THE

SM4LLFau1li

N EW YORK

j<LiLf^yi'^'^Co

^l.-/^crc

State of New York — Department of Farms and Markets
Thirty-third Annual Report — Part II

THE

SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

BY
U. P. HEDRICK

ASSISTED BY

G. H. HOWE
O. M. TAYLOR
ALWIN BERGER
G. L. SLATE
OLAV EINSET

Report of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
for the Year Ending June 30, 1925

II

LIBKART

vr^W \")K.X

ALBANY

J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS

1925

!^ C^ ^ O (

c.Q-

NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

Geneva, N. Y., September i8, 1925.
To the Board of Trustees of Cornell University:

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript
and illustrations for the seventh of the series of monographs on fruits
which is being published by this Station, to be entitled The Small Fruits
of New York. I recommend that, as authorized by Chapter 598, Laws of
1923, this be submitted for publication as Part II of the Forty-fourth
Annual Report of this Station.

The world-wide appreciation and utilization of the six preceding books
of this series, which deal with apples, plums, peaches, cherries, grapes, and
pears, gives assurance that this new treatise dealing similarly with small
fruits, will be universally enthusiastically accepted and used. As in the
case of the preceding volumes, the material presented herein is the result
of several years of careful trials of all available small fruit materials on the
Station grounds, followed by exhaustive and painstaking laboratory and
library work, by Dr. Hedrick and his associates, to insure that the treatise
shall be both comprehensive and accurate in detail.

The Small Fruits of New York certainly will find a most useful place
in horticultural literature. In addition, it undoubtedly will be a source
of inspiration and helpful information to the growers of small fruits the
world over.

These various works constitute a monumental contribution of this
Station to the science and practice of fruit-growing throughout the entire
world. In addition, the information and the actual orchard stock which
has been accvimulated during these studies afford an exceptional oppor-
tunity for the breeding of new and improved varieties, which is the major
activity of the Division of Horticulture of this Station.

This book concludes the series of monographs on fruits. The Legis-
lature of 1925 authorized the preparation of a similar series of reports on
The Vegetables of New York, work upon which is already actively in
progress. Furthermore, it is hoped that in the not far distant future, a
^ revision of The Apples of New York, to be uniform in size and typography

^ —

r

with the other fruit books may be prepared.

R. W. THATCHER,

Director

PREFACE

The Small Fruits of New York is the seventh of the monographs on
fruits pubUshed by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station.
The object and scope of this treatise on small fruits do not differ from those
of its six predecessors on tree fruits. The treatment of the subject is
necessarily different, however, for it has required a volume each to give
an account of the tree fruits, whereas one volume suffices for the six quite
distinct small fruits. The most noticeable difference in treatment is that
cultural accounts are not given of any of these small fruits, whereas the
present culture of each of the tree fruits was discussed in the several books
devoted to them. To give space to tell how each of the small fruits are
grown would have made the volume too large, valuable though such matter
might be both from practical and historical viewpoints.

The botanical treatment of the small fruits is fuller than was possible
■with the tree fruits. The authors of the books on tree fruits were all
primarily pomologists with little training in systematic botany. The botany
of the several fruits as given in the earlier books, especially of the grape
and the plum, presented problems that were not satisfactorily solved. The
botany of the small fruits is difficult at best, and none of the workers in
pomology at this Station are fitted to make contributions worth publishing.
The services of a specialist in systematic botany were therefore sought, and
the Station was fortunate in obtaining Alwin Berger, a German student
of Rubus, to undertake the difficult task of straightening out the botany of
cvdtivated strawberries, bramble, and bush fruits. Even so, only a pre-
liminary report on Rubus is published, since neither time nor material
sufficed to complete the study of this most difficult genus.

The fruits to be discussed are the raspberry, blackberry, dewberry,
currant, gooseberry, and strawberry. The cranberry is important enough
for a place in the book, but this fruit cannot be grown on the grounds of
this Station, or in the near neighborhood, so that there is small opportunity
for its study. Nor, for the same reason, can there be a discussion of the
blueberry, which is now coming into culture with promise of commercial
importance in the near future. It is regretable that these fruits cannot be
included at a time when the culture of the one is but well started and that
of the other just beginning.

vi PREFACE

As with the tree fruits, the aim is to make The Small Fruits of New York
a complete record of the development of each fruit, not only as cultivated
in New York and the United States, but to some extent in foreign countries
as well. As complete a history as possible, both from the botanical and
cultural viewpoints, is necessary to show clearly the present and the future
of these frtdts for the ciiltivator and the consvmier. However, much less
need be said about foreign varieties of these small fruits than was written
about exotic tree fruits, since only varieties of the several fruits which have
originated on the continent, with a few exceptions in currants and goose-
berries, have much value in America.

The considerations which have governed the selection of varieties for
full description and illustration in this book are somewhat different from
those which prevailed in the preparation of the books on tree fruits. Small
fruits are newer to cultivation than tree fruits, evolution with them is now
in full swing, and varieties are much shorter lived. Therefore it has seemed
necessary to give greater prominence to types which show the trend of
evolution, some of which may have little value for culture at the present
time. Besides these types, varieties valuable for home or market, new
varieties of note, and all of the small fruits which have proved their worth
in breeding, are given prominence in illustration and description.

As in the preceding fruit books, the references given for species and
varieties are those that have been used in ascertaining the history and
economic status, or in verifying the description, of the different groups. The
synonyms created by pomologists whose works have been consulted are
given, but in no case are synonyms given when quoted by one pomologist
or botanist from another. It is one of the chief aims of The Small Fruits of
New York to make certain the correct names of the species and varieties
described, often, however, a difficult and uncertain task.

The biographical sketches of men who have been most prominent in
breeding, introducing, establishing methods of culture, and describing and
classifying small fruits are to be found in footnotes. A knowledge of the
lives and work of these men helps materially in following the evolution of
the several fruits and of the small fruit industries in the New World.

U. P. HEDRICK,

Horticulturist, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

PAGE

Preface ^,

Index to Illustrations j^^

PART I.— THE BRAMBLE FRUITS

I. The Evolution of Cultivated Raspberries i

II. The Systematic Botany of Edible Brambles 23

III. Varieties of Red and Hybrid Raspberries 86

IV. Varieties of Black Raspberries 1^3

V. The Evolution of Cultivated Blackberries and Dew-
berries jgQ

VI. Varieties of Blackberries 204

VII. Varieties of Dewberries 2^^

PART II.— THE BUSH FRUITS

VIII. The Evolution of Cultivated Currants 243

IX. The Systematic Botany of Currants and Gooseberries. 254

X. Varieties of Red and White Currants 281

XI. Varieties of Black Currants 302

XII. The Evolution of Cultivated Gooseberries 311

XIII. Varieties of Gooseberries 323

PART III.— STRAWBERRIES

XIV. The Evolution of Cultivated Strawberries 355

XV. The Systematic Botany of the Strawberry 371

XVI. Varieties of Strawberries 384

Bibliography, References, and Abbreviations 560

•Index 569

vii

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

Portrait of Charles M. Hovey Frontispiece

FACING PAGE

Strawberry Blossoms 372

VARIETIES

Red and Hybrid Raspberries

Cayuga 94

Columbian 96

Cuthbert 98

Golden Queen 108

Herbert no

June 114

King 116

Latham 118

Marlboro 1 20

Newman 126

Ontario 128

OwAsco 128

Ranere 134

Royal Purple 138

Seneca 140

Shaffer 142

Black Raspberries

Black Pearl 154

Cumberland 158

Gregg 162

Honeysweet 164

Kansas 166

Ohio 172

Plum Farmer 1 74

Blackberries

Agawaim 204

Ancient Briton 206

ix

X INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGE

Eldorado 212

Erie 214

KiTTATINNY 2l8

MeRSEREAU • 222

Rathbun 224

Snyder 226

Dewberries

Loganberry 236

Lucretia 236

Mayes 238

Oregon Evergreen 240

Currants

BosKOOP Giant 304

Chautauqua 282

Cherry 284

Diploma 284

Fay 286

Perfection 292

Prince Albert 292

Red Dutch 294

Versailles 296

Victoria 296

White Dutch 298

White Grape 298

White Imperial 300

Wilder 300

Gooseberries

Carrie 324

Chautauqua 326

Downing 328

HoENiNGS Earliest 332

Houghton 334

Industry 334

Keepsake 336

May Duke 340

Poorman 344

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS xi

FACING PAGE

Portage

344

Red Warrington 0,5

Wellington Glory -7^2

White Eagle 3^2

Whitesmith ^54

Strawberries

Aroma 3^2

Beacon 3^6

Beder Wood 3^8

Belt 400

Bliss 404

BOQUET 406

Brandywine 406

BUBACH 408

Chesapeake 414

Dunlap 432

Excelsior 440

Gandy 446

Glen Mary 448

Haverland 456

Howard 462

Jessie 468

Joe 470

Klondike 474

Late Stevens 478

Marshall 488

Michel 494

Ozark 510

Parker Earle 512

PocoMOKE 520

Progressive 524

Prolific 524

Sample 534

Superb 542

Warfield 552

Wilson 556

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

PART I

THE BRAMBLE FRUITS
CHAPTER I

THE EVOLUTION OF CULTIVATED RASPBERRIES

Four groups of raspberries, each with many varieties, are commonly
grown in North America. These are, in order of introduction to cultiva-
tion: The European red raspberry, derived from the wild red raspberry of
Europe, Riibits idaeus; the American red raspberry, the cultivated form of
the American red raspberry, R. idaeus stn'gosiis; the black raspberry, or
blackcap, sometimes called the thimbleberry, also a cultivated native,
R. occidental is: and the purple-cane raspberries, hybrids between varieties
of the two reds and the black raspberry. It will be interesting to trace the
evolution of these four raspberries.

THE RED RASPBERRY IN EUROPE

The red raspberry cultivated in Europe is derived from an Old World
species widely and commonly found in the temperate parts of Europe and
Asia. It was named Riibiis idaeus by Linnaeus from Mount Ida in Greece,
though probably not more commonly fotmd on Mount Ida than in many and
vast regions in other parts of the Old World. It is now occasionally found
wild as an escape from cultivation in the United States, and no doubt has
freely hybridized with the native red and probably somewhat with the
blackcaps of the New World.

It is idle to speculate as to when the domestication of this raspberry
began in Europe. No doubt it crept into fields and was more or less culti-
vated from the very beginnings of agriculture in the regions where it grows
wild. But it did not attract sufficient attention to be called a cultivated
fruit until the sixteenth century or nearly 400 years ago. Even then there
seem to have been no named varieties, as with the tree fruits at the same
time, and not until a century later do named varieties appear.

Some horticultural authorities trace the history of this raspberry as a
cultivated plant to the ancient Greeks. But there is little to substantiate
such a history. It is a matter of importance to determine whether a plant

2 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

has been cultivated 300 years or 3000 years. If the red raspberry, was
brought into Greek gardens 3000 years ago, as were many frviits and vege-
tables, and has evolved no further from the wild type than now appears, it
does not promise much for the future. If, on the other hand, its improve-
ment over the wild type has come about in the last two or three centuries,
much may be expected in its continued evolution. Fortunately, the main
facts as to the history of this fruit are easily obtainable and may be set
forth in a few brief paragraphs, so that one may quickly measure progress
in the domestication of the raspberry.

Greek and Roman agricvdtural writers who lived before the Christian
era do not mention the raspberry, though they have much to say about
the tree fruits and the grape. Pliny, at the beginning of the Christian era,
writes of wild raspberries as having come from Moimt Ida, a statement, no
doubt, which led Linnaeus to give the plant its botanical name. Palladius,
a Roman writer of the fourth century, is credited with naming the rasp-
berry as one of the garden plants of his time, but other Roman writers of
the early Christian era, as Virgil and Columella, say nothing of it. Charle-
magne, King of the Franks, at the beginning of the ninth century, left a
record of a long list of vegetables and fruits to be grown in his garden, but
the raspberry is not among them. The first list of English vegetables and
fniits, The Forme of Cury, published in 1391, does not enroll the raspberry.

It is safe to put the date of the first record of cidtivated raspberries
as 1548 when Turner, the English herbalist, says of them " they growe in
certayne gardines in Englande." Nearly a century later, 161 8, William
Lawson, another English farm writer, in his A New Orchard and Garden
gives a prettj- picture of a garden in which raspberries and currants border
the paths. But it is not until 1629 that any writer on cultivated plants
more than mentions the raspberry as a garden plant. At the date given
Parkinson' published his Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, the third
part of which is called The Orchard, and the first chapter of which is devoted
to the raspberry. All of this short chapter is of interest and is here repro
duced. To give the chapter its proper setting Parkinson's introduction to
The Orchard must also.be copied.

" The Orchard

" Containing all sorts of trees bearing fruit for mans use to eate, proper
and fit for to plant an Orchard in our climate and countrie: I bound it

' Parkinson, John Par. Tcr. 557. 1629.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 3

with this limitation, because both Dates, Olives, and other fruits, are planted
in the Orchards of Spaine, Italy, and other hot countries, which will not
abide in ours. Yet herein I will declare whatsoever Art, striving with
Nature, can cause to prosper with us, that whosoever will, may see what
can bee effected in our countrie. And first to begin with the lower shrubbes
or bushes, and after ascend to the higher trees." Then follows a discussion
of the raspberry.

" The Raspis berrie is of two sorts, white and red, not differing in the
forme either of bush, leafe, or berry, but onely in the colour and taste of
the fruit. The Raspis bush hath tender whitish stemmes, with reddish
small prickes like haires set rovind about them, especially at the first when
they are young; but when they grow old they become more wooddy and
firme, without any shew of thomes or prickles upon them, and hath onely
a little hairinesse that covereth them : the leaves are somewhat rough or
rugged, and wrinkled, standing three or five upon a stalke, somewhat like
unto Roses, but greater, and of a grayer greene colour: the flowers are small,
made of fine whitish round leaves, with a dash as it were of bluish cast
over them, many standing together, yet eveiy one upon his owne stalke,
at the tops of the branches; after which come up small berries, somewhat
bigger than Strawberries, and longer, either red or white, made of many
graines, more eminent then in the Strawberry, with a kinde of dovminesse
cast over them, of a pleasant taste, yet somewhat sowre, and nothing so
pleasant as the Strawberrie. The white Raspis is a little more pleasant
then the red, wherein there is small seede inclosed : the rootes creepe under
ground verie farre, and shoote up againe in many places, much encreasing
thereby.

" There is another whose stemme and branches are wholly without
prickles: the fruit is red, and somewhat longer, and a little more sharpe.

" The leaves of Raspis may be used for want of Bramble leaves in
gargles, and other decoctions that are cooling and drying, although not
fully to that effect.

" The Conserve or Syrupe made of the berries, is effectuall to coole an
hot stomacke, helping to refresh and quicken up those that are overcome
with faintnesse.

" The berries are eaten in the Summer time, as an aftemoones dish,
to please the taste of the sicke as well as the sound.

" The juyce and the distilled water of the berries are verie comfortable
and cordiall.

"It is generally held of many, but how true I know not, that the red
wine that is usually sold at the Vintners, is made of the berries of Raspis
that grow in colder countries, which giveth it a kinde of harshnesse: And
also that of the same berries growing in hotter climates, which giveth imto
the wine a more pleasant sweetnesse, is made that wine which the Vintners

4

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

call Alligant: but we have a Vine or Grape come to us under the name of
the Alligant Grape, as you shall finde it set downe hereafter among the
Grapes; and therefore it is likely to be but an opinion, and no truth in this,
as it may be also in the other."

In John Rea's Flora, Ceres and Pomona, 1665, is a catalog of the garden
plants of the time. From the introduction to The Third Book, Pomona,
one would expect to find raspberries mentioned if they were commonly
grown at the time. Rea^ says that his book on Pomona: , "Acquaints you
with the finest Garden-fruits, Vines & Berries, our English Nurceries do
afford; as also with some Flower-bearing Trees, Shrubs, and Greens, more
familliar than those you find in the first book; with the order that is to be
used in their Propagation, Planting and Improvement."

Rea discusses most excellently all of the tree fruits we now grow in
America including such rarities as the service-tree, medlar, persimmon,
cornvis, and mulberry, and has full and very good descriptions and cultural
directions for gooseberries, currants, and barberries, but does not mention
the brambles or the strawberry.

For a century after Parkinson's great herbal was published the rasp-
berry was barely spoken of in the dozen or more garden and orchard books
of the times. Just a hundred years after, Batty Langley's Pomona appeared,
to take rank as about the best of the early English books on fruit. Here
one might expect a fuller discussion of the cultivated brambles, yet there
is scarcely as much as in Parkinson. Langley- names but three kinds
as follows: " We have but three Kinds of Rasberries in England, viz.
The White, the Red, and the Purple: The wood of the White and Red is of
a bright Colour, and almost smooth; but that of the Purple is a dark Brown,
and very thick set with small prickly Excrescences."

Of these he^ says: "The Scarlet Rasberry (Fig. V, Plate LVI) is the
most common, and first ripe Jime i, 1727; 'tis a very fragrant pleasant
Fruit, and a great Bearer. The White Rasberry mix'd with the Red, makes
a beautiful Appearance at the Table, and therefore we must not fail of
having some of them for that Purpose, notwithstanding that they are not
in such great Esteem as the Scarlet."

The next account worth recording is that of Hitt^ in A Treatise of
Fruit-trees, 1757, in which four groups are named, for it can hardly be said

• Rea, John F/om 3:203. 1665.

* Langley, Batty Pomona 122. 1729.
'Ibid. 123.

4 Hitt, Thomas Treat. Fridl-lr. 24H. 1757.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 5

that true varietal names were yet in use for any of the raspberries. Hitt
writes: " The rasberry plant cannot properly be called a fniit-tree, yet as
the fruit is valuable, I shall give my method of planting, dressing, &c.
I am only acquainted with four kinds, except the flowering sort, viz. the
common small red, and white; the other two sorts are much larger, of the
same colour, and are called rombullions; the former has the richest flavour,
but in dry seasons they are apt to wither if they are planted upon sand or
gi-avelly land, but will bear well on loam or clay, that is not too wet."

Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie,^ great authorities on garden-
ing in the last haK of the eighteenth century, wrote the Universal Gardener
and Botanist; or a General Dictionary of Gardening and Botany. The book
quite lives up to the pretentious title, and one may well expect that all
of the varieties of raspberries known would be listed. Assuming that
such is the case, the number of sorts at this late date in pomological history,
1778, is but foior, as follows: "Varieties. Common red Raspberry —
white-fruited Raspberry — twice-bearing red, and white Raspberrv^ pro-
ducing the first crop of finiit in Jvily, and the second in September; and is
esteemed a curiosity • — smooth Raspberry, the stalks, &c. being devoid of
armature." This quotation is of particular interest as it contains an early
if not the first reference to double-cropping raspberries.

The next notice of raspberries in England worth recording is foimd
in the second edition of George Brookshaw's Pomona Brittanica, 1817, in
which three varieties are named and are illustrated in a very good colored
plate. The three varieties are " Red and White Antwerp, and the Common
Raspberries." In describing the White Antwerp Brookshaw condemns
all raspberries with faint praise. He says: " Raspberries not being so
rich in their flavor as strawberries, are not much eaten alone; their smell
is more grateful than their taste."

A little later, 1823, in his Horticidtural Repository, Brookshaw-
illustrates only the Red and White Antwerps but gives this interesting
account of the raspberry:

" The Raspberry was anciently called Raspisberry, and, in some coun-
tries, Hind-berry; it is a native of many parts of Europe, being foimd in
rocky movmtains, moist situations, woods and hedges; the Red sort is
indigenous to England, growing wild in some parts of the country. The
fruit is grateful to most palates as Nature presents it, but the flavour is

• Mawe-Abercrombie Vniv. Card. Bot. 1778.
' Brookshaw, George Horl. Reposit. 1:2$. 1823.

6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

improved by sugar; accordingly, it is much esteemed when made into a
sweetmeat. The ripe fruit is fragrant, subacid, and cooHng; a grateful
syrup is prepared from the juice. Raspberry and Strawberry wines are
highly esteemed for their pleasant flavour; and, when diluted with water,
form a safe and agreeable drink in the heats of summer, — or, in the more
trying moments of febrile suffering. Raspberries are also used to flavour
brandy, vinegar, &c. The fresh leaves are the favourite food of kids."

This quotation shows that the raspberry, even a himdred years ago,
was not much cultivated, and seems not to have been a popiolar table fruit,
but was grown chiefly to furnish a flavor, a drink, or for a medicine.

Still another quotation may be given to show that the raspberry is a
comparatively newcomer in English gardens. In 1826 the Horticultural
Society of London published a Catalogue of Fruits.^ This list " compre-
hends nearly the whole of those which have ever appeared in print in
Foreign or English Lists of authority, and as many tmpublished kinds as
have appeared to deserve record." Yet only 23 sorts with 25 synonyms,
are listed. The introductory paragraph- gives the status of raspberry
culture at this time :

" The Raspberries all belong to Rubus Idaeus, and are here separated from
the other species of Rubus, as being the only ones much ciiltivated. That
the varieties of this fruit are numerous will be seen by the following list of
names, but they are not distinguished generally by gardeners, who do not
appear to have paid them so much attention as they desei-ve. The dif-
ferences between the respective qualities of the varieties are very con-
siderable. The French names are not introduced, because thc}^ are
doubtless synonyms with our own, but have not yet been sufficiently proved
to be referred to their places."

There is no need to trace the history of the raspberry further in England
for the varieties that now begin to appear bring us quite to our own day.
Nor is it necessary to attempt to follow the evolution of this fruit in other
Etiropean countries. Its domestication has not been more rapid in any
other of the Old World countries than in England. Perhaps too many
pages have already been given to the history of the fruit, the chief object
of which is to establish the fact that Rubus idaeus has received the attention
of gardeners but a short time, and that its evolution has not gone far,
especially as compared with that of the tree fruits.

1 LoTtd. Horl. Soc. Cat. V. 1826.
' Ihid. 196.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 7

THE RED RASPBERRY IN AMERICA

There was little need of introducing European red raspberries in
America or attempting to domesticate the native red until towns and
cities were built. Wherever its culture could have succeeded the native
plant nins riot in waste places. It is one of the first plants to follow forest
fires, to creep into newly cleared lands, and becomes a weed in fence comers
and neglected fields. Not tintil agrictdture was well advanced, with little
land in waste, could there have been a need for cultivated raspberries.

There seems to be no mention of the American red raspberry as a
garden fniit tmtil 1771 when in a list of plants to be sold by William Prince,
at Flushing Landing, New York, three raspberries are offered for sale.
These are the White, English Red, and American Red. In 1790, in a
similar list, the Large Canada is added. Thus it would seem that at the
^nd of the eighteenth century four red raspberries were cultivated in New
York, two of which, according to the names, were of the Old World species
and two of the New World type. But William Robert Prince in 1831, in
a statement to be quoted later, says that English Red is a native raspberry
and changes its name to Common Red. So far as records show, the first
native raspberry to come into cultivation was the English Red, the origin
of which is unknown but antedates 1771.

In his American Gardener s Calendar, the first American book in which
orchards and gardens receive detailed attention, McMahon' has this to
say of raspberries:

" There are many varieties of the Rnbus -idaeus, or European rasp-
berry, but the most preferable are the large common red, the large com-
mon white, the red Antwerp, and the white Antwerp raspberries. The
smooth cane double-bearing raspberry, is cultivated in some places, as it
produces one crop of fruit in June, and another in October; but the fruit
are few and small, which has occasioned its being neglected. Of the Rubus
occidentalis, or American raspberry, we have two varieties, the black fruited ;
and the red fruited; the latter is preferable in taste and flavour to the black
variety."

All of MclMahon's named sorts are probably Europeans.

For the first satisfactory accovint of red raspberries in America we must
wait for William Prince,- in 1828, who says of varieties then growing in
America:

• McMahon, Bernard Am. Card. Cal. 517. 1806.
= Prince, William Treat. Hort. 39. 1 828.

8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

" This fruit was originally discovered by the Greeks growing on
Mount Ida, whence the specific name Idaeiis. At present we have not
only many varieties of the above, but several other species, which are
cviltivated for their fruit in our gardens: among which the Common Red,
which is sent to our markets in immense quantities, and is largely used
in the making of raspberry brandy; is of fine flavour and much esteemed,
and is the most productive; also the White and the Red Antwerp, which are
of very large size and high flavour — of these the White is generally pre-
ferred - — they are both productive and excellent fruits. The American
White and American Black are inferior in flavour, but are nevertheless
esteemed by many persons, particularly the white variety. The Twice
Bearing, if properly managed, is quite an acquisition. In general, they pro-
duce one crop at the usual period, and a less one late in the season, but as
a full crop is most desirable, it is said to be best to cut off the whole of the
stalks quite to the ground early in the spring, in order to force a strong
growth of young wood, which will yield a large quantity of fruit, as it is
the wood of the same summer that produces the fall crop. The Red Cretan,
is a raspberry of delicate flavour; the Cane is also considerably cultivated,
and a number of others ; the Purple Flowering is only useful as an ornamental
plant, its fruit being of no value."

William Robert Prince, son of William, in his admirable Pomological
Manual, 1832, gives a much more detailed account of the raspberries then
grown in the United States, both as to pomological varieties and as to
species. He published clear and accurate descriptions of twelve garden
varieties and names six more varieties which " merit culture." He changes
the name of English Red, a native berry cultivated as we have seen since
before 1771, to Common Red and puts it tmder R. avtericanus. This old
native, now to go under the name Common Red, seems to be the best known
and the most widely cultivated red raspberry of that time. Prince^ writes
of it:

"This variety is a native of our state, and grows naturally in the
Catskill movmtains, but notwithstanding this fact, it is very frequently
denominated English Red. The shoots are of a dark red hue, and grow
to a great length, often attaining to ten or twelve feet, and even more.
On the shoots of the same year the spines at and near the base are of a
purplish colour, and those on the upper part, greenish with brown or pur-
plish barbs or points. The fruit is one of the earliest at maturity, of medium
size, fine flavour, and held in great estimation, as well for the dessert as
for making cherry brandy, &c. Indeed this is the only variety at present
cultivated to a great extent for the supply of the New York Market, and

1 Prince, William Robert Pom. Man. 2: 166. 1832.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 9

there are probably near one hundred acres of land on Long Island appro-
priated to its culture. The plants do not throw up suckers during the
summer season as most other varieties do, but in the spring, young plants
shoot up in great numbers, from the small roots on all sides of the main
stock."

From Prince's description one sees at once from color and vigor of
canes, and method of reproduction, that the Common Red, first native
raspberry to attain prominence in American gardens, and for more than
a century the standard raspberry in the United States, is a hybrid between
a red and the wild black of the Atlantic seaboard. It would be interesting
to know its history. Did it originate in a garden or in the wild? Where
and by whom was it first cultivated?

Besides the Common Red, Prince describes Red Antwerp, Yellow
Antwerp, Barnet, Brentford Red, Tall Red Cane, Short-jointed Cane,
Cretan Red, and Prolific Red, eight varieties which either from their
history or characters one may feel stire came from the Old World. Three
others are natives, of which, Virginia Red, Prince puts in Riibus strigosus
where it most certainly belongs. The third native sort, coianting the
Common Red as the first. Prince calls the Pennsylvanian, which he received
" from a London nursery under the title of Riihus pennsylvanicus but
have since found to be identical with plants received from the forests of
the State of Maine." Prince may have been mistaken and there is a
doubt as to whether this sort comes from the Old World or the New World.

The fourth native sort is the Canada Red which was advertised in
the Prince catalog of 1790. Of it the Pomological Manual'^ says as to
history: " I first noticed this variety growing along the road sides, a few
miles from Montreal, where the plants are to be met with in great abundance.
The fruit is collected from them by the country people, and large quanti-
ties sold in the markets." This variety, it would seem from Prince's
description, belongs in R. idaeus strigosus, although our author puts it in
" R. canadensis. '' This is probably the first pure-bred native red Rubus
to be truly domesticated.

The list of cultivated raspberries changes rapidly now. Many scarcely
stirvive introduction. Few last more than two decades. But in the
early years of raspberry culture varieties were long lived. In the first
edition of Downing, 1845, the varieties are much the same as those listed
by Prince in 1832. Prince listed eighteen red raspberries ; Downing twelve.

» Prince, William Robert Pom. Man. 2 :i68. 1832.

lO THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Eight of Prince's varieties were described by Downing; four were new.
Fotirteen of the varieties in Prince's book were European; four American.
Eleven of Downing' s reds seem to be Old World sorts; only one certainly
came from the New World.

In a history of the red raspberry in America tribute should be paid
to the work of Dr. William D. Brinckle ^ who devoted many years in the
middle of the last centiiry to improving this fruit. His efforts were chiefly
with Rubiis idaeus and at first thought one thinks that he might have served
pomology better had he sought to improve the hardier and more vigorous
native red; yet in his use of Idaeus he established a standard of high
quality to be found only in the European red and so forced breeders to keep
high quality in mind in domesticating the native species.

Another impetus was given the raspberry industry by the publica-
tion, in 1867, of Andrew S. Fuller's Small Fruit Ctdturist. Until Fuller^

' Dr. William Draper BrinckM, originator of many red raspberries, strawberries, and of two pears, was
one of the most prominent American pomologists in the middle of the last century. He was bom in
Delaware in 1799, and following in his father's footsteps began the practice of medicine at the early age of
twenty-one in Wilmington, but to find a larger field for his profession moved to Philadelphia in 1825,
where he lived the remainder of a busy life in the vocation of medicine and the avocation of pomology.
During his last few years a physical affliction made him an invalid and cut short his life; he died in 1 863 in
his sixty-fourth j'ear. Dr. Brinckl^'s most important work in pomology was the amelioration of the
strawberry and the red raspberry. Beginning with the strawberry, which he hybridized in a little room
in his Philadelphia home, he bred and introduced several fine varieties, of which, perhaps, Gushing was the
most notable. Turning his attention next to red raspberries, he produced the Col. Wilder, Cope, Gushing,
and Orange, as his finest sorts, of which for many years Orange was a standard commercial variety and is
still the acme in quality. Wilmington and Catherine Gardette pears were his chief contributions to the
tree fruits. For a quarter of a century. Dr. Brinckle was a leader in American pomology, during which
time he served terms as president and vice-president of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and as
vice-president of the American Pomological Society. In i860 he was editor of Hoffy's Norlh American
Pomologist, a most admirable pomological periodical with colored plates. His life was an eminently useful
one in medicine and pomology, besides which he was distinguished as a man of great culture and refinement
and was beloved by a wide circle of friends in private life, medicine, and pomologj'.

2 Andrew S. Fuller, pomologist, scientist, and pomological writer, was bom in Utica, New York,
August 3, 1828, and died May 4, 1896, at Ridgewood, New Jersey, Fuller began work at an early age as
a carpenter and builder of greenhouses. In Milwaiikee, Wisconsin, he built a small greenhouse on a city
lot and in it began the work which soon brought him to the attention of lovers of plants and fruits, with
such renown that William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, then a leading nurseryman in America,
offered him the management of his greenhouse. This position he accepted in 1 855, but remained with Prince
only two years, leaving to engage for himself in small fruit culture at Brool-djoi, New York. He soon
specialized in breeding strawberries, and out of thousands of seedlings selected some dozen or more which
he named. The best one of these was Col. Ellsworth, an excellent sort, plants of which to the number of
300,000 were sent out by the New York Tribune as premiums to subscribers. His first book, written at
about this time, was the Strawberry Culturist. In the early sixties he moved to Ridgewood, New Jersey,
where he planned and planted home grounds that soon became a botanical garden as he grew almost every
species and variety of ornamental trees, shrubs, small fruits, and nuts which could be made to grow in New

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK II

wrote there was no good source of practical information, for either the
amateur or the professional cultivator of small fruits. The Small Fruit
Culturist is an accovmt of personal experience and observation extending
over a long period of years and immediately became the standard authority
in this field of pomology and so continued for a half century. Before the
date of Fuller's publication there had been a score or more American books
on tree fruits and about as many on the grape, but not until after the
middle of the nineteenth century were small fruits considered of siifficient
importance to command the attention of an author. The decade in which
Fuller's book appeared, i860 to 1870, may be set as the period in which the
small fruit industr}"- as now carried on in North America began.

THE AMERICAN BLACK RASPBERRY

The domestication of the black raspberry is but begun. It is not yet
a hundred years since the first named variety came imder cultivation,
and many if not most of the kinds that have been named have been brought
in from the wild, while probably few or none are more than two or three
generations from wild plants. The black raspberry readily responds to
cultivation in varied soils and climates, the plants are easily cared for and
very productive, and the product is so well suited for dessert, culinary
purposes, drying, and canning that the species has within a himdred years
become one of the leading small fruits. Plant breeders are finding that it
responds well to the breeder's art; in crosses with other species, and cross-
breds between varieties within the species, results are such that the future of
the black raspberry is a most promising one.

Early explorers and settlers on the Atlantic seaboard often mention the
black raspbeiTy as one of the delectable wild fruits of the country. It was
found from New England to the Carolinas in the borders of woods, as a
fringe about fields, around the stumps that dotted the clearings, and came

Jersey. Soon after Strawberry Culturist appeared, he published Grape Culturist, this in turn to be followed
by Small Fruit Culturist, Practical Forestry, Propagation of Plants, and the Nut Culturist. Of his several
pomological books, Small Fruit Culturist is probably the best and certainly served more materially in build-
ing up a great industrj' than any of his other works. Besides these books he was a constant correspondent
to the American Agriculturist, Rural New- Yorker, of which he was part owner for a time, the New York Sun,
of which he was agricultural editor for twenty-six years, and of A merican Gardening. He was also editor of
the Record of Horticulture which appeared in 1867 and 1868. Besides his interest in pomology, he gave
attention to entomology, mineralogy and archeology, and collections in these sciences gave him renown in
all of them. He was active in all pomological societies of his state and the coimtry during his active
lifetime. Probably no other American has labored longer or more devotedly for pomologj' and horticulture,
in both of which he set high ideals in all he did.

12 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

uninvited in the gardens. That it was not earHer domesticated and
improved is due to the great abundance of the wild crop; to the preference
for the red raspberry, varieties of which were brought from Europe; and to
the fact that small fruits of all kinds received scant consideration frbm
fruit growers until recent years.

It is impossible to say when the black raspberry was introduced into
cultivation. Brought from the fields into a good garden any wild black
raspberry plant becomes markedly more productive, and individual fruits
increase one-fourth or more in size. It is a convenience to have fruit at
hand and not have to go to fields or woods for the daily supply. There-
fore, thrifty housewives must have insisted on having plants of this fruit as
inhabitants of their gardens. All of the early American books on fruits
mention the black raspberry but do not list varieties. The first named
variety seems to have been the Ohio Everbearing, found by Nicholas
Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1832, and by him named and offered as a
garden plant.

Some years before this, about 1825, Thomas Rivers of Sawbridge-
worth, England, sowed seeds of a black raspberry and gave the offspring
attention through several generations for thirty or forty years. No perma-
nent varieties came from Rivers' work but his experience in part may be
repeated, as a very good accotmt of what happens in growing hybrid
raspberries. The account,^ considerably condensed, is as follows:

" Some time ago (probably nearer forty than thirty years since) I
received from a very old gardener, living at Weathersfield, near Braintree,
in Essex, a curious kind of Raspberry, which he called the ' Black Rasp-
berry '. In the course of years I raised many generations from my Black
Raspberry; the seedlings all partook more or less of the qualities of the
parent stock, giving berries more or less piuple and acid, and keeping them-
selves distinct from our Red Antwerp and other sorts of Raspberries. Some
ten or twelve or more years since I received, among many novelties, from
the late A. J. Downing, of America, a plant of the Ohio Everbearing Rasp-
berry. This was planted, with other new kinds, in a department near to
my seedling black Raspberries, and, after observing its pecuUar nature of
bearing a full crop in autumn, it did not attract further notice, as its fruit
was small and acid.

"A few years — perhaps two or three — after the introduction of this
sort, I happened to be passing a bed of my seedling black Raspberries which
had been raised in the usual way, and observing among them som_e canes
different in colour to the others — they had the blue tinge peculiar to the

^ Card. Chroii. S16. 1867.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 3

canes of the Ohio Raspberry — I paid them very close attention. They
bore fniit in summer of a darker colour than those they were growing
amongst, and smaller, varying in colour as did the canes. I thought at first
that they were sports from my original black Raspberry, resulting from
— may I so call it? — domestication; and although interested, I was not
surprised, this being reserved for the autumn, for then surprise did come,
the canes which I had noticed, or rather the yoiing canes of the growth of
the simimer, putting forth in October an abundant crop of fruit, the canes
which had given fruit in summer being then dry and sapless. The coloiu"
of the canes, most of them having the pretty blue tint of the sort from Ohio,
induced me to think that I had by accident obtained some curious cross-
breeds. I now believe this to have been the fact.

" I wished, however, to see the end of this curious outbreak; for I
thought why should not other kinds of Raspberries growing near the Ohio
Raspberry, and from which seedlings had been raised, receive a stain? I
therefore raised a number of seedlings from the first apparent hybrids I dis-
covered, and I have since then raised three or four generations, confining
myself to the seed taken from the largest beiTies of a deep purple colour,
hoping to establish a race that might be reproduced from seed without
difficulty ; for I must add that nearly all my black autumnal Raspberries are
like their Ohio parent — they make a large stub after being repeatedly cut
down, but produce no suckers from their roots. The result of my sowing
carefully-selected seed from the finest purple berries produced in autumn is
most curious.

" I have had red summer Raspberries, red and pink, flesh-coloured,
and large white autumnal sorts; yellow summer and yellow autumnal
varieties ; small-berried black autumnal Raspberries of gigantic growth —
making strong canes 15 feet in length, and some dwarf bushes 2 feet in
height; in short, such a ynelange as I think never before was seen in a bed
of Raspberries. It would take a long chapter to describe them; but as the
greater portion were horticulturally valueless, they have been destroyed.
I have, however, settled down to a few sorts, which seem as if they would,
with the exception of a few slight vagaries, prove constant. One, a large
black autumnal variety, with blue canes, ripening in October; another with
large black berries, and with canes not so blue, ripening in August; another
with very large orange berries, and another with large white berries,
covered with a glaucous bloom, both ripening in October. It is curious
to note that the sorts with pale berries put forth suckers from the roots like
the common kinds of Raspberries, whereas those with blue canes and black
berries put forth none, yet all came from the same source — the black
autumnal hybrids."

Let us now go back to the Ohio Everbearing. This variety as we have
said seems to have been the first blackcap to be named and introduced

14 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

into American gardens. It is a double-cropping sort and ctiriously enough
had no great value for the normal fruiting season, since the plants were
so vmproductive, and the berries so small and poor in quality that in compe-
tition with summer-bearing sorts introduced later it quickly disappeared.
Its introducer, Nicholas Longworth,' as before stated, gives the following
history of the variety: " When driven into the interior of the state by the
cholera, in September and October of 1832, I foimd a raspberry in full
bearing, a native of our state, and the only everbearing raspberry I have
ever met with. I introduced it the same winter into my garden, and it is
now cultivated by me in preference to all others, and my table is supplied
from the beginning of Jime till frost."

Longworth at this time was the greatest pomological authority west
of the Atlantic seaboard and the chief American authority on grapes.
He now tried to introduce his Ohio Everbearing by distributing plants to
friends, writing articles about it to American and English magazines,
and by cultivating it commercially at Cincinnati. Yet with all his perse-
verance, backed by his pomological prestige, it scarcely caused a ripple in
the pomology of the times. Not imtil the sixth meeting of the American
Pomological Society, held in 1856, was it ever brought up for discussion.
Although introduced twenty-four years previously, eastern fruit growers
had scarcely heard of it and there was confusion both as to its identity and
origin. At this time, not more than three or four black raspberries had
been named. Improvement of the blackcap had scarcely begun in the
middle of the nineteenth century.

The real start in the domestication of the black raspberry was made in
1850, not by the introduction of a superior fruit but by the discovery of
a better method of propagation than had hitherto been known. The red
raspberry, then under cultivation in most commtinities, is propagated by
suckers. The black raspberry throws no suckers and is propagated but
slowly and laboriously, if at all, by any method of division. As all now
know, its tips bend over in the autumn and take root. H. H. Doolittle,
Oaks Comers, New York, almost in sight of where these words are being
written, adopted the method of nature in growing the black raspberry,
and was so successful that the commercial cultivation of this fruit may be
said to have begun with his discovery.

Doolittle, it appears, was much more concerned about his method of
propagation than over any particular variety. He went to the fields,

'Bailey, L.H. Ev. Nat. Fruits 276. 1898.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

15

for a few years at least, and propagated any black raspberry. The plants
he sold were distributed under several names but for ten years chiefly
as Doohttle's Improved Black Cap. Leander Joslyn, Phelps, New York,
a neighbor of Doolittle, had found a superior sort growing wild which
Doolittle propagated and sold as Joslyn's Black Cap. Several other
names to be given in the synonymy of Doolittle, in the chapter on varieties,
were also used for this berry, but in September, i860, the American Pomo-
logical Society formally bestowed the name Doolittle Raspberry on one of
the sorts sent out by Doolittle and as such it was grown for some forty or
fifty years.

Other named varieties of blackcaps now began to appear, but the popu-
larity of the fruit increased slowly. Wild plants supplied the country, and
city people preferred the red sorts. Besides, there were no facilities for
shipping and marketing. Bramble fruits, and least of all this one, did
not begin to receive attention until the eighties of the last centiiry when
in western New York dried blackcaps became an article of commerce and
several thousand acres were planted to this fruit. Later, black raspberries
took a place in the markets with the reds ; they came in demand for home
plantations; improved varieties were introduced from year to year; and the
black raspberry industry may be said to have been established.

HYBRID RASPBERRIES

Neither botanist nor pomologist could mistake either of the two
red raspberries or the black raspberry for any other bramble fruit. There
is a third group of varieties under cultivation, however, which both
botanists and pomologists have long been puzzled to place. These are
the sorts rather misleadingly known as the purple-cane raspberries.

Prince, in his Pomological Manual, 1832, describes two varieties
undoubtedly of this group, one of which he puts in " i?. Americanus" and
the other in "i?. Perms ylvanicus." Fuller, in his Small Fruit Culturist,
1867, supposes them " to belong to the same species as the common black-
cap," and then says " but as they have a few characteristics in common,
which are not found in the wild blackberry, nor in any other species, I
have placed them in a list by themselves." To this group he gave the
name " Purple-canes," although there had long been a variety called the
Pvirple Cane. This old Purple Cane he selected as the type of the group
which he characterizes as foUows:^ " The principal difference between the

1 Fuller, A. S. Sm. Fr. Cult. 146. 1867.

1 6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

varieties of the Black Cap and the Purple Cane is in the fruit. The first,
as is well known, have rather dry, tough fruit, with a peculiar flavor. Its
grains are numerous, and very irregular in size. The fruit of the Purple
Cane, as a rule, is rather soft, juicy, often very brittle, the grains separat-
ing very readily. Color, varying from light red to dark brownish-purple,
but never black; the flavor mild and agreeable, but entirely distinct from
those of the true Black Raspberry."

Two years after Fuller wrote, 1869, Charles H. Peck, State Botanist of
New York, took these purple-canes to be a distinct natural species growing
wild in New York and gave them the name Rubus 7ieglectiis, a name still
recognized for this group by rriost botanists. The following year, 1870,
C. F. Austin, in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, struck upon the
true origin of the purple-canes in his statement that R. neglectiis is "a
hybrid, I have no doubt, between R. strigosns and R. occidental is."

Bailey,' in American Garden, 1890, puts the purple-canes in Peck's
R. neglectiis, and gives the botanical characters which distinguish culti-
vated purple-canes from the red and black raspberries. He suspects a
hybrid origin but does not afifirm it. He says: "It has been said that
Rnbus neglectus is a hybrid between R. strigosus and R. occidentalis, and its
intermediate and inconstant characters seem to warrant this disposition of
it. But a hybrid origin is not proved, and I am glad that its features have
been definitely described before its origin is determined, as it enables us to
draw discriminating characters in one of the most confused groups of our
fruits. There is no question but that the red and black raspberries will
cross. We have made a number of hand pollinations this year, and if I
am successful in growing the seeds I shall soon have a hundred or two
plants to compare with Rubus neglectus.''

Card,- in his excellent book, Bush-Fruits, 1898, introduces his discussion
of the purple-cane group with this paragraph : "In this group I have endeav-
ored to include all those varieties which are intermediate in character
between the red and the black raspberry. Not all of these belong to the
true Purple-cane type. The Philadelphia and its numerous seedlings are
much nearer to Rubus strigosus than to Rubus occidentalis. They propagate
by suckers, though somewhat sparingly, and are, to all intents and purposes,
red raspberries of a slightly darker hue, while the true Purple-cane type
propagates by tips, being like black raspberries in habit." Card at this

' Bailey, L. H. Afn. Card. ii:y22. 1890.
= Card, Fred W. Bush-Fr. 177. 1898.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 7

time believed that there was at least a " purple-cane type." In a later
paragraph he closes the discussion of this group with the opinion that the
purple-canes are " primarily of hybrid origin."

Soon after Card's book appeared, there was a general awakening, new
teaching, and a great stimulus to the work of plant breeding due to the
discovery of Mendel's hitherto imnoticed records of experiments in crossing
plants. In due course, a nimiber of breeders crossed red and black rasp-
berries and proved definitely what had become very generally believed;
namely, that hybrids are common in the garden and in the wild between
black and red raspberries, and that many of our cultivated raspberries,
probably more than were then or are now suspected, are hybrids. Among
those are the sorts that pomologists had been calling " piuple-canes."

Can these hybrid varieties be put in a group distinguished by botanical
characters? Fuller, Bailey, and Card, most eminent authorities on American
cultivated raspberries, as we have seen, assembled the hybrids having purple
canes and gave to the assemblage distinguishing marks of plant, fruit,
and method of propagation. With present knowledge, these men would
probably be less specific in designating characters to the purple-cane rasp-
berries. This brings us to a discussion of the results obtained in crossing
these two fruits.

In attempts to improve raspberries through hybridization at this
Station the progeny of crosses between black and red sorts to the num-
ber of 617 have fruited. The fruits of 606 of these were purple, varying
from dark red to almost black; there were no true reds nor true blacks.
Eleven plants bore yellow fruits. Purple predominated in cane-color in
376 plants; red predominated in cane-color of 220 plants. Of the 606
plants, 534 bore spines and 73 were spineless. The size, number, and
margins of leaflets were exceedingly various, as were the number of fruits
and the styles of inflorescence. From these statements one sees at once
that hybrids between red and black raspberries are exceedingly variable and
that it is impossible to hold them in a species or other botanical or horti-
cultural group.

Of the progeny of purple-fruited varieties self -pollinated to the number
of 68, there were 60 plants which bore purplish fruits ranging from red-
purple to black-ptirple with no true reds and no true blacks. Eight plants
bore yellow or amber fruits. The canes of 38 plants were reddish brown;
of 6 purplish brown; 4 were brown; 10 red; and the canes of 10 were green.

i8

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Of the 68 plants, 59 bore spines and 9 were spineless. In manner of repro-
duction, 64 naturally grew from suckers and but 4 from tips. There is,
as these figures show, no stability in the R. negledus of Peck and other
botanists. The progeny of crosses between red and purple varieties to
the number of 759, and of red and black varieties to the number of 389,
give further evidence as to the characters of hybrids between these red and
black species and the great variability of the hybrids.

Besides these hybrids between red and black raspberries there are
now many cioltivated brambles which are reputed offspring of one or
another of the red raspberries crossed with a blackberry or a dewberry.
Since these are generally less like raspberries than the other fruits, we
may leave them to be discussed with blackberries and dewberries.

MAGNITUDE OF THE RASPBERRY INDUSTRY

Raspberries began to attract attention as a commercial crop in the
United States in the seventies or early eighties of the last century. It is
doubtful if in 1880 there were more than 2000 acres of raspberries grown in
the coimtry. It will be interesting to see what growth raspberry growing
has made in the country in fifty years. Fortunately figures for our purpose
are available from the Fourteenth Census taken in 191 9. Table I gives
these figures.

Table I. — Acreage, Yield, and V.vlue of Raspberries and Loganberries in the United States

IN 1919, BY Divisions and States.

Division and State

Acreage

Yield
(in quarts)

Value

UNITED STATES .

54.256

61.333.509

$13,386,125

Geographic Divisions:

New England

Middle Atlantic

1. 581

14,871

18,848

6,774

2.343

841

270

1.589

7.139

1,374.601

16,328,692

14,714,507

5,616,192

1,694,922

599.320

191.458

1,495,425

19,318,392

$413,161

4,112,072

3.345.527

1.327.976

333 . 845

119. 518

47.083

347.981

3.338,962

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

New England:

Maine

3H
208
246
481
52
283

279.254
131. 145
177.575
468,715
47.345
270,567

$78,193
38,016
49.720

159. 211

15.135

72,886

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Table I — (Continued).

19

Division and State

Acreage

Yield

(in quarts)

Value

Middle Atlantic:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

East North Central:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

West North Central:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

South Atlantic:

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

East South Central :

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

West South Central:

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas

Mountain :

Montana

Idaho

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Pacific:

Washington

Oregon

California

10,467
1 ,629

2.775

3.138
1,988
2,298
9,804
1 ,620

1.554
2,2:3

1.695

loi

70

146

995

38

586

2

427

1,208

38

14

26

4

515

311

7

8

228

(')

35

7

103

455
16

613
14
(')

383
5

2,332

3.931

876

11,674,978
2,083,925
2.569.789

2.773.819
1,251,652

1.945.336
7.657,819
1,085,881

1,516,147

1,428,396

1.592,556

39.173

30,368

89,672

919,880

26,801

723.738

933

280,228

607 , 495

29.073
4,111

19.479
3.064

308 , 406

277.344

9.833

3.737

154.351

145

30.234

6,728

80,875
385.510

10,979

643.678

6,202

677
364,061

3.443

5.757.456

12,022,912

1,538,024

§2,917,482
603,742
590,848

610,242

287,883

447.427

1,761 ,096

238.879

348.711
357.058
366,065

11,742
8,810

24,213
211,377

5.629

137.502

233

56,048

121,499

6,977
1 , 069

4.093
795

61,268

55.177
2,140

933

38.544

32

6,958

1.549

20,181
80,958

3.513

160,828

1,488

165

80,090

758

1,266,330

1.756,203

316.429

I Reported in small fractions.

20 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

From Table I we see that there were 54,256 acres, and 61,333,509
quarts of raspberries grown in the United States in 191 9. Included with
the raspberries are the loganberries grown chiefly in Pacific states. The
table shows that raspberries are grown largely only in the northern states
and in the regions where the two native species grow commonly in the wild.
New York leads in the production of this fruit in acreage, yield, and value
with Michigan second.

Red, black, and hybrid berries are not segregated in this census report,
but the regions in which the three types of fruit are mostly grown are well
marked. Most of the red raspberries in city markets are grown in the
Hudson River Valley, western New York, southern New Jersey, Puyallup
Valley, Washington, and about Sebastopol, California. The most impor-
tant commercial regions for the black raspberry are western New York,
western Michigan, and central Maryland. The hybrid purples are more
largely grown in western New York than elsewhere, but there are planta-
tions of them wherever either reds or blacks are freely planted. Local
markets are supplied very largely by home-grown fruits in all regions
where raspberries can be grown.

RUNNING-OUT OF RASPBERRIES

As with other fruits, diseases and insects take tremendous toU from
raspberries. Their control are subjects for entomologists and plant
pathologists, and a discussion of treatment cannot be given space in this
pomological treatise. There is, however, a condition known as " run-
ning-out of raspberries," that is exercising a profoimd influence on the
whole raspberry industry in America that must be discussed. Dr. W. H.
Rankin, who is studying raspberry diseases at this Station, writes as
follows of rtmning-out :

" More and more during a period of many years raspberry growers
have been finding that their varieties gradually lose their vigor and are not
profitable; and that the reputation of red raspberries is suffering greatly
because the berries from the sickly bushes are flavorless, smaller, and
scarcely palatable unless disguised with sugar and cream. Canners are
unable to maintain the desired quality in their raspberry products because
of this trouble.

" Somewhat similar conditions have more recently appeared in purple
and black varieties. Investigations into the cause of the running-out of
red varieties have established the fact that a specific contagious disease,
known as mosaic, is responsible. This disease is similar or identical to

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 21

the mosaic disease that in recent years has caused great losses in potatoes,
tomatoes, cucumbers, tobacco, and others. The mosaic in raspberries is
not spread from plant to plant thru the air or soil, or by contact. The only
known method of infection is by plant-lice or aphids which carry the infective
material from diseased to healthy plants. From the time of infection all
of the future growth made from the canes and roots from year to year
becomes more sickly. The new canes are dwarfed and the leaves show
small irregularly shaped areas of yellow-green. The leaves, also, are often
blistered, curled, and wrinkled.

" Mosaic spreads in certain varieties more rapidly than in others. The
Herbert and Ranere (St. Regis) are the outstanding red varieties which are
usually found free from mosaic under commercial conditions. The rela-
tive rate of spread of mosaic in varieties as observed in New York is
as follows: Very slow, Herbert and Ranere; slow, Erskine Park and New-
man; moderately slow to rapid, Cuthbert, Columbian, Empire, Golden
Queen, June, Ontario, and Owasco; rapid, Cayuga, Latham, Marlboro, Per-
fection, and Seneca.

" The effect of mosaic upon the plant is independent of the rate of spread
in the variety. For example, plants of Herbert, Golden Queen, Owasco,
Marlboro, and Columbian are severely affected once they become diseased,
while plants of Perfection, Latham, Ontario, and to some extent the Cuth-
bert often produce vigorous canes for several years after infection.

■' Removing the affected plants from one- or two-year-old plantings has
proved to be a successful method of propagating mosaic-free nursery stock.
The rate of spread of mosaic into experimental plantings of such stock in
New York varies greatly, even on adjoining farms. It appears that condi-
tions where the raspberry aphid is the only aphid which is common, the
rate of spread from a distance into the new mosaic-free planting is very
slow. In other localities where one or more species of winged aphids
migrate to raspberries in large nvmibers from other plants there has been
often a rapid increase to over fifty per cent mosaic in one j^ear. It is
unwise to interplant with crops that are known to be susceptible to mosaic.
In order to control raspbeny mosaic successfully in susceptible varieties
more must be learned of the aphid carriers, their habits, food plants, and
methods of preventing their migration to raspberries. Resistance to mosaic
combined in the same variety with other commercially desirable characters
may be supplied eventually by the plant breeder.

"There are two other diseases of raspberries, leaf-curl and streak, which
are carried by aphids and which cause the running-out of varieties. Leaf-
curl is prevalent in Cuthbert but is not often found in other varieties. The
canes are more severely dwarfed than by mosaic, the leaves are crumpled
and dark green, and the fruit is worthless. Streak is a disease of black
varieties which resembles mosaic in its effect on the plant. The canes are

22 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

dwarfed, the leaves are slightly curled, and in two or three years the bush
is so weakened that it dies. Bluish streaks usually present near the base
of the canes suggested the name for this disease. The two diseases, leaf-
curl and streak, have been shown to respond to roguing in the same way that
mosaic does; new plantings may be made free from them but migrating
aphids according to variable conditions may cause rapid reinfection.

"A fungous wilt of raspberries is commonly found in New York, par-
ticiilarly on black varieties. The symptoms caused by this fungous disease
include various degrees of dwarfing, after which the bush eventually dies.
The ftmgus is harbored in the soil and such crops as potatoes, tomatoes,
eggplant, and salsify are affected by it and should not be rotated or inter-
planted with raspberries. No other preventive measures are known for
wilt."

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 23

CHAPTER II

THE SYSTEMATIC BOTANY OF EDIBLE BRAMBLES

The bramble fruits, belonging to the genus Rubus, family Rosaceae,
inhabit almost the whole globe, with the exception of the dry desert regions,
from the arctic to the antarctic regions; in tropical coimtries they prefer
the moimtains whilst in the northern temperate regions they are especially
mmierous both in the Old and in the New World, and occur from the
mountains to the plains, in woods and open fields, and down to the sea
coast. In the temperate regions bramble fruits are not only very numerous
in individuals but also in forms. After the Glacial period wide stretches of
land were open to them for colonization, and it seems that through these
increasing opportunities for a large reproduction the modification-power
of the germ plasma received a fresh and strong stimulus. Intercrossing
between different forms must have gone on simultaneously for ages, in
many cases creating an almost endless number of intermediate forms
filling the gaps between the more pronounced forms, which we are accus-
tomed to call " species," and making it difficult for the systematic botanist
to treat the genus in a satisfactory and intelligible way. It is of these
extremely numerous transitional forms that no two. studies, not only of
different botanists but of any one botanist, are foimd to agree.

The North American Rubi, which concern us here as the parents of
some of our most important small fruits, are fortunately not quite as
badly mixed and variable as the Eiiropean species, but nevertheless they
offer an almost inexhaustible number of forms in certain groups. Besides
the North American species we have to consider some South American
ones and a number of species of the Old World, which are cultivated as
fruit plants and have been introduced into this country. A large number of
Rubi have been introduced from China during the last twenty years, among
them many ornamental shrubs and vines, some of them, however, only
adapted for regions with mild or almost frostless winters. Only a very
few of these, those kinds which furnish or are likely to furnish small fruits,
can be mentioned here.

RUBUS. Linnaeus S^. P/. 492. 1753.

Perennial plants, herbs or shrubs with erect, procumbent or trailing stems. The
herbaceous plants dwarf, unarmed; the shrubby kinds glabrous or hairy, glandular, and
mostly armed with fine slender more or less stiff bristles and variously shaped prickles. The
stems or canes of most shrubby species of the temperate region are biennial. They reach

24

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

their full size the first year bearing large very characteristic foliage (in this state they are
called " turions " or " young canes "); in the second year short lateral branches appear
on them which bear flowers and fruits. The leaves on these flowering branches are always
much smaller. After flowering and fruiting these two-year-old canes die and are replaced
by other turions. The canes are either terete or angled, or angled and furrowed. In some
species the tip of the canes bends over, touches the soil, strikes root and gives rise to a new
plant. The leaves are alternate, either simple, lobed or pinnately or palmately or pedately
compound, mostly deciduous or in some species wintergreen or even evergreen. Petioles
and petiolules (or stalks of the leaflets) usually resemble the canes, i.e., are either glabrous,
hairy, glandular, bristly or prickly. Stipules are always present at the base of the petioles.
The flowers are always stalked and borne either solitary or racemose or panicled,
usually the lower flowers in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts. They are hermaphrodite,
i.e., with perfect stamens and styles. In some cases, however, they are unisexual, dioecious
or variously polygamo-dioecious. The hypanthium or the lower part of the calyx varies
from plane or rotate to saucer-shaped, hemispheric, campanulate, or turbinate. Calyx-
lobes or sepals valvate in bud, usuall}' s, but sometimes 6-S, sometimes unequal and the
larger ones with a prolonged somewhat foliaceous top. Petals as many as calyx-lobes, of
various size, white, rose, or pink colored. Stamens numerous, inserted densely on the
margin of the hypanthium and separated from the pistils by a disk; filaments filiform or
flattened, incurved in bud, erect or divaricate when mature. Pistils mostly numerous,
inserted on a convex, hemispherical, or conical receptacle or carpophore rising from the
center of the hypanthium and becoming either dry or fleshy; pistils laterally compressed,
with the style rising from the inner margin; stigma usually subclavate or slightly 2 -lobed;
ovules two, collateral, one of them abortive. In the fruit the pistils are transformed into
small, more or less juicy, and coherent drupelets, which either detach easily from the
receptacle (or core) as a thimble or cap (as in the Raspberries), or do not detach from the
fleshy core and fall off together with it (as in the Blackberries and the Dewberries), or
detach singly or become more or less dry, as in some species of warmer countries. The
fruits are usually red, yellow, or black, rarely green.

Key to the Subgenera

A. Small perennial herbaceous plants, with creeping stems or a creeping rootstock
and annual erect short flowering shoots
B. Flowering shoots from the rootstock

C. Flowers dioecious (each plant with flowers either only with stamens or only

with pistils) Subgen. I. Chamaemarns

CC. Flowers hermaphrodite (or stamens and pistils in each individual flower)

Subgen. V. Cylactis
BB. Flowering shoots or peduncles from stems

C. Stems without prickles Subgen. II. Dalibarda

CC. Stems prickly

D. Stipules free Subgen. III. Chamaebatiis

DD. Stipules attached to the petiole Subgen. TV. Cmnaropsis

AA. Shrubs with erect, arching, scandent, procumbent or creeping stems (canes) which
persist at least for two years, unarmed or variously armed

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 25

B. Stipules free or almost, broad
C. Stipules persistent
D. Canes without flexible bristles, glandular or eglandular. .Subgen. VI. Orobatus

DD. Canes more or less densely beset with flexible often glandular bristles

Subgen. VII. Dalibardastrum
(Contains only 5 Asiatic species, of no pomological interest)
CC. Stipules fugacious, canes scandent or creeping; leaves mostly perennial; caly.\-
bottom (hypanthium or cupula) broadly campanulate. Subgen. VIII. Malachobatus
(Contains very ntunerous Asiatic species, many of ornamental value but none as
fruit plants)
BB. Stipules attached to the petiole, narrowly linear or subulate

C. Canes unarmed, persisting for more than two years; leaves simple, palmately

lobate Subgen. IX. Anopbbatiis

CC. Canes prickly

D. Canes persisting, leaves leathery, evergreen, inflorescence amply panicled;

drupelets not much cohering Subgen. XI. Lampobattis

(Contains about 10 species of the Tropics of the Old World of no pomological
interest)
DD. Canes biennial, dying back after the second year

E. Drupelets cohering as a cap or a thimble and detaching easily from the

receptacle (core) Subgen. X. Idaeobatus

EE. Drupelets cohering also with the core or receptacle. Subgen. XII. Ettbatiis

Subgenus I. Chamaemorus. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4:145. 1874; Focke
Spec. Rub. 1:12. 1910.

Small perennials, with entire reniform leaves and dioecious flowers. One species:

Rubus chamaemorus. Linnaeus 5p. P/. 494. 1753; Card 5M5/t-Fr. 308, fig. 52. 1898;
FockeSpec. Rub. i :i2. 1910; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 487. 1911; Rydberg N. Am. Fl.
22:435. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3023, fig. 1916.

Cloudberry, Bakeberry, Bakeapple berry, Yellow berry, Salmonberry, Molka. — A

small herbaceous perennial with creeping rootstock; stems annual, erect, 10-30 cm high,
in the lower part with scales, usually with 2, but also 1-4, leaves in the upper part, more or
less pubescent and with one terminal flower. Leaves roundish, with a reniform base, and
5-7 short, round, crenate lobes and as many palmately disposed mainveins, somewhat
falted and rugose, glabrous and dark green above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath,
2-6 cm long. Petioles usually shorter than the blades; stipules rather broad, obovate,
obtuse or acute, attached to the stem. Flowers solitary, by abortion dioecious, the stamens
in the female flowers without anthers, and the styles in the male flowers short. Peduncles
straight without bracts, somewhat pubescent, exceeding the petiole of the last leaf. Calyx
with ovate pubescent or hirsute lobes, persistent and enlarged on tlie fruit. Petals white,
obovate, rather large, obtuse or emarginate. Fruits erect, globular, red, changing to
yellow or golden when ripe, drupelets large, globular, cohering.

Northern Hemisphere; in arctic and subarctic Europe, Asia, North
America. For America from Greenland and Alaska as far south as Oregon,
and Maine and New Hampshire in the East; usually in peaty, swampy
soil, often among sphagnum moss. In all northern countries much esteemed

26 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

as a most delicious fruit and everywhere gathered in great quantity. Four-
parted flowers, i. e., with 4 caljrx-lobes and 4 petals, instead of 5, are not
rare in this species.

Subgenus II. Dalibarda Linn. Focke Abli. Xat. Ver. Bremen 4:145. 1874; Focke
Spec. Rub. 1:13. 1910.

Small perennial plants with slender creeping stems and free stipules ; calyx with a short
almost flat base: pistils usually few, 5-20.

Of the 5 species composing this subgenus, 3 are North American,
I. is from central China and the eastern Himalaya, and i from Tasmania.
None of them has any pomological importance and none need be described
in this text.

Key to the American Species
A. Leaves simple

B. Leaves roundish cordate, crenate; fruits dry R. dalibarda

BB. Leaves trilobed, sharply dentate; fruits somewhat succulent, pulpy. .R. lasiococcus
AA. Leaves pedately s-foliolate R. pedatus

Subgenus III. Chamaebatus. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4:145, 156. 1874:
YocVie Spec. Rub. 1:17. 1910.

Small perennials with slender creeping stems armed with slender prickles; leaves
roundish cordate or lobed.

Of the 5 species belonging here, i is North American, i Mexican, the
others are Asiatic. None of them has any great importance for the pomolo-
gist ; this is also true of the North American species, R. nivalis, which is,
therefore, not further discussed.

Subgenus IV. Comaropsis. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4:145. 1874; Focke
Spec. Rub. 1:22. 1910.

Small perermials with creeping prickly stems, \vith the stipules adnate to the
petioles. There are only two species from southern Chile, neither of which are of interest
to pomologists.

Subgenus V. Cylactis Raf. Focke Afc/z. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4:142, 146. 1874; Focke
Spec. Rub. 1:23. 1 9 10.

Perennials with the annual flowering shoots from the rootstock, unarmed or prickly.
Leaves simple, or 3-5 foliolate; stipules free or almost, large, linear or obtus

To this subgenus belong about 15 species, several of them are American,
the others are European and Asiatic. Some of them bear edible fruits and
one is cultivated for its fruit.

Key to the Species Described

A. Leaves simple, cordate or reniform; petals rose colored R. stellatus

AA. Leaves compound
B. Leaves 3 -foliolate

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 27

C. Low perennials, 3-20 cm high; petals rose colored
D. Petals broadly obovate, 7-10 mm long; stems 1-3 flowered; leaflets usually

rhombic and acute j^ arcticus

DD. Petals narrower, oblanceolate, 10-13 mm long, attenuated into a distinct

yellowish claw; stems i-flowered; leaflets more obtuse R. acaidis

CC. Slender perennial, 30-90 cm high, petals white; flowers small.. i?. pubescens
BB. Leaves pinnate; stems, petioles and midribs prickly R. xantliocarptts

Rubus stellatus. Smith PI. Ic. (Ined. PI.) 64. 1791; Card Biish-Fr. 310 1898;
Focke Spec. Rub. 1:25. 1910; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:435. 1913; Bailey 5^a«(i. Cyc.
Hort. 5:3024. 1916.

Small herbaceous perennial with creeping rootstock and erect flowering stems,
10-20 cm high with about 2-5 leaves or more, slightly pubescent or glabrous. Petioles
longer than the blade, slender; stipules ovoid, obtuse or pointed; leaves simple, cordate or
reniform at the base, broader than long, the lower ones almost entire, the others deeply
3-lobed, the lobes obtuse or roundish, doubly crenate or serrate, glabrate at length, 3-6 cm
wide. Flowers solitar>-, terminal, peduncles overtopping the leaves, often with 6-8 sepals
and petals. Calyx finely puberulous, lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; petals obovate
or oblanceolate, long clawed, rose colored, exceeding the calyx -lobes; stamens numerous
with dilated filaments. Fruit globose with 20-25 drupelets, glabrous; putamen smooth;
calyx reflexed on the fruit.

Eastern Asia; Kamtschatka, western North America; Aleutian Isles,
Alaska, Yukon. Of little importance as a fruit-bearing plant.

Rubus arcticus. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 494. 1753; Britton & Brown ///. Fl. 2:200, fig.
1893. 1897; Focke Spec. Rub. 1:24. 1910; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:437. 1913; Bailey
Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3023. 1916.

Arctic Raspberry.— Herbaceous perennial, with a slender creeping rootstock. Stems
S-20 cm high, finely pubescent, 2- to 6-leaved; stipules large, obovate, rounded; petioles
2-4 cm long, finely pubescent; leaflets 3, simply or doubly toothed, lateral ones sessile,
broadly obovate-rounded, on the upper leaves more acute, terminal ones short stalked, more
or less acute, especially the upper ones. Flowers 1-3, polygamo-dioecious, 5- to lo-parted;
sepals lanceolate, acute, finely pubescent; petals obovate, entire or emarginate, 7-10 mm
long, rose-red. Fruit globose, dark red, fragrant, edible.

Northern Europe, Asia, and North America; from Labrador to the
Canadian Rocky Mountains in the New World. The fruit is smaller than
that of R. chamaemorus; when full grown and ripe it is not unlike that of
the raspberry.

Rubus acaulis. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 1:298. 1803; Focke Spec. Rub. 1:24. 1910;
Rydberg A^. Am. Fl. 22:437. 1913- -

R. arcticus. Card Bush-Fr. 312, fig. 54. 1898.

Similar to R. arcticus in habit. Stems 3-12 cm high, slightly pubescent or glabrous,
with 2-4 leaves, usually i-flowered. Petioles 2-6 cm long, leaflets all somewhat stalked,
mostly rounded or obtuse at the top, only the upper ones occasionally somewhat more

28 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

acute; lateral leaflets sometimes 2-cleft, terminal ones more or less rhombic-obovate
with a petiolule 5-7 mm long. Calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate with a long point ;
petals oblanceolate attenuated into a long, yellowish claw, mostly 10-13 n^m long, rose
colored.

Arctic and subarctic North America; from Alaska to Labrador, northern
Minnesota and Wyoming; perhaps also in the Old World. Differs from
R. arctic us chiefly in the more obtuse leaves, larger flowers, and narrower
sepals and by clawed petals. The two species are, however, very close and
not always easily separable. The fruits are edible but are not of great
value.

Rubus pubescens. Ratin. Med. Repos. 3:2, 233. 1811; Rydberg jV. Am. Fl. 22:438.
1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Horl. 5:3023. 1916.

R. americauus. Britton Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5:185. 1894; Card Bush-Fr. 314,
fig. 56. i8QS\Focke Spec. Rub. 1:2^. 1910.

R. saxatilis var. americarms. Persoon Syn. 2:52. 1806.

Dwarf Raspberry. — A slender perennial or subshrub, 30-90 cm high, sterile stems
flagelliform, procumbent, unarmed, flowering the following year; annual flowering stems
erect, weak, unarmed, and glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate, on long slender petioles; stipules
obovate, obtuse; leaflets thin, all sessile or short stalked, the lower ones obliquely ovate-
lanceolate, the terminal one longer, all acute, all with mostly simple ovate teeth. Flowers
solitary or few together on slender pedicels, small; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, reflexed;
petals white, scarcely longer. Fruit red, with several drupelets.

North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to
Montana, Colorado, Iowa, and New Jersey; in swamps and damp woods.
A very weak and thin-leaved plant; the fruit is of little importance.
Hybrids have been recorded with R. arcticus, R. acaulis, and lately with R.
hispidus. A near ally of this species is R. japonicus (Maxim.) Focke from
the mountain forests in Japan.

R. saxatilis Linn, is another species of this relationship, with herbaceous
stems, small flowers, and red drupelets, easily segregating, however; it
occurs through northern Asia from Altai westward to Europe, and is reported
from southern Greenland.

Rubus xanthocarpus. Bureau & Franchet in Moret Jour. Bot. 5:46. 1891; Focke
Spec. Rub. 1:29. 1910; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3024. 1916.

Perennial or subshrub with annual stems, i.e., dying down in the winter, 20-80 cm high
or rarely more, pilose and weak-spiny. Leaves pinnately, 3- to 5-foliolate. Leaflets
ovate, acute or obtuse, unequally serrate, terminal leaflet much larger, 6-10 cm long, acute;
petioles and midveins with recurved prickles. Flowers 1-2, terminal, mostly 6-parted
and rather large; peduncles and calyx prickly; petals narrow, white. Fruit orange-yellow,
with numerous drupelets, fragrant, somewhat like a raspberry', edible.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

29

Central China; in the Provinces Kansu, Szechwan, and Yunnan. It is
occasionally grown for its fruit and was introduced by the United States
Department of Agriculture in 1898. It is reported to be hardy as far north
as Minnesota.

Subgenus VI. Orobatus. Focke in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflansenfam. 3:31. 1888;
Focke Spec. Rub. i:jo. iqio; Ibid 3:18. 1914. Not Oreobatus Rydberg Bui. Torrey
Bot. Club ^0:2-] 1^. 1903.

Prickly shrubs with woody, perennial, erect or more or less climbing stems. Leaves
simple or 3- or rarely s-foliolate, with mostly large, broad, dentate, persistent stipules.
Inflorescence loose, few flowered; flowers usually large with rose-colored petals. Fruits
large, not always juicy, with numerous often whitish tomentose drupelets.

About 20 species, almost all natives of the Andes of Tropical South
America at elevations from 3600-12000 feet, one species is a native of the
Costa Rica mountains and one is known from the Philippine Islands. So
far only the following species has been introduced as a fruit plant:

Rubus macrocarpus. Bentham PL Hartweg. 129. 1844; Focke Spec. Rub. 1:37.
1910; Popenoe Jour. Hered. 11:195. fig- 1920; U. S. D. A. Bur. PL IndusL Invent. 13,
65, PI. III. 1923.

Columbian Berry.— Canes erect, recurving at the tip, or half-climbing, about 3 m
long, stout, light green, villous-tomentose and with reddish glandular hairs and with short,
slightly recurved prickles. Leaves trifoliolate or simple and often lobed, large and coarse;
leaflets stalked, thick, ovate or broadly elliptic, acute, serrate, velvety pilose on both sides,
8-15 cm long; stipules large, subcordate, villous, 25 mm long; petioles 15 cm long. Flowers
single or 3-6 from lateral branches, pedicels 8-12 cm long, stout, like the calyx pubescent,
glandular and prickly; cah'x-lobes large, deltoid, pointed, exceeding the obovate light
rosy-purple petals; pistils numerous, densely villous. Fruits very large, up to 55 mm long,
elongate, light crimson to wine colored; drupelets relatively small, rather loosely cohering;
core succulent, extending nearly to the top of the fruit and at maturity often separating
from the drupelets.

South Avierica; in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, from 2500-
3500 feet, in a moist cool region. The fruit is said to be " rather firm in
texture, not as juicy as most of the cultivated blackberries, and of a pleasant
subacid flavor (quite acid until the fruit is fully ripe) perhaps suggesting
that of the loganberry more than that of the cultivated blackberries."
(Popenoe 1. c.)

Subgenus IX. Anoplobatus. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen ^-.m. i.i(). 1874; Focke
Spec. Rub. 2:123. 191 1.

Rubacer and Oreobatus. Rydberg Bui. Torrey Bot. Club 30:274. 1903.

Erect unarmed shrubs with perennial stems, increasing in thickness with age. Leaves
simple, lobed ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers large, showy, white or pink. Fruit
scarcely juicy, finally getting dry.

30 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Most of the species of this subgenus are North American, two are
natives of Japan. They are perhaps of more ornamental value than they
will ever be as fruit plants.

Key to the Species Described

A. Leaves large, about 10-30 cm wide; inflorescence densely beset with stalked glands

B. Petals rose colored R. odoratus

BB. Petals white R- parviflorns

A A. Leaves much smaller; inflorescence pubescent not densely glandular. .R. deliciosus

Rubus odoratus. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 494. 1753; Card Bush-Fr. 304, fig. 49. 1898;
Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 487. igii; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:123. iQn; Bailey Stand. Cyc.
H art. 5:3024. igi6;Ba]ley Gent. Herb. 1:146. 1923.

Rubacer odoratum. Rydberg Bui. Torrey Bot. Club 30 : 2 74. 1903 ; Rydberg N. Am. Fl.
22:425. 1913.

Flowering Raspberry. — Erect shrub, with perennial stems, 1-3 m high, bushy. Stems
with pale brown flaky peeling bark, in the young parts more or less villous and densely
glandular-hispid. Leaves large, simple, maple-like on long stalks, cordate at base, roundish
in outline, 5- to 7-lobed, rather firm, green and sparingly hairy on both sides, lobes acute,
lobulate, fine and sharply doubly toothed, the middle lobe the largest, 10-30 cm wide.
Petioles roundish, glandular-hispid, about as long as the blades, stipules acute. Flower.';
numerous, subcorymbose, fragrant, 4-5 cm across; pedicels and calyxes densely beset witli
stalked brownish glands; caljoc-lobes ovate, caudate or suddenly contracted into a long
narrow point; petals roundish, deep rose colored; stamens very numerous, shorter than the
petals, pistils numerous, tomentose. Fruits red, flat, round, tasteless.

Eastern North America; from Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan River,
south to Michigan and in the mountains as far as Tennessee and Georgia,
chiefly in half shady places, in glens, on wet rocks, woods, and roadsides.
Not much of a fruit plant, but a very ornamental shrub; introduced into
Europe as early as 1770 and now commonly cultivated. It flowers from
June to September.

A rather constant species. The following varieties are worth noting:

Var. columbianus. Millspaugh W. Va. Sta. Bui. 24:355. 1892. Rubus columbianus,
Rydberg in Britton Man. 495. 1901; Rubacer columbianus, Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:426.

1913-

Leaves deeper cut and the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, incised, dentate or doubly

toothed. '

Western Virginia.

Var. albidus. Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3024. 1916.

Flowers whitish and bark lighter colored.

R. odoratus hsLS been crossed with R. idaeus, and the hybrid is named:

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

31

Rubus nobilis. Regel Gartenjiora 6: S6. 1S57.

Stems tomentose. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong, grayish tomentose iinder-
neath. Inflorescence many flowered, subcorymbose; pedimcles pubescent and glandu-
liferous; flowers similar to those of R. odoratus, but smaller, petals of the same color.

The plant is said to be sterile; it is rare in cultivation. It was raised
by C. de Vos at Hazerswoude near Boskoop in Holland about 1855.

Rubus parviflorus. Nuttall Ce;;. 1:308. 1818; Card Bush-Fr. 305,65.50. 1898;
Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 487. 191 1; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3024. 1916; Bailey
Gent. Herb. 1:146. 1923.

R. niitkamts Moc. Seringe in D. C. Prodr. 2:566. 1825; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:124.
1911.

Rubacer parviflormn. Rydberg 5zt/. TorreyBot. C"/m& 30:274. 1903; Rydberg N.Ani.
Fl. 22:426. 1913.

Rocky Mountain Thimbleberry, Salmonbeny.— Erect shrub very similar to R. odoratus,
up to 8 feet high; young shoots downy and more or less glandular. Leaves similar to those
of R. odoratus, mostly 5-lobed, more reniform at the base, the lobes triangxilar, pointed,
the middle one somewhat longer, irregularly toothed, pubescent on both sides, especially
imdemeath. Flowers 3-7, large, showy, pure white; pedicel and calyx densely tomentose
and glandular; cah'^c-lobes ovate suddenly contracted into a long narrow point; petals
roundish oval, longer than the calj'x-lobes. Fruit large, 15-20 mm across, red.

Cetitral and western North America; from Wisconsin to the West as
far as British Columbia in the North, and south to California, New Mexico,
and northern Mexico.

The name parviflorus is very inappropriate for this species, as it has
large flowers, larger than those of R. odoratus, its next ally and geographical
sister species. Var. fraseriana, T. K. Henry Torreya 18:54, 1918, is a form
with laciniate and dentate basal part of the petals. Besides, there occur
forms with deeper cut or laciniate leaves.

Var. velutinus H. & A. n. comb.-i?. velutinus H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 140. 1832;
not R. velutinus. Vest. 1823; Rubacer tomentosum, Rydberg Bui. Torrey Bot. Club
30:274. 1903; Rydberg A'^. Am. F/. 22:426. 1913.

Leaves densely velvety pubescent at the back; calyx sometimes less or not glandular.

Central California to British Columbia, along the coast.

Rubus rohustus Hort. Petrob. is the name of a hybrid between R. odo-
ratus and R. parviflorus raised at Petersburg Botanical Garden and later by
Mr. Fraser in Ucluelet, British Coltambia; Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. 73:51,
fig. 24. 1923.

Rubus deliciosus. Torrey Amm. Lye. N. Y. 2:196. 1827; Card Bush-Fr. 307. 189S;
Focke Spec. Rub. 2:125. 191 1; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3024. 1916; Bailey Gent.
Herb. 1:146. 1923.

R. Roezli. Kegel Garten flora 24: 22y. 1875.

32 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Oreobatus deliciosus. Rydherg Bui. Torrey Bot. Club ^0:27$. 1903. Rydberg A^. Ajh.
Fl. 22:427. 1913.

Rocky Mountain Flowering Raspberry. — Erect shrub, 1-2.5 I'n high, branches peren-
nial, slightly arching at the top; young stems pale reddish brown, downy; bark peeling off
later on. Leaves simple, roundish cordate, wider than long, with 3-5-7 short, rounded lobes
and small, ovate, sharp teeth, 2-6 cm wide; green on both sides, sparingly hairy above
but soon glabrous, longer so on the veins beneath and often finely glandular pruinose.
Petioles and the lanceolate-acuminate stipules downy. Flowering branches lateral, with
similar but smaller leaves ; flowers large and show^^ rose-like, 4-6 cm across or more, white,
solitary on slender, but firm, downy peduncles. Calyx-lobes ovate, cuspidate, entire or
toothed, pubescent and more or less glandular; petals roundish or broadly obovate, stamens
numerous; pistils pubescent. Fruit half-round, surrounded by the appressed calyx;
dark purple; drupelets numerous, almost dry.

Southwestern North America; in the mountains of Colorado and prob-
ably also of Arizona and New Mexico. A desirable, free-flowering, and very
hardy ornamental shrub, but not a fruit plant; the name " deliciosus " was
probably given for its profusely borne, fine, rose-like flowers. Contrary to
other Rubi this species is difficult to propagate. It does not sucker, cut-
tings strike but slowly, and layers often take as long as a year before they
are properly rooted. There are several varieties in cultivation, the most
desirable one has flowers almost twice as large as those of the more common
kind. In habit and foliage R. deliciosus resembles some kinds of currants
more than a bramble. There are three or possibly more related species, all
natives of southwestern United States, Mexico, and Guatemala.

.Subgenus X. Idaeobatus. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4:143, 147. 1874; Focke
Spec. Rub. 2:128. 191 1 ; Ibid. 3:260. 1914.

Raspberries. — Canes usually biennial, erect, arching or decurving at the top and
sometimes rooting from the tip, in some species scandent or prostrate; usually prickly,
sometimes bristly or glandular bristly. Leaves in some species simple and lobed, in others
odd-pinnately compound, in a few 5-foliolate digitate or pedate; petioles with adnate
narrow stipules. Flowers and inflorescences various; caljTC-lobes almost equal, petals often
fugacious. Fruit composed of many cohering drupelets, dissolving at maturity from the
core as a thimble or a cap.

This subgenus is composed of numerous species inhabiting all the five
continents. They are especially numerous in the northern hemisphere and
chiefly in the temperate and subtropical regions of Asia from the Himalaya
to Japan, western and central China being extremely rich in species. Some
species are very important fruit plants and are cultivated largely as rasp-
berries ; others may be useful for the plant breeder and many are ornamental
garden plants.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 33

Key to the Series of Idaeobatus

A. Leaves simple, lobed Series i : Corchorifolii

AA. Leaves compound

B. Flowers solitary or a few loosely and distantly set from each other

C. Leaves of the new canes (turions) 3-foliolate Series 2 : Spectabiles

CC. Leaves of the new canes pinnate

D. Leaflets narrow, pointed, lateral veins close and numerous; fruits with very

numerous drupelets Series 3 : Rosaefolii

DD Leaflets broader, veins more remote and less numerous; drupelets less

numerous Series 4 : Pungentes

BB. Flowers numerous, often densely panicled or fascicled

C. Flowers pink, usually small and petals scarcely as long as the calyx-lobes

Series 5 : Orientales
CC. Flowers white or whitish, petals often fugacious.

D. Canes densely bristly, climbing; leaves 3-foliolate Series 6: Elliptici

DD. Canes not so

E. Canes erect and arching or scandent or prostrate, often rooting at the tip,
mostly glabrous, with dense glaucous bloom; leaves 3-foliolate or

digitately or pedately s-foliolate Series 7: Occidentales

EE. Canes erect or nodding at the top, but not rooting at the tip; leaves pin-
nately 3- to 5-foliolate Series S : Idaei

Series I. Corchorifolii. Yocke Spec. Rub. 2:i2g. 191 1.

About 15 Species known, all natives of China and Japan.

A. Leaves small; flowers solitary, nodding Rubus palmatiis

A A. Leaves larger, 8-30 cm wide; flowers not nodding

B. Canes furrowed; prickles small; leaves 3- to 5-lobed R. crataegifoUits

BB. Canes terete, finely downy when young; prickles with a broad base; leaves
3-lobed R. corclior if alius

Rubus palmatus. Thunberg Fl. Jap. 217. 1784; Ic. PI. Jap. Dec. 4, PL 6; Focke
Spec. Rub. 2:132. 1911; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3026. 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb.
1:146. 1923.

R. microphyllus . Linnaeus fil. Suppl. Syst. Veg. 263. 1781; Card Bush-Fr. 311.
189S.

Stoloniferous shrub with erect, arching biennial canes, 1-1.5 ni high; canes slightly
angled, glabrous, more or less armed with straight prickles. Petioles 1-3 cm long or more,
pubescent, with hooked prickles; stipules small, linear. Leaves from a cordate base, deeply
3- to s-lobed, lobes acuminate, lobately irregularly toothed, terminal lobe the longest,
puberulous on the veins, glabrous at last. Flowers solitary from short lateral shoots,
nodding, 25-30 cm across; peduncles pubescent, almost unarmed. Calyx-lobes lanceolate,
pubescent; petals longer, narrowly elliptical, white. Stamens and pistils numerous.
Fruit similar to that of R. idaeus, yellowish, juicy, and edible.

Japan, China; not quite hardy in the East, but does well on the Pacific
Coast. From this species the cultivated variety " Mayberry " of Luther
Burbank was derived as a cross with the Cuthbert raspberry.
3

34 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

R. crataegifolius. Bunge Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 2:98. 1835; Card Bush-Fr. 310.
1S98; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:137. 1911; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3026. 1916; Bailey
Gent. Herb. 1:147. 1923-

Canes erect, arching and branched at the top, 1-2 m high, black or red brown, furrowed
and armed with a few small straight prickles. Leaves green, glabrate or downy beneath,
simple, cordate-ovate, acute, 3- to 5-lobed and palmately veined, lobes acute, the middle
one larger, contracted at its base, the margins coarsely unequally serrate and notched
petioles and midveins beneath pubescent and amied with scattered hooked prickles
stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowering branches pubescent, leaves often only 3-lobed
flowers small, few or several, fascicled or clustered in a short racems, short stalked, a few
lower ones sometimes axillar and longer stalked; bracts lanceolate; caly.K more or less
pubescent, lobes ovate-deltoid, acuminate; petals white, about as long, elliptic, clawed,
crimped at the margins, spreading in the open flower; stamens in one row; pistils numerous,
glabrous. Fruit half round, shining deep or black blood red, edible.

Northern China, Korea, and Japan; a robust plant with a spreading
rootstock, very hardy. On good soil the leaves of the turions reach 20-30
cm in diameter. Only the leaves on flowering shoots can be compared
with Crataegus; those of the turions resemble more the leaves of the maple.
Although the fruit is edible, it has been little cultivated as a fruit plant, but
has been recommended for planting on loose rough banks, where the strong
spreading rootstocks help to hold the soil.

Rubus corchorifolius. Linnaeus fil. Suppl. Syst. Veget. 263. 1781; Focke Spec.
Rub. 2:131. 1911; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3026. 1916.

Spreading by suckers, 1.5-2.5 m high, canes terete, finely downy and with broad-based
straight prickles, branching near the top. Leaves simple, purplish when young, cordate-
ovate, 8-15 cm long or more, those of the new canes deeply 3-lobed, dull green above,
pubescent beneath, irregularly toothed; petiole much shorter than the blade, prickly as
well as the midveins. Flowers solitary or few together on short lateral twigs, white.
Fruit large, bright red, said to be delicious and of a vinous flavor.

Japan, China; a rather variable species. Introduced by E. H. Wilson,
in 1907. It is cultivated in England; perhaps also in the United States.
Series 2. Spectabiles. Focke Spec. Rub. 2:142. 1911; Ibid 3:260. 1914.
Canes erect or procumbent. Leaves mostly temate ; flowering branches usually short ;
flowers mostly large and showy.

Six species, natives of the Sandwich Islands and of the Pacific Coast
of North America.
A. Erect shrubs; canes smooth, only with a few prickles near the base; flowers pink or
rose colored

■ B. Leaves and calyx glabrate or sparingly pubescent R. spectabilis

BB. Leaves and calyx densely tomentose beneath R. franciscanus

A A. Procumbent shrubs; canes tomentose and with fine bristly prickles; flowers pale. . . .

R. macraei

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 35

Rubus spectabilis. Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 1:348. 1814; Card Biish-Fr. 322, fig. 60.
1898; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:142. 191 1; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:440. 1913; Bailey Stand.
Cyc. Hort. 5:^026. igi6; Bailey Gent. Herb. i:ij^y. 1923.

Salmonberry. — Erect shmb, reaching 2-5 m, freely suckering; new canes armed
with fine prickles at the base, smooth for the rest, terete. Leaves 3-foliolate; stipules
linear or subulate ; petiole slender, glabrous, rarely with a few fine prickles ; lateral leaflets
sessile, obliquely ovate, acute, terminal one larger, ovate or rhomboid, acuminate, round or
subcordate at the base, 4-10 cm long, incisedly double serrate, all rather thin, glabrous and
green on both sides. Flowers showy, usually solitary' or 2-3, terminal on small sideshoots;
peduncles slender, glabrous, with or without a small bract below the middle. CaljTc-
lobes ovate, acute, pubescent with adpressed hairs. Petals elliptic, pointed, rose colored,
twice as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens and styles numerous. Fruit large, ovoid, orange-
yellow, or dark wine-red, 15-20 mm long and 12-15 rnm across, edible.

Western North America; from Alaska south to Idaho and California,
common in wet woods, along streams, etc. This plant is hardy in England
and many parts of Europe, where it is grown as an ornamental shrub. It
is hardy at Geneva, but it does not reach more than about 3 feet and seldom
flowers. It is not very productive even in its native home, although the
fruits are handsome and agreeable, but perhaps it may be used in cross-
fertilization with other hardier and more productive kinds. The orange-
yellow or salmon-colored berries are said to be the better flavored ones,
while the dark wine-colored berries have a bitter after taste. The two kinds
grow together and are indistinguishable, except by the color of the fruit.

Hybrids are recorded with R. idaeus, R. idaeur, var. mburnifolius and with R. idaeus
var. canadensis. A closely allied species is the following:

Rubus franciscanus. Rydberg A'. .4 «!. F/. 22:441. 19 13.

Ritbtis spectabilis var. Menziesii. Watson Bot. Cal. 1:172. 1S76; not R. menziesii.
Hooker. 18^2.

Very similar in habit and structure to R. spectabilis, but the stems hairy at first, the
leaves of a firmer texture, hairy above and densely white or grayish tomentose underneath ;
flowering branches, petioles, and peduncles equally hirsute; calyx-lobes densely silky from
long adpressed shining hairs.

Central California to southern Oregon; chiefly in the Redwood belt. This
is quite a distinct and very attractive species, but sometimes intermediate
forms are encountered.

Rubus macraei. Gray L^ 5. Expl. Exp. 505, PI. 57. 1858; Focke S^ec. Rub. 2:143.
191 1 ; Rock Jour. Hered. 2:147. 192 1; U. S. D. A. Biir. PI Indust. Invent. 67, 87, PI. VI.
1923.

Akalaberry, Hawaian Giant Raspberry. — Stems procumbent, tomentose or pubescent
and with fine bristly prickles. Stipules subulate. Leaves 3-foliolate, those of the flowering

36 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

branches 3-lobate, of a firm, almost coriaceous texture, glabrous above and softly grayish
tomentose underneath, irregularly and coarsely doubly incised serrate. Flowering branches
short, apparently only at the end of the canes, with one-stalked flower; peduncle tomentose,
unarmed, at the middle with a large, ovate-deltoid leafy bract ; calyx unarmed, lobes oblong,
lobately dentate ; petals almost as long as the calyx-lobes, obovate, often emarginate, pale.
Fruit very large, as much as 5 cm across, roundish or flattened, varying from orange-green
to purplish or black, with numerous large, very juicy drupelets, containing small seeds.
Hawaii; at about 4000-6000 feet on Mauna Kena, where " the atmos-
phere is always cool and the nights even cold, frost being not uncommon in
the winter," usually fogs prevail during the greater part of the days. Seems
to be allied to R. spectabilis. Native name Akala. It was introduced by
the United States Department of Agriculture in 1921 under the name of
the Hawaian giant raspberry. This Akala berry would be best adapted to
a locahty with mild winters and fogs, perhaps along the Pacific Coast.

Series 3. Rosaefolii. Focke Spec. i?M6. 2:148. 1911; /6i(i. 3:262. 1914.

Shrubs, but one species a perennial herb or subshrub; canes variously, erect, scandent
or creeping. Leaves mostly pinnate or temate; leaflets mostly acute, sharply doubly
incisedly toothed. Flowers terminal or axillar, generally few, solitary or loosely panicled;
petals white; stamens numerous, pistils small, very numerous; core soft at maturity of
the fruit.

