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Might mannnnnnnannnnn WAAnananannananars ee EHNA anna one a An , nnn AANAAMANA Nin. canannnan Natale AARAAAARAAAAL AAAAgAL A Wares AAAa nv aaaaAns AA Aidiiididigaereriewaanaacc ecg ON aunt A na A A anaia | Naas ARRER A ARR Aaah AAAAA ARARAaAn MMWMAAARALaaaAaAAAA aa na rn AA MAM ARaaa TN AAAAAAR 9 AAA AAA; ae RA A Sash Ane A> seen nnettantt nc MM | A aarAnr Arann PIAA An AAnannnnan nae” 5 OR ARARARNARAAR AL AA NAAAA All sbhase AA S| AAAAR A AR VAD AAA MANA AANAAAAAAYL Va AEA Aye Aas snnnnaecrMtnwna ca scossscoaaeseaantnaatananten Be Pi A Man nnnnn A AN) RONAN aa, Anaganccs cen no oc ocanrcnanton sR AMAR tanawAnana ate bee * ALE A «. Aary- AAAaAsas 2 Ore ORO ar anne Be me OS . rs eee ok Pa ate || : J A te [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. xix, pp. 338-364, 1878.] SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC WORK OF PRO- FESSOR CHARLES FREDERIC HARTT, BY RICHARD RATHBUN. In the death of Professor Charles Frederic Hartt, chief of the Geological Commission of the Empire of Brazil, we recognize one of the saddest losses science has recently suffered. Prof. Hartt was just in the prime of life, full of vigor, with a mind already richly stored with the results of more than twenty years of almost constant exploration and investigation. Had he been advanced in years, with his labors nearly completed, although he might have become more endeared to us through longer association and friendship, yet we could then have consoled our- selves with the thought that he had finished the work he laid out for himself. But such was not the case; he left the great work of his life only just begun. His time was wholly: given to the solution of some of the most intri- cate problems in the fields of science and the arts, but only here and there, in his short publications, do we catch glimpses of the inexhaustible store of facts he had accumulated and theories he had devised. He was at one time an active member of this Society, and a student at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, and nowhere did he have a larger circle of sympathetic friends, than among his scientific associates at these two institutions, some of whom were students with him under Prof. Agassiz. To these, and to his co-workers everywhere, it would be needless for me to eulogize his character. He was hard-working, unselfish, and affec- tionate, never overbearing to his inferiors, but ever 4 showing the same respect for those laboring under him as for his equals. His deep sense of right caused him to weigh the claims of others generally more fairly than his own, and to his own loss. He was gifted to a won- derful degree with an original and inventive mind; while his early training laid a firm foundation for a life of great usefulness. Thus richly endowed he had started upon a most enviable career, and gave promise of attaining the highest eminence. His tastes were varied, leading him into natural science, language, art, and music, in all of which he accomplished original work of the highest grade. He loved study, and always entered with his whole soul into the investigation of whatever subject interested him. He was filled with a noble ambition and actuated by the purest purposes, and thus ever sought to advance the interests of science without thought of per- sonal gain. In his short life he accomplished much, but so great was his confidence in the future, that he with- held the publication of many of his discoveries until they should be further developed and _ perfected, little expecting so sudden a termination of his work. Although linguistic studies, as well as art and music, were to him favorite subjects of investigation, they were generally treated from a scientific stand-point, and were made subordinate to the more special field of inquiry, geology, to which he early became enthusiastically devoted. With an ever increasing love for scientific research, which finally came to absorb his whole atten- tion, he died a martyr to science. Eminently successful as a teacher, his students shared his deep enthusiasm, and his influence upon science will long be felt through the labors of those who enjoyed the advantages of his careful training. Prof. Hartt was the oldest son of the late Jarvis Wil- liam and Prudence (Brown) Hartt, and was born at Fred- ericton, New Brunswick, August 23, 1840; he died at Rio de Janeiro, March 18, 1878. His last illness was of scarcely more than forty-eight hours duration; his death was sudden, and until the end, entirely unlooked for even by 5 those who were watching over him. He was attacked with a light fever ona Friday night, and this continued without dangerous symptoms until nearly midnight Sun- day, when he became delirious. In this state he remained until three in the morning, when he passed away. The unexpectedly fatal termination of his illness can be accounted for, only on the supposition that his system had become greatly enfeebled by his constant, hard work and anxiety during the long, tropical summer. He had been accustomed to