his Farm, 433. His general
Courfe of Hufbandry, 434. His Farm-Yard de-
fcribed, 436. Its elegant Front, 439. The Advan-
tages of this Yard for Cattle in Winter, 440. His
Method of liming his Land, 443. His Management
of Cattle, 444. His Method of draining his Landj
446. His Experiments with Cabbages,, 448

Dickfn, Efq; Abraham, his Benefactions to the Town
of Belford, iii. 38. His Method of draining his
Land, 40. His Experiments with Grafs, 41. Trials
of Cabbages, 42. His Management of Fences, 44

Dirt-Pit, a Defcription of, ii. 18

Diichley, the Seat of Lord Litchfield, defcribed, ift.
325. Note.

Doncafler, Defcription of that Town, i. no. And the
Country to Rotherham, 112

Drains, Defcription of thofe in the Weft-Riding of
Yorkfhire, by the Marquis of Rockingham, i. 275. —
Method of making, by a Gentleman at Craikhill, ii.
227. Mr. Crowe's Conftruction of, 228. Defcrip-
tion of thofe made by Mr. Scr«ope of Danby, 380,
393. — At Altringham, iii. 186. Afton, 274. Hag-
ley, 286

Draught-Cattle, Table of the Proportions kept on the
various Farms vifited in this Tour, iv. 219

Drill-Plough, Defcription of one invented by Dr. Hun-
ter, i. 180. One introduced by the Marquis of
Rockingham, 283

Duncombe-Park, the Seat of Duncombe, Efq; a

Defcription of, ii. 73. Caufe of the bad State of
Hufbandry in that Gentleman's Eftate, 78

Durham, the Culture of Muftard about that Gity der
lciibed, iii. 1

E,

INDEX. 447

E.

BieGrlciiy* applied to Vegetation by Mr. Chrkc of

Belfordp iii. 49
Bllerker^ Mr. Account of his Farm near Cottingham,

u 152. His Courfe of Crops, 164. His Culture of

Cabbages, 167. His Method of feeding them of},

168. His intended Improvements, 214
EJlitfi Mr. of Fremington, his Method of improving

the Moots, it. 292
Enficld-Chau*, Remarks on the unimproved State of,

iii. 365- Hints for the Improvement of, iv. 398
EveJhwjL, Vale of. See Bcndfworlh.
Exeter ■, Earl of, his Seat at Butleigh-Houfe defcribed,

i. 65

F.

Fairfax, Lord, his Seat at Gilling defcribed, ii. 457

Falconberg, his Seat at Newburgh defcribed, ii. 458.
His Improvements, 459

Fallow-Times^ Tables of the Proportion of, allowed at
different Places, iv. 106

Farms, Size, Stock, and other Particulars of, at Hat-
field, i. 13. At OfHey, 21. At Houghton, 27. At
Wooburn, 32. About Wanden, 39. AtBroughton,
43. About Hale-Wefton, 56. Great Catworth, 59.
Aychurch, 62. Stamford, 66. Grantham, 94. Weft
Drayton, 99. Cantler, 108. Doncafter, 116. Eccles-
field, 126. Wooley, 131. Kiddell, 139. Wilbers-
fort, 142. Hatton, 144. Rifby, 151. Srillingfleet,
186. Holdernefs, 210. Howden, 233. Thorne,
236. In the Neighbourhood of Wentworth-Houfe,
302. — Driffield, ii. 1. Ganton, 11. Yeddington-
Bridge, 44. Layftrope, 68. Nunnington, 74.
Kirkby, 90. About Kirkleatham, 138. Gilfdale,
151. Scorton, 162. Gilling, 171. Rookby, ibid.
Fremington, 171. Kiplin, 211. Swinton, 250.
Sleningford, 332. Danby, 344. Afgarth, 422.
About Raby-Caftle, 428. — Gofworth, iii. 13. Mor-
peth, 25. Belford, 29. Hetton, 54. Woller, 63.
Rothbury, 71, Cambo, 73. Glenwelt, 83. High

Afcott,

44*

INDEX.

Afcott, 95. Pciuith, 1 01. Kefwick, 107. Shapp$
113. Burton, 138. Kabers, 152. Garflang, 157.
Bowles, 165. Ormfkirk, 170. Altringham, 180*
Knutsford, 242. Holmes-Chapel, 248. From New-
caftle-under-Line to Stone, 258. Shenftone, 266.
Afton, 272. Hagley, 300. Broomfgrove, 306.
Perfhore, 307. Bendfworth, 318. Moreton, 321.
Benhngton, 352. Henley on Thames, 355. Mai-
denhead, ibid. The Variations obferved in, reduced
to a Table, 379. Average, 402. 404. Deductions,
410. — The Price of Provisions not affected by the
Size of, iv. 279
Farm-Yard, the Duke of Norfolk's, at Workfop, de-
fcribed, i. 239. Remarks on it, 330. — Lord Dar-
lington's at Pvaby-Caftle, ii. 436. Its elegant Front,

439
Farrar, Mr. his Management of Fallows, i. 340
Fatting- Beajfs, the Proportions of, compared with the

Quantities of Land, iv. 221. Average, 232
Fences for Inclofures, Hints for the Choice of, ii. 23*

Proper Situation for in wet Soils, 227. — Mr. Dick-

fon's Management of at Belford, iii. 57. General

Management of at North Mims, with Remarks, 37 1
Fefcue, Purple, not relifhed by Sheep, i. 34
Firing, Table of the Average annual Expence of at

the various Places comprehended in this Tour, iv4

286
Flax, Expences of Culture, and Produce of* at Thorne,

i. 238
Fountaine Abbey, Account of the Ruins of, ii. 301

G.