About 1 1 species, natives of subtropical and tropical eastern Asia
and the Sunda Islands, one species of South Africa and Australia.

A. Stems 30-50 cm high, coming up annually from the root and flowering; leaflets lanceo-
late, acuminate R. illecehrosus

AA. Stems higher, biennial or perennial

B. Stems often climbing, leaflets pubescent on both sides R. rosaef alius

BB. Stems not climbing; leaflets glabrous R. probus

Rubus illecebrosus. Focke Ahh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 16:278. 1899; Focke Spec.
Rub. 2:152. jgii; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. S'-302g. igi6; Bailey Gent. Herb. i:i4g. 1923.
R. sorbif alius Hort., not Maxim.
R. rosaefolius. Card Bush-Fr. 149, fig. 28, not text 322. 1898.

Strawberry Raspberry. — Perennial or subshrub; stems erect, 30-50 cm high, green,
angular, glabrous, with scattered deltoid prickles; petioles, petiolules, midveins and pedun-
cles equally with rather numerous similar prickles. Petioles about 5-6 cm long; stipules
lanceolate or subulate, long pointed; leaves pinnately 5- to 7-foliolate, leaflets thin, green
and with a few scattered hairs on both sides, oblong-lanceolate-acuminate and sharply
doubly toothed, 7-9 cm long, lateral ones shortly stalked, the lowest and the terminal ones
the longest. Flowers terminal and axillary, large, 4-5 cm across, 5-6 merous; peduncle
4-7 cm long, erect; calyx finely pubescent, smooth or with a few prickles, lobes
broadly ovate, suddenly contracted into a long often foliaceous point. Petals broadly
obovate, obtuse or emarginate, white; stamens very numerous, filaments flattened; pistils
very numerous, glabrous. Fruit red, large, of the size of a strawberry.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 37

Japan; in the mountains on Fudji-yama. Quite hardy at Geneva, but
not very productive nor is the fruit of high quaUty but is said to be agree-
able when cooked.

Rubus rosaefolius. Smith PL Ic. (Ined. PI.) 60. 1791; Card Bush-Fr. 322, fig. 28.
1898; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:153. 1911; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:153. 1913; Bailey Stand.
Cyc. Hort. 5:3028. 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:149. 1923-

Erect evergreen shrub, 2-2.5 m high, in temperate climes lower, stems erect or clamber-
ing, branching at the top, loosely hairy and glandular and with scattered recurved prickles.
Leaves pinnately 5- to 7-foliolate, rarely also 9-1 1 leaflets, the uppermost 3-foliolate or
simple; petioles hairy, prickly; stipules linear; leaflets thin, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, large and regularly doubly serrate, light green and hairy on both sides, 5-7 cm
long. Flowers terminal or axillary in few-flowered cymes, about 4 cm across; pedicels
hairy, sometimes with a few stalked glands or fine prickles; calyx hairy, lobes ovate-lanceo-
late, caudate; petals roundish obovate, white; stamens numerous, with flattened filaments.
Fruits rather large, thimble shaped, 26-35 mm across, with ver>- numerous. small drupelets,
glabrous, bright red or orange.

Southern and eastern Asia, Philippine Islands, New Guinea, eastern
Australia; now subspontaneous in many tropical and subtropical countries,
for instance in South Africa, Chile, Brazil, and the West Indies. " In
Porto Rico it is completely established. In the Aibonito district the fruit
is gathered by children and sold to travelers along the Military Road.
The fruit is bright red and attractive, although not of high quality."

(Bailey I.e.)

R. rosaefolius va.v. coronarius. Sims 5o/. Mag. PL 1283. 1816. This
is a double-flowered form often planted in the tropics as an ornamental
shrub, known as " Briar Rose " or " Bridal Rose."

Rubus probus. Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:150. 1923-

Erect shrub, 2-2.5 m high, similar to R. rosaefolius, but less prickly and glabrous on
the petioles, leaf-blades and pedicels; new canes arching, not climbing. Leaflets 3-9,
but mostly 7, broader and ovate-lanceolate or ovate, prominently and approximately veined,
and margins deeply and sharply doubly toothed. Leaves on new canes 20-25 cm long, the
leaflets 10 cm long. Flowers corymbose, rather numerous, about 9-10 together at the end
of the branches, rather large; pedicels about as long as the petioles; calyx-lobes shortly
pointed, not caudate, not or scarcely exceeding the petals. Fruit flat; drupelets very
numerous, red, detaching from the receptacle like a ring, i. e., the central pistils have not
been developed leaving thus a hole in the middle of the fruit.

Porto Rico; a cultivated plant, of doubtful origin; related to R. rosae-
folius; perhaps R. ellipticus x rosaefolius.

The " Cardinal Balloon Berry " of Burbank is a native species from
central China of this series, but of which it is not yet possible to say.

38 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Series 4. Pungentes. Focke Spec. Rub. 2:160. igii; Ibid. 3:264. 19 14.

Leaves 3-foliolate, but mostly pinnately 5- to ii-foliolate. Flowers solitary or a few,
loosely clustered, rather large. Drupelets less numerous than in the Rosaefolii, and the
core dry at maturity.

About 15 species; mostly from China.

A. Peduncles smooth; petals white R. biflorus

AA. Peduncles hirsute and prickly; petals reddish purple R. lasiostylus

Rubus biflorus. Buchanan ex Smith in Rees Cyc. 30:32. 18 19; Focke Spec. Rub.
2:166. 191 1 ; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3027. 1916.

R. kucodermis Hort. not Dougl.

Robust shrub with stout erect stems, 2-3 m high; canes arching, branched, terete,
armed with stout, straight, broad-based prickles and covered with a thick, white, waxy layer.
Leaves pinnate, 3- to s-foliolate, dark green and with scattered hairs above and white felty
beneath, leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate, acute, sharply and irregularly doubly toothed,
terminal ones broader more ovate and often somewhat 3-lobed; petioles long, with scattered
hooked prickles, waxy white; stipules linear. Flowering branches short, leaves 3-foliolate,
leaflets deeper incised. Flowers mostly 2-3, sometimes more, peduncles rather long, smooth
or almost so, drooping. Calyx pubescent, lobes broadly ovate, mucronate or caudate;
petals broad, round, white, exceeding the calyx; stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit
drooping, rather large, roundish, yellow, edible.

Himalaya, up to 10,000 feet, and southwestern China; chiefly valuable
as an ornamental shrub ; very effective on lawns during winter because of its
waxy white canes. The flowers are showier and larger than those of the
common raspberry and its fruit is attractive. There is a variety, quinque-
y?on^5, Focke in Sargent PI. Wilson. 1:53. 191 1, which has 3-8 flowers.
It comes from western Szechwan and is probably hardier and more
productive.

Rubus lasiostylus. Focke in Hooker Ic. PL 1951. 1891; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:167.
1911 ; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3027. 1916.

Canes erect, 1.2-1.8 mhigh, stout, covered with a waxy bluish white bloom, glabrous,
but covered with ntunerous slender pungent bristles. Leaves pinnately 3- to 5-foliolate;
lateral leaflets ovate, coarsely and unevenly doubly toothed, terminal one much larger,
cordate at the base, more or less 3-lobed and lobately toothed along the upper half, with
scattered hairs above and densely white felty beneath. Flowers few, rather small ; pedicels
hirsute and prickly; calyx tomentose or prickly, lobes ovate-lanceolate-acuminate; petals
reddish purple, shorter than the calyx-lobes, fugacious. Fruit roundish, red, downy,
25 mm across, with an agreeable acid taste.

Central China; from the Province Hupeh,

Usually cultivated for its white-colored canes; the fruits are said to be
of little importance.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 39

Series 5. Orientales Berger.

Shrubs with terete canes, smooth and with glaucous bloom or glandular hirsute, prickly.
Leaves pinnate, petioles and midveins prickly. Inflorescence panicled, flowers usually
small with pink petals.

Many species from temperate and subtropical eastern Asia, chiefly
from China and Japan.

A. Stems or canes densely beset with bristles and stalked glands

B. Leaves mostly 3-foliolate, sparingly hairy above, white tomentose beneath

R. phoeiiicolasius

BB. Leaves mostly 5-foliolate, dull green and hairy on both sides R. adenophorus

AA Stems not so

B. Stems downy at least when young

C. Stems downy, glandular and with straight prickles. Inflorescence densely

glandular R. innominatus

CC. Stems downy when young, but not glandular

D. Leaves mostly 7-foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, silvery white underneath. .

R. niveus

DD. Leaves mostly 3-5 foliolate; leaflets ovate, grayish white underneath

R. kuntzeanus
BB. Stems glabrous also when young

C. Leaflets usually 9, ovate-lanceolate, white tomentose beneath; inflorescence

elongate-panicled R. giraldianus

CC. Leaflets usually 7, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, glabrous on both sides or felt
underneath not very conspicuous; inflorescence flat, cymose R. coreanus

Rubus phoenicolasius. Ma.ximowicz Bui. Acad. St. Petersb. 8:293. 1871; Card
Bush-Fr. 321. 1898; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:191. 1911; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 487.
1911; Rydberg A''. Am. Fl. 22:441. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3027. 1916; Bailey
Gent. Herb. 1:147. 1923.

Japanese Wineberry. — Canes biennial, 1-3 m long, robust, arching, often rooting at
the tip, terete, villous and densely covered with stalked, red-brown glands of various length,
mixed with scattered, brown, straight prickles, as is the whole plant, the petioles, petiolules,
midveins and the inflorescence. Leaves of the canes 3-foliolate, some lower ones often
5 -foliolate, dark green and sparingly pilose or glabrate above, densely white tomentose
beneath, simply or doubly toothed; teeth broad, obtuse, mucronate; stipules filiform;
petiole about as long as the lower leaflets; these obliquely ovate, with a short point, almost
sessile, terminal leaflet stalked, large, cordate-ovate or somewhat 3-lobed, suddenly con-
tracted into a short narrow point, from the middle lobately toothed. Flowering shoots
often rather long with similar leaves; flowers near the top of the branches, the lower ones
in stalked, few-flowered axillary clusters, the upper ones in a short raceme, the whole
inflorescence extremely glandular; bracts linear; calyx-lobes long acuminate, tomentosa
above, spreading at first ; petals short, obovate, pink. Fruit roundish, bright red, acidulous,
easily detaching from the yellow receptacle and disc.

Japan to western China; in the mountains; escaped from cultivation
and subspontaneous in many places in the United States. It was intro-

40

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

duced in 1890 by John Lewis Childs; into England about 1876. R. phoe-
nicolasiits has been hybridized with R. idaeus. One of these hybrids has
been described as:

Rubus paxii. Focke .4Wj. Nat. Ver. Bremen 19:204. 1908; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:192.
191 1. R. phoenicolasiiis x idaeus. Wilson Rep. Int. Coiif. Genet. 209. 1906.

Habit and glandulosity much like that of R. pJtoenicolasius, but lower leaves often
pinnately 5-foliolate and leaflets narrower. Petals and filaments white, rose colored at
the base.

A similar hybrid has been produced at Geneva. It is a cross with the
Empire raspberry. In some individuals of this cross the stems are more
prickly, but scarcely glandular. Another interesting hybrid between
R. phoenicolasius and the Agawam blackberry was raised at Geneva.

Rubus adenophorus. Rolfe Kew Bid. 3S2. 1910; Focke Spec. Rub 3:270 1914;
Bailey Stoid Cyc. Hort. 5:3027. 1916.

R. sa gains. Focke Spec. Rub. i:ig8. 1911.

Deciduous shrub, 1.5-3 m high; stems erect or arching, stout, densely beset with
bristles, large dark-stalked glands and broad-based prickles. Leaves pinnately s-foliolate ;
petiole and petiolules bristly and glandular; leaflets 5-13 cm long, ovate, shortly pointed,
roundish or cordate at the base, sharply and doubly toothed, dull green and hairy on both
sides, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal one larger, subtrilobate and lobately doubly
dentate in the upper half. Leaves of the flowering shoots similar, 3-foliolate, the uppermost
simple. Flowers in terminal panicles, densely bristly and glandular; short stalked, calyx-
lobes ovate, long mucronate; petals shorter, pink, toothed. Fruit round, almost 15 mm
across, finally black, edible.

Central China, western Hupeh; introduced by E. H. Wilson in 1907.
More an ornamental shrub for its fine foliage and the red glandular canes
than a fruit plant.

Rubus innominatus. Moore /oht. Bot. ^:226. 1875; Focke5^ec. Rub. 2:195. iQn;
Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3027. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:461. 1921.

Erect shrub, 2-2.5 ™ high; canes and petioles adpressedly downy, gray, glandular
and armed with scattered straight prickles. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate, rarely 7-foliolate,
the uppermost 3-foliolate; leaflets irregularly and deeply toothed, teeth mucronate, with
stiff hairs above and grayish or whitish tomentose beneath; lateral leaflets almost sessile,
obliquely oblong or ovate-lanceolate, terminal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate-acuminate;
stipules small, filiform. Inflorescence panicled, tomentose and densely beset with short
stalked glands and sometimes a few prickles; pedicels short; flowers small; calyx-lobes
ovate; petals roundish, rose colored, shorter than the calyx-lobes. Fruit half round, orange-
red.

Central and western China. Probably not in cultivation. A variety
" Van Fleet " came from a cross between R. " innominatus " x Cuthbert;
(see under R. kuntzeanus).

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 4 1

Rubus niveus. Thunberg Dissert, de Rub. 9, fig. 3. 1813; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:182.
1911; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3029. 1916.

Strong-growing shrab, 1-2 m high or more; canes terete, with long straight or curved
prickles, downy when young with a dense white bloom later on. Leaves with 2-4 or rarely
5 pairs of leaflets, but mostly 7-foliolate, leaflets oblong or rhomboid-oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, with 6-8 lateral veins on each side, variously coarsely and often doubly serrate,
dull green and sparingly hairy above, silvery white tomentose underneath. Inflorescence
paniculate, enlarged by lower axillar branches, villous or tomentose. Flowers small;
caly.K whitish tomentose, petals roundish, shorter than the calyx-lobes, rose colored or
purple. Fruit subglobular, smooth, whitish, reddish later on and bluish black when ripe,
edible, acidulous.

India; along the southern slopes of the Himalaya to Sikkim, at eleva-
tions from 4500-9000 feet, in southern China, in Ceylon, and cultivated in
some places for its fruit. This species seems to have a wide distribution
and to be rather variable. It does not seem to be cultivated in the United
States, but may be useful in producing a raspberry for the warmer southern
states.

Rubus kuntzeanus. Hemsley Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:232. 1887; Focke Spec. Rub.
2:195. 1911 ; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3028. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:461. 1921.

R. innoininatus Hort., not S. Moore.

Shrub 2-2.5 ni high; canes grayish velvety downy and with scattered broad-based
prickles. Leaves pinnately 3- to 5-foliolate, dark green and slightly hairy above, densely
white tomentose underneath, irregularly toothed; lateral leaflets very short'y stalked,
obliquely ovate, 5-10 cm long, rounded at the base, acuminate; terminal ones larger and
broader, cordate and often somewhat 3-lobed; petiole and rhachis and midveins downy
and prickly. Inflorescence a long narrow panicle, the lower branches axillary, peduncles
and calyxes tomentose, not glandular nor prickly. Flowers small, shortly stalked; calyx-
lobes ovate, shortly mucronate; petals scarcely longer, pink, suborbicular, fugacious.
Fruits roundish, 2 cm across, orange-red, edible and of good flavor.

Central and western China; introduced by Augustine Henry in 1886 and
again by E. H. Wilson about 1905. It comes near to R. innominatiis S.
Moore, but it is glandless. From this species the " Van Fleet Raspberry,"
which is said to be a hybrid between R. innominatiis and the variety
Cuthbert is derived. All the characters of this hybrid seem to prove that
it is a cross with R. kuntzeanus and not with R. innominatus S. Moore.
The " Van Fleet " is entirely glandless and 3-foliolate on canes and
inflorescence.

Rubus giraldianus. Focke in Engler Bot. Jahrb. 29:401. 1901; Focke Spec. Rub.
2:194. 191 1 ; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3029. 1916.

Very prickly robust shrub, canes terete, stout, up to 3 m high, arching and with hang-
ing branches at the summit, brownish, covered with a fine whitish blue bloom ; prickles

42

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

numerous, stout, hooked or straight, from a broad flat base. Leaves pinnate, leaflets
usually g, petiole and rhachis pubescent, glaucous and together with the midveins with
hooked prickles ; lateral leaflets sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate ;
terminal leaflets wider, larger, lobately doubly serrate, dull grass-green above, white tomen-
tose at the back. Flowers small, in a tenninal tomentose panicle, pedicels short, prickly;
petals shorter than the calyx-lobes, pink or purple. Fruit small, black.

Central and northern China; introduced about 1907; rather more an
ornamental for its habit and white stems than a f rmt plant ; quite hardy at
Geneva.

Rubus coreanus. Miquel Prol. Fl. Jap. t,^. iSGj; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:184. 191 1;
Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3029. iqi6; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:456, 1921.

Canes terete, erect or arching, pale yellowish green to deep brown when older, smooth,
covered with a dense white bloom, prickles variously scattered or remote, rather large,
deltoid, straight or curved. Leaves usually with 7 leaflets, lateral ones sessile, ovate or
rhomboid-ovate, pointed, coarsely simple or doubly toothed, terminal one larger and
broader, cordate, and often 3-lobed or lobately incised in the upper half, glabrescent or
glabrous on both sides; petiole and rhachis prickly. Flowering shoots glabrous, with 5- to
3-foliolate leaves. Inflorescence a many-flowered, short, and broad cyme; flowers small;
calyx-lobes deltoid, lanceolate; petals shorter, ejliptic, rose colored. Fruit small, red to
black, edible, but of poor flavor.

Korea, China; a handsome, hardy shrub, but scarcely of importance
as a fruit plant.

Series 6. Elliptici. Focke Spec. Rub. 2:1 gS. 1911.

Large glandless climbing shrubs.

Two species from the Himalaya and central China, of which the
following has been introduced:

Rubus ellipticus. Smith in Rees Cyc. 30: R. No. 16. 1815; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:
198. 1911; Rydberg A'. Am. Fl. 22:442. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3027. 1916;
Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:147. 1923.

Golden Evergreen Raspberry. — Vigorous shrub with perennial climbing stems, 1-5
m long; canes terete or obscurely angled, like the petioles densely hispid from long reddish
hairs, mixed with flattened straight prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 3-7 cm long,
like the petiolules and mid\-eins armed with recurved prickles; stipules small subulate;
leaflets sharply and finely double-serrate, elliptic or obovate, obtuse or emarginate, cor-
iaceous, dark green and almost or quite glabrous above, white or grayish tomentose beneath,
the lateral ones shortly stalked or almost sessile, the terminal one longer stalked and larger.
Flowers 15-25 mm across, clustered on axillar branchlets or terminal and paniculed,
tomentose ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; petals white, obovate, scarcely longer. Fruit vellow
to golden yellow, of the shape and size of a raspberry and of good quality.

Himalayas; in elevations from 3000-6000 feet, naturalized in Jamaica;
grown in Florida and southern California, where the northern raspberries

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 43

do not succeed, but chiefly as an onaamental plant to cover pergolas,
arbors, and fences.

Series 7. Occidentales. Focke Spec. Rub. 2:201. 19 11.

Canes long, arching, rooting at the tips or prostrate, with glaucous bloom and scattered
usually stout prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate orpedately s-foliolate. Inflorescence corymbi-
foma; pedicels usually prickly sometimes glandular.

About 8 species extending from western North America to Peru along
the mountains.

A. Leaves white tomentose beneath

B. Fruit hemispherical; calyx-lobes not reflexed, spreading or enclosing the fruit;
leaflets with 4-S lateral veins on each side of the midrib
C. Flowers several, corymbose or panicled; petals shorter than the calyx-lobes
D. Inflorescence without glands; tall plants; leaflets glabrous above

E. Prickles of the inflorescence only slightly curved or straight and scarcely
flattened; leaflets broad, suddenly contracted into a point, dark green
above; canes intensely bluish green, or purplish later on, with a dense

bloom R- occideutalis

EE. Prickles of the inflorescence with a broad flat base and strongly hooked
or falcate; leaflets less abruptly pointed, more yellowish green; canes

more yellowish under the dense bloom R. leiicodermis

DD. Inflorescence or cahrx with stalked glands ; smaller plants with prostrate canes ;
leaflets hairy above

E. Canes puberulous, with a few small prickles R. glaucif alius

EE. Canes glabrous, with many stout prickles R. bernardinus

CC. Flowers solitary or sometimes 2-3 together; petals about as long as the calyx-
lobes R- pringlei

BB. Emit oblong; calyx-lobes reflexed; leaflets with 9-15 lateral veins on each side of
the midrib ■

C. Leaflets glabrous above, long acuminate; fruit 8-15 mm across R. glaucus

CC. Leaflets puberulent above, suddenly contracted to a long point; fruit 6-8 mm

across ^- eriocarpus

.\A. Leaves green and glabrous on both sides; petals scarcely half as long as the calyx-
\q\^qs ^- ^ligerrimus

Rubus occidentalis. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 493- i753; Card Bush-Fr. 319. 1898; Focke
Spec. Rub. 2:201. 1911; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 487. 1911; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:
443. 1913; Bailey 5toHcf. Crc. Hor/. 5:3028. 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:147. 1923-

Black Raspberry, Blackcap, Thimbleberry.— Vigorous shrub, turions or canes erect,
arching and rooting at the tips, terete, greenish or purplish, covered with a fine white or
bluish bloom, glabrous, remotely beset with flattened, deltoid, straight or hooked prickles,
but without bristles. Lower leaves of the turions larger, 3-foliolate or pedately s-foliolate,
the lateral leaflets in the latter case stalked, the lowest sessile, in 3-foHolate leaves the lower
leaflets sessile and often with a basal lobe, terminal leaflet long stalked, broadly cordate-
ovate, all leaflets pointed and sharply doubly toothed, green above and densely white
tomentose beneath. Petioles stout, like the petiolules and mid veins prickly; stipules
small, subulate. The upper leaves gradually diminishing in size, with narrower and longer

44 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

pointed leaflets. Flowering branches green with remote slender prickles; leaves 3-foliolate,
leaflets rarely cordate at the base, pointed and sharply serrate; petioles and petiolules
pubescent. Flowers densely almost lunbellately corymbose at the top of the branches on
short and stiff pedicels, and a few usually 3- flowered clusters from the upper axils. Pedicels
and calyx white tomentose with numerous spreading slightly curved prickles, without
glands ; calyx-lobes ovoid-deltoid with a long tip, unarmed, reflexed. Petals oblong, whitish,
shorter than the cal>TC-lobes. Stamens numerous, filaments flattened, shorter than the
styles. Fruit hemispherical, black, edible.

North America; from New Brunswick and Quebec to Minnesota in
the west, and south as far as Colorado and Georgia, but in the south restricted
to the mountains; chiefly in woods, along fences and in hedges; sometimes
a nasty weed.

The species varies little; a variety, pallidas, Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort.
1582. 1902, or var. flavohacciis, Blanchard Rhodora 7:146. 1905, bears
amber-yellow fruits. Hybrids with other species have been recorded, the
most important see under R. idaeus. R. occidentalis has become a widely
cultivated plant with numerous varieties.

The following is its Pacific sister-species:

Rubus leucodermis. Douglas in Hooker Fl. Bor. Am. 178. 1S32; Torrey & Gray
Fl. N. Am. 1:454. 1840; Rydberg N Am. Fl. 22:444. 1911; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort.
5:3028. 1916.

R. occidentalis var. leucodermis. Card Bush-Fr. 319. 1898; Focke Spec. Rub.
2:201. 1911.

Very similar to R. occidentalis, and also very glaucous; canes armed with stout, flat,
more recurved prickles. Leaves of the canes also similar, 3- to s-foliolate, pedate; lower
leaflets sessile, lateral ones stalked, the terminal one larger, sometimes sublobate, teeth
variable. The prickles on petioles and petiolules and especially on the peduncles and
pedicels with a broader flatter base and more falcate or hooked. Inflorescence much like
in R. occidentalis, not glandular; pedicels usually glabrescent, not tomentose; calyx-lobes
acuminate. Fruit dark reddish purple or blackish with tomentose drupelets.

Western North America; from Montana and Wyoming to south Cali-
fornia in San Antonio mountains at about 3200 feet elevation, and north
to British Columbia. It is a more robust and earlier plant than R. occi-
dentalis, with more yellowish canes and the leaflets of a lighter green and
less abruptly pointed.

Rubus leucodermis var. trinitatis Berger, n. var.

Leaves of flowering branches simple, cordate-orbicular, shortly 3-lobed, crenate.
Flowers somewhat smaller, calyx-lobes with a short tip, white villous.

Northern California; Trinity County, near Douglas City; first collected
June 13, 1896, by W. C. Blasdale. This form with round simple leaves

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 45

corresponds to R. idaeiis (strigosus) var. egglestonii (Blanch.) Fern, and
to R. idaeus (vidgatus) var. obtusifolius Willd. The occurrence of such a
form or variety in R. leucodermis was not known before; it may also occur
in R. occidentalis. A similar form is also known of R. rosaefolius.

Rubus glaucifolius. Kellogg Proc. Calif. Acad. 1:67. 1855; Rydberg A'^. Am. Fl.
22:444. 1913-

Canes prostrate, rather slender, puberulous, w-ith scattered, small, hooked prickles.
Leaves 3-foliolate; lower leaflets almost sessile, obliquely ovate, terminal one rhomboid-
ovate, all shortly pointed, with mostly simple, broadly ovate teeth, green and finely pubes-
cent above, with a dense white felt underneath and 4-6 prominent veins on each half.
Flowers smaller, clustered; pedicels and cal\Tc pubescent, unarmed or more or less prickly,
calyx-lobes glandular. Fruit with a few drupelets, red.

Xorthern California to southern Oregon; in open places in the mountain
forests from 3000-4000 feet elevation. It is a dewberry in habit and is
often mistaken for a form of R. leucodermis, but is quite distinct.

Rubus bemardinus. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:444. 19 13.

Canes apparentlj^ trailing on the ground, brown with a glaucous bloom and many
strongly hooked prickles from a broadened base. Flowering shoots with 3-foliolate leaves,
hairy above, densely white tomentose beneath; petioles prickly, hirsute and glandular;
leaflets small, pointed, finely doubly serrate. Flowers few, pedicels and calyx-lobes tomen-
tose and sparingly glandular. Berrj^ hemispheric, pubescent, with numerous drupelets.

Southern California; about intermediate between R. leucodermis and R.
glaucifolius.

R. eriocarpus. Liebm. Vidensk. Meddel. Kjoeb. 4:162. 1852; Focke Spec. Rub.
2:202. 1911; Rydberg A'. Am. Fl. 22:442. 1913.

Stems obtusely angled, glaucous-pruinose, prickly; leaves of the turions pedately
S-foliolate, leaflets puberulent above, white tomentose beneath, finely doubly serrate,
terminal one ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, suddenly contracted to a long point
with about 10-15 lateral veins on each side, lateral leaflets ovate-lanceolate. Corymbs
few flowered, tomentose and with weak prickles. Fruit oblong, 6-8 mm across and 10-12
mm long, drupelets villous-tomentose.
Central Mexico to Panama.

R. pringlei. Rydberg A'^. Am. Fl. 22:443. 1913.

R. occidentalis var. vel subsp. mexicanus. Focke Spec. Rub. 2:201. 191 1.

Leaves all temate, dark green and finely puberulent above, white tomentose beneath ;
terminal leaflets from a rounded or acute base, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, long pointed,
with about 6-8 lateral veins on each side, doubly serrate with narrow sharply cuspidate
and mucronate teeth. Flowers larger than in the others, solitary or rarely 2-3 together;
pedicels tomentose, bristly or prickly; calyx-lobes ovate, abruptly cuspidate, tomentose,
enclosing the fruit later on; petals as long, white. Fruit hemispheric about 20 mm long
and 15 mm across, red, at last purplish with a bloom.

46 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Northern Mexico to Guatemala.

Rubus glaucus. Bentham PI. Hartweg. 173. 1845; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:202. 1911;
Rydberg A^ Am. Fl. 22:442. 1913; Popenoe Jour. Hered. 12:387-393, fig. 1921; U. S.
D. A. Bur. PL Indust. Invent. 65, 66, PI. V. 1923.

Andes Berry. — Vigorous shrub, canes half-climbing, 3-4 ra long, rooting at the tip,
glabrous, more or less densely covered with a white bloom, anned with scattered, rather
small, hooked, compressed prickles. Leaves 3 -foliolate, leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, long acuminate, roundish or subcordate at the base, sharply but not deeply doubly
serrate, about 6-10 cm long, dark green and glabrate above, silvery white tomentose
underneath, with 9-12 lateral veins on each side; petioles 5-12 cm long, like the petiolules
and midveins with recurved prickles; petiolules 1-5 cm long; stipules subulate.
Upper leaves simple, lanceolate, bract-like. Flowers in terminal racemes, lower flowers
axillary and therefore the inflorescence often 15-30 cm long, glabrous or more or less tomen-
tose and sometimes with a few glands; pedicels stiffly spreading, sparingly prickly; prickles
almost straight and scarcely flattened at the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, suddenly long
acuminate, 10-16 mm long, more or less tomentose, sometimes with a few short prickles,
strongly reflexed on the fruit; petals about as long, white. Fruit dark purple, round to
oblong-oval, 25 mm long, and 8-15 mm across, with large drupelets, tomentose at first.

Tropical America; from southern Mexico to Ecuador and Peru on
highlands; first collected by Hartweg on Mount Pichincha in Ecuador;
also cultivated in Ecuador.

This plant is much esteemed for its excellent fruit, the flavor of which
is said to resemble that of the red raspberry, being rich and aromatic. The
fruit is also compared with that of the loganberry, but is said to be better
and sweeter. The berries do not separate easily from the receptacle when
ripe. This bramble is known as " Mora de Castillo " in its native coun-
tries, and is used " to cover arbors and fences, or can be trained into bush
form, making a clump about 10 feet broad and high." It was introduced
into the United States by Wilson Popenoe in 1920; it succeeds on all sorts
of soil, but it likes a heavy soil and plenty of moisture best. It is very
likely an important acquisition for the southern and southwestern United
States, especially for breeding work.

Rubus nigerrimus. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:445. i9i3-

Stems 1-2 m high, glaucous at first, brownish and shining later on, with numerous,
straight, compressed, long prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate, or 5 -foliolate on more robust canes;
leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, of rather firm texture, green and glabrous
on both sides; lateral leaflets almost sessile, the terminal one with a petiolule 2-5 cm long,
like the petiole and midvein armed with recurved prickles. Flowers corymbose and axillar;
peduncle and pedicels with recurved prickles; calyx glabrous or sparingly glandular, lobes
lanceolate with a long point, 12 mm long; petals less than half as long, white. Fruit almost
black, drupelets tomentose.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 47

Western North America; eastern and central Washington.

Series 8. Idaei.

Canes more or less erect or nodding. There are 9 species known,

natives of northern Asia, one extending to Europe and North America.

A. Canes green, densely tomentose and prickly; stipules deeply lacerate. . . .R. mesogaeus
AA. Canes more or less brown, prickly or bristly; stipules entire, subulate R. idaens

Rubus mesogaeus. Focke in Engler Bot. Jahrb. 29:399. 1901; Focke Spec. Rub.
2:204. 1911; Bailey 5<a»(i. Cyc. Hort. 5:3028. 1916.

Robust s b, canes erect, stout, green, densely tomentose and prickly, prickles
straight or curved upwards, pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate, petioles and petiolules tomen-
tose and prickly like the stems; stipules lanceolate, deeply lacerate with subulate segments;
leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, terminal one broader and
larger, cordate, lobately incised, finely doubly serrate, dark green and pubescent above
and densely velvety pubescent underneath. Inflorescence a dense erect terminal cluster
augmented by some lower erect a.xillar clusters; flowers small, short pedicelled, pubescent,
petals small, white. Fruit small, globular.

Central China; rather insignificant as flowers and fruit are concerned,
but the foliage is very ornamental. Quite hardy at Geneva.

Rubus idaeus. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 492. 1753; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:207. iQn;
Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 486. 191 1; Femald Rhodora 21:89. iQiQI Bailey Gent. Herb.
1:148. 1923.

Red Raspberry. — Canes erect, slightly arching at the top, terete, more or less bristly
or prickly, glabrous or downy, green or brownish, glaucous. Leaves usually pinnately
S-foliolate, leaflets more or less ovate, pointed and doubly serrate, lateral ones sessile, green
above and usually more or less densely white tomentose underneath. Inflorescence ter-
minal and axillary, racemose, pedicels slightly nodding; caly.x-lobes ovate-deltoid to
lanceolate-deltoid, cuspidate; petals oblong, white, about as long as the stamens. Fruit
pendulous red or rarely amber colored, drupelets numerous, soft, sweet, tomentose.

Northern Hemisphere; in woods, on sunny and shady, dry and moist
places, on poor as well as on good soil, common through northern Europe,
Asia, and America. A very variable plant, with several distinct geographi-
cal varieties, often considered as different species or subspecies, but usually
connected by numerous intermediate forms, and not always readily
identified.

The following is a key to these varieties :
A. Inflorescence pubescent or felty with adpressed grayish or whitish hairs, more or less
prickly, but without glands
B. Canes not bristly to the top

C. Inflorescence elongately racemose i. R- idaeus vulgatus

D. Leaflets of flowering shoots 3-foliolate
E. Leaflets white underneath, narrow lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, st'-ongly
toothed la. R. idaeus vulgatus forma angustif alius

48 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

EE. Leaflets green on both sides ib. R. idaeus vulgatus forma deniidatus

DD. Leaflets of flowering shoots i-foliolate, rarely temate, roundish, reniform,

more or less lobed ic. R. idaeus vulgatus forma obtusifolia

CC. Inflorescence shortly racemose 2. R. idaeus nipponiciis

BB. Canes bristly to the top
C. Canes glabrous

D. Canes densely beset with usually pale prickles and thin flexible bristles

3. R. idaeus maritimus

DD. Canes densely beset with usually purplish black short subulate bristles

4. R. idaeus melanotrachys

CC. Canes downy or pubescent R. idaeus canadensis forma eglandulosus

AA. Inflorescence glandular, bristly and prickly and usually the whole plant more or less

glandular

B. Bark of the canes orturions glabrous. (Canes without prickles, see R. idaeus stri-

gosus forma tonsus)

C. Prickles rather stout and long with smaller ones between them, densely set;

flowering branches, petioles, peduncles, and calyxes densely beset with mostly

dark reddish bristles and glands 5. R. idaeus aculeatissimus

CC. Prickles bristle form and not much thickened at base
D. Leaflets of the new canes oblong to ovate, pointed
E. Leaves of flowering shoots mostly pinnately j-foliolate; calyx reddish, very

prickly and glandular 6. R. idaeus arizonicus

EE. Leaves of flowering shoots 3-foliolate

F. Leaflets white tomentose beneath 7. R. idaeus strigosus

FF. Leaflets green on both sides, tomentose beneath when young

G. Leaflets not strongly veined 8. R. idaeus peramoenus

GG. Leaflets strongly veined and plicate 9. R. idaeus viburnif alius

DD. Leaflets all roundish, on the flowering shoots simple, renifonn-orbicular

10. R. idaeus egglestonii
BB. Bark of the canes downy or tomentose

C. Turions or young canes green, tomentose and glandular. 11. R. idaeus heterolasius
CC. Turions brown or purple

D. Prickles of the turions all bristle form

E. Leaflets green on both sides 9. i?. idaeus viburnijolius

EE. Leaflets white underneath 12. R. idaeus canadensis

DD. Prickles of the turions of various size and longer, the stouter ones more conical
at the base

E. Leaves of flowering branches 3-foliolate 13. R. idaeus acalyphaceus

EE. Leaves of flowering branches mostly 5-foliolate. . . .6. R. idaeus arizonicus

I. Rubus idaeus Linn. var. vulgatus. Arrhenius Rub. Siiec. Monogr. 12. 1839;
Focke Spec. Rub. 2:207. 1911.

R. idaeus. Card Bush-Fr. 314. 1898; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:445. 1913; Bailey
Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3028. 1916.

Canes erect, slightly arching at the top, glabrous or finely downy the first year, more
or less densely beset with bristles or weak prickles, smooth near the top. Stipules subulate,
cilia te; petioles 3-6 cm long, like the petiolules finely downy, prickles small and short,
few. Terminal leaflet stalked, ovate or broadly ovate, acuminate, roundish or subcordate
at the base, coarsely doubly toothed in the upper half, teeth shortly mucronate; dark

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 49

green, slightly buUate and soft and finely hairy or glabrous above, white tomentose beneath,
6-7 cm long; lateral leaflets sessile, smaller, obliquely ovate, the lower half wide, coarser
toothed and sometimes sublobed. Flowering branches downy, with short prickles, leaves
mostly 3-foliolate, similar to those of the turions, the uppermost often simple, ovate or
lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, terminal and from the upper axils, pedicels slightly
nodding -nath a few small curved prickles, like the calyx more or less white tomentose.
Calyx rarely with a few prickles, lobes reflexed, long acuminate, felty on both sides; petals
shorter than the calyx-lobes. Fruit thimble-shaped, deep red.

Europe, western Asia, eastern North America; from Quebec as far west
as Minnesota, North and South Dakota. Named for Mt. Ida in Asia
Minor. This is the mother species of the cultivated European red rasp-
berries. It is a very variable plant, especially in color of canes, the shape,
color, and number of prickles, and the shape of the leaflets, both of the
turions and of the flowering shoots.

la. R. idaeiis inilgaius forma an gtistif alius, Schmidely Bui. Soc. Bot. Geneve 48. 1888.

This is a native of Etorope and the Caucasus; it grows on streamlets in
humid mountains at about 2400-3600 feet elevation.

lb. R. idaeus vulgatus forma denudatus. Schimp. & Spenn. Fl. Frib. 743. 1829.
R. idaeus var. viridis. Doell Rhein. Flora 766. 1843.

A native of central Europe, in damp forests.

ic. R. idaeus vulgatus forma obtusifolius. Willdenow Berl. Batimz 2nd Ed. 409.
1811.

R. idaeus anomalus. Arrhenius Rub. Suec. Mon. 14. 1839; R. Leesi Babgt. in
Steele Hdb. Field Fl. 60. 1847.

A strange form, occasionally fotmd in Europe and quite remarkable
for its foliage. Other forms described by Focke (1. c. 208) may be briefly
mentioned, viz., id. forma purpureus, with dark brown red leaves like Fagus
silvatica purpurea; le. forma phyllanthus, a monstrosity with leafy cones
instead of flowers; if. forma sterilis, leaves almost all 3-foliolate with leaflets
similar to forma obtusifolius and sterile flowers; ig. forma inermis with
unarmed canes; ih. forma asperrimus {R. idaeus var. asperrimiis), Steele
Hdb. Field Fl. 60. 1847; Rogers Hdb. Brit. Rubi. 2. 1900, the "White
Raspberry " is the form with pale fruits. It is occasionally foimd wild,
but may be chiefly a garden escape.

2. Rubus idaeus var. nipponicus. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bretnen 13:471. 1896;
Focke Spec. Rub. 2:209. iqh. as subspecies.

A more robust plant with numerous .flowers in short racemes and obovate-oblong

petals, and sparingly pubescent drupelets.

Japan and probably western China.

4

50 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

3. Rubus idaeus var. maritimus. Arrhenius Rub. Suec. Mon. 13. 1839; Focke Spec.
Rub. 2:209. 1911. as subspecies.

Canes with numerous unequal prickles and thin flexible bristles. Calyx often
prickly.

Sweden and northeastern Germany; along the coast of the Baltic Sea.

4. Rubus idaeus var. melanotrachys. Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 13:472. 1896;
Focke Spec. Rub. 2:209. 191 1, as subspecies and species; Femald Rhodora 21:97. 1919;
Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:445. 1913. as species.

Canes and twigs very densely bristly, bristles short, stiff. Similar to R. idaeus
aculeatissimus , but bristles much shorter and without stalked glands.
Northwestern America; Idaho.

5. Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus. Regel & TiHng Fl. Ajan. 87. 1858; Femald
Rhodora 21:96. 1919; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:149. 1923.

R. idaeus subspec. melanolasius . Focke Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 13:473. 1896;
Focke Spec. Rub. 2 : 209. 1 9 1 1 .

R. melanolasius. Focke 1. c. ; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:448. 1913.

Canes erect, 0.5-1 m or more high, yellow or brownish, sometimes with a glaucous
bloom, densely bristly, bristles mostly long and slender; flowering branches, petioles,
petiolules, peduncles, pedicels as well as the calyx and the midveins of the leaflets densely
iDcset with spreading bristles and stalked glands, usually of a dark purple color. Racemes
few flowered.

Eastern Asia and western North America; from British Columbia and
Alberta to Utah and Colorado, chiefly in the mountains, eastward as far
as Michigan.

6. Rubus idaeus var. arizonicus Greene. Femald Rhodora 21:98. 191 1.
R. arizonicus Greene. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:446. 1913.

Young canes 0.5-1 m high slightly downy at first, glabrous later on, with brown
bark, easily breaking and peeling off, more or less bristly or prickly, bristles short, of various
size. Leaves of the canes pinnately 5- to 7-foliolate; stipules small, subulate; petioles,
petiolules, and midveins pubescent, prickly, and glandular; leaflets roundish at the base,
acute or shortly pointed, doubly serrate, green above, densely white tomentose under-
neath, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal ones larger, more or less rhomboid-ovate.
Flowering shoots prickly and glandular, leaves mostly 5-foliolate, leaflets similar but
smaller. Inflorescence temiinal, few or mostly 2-flowered; pedicels, calyx and calyx-
lobes bristly and glandular.

Southwestern North America; New Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua, in
the mountains, at about 9000 feet. A rather distinct variety with smaller
foliage.

7. Rubus idaeus var. strigosus Michx. Maximowicz Bid. Ac. St. Petersb. 17:161.
1872 ; Focke Spec. Rub. 2:209. 1911. as subspecies; Femald Rhodora 22:96. 1919; Bailey
Gent. Herb. 1:149. 1923.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 5 1

R. strigosus. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 1:297. 1803; Card Bush-Fr. 317. 1898;
Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:447. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3028. 1916.

R. idaeus var. aculeatissimus. Robinson & Femald in Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 486.
1908.

Canes erect, arching at the top, reddish or brownish, sometimes with a whitish bloom,
glabrous and more or less densely beset with fine bristles. Leaves of the canes 3- but mcstly
5-foliolate, rather thin, more or less glabrous above, white tomentose below; stipules
small, setaceous; petioles, petiolules and midveins glabrous but finely bristly and glandular;
lateral leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the teeth ovate, mucronate ;
the lowest pair larger, often sublobed; terminal leaflet cordate-ovate, shortly acuminate
or more or less 3-lobed, about 8 cm long. Flowering branches glabrous, but prickly and
glandular, often glaucous. Leaves 3-foliolate, narrower and more pointed, uppermost
simple lanceolate. Flowers racemose, drooping; pedicels and calyx and calyx-lobes not
tomentose, distinctly glandular, bristly and prickly. Fruit hemispherical, light red.

Eastern Asia and North America; from southern British Columbia
to southern Newfoundland, south to Oregon, Wyoming, the Great Lakes
and Mrginia. It varies a good deal but is always easily distinguished by
its more slender habit, the canes are less erect, the leaves narrower and
thinner than in R. idaeus vulgatus. From this variety the American culti-
vated red raspberries are derived.

7a. Forma a/6M5 Fuller. Femald R/ioiora 21:96. 1919.

R.strigosusva.r.albus.Y'villeTmBsiileyCyc.Am.Hort. 1582. 1902. Fruits amber-white.
New Hampshire.

7b. Forma /o«5Ms. Femald i?/w(fora 21:96. 1919. Canes glabrous, without bristles
Eastern Canada, New England.

8. Rubus idaeus var. peramoenus Greene. Femald Rhodora 21:98. 1919.
Batidaea peramoena. Greene Leaflets, 1:241. 1906.

R. peramoenus. Rydberg A^. Am. Fl. 22:446. 1913.

Canes erect, 1-2 m high, yellowish or brown, shining and glabrous, sparingly beset with
slender bristles and almost unarmed when old. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate, thin, green on both
sides, only when young somewhat grayish tomentose beneath; petioles glabrous, bristly;
leaflets of the flowering branches usually a little more tomentose beneath. Inflorescence
short, few flowered; pedicels and calyx puberulent and glandular-hisjaid.

Western North America; eastern Oregon and Washington through
northern Idaho to western Montana.

9. Rubus idaeus var. vibumifolius Greene n. comb.
Batidaea viburnijolia. Greene Leaflets 1:242. 1906.
R. vibumifolius. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:446. 1913.

Similar to the last. Canes glabrous or puberulent and more or less densely bristl\\
Leaflets also green on both sides or somewhat tomentose underneath when young, but
strongly veined beneath and more or less plicate.

52 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Western North America; Alaska to the Mackenzie River and south to
British Columbia, and perhaps to Wyoming and Utah.

10. Rubus idaeus var. egglestonii Blanchard. Femald Rhodora 21:97. iQiQ-
R. egglestonii. Blanchard Torreya 7:140. 1907.

Similar in every way to R. idaeus var. strigosus, but the leaves of the new canes 3-folio-
late and with roundish ovate or orbicular leaflets; the flowering branches with simple reni-
form-orbicular more or less 3-lobed leaves.

Eastern North America; Vermont, on limestone ledges and on dry rocky
soil; rather rare. A most remarkable variety which corresponds to R.
idaeus obtusifolius and to R. leucodermis trinitatis. A similar form may be
expected from R. occidentalis, but has not yet been found.

11. Rubus idaeus var. heterolasius. Femald /?/wdora 21:97. iQiQ-

New canes as well as the branches and inflorescence greenish, tomentose, glandular
and prickly with variously mixed larger prickles and bristles; leaflets white tomentose
beneath, finely crenate.

Eastern North America; Maine; rare.

12. Rubus idaeus var. canadensis. Richardson Appendix in Frankl. Journey, ist Ed.
747. 1823; Femald /?/!0(iora 21 : 97. 1919.

R. carolinianus. Rydberg N. >1;h. F/. 22:447. 1913-

R. sxtharcticus. Ibid. 22:448. 1913.

Canes 0.5-1 m high, brownish, densely tomentose and densely beset with fine
spreading brist.es, bristles of various length, some slightly stronger, more or less intermixed
with stalked glands. Leaves of the young canes 5- or 3-foliolate; stipules subulate, small;
petioles, petiolules and midveins pubescent, hispid from bristles and stalked glands; leaflets
similar to those of var. strigosus, but somewhat broader, firmer in texture and the termi-
nal ones more cordate especially on the 3-foliolate leaves. Flowering branches and petioles
almost glabrous; sparingly and shortly prickly and little glandular, leaves 3-foliolate,
doubly toothed, the uppermost simple, narrow. Pedicels and calyx densely bristly and
glandular.

Eastern Asia, North America; from Alaska to Labrador, south to Nan-
tucket and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and locally in Michigan, South
Dakota, Colorado, and in the mountains of North Carolina; often on swampy
grotmd. The United States Department of Agriculture distributed several
strains of this variety canadensis which were collected in 191 6 by Mr. M. J.
Dorsey in various parts of Manitoba, Canada, and were chosen for their
productiveness as well as for the size and flavor of the fruits. This variety
has a large geographical area and varies considerably in the canes as to color,
tomentum, and bristles, the shape and size of the leaflets, the amount of
glandulosity, and bristles in the inflorescence. The following forms are
worthy to be recorded, but they are not the only ones.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 53

12a. Forma coMcfaizw Robinson & Schrenk. Femald Rltodora 21: gy. 1919.

R. strigosus var. candatus. Robinson & Schrenk Can. Rec. Sci. 7:14. 1896.

Leaflets much acuminate.

12b. Forma cglandulosus n. f.

Young canes densely grayish brown tomentose, with fine scattered bristles, smooth
and brown at length. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate; petioles tomentose with slender bristles,
scarcely glandular; leaflets finner in texture, terminal leaflets cordate, broadly ovate, more
or less 3-lobed or lobately doubly toothed. Flowering branches almost entirely glabrous,
and also the petioles, pedicels and calyx without prickles and glands; pedicels and calyx
white tomentose ; leaflets of flowering shoots pointed and finely doubly toothed.

Canada; Manitoba, Big George Island, Lake Winnipeg; large open areas
on the eastern shore.

Plants more than 5 feet high (Dorsey Invent. Seed & PL Imp. No.
43197). Young canes very peculiarly distinct, the flowering shoots much
like R. idaeus vulgatus.

13. Rubus idaeus var. acalyphaceus Greene. Femald Rhodora 21:98. 1919.

Batidaea acalyphacea. Greene Leaflets 1:24.0. 1906.

Rubus acalyphaceus. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:448. 1913.

Young canes brown or purple, tomentose or pilose, densely bristly, some of the bristles
stouter and stronger and flattened at the base. Leaves of the young canes 3- to 5-foliolate;
petioles, petiolules and midveins pubescent, prickly, bristly and glandular as well as the
peduncles, pedicels and calyx.

Western North America; from Nevada to Wyoming, Idaho, and Mon-
tana, in the mountains.

The cultivated varieties of red raspberries, as first grown in Europe,
were of necessity R. idaeus vulgatus. When these were imported to America
they did not grow as well as in their native country, and it was found that
varieties raised from the indigenous R. idaeus strigosus were more satis-
factory. At present American red raspberries show the influence of both
the Eiiropean and the American blood. Pure breds are scarce now, and
hybrids prevail. Most of our varieties are crosses between European and
American red raspberries, and in some supposedly pure reds a trace of
R. occidentalis is found.

It is not always easy to determine to what botanical varieties of R. idaeus
a given cultivated variety may belong. If there is no reliable account of
its parentage, as is usually the case, one can only judge from the external
characters. European varieties exhibit, of course, the characters of R.
idaeus vulgatus, that is mostly pubescent flowering branches, mostly firm
and broad leaflets, thickly white or silvery white tomentose beneath, felty

CI THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

pedicels and calyx-lobes, variously armed with slender, slightly curved
prickles, but without glands throughout. American varieties derived from
R. idaeiis strigosiis have the flowering branches scarcely or very slightly
pubescent, the leaflets usually narrower, more acuminate, thinner and not
quite as silvery white beneath, the pedicels and the calyx-lobes have little
or no white felt, but are more or less densely glandular bristly, and similar
glands occur on other parts of the plants, chiefly on the petioles.

The varieties derived from a cross between R. idaeus vulgatus x R.
idaeiis strigosiis are very numerous. They are variously mixed, but are
usually less glandular and less felty in the infloresence. Where the influence
of R. occidentalis is traceable it is shown by the glabrous flowering branches,
the pointed, very sharply toothed leaflets of the inflorescence, often bluish
white underneath, the rather stiff, glabrous pedicels with many reflexed or
falcate prickles, and the terminal pedicels more or less densely clustered.

The hybrids between Rubus occidentalis and R. idaeus var. strigosiis
were named

R. neglectus. Peck .4;;);. Rpt. N. Y. State Cab. 22:53. 1869. Britton & Brown
///. /'■/. 2:201, fig. 1895. 1897; Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 291, fig. 56. 1898; Bailey Stand.
Cyc. Hort. 5:3028, fig. 3494. 1916; B?d\eY Gent. Herb. 1:149- 1923; Rydberg A". /Im.
Fl. 22:443. 1913-

Purple Raspberries. — Canes much like those of R. occidentalis, prickly, but not bristly,
arching and rooting from the tip. Leaves variable, pedate or pinnate, or pedate and pin-
nate or trifoliolate, leaflets sharply doubly toothed; the terminal leaflet usually lobately
dentate above the middle as in R. occidentalis. Flowering branches glabrous. Inflores-
cence mostly intermediate, flowers in axillar and terminal corymbs; pedicels rather stiff,
more or less felty, prickly, prickles recurved as in R. occidentalis, occasionally with a few
glands; sepals more spreading. Fruit dark red.

The plants of this hybrid group vary so much that it is hardly advisable
to retain a specific name for them. Sometimes they resemble one parent;
sometimes the other. Some are crosses between R. idaeus vulgatus and R.
occidentalis. Pomologically they are of great importance as a very pro-
ductive race of raspberries.

Subgenus XII. Eubatus. Focke AWt. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4: 14&. iSt 4; Focke Spec.

Rub. 3:48. 1914-

Shrubs, canes mostly biennial, erect or prostrate, variously armed; leaves digitately
or pedately 3- to 5-foliolate. Drupelets uniting with the core and dehiscing together from
the receptacles; known as dewberries and blackberries.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 55

DEWBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES

This subgenus inhabits the temperate regions of northwestern Asia,
Europe, northern Africa, North America, and along the mountains in South
America. It is abundantly rich in individuals and forms in Europe and
northeastern America. This subgenus presents the greatest difficulties to
the botanist. The various species with their numerous satelites, variously
considered as subspecies, microspecies, varieties, forms, and hybrids, can be
grouped in a number of series, which, if once understood, are in most cases
readily distinguished. It must not be forgotten, however, that the many
individual variations and the intermediate hybrid forms make it difficult to
work out tmder each of these series satisfactory keys.

A. Plants with creeping or prostrate canes. Leaves often 3-foliolate. Inflorescence
usually few flowered or flowers at least never panicled (Dewberries)
B. Plants more prickly, prickles sometimes mixed with bristles
C. Canes glaucous with a bloom

D. Flowers bisexual, with perfect stamens and pistils. Berries rarely perfect,
usually only a few drupelets maturing, the others abortive. European-
Asiatic species Series r : Caesii

DD. Flowers usually with one sex only perfect. Berries always perfect, composed

of many drupelets. Pacific species. Califomian Dewberries

Series 2: Ursini
CC. Canes not glaucous

D. Canes with broad, more or less ovate leaflets, without bristles. Foliage

deciduous (Northeastern Dewberries) Series 3 : Flagellares

DD. Canes with narrower, more lanceolate leaflets, and often with bristles between

the prickles. Foliage often persistent (Southeastern Dewberries)

Series 4: Triviales

BB. Plants with numerous fine retrorse bristles and a few prickles or none

Series 5 : Hispidi
AA. Plants with more or less erect canes, often tall, nodding or arching at the top, some-
times more so the second year, but not really prostrate, more or less angular.
Leaves mostly digitately or pedately s-foliolate. Inflorescence more or less
panicled (Blackberries)
B. Plants with setose bristles on canes and petioles; canes often decumbent or

prostrate the second year Series 6 : Setosi

BB. Plants not setose in the same way

C. Leaves white or grayish tomentose underneath

D. Leaves more or less oblong or even narrower. American plants

Series 7 : CtineifoUi
DD. Leaves more or less ovate or roundish. European plants. . Series 13 : Fruticosi
CC. Leaves more or less green underneath

D. Canes unarmed or only with a few prickles; plants almost glabrous and not

glandular; leaves thin Series 8: Canadenses

DD. Canes armed with more or less stout prickles; plants mostly more or less
pubescent

^6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

E. Inflorescence panicled, richly branched, very prickly .. Series 13: Fruticosi

EE. Inflorescence usually racemose or the lower peduncles sometimes branched

F. Inflorescence elongate, without leaf-like bracts or only with a few at the

base, usually with numerous stalked glands Series g: Alleghenienses

FF. Inflorescence less elongate corymbose and often with leaf-like bracts higher
up, usually not glandular
G. Leaflets of the flowering branches acute or acuminate

H. Leaflets of the canes usually narrow, acute; canes sharply angular

and deeply furrowed; inflorescence not leafy. . . .Series 10: Arguti

HH. Leaflets of the canes usually broad and roundish; canes more or less

terete when old ; inflorescence decidedly leafy. . . Series 1 1 : Frondosi

GG. Leaflets of the flowering branches short, obtuse or roundish

Series 1 2 : Floi idi
Series i. Caesii. Focke Spec. Rub. 3:252. 1914, as subsection.

Rubus caesius. Linnaeus Sp. PL 493. 1753; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:253. 1914;
Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:153. 1923-

R. dumetorum Hort. Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3033, fig. 506. 1916.

Sarmentose shrub, canes erect at first but soon curving down and decumbent or sub-
scandent among shrubs or creeping and rooting on open ground, terete, usually glabrous,
with a dense white bloom and numerous recurved, small prickles, sometimes undermixed
with some rare short-stalked glands. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles and mainveins prickly,
puberulous and sparingly glandular, stipules lanceolate glandular-ciliate. Leaflets very
variable in shape, the lower ones sessile or shortly stalked, obliquely ovate and sublobed
on the lower, broader part the terminal leaflet stalked, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, subcordate
at the base, all obtuse or pointed, sharply, doubly or incisedly serrate, rather thin, bright
green, pubescent at least beneath. Flowering branches slender, puberulous, variously
glandular and prickly; flowers fascicled, terminal and from axillary peduncles; calyx-lobes
ovate, long pointed, more or less glandular, petals broadly elliptical, white. Fruit usually
imperfect, composed of a few large, black drupelets with a glaucous hue.

Europe; from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, everywhere common,
in northwestern Asia as far as the Altai Mountains. Introduced into the
United States by landscape gardeners as a ground cover for which it is
well adapted. It is a very variable species, according to locality. The
fruit is pleasant and not always imperfect, and as it flowers from spring to
fall it is perhaps worthy the attention of the hybridizer. Spontaneous
hybrids with other species, also with R. idaens, are not uncommon in Europe.

Series 2. Ursini. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:429, 433. 1913; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:302.
1914.

Vitifolii. 'Qa.W&y Gent. Herb. I'.is^T,. 1923.

Vigorous shrubs with running, climbing or procumbent, terete canes, propagating from
the tips; leaves usually 3-foliolate, or 5-foliolately pinnate, or pedate, often on the same cane.
Flowers rarely hermaphrodite, usually by abortion either staminate or pistillate, the
staminate flowers mostly showier, and larger. Pedicels and calyx densely and adpressedly

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 57

pubescent, with more or less numerous, slender, patent bristles and sometimes with stalked
glands; calj-x-lobes narrow, acuminate, often with pinnately cut tips, strongly reflexed
during the time of flowering. Fruit mostly somewhat elongate, smooth or pubescent,
with erect sepals.

The Ursini-Ruhus are all natives of the Pacific Coast, extending east-
ward to Idaho. They form an extremely variable group, aU considered as
one species by Focke, while five species have been recognized by Rydberg
out of which three species are admitted here. The range of variation is
such, however, that it is often difficult to say where one species ends and
the next begins. The available herbarium material is insufficient as it
usually lacks the characteristic new canes taken from the same plant. A
satisfactory state of taxonomy can only be reached when all the region has
been carefully explored and reUable material has been collected. Even of
the three historical species of this group, R. vitifoliiis, R. ursinus, and
R. macropetalus, only flowering branchlets have been collected. The Ursini
are of great pomological importance as they form the Pacific Coast region
dewberries.

A. Flowers usually either staminate or pistillate only, rarely hermaphrodite

B. Canes usually glabrous or thinly pubescent, often glaucous, with scattered often
remote hooked prickles. Leaves thin, green on both sides, leaflets irregularly
toothed, mostly pointed. Pedicels, cal>'x, and calyx- lobes with more or less

numerous stalked glands. Fruits mostly glabrous R. macropetalus

BB. Canes varying from slightly pubescent to tomentose; prickles numerous and densely

set, usually slender and straight or only sHghtly cur\'ed, mostly smaller ones between

them. Leaves pubescent or more or less grayish tomentose beneath. Leaflets

usually more obtuse. Pedicels and cabpi verj^ rarely with glands

C. Canes pubescent, often becoming almost glabrous. Leaves glabrescent; the

middle ones on the flowering shoots 3-lobed R- vitifohns

CC. Canes tomentose, rarely becoming glabrous. Leaves grayish tomentose beneath;

the middle ones on the flowering shoots 3-foliolate R- nrsintis

AA. Flowers hermaphrodite, i.e., with perfect stamens and pistils

B. Leaflets broad, roundish, obtuse, grayish tomentose beneath; teeth roundish. . . .

R. loganobaccus

BB. Leaflets sharply pointed, green on both sides; teeth sharp, lanceolate. .R. titanus

Rubus macropetalus. Douglas in Hooker FL Bor. Anier. 1:178, PL 59- i832;Rydberg

N. Am. Fl. 22:460. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3033- 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb.

R. vitiJoUus. Card Bush-Fr. 332, fig- 64- 1898; Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 3SS. %• 78.

1898.

Canes terete, usually and at least in the second year glabrous, rarely thmly puberulous,
green or reddish, often with a glaucous bloom, remotely beset with more or less hooked,
small prickles from a broadened base. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnately or pedately 5-foho-
late- stipules linear-subulate, hirsute or glandular; petioles, petiolules and midveins w:th

58 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

hooked prickles, pubescent or glabrescent ; leaflets more or less ovate, acute, irregularly or
lobately doubly sharjjly toothed, green on both sides, with scattered hairs above and often
more densely pubescent beneath ; terminal leaflet much larger, mostly with cordate or also
with roundish base. Flowering branches varying in length from 5-25 cm, pubescent,
slightly angular, beset with weak prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate; stipules linear-lanceolate,
lateral leaflets sessile, all with a roundish base, and deeply often lobately toothed; upper
ones simple, ovate or cordate-ovate. Flowers corymbose, few to 10 or more, terminal or
from the upper axils. Pedicels mostly forked, of various length, densely velvety pubes-
cent, more or less densely beset with spreading or slightly reflexed bristly prickles, often
undermixed with dark-stalked glands. Calyx and the deltoid-lanceolate, long-pointed
calyx -lobes villous- tomentose, with more or less numerous spreading bristles and glands;
petals of the staminate flowers almost elliptic, 15-18 mm long, white, those of the pistil-
late flowers smaller. Fruit roundish or elongate, black, sweet; drupelets glabrous or
puberulous.

British Columbia to south California and eastward to Idaho; chiefly
along the coast, in the San Bernardino Mountains up to 3000 feet; first
discovered by Douglas on banks of rivers and in low woods in the valley
of the Columbia. It is a strong shrub with deep-growing roots and in places
is a troublesome weed. It flowers from March to July, according to the
locality. There is great variation in shape and size of the leaves, their
dentation, and the degree of hairiness and the presence or absence of prickles
and glands on the pedicels and calyx.

The following pomological varieties belong to R. macropetalus: Belle of
Washington, Cazadero, Humboldt, Skagit Chief, and Washington Climbing.
R. helleri. Rydberg A^ .4m. F/. 22:460. 1913.

This is a form with smaller and more obtuse leaflets occurring in
Washington and Vancouver Island.

Rubus vitifolius. Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 2:10. 1827; Schneider /W. Hdb. Laubh.
1:508. 1905; Rydberg A'. Am. Fl. 22:459. 1913; Bailey G^e/z/. Herb. 1:154. 1923.

R. ursinus var. vitifolius. Focke Spec. Rub. 2:303. 1914.

Canes terete, pubescent, at length glabrescent, often glaucous, with scattered, slender,
straight or slightly curved prickles. Leaves of turions 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petioles, petio-
lules and midveins pubescent and prickly; stipules lanceolate-subulate, hirsute; leaflets
shortly pointed or obtuse, doubly or irregularly dentate, slightly hairy or glabrescent, termi-
nal leaflet or lobe larger. Flowering branches varying in length, angular, pubescent and with
scattered, straight prickles. Lower leaves 3-foliolate, the middle ones or all simple, some-
what 3-lobed or roundish, irregularly or doubly dentate, teeth usually large. Flowers
corymbose, 2-5, on rather long pedicels; pedicels pubescent with more or less numerous,
spreading, yellowish prickles; calyx and the long acuminate often crenately tipped calyx-
lobes strongly pubescent and bristly, but not glandidar. Petals of the staminate flowers
large, oblong, white.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 59

Oregon to central California; originally collected near San Francisco
by Adalbert von Chamisso.

Rubus ursinus. Cham. & Schlecht. Liunaca 2:11. 1827; Rj-dberg N. Am. Fl.
22:459. 1913; Bailey Ge/zf. Herb. 1:154- 1923-

Canes tomentose, terete, with numerous, slender, straight prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate,
grayish tomentose beneath with adpressed hairs above, leaflets broadly ovate, roundish,
doubly irregularly toothed; petioles tomentose and prickly, also the petiolules and the
midveins. Flowering branches angular, tomentose, and with patent slender prickles;
stipules lanceolate, hirsute; leaves 3-foliolate, lateral leaflets obliquely ovate, obtuse, almost
sessile, the tenninal ones subcordate, roundish ovate, bluntly pointed; the uppermost
leaves simple, cordate-ovate or somewhat 3-lobed. Flowers cor>'mbose, 3-5, on long
pedicels; pedicels grayish tomentose like the cah-s and with spreading, slender prickles,
usually without glands; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate with a long often crenate tip, grayish,
inside whitish tomentose. Petals of the staminate flowers large, oblong, white.

California; first collected by Adalbert von Chamisso. This is the
very large and partially erect form so common about most thickets at the
lower levels. According to Bailey, Aughinbaugh, once much cultivated,
belongs either to this species or to R. vitifolius.

Rubus loganobaccus. Bailey ffe»^. Wer6. 1:155. 1923-

Canes stout, terete, tomentose at length glabrescent, densely beset with straight patent
prickles. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate, petioles and petiolules densely pubescent, prickly, like
most of the veins beneath; stipules subulate, hirsute; lower leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate,
obtuse, terminal one roundish cordate or subtrilobate, obtuse or bluntly pointed, irregularly
or doubly toothed, rather thick, dark green above with a few scattered hairs, densely gray-
ish tomentose beneath. Flowering branches copiously prickly; leaves 3-foliolate, similar
to those of the turions, only smaller; the uppermost simple, cordate. Flowers corymbose,
large, bisexual, pedicels long, stout, tomentose and with patent prickles; calyx and the
ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed calyx-lobes pubescent and prickly; petals large, white.
Fruit elongate, red, acidulous; drupelets tomentose.

Garden origin; only known as a cultivated plant; said to have origi-
nated in the garden of Judge J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, California. The
loganberry was at first said to be a hybrid between the " common Calif omian
dewberry " and a raspberry. There is, however, no trace of a raspberry in
the character of this plant. Most likely it is a mutant offspring of R. ursinus,
from which it differs only in slight details and chiefly by its bisexual flowers,
but such can occasionally also be observed on R. ursinus. A cross was
raised at Geneva between the red raspberry Herbert and the loganberry.

Rubus titanus. Bailey MSS.

Canes extremely robust, many yards long, terete, pubescent, glabrous later on. beset
with numerous, stout, straight or hooked prickles from a broad base, with smaller ones

6o THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

between them. Leaves 3-foliolate, petioles and petiolules pubescent, very prickly, also
along the midveins; stipules lanceolate-subulate, hirsute, lateral leaflets shortly stalked,
obliquely ovate, acute, often with a small lower lobe, terminal leaflet ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, rather long pointed, all rather thin, green on both sides, hairy when young but
soon glabrescent especially above, doubly and sharply serrate-dentate, the teeth more or
less lanceolate. Flowering branches more or less tomentose, angular, prickly; lower leaves
3-foliolate, upper one 3-lobed, the uppermost simple, cordate-ovate, all more or less pointed.
Flowers axillar and terminal in a loose corymb, large, bisexual; pedicels tomentose, like
the calyx with patent slender prickles, eglandular; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate with long
leafy or pinnate tips, not prickly; petals roundish oblong, white. Fruit black, sweet,
elongate.

Garden origin; only known as cultivated plants, said to have originated
in the garden of Judge J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, California, and now much
grown under the name of " Mammoth." Supposed to be a hybrid, but in
reality nothing is known about its origin. It is also known as Lowberry.
Crosses were made at Geneva, between Mammoth and Cuthbert (red rasp-
berry) , between Mammoth and Herbert (red raspberry) , between Mammoth
and Agawam (blackberry), between Mammoth and Snyder (blackberry),
and between Mammoth and Nanticoke (blackberry) .

Var. espinatus. Bailey MSS.

Canes almost smooth and without prickles; petioles, petiolules and midveins with
only a few and small prickles. Fruit like those of R. titanus.

This variety is said to have been discovered in the mountain pass of
Tuolumne County, California, and is much grown under the names of
" Mammoth Thornless " or " Cory " or " Cory Thornless."

Series 3. Flagellates. Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:157. 1923.

Canes prostrate or procumbent, mostly glabrous, and with scattered recurved or hooked
prickles. Leaves on turions 3- to s-foliolate, leaflets more or less ovate or obovate, glabres-
cent. Flowering branches and leaves usually somewhat more pubescent, slightly prickly:
glands absent, except perhaps in hybrids. Calyx-lobes often with foliaceous tips.

A. Canes more or less terete

B. Pedicels exceeding the leaves, elongate, the lower ones overtopping the terminal

one ; flowers few, often rather large R. flagellar is

BB. Pedicels not exceeding the leaves. Flowers more corymbifonn

C. Canes prostrate, more prickly; leaves more obtuse; flowers middle sized

R. arenicola
CC. Canes procumbent; leaves more pointed, those of the flowering shoots plicate

between the close veins; flowers small R. plicatif alius

AA. Canes strongly angular and furrowed, the prickles strong, placed along the angles;
pedicels overtopping the leaves R- velox

Rubus flagellaris. Willdenow En. PI. 549. 1809; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:473.
1911; 'QaWey Gent. Herb. 1:157. 1923-

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 6 1

R. procumhens. Muhl. apud auct.; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:81 (305)- 1914; Bailey

Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3031- i9i6-

R. canadensis T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i:45S- 1840-

R. Baileyanus. 'QrW.ton Mem. Torrey Bot. Club ^•.i?,e,. 1894.

R.villosus. CRvd Bush-Fr. 329. 189&; Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 371. 1898; Gray A' ezi;
Man. 7th Ed. 492. 1911 ; not R. villosus Thunb. 1784; not R. villosus Ait. 1789.

R. subuniflorus. Rydberg in Britton Man. 497- iQoi ; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22 : 474-

1913-

R. aboriginum. Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:473- i9i3-

Common Dewberry.— Low shrub, canes prostrate, terete, several feet long, rooting at
the tip, glabrescent, with numerous, irregularly scattered, small, strongly hooked prickles
from a broad compressed base. Leaves pedately 3- to s-foliolate, bright green with scat-
tered hairs and pubescent along the veins on both sides, firm, sharply and irregularly often
doubly toothed, teeth lanceolate, mucronate; lower and lateral leaflets sessile or almost so,
obliquely ovate or rhomboid-acuminate, terminal leaflet distinctly stalked, broadly or
roundish ovate, subcordate suddenly contracted into a long point, and coarsely toothed;
petiole and petiolules pubescent, like themidveins with scattered, hooked prickles; petioles
shorter than the leaflets; stipules lanceolate, cuspidate, puberulous and ciliate. Flowermg
branches erect, 10-30 cm long, slightly angular and puberulous, and with scattered, fine
prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate, puberulous with scattered hairs, especially along the vems,
sharply doubly toothed; leaflets ovate or rhomboid, tapering at both ends: the uppermost
leaves simple, variously lanceolate pointed or broader and 2- to 3-lobed. Flowers termmal
or axillary-, 1-5 or more, pedicels exceeding the leaves, the tenninal one usually the shortest,
puberulous and with scattered, spreading prickles. Calyx-lobes ovate, shortly pomted,
pubescent; petals longer, obovate; stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit roundish, calyx-
lobes adpressed.

Eastern North America; from Maine to the Rocky Mountains and south
to the Gulf of Mexico, mostly on dry open places, roadsides, banks, and
often in sandy soil. A very variable plant according to locality, exposure
to sunlight, and soil, especially in the flowering shoots and their leaves.
From one and the same individual very different looking flowering shoots
may be collected, which by an inexperienced observer might easily be
considered as belonging to difEerent varieties or species.

To this species belongs the cultivated variety Lucretia Sister, Gardena,
and according to Bailey probably also Windom.

R. flagellaris var. roribaccus. Bailey Gent. Herb, i : 160. 1923-
R canadensis var. roribaccus. Bailey Am. Card. 11:642. 1890.
R. villosus var. roribaccus. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 373- 1898; Card Bush-Fr. 329.

1898.

R. roribaccus. Rydberg in Britton Man. 498. 1901.

R. procumbens roribaccus. Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5 : 3^3 1 • 1 9 1 6-

62 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Canes more robust, longer, with less hooked stouter prickles; stipules linear-lanceo-
late; leaves more pubescent, terminal leaflet longer stalked. Flowering shoots 20-80 cm
long, lower leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets ovate, pointed, upper ones simple, ovate, pointed,
rounded or cordate at the base. Pedicels longer, stouter, well overtopping the leaves,
flowers very large and showy; calyx-lobes ovate with a long often foliaceous tip; petals 2
cm long or more, obovate, clawed. Fniit oblong with numerous drupelets.

This is the cultivated Lucretia. Crosses were made at Geneva between
Lucretia and Erie (blackberry), Lucretia and Ancient Briton (blackberry),
between Rathbun (blackberry) and (Lucretia x Agawam), and also between
Lucretia and Snyder (blackberry).

R. flagellaris van invisus. Bailey C^ni. Herb. 1:161. 1923.

R. canadensis var. invisus. Bailey Am. Card. 12:83. 1891.

R. invisus. Britton Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4:115. 1893; Bailey Ev. A' at. Fruits
374. 1898; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3031. 1916; Card. Bush-Fr. 329. 1898.

Stems somewhat ascending but soon decumbent, not very prickly. Leaves light green,
teeth of the leaflets, both on sterile and fertile branches, mostly simple, large and broadly
rounded, shortly mucronate.

Central North America; apparently widely spread in western Missouri,
Michigan, and Indiana. Here belong the formerly cultivated varieties
Bartel, Never Fail, and General Grant. Plants from the southeastern
states seem to represent a close and similar variety. To this seems to
belong the cultivated variety Premo.

R. flagellaris var. geophilus Bailey.

R. geophilus. Blanchard Wzociora 8:148. 1906.

Stems robust, similar to var. rorihaccus; leaves rather large, more or less pubescent,
jagged and ver\' coarsely serrate; also the leaves of the fruiting branches large and very
variable in shape, the simple uppermost broadly cordate-ov'ate, often more or less 3-lobed,
larger than in most cases. Pedicels stout, long, prickly, overlapping the foliage; calyx,
lobes often with long foliaceous often pinnately incised tips; petals obovate, over 2 cm
long. Fruit remarkably large.

Eastern North America; from Maine to Texas. Here belongs the culti-
vated variety Mayes. A cross was made at Geneva between Kansas (black
raspberry) and Mayes, and between Mayes and Agawam (blackberry).

R. flagellaris var. michiganensis. Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:161. 1923.

R. villosns var. michiganensis. Card Bush-Fr. ^ig. 1898; Bailey £d. Nat. Fruits jj 4.
1898.

Robust shrub, similar in habit to var. geophilus, but the leaflets with large, sharp, and
deeply cut often falcate teeth or almost lacinate-dentate, lateral leaflets sessile. Flower-
ing branches pubescent; leaves lacerate-dentate, pubescent especially on the back, i- to
lo-flowered.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 63

East central North America; Michigan, Indiana.

R. arizonensis. Focke Spec. i?M6. 3:307. 1914.

R. oligospermus. Thomber ex Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:470. 1913; not Sudre igog.

Very similar to R. flagellaris; but floral branches only 5-10 cm long, with 3- to s-folio-
late leaves, 1-4 cm long, pubescent. Flowers 1-5, pedicels villous and with recurved prickles ;
sepals villous tomentose, petals 8-9 mm long. Fruits globose, 10-12 mm across with
about 12-25 drupelets.

Arizona and south to Mexico; first collected by C. G. Pringle in the
St. Catalina Mountains, Arizona, in 1881.

R. enslenii. Tratt. Ros. Monogr. 3:63. 1823.

This is often cited in connection with R. flagellaris, but it is yet insuf-
ficiently known. The original specimen in the Vienna herbarium is a weak
plantlet; its exact habitat is not known. Possibly plants grown near Biloxi,
Mississippi, may represent this species.

Rubus arenicola. Blanchard i^/ioJora 8:151. 1906; Bailey Ceu^. i/eW). 1:167. 1023.

Canes perfectly prostrate, obscurely angular or terete, glabrous, with numerous, slender,
recur\-ed prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate, the lower ones o'^ten 5-foliolate, rather regularly
and sharply and often doubly toothed, dark green above and paler beneath, almost glabrous
on both sides, except for the veins beneath ; lower leaflets sessile, small, middle ones short
stalked, obliquely broadly ovate, shortly pointed, terminal leaflet larger and longer stalked,
roundish or cordate at the base; on 3-foliolate leaves the lower leaflets oblique or obscurely
lobed on the outer side, and the terminal one mostly broadly obovate, suddenly contracted
into a short point. Petioles and petiolules slightly pubescent and prickly; stipules narrowly
lanceolate, acute. Flowering branches pubescent, sparingly prickly; leaves 3-foliolate,
leaflets obovate, obtuse or shortly pointed, doubly toothed. Flowers 5-10 or more, cor\-m-
bifomi; pedicels pubescent, sparingly prickly; calyx pubescent, lobes ovate, cuspidate;
petals longer, obovate; stamens and pistils numerous. Berries roundish oblong.

Eastern North America; Nova Scotia to Massachusetts. There are
no cultivated forms of this species as yet.

Rubus plicatifolius. Blanchard Rhodora 8:149. 1906; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:167.

1923-

R.villosus. Alton Hort. Ken: 2:210. 1789; not Thunberg 1784.

Canes procumbent, terete, glabrous, with scattered, slender, recurved prickles. Leaves
5-foliolate, bright green and glabrescent on both sides, except for the veins beneath, sharply
and doubly serrately toothed; lower leaflets sessile, obovate, contracted into a more or
less long point, terminal one stalked, longer and broader and more ovate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base; petioles long, glabrescent like the petiolules and the midveins, with
scattered, recurved prickles; stipules long, lanceolate-linear, acute. Flowering branches
slender, pubescent, sparingly prickly; leaves 3-foliolate, finely doubly toothed, paler and
pubescent underneath, with close, fine, prominent veins and the blade usually finely depressed
or falted between them. Flowers corymbiform, 5-7 or more or less, rather small; pedicels

64 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

slender, scarcely prickly, slightly pubescent; calyx pubescent, lobes ovate, cuspidate,
white tomentose inside; petals narrowly obovate.

Eastern North America. No cultivated variety is referable to this
species.

Rubus velox. Bailey Gent. Herb. i:i68. 1923.

Vigorous shrub, canes soon procumbent and creeping on the ground, several feet long,
angular and furrowed, pubescent at first, along the angles with scattered, moderately stout,
fine, somewhat recurved prickles from a broad base. Leaves 5-foliolate, rather thin,
yellowish green, glabrescent above, underneath paler green and finely pubescent, especially
along the veins, simply or doubly serrate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, roundish or
subcordate at the base; lower leaflets subsessile, middle ones stalked, terminal leaflets
larger, 7-10 cm long and 5 cm wide or more, more oblong, longer stalked, with about
10-12 veins on each side; petioles, rhachis, and midveins pubescent, with several hooked
prickles; stipules narrowly linear or subulate. Flowering branches erect, angular like the
petioles, and pubescent, sparingly prickly, 15-20 cm long; leaves 3-foliolate, smaller and
narrower towards the base, the uppermost simple, sometimes 3-lobed, with a broad, roundish
or subcordate base. Flowers 1-4, axillar, pedicels not or scarcely exceeding the leaves,
pubescent, almost without prickles. Calyx-lobes pubescent, tomentose inside, ovate,
cuspidate, often with a large foliaceus-lobed tip. Petals oblong, 12-15 m™ long; stamens
and pistils numerous. Fruit oblong, 25 mm long or more, black.

Southwestern United States; Texas. The type of this species is the
" blackberry dewberry " McDonald. Sonderegger Earliest comes very
near to it as also does Honey Coreless. Dallas has deeper doubly serrate
leaflets, very pubescent underneath, and the same is the case with the
varieties Early Wonder and Texas Early; their leaflets, however, are shorter
and rounder. Other varieties belonging to this species are Spavdding and
Sorsby.

Series 4. Triviales. Rydberg A^ Aw. FZ. 22:435. iQiS-

Stems prostrate, slender, usually bristly and prickly. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate, leaflets
narrowly ovate to lanceolate, usually persistent, shining green and glabrous. Floral
branches short, erect; flowers rather large, solitary or 3-5 or more together, on long, erect
pedicels well above the foliage; prickles on stems, petioles and pedicels with a flattened base,
more or less hooked.

About five species, all natives of the southeastern United States.

Several cultivated varieties belong to this group and no doubt the pomo-

logical importance of it will increase in the future.

A. Canes bristly and prickly
B. Leaves simply serrate

C. Flowering shoots with small obovate-obtuse leaflets; flowers usually solitary or

i-^ R. trivialis

CC. Flowering shoots with long, narrow, long-pointed leaflets ; flowers mostly solitary

R. mississippianus

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 65

BB. Leaves doubly serrate

C. Stems with reddish gland-bearing bristles; leaflets firm and thick, oval or

oboval ; flowers 3-7 together R. rubrisetus

CC. Stems bristly but not glandular; leaflets thinner, elliptical; flowers 1-4 together

R. continentalis

AA. Canes not bristly, only with prickles. Leaflets lanceolate, simply serrate, shining

green ; flowers 2-6 together R, hwidus

Rubus trivialis. Michaux F/. Bor. Amer. 1:296. 1803; Card Bush-Fr. 330. 1898;
Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 376. 1898; Rydberg A''. Am. Fl. 22:479. 1913; Focke Spec.
Rub. 3:84. 1914; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3032. 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:170.
1923-

Stems prostrate, 1-2 m long, terete, slender, brownish red, with very numerous bristles
mixed with scattered, hooked prickles from a broad base. Leaves of the turions 3- to 5-
foliolate, firm, glabrous on both sides, dark and shining green above, pale green beneath,
simply serrate, teeth mucronate; leaflets lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering at both ends,
the lower ones shortly stalked or sessile, the terminal one stalked and longer, about 5 cm
long and 2 cm wide ; petiole and petiolules brownish red, bristly and prickly ; stipules small,
subulate. Flowering branches very short, with about 3 approjcimate 3-foliolate leaves,
much smaller and more obtuse than those of the turions; petioles puberulous, spar-
ingly prickly and without bristles. Flowers solitary or 2-3, pedicels 3-5 cm long, erect,
well above the leaves, puberulous, with small, straight or curved prickles; occasionally
also with soft gland-topped bristles. Calyx pubescent, lobes ovate, shortly cuspidate,
white tomentose inside; petals obovate, 15 mm long; stamens and pistils numerous; fruit
oblong, drupelets numerous, glabrous, black, calyx-lobes reflexed.

Southeastern United States; dry fields from Virginia to Florida, Texas,
and Oklahoma. There are many varieties cultivated which probably are
this species taken from the wild into gardens. The variety San Jacinto
grown at this Station is one of them. The White Dewberry is also one of
these ctiltivated forms. It differs by having slightly angular canes, numer-
ous yellowish gland-tipped bristles, very prickly and bristly petioles, more
oblong, broader, and less pointed leaflets, which are of a paler, not shining
green. The flowers are produced on straight, densely glandtdar, bristly and
prickly pedicels, 10-15 cm long; sepals ovate-deltoid, pubescent, tomentose
inside. This may possibly belong to a different yet tmdescribed species.

R. rubrisetus, Rydberg in Britton Man. Fl. Northeast. St etc. 497, from
Louisiana to Missotiri, comes near to R. trivialis, but it has more oval or
oboval, irregularly serrate leaflets and the flowers 3-7 together in corymbs;
pedicels glandular bristly.

Rubus mississippianus. 'Qa.iley Gent. Herb. 1:171. 1923.

Canes prostrate, long creeping, thin and slender, glabrous, bristly and with slender,
curved prickles. Leaves of the flowering canes 3- to 5-foliolate, shining green above,
S

66 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

glabrous or slightly pubescent along the veins underneath; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, the terminal ones 3-5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, sharply and simply serrate;
petioles slender, prickly. Flowering shoots very short; flowers about 2-2.5 cm across,
usually solitary, well above the leaves; pedicels slender, 7-10 cm long, prickly. Petals
obovate, obtuse.

Southeastern United States; Mississippi, near Biloxi. There are no
cultivated varieties known.

Rubus lucidus. Rydberg A''. .4m. F/. 22:479. 1913; BaileyC^)!^. //er6. 1:173. 1923-
Canes trailing, 1-2 m long, slender, terete, brown or reddish, with flattened, recurved
prickles but without bristles. Leaves mostly 5-foliolate, dark green and shining, glabrous
except on the midveins beneath, regular and simply serrate, leaflets lanceolate, acute;
petioles 2-4 cm long, prickly. Flowering shoots short, sparingly pubescent or glabrate,
with 3-foliolate leaves. Flowers corymbose, 2-6 together; pedicels slightly pubescent,
prickly; calyx tomentose, lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, white tomentose
inside; petals obovate, 12-15 r™^ long. Fruit elongate, 8-10 mm long, drupelets small and
rather dry.

Southeastern United States; South Carolina to Florida, west to Missis-
sippi. ■ No cultivated variety is known of this species.

Rubus continentalis. Bailey G^h/. Herb. 1:173. , 1923-

R. car pinif alius. Rydheig in Small Fl. Southeast. U. S. sjg. 1913; not Whe. 1824,
nor Godron, nor Blox.

R. hispidus subsp. (?) continentalis. Focke Spec. Rub. 3:86. 1914.

Canes slender, trailing, 1-2 m long, more or less densely bristly and prickly, prickles
recurved, small. Leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets elliptic or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse at
both ends, 2-6 cm long, thin, glabrous on both sides, doubly serrate, teeth ovate, rather
blunt; petioles and midvein prickly. Flowers 1-4, pedicels slender, 3-7 cm long, prickly
and somewhat glandular-hispid. Calyx puberulous, lobes ovate-lanceolate; petals oval,
white, I cm long. Fruit elongate, 1-2 cm long; drupelets numerous, glabrous.

Southern central United States; southern Illinois to Oklahoma, Texas,
and Louisiana. Not yet in cultivation.

Series 5. Hispidi. Bailey Cewi. //er6. 1:173. 1923-

Plants trailing on the ground ; canes terete, with niunerous, fine, retrorse bristles and
a few prickles or none. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate. Flowering branches erect, 3-foliolate;
flowers corj'mbose, small. The Hispidi are of little importance as fruit plants and so far
scarcely offer promising features for futtu-e development.

Rubus hispidus. Linnaeus S^^c. PI. 493. 1753; Csird Bush-Fr. 334. 1898; Bailey
Ev. Nat.Fruits 377, fig. 73. 1898; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 492. i9ii;Rydberg N. Am,
Fl. 22:478. 1913; Focke S^ec. Rub. 3:84, (310). 1914; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3032.
1916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:173. 1923-

R. obovalis. Michaux F/. Bor. Am. 1:298. 1803.

R. sempervirens. Bigelow Fl. Bost. 2d Ed. 201. 1824.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 67

Running Swamp Blackberry. — Stems prostrate, trailing on the ground and rooting at
the tip, slender, terete, glabrous, more or less densely beset with slender, recurved bristles,
occasionally intermixed with a few stouter prickles. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate; leaflets firm,
dark green above, more or less persistent over the winter, glabrous on both sides, regularly
simply or doubly toothed or serrate, obovate, shortly pointed or obtuse, attenuate towards
and variously rounded at the base; in 3-foliolate leaves, the lower leaflets short stalked,
oblique with lateral lobes, the terminal ones longer stalked and larger, rhombic-obovate.
Petioles about as long or longer, glabrous and with recurved bristles, also the petiolules
and the midveins; stipules linear-lanceolate, or almost subulate, acuminate. Flowering
branches erect, glabrous, sparingly bristl}', 15-30 cm long, leaves 3-foliolate, similar to
those of the turions, the uppermost ones simple. Flowers rather small, 5-9 corymbiform
and 1-3 lower axillary ones; pedicels 3-5 times as long as the calyx, pubescent and with
long, slender, scattered bristles, some of them with glands. Calyx pubescent, lobes ovate-
deltoid, cuspidate; petals white, 8 mm long. Berry with about 10-20 glabrous drupelets,
dark red or purple.

Eastern North America; from Nova Scotia south to Georgia, west to
Michigan, in damp woods, meadows, mostly in dense carpets. Also this
species is rather variable. There occur some very robust forms, larger
in all their parts. They have been named var. major; there exist, however,
all degrees of intermediate forms. Normally the leaflets are rather obtuse
or short pointed; some plants, however, have them decidedly pointed.
The most pronounced of them has been named R. hispidus var. blanchardi-
aniis Bailey. It is a native of southern Vermont. Besides these forms,
Blanchard segregated three allied species, which he found in Vermont.

Rubus cubitans. Blanchard, Torreya (>:ii\?>. 1906.

Plants not bristly nor glandular; leaves s-foliolate, glabrous; leaflets naiTowly oval
to oval, wedge-shaped or at least narrowed towards the base.

Rubus trifrons. Blanchard .4 );i(?r. /?o/. 11: 11. 1906.

New canes ascending or erect, bristly, without prickles; plants more or less glandular.
Leaves mostly- 3-foliolate.

Rubus jacens. Blanchard Torreya 6:147. 1906.

R. semierectiis. Blanchard Rhodora 8:156. 1906.

New canes ascending or erect, bristly and prickly; leaves mostly 5-foliolate; pedicels
often with a few stalked glands.

Rydberg considers the last three as hybrids of R. hispidus with R.
vermontanus Blanch., one of the Setosi group. The latter, however, may
perhaps be a hybrid with R. plicatifoliiis. Besides these there are other
hybrids recorded with R. argutiis, R. allegheniensis, and R. canadensis.
Another interesting- hybrid, R. hispidus xR. pubescens, was found in a wood
near Lake Ontario, east of Youngstown:

68 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Rubus urbanianus Berger* n. hybr.

Stems slender, procumbent, rooting at the tips, with scattered, recurved prickles.
Leaves 3-foliolate, petioles slender, prickly, stipules subulate; leaflets thin, dull green and
with a few scattered hairs above, paler underneath and pubescent along the veins, obliquely
ovate, sharply pointed and irregularly doubly toothed, lateral ones sessile, terminal ones
shortly stalked. Flowering branches and petioles pubescent, sparingly prickly; leaflets
rhomboid-ovate, acute at both ends, ciliate. Flowers solitary, terminal, peduncles pubes-
cent, sparingly prickly or unarmed, with one or two leaf-like simple bracts; calyx -lobes
ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, tomentose, adpressed or spreading in fruit. Fruit roundish,
red, with 8-10 rather large drupelets.

Intermediate between the parents. It has the stems, prickles, and
stipules of R. hispidus and the shape, texture, and dentations of the leaves
of R. pubescens. The inflorescence, too, is more that of R. pubescens.
A similar hybrid does not seem to be known.

Series 6. Setosi. Baxley Gent. Herh. l■.l^6. 1923.

Canes at first erect or ascending and not over i m high, becoming decumbent or pros-
trate the second year, usually densely beset with fine not much pungent bristles, and usually
without prickles. Leaves s-foliolate; petioles bristly; leaflets glabrous or almost so, mostly
sharply serrate, veins prominent underneath, impressed above, giving the leaflets a plicate
appearance in the herbarium. Inflorescence shortly racemose; flowers small. Fruit
hemispheric, drupelets not numerous, sour.

These blackberries of the Setosi group with their poor and sour fruits
are of little interest to the pomologist. They are natives of the northeast-
ern United States. The most outstanding species are R. setosus Bigel. and
R. vermontanus Blanch.

Series 7. Cuneifolii. Bailey Ceni. if erfc. 1:180. 1923.

Erect shrubs, with stiff, angular, downy canes and stunted, more or less hooked prickles
from a broad base. Leaflets firm, attenuate towards the base, and entire near the lower
parts, densely grayish or whitish tomentose imdemeath. Pedicels stout, grayish felty
like the calyx.

A group easily recognized by its habit and the nature of its stems and
leaves. There are so far only two species known.

A. Leaflets more or less obovate-cuneate, grayish white on the back, simply serrate.

R. cuneijolius

AA. Leaflets from oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, grayish on the back, sharply doubly

toothed R- probabilis

Rubus cuneifolius. Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 347. 1814; Card Bush-Fr. 327, fig. 62.
1898; Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 378, fig. 89. 1898; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 491. 1911;

* Named in honor of George Urban, Jr., Buffalo, New York, much interested in horticulture, at whose
summer camp the plant was found.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 69

Rydberg A'. Am. Fl. 22:461. 1913; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:(3ii) 87. 1914; Bailey Gent.
Herb. i:iSo. 1923.