leave Rio in the hot season, but this year circumstances prevented his doing so. Hartt’s early education was carried on under the direct supervision of his father, who, for a long time, was prom- inently identified with the educational interests of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. He studied at Horton Academy in Wolfville, N.S., and afterwards at Acadia College, where his father was at the time a professor. In 1860 he graduated from the College with high honors, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and later that of Master of Arts. In 1869 he was married to Miss Lucy Lynde, of Buffalo, N. Y., by whom he had two children, asonandadaughter. They all survive him. At the age of ten, Hartt began to show a decided taste for natural history studies, in which he was aided and encouraged by his teacher, Prof. Cheeseman. His talent for drawing and for the acquisition of language showed itself at an equally early period, and we are told that he became an instructor of drawing at Acadia College when a mere boy. His liking for natural history was, how- ever, the stronger, and he entered with great zeal into the work of geological investigation. Before he left college he had explored a large portion of Nova Scotia, which province he traversed from one end to the other on foot. In all his expeditions he made large collections of specimens, whenever there was opportunity. His studies always took the character of independent, orig- inal investigations, and their great value has served to identify him prominently with the history of Acadian geology. 6 In 1860 he removed with his father to St. John, N. B., for the purpose of organizing with him a college high school; but much of young Hartt’s time was at once de- voted to the exploration of the rocks in the vicinity of St. John. It was these researches that first made him widely known tothe scientific world. His discovery of the remains of fossil insects in the Devonian shales of St. John attracted the attention of Prof. Agassiz, and helped to decide the future course of the young provincial geologist. Accept- ing an invitation from Prof. Agassiz to become a student at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, he went, in 1861, to Cambridge, where he spent the greater part of the next four years. Here he diligently improved the great opportunities afforded for study and _ original research, and made rapid progress. The great tempta- tion to devote himself to the investigation of the immense stores of undescribed material contained in the Museum, did not entirely withdraw his attention from the study of the geology of his native land, his vacations being mostly spent in continuing the explorations already begun in the Provinces. Before he went to St. John in 1860, the geology of southern New Brunswick was very imperfectly known, and it was about this time that careful researches were begun. Hartt carried on his work, partly alone, and partly in connection with the Survey of southern New Brunswick, under Prof. L. W. Bailey. He did not, how- ever, confine himself to New Brunswick, but gave much time to the study of the geology of Nova Scotia. His name figures prominently in the report of Prof. Bailey, published in 1865, and also in Dr. Dawson's “ Acadian Geology,” (2d ed., 1868). Many of his results were pub- lished in the reports of others, and it is thus difficult to tell how much we should accredit to Hartt; but some of his results have been given us separately, so that we are able to make the following general summary of his prin- cipal discoveries in the Provinces. In 1861 he discovered that the Devonian shales at Duck Cove, Lancaster, near St. John, were richly fossil- ji iferous, and contained, in addition to the many remains of land plants, fossil insects, the oldest of any known to science: Mr. Geo. F. Matthew, of St. John; had pre- viously found a few obscure plant fragments in these same beds, and also in the shales at the foot of the city of St. John. These were described by Dr. Dawson, who also worked up most of the species afterwards obtained by Hartt. Mr. Hartt’s observations on these beds were continued through the years 1861, 62, and ’63, and he has given us, as a result of his labors, a minute descrip- tion of the several beds and their fossil contents. Of insects there were discovered five species, represented by fragments of wings only. Mr. S. H. Scudder, who studied them, has referred them all to the Neuroptera, in part to new, in part doubtfully to old, families, and suggests that some of the forms represent synthetic types. Mr. Hartt, in connection with Prof. Bailey and Mr. Matthew, made in 1864, the first large collection of fos- sils obtained from the Acadian or Primordial group in the vicinity of St. John. The principal localities exam- ined were Ratcliffe’s ravine and Coldbrook, at which latter place Mr. Matthew had previously discovered a few obscure forms. From these, however, no satisfactory conclusions as to the exact age of the beds had been attained. The new collections, consisting mainly of finely