Ganton, Account of the Hufbandry about that Place,
given by Sir Digby Legard, ii. 9. The general
Prices of Hufbandry- work there, 16. The Wolds
may be improved by inclofing, 25

Gardening, Eftimates of the Profits of at Sandy in Bed-
fordfhire, i. 51. — State of at Hammerfmith, iii. 361

Giljdale, an Ettate of Mr. Turner's, the Hufbandry
there defcribed, ii. 151

GlajS, painted, curious Pieces of, defcribed, i. 45

Glenwehf

INDEX. 449

Gienwett, the Agriculture there defcribed, iii. 83. The
Moor Land Hufbandry, ibid. Account of the Re-
mains of the Roman Wall there, 90

Go/worth, Method of Hufbandry there, iii. 13

Grantham, Method of Hufbandry about there, 94.
Account of Mr. Middlemore's Experiments with,
Lucerne, 87

Grafs-Lam's, Lord Rockingham's A4ethods of ma-
naging, i. 277. — Mr. Smelt's Method of treating,
ii. 237. Lord Holdernefle's Management of, 243.—-
Review of the State of, in the various Places vilited
in this Tour, iv. 149. Deductions, 166

Great Catvoorth, i. 59

Greenland-Boat, a Defcription of that at the Trinity-
Houfe, at Hull, i. 177

Grimjlhorpe, Method of Hufbandry there, i. 77. De-
fcription of the Duke of Ancafter's Park there, 81.
Note.

Grindjlones, Defcription of thofeat Sheffield, i. 123

H.

Hack/all, a Seat of Mr. Aiflabie, defcribed, ii. 306.

Fifher's-Hall, 309. Mowbray-Point, 311
Hagley, the Seat of Lord Lyttelton, defcribed, iii. 281.

State of Hufbandry there, ibid.
Hale-Wejlon, State of Agriculture there, i. 56
HalfeU-Mofs, great Improvement of by Mr. Segar,

iii. 176
Hambledm, Account of the Moors round it, ii. 88
Hammer fmitb, State of Gardening there, iii. 361
Harecajlle, the Inland Navigation conftruited there^

defcribed; iii. 256
Hatfield, Account of Mr. Searancke's Plantation of

Burnet there, i. 2. Soil and Hufbandry there, 13
Haws-Water, near Shapp, defcribed, iii. 131
Hay, the Inconveniencies of Stacking it about the

Fields pointed out, ii.441
Hedges, the proper Situation of, on wet Soils, pointed

out, ii. 227. Impropriety of planting Trees in, 229.

See Fences.
Menley onThames, State of Agriculture there, iii. 355

Vol. IV. G g Herein

45o INDEX.

Herculaneum, References to curious Engravings in trie
Neapolitan Collection of Antiquities found there,

»• 254

Hetton, State of Hufbandry there, iii. 54. Moor Hus-
bandry there, 59. Culture of Carrots by Mr. Wil*
lis, 60

Hewitt* Mr. his Experiments on Carrots, Lucerne,
and Burnet, i. 336

Higb-Afcot, Methods of Hufbandry there, iii. 95

Hoeing of Pulfe and Roots, the Advantages of illuf-
trated, iii. 440

Hogs, expeditioufly fattened with Carrots, i. 337. —
The Proportion of the Numbers kept in the various
Dairies vifited in this Tour, iv. 149. Table of Ave-
rages, 162. Deductions, 166

Holdernefs, View of the Hufbandry there, i. 210. The
Method of draining the wet Land there, 212

Holdernefs, Earl of, his Seat at Hornby-Cattle, with the
Roads round it defcribed, ii. 242. His Management;,
of Grafs Land, 243

Hornby-Caftle, the Seat of the Earl of Holdernefs, de-
fcribed, with the Roads round it, ii. 242

Horfes, a Comparifon between them and Oxen, in the
Article cf Plowing, iv. 134

Horfe-Hces defcribed, i.90. 287. 293. 388

Hovingbam, a Defcription of Mr. Wrottefly's Houfe
there, ii. 88

Houfe-Rent, Tables of, at the various Places vifited in
this Tour, iv. 286

Hovuden., Methods of Agriculture there, i. 233

Hull, Defcription of the Country and Improvements
round that Town, i. 151. The Town and Trade
defcribed, 157. Trinity-Houfe there, 159. AfTem-
bly-Room, 160

Hulls-Water^ near Penrith, defcribed, iii. 131

Hunter, Dr. Defcription of a Drill invented by him,
i. 179. A Rake for opening Furrows, 183. New
Syftem of Hufbandry, 184

Hufbandry, general State of at Hatfield, i. 13. At
Stevenage, 17. At Offley, 21. At Houghton, 27-.
At Wooburn, 28. About Newport Pagnel, 38. At
Aftwick, 46. About Bedford. 49. About Hale

Wcfton,

INDEX. 45r

Wefton, 56. Great Catworth, 59. Grimfthorpe. jj.
Between Grantham and Newark, 94. Weft Dray-
ton, 99. Cantler, 108. Ecclesfield, 126. Wooley,
131. Rifby, 151. York, 186. Stillingfleet, 1&8.
Howden* 233. Lord Rockingham's Kcntifh and
Hertfordfhire Farms, 292. 296. In the Country
round Wentworth-Houfe, 302. — Driffield, ii. 1,
Ganton, 9. Brumpton, 43. Yeddingham Bridge, 44.
Layftrope, 49. About Kirkleatham, 144. Gilfdale,
151. Scorton, 162. Gilling, 163. 171. Frcmingtcn,
198. Kipliiij 198. 231. Swinton, 250. The Mooi -
fide Farms there, 257. Craikhili, 313. Slchingt'ord,
332. Danby, 384. About Raby-Caftlc, 428.-^
Gofworthj iii. 13. Morpeth, 19. Alnwick, 25.
Hetton, 54. Berwick, 62. RothbiJry, 71. Cambo,
78. Glenwelt, 83. Kefwick, 108. Shapp, 115.
JBurton, 138. Knutsford, 242. Holms-Chapel, 24H.
FromNewcaftle-under-Line to Stone, 258. Rudge-
Iey-Bridge, 281. Broomfgrove, 301. Perihorc, 307.
Bendfworth, 310. Moreton, 321. Benfington, 32?.
HenJey on Thames, 352. Maidenhead, 355. Har-
mondfworth, 359. Kenfington, 362. North-Miais,
366. — Aggregate of the Stock, iv. 345. Expenditure
of, 354. Profit, 362

L

'Jerufalem Artichoaks, Produce of an Acre, ii. 226
<imple7nent$ of Hufbandry, Price of at Stevenage, i. 21.
At Offley, 23. AtWooburn, 30. At Aftwick, 47.
At Hale- Wefton, 58. Great Catworth, 62. Ay-
shurch, 64. Stamford, 69. Grantham, 86. Foffen,
96. Weft-Drayton, 101. Cantler, 109. Doncafter,
114. Ecclesfield, 131. Kiddel, 141. Wilbersfort,
144. Hatton, 146. Raby, 170. Stillingfleet, 195.
Holdernefs, 213. Howden, 236. Thorne, 244.
In the Neighbourhood of Wentworth-Houfe. 312.
*— -Driffield, ii. 5. Layftrope, 67. Nunnington, 72.
Kirby, 92. About Kirkleatham, 149. Gilling, 170.
Ropkby., 178. Fremington, 190. Kiplin, 209.
Swinton, 255. Craikhili, 318. SleningforJ, 33O.
-Danby, 389. Afgarth, 42b. About kaby-Caiiie,
G g 2 456,

4$l INDEX.