Sand Blackberry. — Erect laalf evergreen shrub or straggling and procumbent, 0.5-
1.5 m high; stems or canes angular and furrowed, brown, finely downy, along the angles
with scattered, stout, reciu-ved or hooked prickles from a broad, flat base. Leaves of the
turions 3- to s-foliolate, rather firm, dark green and glabrescent above, densely felty from
white interwoven hairs underneath ; leaflets obovate or cuneate-obovate, obtuse or rounded
at the top, cuneate at the base, 3-6 cm long, simply serrate with sharp, ovate teeth, entire
near the base. Petioles, petiolules and midveins tomentose and with recurved prickles;
stipules subulate. Flowering branches and pedicels tomentose and prickly; leaves 3 -folio-
late, uppermost simple, leaflets smaller, more roundish but with cuneate base. Flowers
3-7 together, corymbiform; pedicels short and stiff; calyx tomentose, lobes broadly ovate,
shortly cuspidate, white tomentose inside; petals obovate, 8-12 mm long; stamens rather
short. Fruits with reflexed calyx-lobes, round to shortly oblong, black, with about 25-50
rather dry drupelets, but of excellent quality.

Atlantic United States; from Connecticut south to Florida, west to
Louisiana, on rocky and sandy soil. "A straggling briar of gray aspect "
(Pursh) ; easily to be recognized by its cuneate, gray-tomentose leaves and
the stout prickles.

Rubus probabilis. Bailey Gent. Herb. i:iSo, fig. 81. 1923.

R. Lmkianus Collect., not Seringe.

Similar to R. cuneifolms, but stouter, and stems stronger; canes more or less angular,
downy, with strong, more or less curved prickles. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate; petioles stouter,
tomentose and prickly; stipules lanceolate-subulate; leaflets firm, larger, varying from
oblanceolate to obovate-oblong or obovate, obtuse but contracted into a short point,
attenuate towards the rounded or rarely subcordate base, dark green above, grayish felty
underneath, finely and sharply doubly toothed except near the base. Flowering branches
3-foliolate, leaflets shorter, uppermost leaves simple. Inflorescence similar to R. cunei-
f alius, terminal and axillar, corymbose; pedicels felty and prickly. Fruits larger and
juicy, drupelets with large tesselate seeds.

Southern Atlantic States; from North Carolina to Florida and Alabama.
There are several cultivated varieties referable to this species; as, Perfec-
tion, Topsy, Nanticoke, and Robison.

Some forms of this species come near to the Argiitus group. In herbaria
specimens of this species are occasionally found labelled as R. Linkianus
Seringe. This is, however, an obscure European species. Focke places the
name as a synonym of a form of a subspecies of R. candicans.

Series 8. Canadenses. Bailey Gent. Herb. i:i&o. 1923.

Canes angled and furrowed, from a very robust and erect habit to a weak and diffusing
one, brown, unarmed or prickly; prickles straight, mostly slender; plants almost glabrous.
Leaves 5-foliolate, thin; petioles slender, like the petiolules and veins, of a pale yellowish

70

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

green or reddish color ; lateral and terminal leaflets long stalked, long acuminate or suddenly
contracted into a long point. Flowering branches pale, slightly pubescent; inflorescence
racemose; peduncle and pedicels slender, patent like the calyx, adpressedly puberulous,
Kot glandular.

So far no horticultural varieties have been developed from this series,
but some of the species offer possibilities.

A. Canes 1.5-4 m high, erect, robust, usually unarmed; larger leaflets with a cordate

base R- canadensis

A A. Canes not as high, more or less prickly; only terminal leaflets cordate or rounded at
the base
B. Canes erect, stouter

C. Leaflets oval or ovate R. eleganiulus

CC. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate R. aniicalis

BB. Canes ascending, weaker; leaflets ovate with a long point R. randii

Rubus canadensis. Linnaeus 5^. PL 494. 1753; Card Sws/j-Fr. 327. 1898; Bailey
Ev. Kat. Fruits 385, figs. 92 & 93. 1898; Schneider ///. Hdb. Laubh. 1:519. 1905; Gray
New Man. 7th Ed. 490. 1911; Rydberg A'. Am. Fl. 22:468. 1913; Focke Spec. Rub.
3:91. 1914; Bailey Ce^z^ //^6. 1:180. 1923.

R. Millspaughii. Britton Bui. Torrey Bot. Club 18:366. 1891.

Thornless or Mountain Blackberry. — Robust shrub, 1.5-4 m high; canes stout, erect,
slightly arching at the top, angled and furrowed, brownish, glabrous, usually unanned
or with a few straight prickles; branching the first year. Leaves 5-foliolate, large; petiole
and petiolules glabrous, usually brownish, unarmed, or rarely with a few prickles; stipules
lanceolate-subulate; leaflets all, especially the terminal one, long stalked, ovate-lanceolate
contracted into a long point, more or less cordate at the base, the terminal leaflet broader
and longer, green above and paler underneath, glabrous on both sides, simply or doubly
serrate, the teeth acute, directed forward; veins prominent underneath, pale or reddish.
Flowering branches slender, yellowish green; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obliquely ovate or
rhomboid-ovate, i^ointed, sharply irregularly serrate; petioles often shghtly pubescent.
Flowers in long lax racemes 8-15 cm long; peduncle and pedicels slender, unarmed, finely
pubescent ; lower bracts foliaceous, simple, obovate, upper bracts lanceolate, acute, pubes-
cent; pedicels up to 6 cm long, slender, almost filiform, spreading; calyx minutely pubescent,
lobes ovate, decidedly cuspidate, white tomentose inside; petals longer, 10-15 "^n^. obovate,
clawed at the base; stamens and pistils numerous, filaments slender. Fruit roundish,
black, sour or even bitterish, ripening late, drupelets numerous, rather large, glabrous.

Eastern North America; from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin, and
southward in the mountains to North Carolina. The accounts about the
quality of the fruit vary. Bailey, in Evolution of our Native Fruits, page
324, says they are " quite palatable and sweet to a hungry man." Again,
" that the fruit becomes ripe and black in September. The berries are
large, long and slender and very sweet, lacking the sharply acid or bitterish
quality of the berries of the lower mountains."

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

71

Rubus elegantulus. Blanchard Rhodora 8:95. 1906; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:469.
1913; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:183. 1923-

Stems erect, rather slender, 1-1.5 m high, angled and furrowed, brow,Ti, glabrous, with
rather numerous, scattered, retrorse or straight, slender prickles along the angles. Leaves
of the turions s-foliolate; petioles, petiolules and midveins glabrous with slender retrorse
prickles; leaflets oval or ovate, long taper-pointed, dark green, slightly paler beneath,
glabrous or aknost so, finely and sharply doubly serrate; terminal leaflet usually rounded
at the base, long stalked, the others mostly acute at the base, shorter stalked or the lowest
ahnost sessile. Flowering branches slender, paler, slightly pubescent and with scattered,
slender, retrorse prickles; leaves 3-foliolate, the upper ones simple, petioles and sometimes
the veins at the back puberulous; leaflets oval or obovate, less pointed and coarser toothed.
Flowers in racemes, the lower a.xillar, peduncle pubescent and prickly, pedicels spreading,
filiform, pubescent and with a few very slender prickles; bracts lanceolate. Calyx finely
pubescent, lobes ovate, shortly cuspidate; petals oval, 10-13 rnm long. Fruit nearly
globular or oblong, black and sweet.

Northeastern United States; from Maine to Vermont.

Rubus amicalis. Blanchard Rhodora 13:56. 191 1; Rydberg iV. Am. Fl. 22:468.
1913; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:183. 1923.

R. amabilis. Blanchard Rhodora 8:173. 1906; not Focke 1905.

Erect, 1-2 m high, canes angled and furrowed, brown, with scattered straight prickles.
Leaves of the turions s-foliolate; petioles and petiolules with minute recurved prickles or
unarmed; leaflets obovate, or oblanceolate, long taper pointed, roundish or pointed at
the base, finely doubly serrate, rather thick, dark green and shining above, when young
with a few scattered hairs, paler and glabrous on the back; the middle one longer stalked
than the lateral ones, the lowest almost sessile. Flowering branches with smaller, more
obtuse 3-foliolate leaves. Flowers racemose, pubescent; pedicels slender, pubescent;
bracts lanceolate; calyx almost glabrous, lobes ovate, mucronate, tomentose inside; petals
white, 12-18 mm long. Fruits variable, small, oblong, black.

Eastern North America; from Nova Scotia to Maine.
Blanchard's specimens of R. amicalis are very variable, some come near
R. canadensis, some are nearer R. elegantulus; but this species should cer-
tainly not be included under R. canadensis, which is a very distinct species.
There occur forms closely resembling this species with strong deltoid prickles
and with the leaflets softly pubescent beneath. They may be hybrid
forms with R. allegheniensis or some ally of this species.

R. amicalis was crossed at Geneva with the raspberries Erskine Park
and Smith (I).

Rubus randii. Rydberg in Britton Man. 497. 1901; Rydberg A''. Am. Fl. 22:469.
1913; Bailey Geut. Herb. 1:183. 1923

R. villosus var. Randii. Bailey in Rand & Redfield Fl. Mt. Desert 94. 1894.
R. argutiis Randii. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 385. 1898.

72

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Stems about 0.3-0.75 m long or more, ascending or diffuse, rather weak, angular and
furrowed, greenish brown, glabrous, with slender patent or retrorse prickles. Leaves
5-foliolate; petioles long, slender, glabrous, with a few retrorse prickles; stipules subulate;
leaflets thin, glabrous on both sides, sharply doubly toothed, ovate, with a long point, more
or less acute at the base, shortly stalked or sessile, the terminal one longer stalked, broader
and larger, more suddenly contracted into a long tip, roundish or subcordate at the base.
Flowering branches slightly pubescent and sparingly prickly; the leaves 3-foliolate, the
uppermost simple; petioles puberulous, stipules lanceolate. Flowers 5-13, in rather short
racemes; bracts lanceolate; pedicels slender, finely pubescent, unarmed; calyx almost
glabrous or finely puberulent, lobes ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, tomentose inside; petals
oblong, 12 mm long. Fruit half round, black, rather small and dry, drupelets few, glabrous.
Eastern North America; from Nova Scotia to Massachusetts and New
York, in woods.

Series 9. AUeghenienses. Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:183. 1923.

Plants mostly stout; canes pubescent when young and glandular, glabrous when old,
angled and furrowed and armed with strong prickles. Leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets pubescent
underneath, ovate and pointed, usually long stalked, especially the terminal ones; petioles
and petiolules prickly, pubescent or villous and mostly glandular. Inflorescence racemose,
usually many flowered and elongate, leafy bracted only at the base (except R. alumnus),
more or less pubescent and glandular (except R. pergratus), and somewhat prickly. This
group contains many important cultivated varieties of blackberries.

A. Inflorescence not glandular, pedicels villous or pubescent R. pergratus

AA. Inflorescence glandular

B. Inflorescence leafy bracted, flowers very large R. alumnus

BB. Inflorescence leafy only at the base
C. Racemes long
D. Plants stout, tall, erect; terminal and lateral leaflets more or less cordate. . . .

R. allegheniensis
DD. Plants dwarf, ascending; terminal leaflet rounded, lower ones pointed at the

base R. flavinanus

CC. Racemes short

D. Young canes, petioles and petiolules glandular R. frondisentis

DD. Young canes, petioles and petiolules not glandular R. andrewsianus

Rubus allegheniensis. Porter Bui. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 153. 1896; Gray New Man.
7th Ed. 489. 1911; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:464. 1913; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:(3i3) 89.
1914; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3031. 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:183. 1923.

R. villosus. Bigelow F/. Bost. 122. 1814; Focke Spec. Rub. 3: (313) 81. 1914; not
Thunberg 1784; not Alton 1789.

R. villosus var. sativus. Bailey Amer. Gard. 11:719. 1890

R. nigrobaccus. Ba.i\ey Ev. Nat. Fruits ^yg. iSg&; Card Bush-Fr. ^24. 1898.

R. nigrobaccus var. sativus. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 379. 1898.

R. sativus. Brainerd Rhodora 2:26. 1900.

Common High-bush Blackberry. — Vigorous shrub; canes vigorous, erect, arching
above, 0.9-2 m high and more, obtusely angled and furrowed, sparingly puberulous

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 73

when young, and with a few scattered glands below, more or less villous and glandular on
the growing point, usually brown and glabrous when old, armed with stout, flat, straight
or slightly cur\^ed prickles; often branching the first year. Leaves of the turions
with petioles and petiolules more or less pubescent or villous, glandular and prickly,
the prickles spreading or recurved, extending along the midveins; stipules subulate,
glandular ciliate; leaflets 5, all stalked, especially the terminal one, ovate, abruptly con-
tracted into a rather long point, cordate or rounded at the base, the terminal one larger
and much broader, 5-15 cm long or more, dark green and more or less hairy above, paler
and densely velvety pubescent beneath, chiefly along the veins. Flowering branches
10-30 cm long, villous, prickly and more abundantly glandular; leaves 3-foliolate, lower
leaflets oblique, or obscurely lobed, sessile, all acute, but less acuminate; uppermost leaves
simple. Flowers numerous, about 20, in a cylindrical raceme, 10-20 cm long, the lower ones
leafy bracted and with branched pedicels ; peduncle or rhachis and pedicels densely villous,
glandiilar and prickly; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 5-10 mm long; pedicels slender, patent,
2-4 cm long; calj^x pubescent and glandular, green, lobes ovate to lanceolate-ovate, cuspi-
date, white tomentose inside; petals oval or elliptical, 12-15 i™n long. Fruit oblong or
elongate, black, sweet, with ntimerous glabrous drupelets.

Eastern North America; from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, Arkansas,
and Illinois. A fairly constant and easily recognized species; its variations
extend to the size and shape of the leaves, the length of the racemes, and
the degree of glandtilosity on stems, petioles, and petiolules. The inflores-
cence is always glandular; this and the stalked, velvety pubescent leaflets
always help to distinguish it. With its large white flowers, borne in long
racemes, and its handsome leaves, it is an attractive shrub. Plants grow-
ing in the deep shade of the woods have much thinner and paler leaves and
stems. R. allegheniensis was crossed at Geneva with the blackberry
Erskine Park.

Rubus flavinanus. Blanchard Amer. Bot. 10:69. 1906; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:185.
1923.

Rather dwarf, ascending, glabrous, with scattered gland-tipped hairs, armed with
slender hooked prickles from a broadened base. Leaves 5-foKolate, when young pubescent
beneath; leaflets narrowly ovate or obovate, acuminate, rather coarsely simply toothed;
petioles and especially the petiolules prickly. Flowers in slender long racemes; bracts
often foliaceous; pedicels very glandular; petals oblong. Fruit globose, sweet, black, with
a few drupelets.

Northeastern United States; Vermont. According to Rydberg, N. Am.
Fl. 22:469, this is a hybrid between R. elegantulus and R. nigrohaccus
{R. allegheniensis). The same view is held by Brainerd and Peitersen,
17. Sta. Bui. 217:56, 57. 1920. Plants from the type locality trans-
planted to the grounds of the Experiment Station, Burlington, Vermont,
developed into large, robust shrubs.

74

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

From R. allegheniensis is derived a niimber of the most valued high-
bush blackberries, which may be called for horticultural purposes the big-
cluster varieties. The varieties descending from R. allegheniensis pure,
or perhaps with some slight, scarcely traceable mixture of an allied species,
are always easily recognized by their vigorous growth, the rather long-
stalked lateral leaflets, and the mostly long racemose inflorescence, which
is more or less densely covered with staUced glands. The berries are mostly
more elongate than roundish.

Here belong Agawam, Albro, Ancient Briton, Eldorado, Erskine Park,
Snyder, and Taylor.

Some varieties seem to be crosses between R. allegheniensis and R.
frondosus. In these the lateral leaflets are shorter stalked, the terminal
leaflets are rounder and less deeply cordate ; the inflorescence bears a larger
number of leaf-like bracts, and is sparingly glandular. Here belong the
varieties Ambrosia, Dorchester, and Early Mammoth.

A few other varieties are probably hybrids between R. allegheniensis
and R. pergratus, with canes and leaves much like R. allegheniensis, inflores-
cence villous, pubescent, and gland vilar, more leafy bracted and leaf-
lets deeper toothed; pedicels more or less prickly. Here belongs Stone
Hardy.

Rubus alumnus. Bailey Gent. Herb, iiigi. 1923.

Robust plant, with erect canes, about 2 m high, pubescent and glandular when young,
glabrous when old, angular and with scattered, stout, straight or slightly curved prickles
with a flat base. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate, slightly pubescent above and softly pubescent
underneath; leaflets broadly elliptic-ovate, acute or shortly pointed, coarsely doubly serrate;
the terminal one longer stalked and larger, 8-12 cm long. Petiole, petiolules, and mid-
veins strongly prickly and with stalked glands. Flowering shoots angular, prickly, leafy;
the lower leaves 3-foliolate, the upper ones simple, all bearing flowers in their axils, hence
the raceme very foliaceous; leaflets with large, simple, lanceolate teeth; lower pedicels
remote, long, erect, the upper ones approximate and shorter, rising from smaller bracts, all
pubescent, glandular, and with scattered, spreading prickles. Flowers large and showy,
3~4 cm across; calyx-lobes ovate, shortly cuspidate; petals broadly obovate. Fruits large
30-35 mm long and 18 mm in diameter, very sweet.

Central United States; western Missouri; in rich open woods. In
Jackson County, Missouri, the wild fruits are sold on the markets in quanti-
ties and the plants are also taken into cultivation.

On account of its leafy inflorescence Bailey places this fine and distinct
species among the " Frondosi." However, we prefer to associate it with the
" Alleghenienses " for its glandular inflorescence.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 75

Rubus pergratus. Blanchard Rhodora 8:96. 1906; Gray Neu^ Man. 7th Ed. 490.
1911; Rydberg A''. Am. Fl. 22:467. 1913; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:185. 1923.

R. orariiis. Blanchard 7?/;o(iora 8: 169. 1906.

Canes stout, erect, 1-2 m high, tomentose on the young parts, glabrous when old and
brown, angled and furrowed; armed with some strong, straight or slightly bent prickles.
Leaves of the turions 5-foliolate; leaflets stalked, ovate or oval, suddenly contracted into
a sharp point, sharply serrate, almost glabrous above, paler and velvety pubescent under-
neath; the lowest leaflets shortly stalked, somewhat attenuated at the base and more or
less oblique, the middle ones longer stalked, roimded or subcordate and the terminal one
subcordate or cordate at the base, broader than the others. Petioles, petiolules, and mid-
veins more or less \-illous and with recun.-ed prickles, not glandular; stipules subulate.
Flowering branches angular, villous, and prickly; leaves 3-foliolate, the uppermost simple;
leaflets smaller, more obtuse and coarser toothed, the lateral ones sessile. Flowers in
racemes, the lower ones axillar, racemes rather short, 7- to 12-flowered, rhachis and pedicels
rather stout, densely villous, unarmed or with a few straight prickles but not glandular;
bracts lanceolate. Calyx hairy, lobes ovate, shortly cuspidate, whitish felty inside; petals
large, obovate, white. Fruits oblong, large, black; drupelets large and pulpy, sweet and
juicy.

Easter )i Xortli America; from Maine west to Ontario and Iowa, south
to the Catskills of New York. At the type locaUty, Alstead, New Hamp-
shire, this and R. allegheniensis grow side by side, according to Blanchard,
and R. pergratus is two weeks earher. Besides he states that R. pergratus
goes up to higher altitudes. According to Brainerd and Peitersen, the wild
berries are picked for the market in New England. R. pergratus is one
of the parents of a large number of our most important big-cluster black-
berry varieties. They are easily recognized by the eglandular raceme, the
rather long and obtuse leaflets of the flowering shoots, with long sharp teeth ;
the pedicels are villous, occasionally with a few prickles.

Here belong the following varieties: Black Chief, Blowers, Early
King, Ford No. i, Fruitland, Early King, Kittatinny, Lovett, Mersereau,
Miller, Minnewaska, Sanford, Texas, Ward, and Watt. Some other varie-
ties may be crosses between R. pergratus and R. frondosus. They resemble
the foregoing, but the inflorescences are more leafy bracted. Among these
are the following: Brewer, Erie, Green Hardy, La Grange, Ohmer, Success,
Triumph, and Woodland. See also under R. allegheniensis.

Rubus frondisentis. Blanchard Torreya 6:119. 1906; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:183.
1923.

Erect, canes covered all over wath weak prickles, bristles, and stalked glands. Leaves
5-foliolate, leaflets stalked, o\'ate, acute, more or less rounded at the base, terminal one
broader ovate, serrate, almost glabrous and shining above, pubescent underneath at least

76 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

when young; petioles and petiolules copiously prickly, bristly, and glandular. Racemes
rather short, about 8- to i i-flowered; bracts small, peduncle or rhachis and pedicels unarmed
but densely glandular. Fruit small, cylindric.

Northeastern United States; Vermont, New Hampshire.

Rydberg, A^. Am. Fl. 22:463. 1913, takes this species to be a hybrid
between R. nigrobaccus (allegheniensis) and R. vermontanus; Brainerd &
Peitersen, Vt. Sta. Bid. 217:62, 63. 1920, explain it as a hybrid between
R. pergratus and R. setosns.

Rubus andrewsianus. Blanchaid Rhodora 8:1 y. 1906.

Similar in habit to R. allegheniensis, but turions not glandular; leaves also similar.
Petioles and petiolules villous but not glandular, very prickly, especially the latter.
Inflorescence short, broadly corymbose-racemose; bracts leafy, mostly unifoliolate, upper
bracts short, lanceolate; pedicels slender, spreading, pubescent with a few stalked glands and
prickles. Fruits roundish or ovate.

Eastern United States; from Massachusetts to Virginia.

This species was never clearly understood and the numerous specimens
collected and named by Blanchard, now in Dr. Bailey's herbarium at Ithaca,
represent more than what was originally described. It is certainly not a
synonym of R. argutus as it is treated in N. Am. Fl. I.e. 464, nor does
Brainerd's and Peitersen's figure and description, Vt. Sta. Bui. I.e. 52, 53,
correspond to Blanchard's specimens from the type locality. R. andrew-
sianus is still insufficiently known; possibly it is a hybrid.

Series 10. Arguti. Ha-Wey Gent. Herb. i:i?,6 1923.

Canes erect, sharply angled and furrowed, with stout prickles along the angles, plants
pubescent or glabrous, and without glands. Leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets mostly narrower
than in most of the other groups, oblong-obovate or narrower, the terminal leaflet usually
broadest above the middle; petioles usually pubescent. Inflorescence shortly racemose,
pubescent and prickly, without glands. This group comprises several cultivated varieties.

A. Leaflets oblong or obovate; fruits black

B. Leaflets obovate-oblong, sharply doubly toothed

C. Pedicels stout, prickly R. argutus

CC. Pedicels usually slender and unarmed R. fioricomus

BB. Leaflets from obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, rather finely serrate. . . .R. laudatus
AA. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate, long pointed; fruits white R. louisianus

Rubus argutus. Link Enum. y.do. 1822; 'Ba.Wey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3031. 1916;
Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:186, fig. 84. 1923.

Canes erect, pubescent when young but soon glabrous, angled and furrowed, brown
when old, along the angles with scattered, stout, straight or curved prickles from a flat
base. Leaves of the turions 3- to s-foliolate; leaflets oblong, acuminate and somewhat
attenuate towards the base, doubly sharply toothed, dark green and glabrous above, paler
underneath and pubescent along the veins; petioles glabrous like the puberulous petiolules

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 77

and midveins with scattered, recur\-ed prickles; stipules lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate.
Flowering shoots short, hirsute and prickly; leaves 3-foliolate or the upper ones simple,
acute, more or less irregularly doubly toothed. Racemes short, about 6- to 8-flowered,
rhachis and pedicels pubescent and with a few scattered, spreading or recurved slender
prickles. Flowers 30-35 mm across; caljTC puberulous, lobes ovate-deltoid, white tomentose
inside; petals roundish oblong.

Eastern United States; from Virginia to Florida, west to Lotiisiana and
Missouri and north as far as Indiana, and probably farther west. The
name R. argutus has been wrongly applied to a great many different plants.
Link's type specimen is reproduced by Prof. Bailey, I.e.

There are also one or two closely allied species or varieties, apparently
natives of the southwestern states, with more glossy and subcoriaceous
leaves. To one of these belongs the cultivated variety Soft Core, which
was distributed from the United States Department of Agriculture Experi-
ment Station at Chico, California.

Rubus laudatus. Berger n. sp.

Tall and vigorous canes, erect, sharply angled and deeply furrowed, downy when young,
glabrous later on, more or less dark brown, along the angles with scattered, sharp, straight or
retrorse prickles 5-7 mm long. Petioles rather stout, pubescent, with a few hooked prickles ;
stipules subulate; leaves 5-foliolate; lowest leaflets almost sessile, ovate-lanceolate, scarcely
oblique, roundish or slightly acutish at the base; the middle ones stalked, larger; the terminal
one on a longer stalk, obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, subcordate at the
base; petiolules villous, leaflets green and glabrous above, paler and pubescent underneath,
prickly on the midvein and with 10-12 prominent rather closely set lateral veins, rather
finely and regularly simply or doubly serrate, teeth short, pointing forward. Flowers
7-8 in a leafy cluster; pedicels pubescent and sparingly prickly; calyx pubescent, green,
lobes acuminate; petals roundish ovate. Fruit oval, early ripening, black, sweet.

Central United States; yet insufficiently known, but represented in
cultivation by such varieties as Bundy, type of the species, which originated
in Missouri, and probably Early Harvest. Here belongs also the variety
Kenoyer which is a hybrid with Kittatinny {R. allegheniensis). This has
pubescent canes, broader, and coarser-toothed leaflets, which are velvety
pubescent underneath.

Rubus floricomus. Blanchard Amer. Bot. 9:106. 1905; Gray New Man. 7th Ed.
491. 191 1 ; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:188. 1923.

Canes erect, angular and furrowed, glabrous, with retrorse rather slender prickles
from a broad base. Leaves s-foliolate, rusty velvety pubescent underneath, coarsely and
sharply toothed; those on the pubescent flowering branches 3-foliolate with obovate-obtuse
leaflets, the uppermost simple, ovate or lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate. Inflores-
cence corymbose-racemose, about 3- to 8-flowered; pedicels slender, pubescent, usually

78 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

unarmed; flowers rather small for the group; cal>Tc pubescent or hirsute, lobes ovate-
lanceolate, shortly cuspidate; petals longer, roundish. Fruit subglobose, drupelets few,
rather large.

Northeastern United States; Vermont. There are no cultivated
varieties.

Another species probably of the Argutus group has been segregated as
R. crux. Ashe Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 19:8. 1903.

Rubus louisianus. Berger n. sp.

Swampberry. — Canes erect, 1-2 m high, sharply angled and deeply furrowed, downy
when 3'oung, glabrous later on, green or greenish brown, along the angles with scattered,
middle sized or large straight or hooked prickles. Petioles rather stout, like the petiolules
pubescent or villous and with scattered, hooked prickles which extend to the midveins;
stipules subulate, ciliate; leaflets 5, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, rather long pointed
and somewhat narrower toward the base, bright dull green above, paler and pubescent under-
neath, rather regularly and sharply simply or doubly serrate; the terminal leaflet larger,
longer pointed and longer stalked, roimdish or even subcordate at the base, middle ones
shortly stalked and lower ones sessile, all more or less acute at the base. Fruiting racemes
pubescent, with 7-8 or more erect pedicels, pubescent and with a few hooked prickles;
leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets cuneate at the base, the upper ones simple ovate-deltoid, shortly
stalked. Calyx pubescent, lobes ovate-deltoid, tomentose inside. Fruit cylindrical with
numerous small drupelets, whitish, sweet.

Southeastern United States; South Carolina and Louisiana, on damp
roadsides, in ravines, known as Swampberry.

To this species belongs the variety Crystal White. Burbank's variety
Iceberg is possibly the same renamed. It is too tender for the North,
usually freezing back.

Series 11. Frondosi. Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:188. 1923.

Robust brambles, canes erect, arching above or recur\-ing, angular when young, more
or less terete when old, glabrous, armed with scattered rather stout prickles. Leaves
S-foliolate, velvety pubescent beneath, leaflets mostly broad, roundish or roundish ovate,
the terminal leaflet cordate; those on the flowering branches variable. Inflorescence leafy,
pubescent, slightly prickly, usually without glands.

A. Inflorescence not glandular or glands not very conspicuous

B. Leaflets on turions, especially the terminal ones, roundish ovate, evenly toothed or
serrate

C. Bract leaves broad, obtuse R. frondosns

CC. Bract leaves pointed at both ends R. reciirvaiis

BB. Leaflets on turions narrower, the terminal ones ovate, long pointed, in the upper
half lobately doubly toothed or serrate

C. Bract leaves very variable, narrow and acute or acuminate R. ariindelamis

CC. Bract leaves ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or pointed R. amnicola

AA. Inflorescence glandular

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

79

B. Glands very prominent; bract leaves broad, obtuse R. alumnus

BB. Glands scarcely visible; bract leaves narrow, acuminate, variable in shape

R. arundelanus

Rubus frondosus. Bigelow Fl. Bosi. 2nd Ed. igg. 1824; Gray New Man. 7th Ed.
489. 1911; Rydberg A'. Am. Fl. 22:466. 1913; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:(3i8) 94. 1914;
Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3031. 1916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:188. 1923.

R. villosiis var. frondosus. Torrey Fl. U. S. 1:487. 1824.

Robust shrub, canes erect or recurved, 1-2 m high, angular at first, more or less terete
later on, brown and glabrous, with a few scattered, straight or slightly recurved prickles
from a broadened base. Leaves mostly 5-foliolate; petioles rather stout, finely pubescent
or glabrescent, petiolules more or less villous, scattered hooked prickles extending to the
midveins of the larger leaflets ; stipules linear-lanceolate, cilia te ; lower leaflets sessile, obliquely
ovate, shortly pointed, lateral ones shortly stalked, larger, broadly ovate, and abruptly
pointed, terminal leaflet distinctly stalked, cordate, broadly ovate or roundish ovate,
abruptly acuminate, 8-14 cm long and 6-10 cm wide; rather firm, dark green above and
glabrous when mature, green and densely velvety pubescent underneath ; doubly serrately
toothed, teeth rather large and broad, mucronate. Flowering shoots very leafy, pubescent,
sparingly prickly; prickles slender, recurved; lower leaves 3-foliolate, upper ones simple;
stipules lanceolate, acute; leaflets 3-7 cm long, very variable, ovate or obovate, acute or
roundish or subcordate at the base, shortly pointed and coarsely toothed, velvety pubescent
underneath. Inflorescence short corymbiform, or with a few lower axillary pedicels;
bracts lanceolate, villous; pedicels pubescent, rarely with a few prickles. Calyx green,
pubescent; lobes ovate, more or less cuspidate, white tomentose inside; petals broadly
oboval, about 10 mm long, white. Fruit black, roundish, sweet, pulpy; drupelets and
seeds large.

Northeastern and central United States; from Massachusetts to Virginia
in the South, to Kansas in the West and Ontario in the North, according
to Rydberg, I.e.

R. frondosus is one of the parents of several important varieties of the
big cluster blackberries in combination either with R. allcgheniensis or with
R. pergratus. There seem to be no pure-bred varieties of R. frondosus.

R. brainerdi, Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:467. 1913; Brainerd & Peiter-
sen Vt. Sta. Bui. 217:32, PI. 13. 1920; R. sativus, Brainerd Rhodora 2:26.
1900; not R. nigrobaccus var. sativus Bailey 1898, is similar to R. fron-
dosus, but a much lower shrub, 0.3-0.6 cm high; with weaker canes and
only sparingly prickly. It is perhaps nothing more than a dwarfed form of
R. frondosus.

Rubus recurvans. Blanchard Rhodora 6:224. 1904; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 490.
1911; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:467. 1913; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:190. 1923.

Stems erect at first, recurving later on, rooting at the tips, glabrous, slightly angular
at first, terete and brown when mature, armed with scattered, straight or retrorse, rather

8o THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

weak prickles. Petioles glabrous, petioMes pubescent, both beset with scattered, hooked
prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate. Leaflets 3-5, the lowest sessile, obliquely ovate, acutish
at both ends; the lateral ones stalked, broader, ovate, abruptly pointed, roundish at the
base; the terminal leaflet cordate-ovate, suddenly contracted into a prolonged point;
in 3-foliolate leaves the lateral leaflets broad and large with a lower lobe; rather firm in
texture, glabrous and dark green above, slightly paler green and velvety pubescent under-
neath ; doubly serrately toothed, teeth rather large and broad, mucronate, like in R. frondo-
sus. Flowering branches pubescent, sparingly prickly; lower leaves 3-foliolate, with
obovate-cuneate, obtuse leaflets ; the upper ones simple, the lower ones broadly lanceolate,
the uppermost narrowly lanceolate, pointed at the base and long acuminate, with large
simple or double teeth, all velvety pubescent underneath. Flowers not very numerous, in
a leafy, pubescent or villous corymb; pedicels slender, occasionally prickly; calyx pubes-
cent, lobes ovate, cuspidate, white tomentose inside; petals 12-15 nini long, elliptic, white.
Fruit elongate, 10-15 nim long, black, sweet.

Northeastern United States; from Maine to northern New York.
Differs from R. frondosus chiefly in less roundish leaves and in the upper
leafy bracts being more pointed and deeper serrate.

R. jeckylanus, Blanchard Rhodora 8:177. 1906, is considered by
most writers as a synonym of R. reciirvans. Blanchard's specimens seem
to represent intermediate forms connecting in some way R. frondosus
and R. recurvans; they have, however, a more villous inflorescence than both,
the bract leaves of the former, and the leaves of the turions of the latter.

R. recurvans and a plant grown as R. jeckylanus were both crossed with
Erskine Park (blackberry), and also with Snyder at Geneva.

Rubus arundelanus. Blanchard i?/jodora 8: 176. 1906.

Canes angular when yovmg, terete when old, with rather numerous and slender, straight,
retrorse prickles from a broader base. Petioles slightly pubescent, the petiolules villous,
both beset with numerous small hooked prickles; stipules linear or subulate-lanceolate.
Leaves 5-foliolate, rather thin and light green on both sides, with scattered single hairs or
glabrescent above, softly pubescent beneath, sharply and unequally doubly toothed,
the teeth narrow and sharp; lower leaflets sessile, obliquely lanceolate or oblanceolate,
acuminate, attenuate at the base; lateral leaflets longer stalked, larger and broader, sub-
cordate at the base and suddenly contracted into a long point; terminal leaflet very long
stalked, usually subcordate, ovate, long pointed, lobately doubly toothed, in the upper
half, sometimes broader and ovate-deltoid, 7-10 cm long and 5-6 cm wide. Flowering
branches pubescent, sparingly prickly ; the leaves with scattered hairs above and pubescent
at the back, extremely variable, mostly 3-foliolate, but often the lateral ones deeply lobate
and thus seemingly 5-foliolate, sometimes also the terminal leaflet deeply 3-lobed; leaflets
of the lower leaves usually more rounded, those of the upper ones much narrower, all
attenuate at the base and deeply, often lobately doubly toothed; the uppermost leaves or
leafy bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers about 6-8, in a short corymb with

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 8 1

several axillary ones below ; pedicels about 2 cm long, pubescent or villous, sparingly prickly;
cal}-x hirsute, like the pedicels with a few inconspicuous stalked glands, lobes lanceolate,
cuspidate, white tomentose inside; petals oblong, 10 mm long.

Northeastern United States; Vermont. Although this species comes
near to R. recuroans and R. frondosus it differs from both. It is remarkable
for the variation of its leaves, chiefly on the flowering branches, further
its flowers are smaller than those of its allies; also the leaflets of the turions
are decidedly less rounded and more elongated than in those.

Rubus amnicola. Blanchard i?/!oJora 8:170. igo6\ Bailey Gent. Herh.i:i()o. 1923.
Canes tall, erect, recurving, brown, angled, with scattered, rather stout, spreading
prickles. Leaflets on flowering branches oblong to oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate,
rather regularly simply or doubly serrate, softly pubescent underneath. Petioles and
inflorescence \^ous-pubescent ; bract leaves often simple, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or
pointed. Pedicels short, sparingly prickly ; calyx pubescent, lobes ovate, shortly mucronate,
white tomentose inside; petals roundish oblong.

Northeastern America; from Maine to Nova Scotia. One of the many
forms clustering around R. frondosus, certainly it is not allied to R. argutiis,
nor can it be a hybrid of this species with R. canadensis.
Rubus recurvicaulis. Blanchard Rhodara 8:1 s^. 1906.

This is probably of hybrid origin, perhaps between R. recurvans and
some procumbent stemmed plant of the Flagellares. Most of the specimens
of Blanchard, now in Prof. Bailey's herbarium, Ithaca, New York, have
subglabrous leaves, but some are densely tomentose at the back; other
specimens are entirely glabrous and suggest some other origin.

R. recurvicaulis var. inarmatus, Blanchard Rhodora 8:155. 1906, is a
hybrid form with some plant of the Frondosi group.

R. rossbergianus, Blanchard Rhodora 9:7. 1907, is. another hybrid
form between some species of the Frondosi and the Flagellares.

Series 12. Floridi. Baiiey Gent. Herb. i:ig2. 1923.

Slender stemmed, elongate, erect or climbing, canes angular, prickly along the angles.

Leaves 3- to s-foliolate, leaflets rather small, hard, and more or less persistent, on the short

flowering shoots roundish obtuse or ovate and scarcely pointed; flowering branches short.

Southeastertt United States; insufficiently known; there may be three or

more species.

Rubus floridus. Tratt. Ros. Monog. 3:73. 1823; Schneider 7//. Hdb. Laubh. 1:518.
1905; Rydberg A''. Am. Fl. 22:465. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3031. 1916; Bailey
Gent. Herb. i:ig2. 1923.

R.argutus war. floridus. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 385. 1898; Card 5Ms/r-Fr. 326. 1898.

Canes rather slender, glabrous, angular, furrowed, brownish, prickles scattered along

g2 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

the angles, compressed, curved. Leaves of the turions mostly 3-foliolate but also s-foliolate,
elliptic, acute, not acuminate, dark green, paler underneath, pubescent along the veins.
Flowering branches short, scarcely 5 cm long, pubescent, prickly; lower leaflets 3-foliolate,
upper ones simple; terminal leaflet about ovate, obtuse or somewhat pointed, simple or
doubly coarsely serrate, dark green and glabrous or almost above, paler underneath and
pubescent at least on the veins; petioles sparingly pubescent. Flowers rather large,
usually 3-6 or more together, the lower ones axillary, the upper ones from small lanceolate
bracts, peduncle and pedicels more or less finely pubescent, pedicels 1.5-2 cm long; calyx
almost glabrous or finely pubescent, whitish tomentose inside; petals roundish, 15 mm
long. Fruit roimdish with numerous drupelets.

Southeastern United States; from South Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia,
Alabama, and Mississippi (Bailey). This plant was first collected by
Enslen and described by Trattinick, but no exact locality was given. It
seems to grow erect or somewhat climbing, reaching 8-10 feet, in low wood-
lands and swamps. R. rhodophyllus, Rydberg in Small Fl. Southeast.

U. S. 518. 1903, and R. persistens, Rydberg I.e. 519, belong to this
same species according to Bailey. R. betidiJoUus, Small Fl. Southeast.

U. S. 518. 1903, is an allied but distinct, small-leaved species. It occurs
in swamps in Alabama. It ife a slender, thin-leaved plant.

Neither R. floridus nor R. betidifolius have so far any pomological
interest; but the former is very productive and may perhaps yield some
valuable varieties for the South.

Series 13. Fruticosi. Ba.iley Gent. Herb. 1:194. 1923.

More or less robust brambles, with stout angular, variously armed biennial canes.
Leaves wintergreen or at least more or less persistent, 3- to 5-foliolate. Inflorescence
panicled, many flowered.

Under this group are comprised all the European blackberries, as
far as they have been introduced into the United States, and are culti-
vated as fruit or ornamental plants. The European brambles of this
series are extremely numerous, but besides those enumerated below they
are of no interest to the pomologist, at least at present.

A. Plants prickly

B. Leaflets much divided in narrow segments R. laciniatus

BB. Leaflets not divided, at most somewhat lobed, white tomentose underneath

C. Inflorescence with very broad prickles R. rusticanns

CC. Inflorescence prickly, but prickles with less broad base R. procerus

AA. Plants unarmed, white felty throughout R. idmifolius var. inermis

Rubus laciniatus. Willdenow Enuni. PL Hort. Berol. 1:550. 1809; Schneider /W. Hdb.
Laubh. 1:517. 1905 ; Rydberg N. Am. F/. 22 : 46 1 . 1913 ; Focke Spec. Rub. 3 : 134. 1914;
Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:3030. T916; Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:106 1023-

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 83

Cutleaved or Evergreen Blackberry. — Very vigorous climbing shrub, canes 3 m long
or more, angular and furrowed, puberulous on the growing tips, but soon glabrous, brown,
along the angles with scattered stout prickles, prickles hooked, compressed and flat at the
brownish base. Petioles about as long as the lower leaflets, brownish, thinly puberulous
and rather densely armed with short, stout, hooked prickles ; stipules subulate, hairy. Leaves
pedately s-foliolate, petiolules pubescent and prickly, like the midveins; leaflets variously
pinnate or pinnately cut, especially the lateral and the terminal ones, the segments ovate
or lanceolate, acute at both ends, again deeply lobed, incised or coarsely serrate, the teeth
manifestly mucronate; dark green and glabrous above, paler and pubescent underneath,
at least on the veins, ciliate along the margins. Flowers numerous, in long, leafy pubescent
or villous and prickly panicles, leaves similar to those of the turions, but 3-foliolate and the
uppermost simple; calyx grayish tomentose, with numerous small, hooked, pale prickles,
lobes with long leafy linear-lanceolate tips, white tomentose inside; petals white or pale
rose, obovate, variously lobed, lobes rounded, the middle one shortly mucronate; stamens
and pistils numerous. Fruit black, globose, large, of good quality.

Europe; first described after plants in the Botanic Garden at Berlin;
now escaped from ctiltivation and naturalized in the Pacific Coast states
from British Columbia to Oregon and perhaps farther south. According
to Focke (1. c.) it is a mutation of R. vulgaris Wh. et N., a species common in
western Europe ; Focke states that he grew similar forms from seeds of this
species.

Rubus nisticanus. Merc, in Renter Cat. PI. Geneve 2d Ed. 279. 1861; Rogers Brit.
Rub. 40. 1900; Focke Spec. Rub. 3:(377) 153. 1914; Bailey Ceui. Herb. 1:197. 1923.

R. Linkianus auct. Rydberg A^. Am. Fl. 22:461. 1913; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort.
5:3030. igi6; not R. Linkianus Seriage. 1825.

Robust and vigorous shrub, canes angular, erect and arching or climbing, sparingly
stellately hairy; prickles long, stout, from a verj' broad base, straight or mostly recurving.
Leaves s-foliolate; petioles and petiolules stout, pubescent, very prickly, prickles from a
very broad base; stipules subulate-lanceolate, ciliate; leaflets firm, almost coriaceous, dark
green and glabrous above, densely and softly white tomentose beneath, doubly serrate except
near the base, ovate or obovate-cuspidate, the lower ones oblique, the terminal one long-
stalked, subcordate, with about 7 lateral veins on each side. Inflorescence a long, leafy
panicle, pubescent, and very prickly; prickles broad based, hooked; leaves 3-foliolate,
uppermost simple, ovate-deltoid or sub-3-lobate ; axillary peduncles cymose; pedicels
felted, very prickly, prickles narrower and straighter. Calyx-lobes white tomentose on
both sides, ovate, acute, reflexed. Petals roimdish, pale or deeper rose-colored. Fruit
ovoid, black, edible.

Europe and Africa; widely distributed from the Mediterranean region
as far west as northwest Africa, the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores
and northwards through France and western Germany to England and
Ireland. A very variable plant and in a broad sense included by Focke

84 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

under R. idmifoliiis Focke. A double-flowered, rather ornamental form
{R. rusticaniis flore pleno) is cultivated in collections, but it is rather tender
and apt to suffer severely in our winters. It is sometimes found under the
names R. spectabilis flore pleiw and R. fruticosus flore albo pleno.

According to the late R. A. Rolfe, Kew, R. rusticaniis is one of the
parents of the ciiltivated variety Mahdi, which was raised by Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, at Langley, from the raspberry Belle de Fontenay crossed
with the blackberry common in hedges at Langley.

The variety Mahdi has been crossed repeatedly at this Station with
various other varieties. The seedlings of a cross between Mahdi and Herbert
(raspberry) were partly like raspberry with pinnately 5-f oliolate leaves and
partly like the blackberry in habit. The seedlings of Mahdi x Lucretia are
of dewberry habit with the leaves digitately 3- to 5-f oliolate. Other crosses
were Mahdi x (Mahdi x Lucretia), Mahdi x Agawam, Mahdi x Phenomenal,
Mahdi x Mersereau, and Mahdi x Rubus odoratus. None of these crosses
are of any pomological value.

Robus procerus. Muell. in Boulay Rone. Vosg. No. 6, 7. 1864; Bailey Gent. Herb.
1:196. 1923.

R. hedycarpus Focke, subspecies procerus. Focke Spec. Rub. 3: (386) 162. 1914.

A huge, very thorny blackberry; canes several meters long and 3-4 cm thick, angled
and furrowed, thinly downy or pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrous; prickles
along the angles, numerous, long, and stout, straight or mostly hooked and compressed.
Petioles stout, longer than the lower leaflets, glabrescent, \vith many smaller, broad-based,
hooked prickles; stipules subular. Leaflets 5, rather firm, wintergreen, dark green above
and with dense adpressed whitish felt underneath, sharply simply or in the upper half
doubly serrate, teeth ovate, shortly mucronate; leaflets obovate, shortly pointed or con-
tracted into a short point, the tenninal one rovmdish obovate, with a long petiolule, lateral
ones smaller, narrower, shorter stalked, like the still smaller, almost sessile lower ones some-
what oblique; petiolules and midveins pubescent and very prickly. Inflorescence large,
panicled, white tomentose and prickly; flowers numerous, 25 mm across; stamens and pistils
niimerous. Fruit black, firm, edible.

Western Europe; France and along the Rhine.

To this species belongs the cultivated variety Theodor Reimers, origi-
nated in 1889 by Garteninspector Reimers at Hamburg, now widely
cultivated in Germany, and introduced into the United States and
re-christened as Himalaya. Hybrids were raised at Geneva between the
Himalaya and Lucretia (dewberry). Strawberry Flavored blackberry is a
hybrid of the Himalaya and the Cuthbert raspberry. Crosses were made
at Geneva between Strawberry Flavored and Lucretia (dewberry) and
also with Sn^^der (blackberry).

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 85

Rubus ulmifolius var. inermis. Focke Spec. Rub. 3:378. 1914; Bailey Gent. Herb.
i:i07- 1925-

R. inermis. Willdenow Enttm. PL Hort. Berol. 1:548. 1809.

A robust thornless blackberry ; canes obtusely angled, more or less densely downy from
grayish stellate hairs. Petioles shorter than the lower leaflets, unanned and downy like
the canes, stipules subulate; leaflets 3-5, rather firm in texture, green and mostly glabrous
above, beneath with adpressed fine whitish felt, finely simply or doubly serrate, usually more
irregularly so near the top of the temiinal leaflets or on the outer margin of the lower ones,
which are obliquely ovate and sometimes obscurely lobed, acute or roundish at the base
and with a short sharp point; terminal leaflet longer, obovate-oblong, pointed from the upper
third, rounded at the base. Inflorescence panicled. Berries black, edible.

This is a sport of a widely-spread and very variable European bramble,
known in European gardens more than lOO years. It was introduced into
the United States and put in trade by Luther Burbank under the varietal
names Santa Rosa, Sebastopol, and Cory Thornless, which are identical
with Willdenow's herbarium type specimens.

86 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER III

VARIETIES OF RED AND HYBRID RASPBERRIES

Abundance. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpi. i6o. igi9-2o.

According to a letter from the originator, H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, this variety-
originated in 1907 as a seedling of Conrath pollinated by Cuthbert. It was introduced in
19 1 6 by the New Ulm Nurseries, New Ulm, Minnesota. Plants below medimn height, of
mediiom vigor, upright-spreading, verj^ productive; canes dark red, nearly glabrous, very
thinly glaucous; prickles slender, weak, numerous; fruit small, roundish, dark purple, dull;
flesh firm, sprightly; quality fair; midseason.

Addison. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:678. 1893. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:401. 1903.
Originated on the grounds of L. M. Macomber, North Ferrisburg, Vermont, prior to
1890, in which year it was sent to this Station for trial. Plants vigorous, hardy, moderately
productive, propagating from tips; canes purplish red; fruit above medium in size, firm,
juicy, with the flavor of the red raspberry; verj^ good.

Alexandra, i. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 37:563. 1911-12. 2. Bunyard Cat. 50. 1915-16.
This autimin-fruiting variety was raised by a Mr. Allan, Gunton Park Gardens,
England. Plants vigorous and fertile; fruit large, conical, deep red, with a rich flavor.

All Seasons, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 63:108. 1895.

Mentioned as a red fall-bearing variety. Plants very strong; suckers numerous;
fruit medium in size, firm ; good.

All Summer, i. Childs Cat. 144. 1893.

This everbearing variety was introduced by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York,
in 1893, who obtained it three years previously from Mrs. A. A. Stave, Hailey, Idaho. Her
plants were received from California, but the stock came originally from Mexico. Plants
stocky, vigorous, productive, resistant to heat and cold; foliage dark green above, whitish
below; fruit large, dark red; excellent quality; season July until frost.

Allen. I. Horticulturist 12:133. i8S7-

False Red Antwerp. 2. Card. Mon. 4:^8. 1862.

Allen Antwerp. 3. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 151. 1867.

Scarlet. 4. Ibid. 154. 1867.

English Red Cane. 5. Elliott Fr. Book 467. 1S59.

Much confusion exists regarding the origin of this variety. One account states that it
was brought to Cleveland as an unnamed raspberry in 1828 by an English gardener. It was
at first called Red Antwerp, but later as that variety came to be known around Cleveland
this berry was known as the False Red Antwerp. In 1850 plants were sent to Lewis F.
Allen, Black Rock, New York, who introduced the variety under his own name. In another
accoimt in 1859, Allen states that he obtained the original plants as an tmknown variety
from the garden of Hiram Pratt, Buffalo, New York. From various accounts it is evident
that two or three sorts were sent out by Allen under his name. Plant vigorous, upright,

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 87

suckers freely, hardy; prickles purplish, numerous; flowers imperfect;, fruit large, roundish,
firm, bright red, of excellent flavor.

Allen Red Prolific, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 151. 1867.

Same origin as the Allen. Plants strong, upright, productive; canes unbranched,
reddish purple, with long, slender, white prickles; fruit medium, round, light red, juicy, mild.
Allsmeyer. i. Wis. Sta. Bui. 72:18. 1898.

A seedling red raspberry sent to the Wisconsin Experiment Station in 1897 by E. C.
Allsmeyer, DeForest, Wisconsin. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size,
round, dull red; quality good; midseason.

Alpine, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:169. 1832.

William R. Prince imported this variety, the Cretan Red, and a flesh-colored
raspberry from the Mediterranean previous to 1832. He believed the three to be closely
related, being similar to the Antwerps but having fewer prickles. Fruit of good size with
a high and peculiar flavor; season June until September.

Amelioree Congy. i. Rev. Hort. 88. 1900.

This autumn-fruiting variety was raised from seed of Four Seasons Red in 1886 by M.
Congy, chief of fruit culture of the province of Ferrieres-en-Brie, France. Plants very
vigorous, productive; canes purple; leaves large, thick; fruits large, blunt-conic, light
red ; quality excellent.

American Red. i. Prince Cai. 1771. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 515. 1845.

Before improved varieties of the red raspberry were introduced, the native red was
cultivated considerably, and although inferior to the European sorts its greater hardiness
made it desirable. The Common Red and the English Red Cane have been incorrectly
given as synonjmis of American Red, but both are distinct varieties as will be seen in the
discussions of these sorts.

Areola, i. S. Dak. Sia. Bui. 104:285. 1907.

A wild, red raspberry found near Areola, Saskatchewan, Canada, and used as a parent
in breeding hardy raspberries by Prof. N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment
Station. Plants dwarfish; fruit variable in size and quality.

Arnold Orange. Occidentalis x Idaeus. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 963. 1869.

Arnold's No. j. 2. Horticulturist 2^: 2^^. 1869.

Originated with Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, and sent out by him in 1868. Said to
be a cross between a white form of R. occidentalis and a fall-bearing variety of R. idaeus.
Plants strong, spreading, with many slender laterals; suckers few; fruit medium in size,
roimdish conical, pale lemon-yellow changing to light orange; flesh soft, juicy; flavor good.

Arnold Red. Occidentalis x Idaeus. i. Am. Pmn. Soc. Rpt. 108. 1869.

Arnold's No. 2. 2. Horticulturist 24:20. 1869.

Of the same origin as the preceding variety, and the best known of Arnold's seedlings.
Plants vigorous, branching, moderately productive; canes dark purple, with numerous
stout, slightly purple prickles; suckers excessively; fruit large, red, about the size and shape
of Philadelphia but of superior flavor; late, autumn-bearing.

88 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

August Black. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Card. Chron. 516. 1867. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 963. 1869.
Received by Charles Downing from Thomas Rivers of England with whom it origi-
nated about i860. From the account of the origin of Mr. Rivers' " Black " sorts this is
probably a purple raspberry. Canes strong, branching, with numerous greenish prickles;
fruit medium in size, roundish oblate, dark red, with slight bloom, soft, subacid.

Auttimn Black. Occidentalis x Idaeus. i. Jour. Hort. 24:91. i860. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 963. 1869.
Raised by Thomas Rivers of England about i860. It is of the same origin as August
Black, and is probably a purple variety. Mr. Rivers propagated it from seeds, evidently
not familiar with tip rooting. Fruit medium or large, dark purple, very juicy and
agreeable.

Babcock. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 63:678. 1893.

Received at this Station in 1892 from D. W. Babcock, Dansville, New York. Plants
vigorous and productive; canes purplish, with numerous weak prickles; fruit crumbles badly.

Bagley Perpetual, i. Mag. Hort. 24:510. 1858.

Bagley's Everbearing. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 83. 1858.

This variety originated in New Haven, Connecticut, about 1854, and was introduced
in 1858 by Andrew Bridgeman, a florist of New York City. Plants hardy, branching, free
of prickles, fruiting on the young canes from the time the old canes cease bearing in July
until frost; fruit medium, nearly round, dark crimson, soft, acid; poor quality.

Baker, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1868.

A seedling of Four Seasons Red sent out by a Mr. Pamell, Cincinnati, Ohio, about
1868. Fruit short, dark red, soft, sweet.

Bamet. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 196. 1826. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:165. 1832.

Large Red. 3. Mag. Hort. 3:2^. 1837.

This old English variety is said to have been raised from seed by a nurseryman named
Cornwall at Bamet in Hertfordshire, England. It has never been popular in this country
owing to lack of hardiness and soft fruit. It is similar to Red Antwerp but differs from
that variety in the canes being much inclined to branch and in the prickles being long,
slender, and reddish. Plants productive, branching towards the ground ; canes long, yellow-
ish green, thickly covered with slender prickles; fruit large, globular, inclining to conical;
color deep purplish red; drupelets large; flavor rich, pleasing, without much acidity; early.

Barter, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 506. 1889.

Described as a foundling variety largely grown in the foothill regions of California.
It was brought under cultivation by William Barter, Penryn, Placer County, California.
Plants vigorous and productive; fruit very large, red, round, slightly flattened, firm, of
fine flavor.

Bateman Early Red. i. Am. Card. 17:675. 1896.

Mentioned in 1896 as being the earliest red raspberry, with fruit having the shape,
and two-thirds the size of that of Cuthbert.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 89

Bath Perfection, i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. y.20. 1922.

Abundance. 2. Laxton Bros. Cat. 31. 1923.

According to Grubb in the Journal oj Pomology and Horticultural Science this variety
is identical with the American variety Mariboro. Abundance, of Laxton Brothers, as grown
at the East Mailing Research Station in England proved identical with Bath Perfection.

Baiunforth I. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:42. 1907.

Baiunforth's Seedling. 2. Flor. & Pom. 185, fig. 1880.

This variety was selected from a lot of seedlings of Fillbasket about 1865 by John
Baumforth, Pontefract, England. It was distributed about 1880, and is still occasionally
grown in Europe, but is too tender for this country without winter protection. In size,
vigor, and productiveness of plant it surpasses its parent; the berries ripen ten days
earlier; canes numerous, stout, spreading, glaucous, glabrous; prickles numerous, stout;
fruit large, round or somewhat flattened, soft and juicy, rather acid; good.

Baumforth 11. i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:22. 1922.

This seedling seems to have acquired the name Baiunforth and under that name is
widely grown in England. Plants vigorous, very productive; canes very numerous, spread-
ing, green, moderately glaucous, glabrous; prickles few or none, very small, dark purplish;
fruit conic; drupelets small, very firm, sweet.

Baumforth III. i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:2^. 1922.

StUl another variety is grown under this name at the East Mailing Research Station
in England. It is badly mixed and in some cases resembles lots grown as Hornet (II).

Beckner. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:11. 1894.

A chance seedling found about 1855 by J. Beckner, Lafayette, Indiana.

Beckwith. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 111:289. 1896-

A chance seedling sent out by M. H. Beckwith, Newark, Delaware, about 1895.
Plants similar to Columbian but with lighter colored canes and shorter, more numerous
prickles; fruit larger, lighter colored, firmer, and of better quality than Columbian; very
late.

Beehive, i. Bridgeman Card .455'i Pt. 111:135. 1847.

Described in 1847 as a new variety. Introduced by Messrs. Winter & Company of
the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, New York. Fruit large, round, red; ripe in July.

Beehive Improved. 1. Jour. Pom. c' Hort. Sci. 3:2 i. 1922.

Received under this name at the East Mailing Research Station in England.
Said to consist of two types differing slightly.

BeUe de Fontenay. i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:573. 1855. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
241. i860. 3. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:120. 1906.

Ajnazon. 4. Card. Mon. 17:333, 368. 1875.

Fontenay. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 46. 1883.

This old French autunm-fruiting sort was grown from seed by Gartier in Fontenay-
aux-Roses, France, previous to 1850, and was introduced into this country in that year.
For a number of years it was considered one of the best of the fall-bearing sorts. The

go THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

American PomoloRical Society placed it upon its list of varieties promising well in i860,
and in 1862 upon its list of varieties recommended for general cultivation, where it remained
until 1899. As grown at this Station the plants are vigorous, hardy, and moderately pro-
ductive; suckers numerous; fruit large, long-conic, irregular; drupelets large, moderately
firm, dull red, sprightly; good; autumn-fruiting.
Belle de Palluau. i. Gen. Farmer 22:63. 1861. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 158. 1867.

Palluau. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 46. 1883.

Described by Fuller in 1867 as a new variety from France. It was placed on the list
of recommended varieties of the American Pomological Society in 1867, and removed in
1897. During that time it was considered one of the best European varieties in this
country. Plants vigorous, branching, productive, not hardy; canes start with numerous
short, stiff, purpHsh prickles; fruit very large, blunt-conic; drupelets large, regular, dark
red, moderately firm, juicy, sprightly; very good; early.

Berkeley, i. Card Bush-Fr. 178. 19 17.

Card cites the catalog of the Ashley Nursery Company of California as describing
this variety as prolific, large, and handsome.

Biggar. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:42. 1907.

Grown from seed of an unknown European variety by C. N. Biggar, Drummondville,
Ontario. It was the parent of a mmiber of seedlings raised by William Saimders in his
raspberry-breeding work. Described as a strong grower and moderately productive;
not hardy at Ottawa; fruit medium in size, conic, bright red, moderately firm, juicy, sub-
acid; good; late.

Black Antwerp, i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:16. 1922.

Commonly grown in certain sections of England. The variety is said to contain many
mixtures of little or no value. Plants weak, slender, spreading, moderately productive;
canes dark reddish purple, heavily glaucous, glabrous; prickles very numerous and very
stout; fruit of good size, conical, dark red, sweet.

Black Hills, i. A''. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1900.

Mentioned as being productive, hardy, of good size, dark in color and of moderate
quality.

Blair, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 43. 1901.

Originated in Quebec. Plants hardy; fruit of meditmi size, round, red; quality very
good; midseason.

Brady, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 5. 1906-07.

Propagated from the sole survivor of a lot of Loudon raspberries received from a
nursery by Col. John L. Brady, Medicine Lodge, Kansas. Claimed to be a hardy sport.

Bountiful, I. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 37:561. 1911-12. 2. Laxton Bros. Cat. 30. 1923.
Originated with Laxton Brothers, Bedford, England, previous to 19 12. It is particular
as to soils but where it does well is considered worthy of trial in England. Plants of medium
vigor, moderately stout, erect, productive; prickles nvmierous, short, stout, dark purplish;
canes glaucous, glabrous; fruit large, conic, rounded at the apex.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 9I

Boyle. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 108. igoo.

On test in igoo. Berries of medium size and quality; midseason.
Bradley, i. iV. 7. Sto. 5m/. 278:115. 1906.

A seedling found growing on the farm of C. P. Bradley, South Bend, Indiana, about
1896. Plants of medium vigor, healthy, hardy, and productive; fruit large, resembling
Marlboro in shape but coarser in general appearance, dark red; drupelets large, inclined
to crumble, of good flavor and quality.

Brandywine. i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1876. 2. Rural N. Y. 54:710. 1893.

Susqueco. 3. Rec. Hort. 2:sS. 1868.

Wilmington. 4. Horticulturist 30:306. 1875.

This old variety is said to have originated about 1870 with a Mr. Miller, also the
originator of the Miller raspberry, who lived by Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington,
Delaware. At first it was known as Wilmington, and later was sent out by Edward Tatnall
of Wilmington as Susqueco, the Indian name of the stream. It came, however, to be
generally known as Brandywine, and uiider that name became one of the leading market
varieties of its time. The stock was badly mixed as large quantities of Bristol were sold
as Brandywine. It was placed in the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in
1877, and still remains there. Plants upright, rather weak, not hardy, and unproductive;
suckers freely; canes reddish brown, with thin bloom; prickles none; fruit small, round,
bright scarlet; flesh firm, juicy, rather insipid; quality fair; early midseason.

Brant. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. A'^. Y. State Fr. Test. Assoc. Cat. 1924-25.

A cross between Smith (I) and June, originated at this Station in 1913. Introduced
in 1925 by the New York State Fruit Testing Association, Geneva, New York, as worthy
of trial. Plants vigorous, upright, attacked but slightly by anthracnose and mosaic,
usually hardy ; propagated by tips ; canes stocky, green becoming reddish chocolate-brown,
glabrous, glaucous; prickles nimierous, medium to strong, tinged red at the tips; leaflets
usually 3, large, round-oval; margin finely serrate, in single series, frequently lobed; petiole
long, medium thick, prickly, nearly glabrous; fruit picks easily, ships well, large, vmiform,
round-conic, with thick bloom ; drupelets medium in size, with strong coherence, dark dull
purple, medium to juicy, rather firm, subacid to sprightly; good; late, about with Coltmibian.

Brentford Cane. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 197. 1826. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 516.

1845.

An old English variety little grown in this country and never of value here. Canes
strong, branching, with purplish prickles; fruit of medium size, oval-conical; color dark
dull red.
Brentford Red. 1. Prince Pow. Man. 2:167. 1832.

Said by Prince to bear fruit of excellent quality and high flavor, oval in shape, of
good size, and dark red in color; prickles purplish. Frequently produces a second crop in
August.

Brighton. 1. Can. Exp.Farm Bui. s(>'-Al- ipo?-

This variety of unknown parentage was originated in 1887 by Dr. William Saunders,
Ottawa, Ontario. It was introduced in igo7 by the Central Experimental Farm at

92 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ottawa. The fruit is of the type of Cuthbert and similar to Count, a variety of the same
origin. It differs from Count in being a darker red color, somewhat smaller and not as
firm. Brighton has a purplish cane and Count has a bright red cane with only a purplish
tinge. Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy; canes stocky, tinged with reddish
brown; prickles medium in number, thick and strong; leaflets large; fruit large, roundish;
drupelets somewhat crumbly; color dark red, glossy; flesh rather soft, mildly subacid, of
pleasing flavor; quality good; early midseason.

Brilliant, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 278:11^. 1906.

A chance seedling found growing in a woodpile in 1900 by John CoUison, Bridgeville,
Delaware; introduced in 1902 by Myer & Son of the same place. Plants medium in
size and vigor, slightly drooping, rather tender to cold, productive; canes numerous, slender;
prickles slender, few; leaflets small; fruit below medium in size, roundish; drupelets
mediimi in size and number; color bright red; flesh firm, mildly subacid; quality good;
midseason.

Bristol. I. Cult. & Count. Gent. 34:136. 1869. 2. A''. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1876.

Foimd wild near Bristol, Pennsylvania. Plants vigorous, hardy, suckering excessively ;
canes with whitish bloom; leaflets narrow, pointed; fruit of medium size, not as large or
firm as Brandywine.

Buckeye, i. Scarff Cat. 1910.

Of imknown origin. Sent out by W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio, in 19 10. It has
no value as grown at this Station. Plants vigorous, hardy, upright-spreading, productive ;
canes numerous, glaucous; prickles medium in number; fruit medium in size, broad-conic,
soft, crumbly, dark red, sprightly; quality fair; late; autumn-fruiting.

Burlington, i. ¥vi[\ev Sm. Fr. Cult. 157. 1867.

Prosser. 2. Card. Moii. 11:238. 1869.

Originated about 1865 with Benjamin Prosser, Burlington, New Jersey. At his
death his son sent out a mixture under the name Prosser. In 1866 the name was
changed to Burlington, and for a while plants were sold at five to ten dollars each. Plants
moderately vigorous and productive; prickles very numerous, slender, greenish, tinged
brown; fruit large, roundish conical; drupelets small, compact, bright red, very firm,
juicy, sweet and of good quality.

Bums. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 43. 1875.

A seedling from A. M. Bums, Manhattan, Kansas, said to withstand drouth and
heat. Fruit of medium size and quality.

Canada Red. i. Prince Pow. Ma;;. 2:168. 1832.

Described by Prince as growing in great abundance along the roadsides near Montreal,
Canada. Called by him R. canadensis. The canes are thickly set with brownish prickles;
the fruit is of medium size with a high and rather peculiar flavor.

Canadian Red. i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:22. 1922.

As grown in England this sort resembles Bath Perfection; said to be the American
Marlboro, but is taller, with smaller, lighter red fruit.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 93

Cardinal. Stn'gosiis x Occidentalis. i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892. 2. Mich.
Sta. Bill. 111:13. 1894.

Griesa. 3. Mich. Sta. Bid. 104:72, 74. 1894.

Cardinal is a pvirple raspberry which can be grown farther north and farther south
than any other of its kind. Perhaps no other raspberry can be grown as far south. The
plants are verj- productive, vigorous, and healthy, but the variety is not as much grown
as either Columbian or Shaffer, in localities where purple sorts are commonly planted. It
is a valuable sort for the central west. On the grounds of this Station the canes do not
sucker but propagate from tips from which they root rather reluctantly. Old plants
sometimes send out suckers. Cardinal originated with A. H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas,
in 1888, and was introduced by him about 1891 under the temporary name Griesa. The
variety is supposed to have come from a seed of Shaffer. It was added to the American
Pomological Societj^'s recommended list of fruits in 1909.

Plants vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive, contract mosaic slowly; propagated
usually from tips; canes stocky, reddish green, dull, very glaucous; prickles small, slender,
few, red at the tips; leaflets 3-5, roundish oval, often lobed, dull, rugose, with serrate
margins; petiole with short prickles, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers late; pedicels prickly,
glandular, almost glabrous; calyx prickly. Fruit very late, picks easily; medium in size,
broadly hemispherical, dark purple, dull, with hea\^'^ bloom; torus nearly smooth, roundish,
releasing the berry readily; flesh juicy, finn but tender, sweet, aromatic, resembling in
flavor the red raspberry ; quality good to ver\' good.

Carleton. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:116. 1906.

Received at this Station about 1896 from J. Craig, Ottawa, Canada. Plants moderately
vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size; drupelets large, inclined to crumble;
flavor and quality good.

Caroline. Idaeiis x Occidentalis. 1. Cult, c' Count. Gent. 43:1^1-. 1878. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui.
63:69. 1893.
Caroline originated with S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle, New York, in 1877, and is
supposed to be a seedling of Orange crossed by a Golden Cap. For a number of years
Caroline was popular as a home berry because of the high quality and beautiful orange
color of the fi-uit. It may be propagated either by suckers or by tips. The American
Pomological Society placed Caroline in its catalog in 1881 where it still remains. Plants
vigorous, upright, hardy and verj' productive; canes light colored, stocky, with few, slender,
green prickles; fruit of medium size, roundish oblate, of orange-pink color, changing to a
salmon tinge when fully ripe, juicy, soft ; verj' good in flavor and quality.

Carter Prolific, i. Jour. Hort. 3:409. 1862. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. 98. 1870. 3. Jour.
Pcnn. & Hort. Sci. 3:24. 1922.
Described by A. S. Fuller in the American Horticultural Annual for 1870 as an old
English variety almost out of cultivation in this country. It is still grown somewhat in
England. Canes strong with purplish spines; leaves variegated with white; fruit large,
blunt-conical, deep scarlet, with slight bloom; drupelets medium compact; flesh rather firm,
moderately juicy, sweet; good.

94 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Cassel. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. io8 igoo.

On trial at the Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, in 1900. Berries
described as of medium size and quality; midseason.

Catawissa. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 318. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort.
21:315. 1855.
Catawissa originated as a chance seedling in the graveyard of a Quaker meeting-
house in the village of Catawissa, Columbia County, Pennsylvania. It attracted the
attention of a caretaker who observed it bearing fruit in the fall. The plant was removed
to his garden and thence to that of Joshua Pierce, Washington, D. C, who introduced it in
1854. The strong, branching canes seldom sucker and the tips root only with difficulty.
Plants vigorous, very productive and somewhat tender; prickles few; fruit medium in size,
flattened, dark reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom, soft, juicy, sprightly; good;
midseason, autumn-fruiting. Catawissa was placed in the fruit catalog of the American
Pomological Society in 1867 and removed in 1883.

Cavalier, i. 5. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:286. 1907.

A native red raspberry obtained by Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, South Dakota,
from Cavalier County, North Dakota, and used by him as a parent in breeding hardy
varieties. Plants vigorous, suckering freely; fruit of good quality.

C^iyuga. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 207. 1922. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 497:15. 1923.

Ca3mga is the outcome of an effort at the New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station to secure a variety to precede Cuthbert, that standard sort being too late in season
for many northern markets. The plants of Cayuga are quite as vigorous as those of Cuth-
bert, with which it must compete and be compared, and are much more productive, great
productiveness being the most remarkable attribute of this new raspberry. The berries
are much like those of Cuthbert in size, color, and flavor. In shape they are a little less
conic than the well-known fruits of Cuthbert. The drupelets, however, are larger and hence
the berries do not seem to be so seedy. The suckers are numerous and plants can be
propagated rapidly. The season is a few days or a wedk before that of Cuthbert. It
promises to become a valuable sort for commercial canning. Cayuga was originated by
the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, in 19 11 as a
cross between Jime and Cuthbert. It was introduced in 1922.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive, contract mosaic
rapidly but are only moderately injured; propagated from suckers; canes numerous, some-
what stocky, greenish, heavily glaucous, with very few small glands at the tips; prickles
small, slender, weak, very few to none, greenish; leaflets usually 5, rovmdish ovate, dull,
dark green, rugose, with dentate margins ; petiole long, glabrous, slightly glaucous. Flowers
early; pedicels with few prickles, glandular, slightly pubescent; calyx - prickly. Fruit
midseason, midway between June and Cuthbert; autumn-bearing under favorable con-
ditions; much Iil<e Cuthbert in size, color, and flavor; large, round-conic, slightly glossy
and finely pubescent; torus nearly smooth, blunt, whitish; drupelets of medium size or
larger, strongly coherent; cavity-scars white and conspicuous; flesh juicy, firm, tender,
aromatic, sprightly becoming sweet, highly flavored; very good in quality.

CAYUGA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 95

Champion. 1. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 2g:Lll. 1904-05.

Received the Award of Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1904. Plants
vigorous; fruit large, bluntly round, borne in large clusters, dark red, very sweet.

Champlain. i. Am. Card. 11:141. 1S90. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:690. 1893.

Said by J. T. Macomber, Grand Isle, Vermont, to be a chance seedling found in his
father's garden about 1880. It was introduced in 1892 by EUwanger & Barry, Rochester,
New York. Plants vigorous, productive, with a tendency for the bark to split and curl;
prickles numerous and small; fruit medium to large, pale yellow, soft, juicy, nearly sweet,
excellent in flavor; quality best.

Charles the Bold. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:15. 1894.

One of Charles Arnold's hybrids, Paris, Ontario, sent out in 1877.

Chilische. i. Dochnahl Filhr. Obstkiutde 4:8^. i860.

Described as coming from ChiU. Known in gardens but seldom esteemed. Plants
vigorous, tall, very productive; prickles few; fruit very large, short-ovate, dark red, very
aromatic.

Christine, i. Rural N. Y. 45:640. 1886.

Sent to the experiment grounds of the Rural New-Yorker in 1886 by E. P.
Roe. Plants not hardy; fruit large, conical; good; late.

Citizen. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Card Bush-Fr. 179. 1898.

A cross between Gregg and Cuthbert, originated by William Saunders, London,
Ontario. Very productive. Considered promising at first but less so later.

Clarke, i. Horticulturist 17:378. 1862. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bui. 63:681. 1893.

Raised from seed by E. E. Clarke, New Haven, Connecticut, about 1857. Considered
as more resistant to heat and cold and better adapted to a light sandy soil than others of
its class. It was placed in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1869
where it still remains. Plants vigorous, strong, upright, branching, very productive;
suckers ntunerous; prickles few, whitish; foliage large and thick; fruit large, roundish
conical, bright crimson, sweet, rich, highly flavored; very good.

Cline. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:681. 1893.

A chance seedling received at this Station in 1893 from G. W. Cline, Winona, Ontario.
Plants moderately vigorous, medium in height, healthy, hardy, unproductive ; fruit below
medium in size; drupelets medium to large, firm, sweet, dark red; quality fair; season
short, very early.

Cluster. I, Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1897.

Originated in Oregon. Listed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1897. Recommended for cultivation in Oregon and Washington.

Cole Prolific, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:15. 1894.

A chance seedling foimd growing wild on the farm of R. D. Cole, Port Dalhousie,
Ontario, and cultivated by him.

96 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Coleman, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:681. 1893.

Received at this Station about 1890 from M. H. Coleman, Geneva, New York. Plants
medium in vigor and productiveness; fruit large, moderately firm, juicy, nearly sweet:
quality very good.

Colonel Wilder, i. Horticulturist 3:135, fig. 1848-49. 2. Hoffy A'. Aju. Pom. PI.
i860.
Grown from seed of Fastolfif by Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia. It first fruited
in 1847 and was named by the originator in honor of Col. Marshall P. Wilder. Plants
vigorous, strong, productive; prickles whitish; fruit large, roundish, yellowish white or
cream color, appearing semi-transparent, soft, juicy, sweet, of fine flavor; very good.

Colossal. Occidentalis % Strigosus. i. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892.

A seedling of Shaffer, which it closely resembles. It was first brought to notice when
it was sent to the United States Department of Agriculture in 1892 by I. F. Street, West
Middleton, Indiana; of better color and more resistant to drouth than Shaffer.

Columbian. Strigosus x Occidentalis. i. Out. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 24:118, fig. 1892. 2.
A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:678. 1893. 3. Ibid. 278:123. 1906.

Columbian is the best known and most prized of the hj^brid raspberries. It holds
this place by virtue of large size, firm flesh, handsome appearance, and high quality of the
fruit ; and the hardiness, healthiness, and phenomenal productiveness of the plants. It is
now more largely grown for commercial canning than any other purple raspberry, and when
canned is superior to any other in appearance and flavor. Columbian is sometimes con-
fused and is often compared with Shaffer, an older hybrid sort. The fruits of Columbian
are smaller, firmer, and hang on the plants longer than those of Shaffer; the plants are
more vigorous and more productive, and the fruiting season is later. Shaffer excels
Columbian only in the greater hardiness of the plant. The leaves are somewhat smaller,
with more j-ellow than in those of Shaffer. The fruit is darker in color than that of
Shaffer and is sweeter and better flavored. The plants, unfortunately, are a little more
subject to winter injury than those of Shaffer. This variety was originated in 1888 by
j. T. Thompson, Oneida, New York. It is a seedling of Cuthbert which was probabl}-
pollinated, by Gregg, a blackcap growing near by, and was introduced in 1891. The
American Pomological Society added Columbian to its list of recommended fruits
in 1897.

Plants very tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy but less so than Shaffer, very
productive, contract mosaic slowly, severely injured, susceptible to crown-gall; propagated
from tips; canes very stocky, dull, reddish brown, glabrous, thinly glaucous; prickles
strong, numerous, light green; leaflets usually 3, large, oval, rugose, glabrous, lighter green
than Shaffer, with serrate margins; petiole long, prickly, nearly glabrous. Flowers late,
large, in prickly clusters; pedicels slender; caljrs small, pubescent. Fruit late, season
begins soon after Shaffer but continues after the season of that variety has closed; large
but slightly smaller than Shaffer, broadly round, dull purple, somewhat darker than Shaffer;
torus small, rough, blunt, releasing berries easily although the fruit drops but little;
drupelets large ; flesh juicy, firmer than Shaffer, sprightly, very aromatic ; quality good.

COLUMBIAN

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 97

Common Red. i. Prince Treat. Hort. 39. 182S. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:166. 1832.

From Prince's description in 1S32 it seems that his Common Red is not the same as
the American Red of other authors, although frequently given as a synonym of that variet\-.
He stated that it was a nati\^e of this state, growing naturally in the Catskill Mountains.
The fruit was esteemed for dessert and was used in large quantities in the making of rasp-
berry brandy. At that time it was the only variety cultivated largely for the New York
market, there being over one hundred acres devoted to its culture on Long Island. Prince
described the shoots as dark in color, very long, often reaching a length of ten or twelve
feet, or even more. This unusual vigor would indicate a hybrid origin. On the current
year's growth the basal prickles are purplish in color, those above being greenish, with
purplish tips. The fruit is of medium size, very early and of fine flavor.

Condor, i. Gard. Chroii. 3rd Ser. 34:82,194, fig. 1903.

A cross between Red Antwerp and Superlative which originated with George Pyne.
Topsham, Devon, England. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit ripens later than that of
Superlative and continues until the middle of August.

Cook. Occidentalis x Strigosits. i. Mum. Sta. Bui. 39:227. 1894.

Reported to the Minnesota Station in 1894 by Dewain Cook, Windom, Minnesota,
as exceedingly hardy and more productive than other varieties grown by him. Plants
very tall, thrifty; fruit small, dark red. juicy; poor.

Cope. 1. Horticultitrist S: 188. 1853.

President Cope. 2. Mag. Hort. 17:21^. 1851.

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia about 1850, and named by him
in honor of Caleb Cope, vice-president of the American Pomological Society for Pennsyl-
vania in 1852. Plants moderately vigorous, productive; prickles numerous, short, purplish ;
fruit large, blimt-conic, light red, firm, sweet and good.

Count. I. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:47. 1907.

Grown from seed of Biggar in 1887 by William Savmders, director of the Dominion
Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Canada. Introduced about 1907. Count is very similar to
Brighton, the differences between the two being mentioned in the description of the latter
variety. Plants vigorous, hardy, productive ; fruit large, roundish, bright red, moderately
firm, subacid, juicy, with a pleasant but not high flavor; verj^ early.

Coutant. I. Budd-Hansen/lm. Hort. Mom. 2:403. 1903. 2. A/'. l'.5/a. SmZ. 278:116. 1906.
Received at this Station in 1896 from S. L. Quimby, Alarlboro, N. Y. Plants \ngorous.
upright, moderately hardy, moderately productive; fruit above medium in size, light red,
firm, inclined to crumble; flavor and quality fair.

Craig. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 111:16. 1894. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:47. 1907.

A seedling of unknown parentage originated about 1884 by William Saunders, Ottawa,
Canada. It was named in honor of Prof. John Craig, then horticulturist of the Central
Experimental Farm at Ottawa. Plants vigorous, not verj- hardy at Ottawa, produc-
tive; fruit above medium in size, roimdish to conical, bright red; drupelets large, firm,
moderately juicy, mildly subacid; of good flavor and quality; midseason.

98 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Cretan Red. i. Prince Treat. Hort. 40. 1828. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:169. 1832.
Imported from the Mediterranean a short time previous to 1832 by William Prince.
It resembles the Antwerp type in foliage but differs in having fewer prickles; plants upright,
hardy; branches dark gray; prickles few; leaflets narrow; fruit of medium size, roundish,
inclining to conical, dark purplish red, subacid; good; season long, late.

Crimson Beauty, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 18. 1883. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 63:681.
1893.
This variety was found growing in a patch of Imperial in 1875 by Dr. J. Stayman,
Leavenworth, Kansas. It was purchased by A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, New York, who
named it Crimson Beauty and introduced it in 1881. Neighbors of Dr. Stayman knowing
the origin, believed it to be nothing new and sent out Imperial for Crimson Beauty, so
that the stock became mixed. The flowers are deficient in pollen, causing the variety to
be unproductive unless planted near a suitable poUinizer. Plants vigorous, tall, upright,
unproductive ; prickles numerous ; fruit medium, didl red, unattractive, inclined to crumble,
drops readily when ripe, rather soft; good; early.

Crimson Cluster, i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 278. 1890.

Plants described as fairly vigorous, producing suckers close to the old canes,
unproductive; fruits large, firm and of fine appearance.

Crookston. i. 5. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:287. 1907.

A native found in the Red River Valley near Crookston, Minnesota, by Prof. N. E.
Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station, who has used it as a parent in breeding
hardy varieties for the Northwest. Vigorous and hardy.

Crystal, i. A^. /. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 20. 1887.

Crystal White. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:6go. 1893.

Originated by A. J. Cajrwood, Marlboro, New York, prior to 1888. Plants moderately
vigorous, pale, rather tender to cold, moderately productive; fruit of medium size, clear pale
yellow, moderately firm, juicy; flavor and quality good; season a few days earlier than
Golden Queen.

Cashing, i. Horticulturist i-.i^t. 1846-47. 2. Hoffy N.Am. Pom. PI. i860.

Cushing was grown from seed of Double Bearing in 1845 by Dr. W. D. Brinckl^ of
Philadelphia, and named in honor of J. P. Cushing of Boston. Plants moderately vigorous
and productive; prickles numerous, strong, brownish; leaflets large and thin; fruit large,
roundish conical, regiilar; drupelets small, compact, juicy, sprightly; good; season June
and sometimes October.

Cuthbert. i. Horticulturist 30:306. 1875. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 183.
1881. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:681. 1893.

Queen of the Market. 4. Card. Mon. 22:16. 1880.

Quimby Favorite. 5. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:639. 1891.

Cuthbert is now the most commonly grown red raspberry in America, chiefly so because
it adapts itself better to the varied climates and soils of raspberry regions than any other
red variety. Cuthbert seems to grow best on sandy land, but thrives on a wide range of

CUTHBERT

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 99

soils, and is as hardy to cold and endures heat as well as any other red raspberry. The
plants are usually healthy and productive, but are more seriously affected by leaf curl than
almost any other sort, and are quite susceptible to the dreaded mosaic. The faults are
that the plants are not as productive as those of a good commercial sort ought to be and the
crop ripens too late for many northern markets. The berries are of handsome red color,
medium firm of flesh, and of very good quality when not overripe. As the berries pass
maturity, however, the quality deteriorates and heavy bloom detracts from the attractive-
ness of the fruits. Cuthbert was found as a chance seedling by Thomas Cuthbert in his
garden at Riverdale, now a part of New York City, about 1865. It was thought the
variety might be a seedling of Hudson River Antwerp since it came up near a bed of that
sort. The variety was not disseminated until about 1880, but since that time it has been
widely grown. The berry was grown in different localities under various names but for
the last quarter-century it has been known only as Cuthbert. The American Pomological
Society added the variety to its list of recommended fruits in 1881.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, not very productive, very susceptible
to leaf curl, contract mosaic slowly, moderately injured; propagated from suckers; canes
numerous, somewhat stocky, light green becoming yellowish brown, with a very thin,
whitish bloom, with eglandular tips; prickles very small, slender, numerous, green or slightly
tinged red at the tips; leaflets usually 5, medium in size, pale green, very light colored
beneath on the bearing canes, often curved, long-oval, dull, rugose, with serrate margins;
petiole slender, glabrous, slightly glaucous. Flowers medium in season; pedicels eglandular,
pubescent; calyx prickly. Fruit late, season long; medium to large, uniform, retains size
well through the season, conical, dull, dark red, with hea\'y bloom; torus roughish, pointed;
drupelets small, very uniform, with strong coherence; cavity-scars conspicuous; flesh juicy,
of but medium firmness, sweet, rich, aromatic; very good in quality.

Deacon, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:47. 1907.

Originated by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. Plants upright, vigorous and
productive; prickles numerous, slender; fruit medium in size, roundish, irregular, deep
red; drupelets large, crumbly, soft, subacid; flavor and quality good; not large enough
or firm enough to be of much value; midseason.

Delaware, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1876.

Described in 1876 as a new seedling recently raised from Hornet (I); included in the
fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society from 1881 to 1883. Plants less hardy
than Cuthbert; fruit large, conic, red; lacking in quality.

Devon, i. Bunyard Cai. 49. 1915-16. 2. Jmir. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:24. 1922.

Raised by George Pyne of the Denver Nurseries, Topsham, Devon, England, who
introduced it in 1904. Plants vigorous and very productive on moist soils; canes numerous,
stout, upright, purplish, heavily glaucous, glabrous; prickles numerous, short, stout; fruit
very large, oblong-conic to roundish, moderately firm; late.

Diadem. Occidentalis x Idaeus. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114. 1887-88.

Originated with Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, sometime previous to 1875. Plants
lacking in vigor; fruit large, ovate, red; quality good; early.

lOO THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Dictator. Occideittalis x Strigosus. i. Burbank Cat. 28. 1893.

A cross between Shaffer and Gregg, raised by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California.
Described as strong growing, resembling Shaffer but shorter; berries large, bright red.

Donboro. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 2g&:sj. 1908.

A seedling of Loudon x Marlboro originated at this Station in 1898 and sent out for
trial in 1908. Donboro resembles Marlboro in shape and color, and equals this parent in
flavor and quality. Plants of medium height and vigor, upright-spreading, hardy except
in severe winters, very productive; suckers numerous; canes medium in size, dull brown,
glabrous; prickles few, slender; leaflets below medium in size, dark green; fruit large, regu-
lar, roimdish ovate; drupelets mediimi, cohering well; color dark red when fully ripe, firm,
sweet, mild; good; midseason.

Dora. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. loS. 1900.

On trial at the Dominion E.xperimental Farm at Ottawa in 1900. Fruit of medium
size and quality; late.

Double Bearing, i. McMahon Am. GaM. Cal. 518. 1806. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Ant.
517. 1845.
An autimin-fruiting sort of the Antwerp type once esteemed for its fall crop. Imported
in 1843 by Robert Buist of Philadelphia, and by William Prince about fifteen years earlier.
Comparatively hardy with large, late, dull red fniit.

Downing, i. Fuller 5m. Fr. Cm//. 160. 1867.

A seedling of Orange raised by Charles Downing, Newburgh, New York. Plants
strong, erect, not hardy, productive; prickles short, stout; leafiets very large, dark green,
flat; fruit large, regular, conical, bright red, fii-m, juicy, sweet and rich.

Duhring. i. Card. Mon. 8:310. 1866. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 160. 1867.

A seedling of Hornet (I) which originated vnth Henry Duhring, Belmont, Pennsyl-
vania, who exhibited fruit of it before the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in 1862;
introduced by Henry A. Dreer of Philadelphia. Plants vigorous, fairly hardy and pro-
ductive; prickles numerous, weak, sHghtly purplish; fruit large, roundish conical, bright
red, firm, rich and of excellent flavor.

Duncan. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Card Biish-Fr. 180. 1898.

A cross between Gregg and Cuthbert, raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario.
Described as having strong, vigorous, very productive canes, propagating both by suckers
and by tips; fruit large, purple, better quality than Shaffer; late.

Dyack Seedling, i. Horticulturist I'.ij 8. 1846-47.

Imported by Robert Buist of Philadelphia about 1840 and known only as the parent
of Orange.

Early Prolific, i. A^. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 2:13. 1877. 2. A'. V. Sta. Rpt. 324. 1884.

Originated with 0. L. Felton, Merchantville, New Jersey, from seed of Philadelphia.
It was first exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. Productive in the North but
not in the South. As grown at this Station the plant is very productive, hardy and nearh-

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK lOI

free from prickles; fruit large, roundish, red; drupelets medium in size, moderately firm;
flavor harsh and acid.

Eastern King. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 111:22. 1894.

Discovered about 1864 by 0. A. Hill, Westbrook, Maine, as a chance seedling on a
lot that had formerly been a nursery. Canes stout, half hardy; fruit large, dark red,
juicy and very sweet; earlier than Cuthbert.

Eaton. I. Mich. Sia. Bui. 206:58. 1903. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:116. 1906. 3.
U.S. D. A. Yearbook 4jg, PI. ^LYl. 1908. 4. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 2^6. 1922.

Alton. 5. Card Bush-Fr. 176. 1917.

Iowa. 6. Ibid. 188. 1917.

Although it originated in the Middle West, Eaton is now popular only in New England
where the plants seem to be unusually productive an J hardy. The variety is grown rather
commonly in some parts of eastern New York, but is not a favorite in other parts of the
state. There are several serious faults of fruit and plant: The bemes crumble badly;
the drupelets are very large so that the fruits are coarse in appearance; the quality is poor;
and the berries do not separate readily from the torus. The faults of the plants are that
they droop almost to the ground making them hard to manage ; and there are seldom enough
canes to make the variety productive. An unusual characteristic of the canes is that they
are nearly thomless. Eaton was found as a chance seedling by Ulysses Eaton, Cambridge
City, Indiana, in 1885. Although disseminated locallj-, the variety was never widely intro-
duced until Amos Garretson, Pendleton, Indiana, became impressed with its value in 1898
and propagated it extensively. At this Station and elsewhere plants received under the
names Alton, Idaho, and Iowa have all proved to be Eaton. There is, however, an
autumn-bearing berry called Idaho which is quite distinct.

Plants dwarfish or medium tall, of moderate vigor, drooping, with distinct tendencj^
to branch, ver}' hardy, variable in yield, contract mosaic slowly; propagated by suckers;
canes few, slender, greenish tinged with brown, becoming dark red, slightly glaucous,
with eglandular tips; prickles very small, slender, weak, verj^ few, with a slight reddish
tinge; leaflets 3-5, roundish oval, dark green, dull, rugose, crumpled, with finely serrate
margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, nearly glabrous. Flowers early; pedicels
glandular, pubescent; calyx prickly. Fruit early midseason, retains its size well, large,
round-conical, clear bright, durable red, adheres very tenaciously to the torus which is
rough and roundish; drupelets very large, coarse in appearance, broadly grooved, cohere
poorly causing the fruit to cnmible; flesh juicy, firm, rather acid, with an agreeable fla\-or;
quality good for culinary purposes only, otherwise inferior.

Elizabeth, i. Card. Mon. 12:279. 1870.

Originated with D. W. Herstine of Philadelphia from seed of Allen supposed to have
been fertilized by Philadelphia which grew near by. Elizabeth was named, together with
several other of Mr. Herstine's varieties, by a committee from the Pennsylvania Fruit
Growers Society who visited his grounds in 1870. Plants strong, productive; suckers
medium in number; prickles numerous, purple; foliage dark green, rugose; fruit very large,
round, bright red, firm; drupelets large; flavor delicious; late.

I02 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ellisdale. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Gard. Mon. 6:26. 1864.

Ellisdale was found in 1856 by J. E. Johnson in Pottawattamie County, Iowa It was
introduced by H. A. Terry, Crescent City, Iowa. The American Pomological Society
placed Ellisdale in its fruit list in 1869 for culture in the states near the place of its origin,
but removed it at the following session. Plants vigorous, propagating from tips, hardy,
productive; fruit large, roundish oval, regular; drupelets medium firm, juicy, dark red,
rich and good; midseason.

Elm City. i. Rec. Hort. 2:56. 1868.

Described as new in 1868; supposed to have originated in New Haven, Connecticut.
Similar to Philadelphia in size and flavor of fruit; hardy; early.

Elsie. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 966. 1869.

A seedling raised by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri. Fruit very large and excellent.

Emily. 1. Horticulturist ^'.i?,-;. 1853.

A seedling of Col. Wilder raised by Dr. William D. Brinckle of Philadelphia about 1850
which proved unworthy of dissemination. Plants vigorous, very productive; prickles
white; fruit large, conical, often shouldered, light yellow.

Emmett. Occidentalis x Strigosus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 129:10. 1896. 2. Rural IV. Y.
57:23. 1898.
Sent to the trial grounds of the Rural New-Yorker in 1895 as new by A. C. Griesa &
Brother, Lawrence, Kansas. Plants vigorous; fruit round, purple; of fair quality; late
midseason.