preserved trilobites, were placed in Hartt’s hands for study, and by him worked up with great care at Cam- bridge, Mass. He published, in 1865, his preliminary report upon them, in which he proved that the beds in which they were found are equivalent to about the “étage C” of Barrande, or the Potsdam group proper of America. This report contained the first positive evidence of the existence of Primordial strata in New Brunswick. Descriptions of the principal fossils by Hartt, with many figures, are contained in Dr. Dawson’s “ Acadian Geology” (1868). It was also in 1864 that Hartt obtained proof of the Pre-Carboniferous age of the gold of Nova Scotia. His 8 observations were made at a place called Corbitt’s Mills, where the well known auriferous Silurian slates are immediately overlaid, unconformably, by conglomerates, grits and sandstones of Lower Carboniferous age. The lower portion of the conglomerates and grits also con- tain an abundance of gold, which was undoubtedly extracted from the underlying slates, while the former deposits were in process of formation, and was mixed with the loose gravel material which afterwards became consolidated. We owe to Hartt the careful investigation of the rela- tions of the different members of the Carboniferous lime- stone deposits, in the neighborhood of Windsor, Stewi- acke, etc., Nova Scotia. He collected and studied the faunze of each separate set of beds with much pains, and in this way was enabled to determine their sequence. The fossils, which are marine, are very numerous, and some new species were described by him in the “Acadian Geology.” Much interest attaches to the study of this formation at the above localities, where, in the upper beds, occur many forms common to both the Carbon- iferous and the Permian, and a great likeness is apparent to the upper members of the Carboniferous system in the western United States, called Permo-Carboniferous. Dr. Meek, who exaniined the fossils, suggested that we might have here “what Barrande would call an upper Coal-measure, or even Permo-Carboniferous fauna, ‘col- onized’ far back in the Sub-Carboniferous period.” Dr. Dawson has greatly enlarged on Hartt’s results, and shows that the divisions made by him are of a more gen- eral character than he had supposed. In many places in his “Acadian Geology,” Dr. Dawson refers to the work of Prof. Hartt in various parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and it is known that, at the. time of his death, he had still remaining some original material from the Provinces which he never had the time to study or publish. Upon the organization of the Thayer Expedition to Brazil, by Prof. Agassiz, Mr. Hartt was appointed one 2 of its two geologists, Mr. Orestes H. St. John being the other. This expedition left New York in April, 1865, and returned in July, 1866, having been absent a little more than a year. This was the strong and final induce- ment that called Hartt away from the geology of his own country. Although he was not fortunate in finding a very rich geological territory during his wanderings, while connected with the Thayer Expedition, he saw enough to thoroughly interest him in returning again to Brazil, and in finally giving his whole attention to Brazilian studies. There is little necessity for going minutely over the details of his first few trips to that country. Accounts of them have been published, and are easily accessible. The primary object of the Thayer Expedition was the investigation of the distribution of the fresh-water fishes of Brazil, but much time was also devoted to the study of its geology. No new fossiliferous deposits or localities were discovered, and of those already known, only the Cretaceous at Bahia, and the Post-Pliocene of Lagoa Santa, were visited. Professor Agassiz limited himself mostly, in his geological work, to the examination of the superficial deposits at Rio de Janeiro and on the Ama- zonas, which were studied in connection with the ques- tion of glaciers. Hartt was retained near Rio for some time, in making examinations of the many cuttings around that city. After this work was completed, his field of exploration lay mostly between Rio and Bahia, where, with Mr. E. Copeland, of Boston, as a companion, he carefully studied the geological and other features of the coast, and of the principal river basins leading to it. Large collections of the fresh water fishes of the rivers, and of the marine animals of the coast and reefs, were made. The region from Rio to Bahia is entirely meta- morphic, consisting mostly of gneisses, covered in large part with loose or only partially consolidated materials, without fossils. In consequence of this absence of fossils, no results in systematic geology were obtained, but, nevertheless, Hartt’s studies of the geology of this 2 10 monotonous tract were of great interest. At the Colonia Leopoldina, in southern Bahia, he had the opportunity of observing the customs, etc., of the now nearly extinct Botocudo Indians. In the neighborhood of Porto Seguro he explored the coral and sandstone