4^6. — Gofworth, iii. 18. Morpeth, 24. Alnwick,
28. Belford, 36. Hetton, 6i. Woller, 68. Roth-
bury, 76. Cambo, 80. Glenwelt, 88. High-Afcott,
99. Penrith, 106. Kefwick, 112. Shapp, 128.
Burton, 150. Kabers, 157. Garflang, 162. Ormf-
kirk, 175. Altringham, 185. Knutsford, 247.
Holms-Chapel, 251. From Newcaftle-under-Line
to Stone, 264. Shenftone, 271. Afton, 277. Hag-
ley, 299. Broomfgrove, 305. Perfliore, 310. Bendf-
worth, 317. Benfington, 347. North Mims, 376

hick fur es, a Sketch of the Progrefs in making, 222.
Claufes to be added to the A£ts for, 232

Jrwin, Lord, Characters of his Paintings^ at Temple
Newfham, i. 349. Note.

K.

Kendal, the Manufactures carried on there, iii, 133.

Winander-Meer defcribed, 137
Kenfingtox, State of Hufbandry there, iii. 362
Kefwick , the Hufbandry there defcribed, iii. 107. Its

fine Lake, I13. Skiddow, 125
K'iddel, Method of Hufbandry there, i. 139
Kimbohon-Cajlle, the Seat of the Duke of Manchefter,

defcribed, i. 58
Kirkleatham, the Seat of Charles Turner, Efq; ii. 98.

His experimental Agriculture defcribed, 98. 338.

Note.
Kiplin, the Improvements in Hufbandry carried on

there by Mr. Crdwe, ii. 211. The Collection of

Pictures there, 230. Note.
Kniveton, the Seat of the Duke of Leeds, i. 318
Knutsford, a View of the Hufbandry there, iii. 242.

Management of Dairies there, 244. Manufactures

carried on at that Town, 248

L.

Labour, Prices of at Stevenage, i. 20. At Offley, 23.
At Houghton, 28. At Wooburn, 30. AtWanden,
43. At Broughton, 45. At Aftwick, 47. About
Btddenhajn, 48. Hale-Wefton, 58. Great Cat-

wwth,

INDEX.

worth, 6r. Aychurch, 63. Stamford, 69. Grimf-
thorpe, 82. Grantham, 86» FofTen, 96. Newark,
98. Weft-Dray ton, 101. Cantler, 109. Doncafter,
114. Sheffield, 115. Leeds, 137. Kiddel, 14s.
"Wilbersfort, 244. Hatton, 146. Kirby, j 71. Stil-
lingfleet, 194. Holdernefs, 213. Howden, 235.
Thorne, 243. Around Wentworth-Houfc, 311.— .
Driffield, ii. 4. Yeddingham-Bridge, 47. Layftrope,
63. Nunnington, 70. Kirby, 92. About Kirklca-
tham, 148. Scorton, 169, Gilling, 170. Rookby,
177, Fremington, 190. Kiplin, 207, 208. Swinton,
255. Craikhiil, 317. Sleningford, 336. Danbv, 388.
Afgarth, 426. About Raby-Caftfe, 455,— Gof-
worth, iii. 18. Morpeth, 24. Alnwick, 28. Belford,
37. Hetton, 60. Woller, 67. Rothbury, 75. Cam-
bo, 80. Glenwelt, 87. Kigh-Afcott, 99. Penrith,
105. Kefwick, in. Shapp, 126. Burton, 150-
Kabers, 156. Garflang, 162. Ornnfkirk, 174.
Altringham, 185. Of the Manufacturers at Man-
chefter, 188. Knutsford, 247. Holms-Chapel, 251.
The Potters at Burflem, 254. From Newcaitle-
under-Line to Stone, 263. Sher.ftone, 271. Afton,
277. Manufacturers at Birmingham, 279. Hagley,
299. Broomfgrove, 304. Perfhore, 309. Bendf-
worth, 316. Moreton, 324

Labourers, Enquiry into the Complaints of the Scarcity
of, i. 174

Lancajler, trading State of that Town, iii. 152

Land, Tables of the Soil, Rent, and Produce of, in
the various Parts of this Tour, iii. 378. Tables of
the general Averages, 402. Deductions, 410. — ■
Table of the Purchafe and Rent of, at various
Places, iv. 337. Aggregate View 0^341. Reaibns
for keeping the Rent of high, 344

Layftrope, the Method of Husbandry praclifed there,
ii. 50

Lea/owes, the Seat of Mr. Shenftone, defcribed, iii.
279. Note.

Leeds, Price of Neceffaries there, i. 132. Account of
the Cloth Trade there, 137

Leeds, Duke of, Defciiption of his Seat at Kniveton,
i. 318. Note.

G g 3 Ltgar&i

454 INDEX.

:/, Sir Digby, his Account of the Hufbandry
about Ganton, ii. 9. His Culture of GraiTes, 25.
His Hints for improving the Wolds, 30
fagd, Mr. of Layltrope, his Courfe of Hufbandry, ii.

Levelling of Land, Deicription of an Instrument for, i.

106. — Another for the fame Purpoie, ii. 95
Llghtfoot, Mr. his Hufbandry on a Moorfide Farm at

Swinton, ii. 259
Lime found to bo an improper Manure for Turneps%

i. 92. — ^Experiment proving it an improper Manure,

ii. 226. Lord Darlington's Method of Manuring

with, 443. — See Manure.
JLlcucrice, a Defcription of the Culture of, about Pon-

tefracr, i. 342. Eftimate of the Expences and Profit

oni 34-5 •;

Litchfield. Lord, his Seat at Ditchley defcribed, iii. 325.
Note.