Empire i. Card Bush-Fr. 183. 1917. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920. 3. Hedrick,
Cyc. Hardy Fr. 276, fig. 1922.

A few years ago Empire was heralded as a very promising new red raspberry and was
largely planted in the eastern part of New York. The assets ascribed to it were hardiness
productiveness, vigor, and healthiness of the plants; and large, handsome, firm, well-flavored
fruits.- But the variety has been a disappointment to most New York berry growers who
plant it. The plants seem to lack that subtle thing called constitution, and after a few
years in the plantation go to pieces. In the prime of the plantation the plants are so hardy
as to need no winter protection in New York; are equal to any other variety in productive-
ness, and are unusually vigorous, reaching a height of sLx or eight feet. The berries, when
plantations are at their best, average larger than those of the well-known Cuthbert, are
about the same in color, ripen a little earlier, and have a longer picking season. The
fruits are mild, rich and sweet, and take rank among the very best red raspberries in quality.
The texture is firm and the berries stand shipment well and keep long. Despite this array
of good characteristics, which would seem to put Empire among the best commercial red
raspberries, it is, as has been said, proving a disappointment in the berry plantations of
the state. This variety, a cross between Ruby and Coutant, was originated in 1904 by
L. E. Wardell, Marlboro, New York, and introduced by him in 1916.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright, hardy, very productive, lack constitution, contract
mosaic slowly but are severely injured; propagated by suckers; canes medium in number,
stocky, green changing to purplish red, becoming yellowish brown at the close of the season.

V

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 103

dull, glabrous ; prickles of average thickness and strength, few, short ; leaflets 3-5, large, thick,
dark green, rugose, crumpled, with closely serrate margins; petiole thick, somewhat pubes-
cent. Flowers early; pedicels short, pubescent. Fruit early midseason, ripening a Httle
earHer than Cuthbert but having a longer picking season, ships well; larger than Cuthbert
or Marlboro, uniform, retains its size well to the close of the season, round-conic, mediiun
to dark red, glossy, with but slight bloom, clings well to the torus yet picks easily; drupelets
small, with strong coherence; flesh juicy, mild, firm, sweeter than Marlboro, highly flavored;
very good in quality.

English Black, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:24. 1894.

Described in 1869 as an old English hybrid of moderate vigor, with numerous purplish
spines. Fruit medium in size, roundish, dark reddish purple; drupelets below mediiun,
compact ; flesh firm, briskly subacid.

English Giant, i. Card Bush-Fr. 203. 1898.

Imported from Denmark by W. D. Barnes & Son, Middlehope, New York, and on
trial at this Station in 1894. Plants below medium in vigor, moderately hardy; fruit
large, light dull red, unattractive, moderately firm; quality fair.

English Globe, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 966. 1869.

Plants vigorous; prickles moderately numerous, short, purplish; fruit large, obtuse-
conical, dark red; flesh soft, juicy, sweet.

English Red Cane. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:24. 1894.

Described by Crozier after Elliott as being much grown in 1865 by market gardeners.
Plants tall, hardy, productive; canes bluish red with whitish gray bloom; fruit medium to
large, round or sHghtly conic, dull red; drupelets large, firm, juicy, pleasant.

Erie. I. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 14. 1885-86.

Gladstone. 2. Green Cat. 8. 1890. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:682. 1893.

Originated as a chance seedhng, probably of Catawissa, with Charles Carpenter,
KeUeys Island, Ohio, about 1875, who sent it out in a small way as Carpenter No. 2 and then
as the Erie. In 189 1 Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New York, introduced it imder
the name of Gladstone as a hardy, vigorous and productive everbearing variety, a reputation
which it failed to maintain. Plants vigorous, moderately productive, fairly hardy; fruit
medium in size, round, soft, juicy, purpHsh red, sweet and of good quality; midseason,
occasionally autumn-fruiting.

Erskine Park. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Perhaps this sort is now the most popular double-bearing red raspberry. It produces
very fair crops in both summer and autumn which can be said of few other of the double-
bearing raspberries. The plants seem to be very hardy, fairly healthy and moderately
productive in both siunmer and autumn. The original plant was supposed to be a seedling
or a sport of Cuthbert, but no trace of the Cuthbert blood can be seen in either plant or
fruit. The fruits are not of the highest flavor, are inclined to crumble, and are quite variable
in size. Still, they are better than those of Ranere, the only other double-bearing sort
which competes with Erskine Park. This double-bearing berry was discovered by E. J.

104

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Norman, near Lee, Alassachusetts, about 1903, and is supposed to be either a seedling or a
sport of Cuthbert. Although introduced in 191 1, it was not widely disseminated until
within the past six years.

Plants of medium height, very vigorous, upright, later becoming somewhat spreading,
hardy, variable in yield, contract mosaic very slowly and but moderately injured; propa-
gated by suckers; canes very numerous, stocky, dull green, glabrous, glaucous; prickles
very short, of average thickness and strength, numerous, brownish purple; leaflets 5, large,
thick, oval, dark green, rugose, with serrate margins; petiole short, thick, covered with but
few. short, weak prickles, pubescent. Flowers very early; pedicels eglandular, pubescent;
calyx smooth. Fruit early midseason; autumn-bearing; medium in size although quite
variable, round-conic, dull, dark red, with thin bloom, adheres well to the torus which is
roughish and pointed; drupelets large, often with poor coherence which causes the berries
to crumble; flesh juicy, tender, not very firm, somewhat sprightly but not of highest
flavor; quality fair to good.

Eureka. Occideiitalis x Strigosus. i. Card Bush-Fr. 180. 1898.

Originated by Luther Burbank. Said to be a third generation seedling from Shaffer.
The plants are more compact and productive with larger, brighter red fruits.

Everbearing, i. Mag. Hort. 3:154. 1837. 2. Ibid. 9:191. i84»3. 3. Mich. Sta. Bid.
111:24. 1894.
The three references given each describe a different everbearing variety, so it is probable
that several sorts went under this name. In the Magazine of Horticulture for 1837 an ever-
bearing raspberry is mentioned found near Lake Erie, in New York by the Shakers. It
was described as a valuable variety similar to the White Antwerp in size and excellence.
It propagated by tipping and was autumn-fruiting. In the Magazine of Horticulture for
1843 another everbearing type is described as being very similar to Red Antwerp, beginning
to ripen about July isth and bearing until frost. The plants were grooving in the garden
of R. Emmet, whose father procured them from Dr. Hosack of Hyde Park. Beyond that
its origin could not be traced. In Michigan Station Bulletin iii another berry of the
Antwerp type is mentioned as large, soft, like Herstine but not as good.

Everbearing Feldbrunnen. i. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 37:561. 1911-12.

On trial on the grounds of the Royal Horticultural Society at Wisley, England, in 191 1.
Said to be an excellent variety for autumn-fruiting. Canes strong, purplish green in color;
few prickles; fruit borne in large clusters, large, round, rich crimson.

Excelsior, i. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 241. 1887.

Probably a chance seedling from a farm near Cassville, Wisconsin. In 1879 Dr. F. M.
Cronin of that town brought plants of an everbearing raspberry to J. H. C. Sneclode, Cass-
xille. They produced heavily and plants were sold at $1.00 each. Described as hardy
and drouth resistant; fruit large, dark red, delicious; season from June till frost.

FastotS. I. Card. Citron. 849. 1842. 2. Mag. Hort. 12:299, fig. 20. 1846. 3. A^ 1'.
Sta. Rpt. 225. 1883. 4. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:24. 1922.
Filby. 5. Jour. Hort. N. S. 3:409. 1862.

\

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 05

This variety was discovered about 1820 by a Col. Lucas, Yamiouth, England,
growing in a garden attached to an old castle, formerly the residence of Sir John Fastolff,
whence the name. In 1842, Youell & Company of Norfolk commenced advertising
it under the name of Fastolff, and it soon became widely disseminated both in England
and in America. It was regarded as a probable seedling of Red Antwerp with which it
ripens. The fruits are softer, more roundish than Red Antwerp, and the canes are stouter
and more upright. In this country it was long popular as a home variety on account of
the handsome appearance, large size and fine flavor of the fruit. It is still cultivated in
Europe. The American Pomological Society placed Fastolff in its fruit catalog in 1852
where it still remains. Plants vigorous, erect, branching, very productive; canes tall,
brittle, light yellowish brown, with numerous stiff, purplish prickles; fruit large, roundish
conical, bright purplish red; drupelets large, soft, sweet, rich and highly flavored; season
medium, long.

Fastolff Improved, i. Jotir. Roy. Hort. Soc. 202. 1898.

On trial in 1898 in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society in Chiswick, England,
the plants having been secured from Alessrs. George Bunyard & Company, Maidstone,
England. Plants of moderate x-igor and productiveness; fruit small, round, dark red and
of fair flavor.

Fewthom. 1. Hansen Cat. 1922.

A cross of the Minnetonka red raspberry and a wild red raspberry from the Black
Hills near Rapid City, South Dakota, which originated with Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brook-
ings.South Dakota. Introduced in 1922. Prickles very few; fruit of good size. | to f
inch in diameter, dark red, fimi, shrivels instead of rotting.

Fillbasket. i. Afag. Hor^ 22:27. 1856. 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:25. 1922.

Northumberland Fillbasket. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 660. 1857.

Described in the Magazine of Horticulture in 1856 as a new English variety recently
imported. It is still grown in Europe. Plants vigorous and productive, with numerous
strong, purplish prickles; fruit large, blunt-conic; drupelets large, dark red, sweet, fimi,
slightly acid; good.

Flesh Colored, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:169. 1832.

Imported by William Prince from the Mediterranean a short time previous to 1832.
Plants of the Antwerp type; fruit of good size, of a high and peculiar flavor; season June till
September.

Four Seasons Red. 1. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 278:121. 1906.

Menville des Ouatre Saisons. 2. Card. Chroii. 743. 1846.

Marvel of the Four Seasons. 3. Card. Moh. 2:332. i860.

Merveille Rouge. 4. Guide Prat. 21. 1895.

October Red. 5. Jour. Hort. 24:105. i860.

Found about 1847 in the nursery of I\IM. Simon-Louis Freres, in Metz, France;
believed to have come from Fastolff. It was introduced into this country about 1857 and
has been popular as an autumn-fruiting sort. It was placed in the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society in 1862 as Merveille des Ouatre Saisons, being changed to Four

I06 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Seasons Red in 1883, to October in 1897 and removed from the list in 1899. Plants moder-
ately vigorous, hardy, not very productive; prickles numerous, short, purplish; fruit medium
in size, blunt-conic, dark red, firm, of fair flavor and quality.

Four Seasons Yellow, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:26. 1894.

Merveille des Quatre Saisons. 2. Card. Chron. 743. 1856. 3. Soc. Nat. Hart. France
Pom. 202. 1907.

October Yellow. 4. Jour. Hart. 24:105. i860.

Obtained by and introduced by the firm of MM. Simon-Louis Freres, Metz, France,
in 1854. Supposed to be a seedling of Four Seasons Red which it resembles in all respects
except color. Plants vigorous, upright, productive; fruit of medium size, round, firm,
juicy, sweet; of good quality; early, autumn-fruiting.

Framboise Americaine. i. Knoop /^rwctoZogze 2:179. 1771.

Under this name Knoop describes four sorts, the first being later and darker red than
the others and grows in moimtainous localities in Germany, France, Belgium, and England.
The second is similar to the first except that the fruit is yellowish white and sweeter than
the first. It is less esteemed than the first because of its color. The third resembles the
preceding but is without thorns, the fruit is larger and the flavor more acid. It grows princi-
pally in the mountains. The fourth resembles the preceding sorts, but the leaves are not
divided, the flowers are larger, reddish and very fragrant; the fruits ripen rarely (Holland).
This sort was brought from Canada.

Franconia. i. Mag. Hort. 6:310. 1840.

This variety was introduced into America some years previous to 1845 by S. G. Perkins
of Boston who imported it from Vilmorin of Paris. Downing described it as the hardiest
large raspberry, very productive and very excellent. For a number of years it sustained
this reputation and was considered one of the best market varieties. The American Pomo-
logical Society placed Franconia in its fruit list in 1852 where it still remained in the last
list in 1909. Plants vigorous, spreading, moderately hardy, productive; prickles few.
stout, purplish; fruit large, blunt-conic, dark purplish red, firm, rich and sprightly; good;
season a week later than Red Antwerp and long.

French, i. Horticulturist 8:188. 1853 2. Card. Mori. 2:333. i860.

Vice-President French. 3. Mag. Hort. 17:215. 1851.

Another seedling from Dr. W. D. BrinckM of Philadelphia grown from seed of Fastolff
crossed with Yellow Antwerp. It was raised previous to 1850 and named in honor of Hon.
B. V. French of Massachusetts. It was recommended for trial by the American Pomological
Society in 1854, placed in the fruit list in 1856 and removed in 1899. Plants vigorous,
erect, very productive; prickles numerous, stout, purplish; fruit large, blunt-conic, dark
red; drupelets large, firm, sweet, rich and of fine flavor; late.

French Everbearing, i. Rural N. Y. 54:794- 1895.

Said to have been introduced into California from France several years previous to
1895. Plant described as very vigorous and very productive ; berries much larger than those
of Cuthbert, bright red, firm, sweet and delicious; fruits also on current season's growth.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK IO7

Fullerton. i. 5. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:288. 1907.

A wild red raspberry from near Fullerton, North Dakota, used by Prof. N. E. Hansen of
the South Dakota Experiment Station as a parent in breeding hardy varieties for that section.

Fullmer Colorado, i. 5. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:287. 1907.

A red variety received at the South Dakota Experiment Station from a grower in
Colorado. Not hardy at Brookings.

Fulton. I. Horticulturist 8:187. 1853.

Raised by Dr. W. D.-Brinckle of Philadelphia about 1850 from seed of French. Plants
vigorous and productive; reddish prickles; fruit large, round, crimson.

Ganargua. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Cult. & Count. Gent. ^6: $g8. 1871.

A chance seedling discovered about 1870, along the Ganargua Creek near Farmington,
New York, by S. B. Katkamier. Plants vigorous, hardy and productive; propagation from
the tips ; prickles numerous, weak ; fruit is borne from shoots arising low on the canes, thus
prolonging the season; fruit large, dark dull red, firm, lacking flavor; early.

Garnet, i. Card Bush-Fr. 180. 1898.

A seedling of Philadelphia originated in 1885 by Dr. William Saunders, London,
Ontario. Plants described as hardy, vigorous and productive; fruit of medium size, slightly
conic, purplish red, soft; good; late.

General Negley. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:27. 1894.

Described by Dr. J. A. Warder in 1870 as a seedling, probably of one of the large
foreign varieties, originated by a Gen. Negley of Pittsburgh. Plants vigorous and produc-
tive; fruit large, roundish oblong, juicy, highly flavored; very good; early.

General Patterson, i. Horticulturist 8: i&y. 1853.

A seedling of Colonel Wilder raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia about
1850. Plants vigorous, very productive; prickles red; fruit large, round, crimson, does
not part readily from the stem.

Genesee, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:682. 1893.

Sent out by Z. H. Harris, Rochester, New York, in 1888 for trial. Plants moderately
vigorous, not hardy; foliage large, rugose; fruit large, red, soft; good, dropping as soon as
ripe; early.

Gold. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:58. 1903.

A yellow variety received at the Michigan Experiment Station about 1902 from M. H.
Ridgeway, Wabash, Indiana. Plants vigorous; fruit good for a yellow berry.

Golden Alaska, i. Ann. Hort. 194. 1892. 2. Rural N. F. 52:619. 1893.

Introduced in 1891 by the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Said
to have been found in a valley in Alaska. As grown on the trial grounds of the Rural
New-Yorker it could not be distinguished from Caroline.

Golden Cluster, i. Va. Sta. Bui. 147:62. 1903.

On trial at the Virginia Experiment Station in 1903 where it was described as the best
yellow-fruited variety. Plants vigorous, not very hardy, moderately productive; suckers

I08 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

poorly; fruit large, elongated-conic, golden yellow, tender, juicy, mild, aromatic, pleasant;
midseason, ripening period long

Golden Drop. i. Bunyard Ca/. 50. 1915-16.

Offered by Bunyard, Maidstone, England, as a Continental variety which he named
provisionally, the original name ha^'ing been lost. Canes strong; fruit round, deep golden,
pleasantly flavored.

Golden Queen, i. Rural N. Y. 44:529. 1885. 2. Ibid. 45:573, fig. 344- 1886.

Golden Queen is the only yellow raspberry worth planting by those who want raspberries
of this color. It is supposed to be a sport of Cuthbert from which it differs only in the
berries, which instead of being the Cuthbert red are light yellow, sometimes tinged with
pink and are larger, more delicately flavored and softer in te.xture than those of the sup-
posed parent. The canes are a little paler in color. The opening leaves of the young shoots
lack the reddish tinge always noticeable in normal red raspberries, and the gland-like tips
of both the younger and older leaves are greenish yellow; both of these characteristics
are probably correlations with the yellow fruit. The remnants of the styles on the fruits
are very distinct and contrast strongly against the orange-yellow surface because of their
dark color. The foliage of Golden Queen seems to be especially tender and is easily injured
by high winds, and as the leaves come to full size they are very rugose or much crumpled.
Unfortunately the plants are very susceptible to the mosaic disease and rapidly succumb to
it. The variety is of small use for conunercial plantations, but because of the distinctive
color and the high quaHty of the fruits should be in every private collection of berries.
This variety originated in a plantation of Cuthberts on the grounds of Ezra Stokes, Berlin,
Camden County, New Jersey, in 1882. The American Pomological Society added Golden
Queen to its list of recommended fruits in 1887.

Goliath. I. Fest. Pom. Inst. Reui. 129. 1910. 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:25. 1922.
A European sort. Highly recommended for general culture in Germany, but said to
be of Httle value in England because of unproductiveness and small fruit. Plants vigorous
and productive; fruit large, bright red, firm, aromatic; early.

Goodwin.

An unintroduced seedling found growing in a strawberry bed about 19 18 by F. C.
Goodwin, Clark Mills, New York. It has all the characteristics of a red raspberry- but
propagates from the tips and does not sucker. Plants tall, very vigorous, upright-spread-
ing, healthy; canes very stocky, reddish brown, glabrous, without bloom or glandular
tips; prickles small, strong, nvimerous, purplish red; fruit large, roundish; drupelets large,
of medium coherence, attractive medium red, glossy, juicy; flavor and aroma of the red
raspberry', sprightly; good; a few days later than Coltmibian.

Gordon.

Received at this Station in 1913 from Sylvanus Gordon, Sergeantsville, New Jersey,
who thought it a seedling of Shaffer. It produces suckers and can be grown by tipping.
Plants medium in height, vigorous, upright, productive; suckers few; fruit variable in size,
large to small, roundish, dark red, firm, crumbly, tart; poor.

GOLDEN QUEEN

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK r09

Grant, i. Card. Moii. 11:123. i86g.

Mentioned in 1869 as a new varietj' from Auburn, New York. A cross between Fran-
coniaand Orange. Berry described as large, conical, very solid, red, of delicate flavor and
earlier than Philadelphia.

Grape, i. Card Bush-Fr. 205. 1898.

Said to be a cross between an unknown raspberry and Red Antweip raised from seed
by a Mr. Mason, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Fruit borne in bunches like grapes, whence
the name.

Grapevine, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 43:151. 1878.

Sent out in 1878 by William Holland, Plymouth, Indiana. An ornamental, the canes
and foliage resembling the grape, from whence the name; fruit of no \-alue.

Great American, i. Childs Cai. 57. 1896. 2. A^. 1'. Sfa. 5?</. 278: 116. 1906.

Purchased from Luther Burbank in 1893 by John Lewis Childs and introduced by
him about 1896. Plants not vigorous, dwarfish, not hardy, moderately productive; fruit
large, red, soft, crumbly; fair in flavor and quality.

Guinea, i. Gard. Citron. 3d Ser. 22:75. 1897.

Yellow Superlative. 2. Bunyard Cat. 50. 1913-14.

A yellow-fruited seedling of Superlative raised by the originator of that variety, a
Mr. Meny^eld, Waldershare Gardens, Dover, England, shortly before 1897. It was intro-
duced soon after by Messrs. G. Bunyard & Company, Maidstone, England. It is identical
with Superlative except in fruit color; the foliage is greenish yellow; fruit very large, conical,
deep yellow, very rich and sweet.

Hailsham. i. Bunyard Cat. 50. 1915-16.

An autimm-fruiting sort raised by a Mr. Dann, Hailsham, England. Plants vigorous;
leaves very large; fruit enormous, round, dark red,

Hampton, i. Rural N. Y. 48:817. 1899.

Mentioned as probably being a seedling of Hudson River Antwerp and a desirable
kind. Plant more productive; fruit larger, later and of better quality than Marlboro.

Hansell. i. Rural N. Y. 42:606. 1883. 2. A'. V. 5ta. 5m/. 63:683. 1893.

A chance seedling discovered on the farm of Hansell Brothers near Beverly, New
Jersey, about 1875. It was introduced in 1882 bj- J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey.
It was one of the earliest red raspberries and for a time was considerably planted on that
accotont. The quality was not high, the plants lacked vigor, and were said to transplant
or propagate from root cuttings with difficulty. Hansell was placed in the fruit list of
the American Pomological Society in 1883 and was not removed from the last list in 1909.
Plants moderately vigorous, hardy, not very productive; suckering freely; canes and foliage
dark reddish green; prickles numerous, small; fruit medium in size, roundish, bright red,
firm, juicy, subacid; good; early.

Harris, i. A''. V. Sta. 5m/. 63:683. 1893.

A chance seedling found growing apart from other raspberries near Rochester, New
York. It was sent out for trial in 1889 by Z. H. Harris of that city. In 1894 Harris was

no THE SMAI,L FRUITS OF NEW YORK

the most productive of the varieties on trial and kept longer than Cuthbert. Plants vigor-
ous, dwarfish, upright, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, firm, juicy, nearly sweet,
of fine flavor and very good quality; earlier than Cuthbert.

Haymaker. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 249. 1901. 2. N. Y.
Sta. Bui. 278:124. 1906.
A chance seedling discovered about 1893 by A. O. Haymaker, Earlville, Ohio, who
introduced it in 1900. For a while it was popular in the Middle West, but as grown at this
Station the fruit was unattractive in appearance and inferior to Shaffer and Columbian
in quality. The American Pomological Society placed Haymaker in its catalog in
1909. Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, fairly hardy and productive, propagating
from tips; canes stock>% with few slender prickles; fruit large, roundish to slightly conic;
drupelets medium in size, number and coherence; dark purple, moderately juicy, firm,
sprightly; good; very late.

Heebner. i. Out. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 119. 1892.

Introduced about 1894 by W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ontario, who received it
previous to 1886 from Muskoka County, where it had been grown from seed of the wild
raspberry and had fruited for several years. Said to be of the Rubus idaeus type. Plants
vigorous, not as hardy as Cuthbert, productive; fruit large, roundish conical, dark red,
rather soft, juicy, subacid; good flavor and quality; late midseason.

Helston. i. Jotir. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:25. 1922.

Received at the East Mailing Research Station and said to be a common market
variety in the Tamar Valley in England. Fruit of medium size, round and decidedly
acid in flavor.

Henrietta, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:618. 1S77.

A chance seedling found growing in the garden of Mrs. E. Morley, Wethersfield, Con-
necticut, in 1870. Appearing promising, it was placed in the hands of Hale Brothers,
South Glastonbury, Connecticut, who named and introduced it. When introduced it was
thought by many to be identical with Belle de Fontenay. Plants short, stout, vigorous,
hardy, moderately productive; prickles slender, reddish; fruit very large, roundish conic,
irregular, bright red; drupelets very large, irregular; flesh firm, juicy, sprightly, rich.

Henry, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:47. 1907.

Grown from seed previous to 1907 by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. Plants
vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish to slightly conical,
bright to deep red, moderately firm, briskly subacid, juicy; good in quality; midseason.

Herbert, i. Can. Hort. 26:401. 1903. 2. iV. Y. Sta. Bid. 278:117. 1906. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt. 58. 1907. 4. A'', y. Sta. Bui. 414:9, PI. 1916.
Herbert is one of the best of the red raspberries, and on the grounds of this Station
has long been the very best. It heads the list of its kind because of the great vigor, hardi-
ness, and productiveness of the plants, and because it withstands attacks of mosaic rather
better than most other red raspberries. Its most valuable characteristic is, however, its
tremendous productivity, being nearly twice as productive as the old standard, Cuthbert.
The berries are similar to those of Cuthbert, but are more sprightly in flavor, a little larger,

HERBERT

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK HI

rounder, but not quite so firm. This lack of firmness is the chief if not the only defect of
the fruit. The berries, however, carry to nearby markets with ordinary care. In most
seasons and on good raspberry' soils the berries are remarkable for holding their size from
the earliest to the latest picking. The plants are somewhat susceptible to spur-blight
and to leaf-spot. Herbert is a chance seedling foimd in the garden of R. B. Whyte, Ottawa,
Canada, in 1887. The variety may be a seedling of Clarke since Mr. Whyte raised many
seedlings of this variety.

Plants tall, very vigorous, upright-spreading, very hardy, very productive, contracting
mosaic very slowly, but then severely injured, and very susceptible to leaf -spot; prop-
agated from suckers; canes numerous although somewhat variable, very stocky, green
becoming brownish red, glabrous, glaucous, with eglandular tips; prickles small, short,
strong, numerous, purplish red; leaflets 3-5, large, thick, attractive dark green, rugose,
with serrate margins; petiole of medium length, thick, prickly, glabrous, slightly glaucous.
Flowers early; pedicels prickly, glandular, pubescent; cal^'x prickly. Fruit midseason,
continuing slightly beyond that of Cuthbert, holds size well throughout the entire season;
large to very large, broadly ovate, broader and rotmder than Cuthbert, dark but bright
red, with thin bloom, adheres fairly well to the torus which is roughish and sharply pointed ;
drupelets medium to large, larger than those of Cuthbert, coherent; flesh juicy, rather
soft under unfavorable conditions, pleasantly flavored, somewhat more sprightly than
Cuthbert, aromatic; good in quality.

Herstine. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i, Card Mom. 12:278, PI. 289. 1870.

Originated with D. W. Herstine, Branchton, Pennsylvania. It was grown from seed
of Allen supposed to have been pollinated by Philadelphia growing nearby. In 1870
a committee from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society inspected numerous seedlings
growing on the grounds of Mr. Herstine and named four of them, including the Herstine.
It attracted considerable attention and for a time was considered a promising variety.
The plant lacked hardiness, and was slightly deficient in pollen, causing imperfect berries.
The fruits are too soft for shipping though of fine flavor and appearance. The American
Poraological Society placed Herstine in its list of recommended varieties in 1873 and
removed it in 1899. Plants vigorous, productive, not hardy; prickles medium in number,
greenish; fruit large, blunt-conic, bright red; drupelets small, rather soft, juicy, sweet, rich.

Highland Hardy, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 40:2 jS. 1875.

Originated as a chance seedling about 1870 on the farm of Nathaniel Palmatier,
Highland, New York. For several years prior to 1880 it was grown considerably as an
early sort for the New York market but was soon displaced by better varieties. South of
New York its foliage was injured by the sun. Highland Hardy was placed in the fruit
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1883 and removed in 1895. Plants
moderately vigorous, upright, productive; prickles few; fruit of mediimi size, roundish,
light red, soft, sweet; good.

Hildreth. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Am. Hort. Ann. 102. 1867. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 968. 1869.
Introduced about 1867 by Isaac Hildreth, Big Stream Point, Yates County, New York,

I 1 2 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

as a native sort discovered near that place. It does not propagate readily from the tips
and produces few suckers. Canes strong, with numerous stiff, purplish prickles; fruit
medium in size, roundish oblate, dull dark red, with thick bloom, soft, juicy, sweet, sub-
acid, with the flavor of PurjDle Cane.

Hillside Favorite, i. Can. Hori. 15:126. 1892.

Mentioned as having originated in a garden in England several years previous to
1892. Plant described as very productive; fruit yellow with a pinkish tinge, of fine flavor;
early.

Hiram. 1. I'. S. D. A. Rpt. 394. 1891. 2. Childs Cat. 145. 1893.

Sent to the Pomological Division of the Department of Agriculture in 1891 by W. J.
Bradt, North Hannibal, New York. Introduced in 1893 by John Lewis Childs, Floral
Park, New York. Said to be of the Idaeus type. Plants vigorous, productive, not hardy
in Ottawa ; fruit very large, conic, bright red, soft, juicy, subacid; verj^ good; midseason.

Hornet (I), i. Card. Moit. 2:332. i860. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 241. i860. 3. Soc.
Nat. Hort. France Pom. 195, fig. 1907.
This variety originated with M. Souchet in Bagnolet, near Paris, France, previous to
1858. It was introduced into this country- about 1858 by Aubry & Souchet, French nur-
serymen, Carpenters Landing, New Jersey. For a time it was a favorite sort, but it was
soon displaced by better varieties. The variety was placed in the list of promising new
varieties of the American Pomological Society in i860, upon the society's catalog in 1869,
from which it was remo\ed in 1899. Plants vigorous, upright, productive; prickles few,
short, purplish; fruit-stems very long; fruit very large, conical, dark red; drupelets compact,
variable in size, moderately firm, juicy, subacid; good; season medium long.

Hornet (II). i. Bunyard Cat. 49. 1915-16. 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:26. 1922.

As grown in England the stock of this variety is said to be badly mixed with types
mostly inferior to it. These rogues are attributed either to the growth of seedlings or to
bud sporting from the roots. Plants vigorous, ver>' productive; canes very numerous,
moderately stout, nearly erect, moderately glaucous, glabrous; prickles few, small, soft;
fruit small, round or slightly short-conic; drupelets large, sweet.

Hudson River Antwerp, i. Horticulturist 11:15. 1856. 2. Card. Mon. 2:332. i860.

Antwerp. 3. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 156. 1867.

New Red Antwerp. 4. Mag. Hort. 8:256. 1842.

North River Antwerp. 5. Gen. Farmer 17:347. 1856.

This variety is supposed to have been brought to America about 181 7 by a Mr. Briggs,
Poughkeepsie, New York, who obtained it from the garden of the Duke of Bedford in
England. Its culture spread through the sections of the Hudson Valley where it thrived,
and for twenty-five years it was the leading market variety in the Valley, being most
extensively planted along the west shore from Cornwall to Kingston. In 1878 it was esti-
mated that 14,700 bushels were shipped from Marlboro. Its fruits began ripening early
and continued over a long season; they shipped well, and the plants were very productive.
The variety went out of cultivation because of tenderness to cold, inability to thrive in
other localities, and the ravages of a disease called " Curl leaf.'' The plants were tall.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK U^

vigorous and very productive; canes a peculiar gray or mouse color and nearly spineless;
fn.iit large, conical, dull red, with slight bloom, firm, not very juicy; flavor sweet, pleasant,
but not of high quality; early.

Hudson River Red. \. Mich. Sia. Bui. iw-.^js,. 1894.

A native red \-ariety exhibited before the Cincinnati Horticultural Society in i860 by
F. W. Slack of Kentucky who was then growing it for the Cincinnati market.
Huntsman Giant, i. Rec. Hort. 44. 1866.

A seedling of Franconia, raised by Prof. T. W. Huntsman, Flushing, New York, pre-
■v-ious to 1866. It was named and brought to notice by A. S. Fuller. Fruit similar to
Franconia but sweeter. Plants much taller, with a peculiar grayish white bark, continue
long in bearing and slightly hardier than the parent.

Hybrid Crimson Mammoth. Occidentalis x Idaeiis. i. Horticulturist 28:335. 1873-

A chance seedling discovered by Dr. E. R. Maxson. Adams, New York, in 1872. He
considered it a cross between Red Antwerp and a black raspberry. The plants were large,
hardy, productive and with few prickles.

Hyde. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Jumbo. 2. Wis. Kur. Cat. 1919.

Goliath. 3. Ibid. 192 1.

Found growing wild in 1915 by Robert Norton, Black River Falls, Wisconsin. Intro-
duced in 1918 by the Wisconsin Nurseries, Union Grove, Wisconsin. In 1919 the same
variety was introduced by them as Jumbo, and in 192 1 as Goliath. The fruit resembles
Eaton and the variety does not appear of much value as grown here. Plants upright,
dwarfish, vigorous, moderately productive; prickles few, weak; fruit variable in size,
large to medium, irregular, broad, roundish conic; drupelets very large, medium in number,
crumbly, dark red, juicy, tender, mildly subacid; good; midseason; said to be autumn-
fruiting.

I. X. L. I. A'. V. Sta. .Bm/. 91 : 204. 1895.

A chance seedling of unknown parentage discovered in 1887 by Charles Schlessler,
Naper\-ille, Illinois. Plants vigorous, hardy; fruit of mediimi size; drupelets medivun to
large, crumbly, dull red, sweet; good; late.

Idaho. I. Card Bush-Fr. 188. 191 7.

Fcnmd growing in an old garden in Idaho. Fruit large, deep rich red, ripening from
July to October, and said to be an abundant producer in the fall.

Imperial, i. Gard. Mon. 2:332. i860.

Of French origin; introduced into this country about i860 by Aubry & Souchet,
Carpenters Landing, New Jersey. Plants were said to resemble Hornet (I) but the fruit
is inferior; large, roimdish, bright red, firm, of excellent flavor.

Imperial Red. i. Downing Fr. Trees .Am. 968. 1869.

At one time grown in New Jersey. It was placed in the catalog of the American
Pomological Societj^ in 1877 and removed in 1897. Fruit medium in size, roundish, dark
red, moderately firm, juicy, pleasant; very good; midseason.

114 '^^■^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Imperial White, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:35. 1894.

Cataloged by Ellwanger & Barry in i860 as a new, large, white variety.

Iowa. I. Wragg Nur. Cat. 18. 1920.

Discovered near Storm Lake Iowa, previous to 1920. Named and introduced in
1920 by the Wragg Nursery Company, Des Moines, Iowa. Plant described as dwarfish,
vigorous, hardy, very productive, without prickles; flowers and fruit found on the plant
throughout a long season; fruit large, dark red, of excellent quality; early.

Jewell. I. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 62. 1908-09.

Mentioned as being in the Lawrence markets. Propagates from tips. Fruit large,
bright red, firm.

Johnson, i. Midi. Sta. Bttl. 111:35. 1894.

Received from Cincinnati in 1875 by E. Y. Teas of Indiana. Reported by him after
a brief trial to be much like the Philadelphia.

Jouet. I. Gard. Man. 2:332. i860. 2. Fuller Sin. Fr. Cult. 162. 1867.

Originated in France previous to i860, and brought to this country about that time.
Canes yellowish green; prickles numerous, whitish; fruit small, long-conic, bright lemon-
yellow, with a whitish bloom; drupelets very small, firm, seedy; good.

Jumbo. I. Lovett Cat. 191 5.

Originated with James A. Hyde of New Jersey. Introduced by J. T. Lovett, Little
Silver, New Jersey, in 191 5, but withdrawn in 191 7 as it proved tender to cold. Plants
described as very vigorous and productive; fruit large, bright red, melting, rich.

Jimibo (of Canada), i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 285. 1922.

Fruit large, conic, deep crimson, firm, mildly subacid, lacking in flavor; quality
meditun; midseason.

June. I. N. y. Sta. Bui. 364:190, PI. 1913. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 278, fig. 241.
1922.

June has become a general favorite among growers of raspberries because of several
remarkable assets. The plants are hardy, very vigorous, and the yield is not only heavy
but is well distributed over a long season. The characteristic which forms the chief merit,
however, is that it is about the earliest of all red raspberries, ripening its fruits at this Sta-
tion in Jime, as does no other variety. The plants produce comparatively few suckers
and these are widely separated so that the crop matures well. June is a cross between
Loudon and Marlboro both of which it surpasses in most characters. The fruits resemble
those of Loudon in color, but are a brighter, handsomer red ; they are larger, and usually more
spherical. The product ships well throughout the season and is good in quality although
not of the best. The variety seems to do rather better on heavy soils than on light
soils. June originated on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station
in 1897.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive, contract mosaic
slowly and but moderately injured, attacked by cane-blight in but few localities, propagated

JUNE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 I5

by suckers; canes rather few, making the increase of stock slow, stocky, greenish changing
to reddish brown, heavily glaucous, with eglandular tips; prickles practically none or only
toward the base of the suckers; leaflets usually 5, roundish ovate, the lobes often broadly
and shallowly cut, dark green, rugose, with faintly dentate margins; petiole of medium
length, thick, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers early; pedicels eglandular, glabrous; calyx
smooth. Fruit very early, season long, ships well; large to very large, holds size unusually
well until the close of the season, roundish to ovate-round, bright, handsome, medium to
dark red, adheres well to the torus which is rough and whitish; drupelets large, coherent;
cavity-scars inconspicuous; flesh juicy, firm but tender, mildly subacid; quality fair to
good although not of the highest.

Kathrine. i. Townsend Cat. 34. 1925.

A seedling of Ranere originated by E. W. Townsend in 1922 and introduced by his
company, Salisbury, Maryland, in 1925. Described as very similar to Ranere but more
productive.

Keighley Queen. 1. Jour. Hort. 25:1:^5. 1892.

A sample of this variety was sent to the editor of the Journal of Horticulture in August,
1892, for his opinion as to its value. It was reported as "very good."

Kenyon. Strigosus .x Occidentalis. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:36. 1894. 2. A'. Y. Sta.
Bui. 278:117. 1906.
Kenyon was introduced by T. A. Kenyon, McGregor, Iowa, who found it growing in
a row of black raspberries in 1885. It is supposed to be a seedling of Shaffer, but it does
not propagate from the tips. Kenyon is considered of value in Iowa because of hardiness
and productivity, but is inferior to other sorts as grown here. Plants vigorous, hardy,
productive; fruit above medium in size, dark red, moderately firm, crumbly, separating

from the torus with difficulty; fair in flavor and quality.

•

Kevitt Hybrid, i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 285. 192 1.

Introduced by William H. Himt Company of New York City in 1921. Said to be a
very strong grower, hardy and nearly free from seeds.

Keystone, i. Rural N. Y. 15:335. 1864.

A seedling of Hornet (I) raised by A. L. Felton of Philadelphia, about 1864. Plants
not hardy; fruit large, bright red; flesh tender, highly flavored.

King. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 278. 1922.

Thompson King. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:314. 1894.

Early King. 4. Ohio Sta. Bid. 63:109. 1895.

This midsummer sort, although hardy, is not as satisfactory in New York and the
North as several other standard sorts, but in West Virginia and westward through the
Central West it is cotmted as one of the best early red raspberries. In Minnesota it is
especially valued. Wherever grown, it thrives best on clay soils. In New York the fruits
are coarser and more crumbly than other standard sorts. It is fairly free from mosaic,
but is by no means immune. King was grown from seed, possibly of Thompson, by T.
Thomspon, Richmond, Virginia. The variety was introduced by the Cleveland Nursery

Il6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Company, Rio Vista, Virginia, in 1892. The American Pomological Society added King
to its fruit catalog list in igog.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive, contract mosaic slowly;
propagated by suckers ; canes numerous, stocky, greenish becoming yellowish brown,
glabrous, glaucous, with a few glands at the tips; prickles small, rather slender, weak,
medium in number, light red; leaflets 3-5, somewhat small, dark green, more or less pubes-
cent; petiole of average length and thickness, prickly, pubescent, glandular. Flowers
late; pedicels medium in length and thickness, pubescent, glandular; calyx prickly. Fruit
early midseason or earlier; medium to large, hemispherical, light but glossy red, with
very thin bloom; styles conspicuous; torus slightly rough, roundish; drupelets small but
rather coarse, cohering poorly, the berries often crumbling badly; flesh lacking somewhat
in juiciness, variable in firmness, tender, with insipid flavor when poorly grown; quality
rather poor, although variable.

King of the Market, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 285. 1921.

Originated by George W. Elliott, Makanda, Illinois, and introduced by Bradley
Brothers of Makanda in 1915. Plants upright, stalky, productive; fruit attractive light
crimson, firm, rich, delicious; doufcle-cropper.

Kirriemuir Fillbasket. i. Jour. Pom. & Hart. Sci. 3:27. 1922.

Received at the East Mailing Research Station in England with the report that it
degenerates rapidl}' to a form of much less value. The degenerate form is known as Com-
mon Fillbasket; the fruit is smaller and the plants less productive. The true type is said
to be the largest fruited and heaviest yielder of all varieties known in Perthshire. Canes
dull reddish purple, heavily glaucous, glabrous; prickles few or almost absent, short, stout;
fruit large, round, bright red.

Kirtiand. i. Mag. Hon. 26:223. i860. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 136, PI. 12. 1866. .
Cincinnati Red. 3. Horticulturist 2^'. ^\$. 1869.
Discovered previous to 1858 by Dr. J. A. Warder growing in the garden of Dr. J. P.
Kirtiand, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Kirtiand believed he had obtained the plants elsewhere,
but it was not recognized as any known variety. It was named and introduced by H. F.
Lum, Sandusky, Ohio. From the variation in the different descriptions it is probable that
more than one sort passed under this name. The variety is hardy but is injured by the
sun in the South. Plants ^^igorous, upright, with few branches, hardy, productive;
prickles few, weak, whitish; fruit medium to large, roundish, bright red; drupelets large,
firm, not juicy, nor of high quality.

Knevett Giant, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 51S. 1845. 2. Horticulturist 4:79, fig. 71.
1849-50.
Imported from England about 1843 by Marshall P. Wildei of Boston, who received
the plants as a present from Messrs. Chandler & Company, VaiLxhall, England, who knew
nothing of the origin of the variety. It was considered an excellent sort, similar to Red
Antwerp but more hardy. Plants upright, vigorous, hardy, productive; prickles few,
short, purplish; fruit large, roundish conic, dark red, firm; good.

KING

THE SMALL FRUITS OK NEW YORK

117

Koch. I. .V. Y. Sta. Bid. 278:117. 1906.

An unnamed seedling grown by C. H. Kocli, Middlehope, Xew York, which was
received for trial at this Station in 1896. Inferior to other varieties. Plants of moderate
\-igor and tender to cold; fruit medium in size, firm, crumbh'; good.

Kreigh. i. Gard. Moii. 22:276. 18S0.

A sample of this varietj-, a new seedling, was sent to the editor of Gardener's Monthly
in 1880. Plants described as hardy, productive; fruit of fair size, fin-n and of excellent
quality.

La France. 1. Armstrong Cat. 22, fig. 1922. 2. Lovett Cat. 8, fig. 1923.

On the grounds of this Station, La France is so similar in plant and fruit to Erskinu
Park that a separate description is not necessary. The plants grown here were secured
from the introducer, as they have been from several other sources, and have been observed
in several different localities, so that without question it can be said that in no essential
characters does the La France differ from Erskine Park. There is hesitancy, however, in
saying that the variety is Erskine Park renamed when there is a definite statement of another
origin. La France is said to have originated as a seedling of a French beny. It was
discovered by A. Alius, Stamford, Connecticut, about 1912. The variety was introduced
in 1920 by John Scheepers, New York City.

Lady Anne. i. Mich. Sta. Bui 111:37. 1894.

^Mentioned as on trial at the experimental farm at Agassiz, British Columbia.
Originated by Dr. William Saunders, London, Ontario.

Large Fruited Monthly, i. Gard. Chron. 687. 1847. 2. Barry Fr. Gard. 344. 1851.

Rivers' Kevu Monthly. 3. Gard. Mon. 2:333. i860.

Thomas Rivers imported this variety into England from the continent about 1847.
It was brought to this country a few years later but never became of any importance.
Plants moderately vigorous, upright, not hardy, fairly productive; suckers profusely;
fruit large, roundish conic, red, soft, sweet; excellent; autumn-fruiting.

Large White, i. Mag. Hort. 3:23. 1837.

Grosse Blanche. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 165. 1904.

First mentioned in 1 83 7 as a desirable variety. Bunyard describes it as a free grower,
continuing a long time in bearing. The fruit is amber colored.

Latham, i. Am. Pcnn. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Minnesota No. 4. 2. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 276. 1915.

Redpath. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 285. 1921.

Latham is among the most notable red raspberries recently introduced. The plants
are conspicuous for their hardiness and healthiness, although they contract the dreaded
mosaic disease rather rapidly, and are often much injured by powdery mildew. Because
of the great vigor of the plant, however, the injury from mosaic is rather less than with the
average red raspberry. The berries are ver\' large, bright red, glossy, and hold up in size
well. Unfortunately, they are rather inferior in flavor, crumble a little more than one
likes, and there are often a considerable number of double berries. The large size, however.

jl8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

and their attractive appearance more than make up for the faults. Latham is rapidly
taking a high place among red raspberries because of its hardy and productive plants and
its attractive fruits. This berry was originated at the Minnesota State Fruit Breeding
Farm as a cross between King and Loudon and was introduced in 1 9 1 2 as Minnesota Number
4. It was named Latham in honor of A. W. Latham, long Secretary of the Minnesota
State Horticultural Society. Redpath, which was introduced by J. V. Bailey, St. Paul,
Minnesota, in 192 1, is identical with Latham.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, very hardy, very productive, contract mosaic
rapidly, moderately injured; severely injured by powdery mildew; propagated by suckers;
canes numerous, very stocky, green changing to reddish brown, very glaucous, with
eglandular tips; prickles small, slender, weak, few or none, brownish; leaflets 3-5, large,
oval, dark green, dull, thick, rugose, with serrate margins; petiole medium in length and
thickness, slightly prickly, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers late; pedicels prickly, glandular,
pubescent; calyx prickly. Fruit late, withstands drouth well; large to very large, hemis-
pherical, in some seasons inclined to grow double, light red, glossy, adheres to the torus
which is rough and pointed; drupelets mediiim to large, somewhat coarse in appearance,
with weak coherence making the berries crumble imder unfavorable conditions; flesh juicy,
firm, mildly subacid, variable in flavor; good in quality, sometimes below.

Leyerle. i. Childs Cat. 32. 1920.

Originated with Jake Leyerle, Jackson County, Illinois. It was introduced as an
everbearing red raspberry in 1920 by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York. As
grown at this Station it is not an everbearer and is far inferior to other varieties of its season.
Plants tall, vigorous, upright, medium in productivity; suckers numerous; canes glaucous,
with glandular tips; prickles numerous, very small; fruit of medium size, irregular, short,
roimdish; drupelets mediimi in size, coherence medium; dull unattractive red, medium
juicy, soft, mild; fair; early midseason.

Lindley. i. Am. Hort. Ann. 103. 1867.

Raised by Joseph B. Lindley, Newark, New Jersey, previous to 1867. Said to be a
hybrid between Fastolff and a native variety. Plants strong, tall, upright, much branched,
tender to cold; suckers too freely; prickles numerous, stout, greenish; fruit medium to
large, shghtly blunt-conic, red; drupelets medium to large, compact, soft, juicy, sweet;
good.

Little Prolific. 1. Rural N. Y. 42:6^8. 1883.

A chance seedling sent out in 1883 by Joseph Little, Granton, Ontario. It was never
widely disseminated and soon went out of cultivation. Plants slender, branching, without
prickles, hardy, very productive; fruit of medium size, shghtly roundish conic, light pur-
plish red, moderately firm, juicy, with acid flavor; eariy.
Lloyd George, i. Bunyard Cat. S7- 1921- 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:28. 1922.

Lloyd George is a chance seedling found growing in a wood in Dorsetshire, England.
a few years ago. It was introduced by J. J. Kettle, Corfe Castle, Dorset, England, and is
considered one of the most promising of recent introductions. It was introduced as an
autumn-fruiting sort but is unreliable in that respect. The plants are vigorous, stout.

LATHAM

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK IIC)

upright; prickles \-ery numerous, small, stout and very dark colored; leaves very flat; fruil
very large and verj- long, oblong-conic, rounded at the end, sweet; good.

Longworth. i. Horticulturist S:i8j. 1853.

A seedling of Col. Wilder raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia about 1847.
Fniit large, round, deep crimson.

Lord Beaconsfield. i. Flor. & Pont. 140. 1883.

A chance seedling found in the garden of A. Faulkner, Inkpen, near Hungerford,
England, in 1873. It was e.xhibited before the Royal Horticultural Society in August,
1883, and received a first class certificate from that organization. Plant described as tall,
stout, very productive; fruit large, slightly roundish conic, dark red; of fine quality; season
long.

Lome. I. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:47. 1907.

Originated by Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. It is not especially promising.
A strong grower, moderately productive; fruit above medium in size, conic, dark red,
firm, juicy, subacid, pleasing; good; midseason.

Lost Rubies, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 46:742. 1881. 2. A'. 1'. Sta. Bui. 63:683. 1893.
Found growing in a bed of Naomi by A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, New York; introduced
by Charles A. Green, Rochester, New York, about 1881. Some have thought it to be
identical with Naomi, but most reports indicate that it is different. The blossoms are
deficient in pollen and require the presence of another variety to set good crops. As
grown here the variety is neither hardy nor productive. The fruits are small, soft, and
crumble badly; eariier than Cuthbert.

Louboro. I. A'. Y . Sta. Bui. 2g&:^6. 1908.

A seedhng of Loudon x Marlboro raised at this Station from a cross made in 1897.
The first fruit was borne in 1900, and the first plants were sent out in 1908. It has not
proved of much value, owing to the light color and softness of the fruit and the dwarfish
character of the plants. Plants medium to dwarfish in height, of medium vigor, upright,
hardy, productive; suckers medium in number; canes glabrous; tips eglandular; prickles
very few; fruit of medium size, broad, roundish; drupelets large, of medium coherence,
light red, rather soft, sweet; good; midseason.

Loudon. I. Rriral N. Y. 52:618. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:288. 1894. 3. N. Y.
Sta. Bui. 278:117. 1906.
Long a standard sort, Loudon seems now to be declining in favor with commercial
berry growers. It is difficult to see why it is losing in popularity, but probably because
the plants are not very productive and are subject to crown-gall or " knotty roots." The
quality, also, is not quite up to the mark and the berries very often run small or below size.
The plants are very hardy, very vigorous, and for these reasons the variety is still largely
grown toward the northern limits for this fruit. The product is liked by canners because
the berries hold their color well. Loudon was originated by Frank W. Loudon about 1884,
as a cross between Turner and Cuthbert. In 1897 the variety was added to the recom-
mended fruit list of the American Pomological Society. Loudon was introduced by
Charles A. Green, Rochester, New York.

I20 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Plants medium in height and vigor, upright, very hardy, variable in productiveness
and health, contract mosaic slowly; propagated by suckers; canes niunerous, stocky,
greenish changing to rather bright red but brown towards the base, with eglandular tips;
prickles medium in number, short, rather stout, reddish; leaflets 3-5, oval, dark green,
thick, rugose, with dentate margins; petiole long, thick, prickly. Fruit midseason, harvest
period long, holds up in size very well; medium to large, conic, bright red, cHngs well to
the torus which releases the berries readily; drupelets large with a well-marked suture,
cohering so that the berries do not crumble; flesh juicy, firm, tender, moderately sweet,
pleasantly aromatic; good in quality although not equalling Cuthljert.

Louis Bonne, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 22:16. 1895.

Imported from France by W. W. Dunlop of Montreal, in 1892. The foliage is of the
blackberry type. The fruit is of no value as many of the drupelets fail to develop.

Magnum Bonum. i. Mag. //ort. 22:27. 1856.

Mentioned in the Magazine of Horticulture for 1856 as a new variety recently received
from England. Plants of meditun vigor, tender to cold; suckers profusely; fruit medium
in size, roundish or slightly conic, deep yellow, soft, juicy, briskly subacid, pleasing;
good; midseason.

Manitou. i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 213, 224. 1906.

E. A. Riehl, Godfrey, Illinois, procured this berr>' of A. B. Sibert, Rochester, Indiana,
in 1905. On trial in IlHnois in 1906, it was said to be very promising on clay soils. A
free plant maker and very productive; fruit large, bright red, firm, well flavored.

Marlative. i. AT. V. Sta. 5m/. 298:57. 1907.

A seedling of Marlboro x Superlative grown at this Station from a cross made in 1897.
Plants were first sent out in 1908. It was introduced because of the unusual attractiveness
in size and color of fruit, but lack of hardiness has caused its propagation to be discon-
tinued. Plants stocky, semi-dwarf, upright-spreading, half-hardy, very productive;
suckers numerous; canes glaucous; prickles few, small; fruit large, roundish ovate, dark
red; drupelets large, coarse, crumbly, melting, sweet, pleasing; good; midseason.

Marlboro, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 46:742. 1881. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:118. 1906.

Perfection. 3. Bunyard Cat. 50. 1915-16.

This old sort, formerly grown in all the raspberry regions of North America, is now
losing popularity. It still is, however, a standard early red raspberry in a few localities
in New York and the East, along the shores of Lake Erie, and in Colorado. The variety
is prized, where it succeeds, for hardiness and productiveness of plant; for its very large
handsome fruits; and because the crop hangs on the bushes three or four days after maturity
and is still marketable, in which respect the variety is unique. The defects which have
caused its wane in popularity are that the plants are capricious as to soils, lack in vigor,
and suffer much from even a sHght drouth. A. J. Caywood, Mariboro, New York,
originated this berry neariy fifty years ago. It is supposed to be a cross between one of
Caywood's seedlings and Highland Hardy, and was introduced in 1884. In 1885 the
American Pomological Society added Marlboro to its list of recommended fruits.

MARLBORO

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 121

Plants of medium height and vigor, semi-dwarfish, upright, hardy, very productive,
not very healthy, contract mosaic rapidly and are severely injured, susceptible to cane-blight;
propagated by suckers; canes numerous, stocky, green becoming reddish brown or bright
red especially towards the ends, with glandular tips; prickles very small, slender, weak,
few, lightly tinged purple; leaflets 3-5, oval, sometimes lobed, dark green, dull, rugose,
often crinkly, with serrate margins; petiole thick, prickly pubescent, eglandular. Flowers
very early; pedicels eglandular, nearly glabrous; calyx smooth. Fruit early; large to
mediimi, regular, round-conic, light to dark but bright red, releases readily from the torus
which is blimt and pinkish white; drupelets irregular, adhering so well that the berries
do not usually crumble, although there may be some crumbling in unfavorable seasons;
flesh juicy, firm but tender, mild and rather poor flavor; quality not above good.

Marldon. i. A'. Y. Sia. Bui. 2g8: 56. 1908. 2. 76/(i. 403:219, PI. 1915.

A seedling of Marlboro x Loudon grown from seed of a cross made at this Station
in 1897. Plants were distributed for trial in 1908 and since then favorable reports as to its
behavior have been received. Plants vigorous, upright, hardy, productive; suckers pro-
fusely; canes stockier than either parent, light brownish gray; prickles slender, weak, few;
leaves thick, dark green, rugose; fruit large, conic, dark red; drupelets large, numerous,
of medium coherence, firm, juicy, sprightly, pleasant; fair to good; midseason, a week earlier
than Cuthbert.

Mary. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:40. 1894.

A seedling of unknown parentage which originated with Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa,
Canada. Plants of medium vigor, not hardy at Ottawa; fruit above medium in size, bright
red, roimdish or slightly conic, fairly firm, moderately juicy, subacid; good flavor and
quality; midseason.

Mary Lewis, i. Mitting Ntir. Circ. 1920.

Said to be a cross between Superlative and Ranere originated by E. De Roo Mitting,
Holland, Michigan, in 19 14. It was introduced by the originator in 1920 as an everbear-
ing variety. Described as an upright grower and heavy cropper with large, firm, pointed,
crimson berries.

Mendocino, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:40. 1894.

Said to have originated in Mendocino County, California. Large and very sweet.
Used by Luther Burbank as a parent in breeding raspberries.

Meredith. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 55:18. 1889.

Meredith Queen. 2. i^wra/ iV. F. 43:793, fig. 489. 1884. 3. jV. F. 5/a. 5m/. 63:683.
1893.

Discovered growing wild in Meredith, New York, in 1880, by E. J. Brownell, Franklin,
New York, who sent out plants in 1883 and off'ered them for sale in 1885. In 1893 several
horticulturists believed it the only wild j-ellow Strigosus known to have been intro-
duced into cultivation. The plants were vigorous, not hardy and suckered freely; canes
purplish green, with red tips; fruit of medium size, roimdish, reddish salmon, soft, juicy;
good; late.

122 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Merkel. Occidentalis xStrigosus. i. Am. Cord. 12:369. 1891.

Described as having large, hardy and exceedingly productive plants that do not
sucker; fruit finn, with a currant flavor, darker than Cuthbert in color and with the size
and shape of Gregg.
Michigan, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:41. 1894.

Michigan Early. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 268. 1885.

Introduced about 1883 by William Parry of New Jersey. This sort is supposed to
have originated in Michigan. Plants hardy but lacking in vigor and productiveness;
fruit small, conic, moderately firm, dark red, of poor quality.
Mildred. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Offered by the Tipton Nursery, Little Rock, Arkansas. Plants described as strong,
stocky, prolific, enduring hot weather and drouths; fruit very large, bright red; high in
quality.

Miller, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 27. 1894. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:118. 1906.

Miller's Woodland. 3. Hills Sm. Fruits 71. 1886.

Miller Red. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 91. 1896.

Miller Early. 5. Mass. Sta. Bui. 52:10. 1898.

Originated with a Mr. Miller, near Wilmington, Delaware. This Mr. Miller also
originated the Brandywine raspberry. It was Miller's intention to introduce this about
1885 as Miller's Woodland, but his death prevented and the stock fell into the hands of a
grower in Sussex County who propagated it for his own use. It was not until ten years
later that the variety began to be disseminated. In 1894 it was described as very promising
in the Report of the Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture. It is probable that
more than one sort went under this name as descriptions of the plant vary widely. The
American Pomological Society placed Miller in its catalog in 1901 where it remained in
1909. Plants weak and semi-dwarf; suckers freely, usually hardy, moderately productive;
prickles slender, weak, medium in number; fruit of medium size, broad-roundish, medium
red, firm, not juicy, sometimes crumbly; fair flavor and quaUty; midseason.

Minnesota No. i. i. Card Bush-Fr. 191. 191 7.

A seedling of King x Loudon introduced by the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm at
Excelsior, Minnesota. It is similar to Latham but ripens about a week earlier.

Minnetonka. i. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:289. 1907.

Originated about 1890 by F. J. Empenger, Maple Plain, Minnesota, who planted mixed
seed of Cuthbert, Turner, and a wild raspberry. From the resulting seedlings Minnetonka
was selected. At the South Dakota Station it was the hardiest of the cultivated varieties
and was of some value for that part of the country. Plants of medium height and vigor,
slightly drooping, hardy, productive and suckers freely; canes yellowish brown, glaucous;
prickles medium in number, small, weak; fruit of medium size, broadly roundish; drupelets
rather large, coarse, slightly crumbly, bright red, juicy, firm, sprightly; good; early

Mitchell. I. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:28. 1922.

This variety is grown considerably around Blairgowrie, Scotland, and by some is
thought to be some other variety renamed. Plants erect, stout, very productive; canes

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 23

moderately numerous, glaucous, glabrous; prickles medium in ntunber, short, stout, dark
purplish, conspicuous; fruit rovmdish, or slightly oblong.

Montclair. i. Cult, cf Count. Gent. 43:470. 1878. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:683. 1893.

A supposed seedling of Philadelphia which originated on the grounds of Messrs. E. &
J. C. Williams, Montclair, New Jersey, about 1S72; introduced in 1879. It was placed in
the fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1883 and removed in 1897. It
has been described as a variety of Rubus strigosus, while it is listed as R. negledus in the
American Pomological Society catalog. Plants vigorous, productive, suckering freely;
foliage much wrinkled; fruit above medium size, conic, dark red, firm, mildly subacid,
pleasing in flavor; good; early midseason.

Moonbeam. Strigosus x Occidentalis. i. S. Dak. Sta. Cat. 1922.

A cross of a wild red raspberry from Cavalier, North Dakota, with a cross of the wild
red from the Black Hills of South Dakota and the purple raspberrj', Shaffer. It originated
with Prof. X. E. Hansen at the South Dakota Experiment Station, Brookings, South
Dakota, and was introduced in 1922. Plants dwarfish, stocky, with few prickles; fruit
large, late, firm.

Morrison. Occidentalis yi Strigosus. i. ^V. F. Sia. Bit/. 278:124. 1906.

Originated with J. P. Morrison, Forestville, New York. Sent to this Station for
trial in 1896. Inferior to Shaffer and Columbian. Plants vigorous, nearly hardy,
moderately productive; fruit small, irregular in size; drupelets large, soft; flavor and
quality fair.

Mote Everbearing. Occidentalis yi Strigosus . i. Downing Fr. Trees. Am. g-io. 1869.

Originated by L. S. Mote, West Milton, Ohio, prior to 1867. Described as an ever-
bearing variety similar to Catawissa. Canes Arigorous, brownish, branching, with numerous
slender, sharp prickles; fruit medium in size, roundish, obtuse, dark red, with bloom;
drupelets large, firm, juicy, subacid.

Mowry.

An imintroduced seedling of Cuthbert fovmd growing among plants of that variety in
1921 by T. B. Mowry, Mexico, New York. It was the most promising of five seedlings
growing from a Cuthbert berry which had fallen to the ground. Sent to this Station for
trial in 1924.

Mrs. Ingersoll. i. Horticulturist 8: i8y. 1853.

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia, about 1850. Plants white
spined; fruit large, conical, yellow.

Mrs. Wilder, i. Horticulturist 8: i8y. 1853.

Originated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia, about 1850. A seedling of Col.
Wilder, resembling it in brilliancy and general appearance of fruits, but larger and deeper
yellow in color; white spined.

Mrs. Wood. Occidentalis X Strigosus. 1. Horticulturist 22:2 2g. 1867.

Originated with Mrs. Reuben Wood, Rockport, Ohio, being new in 1867. It was
supposed to be a cross of a black cap and a purple raspberry. Plants very strong, much

124

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

branched, productive; canes dark brownish red when mature; fruit medium in size,
roundish conic, reddish purple, with bloom, firm, juicy, sprightly subacid; late.

Muriel, i. Mich. Sta. Bui 111:43. 1894. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bill. 56:47. 190;.

A seedling of Biggar originated by Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, previous

to 1894. Described as vigorous and productive; fruit medium to above in size, roundish

to slightly conic, bright red, moderately firm, juicy, subacid; quality above medium; early.

Muskberry. 1. Childs Cat. 135. 1897. 2. Mich. Sia. Bui. 206:59. 1903-

Introduced by J. L. Childs in 1897 as belonging to the raspberry family. Plant
described in 1903 in Michigan Station Bulletin 206 as a rank grower, reaching a height of
eight to ten feet, and spreading so rapidly from the roots as to become a nuisance in the
garden; fruit of good size and attractive red in appearance, but the flavor is insipid and
disagreeable. The bushes have a musky odor.

Muskingum. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Ann. Hort. 104. 1889. 2. jV. Y Sta. Bui.
63:678. 1893.

Originated about 1880 in the orchard of Airs. Simeon Ellis, Coshocton County, near
the Muskingum River in Ohio. Named and introduced by James Madison, Chili, Ohio.
It was similar to Shaffer, the plants being smaller and more compact, and the fruit smaller
and firmer. Plants vigorous and fairly hardy; fruit medium to large, soft, moderately
juicy, acid flavor; good.
Naomi. 1. Horticulturist 2o:t,22, fig. 1865. 2. AT. 7. Sta. 5!(/. 63:683. 1893.

Grown from seed about 1850 by Mrs. Reuben Wood, Rockport, Ohio. It was intro-
duced about 1866 by Charles Carpenter, Kelleys Island, Ohio. Much confusion exists
regarding this variety and many pomologists have insisted that Naomi was identical with
Franconia, while Lost Rubies, Cuthbert, and Fastolff have also been given as synonyms.
From various reports it is evident that the stock of Naomi was badly mixed when introduced
or soon after. It is probable, too, that Naomi and Franconia are very similar. The descrip-
tions of both varieties as grown here agree rather closely. Naomi is said to be hardier and
the drupelets smaller than with Franconia. Plants vigorous, only moderately hardy, of
medium productivity; suckers few; canes slender, with few laterals, reddish brown; prickles
numerous, small; fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, bright attractive red; drupelets
large, rather soft, mildly subacid, pleasant in flavor; good; late midseason.

Narragansett. i. Card. Mon. 14:28. 1872.

A seedling of Orange, which originated in the garden of John F. Jolls, Providence.
Rhode Island, first fruiting in 1868. Described as a large, vigorous, hardy plant, with
large, conic, bright red, firm, well flavored berries; autumn-fruiting.

Nature, i. N. Y. State Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpi. lyg. 1910.

Mentioned in a discussion at a meeting of the New York State Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion as an old-fashioned variety. Considered a firm and very good shipping berrj'.

Nelson, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:48. 1907.

Originated by Dr. William Saimders, Ottawa, Canada. Plant described as vigorous,
moderately productive and not hardy enough at Ottawa. Fruit above medium in size.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 25

slightly conic, dark red, firm, moderately juicy, subacid; above medium quality;
midseason. ,

New Rochelle. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Gard. Mon. ig:ii$. 1877.

A seedling of Catawissa, raised about 1875 by S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle, New
York. Plants vigorous, upright, firm and \-ery productive, propagating from the tips;
canes stocky, short pointed, much branched, with nimierous short, stiff, greenish to light
red prickles; fruit medium to large, blunt-conic, dark purplish red, with a slight bloom,
firm, juicy, with a rich subacid flavor; season long.

Newman, i. Out. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 54. 1919. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 514:10. 1924.

In a collection of about one hundred varieties of red raspberries on the grounds of
this Station Newman has been for several years one of the best if not the best. The variety
is remarkable for its large, handsome fruits which are borne in great profusion. It is one
of the most productive red raspberries of any kind ever grown on the grounds of this Station.
The quality of the product is not high, but it is good, and few would notice that it is not up
to the best. The berries are firm and ship well. The plants are vigorous, ver>- hardy,
healthy, and, as has been said, exceedingly productive. The characteristic that commends
Newman most highly, however, is that the plants are almost free from the mosaic disease
that is ever>^vhere destroying red raspberries in this State. The originator, C. P. Newman,
Ville Lasalle, Quebec, planted in 1909 a mixture of seed of Herbert, King, Loudon, Cuthbert,
and Eaton, all open to cross pollination, and from a large number of seedlings this variety
was selected as the best. Mr. Newman gave the New York State Fruit Testing
Association, Geneva, New York, permission to distribute his new berrj'.

Plants above medium in height, vigorous, upright-spreading, ver\- hardy, ver>' pro-
ductive, contract mosaic very slowly, moderately injured; propagated b\' suckers; canes
numerous, medium to stocky, green changing to reddish brown, thinly glaucous, with
eglandular tips; prickles small, slender, weak, very few or none, reddish; leaflets usually 5,
roundish obovate, dull, rugose, with serrate margins; petiole medium in length and thick-
ness, slightly prickly, glabrous. Flowers early; pedicels very prickly, glandular, pubescent.
Fruit midseason, ships well ; large to very large, uniform, round-conic, glossy red, with heavy
bloom, picks easily but adheres well to the torus which is roughish and creamy white;
drupelets of meditmi size, with strong coherence; flesh moderately juicy or somewhat scant,
very firm but tender, mildly subacid, not highly flavored; quality fair to good.

Newman No. 20.

Raised from open-pollinated seed of Eaton sown in the fall of 1907 by C. P. Newman,
Ville Lasalle, Quebec. It was sent out for trial in 1915. As grown at this Station it is
a very promising late variety, the fruit being of large size, firm and of fairly good quality.
The color is rather light for a market berrj-. The plants are healthy, hardy, and produc-
tive on the Station grounds, but Mr. Newman reports that a considerable part of the crop
sometimes dries up, thereby reducing production. Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading,
productive; canes stocky, green tinged reddish brown, thinly glaucous; tips eglandular;
prickles slender, numerous, dark purple; foliage dull medium green, roughened; flowers
late; fruit uniformly large, regular, roundish conic; drupelets medium in number, large.

126 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

strongly coherent, light to medium red, rather dull, juicy, firm, mildly subacid; good;
late.

Niagara, i. W. N. Y.Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1882. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 22:17. i895-
Said to be a cross between Clarke and Philadelphia, raised and introduced by A. M.
Smith, St. Catherines, Ontario, prior to 1882. Plants moderately vigorous, hardy, very
productive; fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, red, firm, pleasant acid flavor; good;
midseason.

North Ward. i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:29. 1922.

Received at the East Ivlalling Research Station in England from a Cornish grower
with a note that the name was thought to be local and to have been applied to a variety
grown elsewhere under another name. Canes stout, glabrous, not very erect; prickles
long, stout, numerous; fruits large and irregularly conic. The variety promises to be
productive.

Norwalk. i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 43:151. 1878.

Introduced by Mallory & Downs, South Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1879, after having
been grown by them for several years. Fruit similar to that of the Red Antwerp but less
downy.

Norwich Wonder, i. Jour. Hort. 29:199. 1894. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Card. 165.
1904.
Mentioned in the Journal of Horticulture in 1894 as doing well on alluvial soils, and
with the statement that " Norwich Wonder is one of the oldest raspberries in cultivation,
as it had been grown in Kent for over sixty years, and it is one of the hardiest, most endur-
ing and heavy cropping." Plants rather weak, productive; canes usually few, stout, densely
pubescent, green, with purplish tinge; prickles numerous, stout; fruit conical or roundish
oval, dark red; drupelets large; flavor sweet; very good; early.

Norwood. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Horticulturist 29:250. 1874.

Norwood Prolific. 2. Card. Mon. 17:333. 1875.

Introduced about 1874 by Hovey & Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, who
described it as a hybrid between the red raspberry and the black cap, having the large
berry of the former and the strong growth and prolific bearing of the latter. Plants
very vigorous, hardy, and very productive. Canes strong, with numerous branches,
do not sucker but propagate from the tips; fruit large, purplish red, with rich, brisk
flavor.

Nottingham Scarlet, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 518. 1847.

An English variety introduced prior to 1847 by Marshall P. Wilder of Boston. It was
considered by him the richest flavored of the older varieties. Fruit medium in size, blunt-
conic, red.

November Abundance. Idaeus x {Occidentalis x Strigosus). i. Garden 63:33. 1903.
2. Bunyard Cat. 50. 191 5-16.

Introduced about 1902 by James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, England; received an award
of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in that year. Said to be a cross between

NEWMAN

1

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 27

the Superlative and the Catawissa, a purple raspberry. Plants vigorous and very produc-
tive; fruit very large, dark red; late; autumn-fruiting.

October Giant, i. Burbank Cat. 31. 1893.

A seedling of Eureka originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California.
Described as bearing fruits in October, of unusual size, measuring nearly four inches in
circumference, soft, bright red.

Ohta. I. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 159:184. 1915. 2. U. S. D. A. Fanners' Bui. 887:40.
1917.

Flaming Giant. 3. Stark Bros. Cat. 64. 192 1.

A cross of a wild red raspberry from Cavalier County, North Dakota, and Minne-
tonka, which was originated by Prof. N. E. Hansen, of South Dakota Experiment Station
in 1906. It was named Ohta, the Sioux Indian word for " much " or " many," and intro-
duced by the Station in 191 2. Where hardiness is essential, Ohta is a promising variety.
The crops are fairly heavy. It is inferior to standard varieties at this Station in size and
flavor, the latter being too tart for a table berry. Plants tall, vigorous, upright, hardy and
productive; suckers very numerous; canes slender, green tinged reddish brown, heavily
glaucous, with glandular tips; prickles small, slender, very numerous; leaflets medium in
size, oval, dark green, roughened; petiole long, slender, prickly, 'pubescent, glabrous,
glandular, slightly glaucous; flowers early, white; fruit variable in size, medixim to above,
roundish; drupelets medium in nvimber and coherence, light red, vary from soft to firm,
tart; poor; early.

Olathe. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 63:684. 1893.

Stayman No. 5. 2. Mass. Sta. Bui. 10:11. 1890.

A seedling of Reliance originated by J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, from seed
planted by him in 1884. It was sent to experiment stations for trial about 1890 and in
1 894 was named Olathe by the originator. As grown here the fruit is inclined to crumble.
Plants upright, vigorous, hardy and very productive; canes slender, tinged with red;
fruit large, attractive dark red, firm; drupelets medium in size, inclined to crumble, firm,
juicy; good; late.

Ontario, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920. 2. Hedrick Oc Hardy Fr. 279. 1922.

Ontario has the record of having surpassed every other variety ever grown on the
Station grounds in quantity of fruit. It seems to make a place for itself in commercial
plantations to precede Cuthbert and to follow Marlboro, Perfection, and June. The berries
are large, handsome, well flavored, keep and ship well. The fruit is too dark when fully
ripe, but remains firm. Perhaps it is not too much to say that it is one of the very best
shippers, and, because of the firmness, it makes a good sort for commercial canning.
Ontario was originated as a second generation seedling of Superlative and Loudon in 1909
by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. The variety
fruited first in 1911 and was introduced by the New York State Fruit Testing Association
of Geneva in 19 19.

Plants tall, very vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive, surpassing any
other variety yet fruited at this Station, contract mosaic slowly and are but moderate! \-

128 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

injured; suckers numerous, quickly making a matted row, stocky, green changing to red-
dish brown, glaucous, with eglandular tips, devoid of prickles; leaflets usually 5, about
meditun in size, roimdish ovate, dark green, slightly glossy, very rugose, with dentate
margins; petiole long, very thick, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers early; pedicels eglandular,
with few prickles, glabrous, glaucous; calyx smooth. Fruit early, or early midseason,
ships well; large to very large, uniform and retaining size throughout the season, broad-
conic, medium red becoming darker when fully ripe but remaining firm, releasing berries
readily from the torus which is roughish, slightly pointed or blunt, whitish; drupelets
large, adhering so that there is no crumbling; flesh juicy, firm, mildly subacid, pleasantly
aromatic; quality good to very good.

Orange, i. Horticulturist 1:178. 1846-47.

Brinckle's Orange. 2. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. PI. i860. 3. N. Y. Sla. Bui. 278:121.
1906.

Orange was raised from seed of Dyack Seedling in 1845 by Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Phila-
delphia. For a number of years it was the standard of excellence among raspberries and
was widely grown as a family bern,-. It was of the type of the Antwerps, but more vigorous
and adapted to a wider range of country. The berry was of a beautiful orange color and
possessed a very rich and delicious flavor. It thrived only on cool, moist soils where the
sun was not too hot, but required winter protection. The softness of the fruit prevented its
becoming a general market berry. In 1854 the American Pomological Society placed it
in its list of varieties promising well and in 1856 it was placed in the fruit catalog of the
Society where it still remains. Dr. Brinckle stated that Orange generally reproduced
itself from seed. Seedlings occasionally appeared with circular leaves, and although
having perfect flowers, they never bore fruit. Plants not vigorous, dwarfish, slender,
tender to cold, very productive in favorable locations; canes light gray; prickles white;
fruit large, ovate; drupelets above medium in size, very soft, juicy; color a beautiful
orange-pink; flavor and quality of the best; early.

Orange d'Automne. i. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 276. 1882.

Canes sturdy and productive; fruit large, bright orange, firm, juicy, richly flavored.

Oronoco. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Introduced by the Morris & Snow Seed Company, Los Angeles, California, in 1914.
Said to have come from wild plants brought from the Oronoco River region in South America.
Described as evergreen and a strong grower, bearing clusters of large yellow fruit of good
quality.

Osceola, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 111:47. i894-

Originated in Osceola County, Iowa, and reported in 1881 as a soft and very hardy
variety.

Owasco. I. AT. F. Sto. £«/. 497:16, PI. 1923.

The fruits of Owasco are the largest and handsomest red raspberries grown on the
Station groimds. The berries are quite as good as they look, and if product alone were
to be considered, one could say that Owasco is the nearest approach to perfection of any
red raspberry. Unfortunately it fails somewhat in its plant characters. Thus, it is a poor

ONTARIO

OWASCO

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 129

plant maker, and, therefore, hard to propagate; again, it is variable in habit of growth;
lastly, it is not as hardy as some of the standard sorts, although it is sufficiently hardy
for the great berr\' regions of New York. Owasco is distinguished among other varieties
when not in fruit by its large, coarse leaves which are very light in color. The berries are
easily distinguished by their large size and conic shape. As the fruits ship and keep well,
it is a most promising new commercial red raspberry. Owasco is a cross between Jime and
Cuthbert which originated at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva,
New York, in igii. It was introduced by the New York State Fruit Testing Association,
Geneva, in 1922.

Plants variable in height and vigor, upright-spreading, fairly hardy, productive, con-
tract mosaic slowly but are severely injured; susceptible to wilt; propagated by suckers;
canes mediimi or below in nvunber making a poor plant-maker, green changing to reddish
brown, heavily glaucous, with eglandular tips; prickles very short, slender, weak, mediimi
in nimiber, pale red only at their tips ; leaflets usually 5, of large size, oval to obovate, coarsely
rugose, Ught green, with serrate margins; petiole long, slightly prickly, nearly glabrous,
glaucous. Flowers midseason; pedicels eglandular, glabrous, prickly, glaucous; calyx
prickly. Fruit midseason, ships and keeps well, picks easily; very large, the largest and
handsomest of all varieties on the Station grounds, broadly conic, the surface covered with
fine pubescence and with adherent styles, mediimi red, somewhat glossy, adheres well
until over-ripe when it detaches almost too readily; torus sharply pointed, roughish and
creamy-white; drupelets medium in size, coherent; cavity-scars inconspicuous; flesh juicy,
firm except when over-ripe, tender, sprightly becoming sweet, highly flavored, aromatic;
very good in quality.

Panhandle, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 207. 1922.

Introduced by the Clarendon Nursery Company, Clarendon, Texas; said to have been
originated in their trial grounds.

Papier, i. Card. Mon. 2:333. i860.

An old French variety, introduced about 1820 at Bagnolet near Paris, a center of
raspberry growing for the Paris market. It was introduced into this country about i860
by Aubry & Souchet, Carpenters Landing, New Jersey. Fruit described as of good size
and excellent flavor but soft and having short fruit-staUcs.

Paradise Berry, i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:30. 1922.

Received at the East Mailing Research Station in England from Stavanger, Nor-
way, with the report that it was larger than Royal. Canes densely pubescent; prickles
nvmierous, long, stout, inconspicuous; fruit large and round.

Park Lane. i. Jour. Pom. 1:243. 1920. 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:30, PI. 1922.
Raised by George Pyne, Topsham, England, and introduced in 1912. It is considered
one of the best-flavored varieties grown in England and recently received an award at
trials of the Royal Horticultural Society. The softness of the fruit and frequent light crops
make it a berry for the amateur only. Canes stout and vigorous; prickles very numerous,
soft, slender; leaves large, broad; fruit large, roundish, soft, tender, very sweet and well
flavored.

9

13© THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Pamell. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1868. 2. A^. 1'. Sta. Rpt. 226. 1883.

Said to have been raised from seed of Four Seasons Red by a Mr. Pamell, Cincinnati,
Ohio, about 1867. From conflicting reports as to its behavior it is probable that the stock
was mixed. Plants vigorous, hardy, and productive; foliage subject to sunburn; fruit
medium in size, roundish conic, bright red, firm; good.

Parry No. i. i. Horticulturist 24:273. 1869. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:684. 1893.

Raised from seed by William Parry, Parry, New Jersey, and sent out by him for trial
about 1867. It was never named, as further trials proved it inferior to standard varieties.
Plants strong, vigorous, and upright; fruit of medium size, firm, juicy, mildly subacid;
good; late.
Parry No. 2. i. Horticulturist 24:273. 1869. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:684. 1893.

Of the same origin as the preceding; not named. Plants vigorous and upright; fruit
large, firm, moderately juicy, mildly subacid; very good; late.

Pearl, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 154. 1867. 2. Card. Man. 21:175. 1879.

A berry of unknown origin which was cultivated around Philadelphia about 1870.
It was very similar to Brandywine and some growers considered them identical. William
Parry states that Pearl differs from Brandywine in that the foliage starts growth a week
Jater, the plant is less vigorous, and the fruit of Pearl is smaller. Plants short, stocky,
seldom over three feet high; suckers very numerous; prickles nimierous, long, slender,
tinged purplish; fruit of medium size, round, light bright red, moderately firm, juicy, sweet
with an agreeable flavor.

Peerless, i. Will Nur. Cat. 75. 1919-

Originated about 1914 with John W. Millet, Bismarck, North Dakota, from a lot of
mixed seedlings; introduced in 19 19 as the Peerless Climbing by Oscar H. Will & Company,
Bismarck, North Dakota. As grown here Peerless is not equal to standard varieties.
Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; suckers very numerous; canes
stocky, green with an occasional reddish tinge, sHghtly glaucous; prickles few, slender,
weak, reddish; fruit medium in size, somewhat variable, roundish conic; drupelets
medium in size and number, strongly coherent, dark red, slightly glossy, medium jioicy,
firm, mildly subacid; good; late midseason.
Pennsylvanian. i. Prince Pom. Ma». 2:167. 1832-

Obtained by William Prince from a London nursery under the name Rtdms pennsyU
vanicus; he later found it identical with plants received from the forests of Maine. Canes
of young shoots covered with red hairs extending from base to tip, very productive, fre-
quently producing an autumn crop ; fruit dark red, oval and of indifferent flavor.
Penwill Champion, i. Garfiew 66: 403, fig. 1904. 2. Jour. Pont. & Hort. Set. 3:^1. 1922.

A chance seedling found in a garden by a Mr. Penwill, Totnes, England, a few years
prior to 1904. The variety received an award of merit from the Royal Horticultural
Society in 1904. It is grown occasionally in the southwest of England. Leaves with
characteristic reddish tinge around the margin in late summer; prickles dark colored and
conspicuous; fruit large, bluntly round, firm, dark red, very sweet; season long; autumn-
fruiting.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK I3I

Percy. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 109. 1900. 2. N. Y. Sta.
Bid. 278: 124. 1906.
A seedling of Gregg by Cuthbert which originated with Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa,
Canada. As grown at their station it is inferior for commercial purposes. Plants vigorous,
fairly hardy, productive; fruit above medium in size, darker and softer than Shaffer and
inclined to crumble; not equal to Shaffer in flavor and quality; midseason.

Perfection, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 394. i8gi.

There are two Perfection red raspberries; one comes from New York and is now grown
little or not at all, because of its susceptibility to the mosaic disease; the other comes from
Wisconsin and is the subject of this discussion. Perfection was once widely grown because
of productiveness and large, handsome fruits, but is being discarded because it is very
susceptible to the mosaic disease and because the fruits are too soft and too much inclined
to crumble to make a good commercial red raspberry. Perfection was originated by
F. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wisconsin, about thirty years ago as a cross between Cuthbert
and Turner.

Plants above medium in height, vigorous, upright, very hardy, lack in health, appar-
ently contracting mosaic rapidly, moderately injured, susceptible to cane-blight; propa-
gated by suckers; prickles mmierous, stocky, green changing to dull light red or greenish
brown, glabrous, heavily glaucous; prickles slender, weak, few; leaflets 3-5, rather small,
long-oval, thick, glabrous, rugose, with serrate margins; petiole long, thick, with few prickles,
slightly pubescent. Flowers small, in prickly clusters; pedicels short, pubescent, glandular.
Fruit early midseason or earlier, injured by drouth; large to medium, regular, hemis-
pherical, dull, dark red, clinging a little too tenaciously to the torus which is large and
roughish; drupelets large, irregular, cohering weakly so that the berries sometimes crumble;
flesh a little soft, tender, juicy, not very aromatic, sprightly; quality fair to good.

Perfection (of New York), i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 128. 1913.

This variety is a chance seedling found in 1900 by A. H. Grefe, Marlboro, New York,
who named and introduced it in 19 10. It is well liked in eastern New York because of the
vigor, productiveness, and hardiness of plants, but is being discarded because of suscepti-
biUty to the mosaic disease. Fruit large, bright red, rather soft, inclined to crumble; good.

Perpetuelle de BiUiard. i. Guide Prat. 21. 1895. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:121. 1906.
Raised about 1868 by Charles Billiard, a nurseryman at Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
As grown at this Station from plants imported by the United States Department of Agri-
culture it is not equal to other sorts for this climate. Plants moderately vigorous, hardy
and moderately productive; fruit large, soft, attractive red; good flavor and quality;
autumn-fruiting according to European descriptions.

Perry Golden, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:159. 1897.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1897 and said to be similar to Golden Queen.

Philadelphia. Strigosus x Occidentalis. 1. Mag. Hort. 29:^60. 1863. 2. Fuller 5m. Fr.
Cwft. 147, fig. 1867. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:6&4. 1893.
The origin of this variety is in doubt, but it is supposed to have been found in the wild,
near Philadelphia, about 1840. It was first grown extensively on the light soils of southern

132 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

New Jersey and did not attract much attention until about 1866, when its culture began
to spread. Until about 1880 it was a leading market variety. Its widespread popularity
was due to hardiness, heavy bearing, and adaptation to a wide range of soils and climates.
The berries lacked firmness, were inclined to crumble, and the quality was not high. Phila-
delphia was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1869 and remained
in the last catalog of 1909. Plants tall, vigorous, branching, hardy, very productive;
suckers few; canes stocky, purplish, branching; prickles very few, very small; leaflets
large, dark green, thick, tough, with a peculiar wavy appearance on the upper side; fruit
above medium in size, roundish, dark red, with very little bloom; drupelets large, coher-
ing well, rather soft, lacking juiciness, mildly subacid; season long.

Phoenix, i. Lovett Cat. 13. 1896. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 27S: 118. 1907.

Introduced in 1896 by the J. T. Lovett Company, Little Silver, New Jersey. Said
to be a seedling given to the Lovett Company by a bankrupt nurseryman a few years pre-
viously. It is of the type of Miller and as grown at this Station is inferior in size and
quality to standard sorts. Plants vigorous, usually hardy, moderately productive; canes
slender; fruit variable in size ranging from below medium to large, dark red, firm; drupelets
medium in size, inclined to crumble; fair in flavor and quality; raidseason.

Pilate. I. Card. Mon. 2:333. 1S60. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 163. 1867.

An old French variety of unknown origin which was introduced into this country about
[860 by Aubr}^ & Souchet, Carpenters Landing, New Jersey. Described by Fuller as
inferior to sorts produced in this country. Plants moderately vigorous, productive ; prickles
numerous, purplish red; fruit large, long-conic, dark red; drupelets small, compact, firm,
juicy, subacid; good.

Pomona. Strigosus x Idaeus. i. TV. F. Sta. 5m/. 63:685. 1893. 2.76/^.278:119. 1906.
Introduced about 1887 by William Parry, Parry, New Jersey, who thought it a seed-
ling of Brandywine. As grown at this Station it was considered valuable for home use.
Plants stocky, moderately vigorous, upright, hardy and productive; fruit large, attractive
light red, moderately firm, juicy, nearly sweet; good; season long.

Pride of Geneva, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:121. 1906.

An old EngUsh variety said to have been brought to this country many years ago by
a Mr. Payne. It was sent out by Steele Brothers, Geneva, New York. Inferior to standard
sorts. Plants of medium vigor, hardy, moderately productive; fruit medium in size; drupe-
lets coarse, moderately finn, slightly acid; fair.

Pride of Kent. i. Ann. Hort. 194. 1891. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:685. 1893.

Originated a few years prior to 1887 by a Mr. Fallstaff, Kent, England. Imported
into this country in 1887 by Henry King, Jefferson County, Colorado, and was intro-
duced in 1892 by R. S. Edwards, Highlands, Colorado. Plants vigorous, not very hardy,
moderately productive; canes large, stocky; fruit large, soft, red; good.

Pride of the Hudson, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 43:151. 1878.

A chance seedling discovered in the garden of T. H. Roe, Newburgh, New York, about
1872 by E. P. Roe of Cornwall, who introduced it. The plant was easily injured by the

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK I33

heat of siunmer and the cold of winter and Mr. Roe soon discontinued its propagation.
Plants strong, vigorous, tender to cold, productive; prickles few, short, purplish; leaflets
large; fruit large, roundish conic; drupelets large, red, rather soft, juicy, sweet, rich and
of fine flavor.

Prince Globose, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. gji. 1869.

Raised by William Prince, Flushing, New York. Plants strong, upright, branching;
prickles numerous, long, very stout; suckers numerous; fruit large, blunt-conic; drupelets
large, dull red, with heavy bloom, coarse, dry, crumbly.

Prince of Wales, i. Mag. Hort. 28:154. 1861.

Cutbush's Prince of Wales. 2. Card. Mon. 2:332. i860.

An English variety which originated previous to i860; of no value in this country.
Plants upright, vigorous, with numerous slender, purplish prickles; fruit large, blunt-
conic; drupelets small, compact, regular, hairy, red, moderately firm, sweet; very good.

Princess Alice, i. Rec. Hort. 45. 1866.

New in 1866. Raised by Cutbush & Son, Highgate, England. Plants very produc-
tive; fruit very large, slightly elongated; of first quality; late.

Prior Prolific, i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:31. 1922.

Sent to the East Mailing Research Station in England for trial. Similar to Marlboro
but more vigorous; canes less erect and fruit larger.

Profusion, i. Bunyard Cat. 50. 1913-14. 2. Jour. Pom. cf Hort. Sci. 3:31. 1922.

Originated near Maidstone, England; introduced by George Bunyard & Company of
that place. Plants usually weak to medium in vigor, productive; canes medium in number,
slender, erect, reddish purple, lightly glaucous, glabrous; prickles numerous, stout, soft;
leaflets short, broad; fruit very large, oblong to somewhat roundish; drupelets large and
deep ; flesh thick, heavy, verj' soft.

Pxirple Cane. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 147. 1867.

Fuller said in 1867 that this variety had been cultivated at least fifty years in the vicinity
of New York. It is probable that the name was applied to all purple raspberries rather than
to any specific variety. It was displaced by better sorts in the East, but was popular in
the West much longer. Plants vigorous and productive; canes very strong, growing
eight to twelve feet long, without suckers and propagating from the tips; prickles few,
hooked; fruit mediimi or small, dark dull red, with bloom; drupelets large, soft, sweet;
very good.

Purple Raspberry. Occidentalis x Strigosus. 1. Langley Pomona 122, 123. 1729.

Langley describes a purple raspberry the wood of which " is a dark Brown and very
thick set with small prickly Excrescences." " The Purple Raspberry hath a pleasant
Acidity in its Taste, and is somewhat later in Ripening than either of the other two (the
red and white), for which Reason 'tis much esteemed for Preserving."

Queen, i. Rural N. Y. 45:480. 1886.

Origin unknown. Plants productive; fruit of good size but unattractive in color;
quality good.

134 '^^'^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ralph. Occidentalis x Strigostis. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 109. 1900.

On trial at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada in 1900. Plants vinpro-
ductive; fruit of medium size, firm; good quality; late.

Rancocas. 1. Rural N. Y. 43:635- 1884. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:685- 1893.

A chance seedling fovmd on the fann of Albert Hansell, Rancocas, New Jersey, in 1877.
William H. Moon, Morrisville, Pennsylvania, introduced it in 1884. As grown at this
Station its chief characteristic was its earliness. The entire crop ripened in a few days.
Plants dwarfish, weak, unproductive; suckering freely; foliage pale green; fruit small to
medium, soft, juicy, of fair flavor; very early.

Ranere. i. Elizabeth Nur. Cat. 10. 1916. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 47. 1916. 3. Hed-
rick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 279, fig. 1922.

St. Regis. 4. Rural N. Y. 60:787, fig. 295. 1911. 5. Lovett Cat. 17, fig. 1917.

Introduced as an everbearing red raspberry, Ranere is chiefly valuable for spring
bearing, most of the crop being borne in early summer. It appears in some of the nursery
catalogs as the earliest of all red raspberries, but it is later than June and one or two other
sorts on the grounds of this Station. Aside from its being a double-cropper, there is not
much to recommend the variety. The berries run small, are mediocre in quality, and are
variable in both size and color. The plants are hardy, usually vigorous, but very suscep-
tible to crown-gall. Ranere is supposed to have originated in New Jersey a score or more
of years ago and was grown for a time by a colony of Italian gardeners. About 1912, the
J. T. Lovett Nursery Company, Little Silver, New Jersey, introduced the variety under
the name St. Regis. It has since been advertised by many nurserymen under both names,
although now the name "St. Regis " is rarely used.

Plants of medium height and vigor, attractive in appearance, rather upright, hardy,
lacking somewhat in productiveness, unusually healthy, contracting mosaic very slowly
and but moderately injured; autumn-bearing; propagated by suckers; canes numerous,
slender, green changing to greenish brown, glabrous, thinly glaucous, with a few glands
at the tips; prickles small, slender, weak, medium in number, purplish; leaflets 3-5, large,
oval, very attractive dark green, dull, rugose, with finely dentate margins; petiole long,
slightly prickly, with a few glands. Flowers very early; pedicels slightly glandular and
pubescent; cal>TC prickly. Fruit very early; rather small and variable in size, seldom if
ever large, hemispherical, glossy, bright red; drupelets of medium size, cohering poorly,
the berries often cnimbling, rather soft but variable, mild and insipid; quality poor unless
well grown.

Rapid City. i. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:290. 1907.