reefs, which latter are such a prom- inent feature on the Brazilian coast. He was the first to carefully work out the structure and mode of formation of these sandstone reefs, although Darwin’s short descrip- tion of them is not far from correct. After Hartt had returned to the United States from the Thayer Expedition, he felt that he had left unfinished some of the more important of the investigations he had made in Brazil. He was unable to report as fully as he wished on many subjects of interest which he had in part studied. So in 1867 he returned to Bahia, to better perfect his old work and continue his observations. He worked out the geology on the line of the Bahia railroad in detail, and collected some fossils from the Cretaceous formations which compose much of that region. He also studied the structure of the Abrolhos Islands and Reefs, which lie off the coast of Bahia, to the southeast of the town of Caravellas. The islands are of stratified deposits, cap- ped with trap, while the reefs, which had never before been to any extent examined by a naturalist, are of coral generally assuming curious tower-like forms, and often growing together to form a large connected expanse. In addition to throwing new light on the formation of certain kinds of coral reefs, he also discovered a large number of species of corals, of which the majority were new, but belonged to West Indian types. The entire absence from the Brazilian coast of many prominent West Indian genera, such as Madrepora, Meandrina, Diplo- ria, etc., was noted by him. The Cretaceous region of Sergipe was visited, and yielded many fossils, which have been in part described by Prof. A. Hyatt. In the short interval which elapsed between his first and second trips, he was engaged in scientific teaching and lecturing in, and near, New York city, at the Cooper TI Institute, Pelham Priory, and other places, where he attained much success and made many warm friends who aided him in his second Brazilian expedition. In 1868, soon after returning the second time, he was appointed Professor of Natural History in Vassar College; but he resigned this position in the fall of the same year to accept the chair of Geology in Cornell University, where he was retained at the head of the department of geology until the time of his death. In 1869 he was elected Gen- eral Secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to serve at the meeting of 1870, but before that time he had departed on his third trip to Brazil. While at Cornell University, when not occupied by college duties, he was engaged in working up the results of his Brazilian explorations, and in preparing his report, as geologist to the Thayer Expedition. This report, however, grew to so large a size, and was so complete in itself, that it was found advisable to publish it separately, in 1870, as ‘The Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil.” It forms a large octavo volume of over six hundred pages and contains, in addition to an account of his own researches, a résumé of our previous knowledge of the natural history of the country. It is thus not limited to a discussion of the subjects indicated by the title, but treats of the topographical and general features of the country, of its flora and fauna, both marine and terrestrial, and its mining, agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing interests. The numerous maps and sketches, with which it is illustrated, were drawn by Prof. Hartt himself. The greater part of them represent regions never before depicted. The subjects discussed, mostly from personal observations, are the following: The provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo; the Mucury and Jequitinhonha basins in Minas Geraes; the Abrolhos Islands and Reefs; the Southern coast of Ba- hia, and the vicinity of the city of Bahia and the Bahia Railroad; the provinces of Sergipe and Alagoas; the basin of the Rio Sao Francisco below the Falls; and the 12 vicinity of Pernambuco. His description of the interior of the province of Bahia, and the upper Sao Francisco basin, are made up largely from the notes of Messrs. St. John, Allen, and Ward of the Thayer Expedition. The volume closes with a valuable appendix on the Boto- cudo Indians. From a review of his book, we find that the following geological formations were known, or supposed, to be present in Brazil at the time of its publication :-— Eozoic:.