^Live-Stock, Tables of the Proportions of, kept on the.
various Farms vifited in this Tour, i'v. 208. Tabic
of Recapitulation, 218. Tables fubdividing the va-
rious Species of, 219. Table of Average, 228. Re-
capitulation, 234

Liverpool., j:s public Buildings, Trade, and Shipping,
iii. 167. Price of Provifions there, 169

LoGi?iy-Scils, a Table of the Proportions of Plowing
ufed on, at different Places, iv. 135

Lai-ether, Sir James, his Houfe and new Town de-
fc"'u d iii. 113

Lwcerm j "\:vperi;nents with at Wooburn, i. 36. By Sir
Philip MolyneJx at Sandy, 55. His Machine for
harrowing it defcribed, 82. By Mr. Middlemore.
near Grantham, 97. Mr. Hewett's Experiments
with, 339. — Mr. Turner's Culture of, ii. 134.
Capt. Dzjtcn's Experiments with, 342. ' Experi-
ments on by Mr. Scroope of Danby, 371. — By Mr.
Pe: ny at ilendfworth, ii'i. 320. — A Review of the
h. • ; >?rimen;.s with, fpecified in this Tour, iv. 65
■ n Hoo, the Seat of the Earl of Bute, defcribed, i. 24
?r, Account of his Experiments in Agriculture at
JJawtry, i. 102. Cabbages, Hid. Carrots, 105.

Lucerne^,

INDEX. 455

I,uccrne, ibid. Dutch Clover, ibid. Dpfcription of
his Machine for levelling it, 106
Lyttelton, Lord, Defcription of his Seat at Hagley,
iii. 381. Note.

M.

gladder, Experiments with, by Mr. Scroope of Danby,
ii. 380

Manchejler, Account of the Manufactures there, iii.
187. Wages of Manufacturers, 188. The high
Price of Provifions beneficial to the Trade, 189

Manchejler, Duke of, his Seat at Kimbolton-Caftle de-
fcribed, i. 58. Note.

Manufacturers, Tables of the Prices of their Labour at
various Towns, iv. 321. General Review of, 390

Manure, the various Kinds of, ufed in that Part of
Yorkfhire round Wentworth-Houfe, i. 305. — Mr.
Turner's Trials of, ii. 138. Mr. Scroope's Expe-
riments with, 381. — Method of ufing at Altring-
ham, iii. 180. — Ufed about North-Mims, 368.—
General Remarks on, iv. 331

Marie, vaft Quantities of in Lancafhire, iii. 158.
Manner of ufing, and Expence of, 180

Medica, prickly edged, Account of Experiments with
atWooburn, 133

Methley, the Seat of Lord Mexborough, defcribed,
i. 347. Note.

Middlemore, Mr. Account of his Culture of Lucerne
near Grantham, i. 87. His Machine for harrowing
it defcribed, 88. His Culture of Cabbages for feed-
ing Cattle, ibid. Defcription of his. Machine for
hoeing Turneps, 90. His fpiky Roller defcribed, 93

Middleton, the Situation of this Village defcribed, ii. 179

Mill, Corn, Defcription of the Duke of Bridgwater's
at Worfley, iii. 229

A'Jiw'h a Character of that Clafs of People, ii. 261.
How converted into induftrious Farmers at Swin~
ton, 262. See Croft.

Mirabeau, M. de, Examination of his Opinion as to
the Merits of Plowing with Horfes or Oxen, iv. 147,
Note,

Q g 4 M'&

456 INDEX.

Mole an J Ant-Hills, Defcription of a Machine for cut*
ting up, i. 169

Molineux, Sir Philip, his Method of cultivating Lur
cerne, i. 55

Montgomery Metham, Sir George, his Seat and Im-
provements near Beverley defcribed, i. 150. Note.

M.ors, inYcrkihire, the Nature of defcribed, i. 239.
Property in, how regulated, 240. Method of pre-
paring for Tillage, 241. — How improved by Lord
Darlington, ii. 179. By Mr. Ellerkcr, of Freming-
ton, 192. The different Species of defcribed, 259.
Mr. Danby's Scheme for the Cultivation of at Swin-
ton, 261. See Croft. Hints for inclofing of, 277.
Eftimate of Charges and Profit, 279. The Rev. Mr.
Dalton's Improvements of at Hawkefwell, 329. Mr.
Scroope's Improvements atDalton, 395. — Improve-
ment of at Waren, iii. 53. At Hetton, 59. At
Glenwelt, 89

Moreton, State of Hufbandry there, iii. 321

Moreton- Bridge, Defcription of the Duke of Bridg-
water's Navigation there, iii. 222

Morpeth, Methods of Hufbandry there, iii. 19

Morret, Mifs, Defcription of her Needlework Copies
of Paintings, i. 186. Note.

Mujlard, cultivated about Durham, iii. 1

Myer, Mr. Particulars of his Method of Hufbandry,
ii. 210

N.

Newark, Character of that Town, i. 97. Hufbandry

about there, ibid.
NeivcajHe-upcn-Tyne, fliort Account of its Trade, iii. 6
N:vjcajUe-under-Line, the Manufactures carried on

there, iii. 258. State of Agriculture between that

Town and Stone, 259
Newport- Pagnel, State of Hufbandry there, i. 38
Norfolk, Duke of, his Seat at Workfop defcribed, i.

328. Plan and Defcription of his Farm-Yard, 329.

Remarks on this Yard, 330. The Pleafure-Ground,

332
North- Mi ms, Methods of Hufbandry there, iii. 366,
Tnc various Sorts of Manure ufed there, 368

North-

INDEX. 457

Northumberland, general Remarks on the Hufbandry
there, iii. 91

Nunnington, the Hufbandry there, ii. 68

O.

Oats, Tables of the Quantity of Seed fowed at various
Places compared with the Crops, iv. 93

Offley, Method of Hufbandry there, i. 21

Onions, Method of cultivating in the Gardens qf San-
dy* J-53- Profits on, 55

Oxen, the Profit of feeding them with Cabbages, iv.
42. The Quantity eaten by, 47. Merits of ufing
their Labour in Plowing, compared with that of
Horfes, 144

Qxford, a Description of the Paintings left by the late
General Guife to, iii. 327. The Paintings at Chrift-
Church, 343. Radclifr'e Library, ibid. The Pidure
Gallery, 344. Pomfret Statues, 348. Bronzes, 351.
Note.