A wild red raspberry from the Black Hills of South Dakota used by Prof. N. E. Hansen
of the South Dakota Experiment Station in his breeding work. Its seedlings are fairly
hardy and all bear fruits of good quality.

Reader Perfection, i. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Set. 3:32. 1922.

A new variety in England considered worthy of trial on the less fertile raspberry soils
in that country. Plants vigorous and productive; canes numerous, stout, nearly erect,
green with purplish tinges, moderately glaucous, glabrous; prickles moderately numerous,

RANERE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 35

soft, dark bluish purple, very conspicuous; fruit large, conic, dull purplish red; drupelets
small, soft and juicy.

Red Alpine, i. Geii. Farmer 3:113. 1838. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 4:87. i860.
Mentioned in a list of recommended sorts in the Genesee Farmer for 1838. Dochnahl
describes it as similar to the wild R. idaeits of Europe but with fruits lighter in color, less
aromatic, soft and not keeping long; plants very productive, sometimes fruiting in
September.

Red Antwerp, i. Sickler Teittsche Obst. 15:193. 1802. 2. McMahon Am. Card. Cal.

517. 1806. 3. Brookshaw Pom. Brit, i: PI. 2. 1817. 4. Prince Pom. Man.

2:164. 1832. 5. Horticulturist 1:169, fig- 1846-47. 6. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 135,

fig. 1866. 7. Uogg Fruit Man. igs. 1866. 8. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 887:7,8.

1917. 9. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:17. 1922.
Late Bearing Antwerp. 10. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 478. 1831.
Red Antwerp was described by Brookshaw in 181 7 as a new variety, having been first
raised by a person named Comwell, Bamet, in Middlesex, England. It probably originated
prior to 1800 as it was listed by Sickler in 1802, and was known in this country by McMahon
in 1806. In Europe it has long been a standard variety and was grown considerably in
this coimtry until about 1850 when native sorts better adapted to the climate began to
take its place. It is still grown on the Pacific Coast as a companion to Cuthbert and in
Washington it is more productive than that variety. The terra Antwerp has been applied
to many sorts, and Downing wrote in the Horticulturist in 1846 that the true Red Antwerp
was little known except around Boston and New York, many cultivators having a small
and indifferent sort imder that name. Most of our varieties having R. idaeus blood are
probably derived from Red Antwerp. As grown in England the stock of this variety is
badly mLxed. Hogg, in 1866, mentioned that there were several forms of this variety,
differing more or less from each other both in the fruit and the canes. In 1922 N. H. Grubb
of the East Mailing Research Station, found six distinct sorts bearing this name. He was
imable to determine which was the original Red Antwerp. In this country it was early,
productive, of fine quaUty and tender to cold, requiring winter protection north of the
latitude of Philadelphia. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1852, removed in 1862, returned to the list in 1897, where it remained in the
last list of the Society in 1909.

Canes strong, long, yellowish green, slightly glaucous, occasionally tinged purple,
covered below with dark brown prickles, which decrease in quantity upwards; in the
autumn the canes become entirely brown sooner than those of others; bearing wood vig-
orous, and nearly smooth; leaves large, slightly rugose, plaited, irregularly serrated, dark
green; fruit large, conical, dark red; drupelets middle sized; flavor rich and sweet.

Red Cane. i. Mag. Hort. 24:420. 1858. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:54. 1894.

At one time a favorite market variety near Hartford, Connecticut. In the Magazine
of Horticulture for 1858 it is thought to be the same as the American Red, but Crozier,
in Michigan Station Bulletin 11 1, thinks it may have been either the Red Antwerp or
the Hudson River Antwerp.

136 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Red Cluster, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 81:11. 1892.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1892. Plants descrilsed as moderately vigorous,
moderately productive; fruit of mediiun size, roundish conic, red; good; early.

Red Cross, i. Jaur. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:33. 1922. 2. Bunyard Cat. 58. 1924.

A recent variety raised and introduced by George Pyne, Topsham, Devon, England.
Described as being drouth resistant and worthy of trial in poor and dry soils. Plants
vigorous and productive; canes moderately numerous and moderately stout, erect, green,
slightly tinged purplish, pubescent; prickles moderately numerous, stout, inconspicuous;
fruit large, very uniform in size, variable in shape, usually long-conic, with rounded apex,
dull dark red, soft and juicy.

Red Diamond, i. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 29:CLXXIX, fig. 1903-04.

Exhibited before the fruit committee of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1904 by
a Mr. Colwill, Sidmouth, England. It received an award of merit. Plants described
as very large; fruit conical, dark red and pleasantly acid in flavor.

Red Jacket, i. V'o. Sto. B:</. 147:63. 1917.

A new variety resembling Cuthbert in all respects except season which is later and
shorter. Recommended for general planting in Virginia.

Red Magnum Bonum. i.-Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:34. 1922.

Grown occasionally in collections of varieties in England. Canes strong, erect, nearly
glabrous, green, with niunerous, stout, dark colored prickles; fruit above medium size,
roundish, or oblong-conic; drupelets very large.

Red Pearl, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ^T2. 1869.

Described by Downing in 1869 as bearing fruit of medium size, roundish conic, light
red, moderately firm; scarcely good.

Red Queen, i. Am. Hort. Ann. 102. 1870.

Fuller says this variety is known in some places as Franconia, in others as False Red
Antwerp or Allen. He considers it an old foreign sort, the true name of which is lost.
The plant is described as having vigorous canes, with few prickles, productive, succeed-
ing on light soils; fniit large, round, light red; drupelets large, compact, firm, juicy and
of excellent flavor.

Red Rose.

Originated in 1908 by Alvin G. Gray, Salem, Indiana, who described it as a cross
between Cuthbert and Loudon. As grown at this Station the fruit is very firm, rather small
and inclined to crumble. Plants medium in height, vigorous, upright, usually hardy, with
a medium nimiber of suckers, unproductive; canes slender, glabrous; prickles medium in
number, slender, weak; fruit variable in size, small, roundish; drupelets variable in size,
usually medium, crumbly, red, finn, not juicy, mild; fair; late.

Red Sweet, i. Card Biish-Fr. 209. 1898.

Imported from Denmark by W. D. Barnes & Son, Middlehope, New York. On trial
at this Station in 1895. Plants dwarfish, not very hardy, unproductive; fruit small, dull
dark red, firm, mild, sweet; good.

THE SMALL FRUiTS OF NEW YORK I37

Redfield. i. Meehans' Moii. 4:140. 1894. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278: 12 $■ 1906.

A chance seedling sent out by J. Wragg & Sons, Waukee, Iowa, in 1894. As grown
here it is inferior to Shaffer and Columbian. Plants vigorous, hardy, moderately
productive; fruit small, dull, unattractive purple, moderately firm; fair in flavor and
quality.

Reeder. i. Card. Mon. 24:116. 1882. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:685. 1893.

A chance seedling found in a field of other sorts by a Mr. Reeder, Stevensville, Michi-
gan, about 1875. It never became of much importance as the berries crumbled badly for
a market variety. Plants vigorous, with few slender prickles; fruit of medium size,
roundish, bright red, firm, juicy, crumbly; very good; late midseason, ripening over a
long period.

Reliance. Strigosus x Occidentalis. i. Cult. & Count Gent. 40:470. 1876. 2. A^. Y.
Sta. Bui. 278:685. 1893.
Reliance is a descendant of Philadelphia, several generations removed. It was grown
from seed by O. L. Felton, Merchantville, New Jersey, who exhibited it as a new variety
at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. For a while it was popular but
as it was not enough of an advance over the Philadelphia to compete with other sorts, it
soon went out. Beach described the plants as of Strigosus type, but it is listed among the
purple raspberries by the American Pomological Society. The Society placed Reliance
in its fruit list in 1881 and it still remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants vigorous,
hardy, moderately productive; fruit below medium in size, dark red, soft, juicy, sweet;
very good; midseason.

Rex. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 285. 192 1.

Mentioned in the Fruit Belt for February, 1920, as an everbearing red, fruiting from
June till October. Fruit large, firm, sweet and of delightful flavor.

Ridgeway. i. Iftd. Sta. Rpt. 87. 1898. 2. Mkh. Sta. Bui. 206:58. 1903.

Received at the Michigan Station about 1901 from M. H. Ridgeway, Wabash,
Indiana. Plants vigorous, hardy, unproductive; fruit small, of good flavor and texture;
midseason.

Riehl Perpetual, i. III. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 202. 1911.

Plants described by E. H. Riehl, Alton, lUinois, as healthy, vigorous, fruiting entirely
from new growth, bearing from May until frost, not hardy; fruit large, bright red.

Riley Early, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 32:210. 1868.

Reported as having been known in Burlington County, New Jersey, for several years.
Plants described as vigorous and hardy with bright red, firm fruit; early.

Rivers Orange, i. Downing Ft: Trees Am. 972. 1869.

Rivers Yellow. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:55. 1894.

Originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, and first mentioned in
this coimtry by Downing in 1869. The variety resembles Yellow Antwerp. Plants strong,
branching, not hardy; prickles not numerous, stout, greenish; fruit medium to large,
roundish conic, reddish orange, drupelets large, soft, juicy, subacid but not rich.

138 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Rochester.

According to a letter from W. Y. Velie, Marlboro, New York, received in 1916, this
variety came originally from a Rochester nurseryman. The stock contains many mixtures
and improved strains are claimed under the names of Coutant, Ward Seedling, Hyde,
Alright, and Barry. Plants described as medium in vigor, needing winter protection;
fruit is too soft for a commercial berry in wet seasons.

Round Antwerp, i. Jour. Hort. 24:121. i860.

Fruit described as large, round, deep red and much superior in flavor to that of Red
Antwerp; plants dwarfish, slow-growing, productive.

Royal. I. Bunyard Cat. 46. 192 1.

Pyne's Royal. 2. Jour. Pom. 1:243. 1920. 3. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:32.
1922.

Raised by George Pyne, Topsham, Devon, England, in 1907 and introduced in 19 13.
It is considered one of the most promising of recent introductions in England because of
the very large size of the fruit and heavy crops. Plants vigorous, stout, nearly erect,
very productive and fairly drouth resistant ; canes moderate in number, heavily glaucous,
glabrous, dark reddish purple; prickles few, short, stout; leaves very much curled, with a
sidewise twist; leaflets strongly rugose, dark dull green, tip leaves often very reddish;
fruit very large, conic; drupelets large, firm, deep rich red, sweet.

Royal Church, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. ^g4.. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 27&:iig. 1906.
Discovered about 1881 by Royal Church, Harrisonville, Ohio, near a field in which
Philadelphia, Herstine, and Brandywine had been growing a few years previously. It was
introduced in 1893 by Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New York. As grown at
this Station it is a fairly good berry, but not equal to the best varieties. Plants vigorous,
fairly hardy, productive; canes tinged reddish purple; foliage crinkled, dark green, with
reddish tinge; fruit large, variable in color from light to dark red; drupelets large, inclined
to crumble, firm, juicy; very good; late.

Royal Purple. Strigosus x Occidentalis. i. Farmer Cat. 20, fig. 1909 2. Hedrick
Cyc. Hardy Fr. 279. 1922.

The fruits of Royal Purple are not as attractive in appearance or as inviting in taste
as those of Columbian and Shaffer with which it must compete. The variety may have a
a place in commercial berry growing, however, because of the great hardiness of the plants
and the lateness of the ripening period. The crop ripens one or two weeks later than that
of Columbian and has a remarkably long season, lasting until early blackberries are ripe.
The plants are also very productive, vigorous, and, as has been said, hardy, and moreover,
are fairly immune to mosaic although subject to anthracnose. This variety originated as
a chance seedling about 1898 with L. H. Girton, Bristol, Indiana.

Plants tall, vigorous, with an upright tendency, becoming slightly spreading, hardy, pro-
ductive, contract mosaic slowly ; propagated by tips ; canes medium to slender but variable,
green tinged with browmsh red but gradually turning to a cherry-red as the wood ripens,
heavily glaucous; prickles short, medium in thickness and strength, few, light brown at the
tips; leaflets 3-7, large, the terminal often lobed, broadly oval, dull, medium to dark green,

ROYAL PURPLE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK • 1 39

rather thin, flattened or rugose, with serrate margins; petiole medium in length and thick-
ness, prickly, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers late; pedicels prickly, eglandular, glabrous;
cal^-x prickly. Fruit very late, extending the season of Columbian, inclined to grow in
more compact clusters than Columbian or Shaffer; medium in size, broad-ovate, dull
purple, adheres well to the torus which is roughish and blimtly pointed; drupelets small,
round, with strong coherence; flesh somewhat dr}% finn, subacid, insipid, lacks in flavor;
quality inferior.

Ruby. I. Am. Hort. Ann. 89. 1871.

Raised from seed of Allen by D. W. Herstine of Philadelphia. Plants vigorous and
productive; canes strong, light green, tinged with piuple, glaucous; prickles very few;
foliage light green, pearly gray on the under side; fruit large, round, dark red, with large,
hairy drupelets, subacid; excellent.

Ruby (of New York), i. Wash. Sta. Bui. 87:26. 1909. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui.
887:40. 1917.
A chance seedling which originated about 1896 with L. E. Wardell, Marlboro, New
York, who introduced it in 1903. Said to be a seedling of Marlboro which it resembles,
differing from that variety in being more productive and bearing firmer fruit. It is grown
somewhat in the Hudson Valley and in New England, being considered desirable to grow
with Cuthbert. As grown at this Station the fruit is not especially attractive nor is the
quality high. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909.
Plants medium in height and vigor, upright, fairly hardy, productive; suckers medium in
nimiber; canes medium to stocky, yellowish brown, glabrous; prickles mediimi in number,
slender, weak ; fruit of medium size, conic ; drupelets medium in size, cohering well, bright
red, firm, juicy, sweet; good; early.

Russell. I. Mag. Hort. 24:420. 1858.

Raised by Dr. G. W. Russell, Hartford, Connecticut, from seed of Yellow Antwerp,
probably crossed with American Red which grew near it; seed was planted in 1851. The
variety was first exhibited before the Horticultural Society of Hartford in 1854. Plants
upright, vigorous, hard}' and productive; canes light green, with few white prickles; fruit
large, roimdish conic, dark red, moderately firm, juicy, sweet; good.

Salzer Everbearing, i. Mich. Sia. Bui. 111:56. 1S94.

Originated in Illinois. Introduced by the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse,
Wisconsin, in 1894. Said to be a cross between Shaffer and Marlboro.

Saint Louis, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1864.

Mentioned by N. J. Coleman as of imknown origin. Grown extensively around
St. Louis about 1866. Plants said to be hardy, very productive; fruit bright red, firm,
showy.

Sarah, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 98, fig. 2. 1893. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:125. 1906.
Grown from seed of Shaffer by Dr. William Saunders while in London, Ontario. As
grown here it was inferior to Colimibian and Shaffer. Plants vigorous, hardy and moder-
ately productive; said to sucker freely and to propagate naturally only in this way; fruit

140 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

above medium in size, round, unattractive, reddish purple, soft, juicy; good; ripens after
Cuthbert.

Saskatoon, i. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:291. 1907.

A wild red raspberry from Saskatchewan, Canada, used by Prof. N. E. Hansen of
the South Dakota Experiment Station as a parent in breeding hardy varieties. It is very
hardy and its seedlings are dwarfish and bear fruits of good size and quality.

Saunders, i. Horticulturist 25:310, PL 1870.

Originated by D. W. Herstine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from seed of Allen supposed
to have been pollinated by Philadelphia. It was named Saunders by a committee of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Plants productive, suckering freely; canes green,
shaded with purple; prickles nuinerous, small, light green; foliage light green; fruit verj'
large, round, dark red; drupelets large; highly flavored.

Saunders (of Ontario), i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 67. 1894.

A cross of Philadelphia and McComiick raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario.
It was sent out by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association in 1880. Said to be very pro-
ductive and to propagate from tips only. Fruit medium in size, dark red.

Scarlet Gem. i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 70. 1887.

A seedling of Crimson Beauty originated by Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas,
in 1876, and introduced by Hale Brothers, South Glastonbur>\ Connecticut, a few years
later. It requires the presence of another variety for proper poUination and is unproduc-
tive. Fruit of medium size, round, bright red, finn; low quality; early.

Segrist. i. Card Bush-Fr. 198. 1898.

A chance seedling found among plants of Kansas by Samuel Segrist, Holton, Kansas,
in 1903; introduced in 191 2 by F. W. Dixon, Holton, Kansas. As grown at this Station
the plants are dwarfish and lacking in vigor. The fruit is attractive in appearance and of
fairly good quality. Plants dwarfish, of medium vigor, upright-spreading, hardy and
productive; suckers mediiun in number; canes stocky, green, with a very thin bloom,
eglandular tips; prickles none; fruit above meditun in size, uniform, roundish conic; drupe-
lets of medium size, numerous, medium in coherence, bright attractive red, moderately juicy,
firm, subacid; good; early midseason.

Semper Fidelis. 1. Mag. Hort. 29:460. 1863. 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:24. 1922.
Mentioned in 1863 as a new EngUsh variety just introduced. It is still grown in
England where it is well liked for jam, the product being clear and of good color. As
grown in England the plant is vigorous and very productive; canes numerous, slender,
erect, green with purplish tinge, glaucous; prickles numerous, stout, dark purple, conspicu-
ous; foliage light green; fruit of medium size, oval or somewhat conic, dull dark piuplish
red; very acid; late.

Seneca, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 207. 1922. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 497:16. 1923.

There is nothing to add to or take from the description of this sort as first published by
this Station in the reference given. The description is republished verbatim. Seneca,
a sister seedling to Cayuga, is so similar that the two might almost be put out as one variety.

SENECA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK I4I

The description of Cayuga answers for that of Seneca if the following exceptions be noted.
The plants of Seneca are not so tall, are usually markedly stockier in cane; and have fewer
and smaller prickles. The flowers bloom early, in June, a few days later than those of
Ca}-uga. The fruit is a little later than that of Cayuga and a little earher than that of
Cuthbert. The berries in appearance and quality can hardly be distinguished from those
of Cayuga, although upon close inspection it is seen that the drupelets of Seneca are larger
and the shape is a little more conical. The quality of the two fruits is much the same,
the only difference being more sprightliness in Seneca. Seneca is recommended to precede
and to take the place of Cuthbert. Fruit growers will want to know how these two
new berries compare with Cuthbert in susceptibility to mosaic, tlie disease which now
threatens to destroy commercial berry growing in America. No differences can be noted
in the three varieties in this respect. Seneca originated at the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station, at Geneva, in 19 11, as a cross between June and Cuthbert. The
variety was distributed by the New York State Fruit Testing Association, Geneva,
New York, in 1922.

Serridge House, i. Jour. Roy. Hort. Sac. 37:562. 1911-12.

On trial on the test grounds of the Royal Horticultural Society in Wisley, England, in
191 1. Plant described as not productive; canes fairly strong, of a glaucous purple color and
with very many prickles; fruit large, round, light red.

Shaffer. Strigostis x OccidentaUs. i. Rural N. Y. 42:638. 1883. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui.
278:125. 1906.

Shaffer Colossal. 3. Ant. Pom. Soc. Cat. 46. 1883.

Shaffer was the first purple raspberry to meet with the approbation of berry growers
and was for many years the most prized of the hybrids. It has been nearly superseded
by Columbian, which resembles but surpasses Shaffer in several qualities as was noted
in the discussion of Columbian. It is still grown somewhat for canning in berry-canning
regions. But the berries have a tendency to go to pieces in the can, and shrink more than
those of some other purple sorts. Shaffer is propagated most by tips, as it does not
sucker. The plants are less hardy than those of several other hybrid kinds. This old
variety originated with George Shaffer, Scottsville, New York, about 1871, as a chance
seedling. It was introduced in 1S7S. The American Pomological Society added Shaffer
to its recommended list of fruits in 1883.

Plants tall, vigorous, more upright than Columbian, slightly spreading, lacking some-
what in hardiness, very productive, contract mosaic slowly, susceptible to anthracnose;
propagated by tips; canes somewhat stocky but less so than Columbian, green changing
to brownish red, darker than those of Columbian, heavily glaucous; prickles slender, weak,
very few, with a tinge of red at the tips; leaflets 3-5, broad-oval, the terminal one often
lobed, dull, mediiun to dark green, rugose, with serrate margins; petiole medium in length
and thickness, glabrous, glaucous, with almost no prickles. Flowers late; pedicels prickly,
glandular, lightly pubescent; calyx prickly. Fruit very late, a little before Columbian;
large to very large, broadly hemispherical, dull purple but lighter than Columbian, adheres
fairly well to the torus which is roughish and bluntly pointed; drupelets large, rotmd, often

142 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

with rather weak coherence; flesh juicy, rather soft, less sweet and less highly flavored than
Columbian, sprightly, aromatic; quality good.

Sharpe. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:58. 1894.

A seedling originated by Prof. William Saunders, London, Ontario. Mentioned as
on trial at the experimental farm at Agassiz, British Columbia.

Shinn. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 109. 1900.

A seedling of imknown parentage, originated by Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa,
Canada. Plants vigorous, very hardy and very productive; fruit medium in size,
roundish, dark purplish red, moderately firm, juicy, acid; medium in quahty; midseason.

Shipper Pride, i. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:291. 1907.

A mixture in a lot of plants received from New Jersey by Empenger Brothers, Maple
Plain, Minnesota, about 1901. This plant was propagated, named and introduced by
Empenger Brothers. Plants dwarfish, hardy; fruit small and soft.

Short- jointed Cane. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:168. 1832.

Described by Prince in 1832 as having short-jointed, nearly spineless canes; fruit
larger and later than the Common Red, with a pleasing flavor.

Silver Queen, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:691. 1893.

Received at this Station in 1885 from R. Johnson, Shortsville, New York, who renamed
a berry he received from L. M. Macomber, North Ferrisburg, Vermont, under the name of
Silver Skin. Plants unproductive and tender to cold; fruit medium to large, clear pale
yellow, very soft, juicy, nearly sweet, delicate; very good to best.

Sioux. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Introduced by the Rosebud Nursery, Winner, South Dakota. Selected from wild
plants on the Sioux Indian Reservation; very hardy.

Sir John. i. Card Bush-Fr. 210. 1898. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Bui. 56:48. 1907.

A seedUng of Biggar raised by Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. Plant
described as a very strong grower, hardy, and productive; fruit above medium in size,
roundish, bright red; drupelets large, soft, crumble easily, subacid, pleasing; good; early.

Smith Purple. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:679. 1893.

A chance seedling found by B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kansas, who sent plants to this
Station for trial in 1 89 1 . Except for the fruit which is purple and of medium size, the variety
has all the characteristics of a black raspberry.

Smooth Cane. i. S. Dak. Sta. Cat. 1922.

A cross of the wild red raspberry from the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Minne-
tonka. Originated by Prof. N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station;
introduced by that Station in 1922. Canes strong, stocky and without prickles; fruit
round, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, firm.

SouchettL I. Card. Mon. 2:333. i860.

"White Transparent. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 436. 1867.
Blanche Souchet. 3. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 22:201. 1898.

SHAFFER

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK * 1 43

Originated by M. Souchet of Bagnolet near Paris, France. It was introduced into
this country about 1850 by Aubry & Souchet, Carpenters Landing, New Jersey. A
fine-flavored yellow berry, but too soft and tender to cold. Plants moderately vigorous,
not hardy, productive; prickles few, short, slender, greenish; fruit large, elongated-conic,
irregular; drupelets medium in size, compact, pale creamy yellow, soft, jtiicy, sweet; very
good.

Southern, i. Austin Nur. Circ. 1922.

Introduced in 1922 by the Austin Ntu-sery Company, Austin, Texas, who state that
they received the berry from the Bureau of Plant Introduction of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. It was brought to this country from the hot, humid section of China
by F. N. Meyer, agriciiltural explorer, and is recommended for trial in similar sections of
this coimtry. Plants erect, stiff, not over three feet high; fruit borne in small clusters on
current season's growth on one-year canes; berries one-half to three-fourths of an inch
across, without a core, clear light red, sweet, aromatic; fruiting season long.

Souvenir de Desire Bruneau. i. Rev. Hort. 487. 1909. 2. Bobbink & Atkins Cat.
1919.
Mentioned as new in 1909, and as having received a certificate of merit from the
Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France. An everbearing variety with large, long, red
fruits, firm, juicy, sweet; good mellow flavor.

Spineless, i. 5. Dak. Sta. Cat. 1922.

Originated by Prof. N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station by whom
it was introduced in 1922. It was grown from seed of a wild red raspberry from Cavalier,
North Dakota, pollinated by Loudon. Canes without prickles, somewhat reddish towards
the tips and resistant to anthracnose; fruit three-fourths of an inch in diameter, of good
flavor.

Starlight, i. S. Dak. Sia. Cat. 1922.

A seedling of a wild red raspberry from CavaUer, North Dakota, crossed with Miime-
tonka. Originated by Prof. N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station by
whom it was introduced in 1922. Canes with some thorns and very little anthracnose;
fruit larger than Ohta and equally bright in color.
Stayman No. i. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:61. 1894.

A seedling of Shaffer raised by Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1884. It
propagates from the tips; the berries are large, handsome, resemble Marlboro, firm; good.

Steel Victoria, i. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 16:221. 1894. 2. Jour. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 3:35.
1922.

Introduced in 1894 by Messrs. Watkins & Simpfeon, Strand, England. Described as
very similar to Norwich Wonder, differing from that variety in transplanting with difficulty;
season a little later and the fruit less conic.

Stoever. i. Horticulturist 15:76. i860.

Discovered near Lake Dunmore, Vermont, in 1858 by JefiEerson E. Stoever, who
moved it to his garden at Taconey, near Philadelphia, where it fruited in 1859. Downing

144 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

gives Stoever as a synonym of American Red, and the variety is probably a typical wild
R. strigosus. Plants very vigorous, with nearly smooth reddish-brown canes when mature,
unproductive; fruit large, roimdish conic, bright red, sprightly, with a strong wild flavor.

Storrie Excelsior Perpetual, i. Card. Chron. 64:98. 1918.

First brought to notice by Messrs. Storrie & Storrie, Glencarse, Perthshire, England,
in 1918 as a large, fine-flavored, autumn-fruiting sort.

Sucree de Metz. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1869. 2. Guide Prat. 21. 1895.

Originated by MM. Simon-Louis Fr^res, Metz, France, who introduced it in 1866.
Imported into this country in 1869 by L. Ritz of Ohio. Plants upright, vigorous, very
productive; canes pale green, with numerous small prickles; fruit large, elongated, clear
yellow, soft, juicy, perfumed; very good; season July to October in France.

Sugar Hybrid. Strigosus x Occidentalis. i. Burbank Cat. 29. 1893.

Originated and introduced by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, as a second-
generation seedling of Shaffer by Souhegan. Plants described as tall, slender, productive
and almost thomless; fruit large, dark red, very sweet.

Sunbeam. Strigosus x Occidentalis. i. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104: 2g2. 1907. 2. U.S.D.A.
Farmers' Bui. 887:40. 191 7.
A cross between a wild red raspberry from Cavalier County, North Dakota, and Shaffer,
which was originated by Prof. N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station;
introduced by that Station in 1906. Where extreme hardiness and drouth resistance are
essential. Sunbeam may be of value, but as grown at this Station, it is inferior to standard
sorts in size, color and flavor of fruit. Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, very hardy,
productive, propagate by suckers which are very numerous ; canes medium in size, bright
red, glaucous, with a medium number of slender prickles; fruit variable in size, averaging
below medium, short, roundish; drupelets of medium size and coherence, dark red, moder-
ately firm, acid; fair; early.

Superb. I. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1882. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:686. 1893.

Churchman Superb. 3. Card. Mon. 23:257, PI. 1881.

Originated about 1874 by John Churchman, Burlington, New Jersey, who sent it out
in 1 88 1. It was supposed to be a seedling of Philadelphia and superior to that variety in
size of fruit. As grown here it was unproductive, the fruit was too variable in size, and
inclined to crumble. The American Pomological Society placed Superb in its catalog in
1883 and removed it in 1899. Plants moderately vigorous, hardy, unproductive; suckering
slowly; fruit above medium in size, moderately firm; drupelets large, dark red; good; late.

Superlative, i. Jour. Hort. xy.io^. 1888. 2. 6^ard C/iroK. 3rd Ser. 10:110, 526. 1891.
3. Card. & For. 10:384. 1897. 4. Bunyard Cai. 50. 1915-16.
As its history shows, Superlative is an old English variety, which has been grown more
or less wherever the red raspberry is cultivated. In New York and eastern America the
canes are not sufficiently hardy, vigorous, or productive. The variety is highly prized on
the Pacific Slope, especially near San Francisco. The fruits, while of the very best quality,
are too soft for shipping long distances. The berries are large and of the very best quality.
Superlative was raised by a Mr. Merryfield, Waldershare Gardens, Dover, England, about

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK I45

1877. It was introduced about 1888 and soon after brought to America by Ellwanger &
Barry, Rochester, New York. In 1909 the American Pomological Society placed Super-
lative in its list of recommended fruits.

Plants dwarfish, lacking in vigor, upright, tender to cold, unproductive unless well
grown, propagated by suckers; canes numerous, slender, green changing slowly to reddish
brown, glabrous, heavily glaucous; prickles small, very short, weak, numerous, dull red;
leaflets 3-5, broad-oval, very thick, dark green or bluish green, usually strongly rugose and
much curled, w4th coarsely and irregularly dentate margins; petiole long, thick, prickly,
pubescent; pedicels thick, stout, medium in length, with few to many rather large prickles;
calyx usually without prickles, or rarely few. Fruit medium early; large to very large,
long-conic, dark red, too dull to be attractive, adheres strongly to the torus which is small
and roughish; drupelets large, round, cohering so that the berries do not crumble; flesh
juicy, soft, rich, sprightly, pleasantly aromatic; quality very good to best.

Superlative Improved. 1. Wash. Sta. Bui. 87:2 i. 1909.

Described as a new raspberry in western Washington, satisfactory wherever planted.
It is said to endure dry summers and cold winters better than most varieties because of its
deep-rooting habit. As grown at this Station it seems to be identical with Superlative.

Surpasse Fastolff. i. Am. Hort. Ann. 103. 1870. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 209,
PI. 1907. 3. N. Y. Sia. Btil. 278:122. 1906.

New Fastolff. 4. Am. Hort. Ann. gi. 1871.

Grown from seed of Fastolff, previous to 1870 by MM. Simon-Louis Freres of Metz,
France. It was introduced by the originators about 1870. In this country it did not pass
the trial stage. The following description is from plants imported from France by the
United States Department of Agriculture. Plants moderately vigorous, hardy, moder-
ately productive ; fruit large, light red, rather soft ; flavor and quaUty inferior.

Surpasse Merveille. i. Rec. Hort. 45. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:122. 1906.

Grown from seed by MM. Simon-Louis Freres, Metz, France, and introduced by them
in 1864. As grown at this Station the plants are vigorous, hardy and productive. The
fruit is above medium in size, becoming smaller as the season advances, moderately firm
and good in flavor and quality.

Surprise, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 46:473. 1881. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 268. 1885.
A chance seedling of Franconia, which originated in Montgomery County, New York,
previous to 1881. Plants vigorous, not very hardy, productive; fruit large, roundish,
slightly conic, dark red, with slight bloom, soft, crumbly, sprightly; fair; late.

Surprise (of Breese). Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Card Bush-Fr. 184. 1898.

Introduced by H. G. Breese, Hoosick, New York. Described as having canes of the
blackcap type, with a tendency to autumn-fruiting. Fruit dark red, firm, with red rasp-
berry flavor.

Surprise (of California), i. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 887:40. 1917.

A chance seedling found in 1901 by D. W. Coolidge, Pasadena, California, in a field
of many sorts that had run wild for several years. It was introduced in 1908 by J. B. Wag-

146 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

ner, Pasadena, California. This is considered one of the most desirable varieties for central
and southern California, bearing some fruit every month in the year, and an autumn crop
elsewhere. As grown at this Station the plants are tender to cold, winter injury ranging
from five to ninety per cent. The plants are dwarfish, producing hght crops, and the color
of the fruit is imattractive dull red. Plants dwarfish, weak, upright, tender to cold, unpro-
ductive; suckers below medium in number; canes medium in size, glabrous, with numerous
prickles; fruit of medium size, roundish; drupelets medium in size, number and coherence,
dull, dark red, medium juicy, firm, very sprightly; fair; early.

Surprise d'Automne. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1869. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France
Pom. 210. 1907. 3. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 278:122. 1906.
Originated with MM. Simon-Louis Freres, Metz, France, who introduced it in 1865.
L. Ritz of Ohio imported it into this coiintry about 1869. Considered a valuable autumn-
fruiting sort in Europe but is of little value as grown at this Station. The plants are moder-
ately vigorous, hardy, and moderately productive; fruit below medium in size, moderately
firm, yellow, not very attractive; flavor and quality not high.

Sweet Yellow Antwerp, i. Jour. Hort. 24:121. i860.

An old English variety. Larger and with more orange than Yellow Antwerp. Canes
very slender, with few prickles; fruit of medium size, roundish obtuse-conic, light yellow;
drupelets small, soft, juicy, very sweet.

Syracuse, i. Green Cat. 38, fig. 1910. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 280. 1922.

SjTacuse is a typical variety of the Idaeus type. Neither fruit nor plant differ
greatly from those of Superlative. While hardier than Superlative, the plants are not
sufiiciently hardy and lack in vigor and productiveness as well. These defects bar it from
commercial plantations, but it is, however, an excellent sort for the home garden. This
variety originated as a chance seedling in a garden at Syracuse, New York, about 1900,
and was distributed by Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New York, about
1910.

Plants of medium height and vigor, upright-spreading, a little tender to cold, moder-
ately productive but variable; propagated by suckers; canes medium in number and stocki-
ness, green changing to reddish brown, glaucous, with eglandular tips; prickles small,
slender, strong, very numerous, purplish green; leaflets 3-5, large, thick, ovate to roundish
oval, dark green, with dentate margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, glabrous,
glaucous, slightly prickly. Flowers early; pedicels prickly, eglandular, pubescent; caljTc
prickly. Fruit midseason; large, broadly conical, light red, adheres well to the torus which
is roughish and pointed; drupelets rather large, with fairly good coherence; flesh juicy, not
very firm, pleasantly aromatic, sprightly, varies considerably in flavor; not above good in
quality.

Talbot. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:204. 1895. 2. Ibid. 278:122. 1906.

A chance seedling discovered in the garden of J. W. Talbot, Norwood, Massachusetts,
about 1888. Not equal to other sorts as grown at this Station. Plants vigorous, usually
hardy, productive; fruit above medium in size, attractive red; drupelets large, soft, juicy,
slightly acid; good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 47

Talcott. 1. Mich. Sia. Bui. 81:11. 1892.

Sent out for trial in 1883 by Hale Brothers, South Glastonbury, Connecticut. Fruits
very similar to those of Turner except in form, which is ovate instead of roundish conic.
Plants not vigorous; fruit small and ver>' early.

Tall Red Cane. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:168. 1832.

Described by Prince in 1832 as producing good crops, and having canes covered with
numerous fine prickles or hairs. Fruit of good size, roundish, not of high flavor; the berries
drop easily as soon as ripe.

Teletaugh. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 278:126. 1906.

A cross of Shaffer and Gregg originated by J. F. Street, West Middleton, Indiana. It
is inferior to Shaffer. Plants of medium vigor, hardiness, and productivity; fruit below
medium in size; drupelets large, inclined to crumble, moderately firm, unattractive dark
purple; fair in flavor and quality.

Thompson, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:iig. 1906.

Thompson Early. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 67:12. 1890.

Thompson Early Prolific. 3. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 22:21. 1895.

A chance seedling introduced by the Cleveland Nursery Company, East Rockport,
Ohio, in 1888. Canes slender, nearly free from prickles, dark red, upright, vigorous;
fruit firm, medium in size, round, bright red ; of fair quality ; ripens the first of July.

Thompson Early Pride, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 15:112. 1888.

Early Pride. 2. Ibid. 63:682. 1893.

Introduced by the Cleveland Nursery Company, East Rockport, Ohio, in 1888. Very
similar to Thompson, differing from that sort chiefly in darker-colored, juicier fruit.

Thomber. i. Atn. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 285. 1921.

A chance seedling which originated with W. S. Thomber, Clarkston, Washington.
Plants very \'igorous and hardy; fruit very large, attractive dark red; rich flavor.

Thimderer. i. Am. Potrt. Soc. Rpt. 214. 1856. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 660. 1857.
Imported from England previous to 1856. Very similar to Franconia. It was recom-
mended for trial by the American Pomological Society in it;; friiit list for 1856 and i860
but was never placed in the list of sorts for general cultivation. Plants upright, vigorous,
productive; prickles few, red; fruit large, blunt-conic, dark red, with an acid flavor.

Thwack, i. Card. Mon. 18:113. 1876. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:686. 1893.

Introduced about 1877 by Prof. Watson Foster, Louisiana, Missouri. The original
plants were received from T. S. Wilson, Brandon, New York, with the statement that the
variety was a cross between Herstine and Brandywine. For a while Thwack was considered
a good market sort in the Middle West and was placed in the catalog of the American
Pomological Society in 1883 where it remained lontil the last Hst in 1909. Plants \agorous,
hardy and productive; canes stout, brownish green, with few prickles; fruit large, ovate-
conic, bright red, firm, moderately juicy, sweet, not rich.

Todd Perfection, i. King Bros. Cat. 36. 1916.

Offered by King Brothers, Dansville, New York, in 1916, as a new early sort from the
Hudson River section. Plants productive, hardy; fruit firm.

148 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Trusty, i. Mich. Sta. Bui 111:64. i894-

On trial at the experimental farm at Agassiz, British Coliunbia. Originated by Prof.
William Saunders, London, Ontario.

Tiircks Neue Rothe. i. Lucas-Oberdieck ///. Handb. Obst. 7:288. 1875.

Van Turocks New. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. 103. 1869.

Grown from seed of Fastolff by Herm V. Tiirck, Potsdam, Gemiany. Described as
more vigorous, with larger fruit and earlier than its parent. Imported into this country in
1869 by A. S. Fuller from Frederick Maurer, Jena, Germany. Plants very vigorous and
productive; fruit very large, roundish, dark red, firm, sweet and aromatic; ripe in the middle
of June in Germany.

Turner, i. Am. Hort. Ann. 103. 1869. 2. Horticulturist 24:275. 1869.

Red Thornless. 3. Card. Mon. 17:176. 1875.

Southern Seedling. 4. Ibid. 17:333. 1875.

Southern Red Thornless. 5. Ibid. 18:80, 242. 1876.

At one time a standard sort, and for several decades the most prized of the red rasp-
berries. Turner is now seldom foimd in commercial plantations. It is still grown, however,
for home use and local markets where hardiness is a prime requisite. The fruits are of
the very best quality but are small, many of them are imperfect, and a good many blossoms
are abortive. The season is early and the plants remain in bearing a long time. Turner
originated nearly 80 years ago with Professor J. B. Turner, Jacksonville, Illinois, suppos-
edly as a seedling of Red Antwerp. The variety has long been esteemed because of its
extreme hardiness. Turner was added to the recommended list of fruits of the American
Pomological Society in 1877, a place it still holds.

Plants medium in height and vigor, upright-spreading, variable in yield, very productive
in number of berries but not in measured yield, extremely hardy, contract mosaic verj'
slowly; suckers very numerous; canes very slender, branching freely, silverj' green turning
to a distinct purplish or lilac-red, markedly glaucous, with many glands near the tips;
prickles small, very slender, weak, few to many in number, tinged red; new leaves at tips
of suckers markedly bronzed; leaflets usually 5, of medium size, variable in shape, dull,
rugose, with serrate margins; petiole slender, verj' prickly, slightly pubescent, very glandular,
glaucous. Flowers midseason, often imperfect, or abortive; pedicels prickly, glandular,
lightly pubescent. Fruit early midseason or earlier, with a long-picking period; small,
often imperfect, roundish ovate, bright attractive red, adheres fairly well to the torus
which is smooth and short pointed; styles noticeable; drupelets large, elliptical, cohering
poorly so that the berries crumble; flesh juicy, soft, tender, sprightly, aromatic; variable
in quality.

Twentieth Century. 1. Card. Bush-Fr. 200. 1917.

A chance seedling found in the garden of a Mr. Ford, Marlboro, New York, who had
been growing it for some time previous to 1905. The variety attracted the attention of
L. L. Woodford, Syracuse, New York, in 1905, who in 1909 named the berry Twentieth
Century. The variety is of the type of Syracuse, tender to cold and rather soft for shipping.
Plants of medium height and vigor, upright-spreading, productive, tender to cold, susceptible

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 49

to anthracnose; suckers medium in number; prickles medium in number, slender; fruit
large, nearly conic; drupelets large, medium in number and coherence, mediimi red,
moderately juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; good; midseason.

Twice Bearing, i. Mawe-Abercrombie Univ. Gard. Bot. 1778. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 517. 1845.
An old English variety, once valued for its autumn crop. According to Downing it
is distinct from Double Bearing, being unproductive, and bearing small, inferior fruit.

Twilight I. S. Dak. Sta. Cat. 1922.

Grown from mixed seed of a lot of wild red raspberries of the Dakotas, Manitoba, and
Saskatchewan by Prof. N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station. Introduced
by that Station in 1922. Canes strong and stocky, with some prickles; fruit of medium
size, light red; good.

Van Fleet. Innominatus x Strigosus. i. U. S. D. A. Dept. Circ. 320:1-13. 1924.
2. U. S. D. A. Official Rec. 4:6. 1925.
A cross of Rubiis innominatus by Cuthbert, originated in 191 1 by Dr. Walter Van
Fleet, Superintendent of the United States Plant Introduction Garden, at Chico, Cali-
fornia. Plants were received for trial at this Station in the spring of 1922. As grown here
Van Fleet is inferior to standard sorts in size, color, flavor and shipping quaUty of fruit.
It may be of value as a parent in breeding late varieties. It endures hot weather and is
recommended especially for the southern states where the red varieties fail. Plants tall,
vigorous, upright to slightlj- spreading, not fully hardy, moderately productive; suckers
rather few, propagates by tips; canes stocky, numerous, reddish, glaucous, glabrous, with
eglandular tips; prickles medium in ntmiber, short, slender; leaflets medium green, dull,
flat, heavily tomentose below; flowers small, rose-colored, verj^ late; fruit below medium in
size, imiform, broadly roimdish ; drupelets medium in size and number, dull light red, tender,
juicy, mildly subacid, lacking character; fair; very late.

Vermont, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:691. 1893.

A seedling of Champlain originated by L. M. Macomber, North Ferrisburg, Vermont;
introduced about 1893. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1901 and remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants of the Idaeus type; fruit large,
pale yellow, with white bloom, very soft, juicy and of the highest quality.

Victoria, i. Mag. Hort. 7:287. 1841. 2, Downing Fr. Trees Am. 518. 1845.

Introduced from England about 1841. Similar to Red Antwerp in size and flavor of
fruit and excels it in productiveness.

Victory, i. Baldwin Cat. 20, fig. 1919. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Victory is said to be a Cuthbert seedling. On the grounds of this Station the varieties
are seemingly identical. The description of Cuthbert answers for the two varieties. Were
it not for the certainty with which its origination is stated, one knowing the two varieties
would not hesitate to say that Victory is Cuthbert renamed. Victory originated about
1910 with A. J. Hartung, Onekama, Michigan, and introduced in 1918 by 0. A. D. Baldwin,
Bridgman, Michigan.

ISO

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Viking. I. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 278:119. 1906.

Originated by Charles H. Koch, Middlehope, New York, who sent plants to this
Station in 1895. Not equal to standard varieties. Plants medium in vigor, hardiness
and productivity; fruit of medium size, round, attractive red; good flavor and quality.

Viking (of Ontario). Strigosus x Idaeus.

A cross of Cuthbert by Marlboro originated in 19 14 by the Horticultural E.xperiment
Station, Vineland, Ontario; introduced by that Station in 1923. The following descrip-
tion is furnished by E. F. Palmer of the Vineland Station. Canes upright, very strong,
vigorous and very productive; suckers fairly numerous; prickles practically none; foliage
thick and dark green; fruit large, conical, slightly lighter red than Cuthbert, firm, does not
cnmible; good quality; season several days earlier than Cuthbert.

Virginia Red. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:167. 1832.

Described by Prince in 1832. Canes reach a height of five feet or more, producing
good crops in favorable locations; fruit round, slightly oval, larger than the Common Red,
and of good flavor.

Vorster. 1. 'Doch.nahlFuhr. Obstkunde /^-.S,^. i860. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. lo^. 1869.

Originated in Metz, France, about 1849. Considered a fine dessert variety in Germany.
Imported into this country in 1869 by A. S. Fuller. Plants very vigorous and productive;
fruit very large, elongated, dark red, sweet and aromatic; ripe in June in Germany.

Wagner. Occidentalis x Strigosus.

Offered for sale in 1925 by the East Rochester Nurseries, East Rochester, New York.
Described as a cross between Columbian and Cuthbert with strong, hardy, very productive
plants. Canes thomless and propagating from the tips; fruit purplish red, with flavor
similar to Cuthbert.

Walker, x. Horticulturist S:i8j. 1853.

President Walker. 2. Mag. Hori. 17:333- 1851.

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckl^ of Philadelphia previous to 1851. It was placed in the
list of promising new sorts by the American Pomological Society in 1854, remaining there
until 1862. Canes strong, with few stiff purplish prickles; very productive; fruit large,
round, dark red, soft, juicy, sprightly; good; keeps well on the plant.

Wallace. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 278:126. 1906.

A chance seedling found in his orchard in 1891 by T. G. Wallace, Atlantic, Iowa;
introduced in 1898 by O. W. Rich, of that place. Plants vigorous, fairly hardy, productive;
fruit of medium size, unattractive dull reddish purple, moderately firm, more acid than
Shaffer; fair in quality.

Walton. Occidentalis x Strigosus.

Brought into cultivation from the wild near Catawissa, Pennsylvania, prior to 1840 by
George Shoemaker, Washington, District of Columbia. In 19 10 plants were sent to this
Station for trial by the Andorra Nurseries, Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. As grown here
the variety has no value. Plants of fair vigor, tender to cold and not very productive;

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 151

fruit small, irregular, many berries imperfectly developed, purple, crumbles badly, soft,
tart; early, with autumn-fruiting tendency.

Wauregan. i. Horticulturist 25:100, &g. 1870.

Discovered about 1855 in Norwich, Connecticut, by Dr. L. L. Button of that city.
A. S. Fuller was of the opinion that it was very similar if not identical with Belle de Fontenay.
Plants similar to Orange ; fruit firm, highly flavored, continues long in bearing.

Welsh. I. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1881. 2. Ibid. 39. 1908.

Grown from seed by Isaac Welsh, near Merchantville, New Jersey, who introduced it
about 1882. In parts of New Jersey it has superseded Cuthbert, being earlier and hardier
than that variety. It is of little importance elsewhere. As grown here the plants lack
vigor and the fruit is too small and unattractive. Plants of medium height and vigor,
upright, hardy and productive; suckers medium in number; canes slender, green, glabrous,
heavily glaucous, with glandular tips; prickles small, slender, few; flowers early; fruit below
medium in size, roundish conic ; drupelets medium in size, cohering strongly, medium red,
moderately juicy, mild, sweet; early.

Wetherbee. Occidentalis x Strigosus. i. Card. Mon. 22:81. 1880.

Originated in New Jersey about 1880. Plants very vigorous, hardy, moderately
productive, tip-rooting; fruit small, round, purple, with slight bloom, moderately firm,
sprightly ; very late.

White Magnum Bonum. i. Wright Fr. Gr. Guide 6:204. 1892. 2. Bunyard-Thomas
Fr. Card. 165. 1904.

Yellow Magnum Bonum. 3. U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 247. 1854.

Grown in England. Canes dwarfish, pale green, with niunerous small prickles; foliage
flat and pointed; fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, pleasantly acid to rich when fully
ripe.

White Mountain, i. Mass. Sta. Bui. 10:11. 1890.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1890. Not very hardy, productive, small,
soft; inferior quality; early.

White Queen. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 2?,6. 1921. 2. Hunt Ca/. 1921.

Introduced by William M. Hunt & Company, New York City, in 1920. Originated
with Jonathan Thome, Black Rock, Connecticut. Plant described as very vigorous, with
large canes and heavy fohage; fruit large, creamy white, very soft and of fine flavor; season
August vmtil November.

Williams, i. Lovett Ca<. 11. 1918.

Found in the wild by Louis Paddock, Antioch, Illinois. Introduced in 19 18 by J. T.
Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey. Plants described as stocky, hardy, and productive;
fruit large, roimd, with large drupelets, deep red, rich and sprightly.

Wilmot. I. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:293. 1907.

A wild red raspberry from Wilmot, Roberts County, South Dakota; used by Prof.
N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Station in breeding hardy varieties.

152 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Winant. i. A"'. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 13. 1S77.

Introduced by Frank Ford & Son, Ravenna, Ohio, who thought that it came from New
Jersey. Said to resemble Thwack, but the canes are more vigorous and have a bluish tint.
Fruit large, bright red, very firm; good; early.

Woodward. 1. Horticulturist 8: iSj. 1857.

Originated by Dr. William Brinckle of Philadelphia previous to 1S50. Described as
the smallest of his seedlings, though larger than the ordinary wild raspberry; reddish prickles ;
fruit roimd to sometimes roundish ovate, dark red; early.

Worthy, i. Hale Ca/. 15. 1898.

Introduced in 1898 by J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut. Said by him to
be a seedling of Turner by Philadelphia, produced by a Connecticut small fruit grower.
As grown here the fruit is tmattractive in appearance and of inferior quality. Plants
dwarfish, hardy, productive; canes slender, moderately numerous; foliage small, dark
green; fruit of medium size, roundish, dull unattractive red, firm, rather tart; fair; early.

Yellow Antwerp. 1. Sickler Teutsche Obst. 15:193. 1802. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:165.
1832.

White Antwerp. 3. McMahon Am. Gard. Cat. 517. 1806.

This old yellow-fruited sort, long a standard of comparison, was first mentioned by
Sickler in 1802, and in this country by McMahon in 1806. It was the only yellow sort
much cultivated until about i860 when Orange displaced it. In Europe it is still offered
by nurserymen. Winter protection was required, although it was considered hardier than
the Red Antwerp. It was recommended for general cultivation in 1850 by the Second
Congress of Fruit Growers and by the American Pomological Society until 1869 wlien it
was removed from its list. Plants vigorous, not hardy, productive; canes strong, light
yellow, with numerous long, slender, white prickles, some canes with very few prickles;
foliage pale green; fruit large, conic, pale yellow, rather soft, juicy, sweet; good; midseason.

Yellow Canada. Occidentalis .x Idaeus. i. Am. Jour. Hort. 6:137, fig- 1869.

White Canada. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. gT 7,. 1869.

Arnold's Yellow. 3. Mich. Sia. Bid. 111:10. 1894.

Originated by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario. Said by him to be a " grandchild of
the old native White Cap, or Bramble, fertilized with pollen of White Four Seasons and
Brinckl^'s Orange." Canes vigorous, upright, brownish yellow, with numerous stout,
white prickles; fruit large, obtuse-conic, pale yellow, soft, of inferior flavor; early.

Yellow Chili, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 165. 1867.

Described by Fuller as an old French sort of little value, imported by him about 1857.
Canes strong, branching, with long, slender, white prickles; fruit large, conic, pale yellow,
slightly tinged with orange, very soft, juicy, sweet.

Zetler. i. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 49. 1899.

A local variety on trial at the Lake Huron fann of the fruit experiment stations of
Ontario, Canada, in 1899. Plants vigorous, hardy, and moderately productive; fruit
above medium in size, light red, soft; early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK I53

CHAPTER IV

VARIETIES OF BLACK RASPBERRIES

Ada, I. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 65. 1886-87. 2. .Y. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:672. 1893.

A chance seedling which originated with Henry Young, Ada, Ohio, about 1882; sup-
posed by him to be a cross between Doolittle and McCormick. It was introduced in 1889
by T. F. Longenecker, Dayton, Ohio. As grown at this Station the plants are very
vigorous but lack producti\aty. Fruit small, firm, sweet; fair; late.

Adams Black Perfection, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Introduced in 1915 by Brown Brothers Company, Brown's Ntirseries, Welland County,
Ontario. Described as vigorous, very hardy and productive; fruit large, firm, handsome
black, rich; earlier than Gregg.

Ak-Sar-Ben. i. Card Bush-Fr. i6r. 1898.

A chance seedling discovered by Ex-Gov. R. W. Furnas, Brownville, Nebraska. Plants
described as hardy and very productive; fruit large, good color; quality fair.

Alaska, i. Wis. Nur. Cat. 192 1.

Received in a lot of strawberry plants from Iowa by the Wisconsin Nursery Company,
Union Grove, Wisconsin, who introduced it as a hardy sort in 192 1. As grown at this
Station, the fruit is small, many berries are undeveloped and the flavor is inferior. Plants
dwarfish, not vigorous, drooping, moderately productive; canes rather slender, greenish,
tinged with reddish brown, heavily glaucous; prickles medium in number, strong; fruit
small, roundish oblate, of medium coherence, separates readily from the torus, glossy
black, juicy, firm, very sprightly; fair; midseason.

American Black, i. McMahon Am. Card. Cal. 518. 1806. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 40.
1828. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 515. 1845.
This is the common black raspberry, which grows everywhere in the North Atlantic
States in fields and along fences, and was frequently cultivated in gardens before improved
sorts made their appearance. McMahon mentions it in 1806 and in 1845 Downing said
that it was everywhere known. The American Pomological Society placed it in the fruit
catalog of the Society in 1862 and it was in succeeding catalogs until 1881 when Doolittle
took its place. See the description of R. occidentalis.

American Everbearing, i. Ann. Hort. 198. 1891. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:672. 1893.
Introduced in 1890 by the Cleveland Nursery Company, Rio Vista, Virginia, who
obtained it from a Mr. Hatfield, Wayne Count}', Indiana, near whose farm it originated.
It was introduced as an autumn-fruiting blackcap; as grown at this Station it produced
considerable fruit in late August and through September. Fruit medium in size, firm,
juicy, nearly sweet; midseason; autumn-fruiting.

American White, i. Prince Treat. Hort. 40. 1828. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:690.
1893.
White Cap. 3. Am. Hort. Ann. 103. 1867.

154 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

White-fruited forms of R. occidentalis occur in the wild, which from time to time are
introduced into cultivation, although they have never become popular. The fruit is
usually a pale yellow, but varies from white to a golden color.

Arctic. 1. N.Y.Sta.Bul.6y.6Ti. 1893.

Received at this Station in 1892 from an unknown donor. Fruit medium in size,
firm, juicy, sweet; midseason.

Babbit, i. U. S. D. A. Pmn. Rpt. 265. 1892.

A chance seedling which originated in 1883 in the nursery of a Mr. Babbit, College
Springs, Iowa. In 1892 W. R. Laughlin of that place sent it to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Plants strong, vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit of medium size,
rotmdish oblate, with numerous small drupelets, dull black, without bloom, moderately
firm, juicy, subacid ; good ; long-ripening season.

Beebe. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 55:22. i88g.

Beebe Golden. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6$. 1886-87.

This yellow blackcap was introduced in 1886 by James Beebe, Cassadaga, New York.
Plants of medium vigor, hardy, productive; fruit small, round, firm; color orange, becoming
unattractive dirty brown; fair; early.

Belle. I. Rural N. F. 45:461. 1886.

Received at the trial grounds of the Rural New-Yorker in 1885, from L. C. Carlow,
Batavia, Illinois. Described as one of the most hardy, vigorous and productive blackcaps
on trial; the earliest to ripen. Fruit as large as Gregg, firm; of inferior flavor.

Belmont, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 118. 1880.

Raised by John Scobs, Bamesville, Ohio, and introduced about 1879. Fruit larger,
a week earlier and plant more productive than McCormick.

Beyer, i. Rural N. Y. 45:914. 1906. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:128. 1906.

Originated by Hugo Beyer, New London, Iowa, prior to 1904 when plants were sent
out. Plants moderately vigorous, with light green foliage; fruit medium in size, firm, not
very juicy, seedy, acid; good; autumn-fruiting.

Bishop. I. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 82. 1898. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:128. 1906.

Originated prior to 1898 by L. Bishop, Parker, Kansas. As grown at this Station, the
plants are vigorous, hardy, unproductive; fruit medium in size, firm, dull, unattractive
black, covered with bloom, seedy, moderately juicy; fair.

Black Pearl, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 213. 1912. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 403:218. 1915.
3. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 2S1, fig. 245. 1922.
In 1914 Black Pearl was named as the most promising of the new varieties of black
raspberries on the grounds of this Station. Since that time it has become one of the standard
fruits of its kind. The plants are characterized by their small, dark green leaves. The
green betokens vigor and healthiness in spite of the small size of the leaves. The plants
are as hardy and productive as those of any other black raspberry; the berries are large,
glossy black, very inviting in appearance, of good quality, and fall short only in being a
little too variable in size. The crop matures a week or more earlier than the well-known

BLACK PEARL

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 155

Gregg, but unfortunately has a somewhat shorter season. Black Pearl is about the best
raspberry for cold climates, and, on the other hand, stands hot, dry summers as well as
any other sort. Black Pearl was found as a chance seedling in a plantation of Kansas
in 1905 by Herman Krumrei, St. Joseph, Missouri. The variety was introduced by Hol-
singer Brothers, Rosedale, Kansas, in 1907.

Plants above mediimi height, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive,
variable in health, susceptible to anthracnose; canes very stocky, dull brownish red, heavily
glaucous; prickles numerous, slender, strong; leaflets usually 3, broadly lanceolate, small,
luxuriant dark green, rugose, with finely serrate margins; petiole rather long, of medium
thickness, glabrous, prickly. Flowers early; pedicels very short, pubescent. Fruit early,
ships well, appears to withstand drouth exceptionally well; large but variable, hemis-
pherical, glossy glack, adheres fairiy well to the torus; drupelets rather small, cohering
strongly so that the berries do not crumble; flesh firm, juicy, pleasantly sprightly, rich-
quality very good.

Bonanza, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 141. 1890.

Originated in 1888 on the grounds of W. C. Freeman, Greene County, Missouri.
Fruit described as juicy and with a peculiar aromatic flavor; a good keeper.

Bronze Queen, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 182. 1886.

Mentioned at a meeting of the Missouri Horticultural Society as being cultivated by a
Mr. Holman. Plants very vigorous, hardy, with immense canes rooting at the tips; fruit
a peculiar bronze color, sweet; very good.

Burkhart i. Wash. Sta. Bui. 87:28. 1909.

A chance seedling found about 1901 on the farm of Rev. F. Walden, Zillah, Washing-
ton; introduced by M. E. Burkliart, by whom it was named. It is supposed to be a seed-
ling of Gregg which it resembles. Plants very vigorous, healthy, drouth resistant and very
productive; foliage large, dark green; fruit large, pure black, firm, and of excellent quality.

Bums. I. Horticultutist 28:352. 1872.

Originated with A. M. Bums, Manhattan, Kansas, prior to 1872. Plants described
as drouth resistant, earlier and more productive than Doolittle; fruit medium in size and
quality.

Calyx. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:38. 1903.

On trial at the Ohio Station. Described as a satisfactory sort; similar to Gregg in

size, color, and season of fruit.

Canada, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 964. 1869.

Introduced into Ohio from Canada prior to 1869 by a gentleman who found plants in
cultivation along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie. Similar to Doolittle but later.
Carman, i. Rural N. Y. 45:621, fig. 360. 1886. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:673. 1893-

A chance seedling found in a fence comer about 1874, by A. H. Sherwood, Southport.
Connecticut. It was acquired by G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut,
who named it Carman in honor of the editor of the Rural New-Yorker, and introduced it
about 1886. When tested at this Station it was considered one of the best eariy sorts.

156 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Plants vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit medium in size, firm, mildly subacid,
moderately juicy; good; verj^ early.

CentenniaL i. Gard. Mon. 23:304. 1881.

According to S. Miller in the report of the Missouri Horticultural Society for 1884, two
sorts with this name originated in Missouri. George Husmann found one near Hermann,
about i860 while a Mr. Grayhill, Springfield, Missom-i, found another near Carthage.
The latter seems to have been the one which was generally disseminated. It was sent out
by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri, about 1880. Fruit large, conic, without bloom,
sweet, highly flavored; early.

Champion, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 111:14. 1894.

A smaU, early sort found in the wild in Clarke County, Ohio. Sent out a few years
prior to 1894 by Frank Murphy, Donnelsville, Ohio.

Chapman, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1871.

Originated as a chance seedling with a Mr. Chapman, near Cincinnati, prior to 1863.
It was brought to attention by a Mr. Bailey of Ross County. Fruit larger, brighter,
and blacker than McCormick. By some it was considered identical with Ohio.

Chesterfield. \. Rural N. Y. ^y.i?>. 1884.

A chance seedling found in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Plant heat and drouth
resistant with fruit very large, very dark, medium juicy, aromatic; good.

Clark. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:153. 1899.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1898. Plants moderately productive, subject
to drouth injury; fruit round, black, firm, not juicy, sprightly, rich; early midseason.

Coloma. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:57. 1903-

Sent to the Michigan Station about 1992 by John Wenslick, Coloma, Michigan.
Plants of moderate ^^gor, thomless; fruit medium in size, jet black; good; midseason.

Conrath. i. Ann. Hort. 198. 1891. 2. Rural N. Y. 34:164. 1895.

A chance seedling, discovered in 1886, near a patch of Gregg by C. H. Woodruff,
Ann Arbor, Michigan. Mr. Woodruff worked up a stock of plants which he sold to Con-
rath Brothers of Ann Arbor, who named and introduced it in 1894. In some sections it
has value as an early sort. It was recommended in the American Pomological Society
fruit catalog in 1901 and 1909. Plants vigorous, healthy, drouth resistant, productive;
fruit large, firm, black, parting readily; good; early.

Corinth, i. Mass. Sta. Bid. 22:12. 1893.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1893. Plants productive; fruit medium in
size, firmness, and quality ; late.

Cottier Everbearing, i. Card Bush-Fr. 163. 1898.

Originated with M. T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia. Autumn-fruiting.

Crawford, i. Mclss. Sta. Bid. 7:4. 1S90.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1890. Plants vigorous, hardy, unproductive;
fruit of medium size; fair; early midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 57

Cream, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. iii:i6. 1894.

A yellowcap mentioned by William Parry, Parrj', New Jersey, in 1870.

Cromwell, i. Mich. Sta. Bnl. 67:14. 1890.

Butler. 2. Rttral N. Y. 47:678. 1888.

Received without name at the Michigan Station in 1887 and again in 1890 for trial,
from G. S. Butler, Cromwell, Connecticut. It was called Butler mitil introduced in 1890
by G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut, as Cromwell. It was of the type
of Souhegan. Plants moderately vigorous; fruit of medium size, round, black; fair; early.

Cumberland, i. Rural N. Y. 55:624. 1896. 2. Can. Hort. 23:357, fig. 1892. 1900.
3. Hedrick Cyc. /far<ij Fr. 281. 1922.

For many years Cumberland was the most widely and most commonly grown black
raspberry-. The assets which gave it high standing were productiveness and hardiness of
plant, and large size and high quality of fruit. The fruits are especially firm, and therefore
in favor with shippers. The berries hold their size well until the close of the season. It is
now losing in popularity because of susceptibility to anthracnose, the streak disease, and
rosette. Cumberland originated with David Miller, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, and after
having been grown locally for some years was introduced in 1896. In 1899 the American
Pomological Society added Cumberland to its fruit catalog list. The variety was sup-
posed to be a seedling of Gregg but this origin is doubtful.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, unusually hardy, very productive, susceptible
to anthracnose and rosette, contract streak disease rapidly ; canes smooth, greenish changing
to light reddish brown, heavily glaucous; prickles large, long, thick, strong, very numerous,
greenish; leaflets 3 to 5, of medium size, broadly ovate, rugose, with dentate margins;
petiole medium in length and thickness, prickly, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers early;
pedicels prickly, pubescent; calyx smooth. Fruit early midseason, ships well, usually
holds up in size to the close of the season ; large, conical, attractive black, clings well to the
short, small, roundish torus, although the berry is released readily, heavily glaucous;
drupelets large, round, with strong coherence so that the berries do not crumble; flesh
juicy, firm, sweet, rich; quality very good.

Daily Bearing, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1866.

Griggs Daily Bearing. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1867.

Originated about i860 from seed of Ohio Everbearing by a Mr. Griggs, Perr>' Count j',
Ohio. Plants more productive and fruit larger and of better quality than the Ohio
Everbearing.

Davis. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:19. 1894.

Found on the banks of the New River in North Carolina about 1884 by a woman named
Davis; brought to notice by L. P. Hodges, Sands, North Carolina. It is a yellowcap, earlier
than Golden Queen, and satisfactory- near the place of its origin.

Davison.

Davison Thornless. i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 143. 1867. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 168.

1867.
Sinton. 3. Rec. Hort. 2:55. 1868.

158 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

A thomless variety which originated about 1859 on the grounds of Mrs. Mercy Davison,
Gowanda, New York; similar to Doolittle, but a few days earlier. It was placed in the
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1873 and remained there until 1883. Canes
strong, stocky, without prickles; fruit large, sweet; early.

Diamond, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 142:1 ji. 1S97. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 152. 191 7. 3. Hedrick
Cyc. Hardy Fr. 281. 1922.

Black Diamond. 4. Rural N. V. 57:123. 1898.

Diamond was much grown in western New York for several years because of the beauty
and high quality of the fruit. It turns out, however, that it is very capricious as to soils
and climate, and is suitable to but few localities. Moreover, the berries are small and
variable in size. The plants are quickly injured by drouth and are very susceptible to
anthracnose. The variety was never much grown out of western New York, and seems
now well on the way to oblivion. According to information received from C. W. Stuart &
Company, Newark, New York, who introduced this variety about thirty years ago, the first
bush was found by L. J. Bryant, Newark, about 1888 in an old peach orchard. While
the parentage is unknown, Mr. Bryant believed that it might be a seedling of Gregg and
Ohio.

Plants tall, vigorous, spreading, nearly hardy, productive, severely attacked by
anthracnose; canes stocky, green changing to light reddish brown, heavily glaucous;
prickles of medium size and thickness, strong, medium in number, greenish ; leaflets usually 3,
oval, attractive dark green, rather small, rugose, somewhat pubescent, with prickly mid-
ribs and serrate margins; petiole long, of medium thickness, glabrous. Flowers midseason;
pedicels prickly, pubescent; calyx smooth. Fruit late midseason; variable in size, broadly
hemispherical, irregular in shape, black with a tinge of red until fully ripe, adheres fairly
well to the torus which is roughish and rounded; drupelets of medium size and coherence;
flesh juicy, firm, pleasantly sprightly; quality fair to good.

Doolittle. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 84. 1858. 2. Card. Man. 3:75. 1861. 3. Bailey
Ev. Nat. Fruits. 282. 1898.

Joslyn. 4. Horticulturist 16:381. 1861.

American Black. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 96. 1862.

Am£rican Improved. 6. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 142. 1867.

It is doubtful if Doolittle can now be found imder cultivation, and this rarity makes a
technical description unnecessary. Neither is it necessary to give it a general discussion,
since in the account of the domestication of the black raspberry it came in for full dis-
cussion as the first black raspberry to acquire prominence as a commercial fruit. Once
the most popular of all raspberries, it was superseded after several decades of culture by
Souhegan, which, in its turn, gave way to Gregg, which is now succumbing in competition
with Black Pearl and Plum Farmer. A resum6 of its history, as given on page 14 follows;
This variety was found growing wild by Leander Joslyn, Phelps, New York. It was intro-
duced by H. H. Doolittle, Oaks Comers, New York, about 1850. The variety was known
under various names for many years. The American Pomological Society first used the
name " Doolittle," but it had previously appeared in the Society's catalog under the name

CUMBERLAND

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 59

" American Black," being changed to Doolittle in 1891. The original American Black
was quite distinct from Doolittle.

Doomore. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 55:22. 1889.

A seedling found in 18S4 near plants of Doolittle by Gustus Swabley, TifiEin, Ohio,
and sent to the Ohio Station for trial. The first plants sent out were mixed with seed-
lings of Gregg but Mr. Swabley later grew the variety pure. Plants tall, erect, productive;
canes deep blue; fruit medium in size, without bloom; early.

Duncan, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1875.

Kentucky. 2. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 417. 1882.

Mentioned at the meeting of the American Pomological Society in 1875 as a new sort
from Bullitt County, Kentucky. Very similar to Gregg; fruit slightly earlier and turning a
pinkish yellow before ripe.

Earhart. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:673. 1893.

Earhart Everbearing. 2. Rural N. Y. 44:789, fig. 497. 1885.

Found about 1870 in a grove near Mason, Illinois, late in the summer, loaded with
ripe fruit. Mr. Earhart, the finder, removed it to his garden, cultivated it for a number of
years, when it attracted the attention of G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connec-
ticut, who introduced it in 1887. It was considered one of the best of the autumn-fruiting
sorts, bearing a Hght summer crop and a fall crop on the new canes of the current year.
The American Pomological Society placed Earhart in its catalog in 1889; it remained in
the last catalog in 1909. Plants vigorous, healthy, sometimes not hardy, unproductive;
prickles stout ; foliage rugose; fruit small, dull, unattractive black, firm, not juicy, crumbling,
sweet; good; early.

Early Prolific, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1883.

Described in 1883 by Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, as the best early black-
cap he had seen. A very strong grower, very hardy, healthy, very productive, nearly
thomless; fruit as large as that of Souhegan; of best quality; early.

Ebon Beauty, i. Ann. Hort. 198. 1891.

Foimd by the roadside, in a woodland, in 1887, by F. L. Piers, Barden, Indiana, who
named and propagated it. As grown at the Indiana Station it was inferior to Gregg in
every respect, ripening with that variety, but having a shorter season.

Ebony, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:673. 1893.

A chance seedling which originated on the farm of W. W. Famsworth, Waterville,
Ohio, about 1885; sent out about 1890. Plants vigorous and productive; fruit medium
to large, firm, very seedy, moderately juicy, sweet; good; midseason.

Edmunds, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 171:286. 1899.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1899. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit above
medium in size, very irregular in shape, jet black, dry, firm, very crumbly; good; early.

Elsie. I. Fxdler Sm. Fr. Cult. 143. 1867.

Raised from seed of Siuprise by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missoim, prior to 1867;
very similar to its parent. Plants productive; fruit large; good.

l60 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Emperor, i. Mich. ira. Bui. 24. 1S94.

A colored plate of this variety appeared in the catalog of A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, New-
York, in 1871.

Eureka, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 155. 1893. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:128. 1906.

Found growing wild about i886 on the farm of Jacob Smith, Miami County, Ohio,
by J. C. Kester, New Carlisle, Ohio. It was introduced in 1890 by D. M. Mohler, New
Paris, Ohio. In its day, this was one of the best early blackcaps, producing good crops of
large, attractive, high quality fruit. The American Pomological Society placed Eureka
in its catalog in 1896, where it remained in 1909. Plants tall, moderately vigorous, fairly
hardy, very productive; canes stocky, with heavj' bloom; foliage dark green; fruit large,
roundish, attractive black, moderately juicy, fimi, mild, sweet; good; early.

Everbearing (I), i. Ind. Sta. Bui. 48:10. 1894.

On trial at the Indiana Station in 1894. Plants vigorous, hardy and productive;
fruit medium in size, round, black; fair; early.

Everbearing (II). i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 284. 1921.

Offered for sale by the F. W. Brow Nursery Company, Rose Hill, New York, but
discarded as not coming up to expectations. Plants upright, vigorous, productive; fruits
from June until frost.

Everlasting, i. Rural N. Y. 42:589. 1883.

Received by the Rural New-Yorker in 1S82 from Lawrence County, Pennsylvania,
with the statement that it was found in the wild some years previously in New Castle
County of that state. Roots from tips sparingly. Fruit the size of Gregg; good; autximn-
fruiting.

Everyday, i. Mich. Sia. Bui. 111:25. 1894.

Reported by Dr. J. A. Warder in 1870 as being thought identical with Ohio Everbearing,
but with him it was a more continuous bearer, fruiting almost constantly until frost.
Fruit large, grayish black, moderately juicy; early.

Fadely. i. Petm. Sta. Bid. 32:11. 1894.

Received at the Pennsylvania Station in 1893 from Joshua Fadely. Sassafras, West
Virginia. Plants vigorous, unproductive; berries crumble badly.

Fairmount.

Received at this Station in 1905 for trial from Charles Mills, Camillus, New York.
Plants moderately vigorous? fruit large, black with considerable bloom; drupelets small;
good.

Fancy, i. Rec. Hort. 45. 1866.

A seedling of SurjDrise, received by A. S. Fuller, about 1865, from Samuel Miller, Avon,
Pennsylvania.

Famsworth. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 106:134. 1894.

Received for trial at the Michigan Station in 1892 from W. W. Famsworth, Waterville,
Ohio. While on test it was considered a promising sort for home and market purposes.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK l6l

Plants vigorous, healthy and productive ; fruit above medium in size, borne on long stout
fruit-stalks, firm, moderately juicy; good; early.

Fay. I. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:550. 1874.

Fay Thornless. 2. Gregg Fr. Cult. 134. 1877.

A. S. Fuller is quoted in the Rural New-Yorker as saying that Fay ranks first as an
early blackcap ; the fruit is of good size, firm, black, with very little bloom, does not become
dull in rainy weather. The plants are thornless.

Femdale. i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 293. 1893.

A chance seedling found along the Delaware River prior to 1890 by W. B. K. Johnson,
Allentown, Pennsylvania. Plants ver>' vigorous, fairly hardy, productive; prickles few,
large; fruit large to very large, round-oblate, regular, crimson black with heavy bloom;
drupelets large, flattened, coarse, firm, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic; very good;
earlier than Gregg.

Florence, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 43:151. 1878.

Described as a yellowcap introduced from New Jersey about 1875. Plants hardy,
vigorous, productive; prickles white, strong; fruit of medium size, round, orange-yellow,
firm, seedy, juicy, sprightly; good.

Freseman. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 284. 192 1.

A chance seedling which originated about 1899 with A. A. Freseman, Lermo.x, South
Dakota, by whom it was introduced about 1904. Plants hardy, productive; fruit large,
shiny, excellent.

Galloway, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Introduced by Galloway Brothers, Waterloo, Iowa. Plants vigorous, stocky, very
productive; fruit verj- large, firm, black.

Garden, i. Rec. Hort. 2:57. 1868.

Originated with H. H. Doolittle, Oaks Comers, New York, by whom it was sent out
in 1 86 7. A good cooking sort, lighter in color and more acid than other sorts.

Gardiner, i. Fuller 5>h. Fr. Ch/^. 147. 1S67.

Received by A. S. Fuller about 1866 from S. Miller. Described as a new variety of
peculiar habit, the leaves on the young canes in the spring being dark purple and very
ornamental. Canes strong, very stocky; spines nimierous and strong; fruit very large,
covered with dense bloom; good.

Gault. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 27. 1894. 2. Am. Card. 15:491, PL 1894. 3.
A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 278:116. 1906.
A chance seedling fotmd by the roadside a few years prior to 1892 by W. C. Gault,
Ruggles, Ohio ; introduced in 1892 by Storrs & Harrison, Painesville, Ohio. As grown at this
Station it was inferior to standard sorts; the plants were subject to drouth injury and the
fruits crumbled. Plants tall, very vigorous, upright, fairly hardy, and productive; canes
stocky; prickles medium in number, strong; fruit medium in size, roundish; drupelets
weakly coherent, dull black, coarse, firm, not juicy, seedy, sweet; fair; season early, very
long.

II

l62 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

General Negley. i. Cari. Mom. 12:278. 1870.

Raised by a General Negley, several years previous to 1871. Ejchibited at a meeting
of the Ontario Fruit Growers Association in 1870 as a large perpetual-bearing blackcap.

Giant

Received at this Station in 1904 from J. C. Studt, Solon, Iowa. While on test it was
a promising early sort. Plants vigorous, spreading, hardy and productive; canes stocky,
covered with heavy gray bloom; prickles numerous, large, long; fruit of medium size,
attractive black, with considerable bloom, firm, sweet; good; early.

Gibraltar, i. King Bros. Cat. 35. 1916.

Originated about 1902, with N. E. Mallory, Blenheim, Ontario, by whom it was
introduced in 1908. Plants stocky, vigorous, hardy and productive; prickles meditun in
number and size, the same color as the canes; fruit large, roundish, black with consider-
able bloom; drupelets above medium in size, strongly coherent, firm, sprightly; good.

Gold Dollar, i. Townsend Cat. 20. 1922.

Found growing in a graveyard on a farm in Wicomico County, Maryland, several years
previous to 1922. Introduced in 1922 by E. W. Townsend «& Sons, Salisbury, Maryland.
Described as propagating from tips; fruit golden yellow in color, more productive, larger,
earlier and sweeter than Golden Queen.

Golden Cap. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1873.

Supposed to be a seedling of the Old White Cap; originated about i860 in Cedar County,
Iowa. It was in the catalog of the American Pomological Society from 1873 until 1883.
Plants hardy and productive; fruit medium in size, round, yellow; good; midseason.

Golden Thoraless. i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 34:136- 1869. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:691.

1893.
Brought from Minnesota prior to 1869 by Purdy & Johnson, Palmyra, New York.
Placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1873, and removed in 1883.
Plants vigorous, hardy, very productive; canes whitish, with slender branches, nearly
free from prickles; fruit of medium size, orange, becoming darker when fully ripe,
moderately firm, inclined to crumble, juicy; good.

Green, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:28. 1894.

Discovered about 1890 on the grounds of Green's Nursery Company, Rochester,
New York; introduced in 1894. As grown at the Michigan Station the fruit was small,
although the plants were fairiy productive; fruit round, black; good; midseason.

Gregg. I. Am. Hort. Ann. 87. 1871. 2. Roe Sue. Sm. Fr. 233. 1881. 3. Mich. Sta.
Bui. Ill :2^8. 1894. 4. Card 5Ms/t-Fr. 155. 1917.
Paradoxically enough one may name more good qualities for Gregg and at the same
time more defects than in aknost any other black raspberry. The defects are in the plants ;
the good qualities, in the fruit. The berries are about all that could be desired, — large,
handsome and of the very best quality; the fruit is about the best of all black raspberries
for evaporating, a smaller quantity of fresh fruit being required for a pound of dried fruit

GREGG

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 63

than of any other variety. The serious faults which mar the plants are : They are suscep-
tible to rosette, anthracnose and streak disease; they winter kill badly where several other
varieties are perfectly hardy; they are adapted to comparatively few soils; they make a
late growth which sometimes does not mature in short seasons; and they require a rich soil
and high cultivation to induce even average productivity. The parent plant of this variety
was found growing wild in a ravine on the farm of R. & P. Gregg, Ohio County, Indiana,
in 1866. The American Pomological Society added Gregg to its fruit catalog list
in 1879.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, ripen their wood late in the fall, somewhat
tender to cold, variable in 3aeld, not very healthy, susceptible to rosette, anthracnose and
the streak disease; canes medium to thick, numerous, dull brown, variable in amount of
bloom; prickles of average thickness, strong, rather few, brownish; leaflets quite large,
3-5, usually 3, with the lower two often lobed, oval, thick, attractive dark green, rugose,
with serrate margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, slightly prickly, glabrous.
Flowers late, numerous, in clusters near the tips of the branches; pedicels short, very prickly;
calyx small, pubescent. Fruit late, quite susceptible to injury by unfavorable weather
conditions; large to very large, broadly hemispherical, black with tinge of purple and
with hea\^ bloom ; drupelets large, round, usually cohering strongly, yet crumbling on some
soils; flesh juicy, firm, rich and highly flavored but variable; quality usually good.

Hale Early, i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 278. 1890.

Sent out for trial in 1888 by G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut,
but pro\'ing inferior to other sorts was never introduced. Plants vigorous, unproductive;
fniit of medium size, firm, seedy, sweet; very good; early midseason.

Hamilton, i. Horticulturist 24:274. 1869.

Discovered in the wild in 1867 by a Mr. Hamilton, Bartlett Station, Tennessee, who
brought it under cultivation. Fruit large, sweet.

Hannibal, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265, PI. IX. 1892.

Extra Late. 2. Ibid. 394. 1891.

Sent to the Pomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1891 by
W. J. Bradt, North Hannibal, New York, under the name E.Ktra Late, which was changed
to Hannibal at the suggestion of H. E. Van Deman, pomologist. Described by him as
vigorous, productive ; fruit large, roimdish oblate ; drupelets numerous, regular, black, with-
out bloom, excellent ; several days later than Gregg.

Hanover Pink.

A chance seedling found in a fence comer in 19 19 by Samuel Higgs, Forestville, New
York, who propagated it, and sent plants to this Station for trial in 1921. This variety
has value only as a ciuiosity, the fruits cnunble, are not high in quaHty and are an unattrac-
tive amber color.

Harrison, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 100. 1891.

A chance seedling found about 1874 by H. S. Harris, Whig Lane, Salem County, New
Jersey. In 1891 it was exhibited at a meeting of the American Pomological Society by

164 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

R. G. Chase & Company, Geneva, New York. Fruit medium to large, rather dry, firm,
black, with less bloom than Gregg; good; autumn-fruiting.

Haskell Yellow, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:^1. 1894.

Taken from Massachusetts to Illinois, about 1836 by a Dr. Haskell. Favorable reports
regarding it appeared a few years later.

Hawkeye. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 535. 1884.

A variety cultivated in Iowa in 1884; said to have come from Indiana. Fruits earlier,
as large and as firm as those of Gregg.

Hawkins Orange, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 41:470. 1876.

E.xhibited at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 and described by W. L. Shafifer,
chairman of the Pomological Committee, as an amber-colored blackcap not superior to
existing kinds.

Hilbom. I. Ont. Fr. Gr Assoc. Rpt. 18. 1884. 2. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:674. 1893.
A chance seedling which came up in an old plantation of black raspberries on the farm
of W. W. Hilbom, Leamington, Ontario, about 1878; introduced in 1886. The variety has
considerable merit as a market sort, producing good crops of fairly large, firm, attractive,
finely-flavored fruit. The American Pomological Society placed Hilbom in its list of recom-
mended varieties in 1889; it remained in the last list in 1909. Plants vigorous, hardy, and
producti\'e; fruit medium to large, firm, juicy, sweet; very good; early.

Hixon. I. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 290. 1886.

Recommended in the fruit list of the Kansas Horticultural Society in 1886 for culture
in the northern district of that State.

Hoag. I. Card Btish-Fr. 166. 1898.

Harkness. 2. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1876.

Originated with Charles R. Hoag, Kasson, Minnesota. It is said to resemble Gregg,
but is more hardy in Minnesota.

Honeysweet. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 282. 1922.

As the name suggests, this variety is characterized by its sweetness, — a rich, honey-
like, distinct flavor, made more delectable by an enticing aroma. The berries are of large
size, glossy black, very handsome, so that, with the high quality they are nearly perfect in
fruit characters. The crop ripens in early midseason and can be left on the bushes longer
than that of most other varieties, keeping so well after maturity that the season's product
can be harvested in two pickings. The berries are very good for all culinary purposes,
requiring less sugar than most other black raspberries, and are said to make the best evap-
orated product. A characteristic of the plants is that they bear their fruits in very compact
clusters so that the crop is easily harvested. Unfortunately the plants, while hardy and
productive, are highly susceptible to several of the serious ills of black raspberries. The
original plant of this variety was found as a chance seedling by A. B. Katkamier on his
farm at Macedon, New York, in 191 2.

Plants above medium in height, vigorous, with upright tendency, hardy, productive,
variable in health; canes rather stocky, with thick bloom; prickles of medium length,

HONEYSWEET

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 65

strength and number, slender, greenish; leaflets 3-5, broad-oval, rugose, dull, with dentate
margins ; petiole slender, prickly, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers midseason ; pedicels prickly,
slightly pubescent. Fruit early midseason, period of ripening short; medium to large,
frequently bunched in compact clusters, roundish conic, glossy black, with scarcely any
bloom, adheres strongly to the torus wliich is rougliish and blunt-pointed; drupelets of
medium size, cohering strongly so that the berries do not crumble; flesh juicy, very firm
but tender, markedly sweet ; very good in quality.

Hoosier. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 49. 1909. 2. L^. S. D. A. Yearbook 429, PI. 36. 1910.
Originated about 1895 by John W. Durm, Pekin, Indiana. It is said to be a cross
between Gregg and McConnick made in an effort to produce a variety that would be both
hardy and resistant to anthracnose. It was disseminated in 1S98 by Alvia G. Gray, Pekin,
Indiana. The plants are not always hardy and are susceptible to anthracnose. It was
placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Plants medium in size
and vigor, upright, productive; canes medium in number, stocky, glaucous with a medium
number of strong, straight, prickles; leaflets large, dark green; fruit large, variable in size,
irregular, roundish; di-upelets large, numerous, round, strongly coherent; glossy black,
firm, juic3\ subacid, rich; good; midseason.

Hoosier Mammoth, i. Gard. Mou. 23:^04. 1881.

Described as a verj' promising blackcap, just introduced. Plants vigorous, hardy
and very productive; fruit very large, black, rich.

Hopkins, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 416. 1882. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:129. 1900.

Brought into cultivation from the woods near Kansas City, JMissouri, about 1872 by a
Mrs. Mahoney. The variety came into the possession of G. W. Hopkins, Springfield,
Missouri, secretarjr of the Missouri Horticultural Society, and was named in his honor by
the Society. The stock was disseminated soon after by Frank Holsinger, Rodedale, Kansas.
As grown at this Station the plants lacked productiveness. It was in the catalog of the
American Pomological Society in 18S9 and 1891. Plants moderately vigorous, hardy and
moderately productive; fruit large, nearly firm; drupelets medivim in size; attractive black.
sweet; good; early midseason.

Idaho. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 111:35. 1894.

Sent out by F. R. Palmer, Mansfield, Ohio, in 1890. Received by him from a Mr.
Ellis, Daj^on, Washington, with the statement that it came from the mountains near
Lewiston, Idaho. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish oblate, nearly black
with a dense pubescence, sprightly, vinous; good; late midseason.

IdeaL i. Rural N. Y. 52:430. 1893.

Described in 1893 by C. P. Augur, of Connecticut, as having been foimd by him in 1890
growdng near a Gregg plantation. As good as Souhegan and larger and better than Gregg
on his hea\y soil.

Indiana, i. Rural N. Y. 47:678. 1888. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 55:22. 1889.

Received at the Michigan Station in 1884 from E. Y. Teas, Irvington, Indiana. As
grown at the Michigan Station the variety was no improvement over Doolittle. The

1 66 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

plants lacked vigor, but were productive ; fruit large, roundish oblate, black with consider-
able pubescence, firm, lacking juice, rich, pleasing ; midseason.

Ironclad, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1887-88.

Originated about 1885 by a Mr. Wilson, Forest, Ohio, but had not been disseminated
in 1887. Very vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit good; earlier than Tyler.

Johnson Sweet, i. Rural N. y. 46:122. 1887.

Key's Prolific. 2. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 256. 1886.

In 1883 Robert Johnson, Shortsville, New York, received this variety from John B.
Hoag, Judsonia, Arkansas, where it had been growing in the garden of a Mr. Key for twenty
years. Johnson sent out plants for trial in 1886 under the name of Key's Prolific, but intro-
duced it in 1887 as Johnson Sweet. As grown at this Station, the fruit was sweet, but too
small to be of value. It was placed in the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog
in 1889 and removed in 1899. Plants above medium height, medium in vigor, upright,
not fully hardy, productive; canes numerous, medium in size, glaucous; prickles medium
in size and ntomber, strong; flowers small; fruit small, variable in size, roundish oblate;
druplets medium to few in number, medium size, of medium coherence; dull black, firm,
sweet to mildly sprightly; good; midseason.

Kansas, i. Am. Card. 12:120. 1891. 2. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 394, PI. X. 1891.
3. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 278:129. 1906.

Several serious faults have kept Kansas from becoming a standard commercial berry
in the black raspberry regions of the country. A fault that is all but fatal is that of winter
killing. In other characters the plants stand out conspicuously among their kind; thus
they are very resistant to rosette ; exceedingly productive ; and well adapted to many soils.
The fruits have many faults and a few merits: The berries are often imperfect and exceed-
ingly variable in size and shape ; and they crumble under unfavorable conditions. To offset
these defects of the fruit, the berries, when well grown, are large, sweet and of the very
best quality. The variety finds favor and is largely grown in many localities because of
its great productiveness. The original plant of this variety sprang up as a chance seedling
on the farm of A. H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, in 1884. The variety was not generally
introduced until about 1891. The American Pomological Society added Kansas to its
catalog list ot fruits in 1897.

Plants medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, somewhat tender to cold, very
productive, not always healthy, very resistant to rosette, susceptible to anthracnose,
contract the streak disease slowly; canes numerous, stocky, green becoming brownish
red, with very heavy bloom; prickles large, thick, strong, nvmierous, greenish; leaflets
usually 3, broad-ovate to broad-oval, variable in size, dark green, dull, rugose, with dentate
margins; petiole short, slender, prickly, glabrous, slightly glaucous. Flowers midseason;
pedicels prickly, somewhat pubescent; calyx smooth. Fruit early midseason, or earlier;
medium to rarely large, broadly hemispherical, variable in size and shape, often with many
imperfect or malformed berries, glossy black or with more or less bloom, adheres well to
the torus which is roughish and roimded; drupelets rather small, round, usimlly cohering
strongly, although this varies on some soils; flesh not very juicy, firm, subacid or sweet to
mildly sprightly; good in quality.

KANSAS

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 167

Kellogg. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 55:22. 1889.

A chance seedling which originated with George J. Kellogg, Janesville, Wisconsin,
about 1875. Plants hardy, vigorous and productive; fruit with the appearance and season
of Doolittle.

Kerr White, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 81 : 10. 1892.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1892. Plants moderately vigorous; fruit large,
roundish, light yellow, pubescent; good; early.

Kimball, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 138. 1885.

Mentioned at the meeting of American Pomological Society in 1885 by J. H. Bourn,
Providence, Rhode Island, as new, and as ripening before Souhegan. It is a chance seed-
ling found by him on the farm of James Kimball near Providence.

King of the Cliffs, i. Bradley Bros. Cat. 12. 1913.

A chance seedling found growing among rocks in the spring of 1905; introduced in
1913 by Bradley Brothers, Makanda, Illinois, as a continual bearing sort. Plants tall,
vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; canes stocky, greenish, heavily glaucous; prickles
medium to few in number, strong; flowers early; torus smooth, round, very short, releasing
the fruit readily; fruit of medixom size, imiform, irregular, roundish oblate; drupelets
medium in number, above medium in size, of medium coherence; black with moderate
amount of bloom, medium juicy, firm, sprightly; good; early midseason.

Kumri. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 405. 1917-

Reported at the 19 17 meeting of the Iowa Horticultural Society as a new promising
sort from Amazonia, Missouri. Plants as vigorous as those of Cumberland.

Lawrence, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 128:341. 1897.

Originated by A. H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, prior to 1895, in which year it was
introduced by the originator. As grown at this Station it is a fairly promising sort. Plants
vigorous, nearly hardy, productive; fruit large, moderately firm, attractive black; fair to
good; midseason.

Leffel. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:39. 1903.

Sent to the Ohio Station for trial about 1902. Late, resembling Gregg..

Lindsey. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 478. 1882.

A medium-sized berry, better than DooUttle, cultivated in Iowa and said to have origi-
nated in Michigan.

Little. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1882.

Originated with John Little, Granton, Ontario. Sent to T. T. Lyon in 1881 for
trial and described by him as follows: Plants moderately vigorous, hardy; canes slender,
reddish brown with vers' few purplish white spines; fruit small, round, glossy black, firm,
seedy, juicy, acid, rich; earlj-.

Livingston, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 177:25. 1899. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:130. 1906.

A chance seedling found in a vineyard by C. W. Middleton, Utica, Missouri. Plants
were received from Mr. Middleton in 1898 at this Station. Plants vigorous, fairly hardy,
productive; fruit medium to large, attractive black, firm, mild; good.

1 68 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Lotta. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 132. 1887.

Brackett No. loi. 2. N . Y . Sta. Bid. tz'.bi i. 1893.

A chance seedling which originated on the farm of G. C. Brackett, Lawrence, Kansas,
prior to 1887. It is supposed to be a cross of a seedling and Gregg. Mr. Brackett sent it
out about 1890 as Brackett No. loi, later naming it Lotta. It was placed in the fruit list
of the American Pomological Society in 1897 and remained in the last list in 1909. Plants
vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit large, attractive bright black, firm, moderately
juicy, somewhat seedy; very good; midseason.

Lovett. I. Lovett Cat. 15, PI. 1891. 2. A^ 1'. Sta. Bui. 36:639. 1891.

Lavett's Early. 3. Rurai N. Y. 50:558, fig. 203. 1891.

Originated as a chance seedling with Ezra Wood, Jefferson County, Indiana, about
1875. J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey, purchased the stock for one thousand
dollars and introduced it in 1891. As gro\vn at this Station it is a fairly good sort,
but not superior to standard varieties. Plants moderately vigorous, fairly hardy produc-
tive; canes slender; fruit large, attractive black, firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; early.