| The gneisses, etc., of the plateau) of Sra including the Serra do Mar, and of the plateaus of Guyana and the Chiquitos region were, at least for the most part, referred to this age. Silurian. It was suggested by Hartt that the clay and talcose schists, itacolumites, etc., of the gold regions of Minas Geraes are probably referable to the Silurian. They closely resemble similar formations in Nova Scotia. No Silurian fossils were found. Devonian. Unknown. Carboniferous. Including the beds of coal, with accom- panying deposits, containing remains of plants, in Rio Grande do Sul. Prof. Agassiz, in “A Journey in Brazil,” has referred to the finding of Palaeozoic fossils by Major Coutinho on the Lower Tapajos, but it remained for Hartt to afterwards determine their Carboniferous age. Triassic (?). A thick series of red sandstone, under- lying the Cretaceous over a large part of Sergipe. No fossils were found. Cretaceous. Existing through most of the northern coast provinces, and forming separated basins, partly of marine, partly of fresh-water, origin. Fossils had been collected at a few localities. The Cretaceous had also been found on the Rio Purus. Tertiary. The clays and ferruginous sandstones of the coast, and of many of the river basins and plateaus, were referred to the Tertiary, although there were no palzon- tological evidences as to their age. Drift. Prof. Agassiz’s ideas of the distribution of drift were mostly accepted, and Hartt adds his own 13 personal observations made in the vicinity of Rio, Ba- hia, etc. The above general account suffices to show how little was known of the systematic geology of Brazil, at the time when Hartt had finished his second trip to that country. In the year 1870, the same in which his book was issued, Prof. Hartt organized the largest of his own expeditions from the United States. It was composed, besides him- self, of Prof. Prentice and eleven students of Cornell University. His object in taking so many young men into a new field was to give them thorough practical training, and to stimulate them to undertake original work. He says, in his report of this expedition, that he did not expect to make scientists of them all, but hoped that some might be thus induced to accept that calling. Of that band of students he refers to four (O. A. Derby, T. B. Comstock, H. H. Smith, and W. S. Barnard), who are to-day doing scientific work of a high character. The means for defraying the expenses of the trip were contributed by several parties, most Nisin of whom was Mr. E. B. Morgan of Aurora, N. Y., whose name has been given to this and the subsequent S acide, Not having been successful in his former trips along the coast, in finding other fossiliferous deposits than the Cretaceous, Prof. Hartt determined to change his field of research, and explore the Amazonas. Accordingly, he went with his party directly to Para, and in the neighbor- hood of that city spent some time in training his inexpe- rienced assistants. The tributary rivers, Tocantins, Xingt, and Tapajos, were then examined throughout their lower courses, and many valuable geological facts ascertained. On the Tapajos were discovered the highly fossiliferous Carboniferous deposits from which, as already mentioned, Major Coutinho had before obtained some undetermined fossils. At the falls, on each of the above named rivers, were found series of metamorphic rocks, which have been referred, from their position and lithological characters, 14 to the Silurian. Passing to the north of the Amazonas, they minutely investigated the geology of the vicinity of Monte Alegre and the Serra of Ereré. On the plain of Ereré were discovered sandstones and shales with char- acteristic Devonian fossils, corresponding more or less with those of the Hamilton and Corniferous groups of New York State. These were the first Devonian fossils found east of the Andes in South America. One of the party examined the ancient Indian mounds of the island of Marajdé, at the mouth of the Amazonas, at that time only imperfectly known, and discovered large quantities of richly ornamented pottery, mostly frag- mentary. These have since been made the subject of considerable study by Professor Hartt. The sea coast was examined at several points, from Para to Pernam- buco, and, in the neighborhood of the latter city, the fossiliferous Cretaceous formations of the province of the same name, were studied for the first time. At all of the localities visited they made large collections in geology and zoology, which were sent to the United States and are now contained in the museum of Cornell University. Prof. Hartt’s researches on the Amazonas did not tend to bring proof of the former existence of glaciers there. The Serra of Ereré was found not to belong to the series of table-topped hills, as Prof. Agassiz had been led to suppose, but to consist of inclined strata of very irregular outline. The Devonian fossils of the plain were from a portion of the supposed “drift” material of Agassiz. Prof. Hartt did not find time to examine any of the true table-topped hills on this trip, and it was largely for the purpose of doing this that he returned to the Amazonas in 1870, accompanied only by Mr. O. A. Derby. The table-topped Serra of Parauaquara and the Serra of Tauajuri, of another class, and both wholly unknown to science, were visited, but gave no evidence of having been formed through the agency of glaciers. The fossil- iferous localities of Ereré and the Tapajos were reéxam- ined, and larger collections made from them. The fresh- water shell heaps of Taperinha were carefully explored by Prof. Hartt, and the mounds of Marajé by Mr. Derby. 