P.

Paintings, a Defcription of thofe at Wooburn- Abbey,
i. 31. At Kimbolton-Caftle, 58. At Burleigh-
Houfe, 65. At the Duke of Ancafter's Seat at
Grimfthorpe, 83. At Belvoir-Caftle, 93. Went-
worth-Cafile, 128. Trinity-Houfe at Hull, 159.
Wentworth-Houfe, 253. Kniveton 318. Welbeck,
323. Work fop, 328. Temple-Newfham, 349. By-
rom, 355. Notes. — Caftle-Howard,ii.47. Duncombe
Park, 73. Mr. Wrottefley's at Hovingham, 88.
Rookby, 171. Kiplin, 230. Mr. Danby's at Swin-
ton, 290. — Cocken, iii. 1. Wallington, 81. Hagley,
286. Ditchley, 325. Of the late General Guife at
Oxford, 327. At Chrifr-Church, 343. The Picture
Gallery at Oxford, 344. In the Bodleian Library,

353- Notes-
Pcafe, Tables of the Quantities of Seed fowed at va-
rious Places, compared with the Produce of the
Crop, iv. 97
Fennel, Mount, fine Profpecl from, ii. 421
Fenny, Mr. Innkeeper at Bendfworth, Experiments by
him in Hufbandry, iii. 318

Penrith,

458

INDEX.

Penrith, State of Agriculture about, iii. 101

Pigeons-Dung, Lord Rockingham's Experiments with
on Grafs Land, i. 306

Ploughs, Drill, defcribed, i. 180. 283. 300. A Paring
one defcribed, 317

Plowing, Remarks on the Method of, between New-
port Pagnel and Thrapftonc, i. 59. At Rifby, i6r.
About Stillingfleet, 1 89. In the Neighbourhood of
Wentworth-Houfe, 303. — Driffield, ii. 1. Lay-
ftrope, 51. Kirkleatham, 144. Scorton, 156. Gil-
ling, 164. Kiplin, 212. Swinton, 250. Craikhill,
314. 320. About Raby-Caftle, 431. — Gofwerth,
iii. 13. Morpem, 19. Alnwick, 26. Hetton, 54. 58.
Berwick, 63. Rothbury,7r. 73. Cambo, 77. Glen-
welt, 84. High Afcott, 96. renrith, 101. Burton,
140. Kabers, 152. 154. Altringham, 179. Afton,
273. Hagley, 283. Broomfgrove, 302. Bendf-
worth, 3 ir. Mcreton, 321. Benfington, 330.
• -Kenfington, 363. North Mims, 367. 371. — Re-
view of the Methods and Proportions of, at dif-
ferent Places, iv. 115. Comparifon of, on different
Soils, 134

Pcniefratt, the Culture of Liquorice there defcribed,

Poor-Rates, Tables of, at various Places, compared
with the Price of Labour and Provifions, iv. 323.
Deductions, 328

Population, Tables of, on the various fized Farms
found in the Compafs of this Tour, iv. 236. Reca-
pitulation, 246- Deductions, 247. Corollary, 254.
Aggregate of, 373. General Remarks, 420

Porcelane, State of the Manufacture of, at Worcefter,
ii r- 306

Poili/id, Duke of, his Seat at Welbeck defcribed, i.
319. Hints relating to Hufbandry recommended,

327
Potatoes, Efhmate of the Expence of cultivating and

- Profits on, at Sandy in Bedfordfhire, i. 54. Ditto*
about Stillingfleet in Yorkshire, 191. — Mr. Turner's
Experiments in the Culture of, ii. 132. Mr. Crowe's
Method of cultivating, 224. Mr. Smelt's, 241.

< Regifter of Capt. Dahon's Experiments with, 338.

Exn,e-

INDEX. 459

Experiments with by Mr. Scroope of Danby, 370,
— At Gofworth, iii. 14. Culture of at Morpeth, 20.
Belford, 31. Glenwelt,84. Penrith, 107. Kefwick,
108. Orrnfkirk, 171. Knutsford, 243.— Tables of
the Produce and Management of, in the various
Places included in this Tour, iv. 1. Tables of Ave-
rages, 11. Deductions, 13

Produce of Land, Tables of the various Quantities
within the Compafs of this Tour, iii. 378. Ave-
rages, 402. Deductions, 410. — Average of Farms
inclofed according to their Rent, iv. 256. Recapi-
tulation, 264.. Deductions, 265. Aggregate of, 340*
Deductions, 351

Provifions, Prices of, at Hatfield, i. 16. At Stevenage,
21. AtOffley, 24. At Houghton, 28. AtWoo-
burn, 30. At Wanden, 42. At Broughton, 45.
About Biddenham, 48. At Hale Wefton, 58. Great
Catworth, 61. Aychurch, 63. Stamford, 70.
Grimfthorpe, ' 82. Grantham, 86. FofTen, 97.
Newark, 98. Weft Drayton, 101. Cantler, 109.
Doncafter, 114. Rotherham, 1 16. Ecclesfield, 130.
Leeds, ibid. Wooley, 134. Wakefield, 136. Kid-
del, 141. Wilbersfort, 144. Hatton, 145. Rifby,
171. Stillingfleet, 195. Howden, 236. Thorne,
243. In the Neighbourhood of Wentworth-Houfe,
313. — Driffield ii. 6. Honnanby, 8, Layftrope, 67.
Nunnington, 72. Kirby, 93. About Kirkleatham,
150. Scorton, 161. Gilling, 170. Rookby, 178.
Brough, 186. F remington, 191. Kiplin, 209.
Swinton, 256. Craikhill, 318. Sleningford, 336.
Danby, 389. Afgarth, 427. Raby-Caflle, 456.
— Newcaftle, iii. 12. Morpeth, 25. Alnwick, 29.
Belford, 36. Hetton,6i. Berwick, 62. Woller, 69.
Rothbury, 75. Cambo, 80. Glenwelt, 88. High
Afcot? 100. Penrith, 106. Kefwick, 112. Shapp,
129. Kendal, 136. Burton, 151. Kabers, 157.
Garflang, 163. Warrington, 165. Liverpool, 169.
Altringham, 186. Knutsford, 247. Holms-Chapel,
252. Newcaftle-under-Line, 258. Thence to
Stone, 264. Shenftone, 272. Alton, 278. Hagley,
299. Broomfgrove, 305. Perftiore, 309. Bendf-
)¥orth,3i7. Moreton, 324. Benfington, 348. Hen-
ley

46o I N D E X.

ley on Thames, 355. Maidenhead, 358. Har-
mondfworth, 361. Kenfington, 365. North Mims,
376. — Tables of the feveral Prices at the various
Places above fpecified, iv. 275. How varied by
Diftance from the Metropolis, 279. Deductions,
284. Compared with the Price of weekly Labour,
297

Rrovifant, the high Price of, beneficial to the Manu-
facturers at Manchefter, iii. 189.-— Extended gene-
rally, iv. 311

Pulfe and Roots, Tables of the Produce of, in the va-
rious Places comprehended in this Tour, iii. 440*
Tables of Average, 446, Deductions, 447

R.