Lum Everbearing, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 172. 1867.

Raised from seed by H. B. Lum, Sandusky, Ohio, previous to 1865 in which year it
was first exhibited before the Ohio Horticultural Society. Described as similar to the Ohio
Everbearing. Plants stockier and not as tall as Doolittle; fruit large, black, sweet, resem-
bling Doolittle in size and quality at summer fruiting, but berries much larger in the autumn
crop.

McConnick. i. .4)h. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 109. 1869.

Mammoth Cluster. 2. Horticulturist 23:21 i. 1868.

This old sort is supposed to have originated near Collinsville, Indiana, prior to 1867.
About 1867 A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, New York, began propagating it extensively imder
the name Mammoth Cluster. From that time its culture spread rapidly and it soon became
the leading blackcap, a position it held until the introduction of the Gregg. Its popularity
was due to its vigorous, healthy and productive plants. The fruit was considerably larger
than that of the sorts then cultivated. It was generally known as Mammoth Cluster, but
the American Pomological Society, recognizing the priority of the name McCormick,
placed it upon its fruit catalog list in 187 1 under that name, where it remained in 1909.
Plants vigorous, hardy, productive; canes strong with few prickles; fruit of medium size,
roundish, black, firm, juicy, rich; good; late midseason.

Mammoth, i. Ain. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1920.

Introduced by the Portland Seed Company, Portland, Oregon. Fruit black; good.

Manwaring.

Manwaring No. i. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:201. 1895.

A chance seedling received at this Station in 1893 from C. H. Manwaring, Lawrence,
Kansas. Plants dwarfish, hardy; fruit small, black, finn, mildly subacid; inferior quality.
Of no value.

May King. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 151:164. 1897.

Jackson's May King. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 88: ii. 1892.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 69

Cataloged by Storrs & Harrison in 1887; on trial at the Michigan Station in 1892.
Plants unproductive, very susceptible to anthracnose and easily injured by drouth; fruit
small, jet black with considerable down; poor.

Miami, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 143. 1S67.

An old sort found growing along the Miami River in Ohio prior to 1867. The variety
has been confused with McCormick and has been given as a synonym of that variety, which
it is said to resemble. Plants very vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit large, black with
a brownish red cast, sweet, juicy; good; earlier than McCormick.

Midwest, i. Card Bush-Fr. 159. 1917.

Said to be a cross between Cumberland and Cardinal originated by G. W. Alexander,
Peru, Nebraska, prior to 1909. Despite the statement that Cardinal is one parent, this
variety as grown at this Station shows no Strigosus characters, and is to all appearances a
typical blackcap. Plants vigorous, upright, fairly hardy and productive; fruit large,
roundish oblate; drupelets of medium coherence; black, firm, juicy, mildly sprightly;
good; late.
Miller Daily, i. Horticulturist 28:21, 86. 1872.

An autumn-fruiting sort found by Isaac Aliller, Clinton County, Ohio, prior to 1870.
Plants hardy, as vigorous as Gregg; fruit large, black, juicy; excellent.

Mills. I. A^ Y. Sta. Btil. 128:341. 1S97.

Mills No. ij. 2. Ibid. 63:674. 1893.

A seedling of Gregg by Tyler raised in 1884 by Charles MUls, Fairmount, New York,
by whom it was disseminated about 1S91. The American Pomological Society placed
Mills in its fruit catalog list in 1901, leaving it in the last list in 1909. Plants vigorous,
fairly hardy, productive ; fruit large, dull black with considerable bloom, firm, juicy, sweet,
fine flavored; good; late.
Mills No. I. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:674. 1893.

A seedling of Gregg by Tyler raised in 1884 by Charles Mills, Fairmount, New York.
Plants very vigorous and nearly hardy; fruit large, firm, seedy, moderately juicy, sweet;
good ; late.

Minnesota, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 3/^:1^6. 1869.

An inferior sort from Minnesota variously described as straw colored or dark orange.

Missouri. I. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 46. 1903.

A chance seedling, found in 1893 by Henry Wallis, Wellston, Missouri, and sent out
by him in 1900. Plants said to be very hardy and the fruits very large.

Mohler. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 155. 1893. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 81:586. 1894.

Originated by D. M. Mohler, New Paris, Ohio, from seed of Eureka planted in 18S5.
As grown at this Station Mohler is a promising early variety well recommended on account
of size and attractiveness of fruit and productivity of plant. Plants large, vigorous,
fairly hardy and very productive; fruit large, black, firm, juicy, nearly sweet; fair.

Moody. I. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 295. 1884.

Mentioned as a white sort; very productive: fruit of good size and flavor.

170 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Mulatto. I. Can. Hort. 28:25. IQOS-

On trial at the Ontario Agricultural College prior to 1905. Originated with A. E.
Sherrington, Walkerton, Ontario. A yellow sort of poor quality; soon discarded.

Munger. i. Am. Card. 18:255, fig. 74. 1897. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 171:287. 1898.

Grown from seed of Shaffer, about 1890, by Timothy Munger, western Ohio; intro-
duced by W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio, in 1897. On trial at this Station for two
seasons, it has not shown itself equal to standard sorts. Neither the plants nor the fruits
of this variety show any of the characters of its reputed parent. Plants above medium
height, vigorous, upright, hardy, only moderately productive; canes stocky, greenish,
heavily glaucous, with numerous, slender prickles; flowers medium in season; torus blunt-
pointed, slightly rough, releasing the berry readily; fruit variable in size, averaging
medium, regular, roimdish to roundish conic; drupelets numerous, below medium in size,
strongly coherent, black with a light bloom, juicy, firm, mild, sweet; good; late midseason.

Munson Everbearing, i. Card i?M5/!-Fr. 159. 1917.

Mentioned as the most reliable variety in Nebraska, but poor and small.

Mystery, i. Minn. Sta. Bui. 25:247. 1892.

On trial at the Minnesota Station in 1892. Received there from Kentucky as an
everbearing sort. Plants medium to large; fruit of fair size, lacking quality; not autumn-
fruiting in Minnesota.

Nemaha, i. Rural N. Y. 43:544- 1884.

Ex-Governor Robert W. Furnas found this sort about 1864 near the Missouri River in
Nemaha Coimty, Nebraska. About 1884 it was introduced by Green's Nursery Company,
Rochester, New York. It is very similar to Gregg, but considerably hardier than that
variety, this fact making it a valuable sort where hardiness is essential. The fruit is
a little smaller, a little later, slightly blacker and of better quality than that of Gregg.
Nemaha was placed in the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1889 and
remained in the last list in 1909. Plants vigorous, hardy, moderately productive; fruit
medium in size, roundish oblate, black, firm; good; late.

New American, i. Stark Bros. Supl. Cat. 34. 1910.

Originated about 1893 with D. J. Miller, Millersburg, Ohio. Stark Brothers, Louisi-
ana, Missouri, named and introduced it about 19 10 and have propagated it in a moderate
way since then. Plants vigorous, healthy, and hardy; fruit large and very firm.

New Haven, i. Card Bush-Fr. 171. 1898.

A chance seedling which originated on the grounds of E. E. Clark, New Haven, Con-
necticut. Described as having large, vigorous plants; fruit large, juicy, with small seeds.

Norfolk. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 8S: II. 1892.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1892. Unsatisfactory. Fruit small, round, black;
good; early midseason.

Northfield. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:44. 1894.

Sent out a few years prior to 1894 by M. T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia. Plants
fairly vigorous, healthy, and productive; fruit small.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 171

Ohio. I. Mich. Pmn. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1S83. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. ill: 2g4. 1894. 3. Cor-
nell Sta. Bid. 117:420. 1896.

With the decline of the evaporation of black raspberries Ohio is passing out. When the
evaporation of this fruit was a great industry in New York, Ohio was the variety best suited
for this purpose, since it yielded more pounds to a bushel of fresh fruit than any other black
raspberry, for the reason that the seeds are large and heavy and the flesh is firm and dry.
The fruits, however, are not of high quality, and are not liked either for general market or
for canning. The plants are susceptible to the several diseases of this fruit and are quickly
injured by drouths. They are very productive, fairly hardy, and are usually vigorous.
The variety may be known by the silvery whiteness of the under surface of the leaves
and of the stems. Ohio may be a seedling of Doolittle. At any rate it originated about
1865 in a bed of Doolittle plants on the farm of Hiram Van Dusen, Palmyra, New York.
The American Pomological Society added Ohio to its fruit catalog list in 1883. Ohio
should not be confused with Ohio Everbearing of Ohio origin, long since dropped from
cultivation.

Plants of medium height and vigor, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive, suscep-
tible to rosette, anthracnose and the streak disease ; canes of medium thickness, light green
changing to dull reddish brown, silvery white beneath, heavily glaucous; prickles of medium
thickness and strength, numerous, greenish; leaflets 3, of medium size and color, rather
small on the bearing canes, very light colored on the under strfaces, ovate, rugose, with
serrate margins; petiole slender, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers midseason, numerous;
pedicels short, of medium thickness. Fruit midseason, injured by drouth, season short,
dries exceptionally well, somewhat seedy; medium to above in size, scarcely ever large,
hemispherical, rather dull reddish black changing to an attractive color at maturity,
glaucous, clings well but releases readily from the torus which is roughish and rounded;
drupelets medium in size, roundish oval, variable in coherence ; flesh but moderately juicy,
very firm, seedy, sweet to pleasantly subacid; quality good to very good.

Ohio Everbearing, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 294. 1841. 2. Card. Mon. 3:134. 1861.

This variety was cultivated as long ago as 1832. It was first recommended to eastern
growers by Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio. The American Pomological Society
placed Ohio Everbearing in its fruit catalog list in 1862 but dropped it in 1897. For a
further discussion of this sort see page 12.

Older. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 83. 1891. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:675. 1893.

A chance seedling found about 1872 by a Mr. Older, Independence, Iowa. It attained
some importance because of the vigor, hardiness and productivity of the plants and the
large fruit. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1897
remaining in the last catalog in 1909. Plants trailing, vigorous, hardy, moderately pro-
ductive; frviit large, glossy, black, without bloom, firm, moderately juicy, rich subacid;
midseason.

Onondaga, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 128:341. 1897.

Mills No. 7. 2. Ibid. 63:674. 1893.

A seedling of Gregg by Tyler raised in 1884 by Charles Mills, Fairmount, New York.
It was sent out as Mills No. 7, and in 1894 was named Onondaga. As grown at this Station

172 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

it was promising, the plants being very vigorous, hardy and productive ; fruit large, attrac-
tive, moderately juicy, firm, sweet; good.

Ontario, i. Horticulturist 26:279. 1871.

Found in 1866, near Fairport, New York, by E. W. Lord, Newark, New York, by whom
it was brought to notice. It seems not to have gone beyond the trial stage. Plants
vigorous, hardy, and very productive; fruit large, deep black with thick bloom, very
firm, juicy, sweet; good; early with long season.

Oregon, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:47. 1894.

Reported in 1S77 as valuable in Oregon. F. W. Miller, Portland, Oregon, says this
is the native sort which grows wild in Oregon and Washington. Fruit juicy, larger than
Gregg.

Othello.

A chance seedling discovered about 1908 by Louis Graton, Trumansburg, New York.
Plants were sent to this Station in 1915. As grown here, the plants are tender to cold,
and unproductive; fruit medium in size, firm, seedy, sprightly; good.

Ozark, i. Mo. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 182. 1886,

A seedling brought to notice by a Mr. Holman, of Missouri, in 1 886. Similar to Gregg.
Plants vigorous; fruit late.

Palmer, i. Ann. Hort. 104. 1889. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:202. 1895.

Acme. 3. Ind. Sta. Bui. 31:8. 1890.

Originated by F. R. Palmer, Mansfield, Ohio, in 1882; introduced in 1888. It is
a supposed seedling of Gregg by Tyler. It achieved some prominence as an early sort.
At this Station the berries lack size, and the plants are not productive, but it is of
value for its earliness. Palmer was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1897, and remained in the last list in 1909. Plants vigorous, usually hardy,
moderately productive; fruit of medium size, dull black, firm, juicy, nearly sweet; good;
early.

Pennock. i. Colo. Sta. Bui. 60:10. 1900.

Originated by Charles E. Pennock, Bellvue, Colorado. Plants slender, vigorous,
healthy.

Perpetual King. i. Columbian Grape Co. Cat. 1897. 2. A^. F. S/a. 5m/. 278:131. 1906.
Introduced in 1897 by the Columbian Grape Company, Kingston, Ohio. As grown
at this Station, the plants are weak, dwarfish, thickly covered with prickles, not hardy
and unproductive; fruit of medium size, unattractive black, moderately firm, slightly acid;
fair.

Phoenix, i. Mich. Sta. Bztl. 152: iSi. 1898.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1898 where it failed to show any merit. Plants
weak and unproductive; fruit medium in size, black, moderately juicy, mild; early.

Pioneer, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:50. 1894.
Progress. 2. Lovett Cat. 1889.
Beinor. 3. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1894.

r

OHIO

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 73

Originated with Jacob Muhl, Hammonton, New Jersey. J. T. Lovett, Little Silver,
New Jersey, introduced the same berry as Progress. It was tried extensively but seems not
to have become of any importance as grown at this Station. The plants are only moder-
ately vigorous and fairly hardy; fruit medium in size, dull black, firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Plum Farmer, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 218. 1907. 2. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 364:191. 1913.
3. Card Bush-Fr. 161, PI. II. 1917. 4. I)id. Sta. Bui. 201:11. 1917. 5. Hed-

rick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 2 S3. 1922.

This variety is comparatively new, but has been under cultivation long enough to
have its merits and faults judged. It is the concensus of opinion among the black rasp-
berry growers of New York that Plum Farmer is one of the best commercial sorts. The
plants are preeminently vigorous, hardy, healthy, and productive. Moreover, they with-
stand well the dry, hot weather that so often plays havoc with this fruit. Unfortunately
they are quite susceptible to the several diseases which make the growing of black raspberries
so hazardous in eastern America. The fruits, which ripen in early midseason, are large,
beautiful, of high quality and ship well. The variety may often be told in the fruit planta-
tion by its spreading habit of growth. The first plant of this variety was found by L. J.
Farmer, Pulaski, New York, in a shipment of raspberries from Ohio, about 1892, from which
introduction was begun in 1895.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright to quite spreading, hardy, very productive, contracting
the streak disease rapidly, susceptible to anthracnose and rosette; canes numerous, stocky,
green becoming brownish red, very heavily glaucous; prickles of medium length and thick-
ness, niimerous, greenish; leaflets usually 3, intermediate in size and color, sometimes dark
green, and narrowly and deeply lobed, rugose, with coarsely dentate margins;
petiole slender, prickly, glabrous, slightly glaucous. Flowers midseason; pedicels prickly,
pubescent; calyx not prickly. Fruit early midseason, ships and dries fairly well;
large, broadly hemispherical, very black but not glossy, with considerable bloom, adheres
fairly well to the slightly roughened and rounded torus yet releasing the berries readily;
drupelets rather small, rounded, cohering strongly so that berries do not crumble; flesh
juicy, medium in firmness, sprightly at first becoming mild at full maturity; quality good.

Prairie Queen, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 181. 1886-87.

Mentioned in the report of the Ohio Horticultural Society for 1886-87 as coming from
A. D. Ashbaugh, Girard, Illinois. Plants hardy; fruit of fine quaUty; earlier than Souhegan.

Pride of Ohio, i, Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:58. 1903. 2. Va. Sta. Bui. 147:60. 1903.

A chance seedling which originated with A. D. Leffel, New Carlisle, Ohio, prior to
1909; introduced about 1901. At the Virginia Station in 1903 it was considered the most
promising new sort.

Pride of the West. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 81 : 10. 1892.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1892. Plants moderately vigorous and produc-
tive; fruit large, roundish ovate, glossy black; fair; early.

Queen of the West. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:52. 1894.

Originated in Douglas Coimty, Kansas, prior to 1890. Plants more productive than
Souhegan; fruit larger and later than that sort.

174 '^^^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK '

Quillen. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpi. i6i. 1920.

A cross between Cumberland and Hopkins which was grown about 1913 by Charles
Qvdllen, Monrovia, Indiana. Introduced in 191 7 by C. M. Hobbs & Sons, Bridgeport,
Indiana. Plants medium to dwarfish, vigorous, spreading, half hardy, productive; canes
stocky, with rather small prickles; fruit large, uniform, roundish oblate, drupelets cohering
strongly, glossy black, firm, moderately juicy, subacid; good; later than Cumberland.

Rachel, i. Card Bush-Fr. 162. 191 7.

A chance seedling which originated with Rachel D. Mitchell, Geneva, New York,
about 1892. Plants were received at this Station in 19 10 and since then it has made an
excellent showing. The plants are very vigorous, upright, hardy, productive and nearly
immvme to anthracnose; foliage healthy, dark green; fruit large, attractive black; drupelets
cohering strongly; firm, medium juicy, mild, sweet; good; very late.

Ransom Everbearing, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:57,. 1894.

Sent out by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, in 1890. Plants moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit small; good.

Rex. I. Mick. Sta. Bui. 111:55. 1894.

Raised from seed of Gregg by John W. Perry, Covington, Ohio, about 1885. As
tried at the Ohio Station it was inferior to Gregg, but with Mr. Perry it was superior to
that sort.

Rowena. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:1^2. 1906.

Stahelin. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 171:286. 1899.

A chance seedling found by F. C. Stahelin, Bridgman, Michigan. Plants were sent
to this Station in 1897 and as grown here the variety is of little value. Plants very
vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit below medium in size, dull black, with considerable
bloom, firm; fair.

Rimdell. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 88:11. 1892.

A chance seedling foxmd in 1888 by Charles Rimdell, New Buffalo, Michigan, who sent
it out for trial, but being a yellowcap, and similar to Beebe, it met with little favor.

Sam Stewart. 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 34:136. 1869. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. 103. 1870.

Described in 1870 as a new sort from Michigan recently introduced by Purdy & John-
son, Palmyra, New York. Plants very productive; fruit large, oblong, attractive, firm.

Saunders No. 60. i. Mich. St. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 307. 1895.

A seedling of Gregg raised bj' William Saimders, London, Ontario. Plants productive,
not hardy at Ottawa; fruit very large, purplish black; inferior in quality; late.

Savanna, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:57. 1894.

Obtained from the woods near Savanna, Oklahoma, by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas,
who describes the plant as vigorous, upright, enduring climatic extremes, very productive;
fruit large, sweet ; very early.

Scarff. I. ScarfE Cat. 6. 1916.

Discovered about 1906 by Washington Taggart, New Carlisle, Ohio, growing near a
field of Gregg, of which this is supposed to be a seedling. It was introduced in 19 15 by

PLUM FARMER

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 75

W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio. As grown at this Station Scarff has not shown much
promise, the fruit being rather small, unattractive and seedy. Plants medium in height
and vigor, spreading, moderately productive; canes rather slender to moderately stocky,
green, heavily glaucous; prickles numerous, thick, strong, green; fruit of medium size,
surface irregular; drupelets medium in size, cohering strongly, glossy black, firm, seedy;
variable in flavor and quality ; early.

Seneca, i. Trans. Am. Inst. 2^1. 1867. 2. Horticulturist 24.: ^ 10, ^24, hg. 1869.

Raised prior to 1867 by a Mr. Dell, Seneca County, New York; introduced in 1867 by
Doolittle & Wright, Waterloo, New York. It was widely disseminated but never became
an important sort. The American Pomological Society added Seneca to its catalog in
188 1, but removed it in 1883. Plants very vigorous, very productive; prickles reddish,
strong, numerous; fruit of medium size, black witha purphsh tinge, with light bloom, juicy,
sweet; midseason.

Smith. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 40. 1879.

Smith Ironclad. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:59. 1894.

Foimd about 1875 in a lot of trees purchased from an agent by a Mr. Smith, in Kansas;
probably an old sort renamed. The American Pomological Society placed Smith in its
catalog list in 1879 where it remained until 1897. Fruit very large, round, black; good;
midseason.

Smith Giant i. Ca». //or/. 15:233. 1892.

A supposed seedling of Gregg raised from seed by A. M. Smith, St. Catherines, Ontario,
in 1888; said to be similar to Gregg. In Ontario it is considered a valuable sort for market.
Plants vigorous, fairly hardy in Ontario, productive; fruit very large, black with heavy
bloom; very good; late.

Smith (I). I. Card Bush-Fr. 163. 1917.

Received at this Station in 1908 from S. A. Smith, Geneva, New York. It was used
as a parent in breeding black raspberries at this Station and gave many promising seedlings.
Smith (II). I. A^. y.S/a.5MZ. 63:675. 1893.

A chance seedling sent to this Station in 1889 by B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kansas.
Fruit of medium size, firm, sweet; very good.

Smith Prolific, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:675. 1893.

A chance seedling found about 1884 by Ezra G. Smith, Manchester, New York. It
was placed in the fruit hst of the American Pomological Society in 1897 and removed in
1899. Plants very vigorous, rather tender to cold, productive where hardy; fruit large,
bright black, firm, juicy, seedy, sweet; good; early.

Souhegan. i. Card. Mom. 23:304. i88i.

A chance seedling found in 1869 by J. A. Carlton, Mt. Vernon, New Hampshire. It
was named after the Souhegan River near which it originated. The variety was introduced
in 188 1 by G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut. Souhegan rapidly
became the leading early sort, later sharing that place with Palmer and Tyler. The plants
are hardy and productive, and bear handsome glossy black fruit which ripens very

176 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

early. The American Pomological Society placed Soiihegan in its catalog in 1881 and it
remained in the last list in 1909. Plants vigorous, hardy, very productive; fruit medium
in size, round, glossy black with slight bloom; dnipelets small, firm; juicy, sprightly, rich;
good; very early.

Spanish, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:61. 1894.

Grown and sold by Henry Geisler, Watervliet, Michigan, who says that it is popular
in his section and earlier than other sorts. One report says this is Gregg renamed.

Springfield, i. Card. Mon. 27:275. 1885.

A chance seedling found about 18S0 on the grounds of J. W. Adams & Company,
Springfield, Massachusetts. After a brief trial it was considered worthless, and the stock
given to a Mr. Chandler, on whose grounds it appeared so promising that Adams & Company
introduced it. Plants vigorous, hardy, productive; canes without prickles; fruits small,
fimi, not juicy; good; early.

Spry Early, i. N. Y. Sia. Rpt. 280. i8go.

A chance seedling found about 1884 by John Spry, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. It was
introduced in 1888 by Coe, Converse & Edwards of the same place. Plants vigorous and
productive; fruit medium in size, black, juicy, nearly sweet; early.

Stone Fort. i. Lovett Cat. 12. 1908.

Sent out in 1908 by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey, and described by him as a
chance seedling from Illinois. As grown at this Station it is inferior to standard sorts.
Plants vigorous, upright-spreading, not always hardy, subject to anthracnose, productive;
prickles medium in number, strong; fruit medium to large, roundish oblate; drupelets
above medium in size, cohering strongly; glossy black, moderately juicy, firm, seedy, mild
subacid; good; late midseason.

Success. I. Card Bush-Fr. 174. 1898.

Waters' Success. 2. Mich. St. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 318. 1895.

Sent out by J. M. Waters, Femhill, Ontario, in 1893. It was considered very valuable
on the trial grounds of the Rural New-Yorker, because of having large canes and large fruit.

Summit, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cull. 144. 1867.

A chance seedling found prior to 1867 by Daniel Supher, Crawford County, Pennsyl-
vania. Plants vigorous; canes pale orange-yellow with considerable bloom; prickles
nimierous, short, hooked; fruit of medium size, roundish oblate, orange with pink at base
of drupelets which are small and compact, rather dt}'; ver^^ sweet.

Surprise. 1. Horticulturist 21: 2 -j 2. 1866.

A chance seedling found in a fence comer in 1858 by George Husmann, Hermann,
Missouri. Plants stiff, upright, vigorous; prickles few, short; fruit large, oblong or pointed,
black, with heavy bloom, rich and sprightly.

Surrey, i. Va. Sta. Bui. 22:107. 1892.

Introduced by the Cleveland Nursery Company, Rio Vista, Virginia, prior to 1892.
The Virginia Station at first considered it promising but later discarded it as of no value.
Plants lacking vigor and unproductive; fruit medium in size, firm; early midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 77

Sweet Golden, i. Wis. Sta. Biil. 72:21. 1899.

A yellow-fruited blackcap received at the Wisconsin Station in 1893 from C. A. Sher-
wood, Whitehall, Wisconsin. Fruit small, dull, unattractive, sweet, mild.

Sweet Home. i. Card. Mon. 22:111. 1880.

A seedling of Lum Everbearing which originated in Illinois and was considered
better than McCormick by some. In most places the plant lacks vigor, productiveness
and size.

Thompson Sweet, i. Mass. Sta. Bui. 2:2^. 1888.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1888 where the plants were weak, not hardy,
unproductive; fruit small, firm; good; early.

Townsend No. 2. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:202. 1895.

Plants were received at this Station in 1894 for trial from George Townsend, Gordon,
Ohio, who raised the variety from seed of Gregg. It proved inferior to standard sorts,
the fruit being unattractive and inclined to crumble. Plants vigorous, hardy, productive;
fruit medium in size, black with heavy bloom, firm, crumbly, seedy, sweet; good.

Tye. I. Will Cat. 97. 1921.

Brought into cultivation from the wild by Otis A. Tye, Price, North Dakota. Intro-
duced in 192 1 by the Oscar H. Will Company, Bismarck, North Dakota, and said by them
to be of value onh" for its hardiness.

Tyler, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rft. 360. 1882.

A chance seedling found growing among plants of McCormick and Seneca prior to
1876 on the grounds of Nathan Tyler, Auburn, New York. It was introduced about 1878
by Robert Johnson, Shortsville, New York, who named the variety Tyler. This variety
is almost identical with Sotihegan, differing from that sort in the fruit being a little later
and the plants more vigorous and resistant to spring frosts. The American Pomological
Society placed Tyler in its catalog in 1883 ; it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants
vigorous, hardy and very productive; fruit of medium size, handsome jet black without
bloom, firm, juicy; good; early.

Uncle Tom. i. Hunt Cat. 1922.

A chance seedling found in a strawberry bed by Thomas R. Hunt, Sr., Lambertville,
New Jersey, in 1910; introduced in 192 1 by Thomas R. Hunt, Jr., of the same place. As
grown at this Station from plants received in 1922, it seems to be a promising variety.
The berries are very firm and attractive and the plants healthy and productive. Plants
tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, apparently hardy, verj' productive; canes stocky, green,
heavily glaucous; prickles very numerous, thick, strong; fruit tmiformly large, some berries
of irregtilar shape, roundish; drupelets medium in number, large, cohering strongly; glossy
black with moderate amount of bloom, moderately juicy, very firm, sUghtly seedy, subacid;
good; late midseason.

Virginia, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 88:11. 1892.

The Cleveland Nursery Company, Rio Vista, Virginia, sent plants to the Michigan

Station for trial, where after several years test it failed to show much merit. Plants weak,

178 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

subject to anthracnose and unproductive; fruit large, jet black, roundish conic, moderately
firm; good.

Wade. I. A)n!. Hort. 194. 1892.

Found in 1884 under a grape trellis by John Wade, Veedersburg, Indiana. Introduced
in 1892 by Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Indiana. Plants hardy, productive; fruit
the size of Gregg ; black.

Wallace, i. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 216. 1900.

A seedling which originated about 1893 with a Mr. Wallace of Iowa. Described as
having vigorous, hardy and productive plants; fruit medium to large, rather soft, tart,
rich, later than Gregg with a long season.

Watson Prolific, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 207. 1922.

A chance seedling found in a fence comer in 19 16 by Ira P. Watson, Fredonia, New
York, who introduced it in 1920. It is in no way superior to Plvun Farmer which
it resembles. Plants vigorous, sprawling, productive, with dark green foliage; fruit large,
attractive black; drupelets small, very firm, sprightly; good; early.

Wellesley. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Spec. Rpt. 80. 1904-05.

Described as " the very best and largest extra early Black Cap grown. Superb in
quality, very productive, vigorous, and perfectly hardy."

Westchester, i. Horticulturist 24:228, fig. 1869.

A chance seedling found about 1862 in the garden of L. J. Mabie, Tarry town.
New York. Advertised extensively by the originator but never became of importance.
Plants vigorous; prickles numerous, large; fruit large, black with a light bloom, firm;
good.

Wilmot. I. 5. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:293. 1907.

A wild blackcap found near Wilmot, South Dakota, which has been used by Prof.
N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Station in his breeding work. It did not prove suffi-
ciently hardy and the plants were ver>^ thorny.

Windom. i. S. Dak. Sta. Bui. 104:293. 1907.

A wild blackcap from Windom, Minnesota, brought under cultivation by Prof. N. E.
Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station, but which did not prove hardy.

Winfield. i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 380, PI. 34 1909.

A chance seedling found in 1902 in a grape arbor by G. F. Kleinsteiber, Winfield, Kan-
sas. Introduced in 1909 by the Winfield Nursery Company of the same place. When
first tried at this Station it seeemd to have considerable merit, the fruits being of large
size, attractive appearance and fine quality, but later the plants were severely injured
by anthracnose and the fruit became crumbly and of inferior quality. Plants vigorous,
spreading, fairly hardy and very productive; canes stocky with a medium nimiber of strong
prickles; fruit borne in dense, compact clusters, large, roundish oblate; drupelets large,
nimierous, of medium coherence; glossy black with heavy bloom at base of drupelets,
firm, juicy, subacid; good; late midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 79

Winona, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:676. 1893.

Introduced in 1890 by B. B. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio, by whom it had been tested
for seven years previously. It seemed to have little merit, the plants lacking vigor and
productiveness. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1901, remaining in the last catalog in 1909. Plants rather weak and unproductive; fruit
medium in size, moderately juicy, firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Wonder, i. Ann. Hort. 133. 1892. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 111:68. 1894.

An everbearing variety which originated a few years prior to 1894 with J. H. Robbins,
Arcadia, Indiana; introduced in 1892 by Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Indiana. Plants
vigorous, moderately productive; fruit small, round, black with considerable bloom between
the drupelets, soft; good.

Woodside. i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 144. 1867.

Of New Jersey origin, being grown from seed by a neighbor of A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood.
New Jersey. Canes light crimson with few prickles; fruit very large, round, black with
little bloom, sweet, juicy; good; autumn-fruiting.

Yellow Pearl, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 974. 1869.

A yellow-fruited variety described by Downing. Plants vigorous, very productive;
fruit dark yellow with sUght bloom, sprightly.

Yosemite. i. Am. Hort. Ann. 104. 1870. 2. Cal. Bien. St.Bd. Hort.Rpt. 2^,^. 1885-86.
Mentioned in 1870 as a new variety from Alameda County, California. Plants \'ery
vigorous and very thorny; fruit large and of poor color.

I80 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER V

THE EVOLUTION OF CULTIVATED BLACKBERRIES AND

DEWBERRIES

The blackberries and dewberries under cultivation come from several
species of Rubus. The common varieties of these two fruits are all natives
of America and spring from American species of Rubus. Two little-known,
but quite distinct var eties, Oregon Evergreen and Himalaya, grown for
their fruit and as ornamentals, are introductions from the Old World.
Both the blackberry and the dewberry are commonly cultivated only in
North America, and here their culture is but begun, their history as we
shall see, being the briefest of that of any of the small fruits Yet they have
become in the few years of their domestication important garden and com-
mercial crops in America, and their cultivation is spreading to other parts
of the world. The chapter on the botany of bramble fruits shows that the
several species of blackberries and dewberries are widespread on this con-
tinent, still little known, that some remain to be brought under cultivation,
and that hybridization promises much.

Before further discussion of these two frtiits it is necessary to distinguish
as best can be done between the two. Cultivated blackberries are erect
perennial plants bearing black or occasionally white fruits which do not
separate from the juicy receptacle, the last-named character separating
them from raspberries which fall from a dryish receptacle when ripe. Dew-
berries are usually distinguished in the garden from blackberries in being
procumbent instead of erect plants. Foliage, flowers, inflorescence, and
the many minor characters are various in the two types of fruit according
to the several species to which varieties belong. Another distinction
between blackberries and dewberries is usually found in the flower clusters
of the two fruits. The lower or outer flowers in the blackberry open first
and the inflorescence is therefore corymbose or racemose. In the dewberry,
the center flowers open first and are few and scattered, so that the inflor-
escence is a cyme rather than a corymb or raceme. Still another distinction
commonly found is that in nature dewberries propagate from tips whereas
blackberries propagate from suckers.

THE DOMESTICATION OF THE BLACKBERRY

The blackberry, in one or another of its many species, is indigenous
in most temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, and in this great zone

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK l8l

might almost be said to be at once the best and most abundant wild fruit.
Their abundance is proverbial. Shakespeare says, " If reasons were as
plentiful as blackberries." The abundance of the wild crop, no doubt, is
the reason that in all the centuries of agriculture preceding the last no one
took seriously to the task of breeding and cultivating any of the many wild
blackberries and dewberries. The blackberry is about the commonest
wild fruit of Europe and the fruit of some species is quite as delectable as
that of our American blackberries, but usually the wild plants supply the
demand, although now and then it is found under cultivation. The wild
blackberry is often a vicious plant, thorny and self assertive, and the wild
dewberry is both vicious and unmanageable, characteristics which have
kept both fruits out of gardens.

The domestication of the blackberry began in the United States,
though not until two centuries of prejudice had passed on the part of the
pioneers from Europe. The blackberry was to the early settlers a briar,
a bramble, a pestiferous weed difficult to get rid of and not worth cultivat-
ing when the wild fruits could be had in abundance. The early notices of
blackberries in the first agricioltural books and papers were chiefly dis-
cussions of how this vicious and persistent plant could be easiest killed and
permanently kept down, with now and then a recipe for making blackberry
wine which seemed to be highly esteemed by the colonists as a medicine
and a cordial. No doubt plants were occasionally set in gardens but there
were no named varieties, and there was no real blackberry culture for com-
mercial purposes until the middle of the nineteenth century when several
named sorts were introduced, and interest became keen in cultivating
blackberries for home and markets.

William Kenrick in his New American Orchardist, 1833, seems to be
the first writer on pomology in the New World to recommend the culti-
vation of the blackberry in a formal fruit book. McMahon, Coxe, and the
two Princes, who had published earlier books on fruit growing in America,
do not mention it although the other small fruits are discussed and the
barberry, now seldom grown in gardens, received considerable attention.
Kenrick^ says of the blackberry: " A shrub rising to the height of ten feet,
somewhat ribbed or angled and armed with hooked spines. The fruit,
which grows in clusters, is oblong, an inch in length, of a shining black, of an
agreeable taste, sweet or subacid and astringent. This plant thrives in a
rich moist sandy loam, and is often cultivated in gardens,' where its fruit is

' Kenrick, Willifim Am. Orch. 336 1832.

1 82 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

much improved in size and its crops very abimdant." Under " Uses "
Kenrick' adds: " The blackberry is considered a pleasant and wholesome
dessert fruit if used with moderation; it is used in pies, tarts, &c. A jelly
is made of the blackberry of considerable medicinal efficacy in nephritic
disorders. It is singular that a fruit so productive as the tall blackberry-
should be so little cultivated. Both species may be propagated either
from seed or from layers."

A still earlier reference to the blackberry as a cultivated plant is found
in the New York Gardener in 1829, reprinted in the New England Farmer,'''
May, 1829. It is quoted to show the status of blackberry culture a
hundred years ago:

" The Blackberry, or Bramble, one of our native shrubs, well deserves
a place in the farmer's garden, and will liberally repay the expense of
cultivation. It should be propagated and pruned in every respect like the
raspberry, but being somewhat larger, requires more room. It is very
much disposed to throw off yoiing shoots from the roots, and unless great
care is taken to destroy them, they will spread, and fill the ground, and soon
make an impenetrable wild. But this is no difficult task, if the space
between the rows is well wrought, and kept, as it ought to be, quite free
from grass or weeds.

" The bramble, as well as the several kinds of raspberries, do not ripen
their fruit at once, but in succession, for several weeks, as if designed to
court our notice, and bountifully to reward the care we may bestow upon
their ciiltivation, by a frequent offer of their bounties. The fruit should
be regularly gathered as it comes to perfection, and be directly used after
being picked ; for although they may remain good on the bush a few days
after being ripe, if kept in the house a single day, they will be found to have
lost much of their delicious flavor.

" A plantation of these shrubs will come to perfection in three or four
years, and if nursed as above directed, will continue fruitful for eight or ten
years. It should then be grubbed up, and entirely renewed. Two years,
however, before this, a new quarter for this fruit should be prepared."

One gathers from the account just published, and from similar items
from the agricultural papers of the time, that blackberries came under
cultivation little by little early in the nineteenth century. Probably the
nurslings of nature could not supply the demand as cities, towns, and tilled
fields destroyed the hedge-rows of wild plants. It was inevitable that
sooner or later some one would attempt the cultivation of so delectable a
fniit as the wild blackberry for the markets. The first attempt of magnitude

■ Ibid. 337.

^Netu Eng. Farmer 7:351. 1829.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 183

seems to have been made by Captain Josiah Lovett' of Beverly, Massa-
chusetts. Under date of May 15, 1850, he tells his experience to the readers
of the Magazine of Horticulture. His letter to the editor reads: —

" Dear Sir, — Always having been particularly fond of the smaller
fruits, after preparing my grounds, and setting out a variety of straw-
berries and raspberries, about the year 1835, I turned my attention to the
cultivation of the high-bush blackberry of our woods. At the season of
ripening, I, for several years in succession, travelled through the woods of
Beverly, Wenham, and Manchester, in the county of Essex, in search of
such bushes as bore the largest and best berries; having noticed the most
conspicuous in passing, I placed a stake by, or tied a string upon, each of
them, and, returning early in the autumn, or on the following spring, I
took up all the marked bushes and removed them to my own garden, or
cultivated grounds; this experiment I followed for several years in succession,
but in all cases made a very signal failure in the production of any fruit
worthy of garden culture, and, I think, in 1840, gave up all hope of ever
being able to grow this berry successfully. Several of my friends were no
more fortunate in attempting to raise good fruit from canes procured from
the woods of New Hampshire, and the trial was, for the time being, aban-
doned altogether. A year or two later, a cultivator from Dorchester
exhibited some very fine fruit of the blackberry, at the rooms of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, in Boston, and I im.mediately procxired from
him a few bushes, and, from that time to the present, I have succeeded
in producing good fruit from this stock. I have now in cvdtivation several
seedlings raised from this Dorchester stock that have produced fine fruit,
but as yet, none better than the original, and the latter are no larger or
finer than I have gathered, with my own hands, from the wild bushes in
the woods in New Hampshire, or this vicinity. The variety I now raise
is the one I originally received from Dorchester, and this is the only one I
have seen cultivated successfully.

" I have planted the bushes in various positions on my grovmds, and
they have uniformly done well; but I think the largest berries and best
crops have been produced on patches near the street, having the wash
from the road passing over them. My ground is a strong loam, inclining
to clay, over a subsoil of yellow stiff clay. I have given them no particular
care, spreading a light coat of stable or pig-pen manure over them once a
season, usually in the autumn. In regard to pnming, I have sometimes
cut the tops off of the longest canes, so as to make them stand without
stakes, and occasionally have staked them up; but I have found those left
to trail on or near the ground have done best, and I now imiformly allow
them to grow in this manner."

' " On the Cultivation of the High-bush Blackberry; with a Notice of the best Wash for Fruit Trees.
By Capt. Josiah Lovett. Beverly, Mass." Mag. Horl. 16:261. 1850.

184 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

While Captain Lovett was attempting to subdue the wild subjects,
only to find them untamable, two contemporaries had better success. Each
found a plant less vicious and bearing abundantly fruits of larger size and
better quality than the average run of vagrant plants of woods and fields.
These, in turn, they brought under cultivation, and whether the plants
were more manageable, or the men who found them more skillful in intro-
ducing them to garden civilization, both succeeded where Captain Lovett
failed. The men were Lewis A. Seacor, New Rochelle, New York, who
discovered the Lawton blackberry; and Eliphalet Thayer, who introduced
the Dorchester. These were the first named varieties, and as such merit
a fuller historical discussion than can be given in the brief historical notices
in the chapter on varieties. Dorchester is usually said to be the first cul-
tivated blackberry. It was the first named sort, but Lawton first came
under cultivation as will appear in the histories which follow.

The accounts of the origin of the Lawton vary as given in the several
horticultural magazines of the times but the facts seem to be these: In
1834, Lewis A. Seacor, New Rochelle, New York, found on the farm of a
neighbor a clump of blackberries which bore fruits of large size and of
different shape and flavor than any he had hitherto seen. Some four or
five years later he transplanted several bushes from this cltimp to his
garden. From these he supplied his neighbors with plants, and Seacor's
blackberry became generally known in the vicinity of New Rochelle.
Sometime in the late forties, William Lawton, also living in New Rochelle,
became interested in this blackberry and began its sale under the name
New Rochelle. Fortunately we have the story of the introduction of the
new fruit as Lawton gave it in August 1853, at a meeting in New York of
the Farmers' Club of the American Institute. Lawton's^ account is so
interesting and profitable that it is reproduced at some length.

" ' This Blackberry — to which I have before called the attention of the
Club — has been cultivated in small quantities for several years in New
Rochelle, Westchester county, where I now reside. I have not been able
to ascertain who first discovered the plant, and brought it into garden
culture, but am informed it was found on the road-side, and from thence
introduced into the neighboring gardens. As it came to me without any
name to distinguish it from the Wild Bramble, I beg leave to introduce
it to the notice of the Club as the New Rochelle blackberry, and at the
same time present as a specimen a few quarts of the fruit, gathered this
morning, precisely as they came from the bushes, without being selected.

^ Gen. Farmer 15:157. 1854.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 85

I have examined many works with a view to ascertain if there ever has
been any improvement on the well-known wild varieties, but without
success. The Double Flowering, Dwarf or Dewberry, American Upright,
and the White Fruited, are all that are named. The Dewberry is the first
to ripen, and the best flavored fruit. The White Fruited seems to be cul-
tivated as a novelty more than for fruit. The Upright variety fruits late
in the season, is of vigorous growth, and tmder favorable circumstances
produces large, mulberry-shaped berries, but the seeds are not thickly
imbedded in the pulp, and are so abimdant as to impair materially the
quality of the fruit. The blackberry seems to adhere to its original char-
acter with singular tenacity; or, from the many millions of plants which
spring up from seeds annually distributed in almost every diversity of
climate and soil, we should constantly find new varieties. Improving the
wild plant by careful cultivation is one thing; to produce a new variety is
another. The fruit now before you I believe to be of the last-named
character. It is not like the Dewberry, or long and mulberry-shaped like
the Upright blackberry, and the seeds are so imbedded in a rich pulp as hardly
to be noticed. I think in shape and size they compare very well with the
Hovey Seedling strawberry. The New Rochelle blackberry sends up annually
large and vigorous shoots with lateral branches, all of which, imder common
cultivation, will be crowded with fine fruit, a portion of which ripens daily
in moist seasons for six weeks, commencing about the middle of July.
They are perfectly hardy, always thrifty and productive, and I have not
foiind them liable to blight or injury by insects.' "

Accompanying the account was a large basket of the new blackberry,
many of which, according to the reporter of the meeting, who evidently
had a vivid imagination, were three or four inches in circumference. But
at any rate the fruit and the talk of the introducer so pleased the club that
they voted to change the name of the berry from AVct' Rochelle to Lawton,
an action provocative of great agitation in the two leading horticultural
organizations of the country for over a decade. The Western New York
Horticultiiral Society held that the first name, New Rochelle, should stand
in accordance with the rule of priority, and in 1856 a formal vote was
passed to emphasize its position. Later, in the same year, the American
Pomological Society voted that the berry should be called Lawton. Might
not right prevailed, and more and more the berry became known as Lawton.
It remains to be said that for twenty years following its introduction. Law-
ton was the leading blackberry of the coimtry, displaced in popularity by
Kittatinny in the early seventies.

The history of the Dorchester, first named among its kind, is scarcely
less complicated than that of the Lawton. Two men are credited with its

1 86 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

introduction, and it was at first grown under two names. August 7, 1841,
Eliphalet Thayer, Dorchester, Massachusetts, exhibited a blackberry at
a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society which attracted the
attention and excited the wonder of all who saw it by reason of its large,
handsome, and well-flavored fruits. It seems to have been introduced
under the name Improved High-bush Blackberry and to have been grown
under that appellation for some twelve or fifteen years. It was so called
in the letter to the Magazine of Horticulture, by Captain Lovett, quoted on
a previous page. Toward the end of the fifties, however, with no one in
particular as sponsor for the name, by common consent, because shorter,
the name Dorchester came into universal use for this fruit. Because promi-
nent in bringing it to the attention of fruit growers, Captain Josiah Lovett
was, in the early history of the plant, often credited with having discovered
and introduced the Dorchester.

Two other landmarks stand out in the domestication of the black-
berry. One was the discovery in 1854, at Burlington, New Jersey, of the
Wilson; and the other the discovery of the Kittatinny in the mountains of
the same name in New Jersey in 1865. Wilson ripens just after the rasp-
berry season and therefore filled a space almost unoccupied by a hardy
fruit, thereby giving fruit growers an opportunity to keep labor and equip-
ment in use continuously. The berries were larger than any before seen,
excellent in flavor and were borne in prodigious quantities. The advent of
this variety gave blackberry culture a new and tremendous stimxilus so
that it began to take rank as one of the prominent fruit industries. The
introduction of the Kittatinny gave the industry a push in another direction.
Until its introduction all named varieties had been so tender to cold that
their culture was uncertain in any region where raspberries were grown
and qmte limited in northern range. Kittatinny was hardier than any, of
good flavor of fruit, and all plant characters were satisfactory.

Varieties now began to appear in rapid succession, some of them notable
improvements over the sorts that have been named, and several new types
appeared. They came as chance plants found in woods or fields; from seed
sown to obtain new varieties; and a little later blackberry breeding began
through crossing varieties and hybridizing the several species of black-
berries and dewberries. The histories and pomological characteristics of
all varieties must be looked for in the chapter on varieties, while the
botanical characteristics and relations are given in the chapter on the botany

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 87

of bramble fruits There are, however, a few types markedly different
from the blackberries commonly cultivated that need further discussion.

WHITE BLACKBERRIES

Among the first varieties of blackberries introduced were several white
variations, one of which, the Needham, introduced about 1850, was grown
for several years rather widely. From that time to this nurserymen have
advertised albino sorts, none of which, however, have ever become more
than garden curiosities. The plants as a rtile, lack vigor and the berries
are never quite up to the mark in size or flavor. The stems throughout are
usually greenish yellow, and the fruits are small and creamy white or amber
colored. These sports seem to be most common in Rubus allegheniensis
but occur in other species as well. They are not uncommon in wild plants,
and few who have had much experience in picking the wild fruits have not
chanced upon clumps of the white form growing among the normal blacks.
There seem to be no records of white blackberries in breeding experiments.
There has never been a white variation among the several hundred crosses
and hybrids grown on the grounds of this Station.

THORNLESS BLACKBERRIES

From the beginning of attempts to domesticate the blackberry, growers
have been looking for a thomless sort. A blackberry plant in its armament
of thorns is the most vicious inhabitant of the fruit farm. Clothes, hands,
and temper suffer in blackberry picking Now and then thomless mutations
are found among wild plants, and several thomless varieties have been
offered by nurserymen. None, however, have proved of much value in
the garden. Of the dozen thomless varieties that have been grown on the
grounds of this Station, thomlessness has been correlated with two serious
defects,— small, poorly flavored fmits, and plants tender to cold. The
plants of all have been exceedingly vigorous, but none have been noteworthy
for productiveness. It remains to be said that one wild species, Rubus
canadensis, long known as Rubus millspaughii, is thomless or nearly so.
There are not as yet cultivated varieties of this species, but it is being used
as a parent at this Station in crosses with cultivated sorts with the hope
that out of the progeny, which has not yet frtdted, a thomless sort better
than those that have yet appeared may arise. Bailey' gives an interesting
account of this species which we reprint in part.

' Agfic. Sci. 6:66. 1892.

1 88 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

"A pecvdiar bush blackberry, with long wand-like canes, and entirely
destitute of thorns, was collected a year or more ago by Dr. C. F. Mills-
paugh in West Virginia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. It appears to be
specifically distinct from the common bush blackberry, and it has recently
been described as a new species by Dr. Britton under the name of Riibus
Millspaughii {Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 18:366, 1891). Dr. Britton knew no
other specimens than those of Millspaugh, except a single leaf of it in
Linnaeus' herbarium, in London, collected by Kalm over a century ago.
I am inclined to think, however, that the species is generally distributed
over the northeastern states. I have recently had good specimens of it
from the highest mountains of the Smoky range, North Carolina, above
6,000 feet, collected by Chas. A. Kofoid and Mr. Beardslee. In Walter
Deane's herbarium, at Cambridge, Mass., there is a specimen of it from
Ice Gulch, Randolph, N. H. (White Mountains), collected by J. R. Churchill
in 1889, and Mr. Deane says that there is another specimen in the Gray
herbarium from the Keweenaw peninsula, Lake Superior, collected by J. W.
Robbins many years ago. I have had canes of a perfectly smooth black-
berry sent me from northern Michigan (near Grand Traverse), and I have
no doubt that they belong to this species, as the angular and furrowed,
perfectly smooth canes of Ruhus Millspaughii are easily distinguished from
those of the common blackberry. From all these records, it would appear
that the species occurs upon our northern borders, and that it follows the
mountains southward ; and this accounts for the finding of the specimen by
Kalm, who traveled in Canada.

" Now, as the canes of Ruhus Millspaughii are perfectly thornless,
it is important that horticulturists should turn their attention to the species
if it gives any promise of good fruit. The so-called thornless blackberries
of gardens are only comparatively unarmed forms of the common black-
berry. The person who sent me the thornless canes from northern Michigan
said that the fruit is good. Mr. Kofoid, who collected the specimens in
North Carolina, sends me the following note: ' It seems to be very abun-
dant where it occurs, forming dense thickets of upright stems five to eight
feet in height. As late as the 29th of August we found the fruit just turn-
ing a faint reddish tinge, and quite palatable and sweet to a hungry man.
Natives say that the fruit becomes ripe and black in September. The
berries are large, long and slender and very sweet, lacking the sharply acid
or bitterish quality of the berries of the lower mountains. There are no
thorns or prickles. One can go through the patches unscathed. You
may, however, find a few minute prickles on the mid-vein, generally of the
terminal leaflet.' This is certainly a promising account.

"There are several botanical characters which distinguish this species
from the common blackberry, aside from the absence of thorns. It lacks
almost entirely, except on some of the young shoots, the conspicuously

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 89

pubescent character of the common species. The leaves are thin and the
leaflets are sharply toothed and prominently long-pointed. One of the
most prominent characters lies in the leaflet-stalks. Upon vigorous shoots
the leaflets are five, and the three upper ones have stalks from one to two
inches long."

THE SAND BLACKBERRIES

Two species of southern Rubi pass under the name Sand blackberries.
These are Rubiis ciineifoliHs and Rubus probabilis, similar and yet quite
distinct. (For botanical differences see these species in Chapter II.)
Several varieties belonging to one or the other of the species have been
grown on the grounds of this Station in the last twenty years. These
are Topsy, Perfection, Nanticoke, and Robison. None have value this
far north. The plants of these varieties are of medium size, erect, stiff, and
bear the most wicked thorns of any of the cultivated brambles. The ber-
ries are small, but the drupelets are large, hang together poorly, but cling
quite too tenaciously to the receptacles. The berries have the reputation
in the South, as they grow wild, of being well flavored, but transplanted to
the garden, especially this far north, they are sour, insipid and worthless.
The histories of the varieties just named, as given in Chapter VI, must
serve as an account of the domestication of the Sand blackberries.

THE OREGON EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY

It is not improbable that the Oregon Evergreen blackberry was the
first variety of this fruit to be cultivated in America. The writer, in 1897,
as horticioltiorist of the Oregon Experiment Station, fotmd this blackberry
widely distributed and commonly cultivated in Oregon, Washington,
California, and the Rocky Mountain States, under the name Oregon Ever-
green. In the far west it is one of the most remarkable of all small fruits.
Its product is seldom found in the markets, but it supplies countless homes
in town and country with a very agreeable and acceptable small fruit from
the normal blackberry season in July through the summer until late October.
It cannot be grown successfully east of the Rocky Mountains without
winter protection in the North and much coddling in hot summers. But
even so, because of its enormous productiveness and the everbearing habit
of the plants, it is a most promising fniit for hybridization with other
blackberries. It is offered by eastern nurserymen under various names,
the most common of which are Evergreen, Everbearing, Cut-leaved, Atlantic,
Star, and Wonder, varieties which do not differ greatly, if at all, on the
grounds of this Station from the old Oregon Evergreen.

I90 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

The canes are trailing or climbing, often attaining a length of 40 or
50 feet, viciously armed with large thorns, thick and rigid at the base.
The plant is almost unmanageable as a ctdtivated subject, but lends itself
admirably as a covering for arbors, porches, fences, and outbuildings.
Unfortunately it suckers and spreads so rapidly as to often become a nui-
sance. The leaves are much divided, well shown in the color plate of this
variety, from a plant growing at Geneva, New York. Three remarkable
characters make it unique among its kind. It is evergreen; its season of
ripening often covers three months; and it bears enormous crops. Three
plants are on record at Corvallis, Oregon, which bore in one season 40
pounds each. The berries are of medium size and of attractive appearance,
but fall below most cultivated blackberries in quality because of a coppery
taste and very large seeds.

There is now no question but that the Oregon Evergreen came originally
from the Old World, and that it is a form of the common European black-
berry Rubiis laciniatus. (See the description of this species on page 83.)
But the letters to be submitted show that the plant was introduced into
Oregon from some of the South Sea islands at an early date in the history
of Oregon. Of all brambles, it seems to be one of the most persistent and
self-assertive, rapidly becoming a pest in climates where it thrives as in some
of the islands of the southern seas and on the Pacific Coast. The following
letters written to the senior author' in 1897, and published in Bulletin No.
64 of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, form an interesting
account of this berry in Oregon.

" Replying to your favor of recent date, I beg to say the Evergreen
Blackberry originated in the South Sea Islands, where it grows spon-
taneously in the wild woods. A Frenchman brought some of them to Oregon
and we got plants from him, and have raised and sold them extensively
ever since all over this coast, until they have spread even to the Eastern
States. We consider them equal in size and quality or flavor to the Law-
ton, and very much more productive, as a single plant will, when in good
bearing, supply an ordinary family with fruit. We raise them from root
cuttings or suckers. They do not ripen as soon as the Lawton, but when
they begin to bear, continue to do so imtil cold weather comes on." — H. W.
Settlemire, Tangent, Oregon.

" We have yours of a late date and replying to same will say: We
do not know the origin of the Evergreen Blackberry. Have tried to trace
it but have never been able to get any reliable information. It has been

» Z/toA 5to. S«;. 64:51-54. 1899.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK I9I

here from the pioneer days, and can now be found growing wild in the
woods. It is a very hardy plant with us, but does not do well in dry unir-
rigated soil. Requires a wet soil and moist climate to thrive. We have
sent quite a few of them into the Eastern States, but do not know what
success the planters have had with them.

" They are propagated from either tips or cuttings, also from suckers.
There is nothing to beat them suckering. It is one of our best berries
for home use, but does not stand shipping. Very prolific bearer, medium
sized berry with abundance of seeds." — J. H. Settlemire & Son, Woodburn,
Oregon.

" I cannot give you the information you requested in regard to the
origin of the Evergreen Blackberry. I can tell you about the plants,
however. They are very hardy and very productive and now grow wild,
or in out-of-way places in many localities. I have noticed this especially
along the ocean coast. They are full of briars, hence the berries are rather
hard to gather. They are good but not equal to several of our cultivated
varieties. They bear all simimer in enormous quantities, have large seeds
with beards which are rough in the mouth. The juice is of good flavor.
They are nice for manufacture of jelly." — O. P. S. Plummer, Portland,
Oregon.

" In answer to your note of request regarding the so-called Oregon
Evergreen Blackberry, I think it is not a native of Oregon, but that it was
brought from Australia to this country in the first settlement. This is
all I can find regarding its origin. The quality of the berry is good but is
so late that it is not raised very extensively for market. It requires plenty
of water to perfect its crop. As for its propagation, it is usually from tips
or suckers. On cultivated land in this country it becomes a nuisance, and
will spread rapidly if any roots are cut or broken." — W. J. Magoon,
Portland, Oregon.

" When I came to Oregon, about twenty-five years ago, the Evergreen
Blackberry appeared to be an old settler here. I am unable to give you
any information of the origin. It is not much thought of here as a money-
making fruit." — H. Freeborough, Monta villa, Oregon.

" In regard to the Evergreen Blackberry: I am unable to give you
very much information, although I have the variety and it is a very fine
blackberry. I have known it for at least thirty years." — H. J. Geer, Core,
Oregon.

THE HIMALAYA BERRY

In the early nineties Luther Burbank introduced a blackberry which
he called the Himalaya Giant. His stock originated from seed sent him
from " high up on the Himalaya Moimtains in 1889 or 1890." In 1893
he relisted this berry " as an improved variety of Ruhus sp. Himalaya"

192

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

but a few years later the name was again changed to that given above.
Later the plant was sent out by other nurserymen as the Himalaya berry
and as Giant Himalaya. It now turns out that this blackberry is a form
of Rubus procerus (see discussion of this species page 84), a well-known
blackberry in Europe, and that a garden variety, almost if not identical,
had been introduced in Germany in 1889 under the name Theodor Reimers.
The Himalaya berry has now been thoroughly tested in all the fruit
regions of North America and is regarded as of commercial importance
only in very restricted areas on the Pacific Coast, notably about Puget
Sound, Washington. Several very distinct varieties have been sold under
the names given, probably through the interchange of labels, for the true
Himalaya is distinct in nearly every character. The value of this black-
berry, and any of its variations, if such there be, will probably be limited
by several very marked faults: The plants lack hardiness in the blackberry
regions east of the Roclcy Mountains; under cultivation it is about the most
unmanageable of all brambles; the plants are nowhere very productive,
and in the East are markedly unproductive; and the berries are everywhere
inferior in size, appearance, and quality. Plant and fruit are fully described
in the chapter on Varieties of Blackberries.

HYBRID BLACKBERRIES

The various species of blackberries are becoming hopelessly confused
in their cultivated varieties through cultivation. Card, in his Bush-Fruits,
1898, and Bailey, in The Evolution of our Native Fruits, 1898, were able
at the time they wrote to classify blackberries in several well-marked groups,
as Long-cluster, Short-cluster, Leafy-cluster, and Loose-cluster varieties.
Such grouping is no longer tenable. Descriptions of 133 varieties of black-
berries grown on the grounds of this Station, fail to fall into these groups
and fail in many cases to fall into species. Hybridization, especially in
kinds brought out in recent years, has completely upset man-made classifica-
tions. In the chapters on the botany of the blackberry and on varieties,
many known and supposed hybrids are named, so that it must suffice
here to make a general statement showing the limits so far reached in the
hybridization of blackberries with other fruits.

There are many hybrids recorded between blackberries and dewberries,
not a few of which are described in this text. Mahdi, a garden bramble,
is a hybrid between the European blackberry and the European red rasp-
berry. Mammoth is said to be a hybrid between the blackberry and the

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK IQ3

western dewberry. Laxtonberry is recorded as a hybrid between the logan-
berry and the Superlative red raspberry. The Van Fleet raspberry is a
hybrid between a Chinese bramble and the Cuthbert raspberry. The sorts
so far named are hybrids under cultivation which have more or less com-
mercial value. Untold numbers of similar hybrids have fallen by the way-
side in attempts to breed new brambles. A statement of what has been
done at this Station in crossing brambles in the last fifteen years shows
some of the possibilities of hybridizing bramble fruits.

In the work of breeding new brambles at the New York Agricidtural
Experiment Station, eighteen species have been intercrossed. Willingness
to interbreed may be put down as a characteristic of Rubus. Few, indeed,
of the species of Rubus have refused to interbreed with another species
or with several other species. The violence of the cross is often remark-
able. The red raspberry is easily hybridized with the blackberry or with
the large-flowered and very distinct Rubus odoratus. Many new sorts
have arisen in the last few years, and the work of interbreeding brambles
is certain to prove productive of great numbers of new types, some of which
will be barren, and at best most will be but curiosities, but now and then a
new t5^e of value is almost certain to be bred.

DEWBERRIES

Considering the many merits of dewberries, as compared with other
bramble fruits, they have fotand a place in popular favor exceedingly slowly.
As compared with the fruits of blackberries, those of dewberries are usually
larger, sprightlier, juicier and, all in all, handsomer and more delectable.
The crop of most sorts ripens earlier, and over a longer season than that of
blackberries, and the plants are usually more productive. While dew-
berries may not be hardier than blackberries, the plants are more easily
protected so that there should be less winter killing. Yet despite these
advantages, no one undertook the domestication of dewberries until long
after the blackberry was established in the fruit plantations of the country,
the reason being, without doubt, that a dewberry plant seems hopelessly
unmanageable, although when the knack of training is learned it is as
easily managed as a blackberry.

Dewberries are mentioned many times as promising subjects for
domestication by pomological writers early in the nineteenth century,
but no one seems to have undertaken the task until the early sixties. A
Dr. Miner, Honeoye Falls, Monroe County, New York, seems to have

194 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

established the first landmark in dewberry domestication. Dr. Miner
planted seeds of a wild dewberry about 1854. From a great niimber of
plants he saved two which he propagated and distributed. This first
breeder of dewberries seems to have been too modest to tell his own story,
but it is admirably told by Joseph Harris/ one of the good agricultural
writers of his time, in the Genesee Farmer for 1862. It is seldom that the
first steps in domesticating a plant are so well told, and Harris' article,
containing an account of the method of breeding, the result, a description
of the two new varieties, the method of culture, and an estimate of the
new fruit, is republished in fuU.

" It is with much pleasure that we are enabled to lay before our readers
some facts in reference to a fruit which promises to be of high value, both
to the amateiir cultivator and the market fruit-grower. For sometime we
have been aware that Dr. Miner, of Honeoye Falls, in this coimty, was the
originator of a seedling Dewberry, but as the Dr. has been desirous to fully
prove the success of his tmdertaking before allowing it to be much known,
our attention has been but little attracted to it until the present season.

"A present of two baskets of this fruit — two distinct varieties — and
an invitation to come and see for ourselves, and we must not omit the
fragrance of those two baskets of fruit nor the pleasure we enjoyed in eating
them with our friends, awakened a latent curiosity to see, to feel and to
handle the fruit on the plants — to learn of their mode of growth, their
cultivation and their history.

"Without detaining our readers with the details of our pleasant visit,
we will mention what we saw and learned of the new fruits, for as we have
intimated the Dr. has succeeded in raising two seedlings of superior merit.
These seedlings were originated six or eight years ago, from seed of the
common wild Dewberry, or low Blackberry. Among a great number of
plants which were produced and kept in cultivation until they showed
their fruit, two only showed signs of merit, which were very decided; all
the other plants were discarded, and these two were cultivated with care
for several years to see if their apparent characters were real and permanent.
Fortunately the desires of the experimenter have been fully realized, and
several years of continuous fniiting has firmly established their value.

"As all oiir readers may not be acquainted with the habits of this plant,
we will briefly state its distinguishing traits.

" The slender stems, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, trail
along the ground extending from the root to a distance of ten or fifteen
feet — a vigorous plant produces a score or more of these stems each
season.

■ Gen. Farmer 23:351. 1862.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 195

" The steins are furnished with a very few small thorns, and trifoliate
leaves; the leaflets are about an inch and a half long and half as wide, of
a light green color; leaf stem from one to two inches in length and a Httle
prickly.

" The fruit is borne on slender stems two or three inches in length,
is shining, jet black, fragrant, sweet and juicy. Most of the fruit in a
wild state is imperfect, developing a drupe only here and there over its
surface; cultivation of the wild plants does not in the least improve this
habit, according to Dr. M. The seedlings to which we now direct atten-
tion have not this fault of the wild type, but are fully developed in every
case — their size is very large, nearly or quite equalling the best specimens
of the New Rochelle blackberry. In quality and flavor they are far superior
to any blackberry known, and are verj^ prolific and hardy.

" The plants propagate themselves by striking root at the ends of
the shoots, and never throw up any suckers.

" The plat of ground which Dr. M. has devoted to these fruits, is about
one-eighth of an acre. The plants are set out about five feet apart in squares ;
early in the spring a pole or stake is driven down by the side of each plant,
standing five or six feet high, arotmd which the fine, long, flexible shoots of
the previous year's growth are wound, and fastened by a string, tying them
at the top, thus forming a kind of cylinder or cone. By this mode of train-
ing, the fruits hang outside, clear of the foliage all around, affording the
greatest facility for gathering. The new growth is allowed to trail on the
groxind until the succeeding spring.

"The plants do not occupy much space, and three feet each way would
be ample room to allow them.

"We judged that the plants produced about two quarts of berries each.

" The two varieties are distinct from each other in fruit and foliage and
period of ripening. The early variety is more fragrant and sweeter than
the later one, and at the date we saw them (Aug. 5th) was neariy gone, while
the other was just in perfection. It will be seen, therefore, that both
varieties mature earlier than either the Dorchester or New Rochelle black-
berries, which are now (August 20th) at the height of their season.

"As the originator of these fruits has already parted with some of the
plants to different individuals, they wiU probably be spread through the
coimtry from several sources, and as no names have been used to distinguish
the varieties, it is possible that some confusion may arise in reference to
this matter, and we will notice that the edges of the leaves of the early
kind are dentate or doubly dentate, while those of the later variety are
sharply serrate.

"We think it desirable that the term Dewberry should be used to desig-
nate these plants, instead of Blackberry, as their mode of growth is so
entirely different from the high Blackberry.

196 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

" In conclusion, we will state that it is our conviction that these fruits
will meet with a cordial reception by the public, and for private gardens
be preferred to the rank-growing high blackberries; in the market they will
readily command a higher price than any other blackberry, but as their
season is so much earlier they will not come greatly into competition. For
a table fruit they are very fair — sweet, juicy and luscious — no setting of
the teeth on edge."

Little, however, seems to have come from Dr. Miner's dewberries.
They were discussed in the Fruit Growers' Society of Western New York;
mentioned in several of the agricultural papers of the country and even
received some praise in the Gardeners Chronicle published in England.
But Dr. Miner did not push the sale of plants and eventually they seem to
have been lost sight of although more or less cultivated for twenty or thirty
years under the name Miner's Seedlings.

The first dewberry to receive wide recognition seems to have been the
Bartel, brought to notice by Dr. Bartel, Huey, Clinton County, Illinois.
L. H. Bailey,' who has given the early history of dewberries much attention,
gives the following history of the Bartel in a bulletin of the Cornell Experi-
ment Station.

" The story goes that the plants appeared in an old cornfield upon his
farm, and some of the berries were so large that he conceived the idea
of selling plants. He procured a lithograph of the berries — which did
ample justice to the fruit, — described the methods of growing them and
for a time disposed of considerable stock. The introducer was an old
man at this time and was one of those clever and picturesque individuals
who often lend an interest to a neighborhood. The first printed record
of this berry appeared in December, 1875, in Purdy's Fruit Recorder (p. 182).
This is a communication from ' T. C. Bartles, of Clinton Co., Illinois,' and
is headed ' Bartles' Mammoth Dewberry.'- The description of the berry
runs as follows: * This is a very fine berry, ripening from the last of Jione
imtil the middle of August. The fruit is very large, rich and juicy, slightly
acid, but not so sour as the blackberry. When ripe it is black, and is suffi-
ciently solid to bear shipment with safety. I have had berries over two
inches in length and one inch in diameter. They are a perpetual bearer,
from the time they begin to ripen (in ordinary seasons) until the last of
August — having blossoms on the same vine simultaneously with the ripe
fruit. They are very prolific, yielding in a fair season from sixty to eighty

' Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:300. 1891.

2 The name of this dewberry is variously written Bartle, Bartles', Bartell and Bartells', but I have the
evidence of a neighbor of the introducer, who is now dead, that he speUed his name Bartel. Perhaps the
orthography of the name may have been confused because of another family in Clinton County which
spells its name Bartels.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 97

bushels to an acre. They do not blossom until late in the spring — later
than the strawberry — the fruit maturing in from four to six weeks after
blossoming — hence they are seldom if ever injured by late frosts in the
spring. They are very hardy — having succeeded as far north as Wis-
consin and the northern part of Iowa.' An account of methods of culti-
vation is then given. ' I shipped some of my dewberries to New York
city from this place for which I received sixteen dollars per bushel. I also
shipped to Rockford, 111., St. Louis, Mo., and to Independence, Iowa,
for which I received twelve dollars and eighty cents per bushel; while the
highest price paid for straw-berries did not exceed, on an average, six dollars
and forty cents per bushel. I consider the dewberry the most profitable
fruit raised.' Mr. Purdy gave roots of this dewberry as a premium to his
paper at this time, and among those who obtained it were I. N. Stone, of
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, and Hon. B. F. Adams, of Madison, Wisconsin,
the only persons, probably, as Mr. Stone writes me, ' who had stifficient
confidence in it to give it a fair trial.' Mr. Stone has made a marked success
of its culture, and all the plants set in recent years appear to have come
directly or indirectly from him."

The Bartel, while probably the first dewberry to receive a name, was
not the first one to be grown commonly and largely by fruit growers. That
honor belongs to Lucretia, long the standard commercial sort and still a
favorite. We must again go to Bailey^ for the first fuU historical account
of this berry. He says : —

" The story of its discovery and introduction is told me by B. F. Albaugh,
of Covington, Miami Co., Ohio, who introduced it to the trade. A young
man named Williams enlisted in the civil war from Miami Co., Ohio.
During most of his service he was stationed in West Virginia, part of the
time near Beverly. While guarding private property there he became
acquainted with the woman who afterwards became his wife. He settled
on her plantation after the war, and upon it found the dewberries growing
wild. He transplanted some to his garden, and these attracted the atten-
tion of his father who visited him in 1875. The following year plants were
sent to the father in Ohio and they were distributed among a few friends.
The plants were carelessly dug, however, and only five of the genuine
variety happened to be in the lot and these, along with many worthless
ones, chanced to fall into the hands of Mr. Albaugh. From these five
plants the present stock has sprung. When the variety was offered for
sale Mr. Albaugh named it Lucretia, for Mrs. Lucretia Garfield. Mr.
Albaugh tells me that the five original plants are still vigorous and fruitful.
A portion of one of the original plants — about one-ninth of it — was
exhibited at the Association of American Nurserymen at Washington in

' Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:287. 1891.

198 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

June, 1886. This specimen bore 978 berries. E. Y. Teas, now of Irvington,
Indiana, appears to have been the first to figure and offer for sale the
Lucretia."

From time to time other dewberries appeared of greater or less value,
but the dewberry remained until the beginning of the present century a
suspicious inhabitant of the fruit plantation. Its vicious thorns and
unmanageable canes condemned it, and, as with all new fruits, the pre-
sumption was against an unfamiliar plant in cultivated grounds, especially
when its near of kin have been troublesome intruders from fence rows and
forests. And so, although several interesting forms of the common or
northern dewberry appeared before 1900, it was not until this date or after
that dewberry culture began to take form as one of the small fruit industries
of the country. Several quite distinct types now came under ciiltivation,
some of which must be mentioned, but the reader must turn to Chapter II
on the botany of this fruit for a full list of the species of dewberries now
under cultivation.

The dewberries so far discussed belong to the northern states, or more
accvirately the northeastern states and may be roughly lumped into the
northern dewberries. About 25 varieties belong here. Perhaps as many
more sorts, mostly of comparatively recent introduction, belong to the
southern dewberries, and nearly as many more to the western dewberries.
The botany of the three groups is little understood. Several species are
involved, accounts of which have been given in previous pages. It must
suffice here to give a brief sketch of the introduction of a few of the earliest
and most prominent varieties from these widely separated parts of North
America.

SOUTHERN DEWBERRIES

The southern dewberries are for the most part evergreen or nearly so
and rather more prostrate than the northern varieties. Bailey names the
following dewberries as coming from southern species:' Bauer, Drishill,
Eight EUs, Extra, Houston, Howard, Lime Kiln, Long Branch, Lost Ball,
McDonald, Manatee, Muchee Grandee, Race Track, Rockledge, Rogers,
White (from Louisiana) and Wilson's (from Texas). Of these seventeen
southern sorts, only Manatee, McDonald, and Rogers have been tried on
the grounds of this Station. No one of the three have been sufficiently
hardy, vigorous, or productive to merit recommendation for any purpose
in the North. As wiU be seen from the histories in the chapter on varieties,

' Bailey, L. H. Gent. Herb. 170. 1923.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 1 99

of all of which an account can be found, most of these southern sorts have
been brought in from the wild or are chance seedlings, and none have
achieved pomological prominence. It is doubtful if more than three or
four of the above list could now be obtained so short have been their popu-
larity. Nevertheless some are promising and as their breeding progresses,
southern dewberries may be expected to play an important part in
the pomology of the South.

WESTERN DEWBERRIES

Two types of dewberries have come from the Pacific slope. One type
is best represented by the loganberry and the other by Mammoth. The
introduction of the loganberry is a landmark in the history of small fruits.
Its discovery, introduction, rise to a popular and standard product, and
adaptation to several commercial uses, are about the most engaging events
in modem pomology. An enigmatical origin adds interest to this remarkable
fruit. Its value to pomology is much greater than the intrinsic worth of
the variety, for it has inspired breeders of small fruits to produce something
similar or better to the end that a dozen or more valuable small fruits
have appeared as emulations of the loganberry and one sees in the futiire
a great array of loganberry-like varieties.

What is the loganberry? It originated in California, as we shall see,
from the seed of what the Califomians call the wild blackberry. Called
after its originator, it became the Logan blackberry, a name favored by
workers in the United States Department of Agriculture and in many
experiment stations. But the parent plant was a dewberry as pomologists
and botanists usually use the word, and " blackberry " is a confusing mis-
nomer. For some years after its introduction, the loganberry was supposed
to be a hybrid between the red raspberry and the dewberry of California,
and the name " blaspberry," a word made by substituting the first two
letters of "blackberry" for the first letter of "raspberry" was proposed.
This name, an imfortimate suggestion, met with small favor and is now
seldom heard. Meanwhile, by common consent, "loganberry" as a group
rather than a varietal name, has come into general use. So much for the
name, now greater detail as to the origin of the loganberry must be
given.

Fortimately there are several accounts of the origin of the logan-
berry from its originator, Judge J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, California.

200 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

The best of these seems to be contained in a letter written to L. H. Bailey'
in 1902. The letter reads: —

" In August, 1 88 1, I planted the seed of the common wild blackberry
or dewberry, of California, botanically known as the Rubus nrsinus, gathered
from plants on one side of which was growing a kind of evergreen blackberry
known as the Texas Early, and on the other side of which was growing an
old variety of red raspberry. The Texas Early has a growth of cane and
leaves similar to the Lawton, although much less vigorous, and in our
mild climate is growing winter and summer. It has a small round berry
of more acidity than the Lawton and probably of poorer flavor. The rasp-
berry referred to has been growing in this place for the last forty years and
I am unable to ascertain what variety it is, although it is of a type similar
to the Red Antwerp. It is not, however, the Red Antwerp as we have been
growing it here. From this seed there grew about one hundred plants
which were cared for and planted out in the ground. In the summer of
1883 these plants fruited and there appeared one plant which was undoubt-
edly a cross between the raspberry and the Rubus ur sinus. The fruit was
larger and earlier than the raspberry or any blackberry, except the R.
ur sinus, ripening about the middle of May; the appearance of the berry on
the surface was something like the raspberry, being less indented and of
more even surface than a blackberry; the color a bright glowing red, becom-
ing very dark and finally, when dead ripe, of a diill purplish-red color.
The berry has a core like the blackberry and parts from the calyx the same
as a blackberry. The leaves of the vine are almost identical with the wild
Rubus, being somewhat larger. The canes are also like the wild Rubus
only larger and more vigorous. It has the same small sharp spines, and
like it, is without adventitious root buds, but multiplies from the stolons or
tips and from seed. The fruit, when cooked, has the same rich acidity as
the wild Rubus, there being only a suggestion of the taste of the raspberry
in the cooked fruit, but in the jelly there is a more decided raspberry flavor.
This red berry is universally known here as the Loganberry."

In Judge Logan's letter he says the original loganberry plant " was
undoubtedly a cross between the raspberry and Rubus ur sinus." For
some years after the introduction of the new fruit, botanists and pomologists
accepted this theory of hybridity. Later, the concensus of opinion of
workers in pomology and botany was that the loganberry is but a variety of
the western dewberry. Bailey, however, who has long been a student of the
wild and cultivated bramble fruits, says in the reference given " I am
strongly inclined to the opinion that the loganberry is a hybrid, as supposed
in the beginning." Then follow several reasons for his belief. Berger,

1 Gent. Herb. 155. 1923.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 20I

botanist at this Station, who has done the botanical work for this text, after
a painstaking study of herbarium specimens of this and related varieties
and species, believes loganberry to be a red sport from the black dewberry,
Rjibiis ursinus.

The loganberry has been used at this Station in hybridization but the
resvilts, as yet, contribute little to show whether this fruit is a hybrid or a
pure-bred dewberry. The only phenomenon noted on these grounds is,
possibly, collateral evidence toward the theory of hybridity. The red
raspberry has been hybridized with several species of Rubus. In most of
these hybrids the raspberry seems completely submerged. Hybrids between
it and the loganberry, Mahdi, the wineberry, and the large-leaved flowering
raspberry of the East, show almost no trace of the red raspberry in the
first generation; subsequent generations prove hybridity. One might
reasonably suspect, therefore, that the loganberry may be a red raspberry
hybrid even though the raspberry shows but little in plant or fruit of the
loganberry. Nevertheless, with the evidence from all sources at hand, it
seems most probable that the loganberry is a red-fruited sport from the
western dewberry.

The loganberry is now commonly found in home and market gardens
of all the Pacific States, whence large shipments are made of fresh fruit to
the East. The berries are evaporated and make a valuable dried fruit;
large quantities are canned; it is a splendid fruit for jams and preserves;
and a large part of the crop is now used for a non-alcoholic drink. Propa-
gation, culture, pruning, training, and harvesting are not more difficult than
with other bramble fruits and the yields are high.

Western dewberries are represented by a score or more noteworthy
varieties other than the loganberry, of which some of the most promising
are related to this most important variety. Of the loganberry-like sorts,
Laxton, Mahdi, Mammoth, Phenomenal, and Primus are best known.
Aughinbaugh, Belle of Washington, Skagit Chief, Washington Climbing,
Cory Thomless, and Gardena, are other derivatives from western species
of dewberries.

MAGNITUDE OF THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY INDUSTRY

Figures showing the magnitude of an industry are always interesting,
and in studies of marketing and of fruit regions are often valuable. Table
2 from the Fourteenth Census, taken in 1919, shows the magnitude of the
blackberry and dewberry industry in the United States at the date of the

202

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

census. For some reason, those in charge of the census combined the
loganberry with raspberries rather than dewberries, allowance for which
must be made in interpreting the figures in the table that follows.

Table 2. Acreage, Yield and Value of Blackberries and Dewberries in the United States

IN 1919, BY Divisions and States

Division and State

Acreage

Yield

(in quarts)

Value

UNITED STATES.

Geographic Divisions:

New England

Middle Atlantic ....
East North Central.
West North Central.

South Atlantic

East South Central .
West South Central.

Mountain

Pacific

New England:

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Middle Atlantic:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

East North Central:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

West North Central.

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

South Atlantic:

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

46.165

1,010

5-306
9.301
7.891
4.638

3.954
9,188

378

4.499

282
141
120
340
7
120

1,880
1.950
1,476

1,678

1.965

3,061

2,165

432

173
967

5.573

II

2

56

1,109

364

608

6

597

817

1,867

170

149

60

39.945.078

790,102
4,608,673
6,721.886
4,422,115
2,829,944

3.128,749
8,722,827

341.. 525
8,379.257

242,478

90 , 666

113.210

251.951
6,428

85.369

1,711.546

2,045,521

851,606

1,481,447
1,087,317
1-365.223
2,452,909
334-990

181,183

597.449
2 . 958 , 006

2.485
1,811

35.433
645.748

270,560

517.525

7.097

313.873

594.833

936,251

40.187

96.852

52,766

.117.972

$176,400

906,539

1.277. 163

806,032

436.995
421,919

1,543.180
76,060

1,473.684

$53,346
20,854
24,904
57.949
1. 415
17.932

376,541
368,193
161 .805

281,476
195.716
245.741
490,580
63,650

39.861

131.438

502 , 859

575

458

8,151

122,690

45.994

82,805

1,065

37.666

101,119

140,438

6.431

13.559

7.918

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

203

Table 2 — {Concluded)

Division and State

Acreage

Yield
(in quarts)

Value

East South Central:

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

West South Central:

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas

Mountain:

Montana

Idaho

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico. . . .

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Pacific:

Washington

Oregon

California

2,451

1.336

107

60

1,269

45

2,245

5,629

15
135

91
16

33
88

(')

1.403
1,354
1,742

1,778,468
I ,200,981

87,695
61,605

885,539

18,145

1,531,810

6,287,333

13.128
91,056

76,234

8,233

37,040

115.437

397

3,691,065
2,139,110
2,549,082

$266 , 780

132,129

13,156

9,854

132,833

2,903

275,723

1,131,721

2,627
19,122

18,296

1,975

7,408

26,552

80

664,392
299,476
509,816

Reported in small fractions.

204 '^HE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER VI

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES

Acme. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1909.

The 1909 catalog of the American Pomological Society lists this sort and recommends
it for culture in northern New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado.

Agawam. i. Am. Hort. Ann. 85. 1871. 2. A^. V. Sta. Bid. 63:665. 1893. 3- I^id,.
278:138. 1906. 4. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 254, fig. 1914. 5. Card Bush-Fr.
215. 1917.

Long a favorite early blackberry, Agawam is still widely grown but is now no longer
rated as a standard commercial sort. Its most notable good qualities are productiveness
of plant, high quality and earliness of fruit. The berries, while not of largest size, are
large, very attractive in appearance, ship and keep well. The plants suffer somewhat from
winter killing, but still are as hardy as the average blackberry. They resist drouth well,
have comparatively few and small thorns, and produce their fruit over a long season.
Unfortunately the berries are too variable in size and color, and require so many pickings
that the variety is not now set in a commercial plantation. The plants have peculiarities
of continuing to bloom after the first fruits are ripe and of having the leaves heavily tinged
with red late in the season. Agawam was found growing in a pasture between 1865 and
1870 by John Perkins, Ipswich, Massachusetts. In 1889 the American Pomological Society
added the variety to its fruit catalog list.

Plants above medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, fairly hardy, very produc-
tive, healthy; canes numerous, stocky, angular, glossy green changing to dark reddish
brown, slightly pubescent; prickles comparatively small, medium in thickness, strength
and number, greenish; leaflets 3-5, roundish oval, light green, heavily tinged red late in
the fall, dull, rugose, pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole medium in length and thick-
ness, with few prickles. Flowers very early, blooming period long; petals white, oblong;
clusters short, medium in compactness, leafy; pedicels long, slender, glandular; calyx
slightly tomentose. Fruit early, season very long, ships well ; medium in size, broad-oblong,
glossy, attractive black; drupelets large, rounded, with strong coherence; core soft; flesh
rather soft, sweet and pleasant; quality very good.

Albion. I. Rural N. Y. 11: in. i860. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 443. 1869.

A white sort found in the wild prior to i860 by John B. Orange, Albion, Illinois.
Although introduced as having productive plants and large fruit, Downing found the plants
unproductive, the fruit only fair in size, imperfect and without flavor.

Albro. I. Farmer Cat. 14. 1922.

A variety of unkown parentage which originated in 19 17 with Lewis Albro, Marathon,
New York, by whom it was introduced in 1922. Described as having very hardy plants;
fruit larger than Snyder, and of the same shape; flavor excellent.

Alfred, i. Emlong Cat. 11. 1925.

Offered for sale in 1925 by Henry Emlong & Sons, Stevensville, Michigan. Plants
very productive and very hardy; fruit large, sweet, fine flavored, coreless, a week earlier

AGAWAM

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 205

than Eldorado, with a long ripening season, bearing blossoms and ripe fruit at the same
time.

Alger. I. Am. Hori. Amu 85. 1871.

Described in 1870 as a new sort from Cleveland, Ohio. Fniit of good size, oblong,
deep claret in color, sweet, rich.
Allen. I. V. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 2-]. 1894. 2. A'. F. 5ta. Sh/. 278:135. 1906.

Sent to the Pomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1894 by
W. B. K. Johnson, AUentown, Pennsylvania. As grown at this Station it is inferior to
standard sorts in productivity, hardiness, and size of fruit. Allen was placed in the catalog
of the American Pomological Society in 1899, and remained in the last catalog in 1909.
Plants moderately vigorous, dwarfish, not hardy, moderately productive; fruit small, elon-
gated; attractive black in color, firm, juicy, mild; good; early.

Ambrosia. 1. Card Bush-Fr. 215. 191 7.

Of unknown origin. Introduced prior to 191 7 by A. L. & H. J. Bradley, Alakanda,
Illinois. Trial at this Station shows this to be a promising early variety. Plants of medium
height and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; canes slender, pubescent; prickles
numerous, long, slender, green; fruit uniformly of medium size, conic, somewhat irregular;
drupelets medium in size and number, strongly coherent; glossy black, juicy, firm, subacid;
good; core soft; early.

Americus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 27. 1894.

Sent to the Pomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1894 by
J. H. Langille, Kensington, Maryland. It was found in a field of Early Harvest and was
thought to be a seedling of that variety, although the plants and fruit resemble Erie. Fruit
medium to large, irregular, oval or oblong, conic, jet black, moderately firm, melting, juicy,
acid; very good; seeds large; ripens between Early Harvest and Erie.

Ancient Briton, i. Horticulturist 27:318. 1872. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 63:665. 1893.

3. Cornell Sta. Bid. gg: 521. 1895. 4. Mich. Sta. Bid. 187:54. 1901. 5. N. Y.

Sta. Bui. 278:135. 1906.
This sort has the reputation of being the hardiest of all blackberries and is therefore
a prime favorite where hardiness is a requisite. The plants are very vigorous, very pro-
ductive, with a characteristic stocky, sturdy, erect growth. While the berries are not large
nor especially handsome, they are of very good quality and keep and ship well. Ancient
Briton is still a standard late blackberry, and would no doubt be more generally grown were
it not for the fact that for some reason or other it is more often misnamed by nurserymen
than any other blackberry, so that it is now almost impossible to get the variety true to
name. The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt. The most authentic report credits
it with being a Wisconsin seedling, found by A. H. Briton, for whom it was named, the name
later becoming changed to Ancient Briton. The American Pomological Society added the
variety to its fruit catalog list in 1875.

Plants medium to tall, rather vigorous, upright-spreading, unusually hardy, very
productive, susceptible to orange-rust; canes moderately numerous and stocky, green
changing to reddish brown, dull, glabrous; prickles rather large, thick, very numerous:

206 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

leaflets 5, medium in size, thick, dark green, rugose, heavily pubescent, witli serrate margins;
petiole long, thick, prickly, glandular. Flowers midseason, numerous, in long, open prickly,
leafy clusters; pedicels long, slender, nearly smooth. Fruit late midseason; medium to
above in size, slightly elongated, tapering, glossy black; drupelets large, elliptical, with
strong coherence ; core soft ; flesh juicy, tender, sweet or pleasantly sprightly ; quality good
to very good.
Autumn King. i. Burbank Cat. 33. 1893.

A second generation seedling from a cross of Lawton by Oregon Everbearing raised
by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. Plants described as very vigorous and thorny
with handsome palmate foliage; fruit large, aromatic, sweet, ripening late in the fall.

Badger, i. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 247. 1895.

Named by a committee of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in 1895; described as
the earlier of two sorts grown in that State as Ancient Briton.

Bagnard. i. Rural N. F. 48:606, fig. 232. 1889.

Originated on the farm of L. Bagnard, near Muscatine, Iowa, prior to 1889. Thought
to be a seedling of Snyder. Plants hardy and productive; fruit medium in size; good;
ripening with Early Cluster.

Bangor, i. Me. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 125. 1888.

Originated prior to 1888 on the farm of Henry W. Brown, Newburg, Maine. Plants
hardy, very productive of small, insipid fruits which fail to ripen properly.

Barnard, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1874. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:665. 1893.

Grown from seed of the wild blackberries of Belmont County, Ohio, prior to 1874,
by a Mr. Barnard, Waukon, Iowa. Hardiness has made it popular in northern Illinois
and Iowa. Plants lacking vigor, hardy; canes few, strong, with numerous prickles; foliage
large; fruit resembles Snyder, medium in size, oblong-oval, black, sometimes drying up
before ripe; very good; late.

Best of AU.

Introduced in 1923 by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey; said
to have been found by Frank Russel near Vineland about ten years previous.

Big Early, i. Childs Cat. 130. 1916.

Introduced in 19 16 by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York. Described as
having very large fruits; very early, ripening over a period of four weeks.

Black Chief, i. A^. Y. Sto. Bm/. 111:283. 1896.

Received at this Station in 1896 from J. H. Hajmes, Delphi, Indiana. Plants vigorous,
not hardy, unproductive; canes small, green, with numerous small prickles; fruit of medium
size, roundish, mild, sweet; good.

Black Diamond, i. Rural N. Y. 74:293. 1915. 2. U. S. D. A. Fanners' Bui. 1403:17.
1924.

Star. 3. Rural N. Y. 73:765- I9i4-

Ewing Wonder. 4. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1914.

AilanUc. 5. Lovett Cat. 6. 1915.

ANCIENT BRITON

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 207

A seedling of Oregon Evergreen which originated in 1896, with George H. Liepe,
Cologne, New Jersey, by whom it was introduced in 1909. It is so similar to Oregon Ever-
green that a separate description is not necessary.

Blowers, i. Rural N. Y. 63:116. 1904. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 82. 1904-05.
3. Card Bush-Fr. 216. 1917. 4. Kednck Cyc. Hardy Fr. 28$. 1922.

Perhaps there is greater diversity of opinion in regard to the merit of Blowers than of
any other blackberry. It is championed by some, condemned by most, differences in
opinion arising for the reason that the plants are exceedingly capricious and vary greatly
as grown in different seasons, soils and climates. Where grown best, however, many of
the berries are imperfect and worthless as a commercial product. Despite these defects
recognized by experimenters and fruit growers generally, nurserymen continue to offer it
as a valuable variety. It is of the type of Snyder, but not nearly as reliable as that
standard sort. Blowers originated with H. W. Blowers, Westfield, New York, about 1888.
The American Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit catalog in 1909.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, somewhat tender to cold, variable in yield
and health, susceptible to orange-rust; canes medium in number, stocky, angular, greenish
red later mingled with brown, rather dull red at maturity, glabrous, eglandular; prickles
large, thick, numerous; leaflets usually 5, large, ovate or oval, tinged red late in the fall,
dull, rugose, very pubescent beneath, with serrate margins; petiole long, thick. Flowers
self-fertile, midseason, in short, leafy clusters; petals white, roundish; pedicels long, glandu-
lar; calyx very pubescent. Fruit late midseason, ripening over a long period, ships well;
not uniform in size, medium to sometimes very large, broadly cylindrical but variable,
tapering, glossy black ; drupelets average large but variable in size, coherence and number,
round, some berries not well fiUed as if from lack of pollination; core soft; flesh juicy, mild,
soft, sweet, or pleasantly sprightly; good in quality.

Bonanza, i. Rural N. Y. 48:606. 1889.

Found in the wild by John Tuckerman, Bridgewater, New York. Plants dwarfish,
spreading, productive; fruit small, round, slightly bitter; fair; midseason.

Boschen Early, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Originated with a Mr. Boschen, Toronto, Kansas. Plants bushy, not fully hardy;
fruit similar to that of Early Harvest, large, jet black; good shipper; coreless.

Bow Cane. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:143. 1906.

Plants were received at this Station from Broome Brothers, McLoud, Oklahoma, in
1900. Plants dwarfish, somewhat trailing, moderately vigorous, not hardy, unproductive;
fruit of meditim size, roundish, unattrative in color; drupelets large, acid; fair.

Braden. i. Rural N. Y. 44:868. 1885.

Described by T. V. Munson in 1885 as recently coming from southwest Texas. Plants
very vigorous, drooping, very productive, free from rust, thorny; fruit borne singly or in
small clusters, black; good; early.

Brewer, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 30. 192 1.

A chance seedling discovered in 1909 by C. H. Brewer, Rahway, New Jersery, who
sent out plants in 1920 for trial. Plants vigorous, free from rust, and productive; fruit
above medium in size, firm; fair quality; ripens over a long period.

2o8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Brill. I. Slaymaker Cat. 13. 1904.

Introduced in 1904 by Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Delaware, as a new early sort from
J. F. Brill, Texas. Plants upright; fmit as early and as large as those of Lucretia.

British, i. Bunyard Cat. 18. 1913-14.