15 At no time on either of these two trips did Prof. Hartt lose a moment in idleness; when no other work could be done, he busied himself in studying the Munduruci and Maué dialects of the modern Tupi language of the Ama- zonas, and in bringing together the stories and myths which are current in the tribes. He has prepared a large volume on the grammar, vocabulary, and stories of this language, which yet remains unpublished. Prof tartt returned to Ithaca, N. Y., about January, 1872, where he remained two years and a half, giving all the time he could spare from his college duties to work- ing up the results of his two Amazonian trips, with the aid of two assistants, Mr. O. A. Derby and myself. His reports were published, as soon as finished, in the jour- nals of several scientific societies. During this time he also gave popular lectures on Brazil, in New York, Boston and Syracuse. But Prof. Hartt was unable to continue long in this state of comparative quietude. In bringing together the results of his several trips to South America, with the object of explaining the geology of all Brazil, he saw how meagre were his data for this purpose, notwithstand- ing all that he and others had recently done, towards elucidating the structure of many portions of this vast region. He wished to extend his researches, and con- ceived the idea of organizing a survey of the whole Brazilian Empire, which has an area scarcely less than that of the United States. There was only one way of accomplishing such an undertaking ; it must be supported by the government. MHartt ventured to bring the matter to the attention of some of his Brazilian friends, and his ideas met with such favor that, in 1874, he received an unofficial invitation from the Brazilian Minister of Agri- culture, to submit a proposition for the systematic geo- logical exploration of the Empire. In August of the same year he accordingly went to Rio de Janeiro, for the purpose of formally presenting his plans. Upon arriving at that city he was received with almost as much enthu- siasm as was Prof. Agassiz nearly ten years earlier. He was honored for the good he had already done Brazil 16 through his private explorations; he was elected to the several Societies of Science and Literature in Rio de Janeiro, and invited to lecture. His thorough acquaint- ance with the language of the country enabled him to communicate freely with the people, and he soon found himself encircled with friends, who gladly gave their influence in advancing his laudable plans. In his proposition for the Survey of Brazil, he advised the organization of a large party, to consist of three sep- arate divisions, each complete in itself, and equipped for field research. Had his ideas been fully carried out he would have soon explored an immense tract of country, but the money requisite for so extensive an undertaking could not at that time be appropriated, and Hartt was forced to begin on a much smaller scale than he had wished. On the rst of May, 1875, “A Commissao Geo- logica do Imperio do Brazil’? was organized, with Prof. Hartt as chief, and the following assistants: Elias F. de P. Jordao, Engineer; O. A. Derby and Richard Rathbun, Assistant Geologists; and F. José de Freitas, praticante. Sfir. Marc Ferrez, photographer of the Imperial Navy, was appointed to the same position on the Geological Survey, where he was retained fora yearanda half. Mr. John Branner was soon added to the corps. Sfir. Jordao retired from his position in the spring of 1876, and was succeeded by Mr. Luther Wagoner, who resigned in July, 1877. Mr. Frank Carpenter then became the topographer of the Survey, and continued in this capacity to the time of the death of Prof. Hartt. Mr. Derby and myself arrived in Brazil only at the close of 1875. No other changes than the above occurred in the personnel of the Commission, and the difficulties constantly attending the exploration of such a large country, with so smal: a corps, can be readily imagined.* * It is most fitting to mention here the name of Major O. C. James, of Rio de Janeiro, the oldest and most valued friend of Prof. Hartt in Brazil. From the first day Prof. Hartt arrived in that country to the time of his death, he was constantly indebted to Major James for assistance and advice, and to him, in large part, was due the successful organization of the Geological Commission, for which he acted in the capacity of Secretary, his services being rendered gratuitously. His long experience in Brazil made him an invaluable auxiliary to the Commission, and he labored for it indefatigably. 