Raby-Cajlle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington, a De-
fcription of, ii. 428. The Park, 430. — Radcliffe
Library at Oxford, a Defcription of, iii. 343. The
Picture Gallery, 344. Note.

Rake, a Horfe, for cleaning Fallows defcribed, ii. 227

Ramfden, Sir John, Account of his Paintings at By-
rom, i. 355. Remarks on his Hufbandry, 356

Rape, a Table of the Average Product of, iii. 451

Rent of Land, Tables of the various Rates of, within
the Compafs of this Tour, iii. 378. 413. Tables of
Average, 402. Recapitulation, 410. Deductions,
ibid. — Arguments in favour of railing, iv. 376

Richmond, fine Views from thence defcribed, ii. 162.
197. Note.

Rljby, Courfe of Hufbandry there, i. 160. Great At-
tention paid to Manure, 163. Remarks on the Huf-
bandry of this Part of the County of York, 216

Reads, Remarks on the State of, i. 46. From Bedford
to Northill, 50. Between Grimfthorpe and Coltf-
wcrth, 83. Stamford to Tuxford, 99. Rotherham
to Sheffield, 122. About Mull, 156. Pontefracl to
Methley, 349. — Beverley to Driffield, ii. 1. Dun-
combe-Park, 73. Hornby-Caftle, 242. Swinton,
297. — General Review of thoie pailed through in
(his Tour, iv. 423

Rockln^ham^

INDEX. 461

Rockingham, Marquis of, his Palace at Wentworth,
i. 159. The Pyramid, 267. Improves the Hufban-
dry in his Neighbourhood, 272. Hii Method of
Draining defcribed, 274. His Method of laying
down and keeping Grafs Land, 27J. New Initru-
ments introduced by him, 283. His Kentifh Farm,
292. His Hertfordihire Farm, 298. General State
of Hufoandry in the Country round his Seat, 303.
Remarks on this Agriculture, 313

Rollers, lpiky, defcribed, i. 93. 289

Rookby, the Seat of Sir Thomas Robinfon, defcribed,
ii. 173

Roots. See Carrots, Turneps, and Pulfe.

Rothbury, Method of Culture there, iii. 71

Rotherham, Account of the Iron Works there, i. 115.
Pottery there, 116. Successful Culture of Cabbages
there, 117

Ruins, ornamental, the juft Stile of, pointed out,
ii. 301

Rye, Tables of the Quantity of the Seeds foweu at
various Places, compared with the Produce of Crops,
iv. 89

S.

Sainfoin, Account of Mr. Hewett's Experiments with,
i. 340.— How cultivated at Benfington, iii. 351. —
A Review of the Experiments with, obferved in this
Tour, iv. 72

Sale-Moor, the Duke of Bridgwater's Navigation at
that Place defcribed, iii. 234. Plan of the Duke's
intended Canal from thence to Stockport, 236

Salt, its Efficacy as a Manure to Grafs, i. 291

Sand, Defcription of the Duke of Bridgwater's Ma-
chine for lifting, for the Ufe of his Works on the
Inland Navigation, iii. 230

Sandy in Bedfordfhire, the Parifh of, famous for Gar-
dens, i. 51. Calculations of the Profits of, ibid.

Sandy Soils, a Courfe of Crops recommended for, i.
200. Table of the Proportions of Plowing ufed on,
at different Places, iv. 134

Scarborough^ general Character of that Town, ii. 8

Scar;-

462 I N T5 E &

Scarificator •, five-coultered, Defcription of Mr.- Scro'ope'*
it Danby, li. 381

I orton, the Methods of Hufbandry there defcribed^
K. 155. Account of the Terms of the Boarding
School there, 162

Scro.pe, Efqj Simon, of Danby, his Experiments with
Cabbages, ii. 344. Principles deduced from thefe
Experiments, 359. His Experiments with Potatoes,
370. Lucerne, 371. Carrots, 372. Drilled Wheat,
373. Drilled Beans, 376. Garden Stuff drilled*
379. Madder, 380. His hollow Drains,* ibid. De-
fcription of his five-coultered Scarificator, 381.
General Method of Tillage, 390. His Improvement
of Moor Land, 396

Searanche, Mr. Account of his Culture of Burnet, i. 2

Seed, Tables of the Quantities of Grain and Pulfe
fowed at various Places, compared with the Produce
of Crops, iv. 81. Average of, 85. Deduction, 86

Segar, Mr. of Barton-Houfe, Account of his Improve-
ments of Hallell-Mofs, iii. 175

Servants, a Table of the Average Wages of, at various
Places, iv. 298. Expences of the Boarding, Warn-
ing, and Lodging them, 320

Sheep, the Merits of different Species compared, ii.
129. Eftimate of the Profits on, at Kiplin, 203.
Mr. Crowe's Profit on, 216. — The Profit of feeding
them with Cabbages, iv. 46. A Review of the Pro-
portions and Management of, in the various Parts*
vifited in this Tour, 169. Deductions, 176. The
Management of on Moor Farms, 180

Sheffield, Account of the Manufactures carried on
there, i. 122

Shenjlone, State of Hufbandry there, iii. 271

Shenjione, Mr. a Defcription of his Houfe at Leafowes,

..»»• 279

Sijfon, Mr. of Cafterton, Account of his Experiment

with Burnet, i. 71
Skiddozu Mountain defcribed, iii. 125
Sleningford, Method of Hufbandry there, ii. 332
Sluice, for draining Water from wet Lands into the Sea

at Hull, defcribed, i. 212

Smdty

INDEX. 46$

Smelt, Mr. his Culture of Cabbages clefcribed, ii. 231.
His Management of Grafs Land, 237. His Trial of
Buckwheat as a Manure, 239. His Experiment with
Potatoes, 240