George Bunyard & Company, Maidstone, England, list this sort, describing it as quite
the best blackberry for flavor, when grown under garden culture.

Bninton Early, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 125. 1878.

Originated with a Mr. Brunton, Centralia, Illinois, prior to 1877. Deficient in pollen
and little fruit is produced when the variety is planted alone. It was placed in the catalog
of the American Pomological Society in 1883 and remained in the last catalog in 1909.
Plants similar to Early Harvest, not hardy, unproductive; fruit of medium size, oblong,
black; good; very early.

Buckeye.

A chance seedling found by Mortimer Ewart, Mogadore, Ohio. Plants were sent to
this Station in 19 14. As grown here it is very similar to Agawam.

Bundy. i. Rural N. Y. 74:293- 1915-

Originated about 1905 with T. B. Bundy, Piedmont, Missouri. Supposed to be a
seedling of Early Harvest. As grown at this Station the plants are too tender to cold to be
of much value. Plants tall, vigorous, upright, moderately productive; fruit very variable
in size, averaging medium, cylindrical-oval, glossy black, melting, sweet; good; early.

Burbank Thomless. 1. Burbank Cat. 14. 1915-16.

Originated in 1904 by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, who describes it as a
cross of a West Virginia wild blackberry and Himalaya. Introduced by Burbank in 1914.
Plants very vigorous, the canes sometimes reaching a length of twenty feet, very productive;
fruit uniform in size, firm; good; early.

BusheL I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 208. 1922.

Introduced by the Shady Lawn Nurseries, Hammonton, New Jersey. Young plants
at this Station are of the type of Oregon Evergreen, but have larger, coarser foliage, and
the petals are entire instead of tripartite.

California Evergreen, i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 376. 1895-97.

On trial at the California Station in 1895. Plants very productive; fruit watery, flavor
inferior; long ripening season.

Cape May. i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 175. 1867.

Described by Fuller in 1867 as a good sort for home use, but too tender for market.
Fruit very large, black when first ripe, but changing to a dull red, soft, sweet.
Cardinal Balloonberry. i. Bxirbank Cat. 17. 1911-12. 2. Am. Pom,. Soc. Rpt. 163.
1920.

Originated from an unknown Chinese species by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cali-
fornia, who introduced it in 191 2. Plants vigorous, upright, stiff, productive, not hardy,
thorny; fruit larger than that of the raspberry, cardinal red; flesh yellowish red, mild;
good; ripens with strawberries.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 209

Carlo. I. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:665. 1893.

On trial at this Station in 1893. Plants vigorous, unproductive; canes arched, with
slender branches, and few small prickles; fruit small; drupelets large, subacid; fair.

Cazadero. i. Oregon Nur. Cat. 28. 1920.

Found growing in the woods on Cazadero Mountain, east of Portland, Oregon, by
H. Cline, Hillsboro, Oregon; introduced in 1915 by the Oregon Nursery Company, Orenco,
Oregon. Described by them as a seedling of the native wild blackberry. Plants vigorous,
probably not hardy in the East ; fruit small with a rich snappy flavor making it desirable
for culinary purposes; early.

Chautauqua, i. A'^. Y. Sia. Bid. 278: i^S- 1906.

Plants were received at this Station in 1903 from K. E. Downer, Forestville, New York.
Plants vigorous, stocky, hardy and productive; fruit large, roundish, attractive black;
drupelets large, acid, pleasing; good.
Chesnut. i. Texas Farw; yow?-. 25: No. 29, 2. 1905. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 286. 1921.

Found growing in a field of Dallas in 1901 by J. T. Chesnut, Keene, Texas, by
whom it was introduced in 1904. The variety has value in Texas because of its
earliness, productivity and good shipping qualities. As grown at this Station the plants
are tender to cold and produce little fruit. Plants vigorous, sprawling; canes slender, red-
dish, thickly covered with reddish prickles; fruit large, sweet, firm; early.

Claret, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cm/^ 179. 1867.

Adair Claret. 2. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:292, fig. 1867.

A chance seedling which originated about i860 with D. L. Adair, Hawesville, Kentucky.
Plants erect, stocky, not fully hardy; canes light green; fruit of medium size, claret colored,
soft, mild, pleasant; season a week earlier than Lawton.

Clark. I. Rural N. Y. 56:598. 1897. 2. N. Y. Sta. But. 278:135. 1906.

Originated with G. B. Clark, Remington, Indiana. Introduced about 1900 by Matthew
Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. As grown at this Station the variety is inferior to
standard sorts. Plants vigorous, rather tender to cold, moderately productive; fruit of
medium size, roundish, slightly elongated, lonattractivedvdl black, sprightly, soft; good; late.

Clifton. I. A', y. Sta. 5m/. 278:141. 1906.

Received at this Station in 1898 from L. J. Clifton, Memphis, New York, with the
statement that it came from the West a few years previously. Plants vigorous, not very
hardy, productive; fruit varies in size from large to small, attractive black, roundish to
slightly elongated, acid, pleasing; good.

Colonel Wilder, i. Mag. //or^. 30:360. 1864.

Originated prior to 1864 by John B. Orange, Albion, Illinois. Fruit of medium size,
oblong, sHghtly pointed, light cream color, moderately firm, does not develop well ; very good.

Colossal. I. Ann. Hort. 128. 1893. 2. Salzer Cat. 16. 1900.

Introduced in 1893 by the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin, who
describe the plants as vigorous and hardy; fruit large, firm, juicy, sweet, delicious; season

long.

14

2IO THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Coral-Berry, i. Rural N. Y. 61:578. 1902.

On trial at the test grounds of the Rural New-Yorker in 1902. Described as belonging
to an unidentified species, but probably closely related to the Golden Mayberry. Plants
much hardier than that sort, ornamental, the under side of the leaves being silvery white;
fruit similar to the Golden Mayberry, but the color is bright orange-red, shading to a
clear color tint, firm, astringent, making a fine-flavored jelly.

Cory Thomless. i. Cat. Cult. 48:30. 1917. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Thornless Mammoth. 3. Ibid. 284. 1921.

Discovered by Martin Meuli, Tuolumne County, California, in 1909. The variety was
propagated by W. C. Cory, and introduced in 1916 by the Ekstein Nursery Company,
Modesto, California. Possibly this is a dewberry or a hybrid. Plants very vigorous,
thomless when propagated from tips but very thorny when propagated from roots; produc-
tive; fruit large, almost seedless; core small and firm; flavor much like the wild blackberry
of California, being less acid than the loganberry; season very early.

Cox. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1909. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 283. 192 1.

Found in Erath County, Texas. Introduced by F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas, prior
to 1901. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909.
Fruit of medium size, round, reddish black; good; early.

Crystal White, i. Elliott Fr. Book. ig6. 1859.

Orange's Crystal. 2. Mag. Hort. 30:359. 1864.

Raised from seed by John B. Orange, Albion, lUinois, prior to 1859. Plants vigorous,
not hardy, suckering freely, very productive when grown with other sorts; prickles few,
weak; fruit of medium size, oblong-oval, Ught creamy white, translucent, sweet; good.

Cumberland, i. Fuller 5w. Fr. Cm//. 174. 1867.

According to Fuller this variety was largely cultivated by J. Cox, Bridgeton, New
Jersey. Plants hardy, productive; fruit of medium size, black, sweet; good; early with
short season.

Cutter Mulberry, i. Mag. Hort. 25:397. 1859.

Introduced by G. B. Cutter, Newton, Massachusetts, about 1859. Plants very pro-
ductive ; fruit long, slender, very sweet.

Dehring. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 55:26. 1889.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1889. Plants weak, trailing, not hardy, moderately
productive; fruit small, irregiilar, oblong-oval, black, firm; good; early.

Delicious, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Originated by Luther Burbank by whom it was introduced in 19 12. Said to be a tenth
or twelfth generation seedling of Himalaya. Plants very vigorous, moderately hardy,
very productive; canes thorny; fruit medium in size, shape of Himalaya, black, sweet;
superb quality; season August and September in California.

Dodge Thomless. 1, Horticulturist 24:15 ■ 1869.

Originated with N. E. Dodge, Fredonia, New York, prior to 1869. Plants hardy and
productive; canes thomless; fruit small.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 211

Dorchester, i. Mag. Hort. 7:384. 1S41. 2. Ibid. 23:402. 1857.

Improved High Bush. 3. Ibid. 17:20, fig. 4. 1851.

For a discussion of this old sort, see page 185. The American Poraological Society
placed Dorchester in its catalog in 1856, where it remained until 1899. Plants vigorous,
upright, subject to winter injury, productive; canes strong with numerous strong prickles;
fruit of medium size, elongated, attractive black in color, juicy, sweet; good.

Dr. Warder, i. Mag. Hort. 30:360. 1864.

Raised by John B. Orange, Albion, Illinois, prior to 1864. Fruit large, dark rosy
red; good.

Dublin Best. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

A chance seedling found on the farm of a Mr. Tackett; introduced about 19 18 by S. P.
Sitton & Son, Dublin, Texas. Plants trailing the first season, becoming more erect the
second; fruit very similar to that of Mayes.

Duncan Falls, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 445. 1869.

Introduced by J. C. Neff, Dimcan Falls, Ohio. Plants very vigorous, upright; fruit
large, black, moderately firm, juicy, sweet; ripens before Kittatinny.

Early Cluster, i. Rural X. Y. 43:587. 1884. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:666. 1893.

The original plant was fotmd about 1872 in a plantation of Missouri Mammoth on
the farm of Charles W. Stam in southern New Jersey. At this Station the plants are
tender to cold and of little value. Plants upright, moderately vigorous, variable in hardi-
ness, productive; canes stout; prickles numerous, moderately strong; fruit medium in size,
short oblong; drupelets large, glossy black, sweet; very good; core soft; season esxly and
short.

Early Harvest, i. Rural N. Y. 42:638. 1883. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:142. 1906.
3. Card Bush-Fr. 218. 1917. 4- Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 286, fig. 249. 1922.

In the early stages of blackberry culture in this cotmtrj', Early Harvest was considered
valuable as an extra early variety. It is now little grown as the plants suffer much from
winter injury in the North and in the South are very susceptible to orange- rust . The variety
is prized in parts of California and is an extra early sort in some parts of the South. The
fruits are small with small drupelets but are very uniform in size, jet black, and are very
distinct from that of other sorts in general appearance. They ship well and the quality
is very good. The plants are so stockj% upright, and sturdy as to require no trellis,
making the variety a desirable one for the home garden. This is an old variety, the original
plant of which was found growing wild in Illinois some time previous to 1880. The Ameri-
can Pomological Society added the variety to its recommended list of fruits in 1883.

Plants dwarfish, branching freely, medium in height and vigor, very upright, requiring
no trellis, tender to cold, variable in yield, susceptible to orange- rust in some localities;
canes variable in number, deeply furrowed, green changing to dark reddish brown or red
at maturity, dull, glabrous; prickles small, slender, medium to few; leaflets 3-5, oval-lanceo-
late, small, rather thin, light green assuming a reddish cast and persistent late in the fall,
dvdl, with deeply serrate margins; petiole long, medivmi in thickness, prickly, pubescent.
Flowers midseason, self-fertile, in short, leafy clusters; pedicels heavily pubescent. Fruit

212 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

very early, ships well; distinctive in appearance, medium in size, conical, slightly elongated,
glossy jet black; drupelets small, uniform, round, with fairly good coherence; core soft;
flesh juicy, tender, very mild, sweet; quality fair to sometimes good.

Early King. i. Rural N. Y. 48:606, fig. 2^0. 1889. 2. TV. F. 5ta. 5m/. 278:142. 1906.

King. 3. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 643:12. 1915.

Originated in Missouri prior to 1885; brought to attention about 1889. It did not
prove hardy or productive at this Station, but in the milder parts of the East is a good early
sort. King was added to the American Pomological Society's fruit list in 1909. Plants
vigorous, dwarfish, subject to winter injury, moderately productive, subject to rust; canes
purplish, with niunerous long prickles; fruit of medium size, roundish or slightly oblong,
attractive black, firm, sweet; good; season early, short.

Early Mammoth, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:666. 1893.

Thompson's Early Mammoth. 2. Atn. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 84. 1891.

Sent out about 1888 by the Cleveland Nursery Company, Lakewood, Ohio. It was
said to be a hybrid between the blackberry and the dewberry, but at this Station it was
very similar to Wilson, Jr., in habit of growth. Plants moderately vigorous, not kardy,
productive; canes tinged red, covered with numerous slender prickles; fruit variable in
size from small to very large, slightly elongated; drupelets large, many poorly developed,
bright black, very juicy, subacid; good.

Early Wonder, i. Fitzgerald Nur. Cat. 1915.

Found about 1902 by the Fitzgerald Nurseries, Stephenville, Texas, by whom it was
introduced about 1910. Plants more productive than Dallas; foliage scanty; fruits as
large as those of Mayes, ripening after McDonald, sometimes autumn-fruiting.

Eldorado, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 394. 1891. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:136. 1906.
3. Card Bush-Fr. 218. 1917.

This sort has several notable virtues which made it for many years a standard black-
berry. It is still much prized for home and local markets in most of the blackberry regions
of eastern America. The qualities which commend it are great hardiness and great
immunity from the orange-rust which seldom attacks it. The fruits are large, handsome
in appearance, and exceptionally high in quality. Eldorado is usually considered the first
main crop variety to ripen. This variety originated about 1880 as a chance seedling near
the village of Eldorado, Ohio. In 1899 the variety was added to the fruit list of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive, healthy, seldom attacked
by orange-rust ; canes obtusely furrowed, glossy, greenish red becoming dark red at maturity,
glabrous, with small, almost sessile glands; prickles long, slender, numerous, reddish at
the base; leaflets usually 5, oval, dull, somewhat smooth, pubescent, with serrate margins;
petiole reddish, slender, nearly glabrous, with few small glands. Flowers self-fertile,
early, in loose, leafy clusters; petals white, oblong; pedicels long, slender, glandular. Fruit
early midseason, ripening period long; large, roundish to slightly elongated, jet black;
drupelets large, round, few; core soft; flesh juicy, firm, sweet, rich, pleasantly flavored;
quality good to very good.

ELDORADO

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 213

English. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 284. 1921.

Discovered twenty miles north of Bonham, Texas. Plants hardy and productive;
frtiit large; good.

Erie. i. Rural N. Y. 45:465. 1886. 2. Card Biish-Fr. 218. 1917. 3. Hedrick Cyc.
Hardy Fr. 286. 1922.
Uncle Tom. 4. Oliio Hart. Soc. Rpt. 15. 1885-86.

On the grounds of this Station, Erie has long been one of the best varieties, notable
as jnelding a good crop of extremely large, handsome, well-flavored berries. It has always
seemed to the experimenters here that Erie is worthy of more general cultivation. The
plants are very vigorous, usually productive, and nearly immune to the dreaded blackberry
rust. It is not as hardy as might be wished but is above the average in this respect. While
the fruits are large and handsome, they are not high in quality, usually, however, because
the fruit is picked before it has matured. The berries of Erie remain hard and sour long
after turning black, and if the picking is hurried, they are wretchedly poor in quality.
Erie originated with L. B. Pierce, Tallmadge, Ohio, in 1876, probably as a seedling of
Lawton. It was introduced by J. T. Lovett in 1886 mider the name Uncle Tom, which
name was later changed to Erie. The American Pomological Society added Erie to its
fruit catalog list in 1889.

Plants medium to tall, vigorous, often much branched, upright-spreading, fairly hardy,
productive, healthy, seldom attacked by orange-rust ; canes numerous, very stocky, deeply
furrowed, obtuse-angled, glossy, greenish changing to dull red, pubescent, glandular;
prickles large, long, numerous, greenish; leaflets 5, large, thick, oval, light green changing
to dull red late in the fall, dull, rugose, pubescent, with serrate margins, petiole thick.
Flowers midseason, very large, borne in long, open, leafy clusters ; pedicels thick, glandular.
Fruit midseason; large to very large, broadly cylindrical to nearly globular, tapering
irregularly, glossy, attractive black; drupelets numerous, rather small, round; core rather
soft; flesh soft only when fully mature, juicy, sweet when fully ripe, pleasantly flavored;
quality good.

Erskine Park, i, Harris Nur. Cat. 62. 191 1.

Originated about 1904 with E. J. Norman, Lenox, Massachusetts; supposed to be a
sport of Kittatinny. One year's test at this Station shows that the variety has con-
siderable merit. Plants tall, vigorous, upright, branching freely, hardy and productive;
canes stocky, diill green with reddish brown tinge, glabrous; prickles medium in number,
strong; fruit medium in size, irregular, roimdish conic to cylindrical; drupelets of medium
size, cohering strongly, glossy black, jtiicy, tender, sweet; very good; core soft; season long.

Eureka, i. Mich. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 406. 1886.

Raised from seed of Wilson by William Parry, Parry, New Jersey, in 1876. After
growing many seedlings for four years, the best was selected and named Eureka.

Eureka (of Texas), i. Mtmson Ca^. 10. 1899. 2. Rural N. Y. 61:578. 1902.

Brought from Alabama to Texas by H. A. Biles, Roanoke, Texas; introduced in 1899
by T. V. Munson & Son, Denison, Texas. As grown at the trial grounds of the Rural New-
Yorker, the plants were tender, unproductive and thorny; the fruit large, round, jet black,

firm, sweet, with a pleasing flavor.

214 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Excelsior, i. Mass. Sia. Bui. 7:4. 1890.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1890. Plants tender to cold, productive;
fruit large; good; midseason.

Farley, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 33:137. 1869.

Brought to notice in 1869 by A. M. Bums of Kansas, who obtained it from J. McClure,
Pennsylvania. Plants hardy in Kansas; fruit nearly as large as Lawton, ripe as soon as
black, two weeks earlier than Lawton.

Favorite Trailing, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Introduced by the Rosebud Nursery, Winner, South Dakota. Plants described as
very productive, hardy, but needing some protection: fruit large, beautiful; good.

Felton, I. Fuller 5m. Fr. Cult. 175. 1867.

Introduced a few years prior to 1867 by Oscar F. Felton, Camden, New Jersey. At
first it was considered identical with Wilson, but was later decided to be a distinct
variety. Plants spreading; fruit very large, long, slightly conic, often poorly developed,
sweet; good; early.

Florence, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:136. 1906.

A chance seedling found among other varieties by G. E. Goldsmith, Unionville, New
York, in 1895. Plants were sent to this Station in 1902. Plants vigorous, rather tender
to cold, productive; fruit varying in size from medium to very large, roundish, attractive
black; drupelets large, juicy, sprightly; good.

Florida Marvel, i. Fla. Grower 6:Nov. 29. 1924.

Discovered about 1904 by a Swedish woman near New Smyrna, Florida. First
brought to attention by a Dr. Ballaugh, Daytona, Florida. It seems to have considerable
value for Florida. Plants vigorous, trailing, bearing fruit at the intersection of every leaf,
very productive; propagates by layers and root cuttings; fruit large, long, glossy black,
firm, juicy, sweet.

Ford No. I. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 111:284. 1896.

Received at this Station in 1892 from Frank Ford & Son, Ravenna, Ohio; inferior to
standard varieties, the plants being only moderately productive and the fruits of but medium
size; quality good.

Freed, i. Mo. Sta. Bui. 10:9. 1889.

Originated about 187 1 by George Freed, Columbiana County, Ohio. Plants very
vigorous, upright, very hardy, but unproductive; prickles few; fruit small, oblong, juicy;
good; ripening with Snyder.

French Lawton. i. Scarff Cat. 15. 19 10.

Introduced about 1903 by W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio, as a selection from
Lawton. At this Station the plants have proved tender to cold and rather unproductive;
in no way superior to Lawton.

Fruitland. i. A^. F. Sto. Sm/. 81:581. 1894.

Received at this Station in 1892 from W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio. As grown here
it is inferior to standard sorts. Plants vigorous, upright, fairly hardy, unproductive;

ERIE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 215

canes tinged reddish, with numerous prickles; fruit of medium size, roundish; drupelets
variable in size; sweet; good; late.

Gainor. i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 68. 1883.

Found in a strawberry bed in 1878 by Jacob Gainor, Thorold, Ontario. Plants
vigorous, hardy, verj' productive; fruit very similar to Erie, but larger; midseason.

Georgia Mammoth, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Originated with W. D. Beatie, Atlanta, Georgia. Plants strong, upright, branches
long and drooping, often rooting at the tips, not very thorny, productive, non-suckering ;
fruit large, glossy black, rich, aromatic; fine quality; seeds small; core soft; early.

German, i. Ant. Pmn. Soc. Rpt. 284. 192 1.

Introduced by the Lennox Nursery and Fruit Farm, Lennox, South Dakota. Root
cuttings were said to have been brought from Germany in 19 10. Plants very vigorous,
requiring winter protection in South Dakota; fruit very large, dark glossy black, juicy,
ver>' firm.

Golden Mayberry. i. Burbank Cat. 23. 1893. 2. Childs Cat. 154. 1894.

Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, as a supposed cross between
Rubus palmatus and Cuthbert. Introduced in 1894 by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park,
New York. Described by Burbank as having plants growing like trees, six to eight feet
high, with spreading tops; flowers large, white, bell-shaped, pendant; fruit large, glossy
golden color, translucent, sweet; very early.

Governor, i. Ann. Hort. 152. 1892. 2. Salzer Cat.' 16. 1900.

Introduced in 1890 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Described as hardy and
very productive; fruit very large, round to oblong, rich; early.

Grape, i. Am. Pmn. Soc. Rpt. 76. i860.

Mentioned in a discussion at the meeting of the American Pomological Society
in i860. Plants trailing, shoots sometimes growing twenty feet long, very hardy and
productive.

Green Hardy, i. Green Nur. Cat. 1. 1906.

Discovered among wild blackberries about 1891 in Chili, New York, by E. H. Burson,
Clifton, New York; introduced in 1907 by Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New
York. At this Station it is not equal to standard sorts. Plants, vigorous, tall, upright-
spreading, fairly hardy, unproductive; canes stocky; prickles numerous, strong; fruit medium
in size, irregular, cylindrical-conic to round-conic; drupelets medium in number, cohering
strongly ; black, juicy, melting, subacid ; good ; core medium firm ; midseason.

Haley, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1884.

Fotmd growing along the prairie ravines, Franklin County, Kansas, by E. Haley.
Plants dwarfish; fruit of medium size; excellent quality.

Hesse, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 213:11. 1904.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1903. Plants spreading, branching close to the
groimd, tender to cold; canes large; fruit attractive; of fine quality.

2i6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Himalaya, i. Card. Mon. 17:206. 1875. 2. Rural N. Y. 71:625. 1912. 3. Ibid.
73:252, 765, fig. 1914-

Theodor Reimers. 4. Fest. Pom. Rent. Inst. 130. 1910.

Giant Himalaya. 5. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 287, fig. 250. 1922.

A full account of this berry is given elsewhere. (See page 191.) The variety is all but
worthless in New York and the eastern states but is rather commonly grown for home
markets on the Pacific Slope. The plants are too tender to cold for northern regions
and in regions south of Pennsylvania, while they withstand the weather and seem vigorous,
they are almost barren. Wherever grown the plants need cross pollination, and even so
produce many imperfect fruits. The berries are not high in quality and are rather imin-
viting in appearance. The long, trailing, thorny evergreen canes are almost unmanageable
on trellis or stakes. On the Pacific Coast, however, the plant is grown on arbors and
trellises, and blooms and bears fruit all summer and autumn. There may be value in the
variety for hybridization as the several hybrids now known, of which it is one parent,
promise much. Vigor and productiveness of plants are characters for which it should be
used in hybridization. The American Pomological Society added the sort to its fruit
catalog list in 1909.

Plants extremely vigorous, trailing, tender to cold, variable in yield, susceptible to
anthracnose; propagated from tips or root-cuttings; canes perennial, numerous, very stocky,
greenish, tinged red, glossy, pubescent, cylindrical or furrowed; prickles long, thick, very
strong, numerous, reddish at the base but green tipped; leaflets 3-5, oblong-oval to obovate.
dull, luxuriant dark green, smooth, thick, slightly pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole
thick, greenish red. Flowers late, said to require cross pollination, large, showy, few,
pinkish, in rather short, open, leafy, prickly clusters; pedicels somewhat short, prickly.
Fruit very late, season very long; extremely variable in shape and size, averaging medium,
irregularly hemispherical, glossy black; drupelets intermediate in size, round, with fairiy
good coherence; core soft, with creamy red tinge; flesh juicy, tender, very tart becoming
sprightly when fully ripe; quality fair to good.

Hoag. I. Col. 0. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 7c. 1887.

Originated with Charles R. Hoag, Kasson, Minnesota, and named after him by the
Minnesota Horticultural Society. Sent out for trial in 1887 by A. W. Sias, a vice-president
of that organization. Plants productive with the originator, but a failure elsewhere.

Holcomb. I. Mag. Hort. 25:397. 1859.

Exhibited before the Hartford, Connecticut, Horticultural Society in 1855 by E. A.
Holcomb, Granby, Connecticut. Plants vigorous, productive, and hardy; canes moder-
ately stout; fruit large, roimdish oval, black, moderately firm, sweet, rich, excellent;
early.

Holt. I. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1890.

Originated prior to 1890 with Samuel Holt, Worthington, Ohio. Described as promis-
ing because of vigor and productivity of plants and size and quality of fruit.

Honey Coreless. i. Bradley Bros. Cat. 19. 1913-
Hoco. 2. Ibid. 14. 1923.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 217

Introduced in 19 13 by Bradley Brothers, Makanda, Illinois. Plants described as
vigorous, hardy, and very productive; fruit large, long, sweet, juicy, delicious, without
core; early.

Hoosac Thomless. i. Am. Jour. Hort. 8:230. 1870.

Frank Ford, Ravenna, Ohio, found this sort near Hoosac Mountain, Rowe, Massachu-
setts, in 1864. Plants hardy, productive; canes thomless; fniit small, firm, sweet.

Hoosier. i. Mass. Sta. Bui. 44:16. 1897.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1896. Plants vigorous, hardy and very
productive; fruit large; very good.

Howard, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 213:10. 1904.

Received at the Michigan Station in 1901 from Edgar Howard, Stevensville, Michigan.
Canes medium in size, not very productive; fnut of medium size, sliglitly elongated, of
good color, firm, pleasant.

Iceberg, i. Jackson & Perkins Circ. 1897.

This white blackberry originated with Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, and
is the result of three generations of crossing Lawton and Crystal White; introduced in
1897 by Jackson & Perkins, Newark, New York. It was added to the fruit list of the
American Pomological Society in 1909. Plants moderately vigorous, upright, not hardy,
unproductive; canes slender; foliage thin, narrow, tinged yellow; fruit large, type of Early
Harvest; drupelets small, amber-white, soft, sweet; very good; midseason.

Ida. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:142. 1906.

Received at this Station in 189S from Thompson Sons, Rio Vista, Virginia; said to be
a seedling of Early Harvest. Plants moderately vigorous, semi-dwarfish, tender to cold,
unproductive; fruit medium in size, elongated, dull black, juicy; fair; early.

Illinois. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1909. 2. Stark Bros. Cat. 94. 1910.

Found in a fence comer about 1890 by E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois; introduced by Stark
Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri. The American Pomological Society added Illinois to its
fruit list in 1909. Plants low, spreading, vigorous, half hardy and unproductive; fruit
medium in size, roimdish to conic; drupelets large, sweet; good; late midseason.

Johnson, i. Card Bush-Fr. 221. 191 7.

From Missouri. Said to be adapted to the South and to be popular there.
Jordan, i. Card Bush-Fr. 230. 1898.

The Austin Nursery Company, Aiistin, Texas, writes that this sort originated about
1895 with James Nimon, Denison, Texas, who later introduced it. It has some merit as
a late sort in the South, but is of no value at this Station. Plants vigorous, semi-trailing,
tender to cold, unproductive; fruit variable in size, usually large, broadly ovate, glossy
black, juicy, melting, nearly sweet; good; core hard; late.

Joy. I. Lovett Cat. 15. 1914.

A chance seedling found by Jacob Miehl, Atlantic Coimty, New Jersey; introduced in
1914 by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey. At this Station the plants have shown con-
siderable winter injury and many berries are poorly developed. Plants tall, vigorous.

2l8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

upright-spreading, half hardy, productive; canes stocky, reddish green; prickles very
numerous, large, strong; fruit of medium size, irregular, cylindrical-conic; drupelets large,
many failing to develop, black, juicy, soft, mildly subacid; good; core medium; midseason.

Kenoyer. i. Kenoyer Circ. 1904.

A chance seedling discovered in 1897 by F. L. Kenoyer, Independence, Kansas, by
whom it was introduced in 1902. It is supposed to be a cross between Early Harvest and
Kittatinny which were growing nearby. At this Station the plants require winter protec-
tion and are rather unproductive. Kenoyer was added to the catalog of the American
Pomological Society in 1909. Plants medium in height and vigor, upright, not hardy,
unproductive; canes medium in size, green, nearly glabrous; prickles medium in size and
number; fruit of medium size, irregular, cylindrical to slightly conic; drupelets large;
black, juicy, soft, sweet; very good; midseason.

Kentucky White, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 445. 1869.

Introduced by D. L. Adair, Hawesville, Kentucky. Plants tender; fruit medium in
size, oblong-oval, light dirty white; imperfect.

King Philip, i. la. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1906.

Originated with E. P. Powell, Clinton, New York. Introduced in 1906 by Matthew
Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Said to be very hardy.

Kittatinny. i. Mag. Hort. 30:407. 1864. 2. Ibid. 31:272. 1865. 3. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 445. 1869. 4. Rural N. Y. 42:248, fig. 179. 1883.

No variety has been more widely or commonly grown than Kittatinny in the prime
of its popularity. It was one of the first good sorts and for more than half a century was
the standard commercial blackberry in North America. In particular, it is noteworthy
for its large, handsome fruits which are of the very best quality, having only the defect
of being variable in size and shape in some years, probably because imperfectly pollinated.
The plants are all that could be desired in vigor, but fail in hardiness, and are very sus-
ceptible to the orange-rust. The canes are stout and upright, giving a habit of growth
which characterizes the variety. This berry is a native wilding found in the town of Hope,
New Jersey, near the base of the Kittatinny Mountains, and was introduced by E.
Williams, of Montclair, about 1865. The American Pomological Society included the
variety in its fruit catalog list in 1867.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright to spreading, somewhat tender to cold, productive,
susceptible to orange-rust; canes medium to numerous, stocky, grooved, green changing
to reddish brown or red when mature, dull, slightly pubescent, eglandular; prickles large,
thick, numerous, greenish; leaflets 5, oblong-oval, pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole
intermediate in length and thickness. Flowers late, few, in rather short, open, leafy clus-
ters; petals white, roundish; pedicels medium in length and thickness, with few glands;
calyx pubescent, eglandular. Fruit early midseason, ripening period long; medium to
very large, slightly elongated, variable in size and shape, quite irregular in some seasons as
if imperfectly pollinated, large and long when well grown, attractive glossy black; drupe-
lets large, roimd, with fairly good coherence; core soft; flesh juicy, sweet, rich, firm but
tender; quality very good to best.

KITTATINNY

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 2IQ

Knox. i.Out.Fr.Gr. Assoc. Rpt.^i. 1883. 2. Mich. Sla. Bui. 20s: iS, 2s. 1903.

Of unknown origin; of value as grown at the Michigan Station, but unproductive
elsewhere. Plants vigorous, upright, moderately productive; fruit large, attractive;
good: late.

La Grange, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 82. 1904-05. 2. Lovett Cat. 75. 1910.

Said to have been brought from Russia to IlUnois where it was grown for a number
of year by Charles La Grange in Vermilion County; introduced in 1910 by J T Lovett
Little Silver, New Jersey. Plants taU, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather tender, moder-
ately productive; canes stocky, glabrous; prickles medium in number, strong; fruit below
medium in size, irregular cylindrical-conic; drupelets large, black, juicy, soft, subacid;
good ; core variable ; midseason.

Laporte. i. Horticulturist 28:223. 1873.

Found growing wild at Laporte, Indiana. Brought to notice by A. M. Purdy, Palmyra
New York, about 1873. Plants hardy, vigorous and productive; fruit of medium size!
oblong, soft, sweet; excellent; early.

Lawton. i. Gen. Farmet 15:157, fig. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 20:174. 1854. 3. Horti-
culturist 10:257. 1855. 4. Afag. Hort. 23:543- 1857. 5- Bailey Ev. Nat.
Fruits 302. 1898.

New Rochelle. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 663. 1857.

In a previous chapter we have seen that Lawton was the second named blackberrj-,
and that it played a very important part in the eariy history of this fruit in America. It
long ago passed into obHvion as a commercial sort in eastern America, but is still grown
rather widely on the Pacific Slope. Lawton passed out of general cultivation because the
plants are tender to cold and very susceptible to the orange-rust. The berries are not at
their best until jet black, and are often picked too soon, when they are rather austere in
flavor, and this perhaps has given the variety a reputation it does not deserve for fruits of
poor quality. The variety was added to the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog
list in 1854. (For a fuller account of the history see page 184.)

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, tender to cold, productive, variable in sus-
ceptibility to disease; canes stocky, green changing to brownish red; prickles numerous
large, thick; leaflets 5. dark green, pubescent, with setrate margins, in double series; petiole
long, thick, prickly, pubescent. Flowers in compact, leafless clusters ; petals white, roundish •
pedicels glandular, pubescent. Fruit late midseason, period of ripening long; large, hemis-
pherical to shghtly elongated, jet black but becoming bronzed when over-ripe; core large,
rather hard; flesh soft, acid at first, becommg sweet only at full maturity, rich, juicy';
quality very good.

Leader. 1. Card Bush-Fr. 222. 19 17.

Originated with Daniel S. Kriebel, Kankakee County, lUinois. Plants very produc-
tive; fruit large; of best quality.

Lincoln, i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 70. 1887. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 63:667. 1893.

Discovered in 1874 near Lincohi's monument, Springfield, Illinois; introduced in 1887
by W. H. Lightfoot of that place. It has no merit as grown at this Station. Plants

220 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

vigorous, upright, unproductive; prickles numerous, strong; fruit small, many berries
imperfect, juicy, sweet; good; later than Snyder.

Lovett. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:667. 1893.

Lovett's Best. 2. Lovett Autumn Cat. 16. 1891.

Jewett. 3. III. Sta. Bui. 30:325. 1894.

A chance seedling from New Jersey prior to 1885; introduced in 1891 by J. T. Lovett,
Little Silver, New Jersey. At this Station the variety is inferior to standard sorts. Plants
tall, vigorous, upright, half hardy, unproductive; canes medium in size, green tinged brown,
glabrous; prickles numerous, strong; flowers late; fruit small, irregular, roundish; drupe-
lets mediirm in size, many failing to develop, glossy black, juicy, sprightly; fair; core soft;
very late.

Luther, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:668. 1893.

A chance seedling foimd on the grounds of R. D. Luther, Fredonia, New York, by
whom it was sent to this Station in 1891. Plants vigorous, fairly hardy; fruit of medium
size, juicy, nearly sweet; good.

Lux. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 284. 192 1.

Offered by W. L. Lux, Topeka, Kansas. Described as very hardy; fruit very large;
finest quality; late.

McCracken. i. Card. Mon. 24:269. 1882.

Found in the woods near Fulton, Illinois, by a Mr. McCracken. Plants hardy, very
productive; fruit large, good: early.

McDonald. 1. Rural N. Y. 60: s^6. 1901. 2. i?MmZ A/'. F. 73:252, fig. 1914. 3. Ibid.
76:419. 1917. 4. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 288, fig. 251. 1922.

McDonald is a blackberry-dewberry hybrid with rather remarkable qualities of
both plants and fruits. The plants are very vigorous, remarkably productive, wholly
immtme to rust, better able to withstand drought than almost any other bramble, and
ripen their crop two weeks before the blackberry season, the first of its kind to bloom and
ripen fruit. The canes trail the first season, dewberry-like, but in succeeding seasons send
up strong drooping canes partaking more of the blackberry parent. The berries are of
largest size, borne in prodigous quantities, jet black and very handsome, among the best
in quality, and hang in good condition on the plants for several days after ripening. The
variety has one serious fault ; it is self -sterile and must be interplanted with another black-
berry or dewberry for a pollinizer. McDonald is not proving of very great value in New
York and the East, but is much grown in Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. This blackberry-
dewberry hybrid, probably of Texas origin, has been grown in several southwestern states
for the past quarter century. In 1909 the American Pomological Society added McDonald
to its recommended list of fruits.

Plants vigorous, spreading and drooping, tender to cold, variable in yield, healthy;
canes long, variable in thickness, numerous; leaflets 5, rather small, long-oval, thin, dark
green, glossy, with shallowly serrate margins. Flowers early, self-sterile, few, white, in
long, open, leafy, slightly prickly clusters; pedicels long, medium in thickness, heavily
pubescent, seldom prickly. Fruit very early; large, oblong-conic, jet black; drupelets

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 221

numerous, rather small, with good coherence; flesh juicy, firm but tender when fully ripe,
pleasantly sprightly if well ripened ; quality very good.

Mammoth, i. Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:306. 1891. 2. Card. & For. 10:478. 1897. 3.
U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 998:23. 1918.

California Mammoth. /^. Rural N . Y . 60'. $$0. 1901. 5. 76/ii. 61:578. 1902.

Black Loganberry. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Lowberry. 7. Btinyard Cat. 19. 1923.

This is another blackberry-dewberry, which, since it partakes most of the blackberry
parent, is usually listed with blackberries. The variety is grown very little in New York
and the East because quite too tender to cold, but it is a standard bramble fruit in Cali-
fornia, esteemed both for its healthy, \'igorous, productive plants and for its enormous,
handsome, richly flavored fruits. Well grown, the fruits are said to be larger than those
of any other of the cultivated brambles. The plants of Mammoth are remarkable in that
the canes grow upright several feet and then begin to trail, sometimes attaining a length
of 25 or 30 feet. The canes are stout and covered with small, short spines. The plants
are propagated from tips and usually fail to come from root cuttings, the method of prop-
agating blackberries. The leaves are semi-evergreen in California. The blossoms are
self-sterile and the loganberry is usually set for cross pollination. Two other varieties
very similar to Mammoth are offered by nurserymen under the names Tribble and Cory
Thomless. Calif omians say that they are distinct, however. The canes of the Cory
Thomless are said to be thomless or nearly so. Mammoth was originated by Judge
J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, California, and is supposed to be a cross between the Texas
blackberry and the western dewberry. The name was added to the list of fruits
recommended for culture by the American Pomological Society in 1909. The variety has
often been confused with Bartel which has also been called Mammoth.

Plants very vigorous, semi-trailing, tender to cold, unproductive in the East, but very
productive on the Pacific Slope, healthy; propagated from tips; reported that it cannot be
increased by root-cuttings; canes very long, cjdindrical to slightly angular, green mingled
with a tinge of dull red, pubescent, glandular; prickles variable in length, small and short,
tmusually ntimerous, purplish red; leaflets 3, large, ovate, dark green, rugose, pubescent,
with dentate margins; petiole short, thick, very prickly. Flowers self -sterile, very late,
in loose, leafy clusters; petals white, oblong; pedicels prickly, long, thick, eglandular;
calyx tomentose, eglandular. Fruit early midseason, resists drouth very well, said to
ship poorly; very large, regular in shape, cylindrical-conic, glossy black; drupelets meditmi
in size, very nimierous, with strong coherence; core soft; flesh juicy, tender, rather sour
until fully ripe when it becomes pleasantly subacid ; quality good to very good if properly
ripened.

Mark Twain, i. Am. Porn. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Introduced by the Sunny Slope Nursery, Hannibal, Missotiri. Fruit large, glossy
black, melting, sweet; core soft.

Mason Mountain, i. Mag. Hort. 31:122. 1865.

Introduced about 1865 by R. O. Thompson, Nebraska. Plants hardy; fruit large,
conic, black, sweet, rich.

222 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

May Hardiest, i. May Cat. 12. 1924.

Found on the grounds of the May Seed & Nursery Company, Shenandoah, Iowa;
introduced by them in 1924. Supposed to be a seedhng as it resembled no other sort they
were growing. Plants very hard)'; fruit large, jet black.

Maynard. i. Card Bush-Fr. 239. 1898.

Found growing between Lucretia dewberry and Early Harvest blackberry on the farm
of C. C. Maynard, Kincaid, Kansas, who sent it out about 1895. Plants productive,
thriving on poor soil; fruit borne in clusters, large, roxmd; drupelets few, very large, jet
black, sweet.

Maxwell, i. Ann. Hort. 128. 1893.

Maxwell Early. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:410. 1903.

A chance seedling found in a patch of Kittatinny about 1878 by A. C. Maxwell,
Chanute, Kansas. Plants low growing, vigorous, stocky; fruit very large, round, glossy
black, soft, juicy; very good; early midseason.

Mersereau. i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 81:581. 1894. 2. Cornell Sta. Bui. 99:523, fig. 91.
1895. 3. Rural N. Y. 56:838. 1897. 4. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:139. 1906.

This sort is a standard for both commercial and home plantations in the northern
and eastern states. It fails in the South because of its susceptibility to the orange-rust.
Mersereau is a seedling of Snyder which it surpasses in vigor of plant and in size and quality
of fruit, and because the fruits may be picked over a long season. It is above the average
blackberry in hardiness. Nurserymen find it a difficult sort to propagate and a good many
seem to substitute some other sort for it, so that there are many misnamed " Mersereaus "
in the berry plantations of the country. This variety originated with J. M. Mersereau,
New York, about 1890, as a seedling of Snyder, which it closely resembles. The American
Pomological Society added Mersereau to its list of recommended fruits in 1909.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, usually hardy although winter injury is vari-
able, productive, variable in health, markedly susceptible to orange-rust; canes medium in
number, stocky, very obtuse-angled, reddish mingled with green, glossy, glabrous, eglandu-
lar; prickles large, thick, numerous, in color similar to the suckers; leaflets usually 5, oval,
dull, medium green, tinged red late in the season, rugose, pubescent, with serrate margins;
petiole thick. Flowers self-fertile, midseason, medium to numerous, in short, compact,
slightly leafy clusters; petals white, oblong; pedicels long, slender, glandular. Fruit late
midseason, period of ripening long; large, roundish to oblong-conic, glossy black, holding
its color after picking; drupelets large, round, with strong coherence; core soft; flesh firm
but tender, juicy, rather sprightly until fully ripe when it becomes sweet, rich and pleasantly
flavored; quality very good.

Miller, i. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 154. 1919. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Originated by D. J. Miller, Akron, Ohio, about 1909; introduced in 1919 by Storrs &
Harrison, Painesville, Ohio. The variety has shown considerable promise on the first
year's trial at this Station. Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; canes
stocky, green with reddish tinge, nearly glabrous ; prickles numerous, large ; fruit uniformly
large, irregular cylindrical-conic; drupelets medium in size and number, cohering strongly,
black, juicy, melting, sweet; very good; core hard; midseason.

MERSEREAU

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 223

Minnewaska. i. /?«ra/ A^. F. 43:559, fig. 436. 1884. 2, iV. F. 5to. J5m/. 63 : 668. 1893.
Originated with A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New York, prior to 1884; said to be a cross
between Kittatinny and a wild blackberry. At this Station the variety is tender to cold.
Minnewaska was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1879, and
remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants tall, vigorous, upright, half hardy, moderately
productive; canes stocky, glabrous; prickles numerous, large, strong, green; flowers late;
fruit large, roundish to slightly elongated; drupelets medium in size, strongly coherent,
glossy black, juicy, rather soft, sweet when fully ripe; good; midseason.

Missouri Mammoth, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 113. 1868.

Introduced from Missouri more than half a century ago. Described as producing
fruit of large size, black, firm, rich, juicy, sweet, without core; season early, ripening over
a long period.

Montmorency, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1909.

Listed as a promising sort for the upper Missouri and Mississippi Valley in the catalog
of the American Pomological Society for 1909.

Nanticoke. i. Allen Cat. 28. 1912. 2. Rural N. Y. 73:764. 1914.

Introduced in 191 2 by W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Maryland, who thinks it came originally
from Norway. As grown at this Station the variety is of little value. Plants of medium
height, very vigorous, upright-spreading, tender to cold, moderately productive; canes
stocky, greenish with reddish tinges, pubescent; prickles numerous, strong, large; fruit of
medium size, ovate ; drupelets medium in size and number, many failing to develop, glossy
black, moderately juicy, rather soft, sprightly; good; core soft; season very late and long.

Needham. i. Mag. Hort. 18:490. 1852.

Introduced about 1850 by J. S. Needham of Massachusetts. It seems to have been
of little value; unproductive in most localities; fruit small, lilac color, sweet, insipid; late.
Nevada, i. Mich. Sta. Bnl. 55:26. 1889.

On trial at the Michigan Station but did not prove valuable. Plants usually hardy,
productive; fruit large, oval, black; good; late.

Neverfail. i. Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:308. 1891.

Said to have originated in central Ohio. The Cornell Station received specimens from
F. L. Wright, Plainfield, Michigan, who obtained it from Indiana. Plants very vigorous,
but never producing fruit.

Newman Thomless. 1. Cultivator 4:52. 1856.

Discovered in the wild by Jonas Newman, Milton, New York, prior to 1857. Plants
of medium height, moderately vigorous, usually unproductive; canes slender with very
few small prickles; fruit medium in size, roundish oval, black, rather acid; good when fully
ripe.

Ohmer. i. Ami. Hort. 128. 1893. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:126. 1906.

Introduced in 1892 by N. Ohmer, Dayton, Ohio, who found it in a garden. In some
places Ohmer is an excellent late sort, but as grown at this Station it is inferior to standard
varieties. Plants moderately vigorous, spreading, fairly hardy, moderately productive;

224 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

canes stocky with few prickles; fruit above medium size, roundish; drupelets large, juicy,
acid; good; late.

Pan American, i. Townsend Cat. 28. 1923.

Introduced in 1922 by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland. Plants were
received from a New Jersey grower who stated that the variety came from Brazil-
Described as very similar to Black Diamond, but differs in having leaves of a different shape.

Paradox, i. Burbank Cat. 29. 1893.

A fourth generation seedling from a cross between Crystal White blackberry and Shaffer
raspberry raised by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, who introduced it in 1893.
Plants intermediate between the parents; fruit large, oval, light red; superior quality.

Parish Pink. i. Card Bush-Fr. 238. 1898.

Mentioned by Card as "Another white variety of no more value than the rest."

Parnell. i. La. Sta. Bid. 3:45. 1890.

On trial at the Louisiana Station in 1890. Originated by a Mr. Normand, Marksville,
Louisiana.

Perfection.

Gray's Perfection, i. Gray Cat. 1910-11.

Originated in 1907 by Alvia G. Gray, Salem, Indiana, who introduced it in 19 10. Said
to be a cross between Wilson and Lovett. Its record at this Station has been unsatisfactory.
Plants upright, rather tender to cold, unproductive; canes stocky. Mr. Gray describes the
fruit as very large, oblong, glossy black, very firm, with flavor of Wilson; late midseason.

Peruvian, i. Card Bush-Fr. 227. 191 7.

Described by Card as a variety of the common European blackberry. Plants very
vigorous and dense; canes very long and large; fruit small, sweet, lacking character.

Piasa. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:160. 1899.

Piasasau: 2. A'. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1900.

A chance seedling found by the roadside by E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. It was sent
out about 1895 '^^''d introduced in 1900 by Mr. Riehl. Plants dwarfish, spreading, unpro-
ductive; fruit small, irregular oblong, compact, lacking juiciness, mild; fair; midseason.

Purple Fruited, i. Meehans' Mon. 5:185. 1895.

Mentioned by E. E. Bogue, Orwell, Ohio, as having purple fruit when ripe.

Queen, i. Texas Niir. Cat. 33. 1909.

Introduced about 1900 by the Texas Nursery Company, vSherman, Texas. Said by
them to be a native of the black land belt of northern Texas. At this Station the plants
are tender to cold and unproductive. They are semi-trailing the first season, becoming
upright later.

Rathbun. i. Rural N. Y. 54:587. 1895. 2. Wis. Sta. Bui. 72:23. 1898. 3. Rural
N- Y- 59:562. 1900. 4. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:143. 1906.
The berries of Rathbun commend the variety highly; they are large, handsome, and
very good in quality. The plants, however, are far from flawless; they are only moderate

/^

RATHBUN

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 225

in vigor and productiveness, sucker sparingly, are susceptible to the orange-rust, are tender
to cold, and bear flowers that must be cross pollinated. Despite this long list of faults, the
variety is well liked in mild climates. The plants propagate by rooting at the tips. Rath-
bun originated about 1885 with Alvin Rathbun, Silver Creek, New York. It is a chance
seedling which sprang up near a planting of Early Harvest and Kittatinny. Its habit of
growth, however, indicates that it may be a blackberry-dewberry hybrid. Rathbim was
introduced by James Vick's Sons, Rochester, New York. In 1909 the American Pomo-
logical Society added the variety to its list of recommended fruits.

Plants branching freely, upright-spreading to drooping, half-hardy, variable in health,
susceptible to double-blossom in the South, moderately productive; propagated by tips
as well as by suckers; canes rather few, very obtuse-angbd, dull, pale greenish, glabrous;
prickles tinged red at the base; leaflets 3, ovate, thick, dull, dark green, rugose, with coarse,
serrate margins; petiole long. Flowers imperfect, self-fertile, large, few to medium, in
short, open, leafy, 'almost spineless clusters; pedicels long, heavily pubescent, glandular;
Calyx heavily pubescent; stamens sometimes irregular in formation. Fruit early, said to
resist drouth very well ; very large but somewhat variable, roundish to slightly elongated,
glossy black; drupelets large, round, numerous, with strong coherence; core soft; flesh juicy,
firm, sweet, rich; quality very good but variable.

Red Cluster, i. Rtiral N. Y. 50:670. 1891.

Sent to the trial grounds of the Rural New-Yorker in 1886 by W. W. Hilbom, Leam-
ington, Ontario. Fruit small, tender, sweet.

Reid. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Offered for sale by the Long Floral & Nursery Company, Dallas, Texas. Plants
described as vigorous, upright, hardy, almost free from suckers; fruit large, delicious; early.

Reyner. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 81:582. 1894.

Received at this Station in 1892 for trial from S. R. Alexander, Bellefonta ne, Ohio.
Plants vigorous, moderately hardy, improductive; canes large, greenish, with few prickles;
fniit of medium size, rotmdish or slightly elongated; drupelets large, sweet; good.
Robison. i. Mimson Cat. 10. 1899.

Originated in 1895 with Willard Robison, Cisco, Texas. The variety did not succeed
at this Station. The American Pomological Society cataloged it in 1901 , but it was removed
at the next revision of the catalog in 1909. Plants vigorous, upright, much branched;
canes stocky, moderately thorny; fruit large, round, compact, black, firm, sweet; good;
late.

Sable Queen, i. Horticulturist 2^:'] t„ fig. 1869.

Found in an old pasture in Essex County, Massachusetts, prior to 1849 by Daniel
Graves. The variety was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1883 and removed in 1897. Plants vigorous and productive; fruit variable in size, usually
small, soft; good

Sadie, i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 70. 1887.

Introduced about 1887 by Levi Hawbaker, Winchester, Iowa, as very hardy in that
State. Fruit large, firm, sweet, without core; very early.
15

226 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

St Jo. I. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 301. 1905.

Mentioned in 1905 as a new sort gaining some prominence near Springfield, Missouri.

Sanford. i. Ann. Hort. 128. 1893. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 111:284. 1896.

A chance seedling foiind in a clearing by Henry Merrells, North Sanford, New York;
introduced in 1893 by C. W. Graham, Afton, New York. The variety has little value
as grown at this Station. Fruit small, oblong to oval, firm, moderately juicy, pleasant;
fair.

Santa Rosa. i. Burbank Cat. 7. 1920. 2. Atn. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Originated about 1902 by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, who introduced
it in 1912. This is a thomless sort descended from a West Virginia blackberry. Plants
very vigorous, canes reaching a length of twenty-five feet in a season; propagates by tip-
rooting, thomless, very productive; fruit medium to large, black, firm, sweet; excellent;
late.

Scruggs. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Offered without description by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland.

Sebastopol. i. Burbank Cat. 7. 1920. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Of the same origin as Santa Rosa, and differs from that sort in being a few days later
and a little larger.

See Early, i, ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 125. 1878.

Originated near Centralia, Illinois, about 1878. Said to be so similar to Bnmton
Early that it might prove to be that variety.

Sensation, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 284. 1921.

Introduced by L. G. Rathbun & Son, Orland, Indiana. Plants very hardy, bearing
a full crop in the summer and a light autumn crop on new canes; fruit very large.

Snowbank, i. Btubank Cat. $. 1920. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

A descendant of Iceberg, originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, in
1906, and introduced by him in 1915. Plants upright, not hardy, unproductive at this
Station; fruit of medium size, cylindrical, pearly white tinged yellowish, glossy, moderately
juicy, mild, sweet; good; core soft; midseason.

Snyder, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 390. 1873. 2. Cornell Sta. Bui. 99:521, fig. 100. 1895.
3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:140. 1906. 4. Card Bush-Fr. 228, PI. VII. 1917.
Because of the great vigor, good health, remarkable productiveness, and hardiness
surpassed by no other blackberry, Snyder has been a standard commercial sort for many
years. The fruits are far from being as satisfactory as the plants ; they are not inviting in
appearance, turn red after picking, and the quality is mediocre. Long a standard, several
other blackberries are now more desirable, although the variety is still grown from the
Atlantic to the Pacific except in the South. Snyder does particularly well on poor, light
soils and withstands neglect rather better than most other sorts, except in the matter of
withstanding drouths in a dry season. Both plants and berries suffer, the berries fre-
quently withering before ripening. Snyder is a wilding foimd by Henry Snyder in 1851
on his farm at Laporte, Indiana. About i860 the Laporte Horticultural Society named it

SNYDER

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 227

Snyder and recommended it for general culture. The American Pomological Society
added the variety to its fruit catalog list in 1S75.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright, unusually hardy, healthy, productive; canes numerous,
stocky, furrowed, glossy, pubescent, glandular, greenish red mingled with brown; prickles
very large, thick, numerous, reddish at the base; leaflets mostly 5, ovate-lanceolate,
smooth, pubescent, with finely serrate margins; petiole thick, with but few prickles.
Flowers self-fertile, very early, in long, compact, somewhat leafy clusters; petals white,
oblong; pedicels long, glandular. Fruit late midseason, injured by drouth; inferior in
size, hemispherical, black, quickly becoming reddish black or brownish red; drupelets
large, rotmd, with good coherence; core soft; flesh juicy, firm, sweet, rather poorly flavored;
quality good only when well grown and well colored.

Soft Core. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Originated about 1909 by J. M. Mack, Fallbrook, California; introduced in 1917.
Plants were sent to this Station in 1918 by the United States Department of Agriculture.
Soft Core is a cross between Texas Early blackberry and Gardena dewberry. Plants
vigorous, upright, tender to cold, productive where hardy; fruit large, soft, sweet, spicy,
rich; core soft.

Sonderegger Earliest, i. Sonderegger Cat. 22. 1918.

A chance seedling found in an old orchard about 19 11 by Arthur Modglin of Illinois,
where Snyder and Early Harvest had previously been grown; introduced about 19 18 by
Sonderegger Nursery & Seed House, Beatrice, Nebraska. At this Station the variety is
too tender and unproductive to be of value. Plants of medium size and vigor, tender,
unproductive ; canes slender, pubescent with a moderate number of slender prickles ; flowers
very late; fruit of medium size, irregular, cylindrical-conic; drupelets meditam in size and
number, black, juicy, moderately firm, subacid; fair; core medium; midseason.

Spaulding. i. Ausim Nur. Cat. 21. 1901.

A chance seedling which originated with a Mr. Spaulding, Gonzales County, Texas
who introduced it about 1890. As grown at this Station the plants require winter protec-
tion and are improductive imless so treated. Plants vigorous, semi-trailing, moderately
productive; canes moderately stocky with numerous slender prickles; fruit large, long,
cylindrical; drupelets numerous, cohering strongly, glossy black, moderately juicy, firm,
sprightly; good; core soft; early.

Stayman Early, i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 47. 1883. 2. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 337. 1887.
Introduced about 1883 by Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas. Plants not hardy;
propagates by tips; fruit small; poor.

Sterling Thomless. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 394. 1891. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 239. 1S98.

A chance seedling, found on the farm of John F. Sterling, Benton Harbor, Michigan,
in a field where Wilson and Lawton had been growing. Plants similar to Wilson, but nearly
thomless; fruit borne in loose clusters with long pedicels like dewberries, medium to large
size, roundish oblong; drupelets large, loosely set, moderately firm, juicy, sweet, with dew-
berry flavor. ,

228 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Stone Hardy, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. i8. 1881. 2. A'. Y. Sia. Bui. 278:140. 1906.

A chance seedling which originated near Rockford, Illinois, prior to 1881. Similar to
Snyder, although some reports state that the fruit is larger and later than that of Snyder.
Stone Hardy was placed in the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1881, and
remained in the last list in 1909. Plants vigorous, upright, fully hardy, productive; canes
slender with numerous long prickles; fruit small, averaging about the size of Snyder, round-
ish, juicy, nearly sweet; good.

Strawberry Flavored, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Originated about 1909 by J. M. Mack, Fallbrook, California. Introduced in 1917.
The variety is a cross between Himalaya blackberry and Cuthbert red raspberry. The
plant is of the type of Himalaya and shows considerable winter injury at this Station.
Plants tall, vigorous, drooping, tender to cold, productive; canes stocky; prickles numerous,
thick, strong, reddish; fruit of medium size, irregular, roundish, slightly elongated; drupe-
lets large, of medium coherence, glossy black, juicy, tender, subacid; good; core soft; late;
everbearing in California.

Success. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 81:582. 1894.

Received at this Station in 1892 from L. W. Carr & Company, Erie, Pennsylvania.
Plants moderately vigorous, fairly hardy, productive; canes greenish, with numerous
prickles; fruit above medium in size, roundish; drupelets of medium size, juicy, black;
good.

Sugar Plum. i. Childs Cat. 132. 1904. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 213:11. 1904.

Introduced in 1904 by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York. At the Michigan
Station the variety was without merit. The plants resemble those of the red raspberry;
fruit of medium size, irregular, roundish, dull dark red, astringent and disagreeable.

Superb, i. Burbank Cat. 5. 1920. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 284. 1921.

Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. The variety is of the type
of Himalaya, the plants being described as more productive; the fruit larger, highly flavored,
sweet and delicious.

Tartarian, i. Farmer Seed & Nur. Cat. 106. 1918.

Introduced by the Farmer Seed & Nursery Company, Faribault, Minnesota. Plants
described as strong, free from rust, very hardy and productive; fruit large, bright black,
sweet, melting; of fine quality; core soft; season long.

Taylor, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:150. 1877. 2. Cornell Sta. Bui. 99:523, fig. 104.
1895. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:137. 1906.

Taylor's Prolific. 4. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 418. 1882.

Long a favorite commercial sort to follow Snyder, Taylor is now passing from cultiva-
tion because of faults of both fruits and plants. While the plants are hardy and remark-
ably immune to rust, they are not productive, or at best moderately so, and the fruits are
only fair in quality and appearance. The plants also have the fault of overbearing in
which case the fruits are small and poor in flavor. To offset this characteristic the plants
should be pruned more closely than any other blackberry except Early Harvest, which
often has the same failing. The plants may be told in blackberry plantations by the

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 229

greenish yellow canes, usually tinted with red. The thorns are large and numerous, making
picking more unpleasant than with most other varieties of this fruit. The long, thimble-
iike berries are borne in large clusters. Taylor may still be planted to close the blackberry
season in New York, but is becoming less and less popular even for this purpose. This is
an old variety of imknown parentage, introduced by a Mr. Taylor, of Spiceland, Indiana,
about 1867. In 1S81 Taylor was added to the recommended fruit Hst of the American
Pomological Society.

Plants upright-spreading, very hardy, variable in yield, variable in resistance to orange-
rust; canes numerous, angular or nearly cylindrical, pale green mingled with red, becoming
light brown with trace of yellow at maturity, lightly pubescent, glandular; prickles small
to large, short, slender, numerous, green or tipped with dull brown; leaflets 3-5, oblong-
lanceolate, thick, very lightly rugose, pubescent, with even and finely serrate margins;
petiole long, glandular. Flowers early, 5-9, in long, loose, leafless, prickly clusters;
pedicels long, thickly pubescent, prickly; calyx with few glands. Fruit late, borne in
immense clusters, medium or below in size, elongated-conic, glossy black; drupelets rather
small, uniform, with strong coherence; core soft, white; flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet,
rich, pleasantly flavored; quality very good to best.

Tecumseh. i. Card Bush-Fr. 231. 1898.

Originated in western Ontario. Of the type of Taylor but less hardy than that
sort.

Texas Early, i. Card Bush-Fr. 232. 1898. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 290. 1922.

Crandall. 3. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Bien. Rpt. 234. 1885-86. 4. U. S. D. A. Farmers'
Bui. 1399:14. 1924.

Macatawa. 5. Berrydale Card. Cat. 15. 19 13.

Introduced into California from Texas prior to 1885 by Dr. J. R. Crandall, Auburn,
California, after whom the variety was renamed. The original name, Texas Early, is
retained here, although Crandall is more generally used. Macatawa,. introduced in 1913,
proved to be identical with Texas Early at this Station. In southern California this sort
is popular for its earliness, long-ripening period, and high quality. As grown at this Station
the plants require winter protection, and the fruit is inferior to that of standard black-
berries. It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1901 as Cran-
dall, remaining in the last catalog in 1909. Plants vigorous, semi-trailing, not liardy,
productive, with few suckers; fruit large, firm, sweet; very good; very early.

Texas Evergreen, i. Lovett Cat. No. 3, 5. 1915.

Introduced in 1915 by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey, with the statement that
it had been brought from South Africa by a Mr. Texas. As grown at this Station the plants
are tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, moderately productive; canes very stocky with
numerous thick, strong prickles; fruit of medium size, irregularly cylindrical, conic to short-
conic; drupelets medium in niunber, large, glossy black, juicy, melting, subacid; good;
core hard; late.

Texas Red. i. Rural N. Y. 44:868. 1885.

Texas Hybrid. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 238. 1898.

230 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Described by T. V. Munson in 1885 as having plants of a trailing half-dewberry habit,
thorny; fruit borne in clusters, clear, bright pink, very soft, sweet and pleasant; earlier
than Snyder.

Topsy. I. Rural N. Y. 46:638. 1887. 2. Am. Card. 10:244. 1889.

Childs' Everbearing Tree. 3. Childs Cat. 150. 1893.

Childs' Tree. 4. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:144. 1906.

Plants of Topsy were sent to the trial grounds of the Rural New-Yorker in 1885 by
J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey. John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York,
introduced it as Childs' Everbearing Tree blackberry about 1892. The variety has little
merit as grown at this Station. Plants very dwarf, not hardy, unproductive; canes numer-
ous, slender, covered with strong prickles; fruit variable in size from small to medium, roimd-
ish, acid; inferior in flavor.

Trinity Early, i. Ga. Sta. Bui. 33:519, fig. 1896.

Received at the Georgia Station prior to 1896 from the Dallas Nursery Company,
Dallas, Texas. Plants dwarfish, trailing the first year, becoming more erect with age,
lacking vigor, healthy, moderately productive; prickles very numerous, weak; fruit small,
round; drupelets large, brisk and sprightly, but sweet; very early.

Triumph. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 16. 1897.

Western Triumph. 2. Card. Mon. 12:158. 1870.

A chance seedling found in Lake County, Illinois, in 1858, by William Biddle, Wau-
kegan, Illinois. The variety was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1883 and remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants vigorous, hardy, very productive;
fruit of medium size, roundish oblong; drupelets large, black, firm, juicy, sweet, rich;
good; midseason.

Truman Thomless. i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpl. 264. 1892.

Introduced by George P. Pefler, Pewaukee, Wisconsin, thirty years ago. Canes
nearly thomless; plants rather dwarf, not very productive; fruit large; good; ripens
early.

Tyler, i. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 278:141. 1906.

Received at this Station in 1897 from Birdseye & Son, Stanley, New York. Plants
vigorous, very hardy, but less productive than Snyder; fruit medium in size, slightly elon-
gated, variable in size and shape, nearly sweet; fair.

Veitchberry. i. Laxton Bros. Cat. 42, PI. 1925.

A cross of the November Abundance raspberry by the English blackberry. Intro-
duced by Laxton Brothers, Bedford, England, in 1925. Plants vigorous, semi-erect; flowers
self-fertile, setting perfect fruits ; fruit twice the size of the ordinary blackberry, color of a
well ripened mulberry, sweet with the combined flavor of both parents.

Wachusett. i. Atn. Jour. Hort. 4:220, fig. 1868. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 278:137. 1906.

Wachusett Thomless. 3. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 54. 1879.

Found growing wild on Wachusett Mountain, Massachusetts, about 1863. Hardiness
and freedom from thorns were its chief merits, but unproductiveness prevented it from

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 23 1

becoming popular. Wachusett was added to the catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1S81 and remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants moderately vigorous,
hardy, usually unproductive; canss moderately stout, purplish red when mature; prickles
very few and small; fruit small to medium in size, roundish or slightly elongated, glossy
black, juicy, sweet; good; early midseason.

Wallace, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:150. 1877.

Introduced about 1862 by a Mr. Wallace, Wayne County, Indiana. Plants stock-y,
upright, healthy and hardy; fruit the size of Lawton, sweeter and better than Kittatinny;
season a week later than Snyder.

Wapsie. i. Ohio Hart. See. Rpt. 192. 1888.

Had proved hardy and valuable for five years previous to 1888 with T. K. Bloom,
Lisbon, Iowa.

Ward. I. Rural N. Y. 62:572. 1903. 2. A'. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 38, 102. 1904. 3.
Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 290. 1922.
A chance seedling found about 1900 by Thomas H. Ward, Manalapan, New Jersey ; sup-
posed to be a seedling of Kittatinny which it resembles, but it is superior to that sort in vigor,
productiveness, freedom from rust, and quaUty of fruit. It is especially valuable in New
Jersey as a late variety but at this Station it is not fully hardy. Ward appeared in the last
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Plants tall, vigorous, upright-
spreading, half-hardy, moderately productive; canes stocky, green tinged reddish brown,
nearly glabrous; prickles medium in number, large, strong; fruit of medium size, irregular
cylindrical-conic, glossy black, juicy, melting, subacid; good; core hard; late.

Warren, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. 119. 1880.

New in 1S80. Plants fairly hardy and productive; fruit similar to that of Snyder in
size and quality; ripens a week before Kittatinny.

Washington, i. Mag. Hort. 25:397. 1859.

Raised by Prof. C. G. Page, Washington, District of Columbia, who exhibited it as
new in 1859. Fruit large, black, sweet; good.

Watt. I. Am. Pmn. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 82. 1904-05.

A chance seedling found growing in an orchard near Lawrence, Kansas, prior to 1905.
Plants at this Station require winter protection and are very susceptible to rust. Plants
tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, tender to cold, moderately productive when protected;
canes stocky, tinged red, glabrous; prickles numerous, large, strong; fruit large, irregular,
oblong, tapering slightly; drupelets large, cohering strongly, glossy black, juicy, melting,
sweet, pleasant; very good; core soft; midseason.

Weston. I. Card. Mon. 12:371. 1870.

Originated prior to 1870 with Adain Diu-kes, Weston, Missouri. By him it was con-
sidered more productive than Lawton ; long ripening season.

White Cluster, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 32:244. 1868.

Discovered about 1856 in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Plants very vigorous,
hardy and productive; fruit cream colored.

2^2 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Wilson. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. i6. 1897.

Wilson Early. 2. Mag. Hart. 32:110. 1866. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:669. 1893.

Discovered about 1854 by John Wilson, Burlington, New Jersey. For a number of
years this was a popular variety, especially valuable in New Jersey, where large fruits,
earliness and productivity made it the leading sort. As grown at this Station the plants
lack hardiness, must be covered to produce satisfactory crops, and many imperfect
flowers, chiefly double, are borne. It is possible that this variety contained a mixture soon
after its introduction as two types of plants are mentioned in early descriptions, one being
erect and branching, the other slender and trailing, the latter form sometimes rooting at
the tips. The American Pomological Society placed this variety in its catalog in 1867;
it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants dwarfish, upright, moderately vigorous,
half-hardy, productive where hardy; canes stocky, roundish, pubescent with numerous
small prickles; flowers inclined to doubling; fruit large, oblong to oval, slightly pointed;
drupelets large, many failing to develop as grown here, glossy black, firm, juicy, sweet;
good; early.

Wilson, Jr. i. Card. Man. 27:208. 1885. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 63:669. 1893.

Raised by William Parry, Parry, New Jersey, in 1875, from seed of Wilson. The
variety is very similar to its parent and like that sort requires winter protection in this
latitude. Wilson, Jr., was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1885 and removed in 1899. Plants intermediate in habit between dewberries and black-
berries, dwarfish, moderately vigorous, tender to cold, moderately productive; canes tinged
reddish; fruit variable in size, medium to very large, roundish to slightly elongated; drupe-
lets large, sometimes imperfectly developed, very juicy, acid; good to very good; core hard;
early.

Woodford, i. Mass. Sta. Bui. 44:17. 1897.

On trial at the Massachusetts Station in 1896. Plants not vigorous, hardy, vmpro-
ductive; fruit large, attractive; good.

Woodland, i. A^. V. S/a. 5m/. 81:582. 1894.

Received at this Station in 1892 from W. H. Phillips, Staunton, Indiana. Plants
vigorous, tender to cold, productive; fruit medium in size, roimdish; drupelets large,
with pleasant flavor; good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 233

CHAPTER VII

VARIETIES OF DEWBERRIES

Aughinbaugh. i. Card. Mon. 17:304. 1875. 2. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 355. 1898.
3. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 290. 1922.

Aughinbaugh is little grown in New York and the East, but before the advent of the
loganberry was much grown in California and the Pacific slope. It is now rapidly passing
into obli^aon, but is notable as one of the first cultivated representatives of the western
dewberry. The plants are seldom satisfactory as to vigor and productiveness. This
variety, the culture of which is confined to California, was propagated and sold by a Mr.
Aughinbaugh about 1S75. Aughinbaugh fotind the variety growing wild on the peninsula
of Alameda. It achieved some popularitj^ but, being pistillate, required pollen from
another sort to set fruit, and for this reason became unpopular, and has now been nearly
lost from sight.

Plants inferior in vigor, drooping or trailing, tender to cold in the East, variable in
yield, healthy; canes slender, pubescent; prickles slender; leaflets evergreen, 3-5, small
to medium, ovate, dark green, with serrate margins. Flowers pistillate, requiring pollen
from another variety to set fruit. Fruit early; medium in size, somewhat oblong, black;
drupelets more or less pubescent, numerous, small; flesh juicy, tender, sweet, pleasantly
flavored; quality good.

Aus-Lu. I. Townsend Cat. 27. 1923.

Introduced in 1923 by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland. Said to be a
cross between Mayes and Lucretia. Plants as productive as those of Mayes; fruit large,
mild, sweet; early.

Austin Thomless. i. Parker & Son Cat. 12. 1924.

Originated about 1918 with J. Parker, Tecumseh, Oklahoma. Introduced in 1924
by J. M. Parker & Son Nurserj' Company, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Said to be a seedling of
Mayes and similar to that variety, but thomless.

Bartel. i. Rural N. Y. 42:638. 1883. 2. Cornell Sla. Bui. 34:300. 1891. 3. Card.
dr For. 4:19, fig. 4. 1 89 1. 4. Bailey £;). A^ai. Frm'/5 335. 1898.

Bartel's Mammoth. 5. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 348. 1898.

Bartel is notable as the first dewberry to find favor with American pomologists. In the
early days of its culture the variety was known for its exceedingly large, handsome berries,
characters which had much to do with the popularity of Bartel and dewberries in general.
Bartel was introduced early in the seventies by a Dr. Bartel, Huey, Illinois. The variety
was first called Bartel's Mammoth with various spellings of the word Bartel. Although
once considerably grown, due primarily to extensive advertising, Bartel is now rarely
found in commercial plantings, better dewberries having taken its place. (For fuller
details of history see page 196.) Plants very vigorous, trailing, tender to cold; fruit large
to very large; flesh firm, sour and poor in flavor; quality poor.

234 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Bauer, i. Am. Card. 12:84. 1891.

Sent out about 1890 by C. P. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a premium for plant orders.
Described as very vigorous, but unproductive; fruit fine.

Belle of Washington. 1, Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:310. 1891. 2, Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits

3S4- 1898-
Sent out from Avon, Washington, in 1891 with Skagit Chief.

Bonnett. i. Atistin Nur. Cat. 21. 1901.

A white dewberry found near Austin, Texas, and described as superior to other white
sorts. Fruit large, firm, makes a white jam and jelly.

Champion, i. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 998:24. 1918.

A variety of the loganberry tj^e which is grown on the Pacific Coast.

Coleman, i. La. Sta. Bui. 27:954. 1894.

A white dewberry on trial at the Louisiana Station in 1893. Plants productive;
fruit excellent.

Dallas. I. Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. gg. 1886. 2. U. S. D. A. Fartners' Bui. 643:12. 1915.
Originated in Texas prior to 1886. Said to be a blackberry-dewberry hybrid. In
Texas this is a standard sort. The fruits are of good size, firm and of high quality. At
this Station the plants are tender to cold and unproductive. The American Pomological
Society placed Dallas in its catalog in 1897. Plants very vigorous, drooping; canes long,
vine-like, very thorny; fruit large, glossy black, firm; very good; early.

Delicious, i. Townsend Cat. 29. 1923.

E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland, who introduced this variety in 1922,
state that it was received by them from one of their customers in the South who had grown
it for several years. Said to have been foimd in the wild in Texas. Plants described as
hardy; fruit large, firm, delicious; later than Mayes.

Fairfax, i. Rural N. Y. 48:606. 1889.

Introduced about 1884 by C. A. Uber, Fairfax County, Virginia, who found it growing
on a stony, unproductive hillside where it bore very large, fine-flavored berries. When
removed to a rich, moist soil, the plants grew very vigorously, but failed to produce fruit.

Gardena. i. Ore. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 191 1. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 219. 19 17. 3. Hedrick
Cyc. Hardy Fr. 290. 1922.

Nearly worthless in New York and in the East, Gardena is valuable in southern Cali-
fornia. The plants are described as healthy, very productive, and as ripening their crop
early and during a short period. The berries are large, firm of flesh, rich and sweet in
flavor, and of high quality. The crop ripens about ten days before that of the well-known
Lucretia. This variety is of western origin, named from Gardena, California. It is sup-
posed to be a seedling of Premo.

Plants vigorous, healthy, trailing, hardy in the West but tender to cold in the East,
variable in yield; canes slender, cylindrical, greenish, glabrous, without bloom, eglandular;
thorns small, numerous, greenish. Fruit early; large, glossy black; flesh juicy, firm, rich,
sweet, pleasantly flavored; quality good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 235

Geer. i. Cornell Sia. Bid. 34: 28^. 1891.

Discovered in a woodlot on the property of a Mrs. Geer, Plainfield, Michigan, by
F. L. Wright of that place, who transferred plants to his garden in 1887. Plants fairly
productive; fruit small.

General Grant, i. Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:308. 1891.

Introduced about 1886 by Charles A. Green, Rochester, New York, as a premium for
subscription to his Fruit Grower. The variety had little merit and never became prominent.

Golden Queen, i. Card Bush-Fr. 220. 191 7.

According to Card this variety was mentioned in the Horticultural Gleaner for 1898
" as a new dewberry of golden yellow color, large and productive."

Guadeloupe, i. Card Bush-Fr. 220. 191 7. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Found in the wild by Otto Locke, New Bratmfels, Texas. Introduced by the Comal
Springs Nursery of that place. Plants vigorous and productive; fruit large, oblong, of
darkest color, sweet; early.

Haupt. I. Austin Nur. Cat. 23. 1909.

Found in the wild in Wharton County, Texas, by Col. W. W. Haupt, Kyle, Texas,
about 1898, and introduced a few years later by the Austin Nursery Company, Austin,
Texas. Thought to be a cross between a dewberry' and a blackberry. The introducers
state that, as it will not pollinate itself, two or three strains are mi.xed in each order to pro-
vide for cross pollination. The variety is of no value at this Station as it kills to the ground
every winter. Haupt was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1909. Plants vigorous, trailing, with small, dark green foliage.

Humboldt, i. Rural N. Y. 55:547. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1920.

Originated by S. L. Watkins, Pleasant Valley, California, who introduced it in 1916;
said to be a seedling of Rubus ursimis. Plants trailing, very vigorous and productive,
canes sometimes reaching a length of twenty feet; fruit very large, thick, attractive jet
black with a spicy wild flavor; early.

Humbolt. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 286. 192 1.

Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. Supposed to be a cross
between an improved California dewberry and Cuthbert. Plants very vigorous; fruit very
large, dark crimson, covered with a silvery sheen, very acid with both raspberry and black-
berry flavor, excellent for canning; ripens in June in California.

Laxtonberry. i. Garden 80:228. 1916. 2. Bunyard Cat. 18. 1921. 3. Hedrick Cyc.
Hardy Fr. 290. 1922.

Laxton. 3. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. ggS: 22- 1918.

As its history shows, Laxtonberry originated in England where it has attained some
prominence as a cultivated fnait. It is little grown in eastern North America, but finds
some favor on the Pacific Slope. This interesting hybrid, having much the habit of growth
of the loganberry, is listed with dewberries, for, as usually seems to be the case in the hybrids
in which the red raspberry is one parent, the raspberry characters are almost wholly
submerged. The berry is much like that of the loganberry in color and flavor, but separates

236 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

from the receptacle somewhat like a raspberry. The blossoms are not wholly self-fertile
and the variety must be planted in proximity to the loganberry or a red raspberry, pref-
erably the former. Laxtonberry is a cross between the loganberry and the Superlative red
raspberry, and was originated by Laxton Brothers of England. The berry is much like the
loganberry in color and flavor, but separates from the receptacle somewhat like a raspberry.
Canes roundish, glabrous, eglandular; thorns weak, straight, small, numerous, yellow-
ish brown; leaflets 3-5, broad, medium in size, dull green, with white tomentose beneath,
the margins crenate in single and double series; lower and lateral leaves sessile; petiole
medium in length, thick, pubescent, prickly. Flowers not wholly self-fertile, in compact,
leafy clusters medium in length.

Loganberry, i. Rural N. Y. 55:135, 495. 1896. 2. Ore. Sta. Bui. 105:21. 1909.
3. Card Bush-Fr. 222, PI. VI. 1917. 4. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 290, fig. 255.
1922.

Logan Blackberry. 5. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 998:1. 1918.

Plants and fruits of the loganberry are discussed in two previous chapters to which
readers seeking full information on this interesting fruit should turn. (See pages 59
and 199.) It suffices here to give a description of the plant as it grows on the grounds of
this Station.

Plants very vigorous, a stronger grower than the ordinary dewberry, semi-trailing,
tender in the East, hardy in the West where the temperature does not reach zero, very
productive under favorable conditions, healthy; canes medium to slender, pubescent,
cylindrical, brownish red mingled with green, eglandular; prickles slender, very numerous,
reddish; leaflets 3-5, broad-oval or heart-shaped resembling the raspberry, very thick,
large, dull, rugose, pubescent, with finely serrate margins; petiole medium in length, rather
thick. Flowers mid-season, white, in open, leafy clusters; petals roundish; pedicels long,
thick, tomentose, prickly, eglandular; calyx very prickly, eglandular; calyx-lobes tomentose,
bristly without, eglandular. Fruit early, clings rather tenaciously, ripens slowly; long-
cylindrical-conic or ovate, large, glossy red; drupelets numerous, rather large, pubescent;
core hard ; flesh juicy, pleasantly sprightly at full maturity, otherwise rather acid, with a
peculiar raspberry flavor, which is improved by cooking, firm enough to ship well ; good in
quality.

Lucretia. i. Rural N. Y. 44:707, fig. 464. 1885. 2. Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:287, fig. 6.
1891. 3. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 332, figs. 71 & 72. 1898.
As we have seen in a previous chapter, Lucretia was one of the first cultivated dew-
berries to make its way into popular favor. Perhaps it is not too much to say that it is
still the best known and most widely grown of all dewberries, if the loganberry, here included
with dewberries, be excepted. At the same time it is probable that it is past its prime in
popular favor and that it is being superseded by other sorts. This dewberry came to its
high estate in the small-fruit culture of the coimtry because the plants grew splendidly
on a great diversity of soils and in a range of latitudes from the coldest to the warmest
in which this fruit can be grown. The plants have the faults of being susceptible to anthrac-
nose, and of producing many double blossoms which are sterile. The fruits are large,
jet black, very handsome, not of the highest quality, and are often variable in size. To

LOGANBERRY

LUCRETU

IHE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 237

have them at their best they must be permitted to become fully mature before picking.
Unfortunately several other varieties are commonly substituted by nurserymen for Lucre-
tia, so that many growers who think they have it do not have it. The American Pomologi-
cal Society added Lucre tia to its list of recommended fruits in 1889. (For a fuller dis-
cussion of Lucretia, see page 197.)

Plants vigorous, trailing, require protection in the winter, almost immune to orange-
rust, susceptible to anthracnose and double-blossom especially in the South, very produc-
tive; canes slender, cylindrical, long, numerous, dull green mingled with brown, pubescent,
eglandular; prickles small, slender, ntimerous, greenish; leaflets 3-5, sometimes 7, small,
oval, dull, attractive, dark green, smooth, pubescent, with dentate margins; petiole slender.
Flowers early, self-fertile, large, few, in short, open, leafy, prickly clusters ; petals white,
oblong; pedicels very long, slender, eglandular; calyx eglandular. Fruit early; large
although variable in size, long-cylindrical, tapering slightly, jet black; drupelets large,
round, with good coherence; core soft; flesh juicy, firm, pleasantly sprightly when fully
ripe, otherwise rather tart, rich; quality very good.

Lucretia Sister, i. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 344. 1898.

Introduced by J. B. Tweedway, Brandt, Ohio, about 1886; apparently without value
as compared with Lucretia.

Mahdi. i. Rural N. 7.59:626. 1900. 2. Veitch & Sons Ca/. 64, fig. 1902. 3. Bun-
yard-Thomas Fr. Card. 31. 1904. 4. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 998:23. 1918.
5. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 291, fig. 257. 1922.

This hybrid between a blackberry and a raspberry proves to be little more than a
curiosity in most situations. Both plants and fruits are interesting to a student of brambles,
and therefore a full description of them is given. The plants might well pass in even com-
mercial plantations for they are vigorous, healthy and very productive, but the fruits are
far below the mark for any purpose. They are exceedingly variable in size and shape; do
not detach readily from the torus; the drupelets are large and coarse; and the quality is
none too good. It is interesting to note that the variety is best propagated by tips, partak-
ing of its raspberry parent in this respect. Mahdi is presumably a cross between the Belle
de Fontenay raspberry and the common blackberry. Some pomologists have thought
it to be a cross between loganberry and a raspberry.

Plants very vigorous, semi-prostrate, drooping or trailing, not very hardy, productive,
healthy; propagated by tips; canes very prickly, rather numerous, unusually stocky, very
long, cylindrical, brown mingled with gray becoming dark red, dull, glabrous; prickles very
numerous, tinged red ; leaflets 3 , oval, luxuriant dark green, glossy, slightly rugose and pubes-
cent, with serrate margins; petiole short. Flowers late, season unusually long, small,
light pink, few to medium, in short, rather dense, leafy, prickly clusters often springing
from the axis of the leaves, the larger ones terminal; pedicels short. Fruit very late, season
very long ; berries thickly clustered towards the extremities of the branches and branchlets
in all stages of development from blossoms to mature fruit, quite variable in size and shape,
usually roundish or roundish conic, dark, dull, purple, cling tenaciously to the torus; drupe-
lets large, coarse, elliptical to roundish, with weak coherence making the berries chimble;
flesh moderately juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly; quality fair to good.

238 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Manatee, i. Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:309. 1891. 2. Rural N. Y. 60:550. 1901.

Introduced in 1889 by Reasoner Brothers, Manatee, Florida. Valuable in Florida
but unproductive elsewhere. Plants very tender to cold, very unproductive; canes very
numerous, reddish with numerous small, reddish prickles; fruit very large; drupelets very
large, moderately firm, rich, sweet; good.

Mayes, i. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 344. 1898. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 23. 1899. 3.
Card Bush-Fr. 225. 1917.

Austin Improved. 4. Rural N. Y. 55:413, figs. 135 & 137. 1896.

Austin. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 16. 1897.

Of little account in New York and the East, Mayes is considered one of the best dew-
berries in sections of the Middle West, and especially in northern Texas where it is largely
grown in commercial plantations. Earliness, productiveness, great vigor of plant, and
remarkable powers to resist dry, hot weather seem to be the characters that commend
Mayes. It is too tender to cold for northern regions. The berries are comparatively
small, rather soft to ship well, but are handsome and of very good quality. The plants are
subject to anthracnose and bear a good many double blossoms; they are propagated either
by tips or from root cuttings. Mayes was found growing wild by John Mayes, Pilot Point,
Texas, about 1880. It is supposed to be a hybrid between the wild dewberry and the
common blackberry. The variety was cultivated by Mr. Mayes and known locally as
Mayes or Mayes Hybrid. Later it was sent out by J. W. Austin, of Pilot Point, as Austin
Improved. The American Pomological Society listed the variety as Austin in its fruit
catalog in 1897, but two years later changed the name to Mayes.

Plants vigorous, trailing, tender to cold, sometimes productive but variable in yield;
subject to anthracnose and double-blossom; propagated by root-cuttings, also by tips;
canes long, slender, numerous, greenish, cylindrical, glossy, eglandular or with but very
few almost sessile, small glands, nearly glabrous; prickles slender, very numerous, light
red at the base; leaflets 3-5, sometimes 7, variable in size, oval, dull dark green, rather
smooth, pubescent, with coarsely dentate margins; petiole short, slender. Flowers self-
fertile, midseason, large, in the axils of the leaves and terminal, in long, very loose, leafy,
prickly clusters; petals white, oblong; pedicels very long, thick, with but few small glands.
Fruit very early, can not be shipped far, holds up well in size; berries few in a cluster,
either singly or sometimes in twos and threes, roundish to long-conic, thick, broad at the
base, jet black; calyx large, not refiexed; drupelets very large, round, rather few; core hard
at first, medium to soft when fully ripe; flesh very juicy, firm imtil dead ripe, very sprightly,
distinctly acid even when fully ripe; quality good to very good.

Miner.

Miner's Seedling, i. Rural N. Y. 13:317. 1862.

Raised from seed of a wild dewberry by a Mr. Miner, Honeoye Falls, New York.
Plants trailing ; fruit smaller than that of Lawton and of same shape, sweet ; excellent.
(See page 194 for a longer discussion of this variety.)

Monroe, i. Austin Nur. Cat. 19. 1920.

Introduced in 1920 by the Austin Nursery Company, Austin, Texas. Received by
them about 1900 from a Florida nursery. It is said to thrive on sandy soils in the South,

MAYES

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 239

but is unproductive on black land. Plants very vigorous; fruit very large, long, of southern
dewberry type.

Mortgage Lifter, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Offered by the Aggeler & Musser Seed Co., Los Angeles, California. Said to be very
productive and extremely early.

Myer. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1909.

Listed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society for 1909 as a promising
sort for the coast section of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.

Ness. I. Jour. Hered. 12:449. 1921.

A. & M. Berry. 2. Texas Sia. Rpt. 9. 1920.

Under this name H. Ness, horticulturist at the Texas Station, sent out in 1920 nine
different selections of third generation seedlings of a cross between the Louisiana dewberry,
Rubus rubrisetus, and Brilliant red raspberry, made by him at the Texas Station in 1913.
The differences between these strains are not great.

Plants vigorous, resembling the raspberry, at first prostrate, but later becoming
bushy and more erect; canes large, round; foliage thick; fruit separates from the pedicel
with difficulty, large, roundish, dark red; drupelets large, adhering to the core; flavor mildly
acid, resembling the raspberry; season the first of May imtU August in Texas.

Newberry, i. Garden 80:207. 1916.

Introduced by Whitelegg & Page, Chislehurst, England. Said to be a cross of
loganberry and Superlative red raspberry. It is very similar to the loganberry, differing
in the fruit being sweeter, with more of a raspberry flavor and less inclined to mold in damp
weather.

Northey. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

A selected type of the wild dewberry of northern Florida introduced by S. L. Watkins,
Pleasant Valley, California. Succeeds in the Southern and Pacific States. Plants produc-
tive; flowers perfect; fruit very early.

Noten. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 286. 192 1.

Found in the wild about 1896 by Pierson Noten in Homsby's Bend near Austin, Texas.
Not as large as Rogers.

Oregon Evergreen, i. Ga. Sia. Bui. 33:517. 1896.

Parsley-Leaved. 2. Mag. Hort. 20:81. 1854.

Cut-Leaved. 3. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 172. 1867.

Evergreen. 4. Rural N. Y. 44:515, 592, 629. 1885. 5. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 63:666.
1893.

Oregon Everbearing. 6. Rural N. Y. 50:670. 1891. 7. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits
360. 1898.

A discussion of this sort on pages 83 and 189 in previous chapters suffices to indicate
its status for the blackberry regions of the country and to show its interesting characters
to growers and students of bramble fruits. Its history is also set forth on the pages just
given. The following description is taken from plants as they grow on the grounds of the
New York Agricultural Experiment Station.

240 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Plants extremely vigorous, trailing, tender to cold, variable in yield, sometimes very
productive, almost immune to anthracnose and orange-rust ; propagated from tips and from
root-cuttings; canes extremely prickly, perennial, numerous, medium to slender, grooved,
dull reddish brown, slightly pubescent and glandular; prickles large, long, thick, very
stout, strongly hooked, verj' numerous, light brown at the base; foliage ornamental; leaf-
lets evergreen, cut-leaved, small, broad-ovate, dissected into several linear, sharp-toothed
divisions; the younger leaves very glossy, rugose, glabrous, thinly pubescent, puberulous
beneath, with deeply lobed, coarsely serrate margins; petiole short, very prickly. Flowers
vmusually late, blooming season long, medium to numerous, in open, leafy, prickly clusters;
petals pale pink or rose colored, oblong; pedicels short; calyx-segments prickly. Fruit
imusually late, ripening over a long season, said to ship and keep well; variable in size,
irregularly roundish, glossy black, adhering strongly; drupelets very large, with strong
coherence; core hard; flesh juicy, firm, sprightly or sour; quality poor.

Phenomenal, i. Ore. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 109. 1909-10. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 998:
24. 1918. 3. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 292. 1922.

This variety, supposed to be a cross between the western dewberry and the Cuthbert
red raspberry, is so similar to the loganberry that it is usually classed with it. It does not
thrive on the grounds of this Station, but its champions on the Pacific Slope say that the
fruits are brighter, sweeter, richer, and have a more distinct raspberry flavor than those of
the loganberry. Both Phenomenal and the loganberry are subject to a disease which dwarfs
the plants and cuts short their life to but three or four profitable seasons. Phenomenal
seems to be more subject to this dwarfing disease than the loganberry. The berries,
also, often grow double, which disfigures them for the market. In the plants, the canes of
Phenomenal are a little hardier; the blossoms open a few days later; and the berries are a
little larger. There are those, however, who say that neither the differences noted in fruits
or plants are inherent but come for most part from environment or care. Phenomenal is
of small importance in regions where the loganberry is well established, except about Los
Angeles where it is grown by some in preference to the older sort. It does not succeed in
New York. This variety was introduced by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California,
nearly twenty years ago. In 1909 the American Pomological Society added the variety
to its fruit-catalog list.

Plants very vigorous, trailing, tender to cold, variable in yield, not always healthy;
canes stocky to medium, cylindrical, purplish green mingled with brown, dull, very glaucous,
pubescent, eglandular; prickles mediinn in size and length, slender, very numerous, pur-
plish red, leaflets 3-5, broad-oval, dark green, rugose, pubescent, characteristically thick,
with dentate margins; petiole short, thick. Flowers early, in short, loose, leafless clusters;
petals white, oblong; pedicels medium in length and thickness; calyx eglandular, elongated.
Fruit early; large, often double, long-conic, broad at the base, dull red, adheres strongly;
drupelets medium in size and number, with strong coherence; core soft; flesh juicy, tender,
mildly subacid; quality fair.

Premo. i. A'^. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 145. 1906. 2. U. S. D. A. Fanners' Bui. 728:17.
1916. 3. Card Bush-Fr. 227. 1917. 4. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 292. 1922.
Premo differs but little from its supposed parent, Lucretia, of which it is thought to

OREGON EVERGREEN

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 24 1

be either a seedling or a sport. The plants are very similar to those of Lucretia, but ripen
their crop a week or ten days earlier, are not so productive, and bear more imperfect flowers.
The fruits probably average a little smaller than those of Lucretia. Most growers think
that the plants are not as productive as those of Lucretia. The variety is not of much
importance in New York and the North, but seems to be a favorite eariy dewberry in some
parts of the South, notably in North Carolina. But little seems to be known of the history
of this variety but it has been under cultivation since 1905. It is supposed to have been
found in a patch of Lucretia.