17 When the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro was remodeled, in 1876, the Minister of Agriculture, having the matter in charge, solicited Prof. Hartt’s assistance, and, at the same time, made him director of the depart- ment of Geology ; but his many other duties soon forced him to relinquish the new task. Prof. Hartt’s plan of operations was to first make a preliminary reconnaissance of all the accessible portions of the Empire, before entering much into detail work; but, as will be seen in the sequel, he succeeded in very thoroughly investigating some of the regions he explored. The following general account of the explorations of the Brazilian Survey is based in part upon some of Prof. Hartt’s unpublished reports. Regarding the character of the work, Prof. Hartt states in one of his late reports to the Minister: “ Asis the duty of every scientific man, I have carried on my investigations in a purely scientific way, hoping that later on they would not fail to be of practical importance.” While awaiting instructions, Hartt visited the gold regions of Sao Gongalo and Cam- panha. An account of the results of this trip was pub- lished in the American Journal of Science and Arts for June, 1876. The active work of the Commission began in June, 1875. They explored the Cretaceous deposits near the coast, from Pernambuco to Parahyba do Norte, taking Maria Farinha, where Cretaceous fossils were found in 1870, as a basis. This formation was found to be very extensive and richly fossiliferous. With the marine fos- sils of Maria Farinha were discovered the remains of a large species of crocodile; at Iguarissii were found beds with fish teeth, mostly sharks, and also some reptilian teeth. To the west of the Cretaceous, and not far from the coast, is the gneiss zone. The coast southward to Cape St. Agostinho, Rio Formoso, the island of Sto. Aleixo, and the Rio Sao Francisco, to, and including, the beautiful falls of Paulo Affonso, were all examined, and on the latter river fossils were discovered in the Creta- ceous formation. Extensive studies were made on the 3 18 sandstone reef of Pernambuco, and the coral reefs of Candeias. Maria Farinha and Parahyba do Norte, from which were obtained large collections of corals and other marine animals, and Sfir. Ferrez was very successful in taking photographs of all the interesting places and ob- jects. At the close of the above series of explorations, a large part of the specimens and photographs, illustrating the results of the work, were prepared for the National Exposition at Rio in December, 1875, at which Prof. Hartt had the honor of lecturing in the presence of the Emperor. . A series of these photographs were also exhibited in the Brazilian Department of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. In the beginning of 1876, while one party was explor- ing the province of Sergipe, another was examining the geology and reefs of the bay of Bahia and vicinity. From the Cretaceous formation along the line of the Bahia Railroad were obtained a great abundance of fossil remains, among which were the genera Lepidotus and Pisodus of fishes, and Crocodilus and Dinosaurus, of reptiles. The diamond gravels of Camassari and Pojuca, near Bahia, were found to consist in large part of a rock resembling itacolumite, which, though not observed zz situ, probably exists somewhere in the neighborhood. The large and, until that time, unexplored island in the bay of Bahia, called Itaparica, was examined and proved to be composed entirely of fossiliferous Cretaceous rocks, similar to those on the east side of the bay. On the Rio Itapicurt, in northern Bahia, the Post-Tertiary deposits yielded bones and teeth of the Megatherium, Mastodon, a very large species of Capavara (Hydrochcerus), etc. In Sergipe, the geology of all the region between the sea coast and the Serra of Itabyana was investigated. This proved to be an interesting section of country, as its structure is quite varied. The Serra of Itabyana, which can be seen from the coast, consists of beds of sandstone, conglomerate, and limestone, dipping strongly toward the east, and probably of Palaeozoic age, though yielding no fossils. Between the serra and the sea is the most Ae. interesting Cretaceous basin of the coast of Brazil, valu- able, not only for its scientific riches, but also for the fer- tility of its soil, which arises from the decomposition of limestones. The collection of fossils obtained from this Cretaceous area was probably larger than that from Per- nambuco, and comprises Teleostean and Selachian fishes; several forms of Crustacea; Nautilus, Ammonites, Cera- mucse Natica, lurrilites, Turritella, Janira; ‘Ostrea,’ Pre gonia, Cardium, Astarte, Mytilus, Gervillia, Pectunculus, Posidonomya, etc., among the Mollusca; Corals, Echini, a single large specimen of star-fish, etc., etc. Mr. Branner spent two months in studying the geology and other natural history features of the island of Fer- nando de Noronha, which differs entirely in structure from the main-land, being of volcanic origin, and furnish- ing splendid illustrations of dykes and basaltic columns. Mr. Branner’s work was fully illustrated by a fine series of photographs and sketches. At this time | was explor- ing, with the photographer, the southern coast of Bahia and the Abrolhos region. A large set of photographs of the Botocudo Indians was made by Sfir. Ferrez on this expedition, and forms a valuable contribution toward the study of that tribe. During the latter half of 1876 and the first half of 1377, explorations were carried on in the southern coast pro- vinces, as follows: in Santa Catharina by Prof. Hartt and Mr. Wagoner; in Parana by Mr. Wagoner; and in Sao Paulo by myself. In Santa Catharina the regions inves- tigated were the Carboniferous basin of the Tubarao, never before visited by a geologist, the ‘“ sambaguis”’ of Laguna, and the geology around the Sao Francisco do Sul. Many perfect skulls, ornaments, axes and other stone implements, and pottery were obtained from the “ sumbaguts.’ Mr. Wagoner made a geographical exam- ination of the highlands west of the bay of Sta. Catharina, and from the Rio Itajahy to Coritibanos. The identity in structure of the Serra Geral and the Serra do Tubarao was proved. The fossils found in the Serra seem to be Carboniferous. 20 In Sao Paulo, I studied the metamorphic rocks from the Serra do Mar to the Serra do Mantiqueiro and be- yond; the deposits of trap furnishing the “terra roxa,” the rich land of the coffee region; the beginning of the Carboniferous basin in the south of Sao Paulo, containing remains of Saurians ; and the “samdbaqguzs”’ of the vicin- ity of the city of Santos. Mr. Wagoner’s trip in Parana was from Antonina, near the coast, to a point far into the interior of the province, passing Guarapuava where coal had been found. In the interior he discovered Palaeozoic rocks with many fossils whose exact age has not yet been determined. The genera of Brachiopods repre- sented are Discina, Spirifera, Strophodonta, Streptorhyn- chus, Leptoccelia (?), etc.; a small Ophiuran was very abundant. To complete the scientific work done to the south of Rio de Janeiro in connection with the Geological Commission, we must add the scientific results of a trip made by Mr. J. E. Mills to the gold regions of Rio Grande do Sul, of which a report was kindly furnished Prof. Hartt. Mr. Mills also contributed a very valuable report on the gold regions of Minas Geraes. From July, 1876, to February, 1877, while the above described explorations were in progress to the south of Bahia, Mr. Derby was arriving at most important results in the valley of the Amazonas, which region he was well fitted to investigate, by reason of his former experiences there. He was accompanied by Dr. F. J. de Freitas and Mr. H. H. Smith, the latter of whom had already spent two years on the Amazonas, in studying its entomology and the geology of several sections. The most valuable, connected series of explorations by the Commission were those executed by this small party. They examined the Ereré-Monte-Alegre district, the Rio Meecurt, wholly unknown to science, and the Rios Curua and Trombetas, making maps of the entire region. Mr. Smith alone worked up minutely the district lying be- tween Alenquer and the Mecurt, and reéxamined the Carboniferous of the lower Tapajos. There was demon- strated to exist to the north of the Amazonas a large 21 series of Palaozoic fossiliferous rocks, including the Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. The most important discovery was, that the Carboniferous of the lower Tapajos, and that of Maué-assi, extend to the north of the Amazonas, from the Trombetas far to the east of Monte Alegre. This fact is proved to a certainty by the stratigraphy of the beds and by their fossils. The same species of fossils that occur at [taituba were found on the Trombetas and Curua, in the district of Cujubim, and in Tajury. The existence of a Carboniferous basin on the Amazonas, occupying an immense area, is thus settled beyond doubt; but the important question, ‘does it contain coal?” has not yet been answered. The region is generally so covered with a dense vegetation, and so level, that it is next to impossible to find any exposures of rock, except about the falls of the principal tributaries. On the Mzecuri and Curua, to the north of Ereré, was found a rich Devonian fauna, differing only slightly from that already known from the latter locality. The Upper Silurian fossiliferous beds consist of compact flaggy sand- stones, with shaly partings containing Arthrophycus Har- Jant. \n the sandstones are found Lingula cuneata, Orthts hybrida, Bucania trilobata, etc. Mr. Derby also examined the metamorphic regions both to the north and south of the Amazonas, the shell heaps of Taperinha and the -mounds of Marajé, and will probably soon publish his results in full. The details already given tell but half the story of the field work of the Geological Commission of Brazil. Immense geological, zodlogical, and ethnological collec- tions had been sent in from all directions, amounting to nearly six hundred cases, which were deposited in a store- house in Rio as fast as they were received. It became necessary to examine and study these collections, so as to supplement and complete the studies made in the field, and a single large room was awarded the Commission for this purpose. The task of opening and arranging this flood of rich material fell mostly upon me, and I soon found that the one room, large as it was, would not prop- 22 erly contain one-tenth of the collections. Gare a ‘ Pos Ly Sch cunanaeeats Gy OT . 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