Soil, Tables of the various Kinds of, found in this
Tour, iii. 379. Proportions of Plowing ufed on,
134. Average, 286

St. Neots, Defcription of that Town, and beautiful
Profpecl: there, i. 55

Stamford, Defcription of the Town and Country round,
i. 64. View of the Hufbandry there, 67

Statues, Pomfret, at Oxford, defcribed, iii. 348

Stevenage, State of the Hufbandry there, i. ij

Stilling fleet, State of the Hufbandry there, i. 186.
Courfe of Crops recommended for the fandy Soils
there, 200. Advice with regard to the wet Lands
and Paftures there, 207

Strafford, Earl of, his Seat at Went worth-Caftle de-
fcribed, i. 127. Note.

Strickland, Sir George, Account of his Woollen Ma-
nufactures, ii. 16

Studley-Park, the Seat of Mr. Aiflabie defcribed, ii.
300. Note.

Swinton, the Hufbandry there defcribed, ii. 250, Ac-,
eount of the Colliers Farms there, 262

T.

Tares, Lord Darlington's Experiment of feeding Sheep

with, 434
Taxes, Eftimate of the total Amount of, iv. 382.

Conclufions from, 385
Teafels, Culture and Produce of at Stillingfleet, i. iai
Tees, a beautiful Fall of that River defcribed, ii. 181
Temple -Newjham, the Seat of Lord Irwin, defcribeJ, i.

349, Note,
Timber Trees, profitable Remarks on the Planting

and Culture of, ii. 20
Tools of Agriculture, Eftimate of the Wear of, at the

various Places comprejiejasied in this Tour, iv. 286.

Se? Implements ^

TltCktTy

464 I N D E X.

Tucker, Samuel, Efq; Account of his Culture of Cab-
bages, i. 116. Beautiful Landfcape from his
Grounds, 121

Turneps, Defcription of a Machine for hoeing, i. 90.
Lime proved to be an improper Manure for, 92. —
The Advantages of hoeing them proved by Com-
parifon with their Produce unhoed, ii. 220. — De-
fcription of Mr. Clarke's Machine for flicing, iii.
49. His Method of cultivating at Belford, 59.
Tables of the Produce and Management of at the
various Places comprehended in this Tour, 426.
Tables of Averages, 440

Turner, Charles, Efq; his Seat at Kirkleatham de-
fcribed, ii. 98. Account of the Hofpital founded by
SirWilliam,ioi. The School and Church, 103. The
Improvements executed by the prefent Gentleman,
J04. His experimental Agriculture, 105. Cabbages,
106. Clover, 123. His Comparifon of the Merits
of the different Species of horned Cattle, 126.
Sheep, 129. His great Encouragement of the in-
duftrious Poor, ibid. His Experiments with Carrots,
131. Lucerne, 134. His Courfe of Crops, ibid. Tur-
neps, 136. Manure, 137. Potatoes, ibid. Tillage,
139. State of his Farm, 140. Account of his Eftate
at Gilfdale, 151

Tumwrijl Plough defcribed, i. 297

Tyne, a Defcription of that River, at Newcaftle, iii.
it

Tythes, a Table of the State of, at various Places, iv.
334. Remarks deduced from, 336

W.

Wages cf Servants ; Table of the Average Rate of, at

various Places, iv. 298
Wakefield, State of Trade, and Price of NecefTaries

there, i. 137
Walllngton, the Seat of Sir Walter Blackett, defcribed,

iii. 81. Note.
Waren, Improvement of Moorland there, iii. 53
Warrington, Account of the Sail- Cloth Manufacture

there, iii. 163

Waterford,

INDEX. 465

Waterford, the Duke of Bridgwater's Navigation there

defcribed, iii. 283
Watfon, Mr. Defcription of his Pleafure-Ground at

Cottingham, i. 152
Wedgwood, Mr. of Burflem, Account of his Pottery

for his Cream-coloured Ware, iii. 253
Wentvuortb-Cafllc, the Seat of the Earl of Strafford,

defcribed, i. 127. The Park, and Plantations, 134
JVentwortb-Hotife, the Palace of the Marquis of Rock-
ingham, defcribed, i. 245. The Park, 279. The
Pyramid, 267
Wejl-Drayton, the Hufbandry there defcribed, i. 19
Wharton, Mr. of Doncafter, his Experiments with

Cabbages, i. no. Potatoes, n I. Carrots^ ibid.
JFIieat, drilled, Experiments of, by Mr. Scroope of
Danby, ii. 273. Tables of the Seed fowed at va-
rious Places compared with the Produce in Crops,
86
Wbittington, Mr. at Stevenage, State of his Farm, i. 20
TVilbersfort, State of Agriculture there, i. 142
JVilkie, Mr. of Hetton, his Culture of Carrots, iii. 60
V/ilJ'on, Mr. of Ayton, Account of his Experiments
at, Agriculture, and Machines, ii. 94. His Culture
of Cabbages, 96
Winander-Meer, a Defcription of, iii. 137
Wolds, Sir Digby Legard's Scheme for improving, ii.

27. Plan ani Defcription of inclofed, 30
Wooburn- Abbey, the Seat of the Duke of Bedford, de-
fcribed, i. 31. The Park, 40. Note.
Wooley, the Hufbandry there defcribed, i. 131
JVorceJier, Manufactures carried on there, iii. 306
Workjop, the Seat of the Duke of Norfolk, i. 32S.
The Farm-Yard, 329. The Pleafure-Ground, 332
Worfeley, z Defcription of the Duke of Bridgwater's
Navigation there, iii. 224. The fubterranean Canal
to the Coal-Mine, 2x5
Wrottejley, Mr. a Defcription of his Houfe at Hoving-
ham, ii. 88. Note.

Vol. IV. Hh Y.

466

INDEX.

Y.

Yeddington- Bridge, Account of the Methods of Hus-
bandry there, ii. 44

Torkj the Dimcnfions of the Minfter, i. 178. Chap-
ter-Houle defcribed, 181. Caffle, ibid. AiTembly-
Room, 182. Mifs Morrett's Needlework. Copies of
Paintings, 186. Note.

York) Mr. Defcription of his Gardens at Richmond,
ii. 162

YorkfrAre, Remarks on the Hufoandry praclifed in the
Eaft Riding, i. 215. Courfe of Crops recommended
for their dry Land, 219. Remarks on Inclofures,
222. The Nature of the Moors defcribed, 239.
Hufbandry how improved in the Weft Riding, by
the Marquis of Rockingham, 272. General View
of the Hufbandry in the Neighbourhood of Went-
wcrth-Houfe, 3C2

Yotnig-Cafth, Table of the Average Quantities of, on
different fized Farms, iv. 222. Summary, 227.

N

Jufl pubtijhed, by the Author of this /

Printed for W. Str ah an ; W. Nicoll, N°. 51, in St. Paul's
Church-Yard ; T. Cadell, in the Strand; B. Collins,
at Salisbury ; and J. Balfou r, at Edinburgh, )

I.

Tn Two Volumes, Oftavo, Price 10?. 6d. in Boards,

IlluRrated with Plans of Farm Yards, and Sections of the necef-

fary Buildings,

The FAR M E R ' s G U I D E in

Hiring and Stocking FARM S.

Containing, An Examination of many Subjects of great Im-
portance both to the common Hufbandman, in hiring a Fa^m ;
and to a Gentleman on taking the Whole, or Part of his Eltate
into his own Hand;.

P A R T I C

The S'gns whereby to judge
of Land.

The Points to be attended to
in hiring a Farm.

The Quantity or Land of
every Sort proportioned to
a given Sum of Money.

'The moll advantageous Me-
thod of difpofing of. any
Sum from 50 1, to 20,000 1.

U L A R L V

in Husbandry on cultivated

or uncultivated Soils.
The Means of rendering

Agriculture as profitable to
j Gentlemen, as to common

Farmers ; and as beneficial
j a Profefiion as any other.
Hints to thofc Gentlemen

who farm for Pk'afure
I alone.

II.

ESSAYS, for which the Society for the Encouragement
of Arts, Manufactures, and c*.„wr,ercet adjudged the Pre-
miums of GOLD MEDALS, vi*.
A N

ESSAY on the Management of H O G S.

Second Edition, with Additions, including Expe-
riments on Rearing and Fattening of them.

AND A N

ESSAY on the Culture of COLESEED,

FOR.

Feeding Sheep and Cattle, including Experiments.

Publimed by Defire of the Society for the Encouragement of
Fubliihed uy Manuf„ftures, and Commerce.

* * In this'EiTay, Fa-mers in all Sorts of Soils will find Di-
A&Toni founded on Experiment lor breeding and keeping very
la leS ocHof Swine, without the Affiance of Dtiriey and
Ifo' the Means of carrying Dairy Farms to the .«»oft Profi ;
the Utility of Clover, Lucerne, and other artificial Grafles, 1*
fading Hogs, is proved ; and likewiie that of Carrots, frarfoips,
Pr.raroP9 &c &c. &c. Price 2s. fe^ed.

TT/TheEffay on Colefeed may be had alone, Pace is.

III.

Handfomely printed in Two Volumes, O&avo,

Illuftrated with Copper-Plates,

The Third Edition, Corrected and Enlarged, of

The FARMERS LETTERS to the
PEOPLE of ENGLAND.

Containing the Sentiments of a Practical Hufbandman, on
various Subje&s of great Importance : Particularly

VOL. II.

On railing large Sums of Mo-
ney by improving Eftates.

On the Methods of raifing the
Rental of Eftates.

On various Improvements ;
fuch as Draining, Manur-
ing, Fencing ; and raifing
new Buildings, or remedy-
ing the Inconveniencies of
.old ones.

Of Paring, Burning, Liming,
Sec.

On improving feveral Sorts
of Wafte Lands, Moors,
Downs, Wolds, &c. &c.

VOL. I
The Exportation of Corn.
The Balance of Agriculture

and Manufactures.
The prel'ent State of Hufban-

dry.
The Circumftances attending

la'ge and imall Farms.
The prefent State of the Poor.
The price of Provifions.
The Proceedings of the So-
ciety for the Encouragement

of Arts, &c.
The Importance of Timber

and Planting.
Emigrations to the Colonies.
The Means of promoting the

Agriculture and Population

of Great Britain.

TO WHICH ARE ADDED,

SY LV£; or, Occafibnal Traces on Hufbandry
and Rural Oeconorr.ics.
The Whole calculated to fhew the great Profit attending the
Improvement of Eftates, both in cultivated and uncultivated
Countries. , ^ , ,

27* En.--; °S '»eGeot}*™»n ' Magmoe gives tfofo'Iowitt*
, _ Char after of the Fir ft Volume of this Work.

Too much cannot be faid in Recommendation of thefe Let-
ters. Our Nobility and great Statesmen fhould read them,
as the Wnter has delivered his Opinion on Subjects which near-
ly concern his Fellow Subjects as an independent People, and
every iinjoyment in Life as any People at all.

"Our Representatives fhouid read them, not for their
own baIcc-8 as Individuals only, but as Legiflators, in order to
confirm themfelves, from this mafterly Chain of Reafonine, in
the true Principles of Legiflation and Government.
. ' Our Farmers, let their Stock of Knowledge from Expe-
rience be as great as their Vanity would have it, may yet gather
from thefe Letters many Things ufefnl, and fome that will well
rer«a^r. for the Time they employ 'n the Perufal.

TheMANUFACTURER, the leaft likely of anv to hope for
lltrudion from fuch a VVork, will not wholly read them in vain.
1 his able Wnter has, with great Force of Argument, found-
ed upon juft and folid Principles, endeavoured to remove thofe
popular Prejudices which at this critical Time arc the moft pre-
valent." r

~<NC BA Th;e ?econd Volume is fold alone, to complete the Sets
Of the Purthafeii of the former Editions.

Inftr

62

8 5

11

^

ot

'N'T'

^S

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

Return this material to the library

from which it was borrowed.

QLJAN 1 3 199f7
®- OCT 0 6 200,

UNI

LOS ANGELA

3 1158 00951 9678

■■■...»

A 000 007 852 *