Plants medium in vigor, trailing, tender to cold, variable in yield, usually healthy;
canes numerous, slender, cylindrical, dull green, pubescent; prickles slender, short, few,
reddish at the base; leaflets 3-5, variable in size, broad-oval, thick, dark green, rugose,
pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole thick, medium in length, deeply channeled, with
but few prickles. Flowers midseason, often self-sterile, large, white, few, in short, open,
leafy clusters; pedicels long, heavily pubescent, with but few prickles; calyx large; pistils
irregular, sometimes protruding from the flower buds before the petals open. Fruit very
early; large, irregularly oblong-oval, attractive black; drupelets large, round, with good
coherence; core soft; flesh juicy, moderately firm and sprightly; quality good to very
good.

Primus, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 264, PI. 8. 1892. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 998:
24. 1918.

Primus was originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, in 1889, as a cross
between the western dewbeny-, Rubus vitifoliiis, and Rubiis crataegif alius; introduced by
Burbank in '1893. Plant a strong grower, productive, partially trailing, thickly covered
with short, blunt prickles, propagated by tips; fruit large, long, black, sweet, resembling
a raspberry in flavor, adhering to the core; ripens earlier than the loganberry.
Rogers, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 286. 1921.

Discovered near Alvin, Texas, by a Mr. Rogers; introduced about 1893 by C. Falkner,
Waco, Texas. Fruit large, a good shipper; excellent in quality; early. '

San Jacinto, i. Austin Nur. Cat. 16. 1907.

Found by F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas, and introduced by F. T. Ramsey & Son about
1896. At this Station it is tender to cold and unproductive. Plants trailing, moderately
vigorous, not hardy, rather unproductive; canes slender, densely covered with fine reddish
spines and glandular hairs; foliage very small; fruit small; early.

Skagit Chief, i. Cornell Sta. Bui. 34:310. 1891.

Introduced in Avon, Washington, in 1891. Flowers pistillate, blooming too early
for pollination by eastern dewberries.

Sorsby. i. Rural N. Y. '^4:^1. 1915. 2. Uedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 28g. 1922.

Sorsby May. 3. Mvmson Cat. 10. 1901.

Introduced in 1901 by T. V. Munson & Son, Denison, Texas. It is said to be a black-
berry-dewberry hybrid, the plants resembling those of McDonald. It requires winter

protection in this latitude, and being self-sterile, much of the fruit is poorly developed.
16

242 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Plants vigorous, trailing, becoming upright after the first season, tender, productive
where hardy; canes slender; foliage small, dark green; fruit below medium size, irregular
oval ; drupelets of medium size, many failing to develop, moderately iuicy, seedy, subacid ;
fair.

Tribble. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1920.

Originated near Elk Grove, California, and introduced by Claude Tribble of that place.
Similar to the loganberry, but earlier.

Washington Climbing, i. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 354. 1S98.

Introduced in 1892 by Samuel Wilson, Mechanicsville, Pennsylvania.

Wilson White, i. Cornell Sia. Bui. 34:310. 1891. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 33:521. 1896.

Introduced in 1890 by Samuel Wilson, Mechanicsville, Pennsylvania, from stock from
Colorado County, Texas. As grown at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station
the plants form a dense, matted growth of tangled evergreen canes and leaves with
numerous laterals, very unproductive; prickles numerous, variable in size; fruit of medium
size, oval; drupelets large, white, sunscald badly, briskly subacid.

Windom. i. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 137. 1887.

Cook's Hardy. 2. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 70. 1887.

Introduced in 1887 by the Minnesota Horticultural Society. Originated on the farm
of Dewain Cook, Windom, Minnesota. It had previously been brought to Minnesota by
J. Q. Pickett from Iowa who had cultivated the variety for eighteen years. Plants vigorous,
trailing, hardy, fairly productive; propagates by tips and suckers; canes nearly thornless;
fruit slightly larger than Snyder but not as good in quality; sunscalds easily; early.

Young. I. Am. Fr. Gr. Mag. 45: No. i, 9. 1925.

A cross between Phenomenal and Mayes raised about 1905 by B. M. Young, Morgan
City, Louisiana. J. F. Jones, Jeanerette, Louisiana, sent plants to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. These fruited in 1924 at Bell, Maryland, attracting favorable atten-
tion, whereupon they were named Young and plants were distributed in 1924.

Plants vigorous, trailing, probably not hardy in New York, productive, propagating
by tips; canes stouter and longer than Lucretia, red; prickles numerous, variable in size,
averaging small, purplish; fruit larger than Lucretia, ovoid-oblong, truncate; drupelets
large, glossy, dark wine color, very juicy, firmer than the loganberry, subacid, rich;
excellent; core soft; season of Lucretia but longer.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 243

PART II

THE BUSH FRUITS
CHAPTER VIII

THE EVOLUTION OF CULTIVATED CURRANTS

The currant was not grown in the gardens of the ancients, and no
plant which answered to its description is to be found in agricultural litera-
ture until late in the Middle Ages. This is not strange, for, as has been set
forth in the discussion of species, all species from which cultivated currants
come are inhabitants of northern climates where agriculture was late in
getting a start. The early Greek and Roman gardeners could have imported
seeds or plants from northern regions, or from mountain ranges where
currants grow in the south, and possibly they did, but the currant is a cool
climate plant and will not prosper on the shores of the Mediterranean.
Moreover, the plants and fruits are too small, and the taste of the currants
too tart to attract cultivators north or south in the early stages of agricul-
ture, when fruits were little appreciated and the more luscious tree fruits
were to be had.

The name currant is derived from Corinth, an ancient city in Greece,
and was first used to designate a small grape exported from the region about
Corinth as a dried fruit. The name is still used for this grape and the
dried currant of commerce is a grape, the trade name of which is now Zante
currant. The similarity of the fruits of the cultivated species of Ribes to
this grape accoimts for the name, which in early English texts had several
forms, as corinthes, corans, currans, bastarde corinthes, and so on to the present
form. The name most commonly used in Early English is corans, the first
use of which is attributed to Lord Bacon, 1 561-1626. The Italians have
ever known this fruit as Uvetta (little grape).

Currants are roughly divided by pomologists in three groups, in
accordance with the colors of the fruit, — red, white, and black sorts. Red
and white currants belong to the same species, the white sorts being horti-
culttiral varieties of the wild red species, although white forms are sometimes
found in feral plants. White currants differ from the red sorts only in
color of fruit, all other characters of plant and product being the same.
Pink, salmon-colored, and sorts with berries alternately striped with red

244 ™^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

and white, are known. The black currant belongs to a distinct species and
will be so treated.

RED AND WHITE CURRANTS

The currant was probably first cultivated as a common garden plant
in Holland, Denmark, and the coastal plains about the Baltic. Certainly
it has long been and still is a favorite fruit in these regions. Several names
of old varieties of red currants bespeak a Dutch origin, and an old French
name, still current in parts of France, groseillier d' outre nier (currant from
over the sea) may mean that the plant was brought to France from beyond
the Baltic, the northern sea. Species of currants from which cultivated
currants have been derived, it is true, grow wild in northern France,
Germany, and Austria, but neither wild nor cultivated do the fruits attain
the size and quality of more northern plants, and in competition with the
tree fruits of these countries would scarcely attract attention.

The red currant first appears in English agricultural literature at the
close of the sixteenth century. Gerarde in his Herball or General Historic
of Plants, 1597, seems to be the earliest EngHsh writer to notice the currant
as a garden plant but calls them gooseberries and not currants. He ' says,
writing of gooseberries: " We have also in our London gardens another
sort altogether without prickes, whose fruit is verie small, lesser by much
than the common kinde, but of a perfect red colour, wherein it differeth
from the rest of his kinde." Surely this plant is a currant and not a goose-
berry. Thomas Tusser in his several editions of Five Hundred Pointes of
Good Husbandrie, 1557-1580, in which it is supposed that every food plant
then cultivated in England is listed, does not include the currant.

Curiously enough the next reference to the currant in English agricul-
tural records has to do with sending plants to America. In a memorandum
of the Massachusetts Company, dated March 16, 1629, the interests of
the colony in the New World are thus prepared for:^ "To provide to send
for New England, Vyne Planters, Stones of all sorts of f mites, as peaches,
plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kemells, pomegranats, also
wheate, rye, barley, oates, woad, safTron, liquorice seed, and madder rootes,
potatoes, hop rootes, currant plants." It appears from future accovmts
that these seeds and plants having been sent over, most of them grew, and
we may assume that the currant, as easy to propagate as any, was thus
introduced in America.

» Phillips, Henry Po7n. Brit. 137. 1820.
• Mass. Rec. 1:24.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 245

Rea, in his justly esteemed Flora, Ceres & Pomona, 1665, is the next
EngHsh writer after Parkinson to give attention to the currant. He devotes
a chapter to this fruit under its generic name Ribes. In it three items of
interest are to be noted: The beginning of the use of the word " currans;"
earl}^ mention of the Red Dutch and White Dutch varieties; and the use of
division rather than of cuttings in propagation. The chapter follows:'

" Corinthes, or Currans, as they are viilgarly called, are Plants well
known unto all; of these there are five several sorts, which differ chiefly
(as the Goosberries) in the Berries.

" The small black Curran is not worth the Planting.

" The small red Curran is of no better esteem.

" The great red Curran is a plentiful bearer, the Berries twice as big
as those of the former, of a bright shining red colour, and good (though
something sharp) taste.

" The greatest dark red Dutch Curran differs from the last, in that the
Berries are bigger, of a more blackish colour, and sweeter taste.

" The white Curran is like the great red, onely the Berries are some-
thing lesser, white, transparent, and well-tasted.

" They are as easily increased as Goosberries by Suckers, parting the
roots or laying the branches; these may be budded one upon another, and
so several sorts grow from one Stock, as is said of the Goosberries.''

Batty Langley in his Pomona, 1729, gives a short chapter to the dis-
cussion of gooseberries and currants, the title of which is: Of Gooseberries
and Ctirrants, or Corinths, so called from Corinthia whence they first came.
Thus Langley adds to the confusion of the currant and Corinth raisin.
Of more importance, however, is the fact that this is the first spelling of
currant as the word is now spelled — at least in the well-known pomologies
of the eighteenth century. Langley names but two varieties, the Red and
White Dutch. In his day currants were still propagated by division or
by layering.

The next pomology of much worth was that of Mawe, whose dictionary
of gardening and botany was pubhshed in 1778, fifty years after Langley's
Pomona appeared. Mawe names ten currants but four of these are either
ornamentals or cvu-iosities grown for their foliage. The six edible varieties
are: Common Small Red Currant, Long-bunched Red Currant, Champaigne
Pale-red Currant, Common Small White Currant, Large Red Dutch Currant,
and Large White Dutch Currant. These names indicate that some of the
varieties were similar to others, and then as now gardeners complained

1 Rea, John Flora 3:231. 1665.

246 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

that they could not buy sorts true to name. Currants were at this time,
probably for some years before, propagated from cuttings, although suckers
and layers are still recommended.

Phillips in his Pomariuni Britannicum, 1820, may be quoted to show
the purposes for which currants were chiefly grown a hundred years ago
as compared with the present. They were less esteemed then to eat out of
hand than for medicinal and beverage purposes. Thus Phillips* says:

"At the dessert, they are greatly esteemed, being found cooling and
grateful to the stomach; and they are as much admired for their trans-
parent beauty, as for their medicinal qualities, being moderately refrigerant,
antiseptic, attenuant, and aperient. They may be used with advantage
to allay thirst in most febrile complaints, to lessen an increased secretion
of bile, and to correct a putrid and scorbutic state of the fluids, especially
in sanguine temperaments: but in constitutions of a contrary kind, they are
apt to occasion flatulency and indigestion. Brookes says, they strengthen
the stomach, excite appetite, and are good against vomiting." And again: ^

" The wine made from the white ciurants, if rich of fruit, so as to require
little sugar, is, when kept to a proper age, of a similar flavour to the Grave
and Rhenish wines; and I have known it preferred as a summer table wine.
Even in London this agreeable beverage may be made at less expence than
moderate cider can be bought for. Diluted in water, this wine is an excellent
drink in the hot season, particularly to those of feverish habits. It makes
an excellent shrub; and the juice is a pleasant acid in punch, which, about
thirty years back, was a favourite beverage in the coffee-houses in Paris."

Phillips names the red and white currant as the kinds cultivated in
1820, but says "the salmon color, or champaigne, is cultivated for variety."
Other varieties were to be found, however, as we shall see in the next
paragraphs.

In the Catalogue of Fruits cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural
Society of London, 1826, 35 species and varieties of currants are named, but
judging from the names not more than 20 of these are inhabitants of fruit
gardens, and some of these are of doubtftil standing, as the catalog makes
the following statement, true now as then:^

" There is perhaps no class of fruits in which so much ignorance exists
of the merits and differences of the varieties, as the Red and White Cur-
rants of the Gardens. It is impossible to obtain the different kinds with
certainty from the Nurseries, although there is no doubt that their respec-

> Phillips, Henry Pom. Brit. 138. 1820.

^Ibid. 139.

^Lond. Hon. Soc. Cat. 185. 1826.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 247

tive qualities are of much importance." The sorts are:' Common Red,
Large Red, Large Bunched Red, Long Bunched Red, Morgan's Red, Red
Dutch, Red Dutch — Large, Red Dutch — New, Red Grape, Wilmot's Pale
Red, Champagne, Common White, Jeeves's White, Morgan's White, Pearl
White, Small White, Speary's White, White Crystal, White Dutch, White
Dutch — New, White Leghorn.

One suspects from these names that the list is somewhat padded and
that not half of the number are distinct sorts. Hogg in 1866 includes all
of these names tmder six varieties. In the twenty names, only two are
familiar to currant growers today, — Red and White Dutch.

Taking another casual dip in British pomology at a still later date we
find that Hogg, 1866, describes nine varieties of red currants, six of which are
put on a select list. At least three of the six recommended sorts are more
than a hundred years old and two, Red and White Dutch, go back to the
very beginning of currant culture in England and on the continent. Up
until this time those who had sought to improve plants had given the currant
scant attention, although three of Hogg's nine varieties were originated
by Thomas Andrew Knight, England's premier breeder of fruits.

The history of the currant on the continent of Europe parallels that
of this fruit in England. There are, however, earlier references on the
continent than those given from English books. E. L. Sturtevant, a
former director of this Station, and a careful student of early agricultural
literature, has left voluminous notes on the history of cultivated esculents.
The paragraph that follows is taken from Sturtevant's notes (Western
New York Horticultural Society Proceedings, page 56, 1887) and possibly
presents as good an account of the early cultivation of this fruit as can be
found.

" By the herbalists and early writers on horticulture, the first mention
of the currant that I find, is by Ruellius - in 1536, a French author, who
praises it as a border plant, and its fruit as an appetizer. In 1539,
Ammonius ^ says " we cherish it in our gardens," but adds nothing of further
interest in this connection. Fuchsius * in 1542 gives a figure which may be
called a poor specimen of the Common Red, and which resembles certain
seedlings which are now frequently obtained. He notes its occurrence in
gardens passim. Tragus,^ who wrote in Germany in 1552, gives a figure of

^Ibid. 186.

' Ruellius de natura stirp, 1536, 283.
'Ammonius. med. hort. 1539, 310.
*Fuchs. hist, stirp. 1542, 662.
'Trag. de stirp. 1552, 994.

248 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

the garden currant, which may well be the Common Red. In 1558,
Matthiolus ^ refers to it as common in gardens, and it is also spoken of by
Mizaldus ^ in 1560. Pinaeus,' 1561, gives a figure which may be that of a
Common Red, while Lobel ^ in 1576 and 1591 offers figures which are to
be called Common Red, but which are of a far better appearance than those
heretofore figured, and mentions also a sweet kind. Lytes translation of
Dodoeus, edition of 1586, speaks of the currant in England, but translates
one name as ' beyond the sea ' gooseberry. This same year 1586, Came-
rarius^ figures the Common Red, as does Dalechamp^ in 1587. The next
year, Camerarius ^ gives directions for sowing the seed of the wild plant
in gardens, and says these seedlings quickly come to fruit. We have hence
the first clue as to how new varieties might originate, if this recommenda-
tion was generally followed. Camerarius also refers to a larger fruited
currant than common, that was growing in the gardens of the Archduke
of Austria, and this is the first indication I can note of improvement in
varieties, such as might well be anticipated from the practice of growing
seedlings. This ' Ribes baccis riibris majoribus ' may perhaps be considered
as the Red Dutch variety, or at least its prototype. In 1597, Gerarde,*
as before stated, scarcely recognized the currant as being in general culture
in England, but the next year, or 1598, brings us to what may well be called
a picture of the Red Dutch variety, given in Bauhin's edition of Matthiolus,
as also a mention of a white fruited variety, and another described as
' sweet.' "

Sturtevant's history of the currant begins with Ruellius, 1536, a French
author. De Candolle, without question the best authority on edible plants
who has yet written, also gives Ruellius credit of being the first writer on
plants to mention the currant as cultivated. But Bunyard, 1917 (Journal
of the Royal Horticultural Society pages 260-270, 191 7) who reviews the
botanical, garden, and historical literature of this fruit, tells us that the
currant is mentioned in a German MS. of the early fifteenth century and
that there is a very good discussion of a red currant in the Mainz Herbarius
of 1484. It does not follow that the plant was as yet domesticated, but
since certain medical qualities had been ascribed to it, it is probable that
it was grown in the herb garden at this time if not in the kitchen garden.

'Matth. comment. 1558, loi.

'Mizaldus, secretorum, 1560, 105.

' Pinaeus, hist. 1 56 1, 67.

«Lobel, obs. 1576, 615; i.e. 1591, 2,202.

'Camerarius, epit. 1586, 88.

"Hist. Gen. usually referred to as Lugd. 1587, i, 131.

'Camerarius. hort. 1588, 141.

'Gfcrarde. herbai. 1597, 1143.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

249

Bunyard, in his admirable history of the currant in the reference cited, also
gives dates and details as to the introduction of the several species of cur-
rants but into this we cannot go other than in the references accompanying
the botanical descriptions in the chapter on Systematic Botany of the Currant.

There is little of interest or of profit to the pomologist in the history
of the currant in America. The earliest English settlers in Massachusetts,
as we have seen, brought this fruit to the new country. Probably the sorts
brought were the Red and White Dutch, and the fact that after three hun-
dred years we still grow these varieties is significant, — there have been few
attempts to improve the currant in America. The list of American varieties
is now larger than that of Europe, not because of the efforts of plant breeders,
but because the currant is grown over a vastly greater territory here than
in Europe, and new varieties have originated by chance in the varied
environments.

The Prince Niu-series, Flushing, Long Island, in 1 770 offered to gardeners
three varieties. Large Red, Large White, and Large Black. In 1790 this
nursery was selling the same sorts. McMahon, in his American Gardener' s
Calendar, 1806, names the Common Red, Large Red, Pale White Dutch,
Large White, and White Crystal, but without description so that we cannot
know what they were. His directions for pruning, propagating, and culture
would answer excellently for currant culture in the modern industry.
McMahon tells his readers that currants may be " raised from seed and
improved sorts obtained thereby." Would that we could take the date of
this advice as the beginning of currant breeding in America, but intelligent
sowing of seed with the selection of seedlings seems not to have been begun
in the case of the currant in this country for another half century.

Prince, the next pomological writer to mention currants, in his Treatise
on Horticulture, 1828, names seven kinds, all European, and although there
are no descriptions, the seven names, following English descriptions, stand
for but four distinct varieties. Downing in The Fruits and Fruit Trees of
America, 1845, describes eight varieties, not cotinting the Common Red
and the Common White, which he says " are totally undeserving a place
in the garden, when those very superior sorts, the White and Red Dutch,
can be obtained." White Dutch at this time was grown under five other
names and Red Dutch was listed under eight besides its true one. Down-
ing's book was revised in 1857 when twenty-five varieties were thought
worthy brief descriptions ■ — all from Europe.

The first American student of varieties of currants to publish was

250 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Andrew S. Fuller, in whose The Small Fruit CuUurist, 1867, we find an
admirable discussion, with very good descriptions, of the currants grown in
America. Twenty-eight varieties are listed with some forty-odd synonyms.
There is, as in all lists of currants from the first to the last, much confusion
in the nomenclature, and Fuller now makes an honest effort to set currant
growers straight as to correct names. He describes two sorts of American
origin, Bmst's Long-bunched Red, and Dana's White. Neither are now, or
ever were, of much value. Fuller relates an experience in obtaining Dana's
White that many collectors of currants could duplicate with other varieties.
He says that he obtained, from what he supposed to be reliable sources,
five distinct varieties under this name.

Perhaps the next noteworthy contribution to our knowledge of
American-grown currants is foiind in a publication from this Station. As
early as 1882, the first year of the Station's existence, the beginning of a
collection of currants was made by the planting of twelve kinds. By 1890
this number had increased to twenty-odd varieties, all but two of which
were old European sorts. Now, however, a rapid development in currant
improvement began to take place. Between 1890 and 1895, fifteen cur-
rants, all of American origin, were added to the collection. True, some of
these did not come into prominence but others, as Wilder, North Star,
Red Cross, Eclipse, Ruby, and Pomona, made their appearance in this
period as sorts worthy widespread cviltivation. The first account of these
studies of the currant at the New York Agrictiltural Experiment Station
appeared in Bulletin 95, 1895, since which, imtil the present work, the
currant and its varieties have had but occasional mention.

The next survey of the varieties of currants grown in the United States
appears in Card's Bush-Fruits, 1898. Card lists 58 varieties of red and white
currants with histories and descriptions as full as the data obtainable per-
mitted. Of these, 25 probably originated in America. Not all of them,
by any means, are under cultivation. Some of the names are synonyms.
A good many of the varieties, as Card says, have only received mention or
have been little known in the United States. This list includes only varieties
cultivated in America.

The most thorough study of cultivated currants made in America up
to date is that of Paul Thayer, the results of which are published in Ohio
Station Bulletin No. 371, The Red and White Currants, 1923. Thayer
grew " more than 200 lots tinder 100 names." These, after much critical
study, he resolves into 41 major and about 180 minor varieties, of which

THE SMALL FRUITS GF NEW YORK

251

he gives for each the botany, origin, history, and a full description. Thayer's
studies also include the botany of the currant, both structural and syste-
matic. All in all, it is the most notable pomological monograph yet
published on the currant.

This brings us to the present work. In The Small Fruits of New
York, 185 currants are described; of which 109 kinds have originated on
this side of the Atlantic. The confusion in names and varieties is so great
and of so long standing that duplication is unavoidable, and so many of
the varieties described no longer exist that probably not a quarter of
those described can now be obtained in American and European nurseries.
Not more than eighteen or twenty varieties are cultivated in America,
and less than half of these are of commercial importance. The acreage
and yield of currants in America are shown by the figures in Table 3 taken
from the last census.

Table 3. Acreage, Yield and Value of Currants in' the United States in 1919, by Divisions

AND States

Division and State

Yield

(in quarts)

Value

UNITED STATES

Geographic Divisions:

New England

Middle Atlantic . . . .
East North Central.
West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central .
West South Central.

Mountain

Pacific

New England:

Maine

New Hampsliire. . . .

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Middle Atlantic:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

East North Central:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

7.379

44
142

30

236

9

70

2,671
135
334

351
56
274
629
361

.614,817

531

436,729

$86,415

3.140

3.758.104

686,761

1,671

1,516,991

297,247

770

438,633

88,810

126

81,085

17,066

18

8,692

1,610

62

26,149

4.415

518

482,307

90,206

543

866,127

149.378

20,429
18,140

24.437

266 , 908
13.982
92.833

3.321.583
139.631

296 , 890

431.152
56,742
103.471
636,481
289,145

$1 ,421 ,908

$4. 085
3,628
4,886

53.382
2,796

17.638

597.887
26,528
62,346

86,231

13.049

18,626

127,295

52,046

252

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Table 3 — (Concluded)

Division and State

Acreage

Yield
(in quarts)

Value

West North Central:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

South Atlantic:

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

East South Central:

Kentuck-y

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

West South Central:

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas

Mountain:

Montana

Idaho

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Paciiic:

Washington

Oregon

California

247
95
25

215

84

51
53

2
48

2
II
61

(')
2

(')
(')

6
12

0)

51

C)

82

109

26

141

38

5
108

9

148

97
298

208,863
77,953
17.510

55.134
32.147
21.436
25.590

1.390

43.320

212

7.335

24.387

957

1.205

2,242

37

5.294
2,825

573

4,701

20,359
1 ,089

55.459
72,000
15,266

137.634
15.450

6,856
172,201

7.441

254.959

99 . 890

511,278

iF39,679
15,587
4,026
13,230
7.397
4.285
4,606

320

9.532

59

1,471

4,886

144

239
406

9

954

564

92

941

3.258
216

9,983
12.245

3.820
26,151

3.089

2,058

30,997
1,863

38.245
13.986
97,147

' Reported in small fractions.

THE BLACK CURRANT

The evolution of the black currant proceeds step by step with that of
the red currant. The early herbalists, botanists, and pomologists who
describe and give cultural directions for red and white currants usually
include the blacks in their accoiuits. These writers paid quite as much or

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 253

more attention to the medicinal qualities of the products about which they
wrote than to their food value, and the black currant, having a most marked
taste and odor, was supposed to possess many virtues as a medicine and as
such was in common use in nearly all northern countries of Europe. In
Great Britain it was called the " squinancy berry " because of its common
use in quinsy. Many of the early writers mention it only as a medicine.
One of the old herbalists describes the fruit as " of a stinking and somewhat
loathing savour," a characteristic still so marked that few would attempt
to eat the fruit as a dessert. It is now and has ever been used as medicine,
to make wine and other liquors, for jellies, jams, and for flavoring.

The geographical range of the black currant is about the same as that
of the wild and cultivated red currants but if anything a little more northern.
Only northern peoples seem to care for the fruit and its products. The
black currant is little liked in France or southern Germany, but to the north
of these regions and in northern Russia it is a rather common fruit. The
farther north, the less disagreeable the odor and taste, and the larger the
currants. We may assume, therefore, that its earliest culture was in some
of the northern countries of Europe and that it was brought into gardens
at about the same time and by the same people who first undertook the
culture of the red currant. The Scotch and English seem fond of the
fruit and nearly all of the varieties known to Americans came from Great
Britain.

The black currant is little grown in America. Few Americans bom in
the country have tasted the fruit, or ever having done so care for a second
taste. The product is almost never seen in fruit markets, and the growing
of black currants is nowhere in the United States a commercial industry,
although an occasional plantation may be seen in Canada. Here and there,
plants are found in the gardens of Europeans settled in America or in those
of their immediate descendants. The law in many states prohibits the
culture of black currants because the plant is a host for the fungus which
causes the pine blister-rust, a dangerous disease on certain pines. The
black currant, for these reasons, though probably introduced in the United
States as early as the red, has never become popular.

254 '^^^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER IX

THE SYSTEMATIC BOTANY OF CURRANTS AND
GOOSEBERRIES

Several species each of Ribes and Grossularia are commonly cultivated
in cool temperate and even sub-arctic climates under the names currants and
gooseberries. The two genera are put by many botanists in a subtribe of
the family Saxifragaceae, while others find them sufficiently different from
other saxifrage-like plants to put them in a distinct family, Grossulariaceae,
a procedure followed in this text. While species of the two genera are
very different in aspect of plant, and in appearance and flavor of fruit,
yet their close relationship is shown by similarities in botanical characters
and by the hybridization of species in the two genera and the possibility
of intergrafting. The two genera possess the following characters in
common : —

They are shrubs of various habit, usually flowering from the old wood
and sending up every year a number of young cions to replace the older
decaying stems. On young branches the bark usually peels, and some
species bear bristles along the intemodes or spines at the nodes or below
the insertion of the leaves. The leaves are alternate or spirally arranged
on the longer branches, or clustered on the short lateral branchlets; they are
stalked, without stipules, simple and more or less lobed and toothed.

The flowers are produced in racemes from the end of short lateral
branchlets, usually at the time of the leaves unfolding in spring. Sometimes
the racemes are short and even reduced to one flower (Grossularia). In
Ribes the flowers are more numerous, from 6-20 or more in a raceme.
Each pedicel is subtended by a small bract, and often two much smaller
bractlets are seen below the ovary.

The ovary is inferior, i -celled, with two parietal placentas and with
several or numerous ovules. The cal)TC-tube or receptacle varies from
flat to cup-shaped, urn-shaped to tubular, it has 5, rarely 4, segments or
sepals and as many petals inserted alternately at the top of the receptacle.
The stamens, equal in number, are inserted opposite the sepals. The
style is more or less deeply cleft, often halfway down, into 2, rarely 3,
lobes or branches.

The fruits are i -celled pulpy berries, with several or many horizontal
angular seeds; embryo minute, terete, embedded in the fleshy endosperm.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 255

While many botanists unite the two genera tinder one as Ribes, others
have preferred to keep them separate and have restored the genus Gros-
sularia of PhiUpp Miller for the gooseberries. The two are easily
distinguished :

A. Flowers in racemes or in clusters; racemes several- to many-flowered; pedicels jointed

below the ovary. Fruit disarticulating from the pedicel Ribes (Page 255).

AA. Flowers in few-flowered racemes; pedicels not jointed. Fruit not disarticulating from
the pedicel. Branches usually with spines at the nodes. . . .Grossularia (Page 271).

RIBES. Linnaeus Sp. PL 201. 1753.

Ribesititn. Medic. Phil. Bot. 120. 1789.

Currants. — Usually unarmed shrubs, but occasionally (sect. Grossularioides and
Berisia) with stipular spines and bristles. Leaves palmately veined and more or less
deeply lobed and serrate. Flowers in racemes, rarely clustered, hermaphrodite or uni-
sexual and then dioecious; pedicels jointed below the ovary, often with 2 minute bractlets.
Ovary glandiJar or smooth, never spiny; receptacle from shallowly saucer-shaped or rotate
to tubular; the top disc-like, often thickened or with knobs or rings. Fruit disarticulating
from the pedicel, red, white, yellow or black, often with a bloom, glabrous, glandular, or
glandular-hairy.

Key to the Subgenera

A. Flowers hermaphrodite (with perfect stamens and perfect ovary)
B. Branches imarmed

C. Ovary smooth, receptacle rotate or shallowly cup-shaped, rarely campanulate,
never with stalked glands
D. Plants glandless or glands crystalline, only on young growth; fruits usually

red (whitish) or dark purple, more or less sweet or acidulous

Red Currants: L Ribesia (Page 256)

DD. Plants with sessile yellow glands, chiefly on the underside of the leaves, and of

a peculiar, mostly disagreeable smell; fruits black or brownish, of a peculiar

or disagreeable flavour Black Currants: II. Eticoreosma (Page 266)

CC. Ovary smooth or pubescent, or with stalked glands; receptacles from rotate,
campanulate or vuceolate to cylindrical
D. Receptacle tubular, like the sepals bright yellow. Ovary glabrous. Berries

glabrous yellow or black. Plants with crystalline glands only

Golden Currants: III. Sympliocalyx (Page 269)
DD. Receptacles variously shaped and colored

E. Receptacles variously shaped but not rotate, more or less glandular. Ovaries
smooth, pubescent or with stalked glands. Berries red or black, often

with a bloom, glabrous or pubescent or glandular

Ornamental Currants: IV. Calobotrya^
EE. Receptacle rotate. Plants only with crystalline not viscid glands. Ovaries

and berries with gland-bearing bristles

Dwarf Currants: V. Heritiera

> The plants of the subgenera IV-VIII have no pomological interest at present and are therefore not
considered here. Those interested in them will find a fuller account in Technical Bulletin No. 109 of this
Station.

256 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

BB. Branches with bristles and nodal spines; flowers rotate in drooping racemes,

glandular Gooseberry-stemmed Currants: VI. Grossulariaides

AA. Flowers unisexual and each sex on a different plant (dioecious)

B. Racemes erect Alpine Currants : VII. Berisia

BB. Racemes pendulous Andine Currants: VIII. Parilla

About 125 species of currants are known. Most of them are natives
of the temperate and cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Northern
Asia and Europe possess a large number of them, but by far the greatest
number inhabit America. The mountains of the Pacific Coast from Alaska
to Patagonia are especially rich in species. Most of these western and
southern American Ribes are ornamental, sometimes evergreen and deli-
cate shrubs. None have so far proved to possess any value from the
pomological point of view, nevertheless some might be profitably used in
hybridizing. With a few exceptions, the currants ctdtivated for their
fruits are natives of the Old World, particularly of Europe, from the
Pyrenees to Scandinavia. No species enters the tropics in the Old World
on account of the mountain chains stretching from east to west and causing
sharp climatic separations.

Subgenus I. Ribesia Berlandier. Janczewski Monogr. in Man. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist.
Nat. de Gentve 35:Pt. 3, 235. 1902.

Red Currants. — Unarmed shrubs, young shoots with thin papery outer bark soon
peeling off. Buds middle sized, scales leathery.

Leaves plicate in bud, more or less maple-shaped, 3- to 5- to 7-lobed, with as many
palmately branched veins, lobes mostly pointed; the base cordate or truncate; more or less
pubescent, at least when young or entirely glabrous; glands, when present on the young
growth, small, crj^stalline, not viscid, inodorous.

Inflorescence racemose ; rhachis slender, pedicels from the axils of small bracts, articu-
lated below the flower; bracteoles small or wanting.

Flowers with a rotate, pelviform (shallowly cup-shaped), turbinate or campanulate
receptacle, modestly colored, mostly greenish, yellow to reddish or dark. The bottom
of the receptacle concave or flat or with a disc-like, peculiar, somewhat pentangular rim
or with 5 roundish humps below the petals. Calyx-lobes or sepals roundish, often broader
than long, patent or rectu-ved. Petals small cuneiform or flabelliform, usually a little
brighter colored. Stamens inserted opposite the sepals, filaments short, anthers sometimes
with an exceptionally broad connective. Style more or less deeply bifid. Ovary inferior
or semi-inferior, roundish or turbinate, smooth.

Fruits mostly globular or oblong- rotmdish, mostly red, sometimes uncolored or white,
or dark purple, crowned by the remains of the withered flower; mostly acidulous or insipid;
seeds ovoid, numerous.

This subgenus comprises 15 more or less closely rel'ated species, natives
of the Northern Hemisphere, out of which the following constitute our culti-
vated red currants.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 257

Key to Cultivated Species and Hybrids of Red Currants

A. Flowers flat, rotate, or saucer-shaped with a more or less distinctly raised ring in the

bottom of the flower

B. Ring very distinct, often of a dark color; anthers with a very broad connective.

Leaves heart-shaped at the base; remains of the withered flower on the berries

pentagonal at the base

C. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed, lobes spreading, mostly slightly pubescent, at length

glabrous beneath R. sativtim

CC. Leaves 3- to s-lobed, the middle lobe the largest, of very firm texture and of a
dark, almost bluish green, nearlj'- smooth and glossy beneath; with big coarse

teeth and coarse venation ; berries very large R. sativum macrocarpum

BB. Ring present, but rather low and less distinct and the flowers not quite as flat.

Bases of lea^^es varying from truncate to almost heart-shaped; remains of the

withered flowers at the bases more or less roundish

C. Sepals not ciliate. Racemes drooping. Young shoots slightly pubescent ; leaves

mostly with truncate base, pubescent beneath. Anthers variable, but mostly

with a broadened connective

R. houghtoiiiamim {R. rubrum x sativum). (See also R. warscewicsii)
CC. Sepals ciliate. Racemes spreading horizontally. Young shoots glabrous.

Anthers roundish ovoid, white R. gonduini {R. petraeum x sativum)

AA. Flowers pelviform or shallowly cup-shaped or bell-shaped

B. Sepals not or only very faintly ciliate; flowers pelviform or shallowly cup-shaped
C. Flowers without any ring, somewhat conically raised at the bottom of the style
(best seen in a longitudinal section). Racemes spreading, more or less glandu-
lar. Leaves with a truncate or subcordate base, pubescent beneath. Withered

remains of the flower on the berries with a roundish base R. rubrum,

CC. Flowers with a flat bottom, on which a very faint ring is traceable on a longitudinal
section; flowers, anthers, and berries larger than in R. rubrum. Racemes

drooping. Leaves heart-shaped. Berries very acid R. warscemiczii

BB. Sepals ciliate; flowers decidedly bell-shaped, not shallowly cup-shaped

C. Flowers rather large, with a semi-inferior receptacle, the upper part prolonged
and forming a stout conical base of the style; petals inserted on a thickened

base R. petraeum

CC. Flowers with a distinctly inferior ovary, petals also inserted on a thickened
base
D. Flowers with a faint ring at the bottom. Leaves rather large, truncate or

cordate, 3- to 5-lobed. Vegetation early

R. gonduini {R. petraeum x sativum)
DD. Flowers without any trace of a ring

E. Stamens longer with curved filaments as long as the petals. Leaves large,

3- to 5-lobed, subpubescent, base truncate or subcordate

R. pallidum (R. petraeum x rubrum)
EE. Stamens straight, shorter than the petals. Leaves medium in size, strongly

pubescent beneath, petiole short, tomentose

R. holosericeum {R. petraeum caucasicum x rubrum)

Ribes sativum Rchbch. Syme Engl. Bot. 3d Ed. 4:42. t. 520. 1865; Berger N. Y. Sta.
Tech. Bui. 109:7. 1925.
R. rubrum var. sativum. Rchbch. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 562. 1830-32.
17

258 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

R.vulgare. Schneider III. Hdb. Laubh. 1:401. 1905; Janczewski Mowogr. 276. 1907;

Coville & Britton A^. Am. Fl. 22:198. 1908; Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort.

5:2960. 1916; not Lamarck.
R. rubrunt auct. Loudon Arb. 2:977. 1844; not Linnaeus.
R. domesticum. Janczewski Pluralite des espkces de grosseilliers in Comptes rendus

26:588. 1900.
R. silvestre, R. hortense Hedlund, Om R. rubrum. Botaniska Notiser 92. 1901.

Red Currant. — Erect shrub, 1-1.5 m high; growing shoots, leaves, and petioles
pubescent and with hyaline globular glands, young branches with thin yellowish bark.
Leaves cordate at the base, 3- to 5-lobed, more or less 5-angular, lateral lobes spread-
ing, smaller than the middle one, crenate-serrate, the roundish teeth with a short pale
point ; smooth or with a few scattered hairs above, paler beneath and from scattered short
hairs slightly pubescent, glabrous when old, about 7 cm long and 8 cm wide. Petioles
4-5 cm long, channeled above, widened and ciliate at the base, slightly pubescent. Racemes
more or less drooping, about 5 cm long, rather lax, with 10-20 flowers; rhachis almost
smooth; bracts small, ovoid, somewhat recurved; pedicels slender, 3-5 mm long, mostly
smooth. Flowers rotate, greenish yellow. Receptacle saucer-shaped, with a flat bottom
and a prominent elevated, roundish pentangular rim, the elevated angles of which are
opposite the petals, this rim often reddish or brownish. Sepals spreading, broader than
long, but the claw-like base lengthening after unfolding, patent, with the top revolute.
Petals very small, cimeate, yellowish or reddish. Stamens erect, short, anthers with a
broad connective, separating the anther-cells. Ovary roundish tvupiniform (top-shaped),
smooth. Style short, as long as the stamens, bifid halfway down. Fruits globular,
crowned with the pentagonal remains of the flower, shining and transparent, usually
red, acidulous, 6-10 mm across.

Western Europe; France, Belgium, Great Britain, western Germany,
southern Sweden and northwestern Italy. In North America escaped
from cultivation and subspontaneous from Massachusetts to Ontario and
Wisconsin, south to Virginia, and in Oregon and British Columbia, and in
Alaska. Chautauqua, Diploma, Versailles, and Wilder are typical culti-
vated varieties of this species.

R. sativum Syme var. macrocarpum. Bailey Gent. Herb. 1:134. 1923; Berger N. Y.
Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:8. 1925.

R. vulgare var. macrocarpum. Janczewski Monogr. 279, figs. 22 & 23. 1907 ; Schneider
III. Hdb. Laubh. 1:401. 1905; Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2960. 1916.

R. acerifolium Hort.

Robust shrub of irregular growth. Leaves larger, deeply cordate at the base and with
larger, rotmdish teeth, firmer, 3- to 5-lobed, lobes somewhat pointed, the middle lobe much
the larger, of a dark, almost bluish green above, paler almost glossy and scarcely pubescent
beneath. Racemes drooping; flowers larger, often finely dotted with red, with a prominent
ring.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 259

Origin unknown; perhaps a mutation. Said to have been introduced
into France from Italy by Adrien Seneclause, de Bourg-Argental, in the
early half of the last century. But, perhaps it is much older than that,
and possibly the " Great Red Currant," which John Tradescant, Senior,
introduced from Holland to England in 161 1, as mentioned in the second
edition of Gerarde's Herbal, 1633, is the same thing, since the common R.
sativum is a native of England. Cherry and Fay are the best known varieties
of this group.

There is confusion about the wild species of red ciurants. Linnaeus
created his name R. rubrum for a plant occurring in northern Scandinavia.
With this the wild currant of western Europe was confounded by botanists
during the last century. In 1789 Lamarck created a new name, R. vidgare,
for R. rubrum, of which he distinguished two forms: R. vulgare var. sylvestre
and var. hortense. The elder Reichenbach in his Flora Germanica Excur-
soria, 1830-1832, first clearly distinguished the two plants, but still as
varieties of R. rubrum, i.e., R. rubrum silvestre and R. rubrum sativum. T. B.
Syme in English Botany, third edition, 1865, raised Reichenbach's variety
sativum to specific rank, and this is the name now commonly accepted.
Lamarck's name, R. vidgare, must be rejected as a synonym of R. sativum.

R. sativum is always readily distinguished from R. rubrum by its leaves
and flowers. The leaves are always more or less and often deeply cordate,
the basal lobes often touching each other. In outline they are 3- to 5-lobed,
often pentangular. The lateral lobes are widely spreading, thus the sinuses
between the terminal and the lateral lobes are usually obtuse. The flowers
are very flat, the ring always prominent.

R. sativum macrocarpum has larger leaves, usually more decidedly 3-
lobed, the lobes more pointed, with larger, broader teeth and a deeper almost
bluish color. Underneath they are often shining. Of course there are forms
of which one is doubtful whether they belong to R. sativum or to R.
macrocarpum.

The hybrids between R. sativum and R. rubrum and probably also
between R. sativtim macrocarpum and R. rubrum, have been named:

R. houghtonianum. Janczewski Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Crac. 296. igoi; Ibid. 23. 1904;
Janczewski Monogr. 478. 1907. Schneider///. Hdb. Laubh. 1:402. 1905; Berger
A^. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:15. 1925.
R. acerifolium. Koch Dendrolog. 1:649. 1869.

To this hybrid belong a great many varieties of the cultivated red
ciirrants; the variety Houghton Castle was taken as type by Janczewski.

260 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Red Dutch, White Dutch, and Perfection are typical of this group of
hybrids. These hybrids resemble R. sativum rather than R. rubruni in
habit; they are usually recognized by the shape of the leaves. The lateral
lobes are not so spreading as in R. sativum, but point more forward. The
sinuses between the terminal and the lateral lobes are therefore acute as a
rule. The underside of the leaves is also more and often permanently
pubescent. The teeth are large and round as in R. sativum. The racemes
are spreading and gently recurved, puberulent. The flowers are almost
the same as in R. sativum, but they are less flat and more shallowly cup-
shaped and have a slightly raised ring. The anthers have a more or less
widened connective. R. hotightoniamim occurs also in a subspontaneous
or spontaneous state.

Another hybrid with promising characters is:

R. futurum (R. sativum macrocarpum 9 x R. warscewiczii cf ). Janczewski Bui. Ac.

Sci. Nat. Crac. 292. 1904. Janczewski Monogr. 478. 1907; Schneider III. Hdb.

Laubh. 1:401. 1905; Berger A^. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:8. 1925.
Robust shrub; leaves rather large, cordate at the base, subglabrous. Flowers much
like in R. sativum macrocarpum, receptacle slightly and shallowly cup-shaped, often red-
dish brown with a faint ring. Fruits rather large, acidulous. Raised by Janczewski in
1903.

Ribes rubrum. Linnaeus Sp. PL 200. 1753; Schneider III. Hdb. Laubh. 1:403.

1905; Ibid. 2:943. 1912; Janczewski Monogr. 287. 1907; Rehder in Bailey

Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2960. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:409. 1921; Berger N. Y.

Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:14. 1925.
R. vulgare and R. vulgare sylvestre. Lamarck Encyc. Bot. 3:47. 1789.
R. rubrum sylvestre. Rchbch. Fl. Germ. Exc. 562. 1830-32.
R. sylvestre. Syme Engl. Bot. 3d Ed. 4:43, PI. 522. 1865.
R. Schlechtendahlii. Lange Ind. Sem. Hort. Haun. 31. 1870.
R. Schlectendalii. Hort. Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:409. 1921, wrongly spelled.
R. lithuanicum. Janczewski Compt. Rend. Paris 589. 1900.
R. scandicum and R. pubescens. Hedl. Bot. Notiser 100. 1901.

Northern Red Currant. — Erect shrub, 1-2 m high, young growth smooth or pubes-
cent. Leaves broader than long, 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes ovoid-deltoid, rather short, the
lateral ones pointing forward and hence the sides often almost parallel, the teeth rather
small, the base truncate, reniform or sometimes cordate with scattered short hairs on the
upper side, more or less pubescent beneath, 4-9 cm long and 5-1 1 cm wide. Petiole
about 3-5 cm (8 cm, Janczewski) long, pubescent, more or less ciliate near the base.

Racemes 3-8 cm long, ascending or patent, not drooping, rather loose; rhachis and
pedicels slightly pubescent or with minute crystalline glands; bracts small, ovate, obtuse
or pointed, patent or recurving; pedicels up to 5 mm long, thin, occasionally with bracteoles
below the ovary. Flowers shallowly cup-shaped or broadly funnel-shaped, pale green or

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 26 1

brownish. Receptacle yellowish inside, without any rim or humps but the bottom raised
conically below the style; sepals shortly spatulate, roundish, finely striped with red and
occasionally finely ciliate; petals very small, subspatulate pale reddish; stamens scarcely
longer; anthers roundish. Ovary conical, glabrous; style bicleft, slightly overtopping the
stamens. Fruits rotmdish or flattened at the poles, red or colorless, with the remains of
the flowers circular, acidulous.

Northern Europe to northern East Asia; as far west as England and
south to "Westphalia in western Germany.

This is the R. ruhriim of Linnaeus, " habitat in Sueciae borealibus;"
it is quite different from the western European R. sativum, which has been
confounded with it. London Market and Victoria represent this group best.

There are several varieties:

(i) var. scandicum Hedlund. Janczewsld Monogr. 289. 1907.

R. rubrum pseudopetraeum . Baenitz Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. No. 7. 1892.

More vigorous shrub. Leaves glabrous above and beneath, pubescent only along the
veins; the teeth somewhat larger and broader. Racemes 3-6 cm long, 10- to 15-flowered.
Flowers pale to brownish.

Northern Europe; said to be rather rare. We have specimens from
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

(2) var. pubescens Swartz. Janczewsld Monogr. 289. 1907.

Less vigorous, young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves with truncate or cordate
base; with scattered single hairs above, densely pubescent at the back, especially when
young; petioles with several fringes at the base. Racemes usually shorter. Flowers
flesh colored or brown.

Northwestern Europe; from Scotland to Scandinavia, the Baltic
countries, and Finland. Later in growing and flowering. To this belong
Syme's var. Bromfieldianum (1. c. 44) with drooping racemes ; var. Smithianum
(1. c. 44) with erect flowering racemes; and var. spicatum (1. c. 44) with
racemes of flower and fruit erect and pedicels shorter than the fruit.

(3) var. glabelliun. Trautvetter & Meyer in Midd. Sib. Reise 1:2. 1856.
Glabrous shrub, young shoots reddish. Leaves mostly truncate at the base, glabrous

on both sides except along the nerves beneath; petioles longer than the leaves, slender,
often reddish. Racemes usually erecto-patent, short; rhachis, bracts, and pedicels
glabrous and often glandless. Flowers brownish, paler at last. Fruit larger.

Northern Scanditiavia to Siberia. Vegetation and flowers very early.

(4) var. hispidulum. Janczewsld Monogr. 290. 1907.

R. rubrum var. asiaticum. Janczewski in Schneider J//. Hdb. Lanbh. 1:403. 1905.

Shrub 2 m high, young shoots with glandular hairs. Leaves rather large, often with
a cordate base, more or less pubescent beneath. Petioles ciliate, pale or sometimes red-
dish. Racemes small, erect, 6- to 12-flowered, 1.5-3 cm long. Flowers densely set,
small, pale. Fniits middle sized, acid.

262 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Eastern Siberia.

(5) var. palzewskii. Janczewski Monogr. 290. 1907.

Robust shrub, 1.5 m; young shoots reddish, with scattered hairs. Leaves glabrous,
longer than wide, 11 cm to 9 cm, 3-lobed, the lobes deltoid, pointed, the base tnmcate or
wedge-shaped decurrent between the veins. Petiole about half as long as the blade (5
cm) , glabrous, reddish. Raceme very short with a few pale flowers. Fruit ovoid or elliptic,
acidulous.

Eastern Manchuria. Remarkable for its foliage.

R. rubrum Linn, is the northern red currant. It is easily distinguished
from R. sativum by its leaves. The lateral lobes of these leaves always
point forward, not spreading laterally, and the angles or sinuses between
the terminal and the lateral lobes are consequently acute. The bases of
the leaves vary considerably from heart-shaped or reniform to truncate
or even rounded; the basal lobes, however, never touch or overlap as in
R. sativum. Usually the leaf-blades are smaller than in R. sativum. The
flowers are somewhat deeper and not as flat as in R. sativum and never have
the thickened ring at the bottom which is so characteristic of R. sativum.
Only a few commonly cultivated varieties are direct descendants of R.
rubrum. According to Janczewski, however, there are varieties with red,
rose-colored, and white berries, cultivated in northern Europe, especially
in Lithuania, which have never found their way into the gardens of western
Etirope or into general cultivation.

Ribes warscewiczii. Janczewski in Vilmorin & Bois Frutic. Vihnorinianum 133.
1904; Janczewski Maiiogr. 284. 1907; Schneider III. Hdb. Laubh. 2:943. 1912; Rehder
in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2964. 1916; Berger N. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:13. 1925.

Erect shrub, 1-2 m high. Leaves rather large, roundish, with a cordate base, 3- to
5-lobed, lobes short, ovate, glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath, especially along the
veins, 9 cm long and 10 cm wide; petiole pubescent, ciliate near the base, about 6 cm long.
Racemes drooping, about 5 cm long or more and with about 15 flowers; rhachis more
or less pubescent, mottled with red; bracts small, ovoid; pedicels pubescent, 3 mm long;
flower buds coppery red. Flowers smooth, changing from coppery red to pale flesh colored.
Receptacle broadly funnel-shaped, widened above the ovary, inside flat, with a shallow rim
best visible in longitudinal section; sepals roimdish, broader than long but finally lengthen-
ing and spatulate; petals small, wedge-shaped, reddish; filaments as long as the petals,
inserted on the edge of the receptacle, anthers large, roundish ; style as high as the anthers,
bifid. Fruits roimdish, blackish purple, very acid, ripening in July.
Eastern Siberia, Yakoutsk, Ochotsk, and the lower Amur.
AlHed to R. rubrum, flowers of the same shape, but larger, more highly
colored, and racemes pendulous; fruits more acid. This is a very produc-
tive currant. See also its hybrid with R. sativum macrocarpum : R. futurum.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 263

Ribes petraeum. Wulfen in Jacquin Mwc. anstr. 2:36. 1781; Loudon i4r6. 2:979,

fig. 727. 1844; Schneider ///. Hdb. Lanbh. 1:403. 1905; Ibid. 2:944. 1912;

Janczewski Monogr. 290. 1907 & Suppl. 719-22. 1913; Rehder in Bailey Stand.

Cyc. Hort. 5:2959. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:409. 1921; Berger N. Y. Sia.

Tech. Bid. 109:16. 1925.
R. bullatum. Otto & Dietr. Allgem. Gartenztg. 10:267. 1842.
R. petraeum var. bullatum. Janczewski Monogr. 293. 1907.

Rock Currant. — Shrub 1-2 m high or more; growing shoots hirsute, generally glabrous
later on, and grajash brown; older branches somewhat like those of the cherry, with dis-
tinct warts; buds conical, deep brown. Leaves roundish, 3- to 5- lobed, lobes more or less
pointed, the middle one prominent, bullate between the veins, pubescent on both sides
when young, smoother later on, dark green above, beneath more or less pubescent, at least
along the veins, the base varying from deeply cordate to truncate, variable in size,
reaching up to 15 cm, more or less doubly toothed. Petiole generally shorter than the
blade, ciliate near the base. Racemes variably long, erect, patent or drooping, densely
flowered; rhachis and pedicels more or less pubescent, bracts small; pedicels short,
mostly twice as long as the bracts. Flowers green, suffused with purple, subcampanidate.
Receptacle cup-shaped, or slightly bell-shaped, with a round hump below the insertion
of each petal; sepals roimdish spatulate, broader than long, spreading in their upper part,
finely ciliate; petals rather large, spatulate or fan-shaped, as long as the erect base of the
sepals; stamens inserted below the petals, ctirved with a thickened base, the anthers
roimdish ovoid, overtopping the petals. Ovary semi-inferior, its upper part conically
prolonged and gradually passing in the shortly cleft style, which is about as high as the
stamens. Ovary top-shaped. Fruits round, flattened at the poles, red or blackish red,
with the remains of the flower roundish, acidulous.

Europe, northwestern Africa {Atlas), and northern Asia. Perhaps as
far as the Sea of Ochotsk. High mountains. The European plants of
this species occur in three forms.

(a) forma: pyrenaica.

Leaves rugose, with scattered long hairs above, along the margin, and beneath along
the veins, especially hairy when yoxmg; lobes pointed, teeth with a sharp and rather long
cusp; petioles pubescent, with long spreading glandular hairs, especially when young.
Bracts strongly ciliate.
Pyrenees.

(b) forma: alpina.

Leaves rugose, with scattered hairs, etc., like in f. pyrenaica, though less abundant,
also the petioles less hairy and glandular. Bracts shorter, obtuse, less strongly ciliate.
Alps, Vosges, and Black Forest.

(c) forma: carpathica Kit. Berger N. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:16. 1925.

R. carpathicum. Kitaibel in Schultes Oesterreich. Flora, 2nd Ed. 1:432. 1814.
Leaves flat, almost glabrous on both sides, also beneath along the veins, only when
young with a few scattered hairs; lobes pointed, teeth less sharply mucronate than in f.

264 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

pyrenaica; petioles with several long fringes near the base, for the rest more or less glabrous,
with a few glandular hairs when young. Racemes looser, pedicels shorter, often not
exceeding the slightly ciliate bracts. Flowers a little smaller, rose-incarnate. Fruits
deep red.

Riesengebirge, Sudeten, Tatra, and Carpathian Mountains. The following
are Asiatic varieties :

(i) var. caucasicum Bieb. Janczewski Monogr. 293. 1907.

R. caucasicum. 'BiehersiQm Flora iaurico-caucasica 2:160. 1819.

R. Biebersteinii. Berlandier Mhn. sur les Grossulariees in Mein. Soc. Phys. Set. Nat.
Geneve y.Vt. 2, 60. 1826.

R. petraeum var. Biebersteinii. Janczewski in Schneider JZ/. Hdb. Laubh. 1 :403. 1905.

R. macrobotrys Hort. Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2959. 1916.

Leaves roundish, with a deeply cordate base and 5 short and rather obtuse lobes,
flat, subglabrous or pubescent, about 12 cm long and 13 cm wide; petioles slender, sub-
glabrous. Racemes sometimes 10 cm long. Flowers reddish, receptacle with a round
hump below the petals. Fruits red or blackish red.

Caucasus, Armenia.

(2) var. atropurpureum Jancz. Schneider 1. c.

R. atropurpureum var. a and var. r. Meyer in Ledebour F/or. Altaica 1:268. 1829;

Ledebour /cow. Flor. Rossicae PI. 231. 183 1.
Leaves 3-lobed, middle lobe decidedly larger, the base truncate, flat, smooth above,
softly pubescent beneath; petiole usually shorter than the blade, pubescent, with a few
fringes at the base. Racemes short, 2-4 cm long, 10- to i5-flowered. Flowers urceolate,
purple, paler inside, receptacle broadly rounded at the base, humps below the petals indis-
tinct. Fruits rather large, dark purplish or black.

Eastern Siberia; Tobolsk, Tomsk, Altai, and Saiansk Mountains.

(3) var. litwinowii. Janczewski Monogr. 294. 1907.
R. atroptirpureum var. p. Meyer 1. c.

Young shoots short and stout, with glandular hairs. Leaves 5-lobed, roundish,
lobes mostly short, base very deeply cordate, flat, shining green and with scattered glandular
hairs above; petioles with glandular fringes. Racemes very short, 1.5 cm long, with 7-10
flowers. Flowers purple. Fruits purplish black.

Eastern Siberia; Altai and Saiansk Mountains.

(4) var. altissimum. Janczewski 1. c. & Sup pi. 3:721. 1 913.

R. altissimum. Turczaninow in Ledebour F/. Ross. 2:199. 1844-46.

Robust shrub, reaching 3 m in height ; young shoots pale yellow, subglabrous. Leaves
rather large, roundish, with a cordate base, 5-lobed, 9 cm to 10.5 cm wide, pubescent along
the veins beneath; petiole 4 cm long. Racemes 7-10 cm long, with as many as 20 flowers;
bracts pubescent; pedicels 2.5-5 i™^ long. Flowers shortly bell-shaped, copper red.
Receptacle cup-shaped, not thickened below the petals. Stamens inserted slightly below
the petals.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 265

Siberia; in the region of Lake Baikal, Mongolia. First cultivated in
Petersburg Botanic Garden, raised from seeds collected by Przewalski.
Starts late in the spring. Cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum.

(s) var. tomentosum. Maximowicz i?M/. ^c. Pd. 19:260. 1874; Janczewski Mwiogr.
Suppl. 3:721. 1913.

Young shoots pale, pubescent, and glandular hairy. Leaves 5-lobed, lobes rather
long, pointed, base cordate, 9 cm long and 10 cm wide, slightly hairy above, pubescent
beneath with longer hairs along the veins; petiole 7 cm long, pubescent, and glandular
hairy. Racemes 7 cm long, with as many as 27 flowers; rhachis pubescent and with
scattered longer hairs; pedicels 1-2 mm long, hairy. Flowers subcampanulate, rather
pale, buds copper red, receptacle without humps below the reddish petals; stamens and
style reddish. Fruit pale red.

Eastern Siberia, Amur River.

All of the R. petraeum varieties have bell-shaped flowers without any
rim, the upper part of the ovary is projecting into the cup-shaped receptacle
or calyx-tube and forms a thick conical base of the style. The sepals and
petals are rather large. The berries are usually more acidulous than in
R. sativum. R. petraeum and its offspring are late in starting into grovrth
in spring. Several cultivated varieties are derived from this species, none
of which, however, are well known as of great commercial importance,
except in hybrids to be noted later. The most important of these is with
the northern red currant, R. rubrum, which probably originated in the
1 8th century. This hybrid is known as R. pallidum, Otto & Dietrich Allgem.
Gartenztg. 268. 1842 (or R. ciliatum Kit. in Kanitz Linnaea 480. 1863,
or R. Kitaibelii Dorfler Herb. Norm. No. 4264. 1902).

Though intermediate in most respects, this hybrid most nearly
resembles R. petraeum. It is a robust shrub, starting late into vegetation
and flower. The leaves are rather large, 3- to 5-lobed with a subcordate or
truncate base and with the pubescence of R. rubrum, the lobes on leaves
of young shoots however a little more acute than in R. rubrum. The
racemes are longer and not quite as dense, though much the same as in
R. petraeum, they have up to 25 flowers, more than either parent. The
single flowers come near to those of R. petraeum, but agree with those of
R. rubrum in having no round humps below the insertion of the petals.
To this hybrid belongs the cultivated variety Prince Albert (syn. Hol-
landische Korallenbeere, Rouge de HoUande, etc.).

The hybrid between R. petraeum caucasicum and R. rubrum {R. holo-
sericeum. Otto & Dietrich Allgem. Gartenztg. 266. 1842) has smaller flowers
than the last, more like those of R. rubrum, and smaller leaves with stronger

266 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

pubescence underneath. This hybrid has almost entirely sterile poUen
and is of little value as a fruit plant.

The hybrid of the rock currant, R. petraeum, with the red currant,
R. sativum, is named R. gonduini, Janczewski Bui. Ac. Set. Nat. Crac.
298. 1 90 1. It has large rather short 3- to 5-lobed leaves. The racemes
are similar to those of R. sativum, spreading; the flowers equally intermediate,
with refiexed ciliate sepals and a faint ring inside; the anthers are oblong
like those of R. petraeum. It originated in the nursery of M. Gondouin at
St. Cloud, and is known as " Gondouin " or " Grosseillier Gondouin rouge "
or " sehr friihe Hochrote." It resembles the R. pallidum (Prince Albert),
but the leaves are thicker and darker, and the flowers have a faint ring
inside. It retains its leaves late in the fall.

Subgenus II. Eucoreosma. Janczewski Bm/. .Ac. S«. Nat. Crac. 2:7. 1906; Janc-
zewski Monogr. 245. 1907.

Black Currants. — Deciduous shrubs except for R. mburnifolium; young shoots glabrous
or downy with sessile yellow resinous dots or glands on all the young parts, on the scales of
the winter buds, and chiefly on the back of the leaves; the whole plant of a distinct, often
disagreeable odor. Leaves 3- to 5- to 7-lobed, lobes generally pointed, and shortly or
incisedly serrate, resinous dotted sometimes also on the upper surface. Racemes varying
in the different species in length, drooping or erect. Receptacle varying from cup-shaped to
campanulate-tubular, often resinous dotted, sepals spreading or recurved. Stamens inserted
at about the same level as the petals, anthers roundish. Ovary glabrous, in most cases
with resinous dots or glands, generally inferior, but in some species distinctly semi-inferior
and its upper part extending into the bottom of the receptacle. Style mostly shortly bifid.
Fruits black or brownish, sometimes edible, but mostly of a special, often disagreeable
flavor.

This subgenus comprises 12 species, all natives of the Northern Hemis-
phere, extending south to northern Mexico.

Only two species are important as fruit plants.
A. Racemes 5- to is-fiowered

B. Flowers tomentose, campanulate-urceolate R. nigrum

BB. Flowers pubescent or glabrous, tubular-campanulate R. americanum

AA. Racemes 3- to 5-flowered, broadly campanulate R. culverwellii

Ribes nigrum. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 201. 1753; Loudon Arb. 2:983, fig. 734. 1844;
Card Bush-Fr. 473. 1898; Schneider///. Hdb. Laubh. 1:422. igos; Ibid. 2:953. 1912;
Janczewski Monogr. 347. 1907; Coville & Britton A^. Am. Fl. 22:197. 1908; Rehder
in Bailey Stand. Cj'c. Hort. 5:2959. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:405. 1921; Berger
N. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:30. 1925.

Black Currant. — Vigorous upright shrub, 1-2 m high, young shoots pale, subglabrous
or pubescent, with scattered sessile yellow glands. The whole plant has a peculiar aromatic

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 267

smell. Leaves large, up to 10 cm long and 12 cm wide, 3- to 5-lobed, with a deep cordate
base, the lobes ovate, pointed, the lateral ones spreading, the middle one the largest, the
margins sharply doubly serrate, the teeth mucronate, often broader than long, bright
green and glabrous above, paler beneath, glabrous or pubescent along the veins; with
numerous amber-colored, resinous dots or sessile glands scattered chiefly on the lower sur-
face, a very few occasionally on the upper side of the leaves. Petiole as long or shorter
than the blade, pubescent, with several pltimose fringes at the base. Racemes spreading
or pendulous, 3-5 cm long, with 5-10 flowers, rhachis, bracts, and pedicels pubescent;
bracts short, ovoid; lower pedicels 10 mm long, often with minute bracteoles. Flowers
campanulate-iirceolate, tomentose ; receptacle wider than long ; sepals reflexed at the middle,
ligulate, twice as long as broad, obtuse, tomentose on both sides, purplish; petals erect,
ovate, whitish or reddish, shorter than the sepals. Stamens inserted at the same level,
anthers whitish, oblong, almost as high as the petals. Ovary semi-inferior, obovate-
obconical, glabrous or slightly pubescent with sessile yellow glands; style erect, shortly
cleft, as long as the anthers. Fruits subglobose, large, black, 8-10 mm across, glandular,
with a peculiar smeU and taste.

Europe, as far north as Scandinavia, northern and central Asia; sub-
spontaneous in North America. Five botanical varieties are recognized.

(i) var. heterophyllum Pepin. Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2959. 1916.
var. lacintatum Lav, and var. crispum Hort. Rehder 1. c.
var. aconitifolium. Kirchner Arbor. Muse. 412. 1864.

Leaves very deeply 3- to 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, terminal lobe ovate-lanceolate;
margins deeply and irregularly toothed.

(2) var. apiifolium. Kirchner Arbor. Muse. 1864.
var. disseduni. Nicholson in Rehder 1. c.

Leaves 3-parted to the base, each part again bipinnately cut with narrow segments.

(3) var. xanthocarpiun Spaeth in Rehder 1. c.
var. Jructii luteo Hort.

Fruits yellow.

Besides these there occur in gardens forms with variegated leaves
(var. variegatiim, marmoratum, reticulalum).

(4) var. paucifiorum Turczaninow. Janczewski Monogr. 348. 1907.
R. paucifiorum Turcz. ex Ledebour F/. Ross. 2:200. 1844.

Less robust shrub; leaves shining, buds reddish. Flowers longer, more campanulate;
style cleft almost to the middle.
Central Asia, Siberia.
(s) var. chlorocarpum. Spaeth in Rehder 1. c.

var. fructu viridi Hort.
According to Janczewski Monogr. 748, this is a form of var. pauci-
fiorum, the Asiatic variety.

The cultivated varieties of black currants are mostly descendants of
R. nigrum. There are a large nimiber of them, but they are badly mixed

268 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

in trade and one hardly knows which names are rightly applied, as the
original descriptions of the varieties are instifficient for identification.
An attempt to find a method of classification has been made by Ronald
G. Hatton at the Fruit Experiment Station, East Mailing, England.
{Jour. Pom. 1:65, 80, 145-154. 1919.) The black currant has been crossed
with the European gooseberry; and this hybrid, R. nigrum x Grossularia
reclinata, is known as R. culverwellii, MacFarlane Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.
37:203. 1892; Card. Chron. 3d Ser. 28:7. 1900.

It was first raised by a Mr. Culverwell, Thorpe Perrow, Yorkshire,
in 1880. (See Card. Chron. 19:635. 1883.) It has been repeatedly pro-
duced, also the reversed cross {R. Sclineideri Maiirer in Koehne Garten-
flora 409. 1902.) At Geneva the cross has been made several times and
a great number of individuals were grown which represented all possible
intermediate forms of the two species. Some individuals were scarcely
different from R. nigrum, others were more like Grossularia, but aU were
unarmed and not all had the peculiar scent of R. nigrum.

Ribes americanum. Miller Card. Diet. 8th Ed. No. 4. 1768; Card Bush-Fr. 481,
fig. 107. 1898; Coville & Britton A^. Am. Fl. 22:206. 1908; Rehder in Bailey
Stand. Cyc. Hori. 5:2959. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:398. 1921; Berger A''. Y.
Sta. Tech. Bid. 109:33. 1925.

R. floridum. L'H^r. Stirp. Nov. 4. 1785; Loudon Arb. 2:985, fig. 735. 1844; Britton
& Brown III. Fl. 2:191, fig. 1784. 1897: Schneider III. Hdb. Laubh. 1:421. 1905;
Janczewski Monogr. 350. 1907; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 451. 191 1.

R. nigrum pennsylvauicum. Marshall Arbust. 132. 1785.

R. americanum nigrum. Moench Verz. ausldnd. Bdume 104. 1785.

R. pennsyhanicum. Lamarck Encyc. 3:49. 1789.

R. campanulatum. Moench Meth. 683. PI. 6. 1795.

R. recurvatum. Michaux F/. Bor. Am. 1:109. 1S03.

Coreosma florida. Spach Am. Set. Nat. 2:4, 22. 1835.

R. floridum grandiflorum and R. floridum parviflorum. Loudon Arb. 986. 1836.

R. missouriense Hort. (not Nutt.) in Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:398. 1921.

American Wild Black Currant. — Shrub of spreading or erect habit, 0.5-1.5 m high;
young branches from downy to subglabrous, glandular-dotted; old wood with gray or a
blackish bark. Leaves from a truncate or more or less broadly cordate base 3- to s-lobed,
the lobes ovoid and more or less pointed, sharply and coarsely toothed, the lower lobes
generally indistinct, bright green, paler and more or less pubescent, at least along the veins
beneath and with nxtmerous resinous glands or dots, also on the upper surface, about 4.5-7
cm long and 5-9 cm wide. Petiole slender, about equaling the blade, more or less pubescent,
glandular-dotted, generally with several plumose fringes near the base. Racemes up to
10 cm long, drooping, with 5-15 flowers; rhachis, bracts, and pedicels pubescent; bracts

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 269

lanceolate, pointed, 6-10 mm long, overtopping the pedicels, more or less recurved, rarely
with glandular dots. Flowers greenish white or yellow, glabrous or slightly pubescent;
receptacle tubular-campanulate, longer than wide; segments ligulate-oblong, obtuse,
generally shorter than the receptacle and twice as long as wide, spreading or recurved
at the top ; petals obovate, about | as long as the sepals, erect, white. Stamens inserted at
the same level; anthers roundish, white, almost as long as the petals. Ovary small, pyri-
form or obovate, glabrous; style thickened at the base, shortly split, about equaling the
anthers. Fruits black, smooth, roundish, similar in taste to that of R. nigrum.

North America; from New Mexico to Virginia and east of the Rocky
Mountains into Canada, in woods and thickets.

(i) var. intermedium Tausch. Janczewski Monogr. 352. 1907.

R. intermedium. Tausch F/ora 21 : 720. 1838.

Lobes of the leaves less pointed or obtuse. Flowers more campanular with a shorter
receptacle.

Vermont. This variety is not a hybrid with R. nigrum, as supposed
by Dippel (Handbtich der Laubholzkunde III. 296) and the plants culti-
vated in Bohemian gardens are probably forms of R. nigrtim. R. ameri-
canum is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental shrub, as its foliage
assumes brilliant hues of crimson and yellow in the autumn. The whole
shrub, especially the foliage, possesses the same heavy odor as R. nigrum.
As a fruit plant one variety, Sweet Fruited Missouri, has been in cultiva-
tion in the United States; it is said to be a slight improvement upon the
common wild black currant.

Subgenus III. Symphocalyx. Berlandier Mem. Soc. Phys. et Set. Nat. Gen. 3:2, 56.
1826; Janczewski Monogr. 244. 1907.

Aurea. Coville & Britton N. Am. Fl. 22:195. igo8.

Golden Currants. — Erect shrubs with virgate shoots, throwing out many suckers
from the roots. Yoimg growth, cions, and leaves with small crystalline pulverulent
glands, glabrous later on. Leaves convolute in bud, of rather firm texture, very variable
in shape, from ovate-cuneate to roundish reniform, 3- to 5-lobed, lobes entire or toothed.
Racemes short, spreading, or slightly nodding, bracts foliaceous. Flowers yellow or
orange-yellow, with a long tubular receptacle, fragrant; sepals spreading or recurved;
petals much smaller, erect; petals and stamens inserted at the same level and about as
long. Ovary glabrous, style somewhat exserted, slightly bifid. Berries glabrous, yellow
or black, without bloom.

Central and northwestern United States to northern Mexico. The five
species of this group are very closely allied and scarcely more than geo-
graphical varieties of one species in a broad sense. The differences between
them are chiefly dependent upon the size of the receptacle, and as inter-
mediate forms occur they are not always readily distinguished. The

270 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

degree of pubescence, the length of the receptacle, its color, and the color
of the petals and of the fruits vary a great deal. There is no deciding dif-
ference in the structure.
A. Receptacle 12-15 mm long; sepals revolute or spreading, not connivent after flowering

R. odoratum
AA. Receptacle 5-9 mm long; sepals 5-8 mm long, spreading, connivent after flowering

R. aureum

Ribes odoratxun. Wendland in Bartl. & Wendl. Beilr. 2:15. 1825; Coville & Britton

A'^. Am. Fl. 22:205. 1908; Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2958. 1916;

Berger N. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:40. 1925.
R. longiflorum Nutt. as synonym in Lindley Bot. Reg. PI. 125. 1816.
R. fragrans. Loddiges Bot. Cab. PL 1533. 1829. Not R. fragrans Pallas 1797.
Chrysobotrya revoluta. Spach Ann. Sci. Nat. 2nd Ser. 4:2, 19. 1835.
R. Oregoni. Henng Hort. Franc. 225, PI. 8. 1872.
R. aureum Auct. Lindley Bot. Reg. PI. 125. 1816; Loudon Arbor. 2:989, f. 742.

1844; Britton & Brown III. Fl. 2:192, fig. 1877. 1897; Card Bush-Fr. 482, fig. 118.

1898; Schneider III. Hdb. Laubh. 1:416. 1905; Ibid. 2:953. 1912; Janczewski

Monogr. 333. 1907; Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Crac. 82. 1910.
R. revolutum Spach. Janczewski Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Crac. 84. 19 10.
R. aureum grandiflorum f. revolutum. Janczewski Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Crac. 91. 1910.
R. aureum ginkoefolium Hort. Janczewski 1. c. 84. 1910.

Missouri Currant, Buffalo Currant, Golden Currant. — Erect shrub about 2-2.5 ™ high,
with virgate branches; young branches pubescent, older branches gray. Leaves of cions
up to 65 mm long and 75 mm wide, firm of texture, roundish with a straight truncate or
slightly reniform base, deeply 5-lobed, lobes obtuse, mostly coarsely 3-toothed or incised
at the top; smaller leaves ovate-spatulate, with a cuneate base, 3-lobed, and the lobes
obtuse, entire or crenate; petioles pubescent, shorter than the blades. Racemes 4-6 cm
long, spreading or pendulous, 5- to 8-flowered; rhachis and bracts pubescent or glabrous;
bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, the lower sometimes 12-15 n^™ long; pedicels shorter,
glabrous or puberulent. Flowers bright yellow, fragrant; receptacle tubular, straight or
slightly bent, 12-15 mm long, glabrous; sepals oblong, obtuse, 5-6 mm long, revolute or
spreading, not connivent after fading; petals 2-2.5 nim long, oblong, obtuse or erose,
more or less red, erect. Stamens with oblong white anthers, as long as the petals. Ovary
obconical or obovate, glabrous; style very shortly bifid, longer than the stamens. Berries
globose or ovoid, 10 mm across or more, black or orange-yellow (forma xanthocarpum
Rehder).

North America; in the great plains east of the Rocky Mountains, from
South Dakota to Texas, east to Minnesota and Arkansas. Much culti-
vated as a flowering shrub and also as a stock upon which to graft other
species of Ribes and Grossularia, usually known in gardens under the wrong
name of Ribes aureum. A cultivated variety is known as Crandall. It has
larger edible fruits.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 2Jl

(i) var. intermedium Spach. Rehder.

Chrysobotrya intermedia. Spach /Ihh. Sa. ATo/. 2nd Ser. 4:19. 1835.

R. intermedium Spach. Janczewski Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Croc. 86. 1910.

R. aureum intermedium Spach. Janczewski 1. c. 91, fig. 2. 1910.

R. aureum Jrudu rubro Hort. and R. aureum acerifolium Hort. Spaeth in Janczewski

1. c. 86. 1910.
Racemes spreading, sepals not revolute, spreading. Fruits purplish brown to black.
(2) var. leiobotrys Koehne. Rehder.
Glabrous throughout; sepals reciu^ed, not revolute. Fruit black.

Ribes aureum. Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 164. 1814; Heller Mtiliknbergia 1:69. 1904;
Coville & Britton A^. Am. Fl. 22:204. 1908; Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort.
5:2958. 1916; Berger A^. Y. Sia. Tech. Bui. 109:41. 1925.
R. jasminiflorum. Kga.v6h Sv. Landtbr. Akad. Ann. g'.i^^T,. 1823.
R. flavum. Berlandier Mem. Soc. Gen. III. 2:60. 1826.
R. tenuiflorum. Lindley Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:242. 1828; Loudon Arb. 2:990,

fig. 744. 1844; Janczewski Bid. Ac. Sci. Nat. Croc. 86. 1910.
R. inodorum. Link //awd. 2:7. 1831.

Chrysobotrya Lindleyana. Spach ylwM. Sci. Nat. 2nd Ser. 4:20. 1835.
R. aureum tenuiflorum. Torrey Pacif. R. R. Rep. 4:88. 1857; Card Bush-Fr. 483,

fig. 109. 1897; Janczewski Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Crac. 91. 1910.
Shrub of about 2 m, young shoots red. Leaves of cions about 5 cm long and 6 cm
wide, orbicular- reniform to obovate; 3-lobed, with a cuneate, rounded or subcordate base,
lobes subobtuse, little toothed, petioles shorter or about as long as the blades. Racemes
3-7 cm long, spreading, 5- to 15-flowered; bracts oblong to obovate, 5-12 mm long; pedicels
shorter. Flowers more or less fragrant; receptacle slender, 5-9 mm long and about 1.5
mm wide; sepals spreading, 5-8 mm long, upright in the faded flower; petals scarcely half
as long, oblong, erose, orange-red at last. Berries globose, red or black, variable in size,
6-8 mm across or more.

West North America; from Washington to California, eastward to
Assiniboia, Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico. A smaller and more
slender shrub than R. odoratum and with less showy flowers,
(i) var. chrysococcum. Rydberg F/. Nebr. ii'.-ji. 1895.
Berries yellow.

Forms with red receptacles occur in Idaho. A cultivated variety.
Golden Prolific, seems to belong to this species.

GROSSULARIA Toum. Miller Card. Diet. 7th Ed. 1759; Coville & Britton A^. Am.
Fl. 22:209. 1908.

i?o650«ja Berland. Spach /fw/. VVg. 6:180. 1838.

Ribes Auct.

Shrubs with tortuous branches and spines at the nodes and often bristly along the
intemodes; nodal spines generally in 3, rarely in 5 or more, or solitary or wanting; buds
sessile. Racemes few flowered, short; bracts small; pedicels jointed at the base; the bract-

272 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

lets, if present, at the base of the pedicels and hidden by the bracts. Ovary bristly, glandu-
lar, hairy or smooth; receptacle varying from broadly campanulate to cylindrical; sepals,
petals, and stamens 4-5 ; style thin, more or less bifid. Fruit not disartictdating from the
pedicels, usually larger than in Ribes, smooth, glandular, or prickly.

This genus, comprising the Gooseberries, is usually treated as a sub-
genus or a section of Ribes; but gooseberries are widely separated from cur-
rants in several important botanical characters, and are so different pomo-
logically, that it seems best to put them in a separate genus as many
modem botanists do.

Gooseberries are natives of the North Temperate zone. There are
about 52 species, most of which inhabit North America, being especially
abundant in the Pacific part of the continent. Only a few occur in Mexico.
The Old World is less rich in species. We can only consider here species
which have produced ctiltivated varieties. The oldest of these, of course,
is the European gooseberry, G. reclinata.

Key to the Species

A. Ovary with soft glandless bristles; receptacles greenish, glabrous, sepals shorter than

the receptacle G. cynoshati

AA. Ovary without bristles, smooth or pubescent or with stalked glands
B. Stamens exceeding the sepals, often twice as long

C. Perianth greenish white, stamens twice as long as the sepals G. missouriensis

CC. Perianth purplish or purplish green

D. Perianth glabrous, stamens as long or longer than the sepals G. divaricata

DD. Perianth pubescent outside, hairy inside; stamens exceeding the sepals

G. l/an-fleettana

BB. Stamens about as long as the sepals, mostly twice as long as the petals or shorter

C. Leaves (on cions) usually obovate or ovate with a decidedly wedge-shaped base.

Flowers 5-7 mm long; stamens twice as long as the petals G. hirtella

(Flowers hairy at the throat inside, see G. downingiana.)
CC. Leaves not so and with a more or less truncate base

D. Bud scales white tomentose along the margins. Peduncles very short, scarcely

exceeding the bud scales; receptacle glabrous G. oxyacanthoides

DD. Bud scales not white tomentose along the margins; peduncle longer
E. Receptacle glabrous inside and outside

F. Sepals shorter than the receptacle G. cynosbati inermis

FF. Sepals 2-3 times as long as the receptacle G. divaricata

EE. Receptacle hairy inside

F. Receptacle pubescent outside

G. Stamens twice as long as the petals G. rustica

(See also G. van-fleetiana.)
GG. Stamens as long as the petals, sepals mostly brownish red

H. Leaves glossy G. reclinata

HH. Leaves hoary pubescent on both sides G. reclinata uva-crispa

FF. Receptacle smooth outside, stamens as long as the sepals . . .G. downingiana

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 273

Grossularia cynosbati Linn. Miller Card. Diet. 8th Ed. No. 5. 1768; Coville &

Britton A''. Am. Fl. 22:220. 1908; Berger A''. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:91. 1925.
Ribes cynosbati. Linnaeus S p. PL 202. 1753; Loudon ylr6. 2:970. 1844; Britton &

Brown ///. Fl. 2:188, fig. 1865. 1897; Card Bush-Fr. 464. 1898; Schneider III.

Hdb. Lanbh. 1:411. 1905; Ibid. 2:950. 1912; Janczewski Monogr. 383, fig. 108.

1907; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 451. 191 1; Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort.

5:2962. 1 9 16; Bean T"ree5 (5° S/zrw^s 2:403. 1921.
Ribes gracile. Michaux FZ. Bor. Am. i:iii. 1803; Torrey FZ. U. S. 269. 1824.

Wild Gooseberry. — Much-branched, divaricate shrub, 1.5 m high, with slender
branches, young shoots and cions brown, pubescent, in the lower part with many weak,
reflexed, often gland-tipped bristles, near the top and on weaker shoots devoid of bristles;
nodal spines 1-3, straight, subulate, brown, spreading or pointing downwards, 10-15
mm long or more. Leaves variable but mostly roundish ovate, with a truncate or subcor-
date base, 3- to s-lobed, lobes more or less pointed or obtuse, crenate or incised-crenate,
middle lobe the longest, lateral ones spreading, the lowest two often indistinct, the sinus
variable; texture rather thin, dark green and pubescent above, paler and softly pubescent
beneath, ciliate on the margins; varying in size, on cions often 6 cm long and 6.5 cm wide.
Petioles shorter than the blades, about 25-35 ^™- long, pubescent and with long soft,
often gland-tipped hairs, especially near the base. Peduncles and pedicels slender, about as
long as the petioles, pubescent and glandular-hairy; bracts ovate, small, pubescent and
glandular-ciliate, much shorter than the usually 5-10 mm long, often glabrous pedicels.
Ovary small, roundish, glabrous, but usually with several or many, small, pointed bristles;
receptacle campanulate or cylindrical-campanulate, much broader than the ovary, greenish,
glabrous, 3-4 mm long; sepals shorter than the receptacle, oblong, obtuse, green; petals
obovate, shorter than the sepals, white ; stamens a little longer, anthers oblong ; style bifid,
pubescent below. Berry globose or oblong, wine-red, 8-12 mm across, more or less beset
with stout prickles, edible, though with rather thick skin.

Eastern North America; from New Brunswick to North Carolina and
Alabama in the South, to Missouri in the West and to Manitoba in the
North, common in woods and rocky places. A variable species in all its
parts. The young shoots are glabrous or finely pubescent and with
ntimerous bristles or without. The shape and pubescence of the leaves
and petioles vary greatly.

The following varieties have been named; they occur with the type:

(i) var. inermis. Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 1. c.

Ovary and fruit without prickles.

This may be sometimes mistaken for some forms of G. hirtella, but it
has much longer pedtmcles and the stamens are about as long as the petals.

(2) var. glabrata Femald.

Leaves glabrous or only slightly pubescent or pilose on the veins.

(3) var. villosa Berger.

18

274 '^^^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Growing shoots and petioles villous, prickly and densely mixed with long, reddish,
flexuous, gland-tipped bristles; leaves on young shoots very villous beneath, pubescent
above intermixed with a few scattered stouter hairs.

G. utilis Janczewski. Berger {G. cynosbati x reclinata).

Rihes utile. Janczewski Monogr. 494. 1907.

Shrub about i m high, subglabrous; nodal spines solitary. Leaves small, almost those
of G. reclinata, subcoriaceous, shining green, subglabrous. Peduncles short, usually 2-
flowered, finely pubescent, bracts roundish, ciliate with stalked glands. Flowers pale,
subpubescent ; receptacle about as long as wide, pubescent inside; sepals reflexed, with a
reddish base and margins, shorter than the receptacle; petals small, flabelliform, white;
stamens almost twice as long. Ovary glabrous; style bifid, pubescent below. Fruits
ovoid, 1.5 cm long, glabrous or sometimes with a few bristles, more or less purplish.

To this hybrid belongs the cultivated variety Motmtain or Ameri-
kanische Gebirgsstachelbeere (Maurer Stachelbeerbuch 66, fig. 26 1913.)

Grossularia missouriensis Nutt. Coville & Britton N. Am. Ft. 22:221. 1908;

Berger A^. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:92. 1925.
Ribes missouriensis. Nuttall in Torrey & Gray Flora of North America i : 548. 1840;

Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2961. 1916.
R. gracile. Britton & Brown ///. Fl. 2:188, fig. 1867. 1897; Card Bush-Fr. 455.

1898; not R. gracile Michaux, 1803; not Pursh, 1S14.
R. rotundifolium. Schneider ///. Hdb. Laubh. 1:415. 1905; Ibid. 2:951. 1912;

Janczewski Monogr. 392, fig. 113. 1907.

Missouri Gooseberry. — Shrub, 1-2 m high, young canes sometimes bristly, young
twigs with a grayish white bark; nodal spines 1-3, subulate, straight, 9-15 mm long. Leaves
from a reniform, tnmcate, or roundish cuneate base, suborbicular, 3- to 5-lobed, lobes broad,
obtuse or roundish, crenate dentate, glabrous or sparingly puberulous above, pubescent
beneath, 2-6 cm wide; petioles pubescent, mostly shorter than the blade. Peduncles
slender, filiform, longer than the petioles, 2- to 3 -flowered, glabrous or puberulous; bracts
ovate-pointed, glabrous or puberulous, ciliate, 1.5-2.5 mm long; pedicels 5-9 mm long,
drooping. Ovary small, roundish pyriform, glabrous; receptacle campanulate, 2.5 mm long,
greenish, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, 6-7 mm long,
greenish white, smooth or almost so; petals J as long, erose, white; stamens much exserted,
about twice as long as the sepals, glabrous, anthers roundish, almost i mm long; style
longer than the stamens, deeply bifid, pubescent near the base. Berry globose, purplish,
glabrous, subacid.

Central North America; in the great plains from Tennessee, Illinois,
to Minnesota, and South Dakota to Kansas and Missouri.

G. van-fleetiana Berger A', i'. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:93. 1925. {G. missouriensis x
reclinata).

Bushy, erect shrub, with stout shoots; nodal spines stout, straight, single, or temate.
Leaves with a truncate or roundish or wedge-shaped base, broader than long, roundish,
3-lobed, lobes short, obtuse, crenate, finely pubescent on both sides when young, glabrous

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 275

when old; petioles pubescent, with some long hairy or glandular fringes near the base.
Peduncles as long or shorter than the petioles, glabrous or puberulous, i- to 2-flowered;
bracts roundish, glandular-ciliate, pedicels glabrous or hairy at the end. Ovary oblong or
pyriform, varying on the same branch from glabrous to densely pubescent. Receptacle
campanulate, about 4 mm. long and wide, green and pubescent, densely hairy inside;
sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, spreading or reflexed, 6-7 mm long, pubescent outside, green,
purplish along the margins, from greenish red to pretty red inside; petals spatulate, white,
erect, I as long as the sepals; stamens exceeding the sepals, filaments filiform, straight,
connivent, white, glabrous, anthers oblong, green; style finally exceeding them, split almost
half way, green, hairj' below. Berry roundish elliptic, dark reddish purple, smooth, thin
skinned, good quality.

Originated by Dr. Van Fleet and distributed by the United States
Department of Agriculture in Washington; cultivated at this Station. It
holds its foliage late in the fall and is said to be promising for southern
regions. The flowers resemble those of R. siiccirubnun {G. nivea x divaricata) .
It must not be confused with the gooseberry variety Van Fleet, introduced
by T. G. Lovett in 19 17 which was also raised by Dr. Van Fleet, but from
Houghton X (Keepsake x Industry) Fa generation.

Grossularia divaricata Dougl. Coville & Britton A''. Am. Fl. 22:224. 1908; Berger

N. Y. Sta. Tech. Bid. 109:96. 1925.
Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:515. 1830; Loudon Arh. 2:970.

1844; Card Bush-Fr. 457. 1898; Heller Muhlenhergia i:g8. 1904; Schneider

III. Hdb. Laubh. 1:415. 1905; 7&i(i. 2:950. 1912; Janczewski Mowogr. 390, fig, 112.

1907; Rehder in Bailey Stand. CycHort. 5:2961. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 402.

1921.

Ribes vtllosum Nutt. Torrey & Gray Fl. N. Am. 1:547. 1840; not Ro.xburgh,
1824.

Ribes tomentosum. Koch Wochenschrift /. Gartn. & Pfl. 2:138. 1859.

Ribes Suksdorfii. Heller Muhlenbergia 3:11. 1907.

A vigorously growing, bushy shrub, with arching branches, up to 3 m high; young
shoots sometimes bristly, but mostly not so, gray or brown; nodal spines variable, sometimes
none or i, 2, 3, or more, generally stout, sometimes very stout and conical and over 2 cm
long, brown, straight, or recurved. Leaves suborbicular, 2-6 cm wide, 5-lobed or some-
times 3-lobed, cordate, reniform, truncate or roundish at the base, thin, the lobes blunt,
coarsely crenate-dentate, finely pubescent on both sides, chiefly on the veins beneath,
sometimes glabrous ; petiole slender, pubescent, generally shorter than the blade. Peduncles
slender, drooping, about as long as the petioles, 2- to 4-flowered, glabrous; bracts small,
ovate, glabrous, or ciliate; pedicels filifonn, glabrous. Ovary roundish, glabrous; receptacle
campanulate, 2-3 mm long, greenish puriDlish, usually glabrous; sepals oblong, obtuse,
purplish or greenish and purj^lish at the base, 2-3 times as long as the receptacle, recurved;
petals obovate to almost fan-shaped, white or purplish, less than half as long as the sepals;
stamens as long or longer than the sepals, anthers small, roundish; style deeply divided,

276 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

villous-pubescent with long white hairs at the base. Berry small, globular, dark purple
or black, smooth, about i cm across, agreeable.

Wester7i North America; from middle California to British Columbia.
Subspontaneous in some parts of Europe. A variable species. G. divari-
cata was crossed with G. downingiana (cultivated variety Josselyn) by
Mr. G. Fraser in Ucluelet, British Columbia. The cross resulted in a
productive gooseberry with rather large roundish fruits. (See Gard. Chron.
3rd Ser. 75:364. fig- 159- 1924-)

Grossularia hirtella Michx. Spach Hist. Veg. 6:180. 1838; Coville & Britton

N. Am. Fl. 22:22$. 1908; Berger A''. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:102. 1925.
Ribes hirtellimi. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. i:iii. 1803; Loudon Arb. 2:971. 1844.
Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2961. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:402.
1921.
Ribes saxosiim. Hooker Fl. Bor. Am. 1:231. 1832; Heller Muhlenbergia 1:100.

1904.
Ribes oxyacanthoides. Hooker Bot. Mag. PL 6892. 1886; Britton & Brown ///. Fl.
2:189, fig- 1868. 1897; Card Bush-Fr. 462, fig. 92. 1898. Not Linnaeus, 1753.
Ribes oxyacanthoides saxosum. Coville Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:100. 1893; Gray

New Man. 7th Ed. 451. 1911.
Ribes oxyacanthoides calcicola. Femald Rhodora 7:155. 1905; Gray New Man. 7th

Ed. 451. 1911.
Ribes huronense. Rydberg Britt. Man. 487. 1901.

Ribes gracile. Janczewski Monogr. 388, fig. iii. 1907. Not R. gracile Michaux,
nor Pursh.

Northern Gooseberry, Smooth Gooseberry. — Bushy shrub of rather spreading habit,
0.6-1.2 m high; branches slender, sometimes bristly at the base of vigorous shoots; old
branches dark brown, young shoots gray, glabrous; nodal spines subulate, 10-12 mm long,
but usually wanting. Leaves ovate or obovate, and usually with a decidedly cuneate base,
especially on young cions but leaves of the short lateral shoots more reniform or orbicular
and with a subcordate base, sharply 3- to s-lobed, lobes acute, the lower ones indistinct,
coarsely incisely crenate, 2-6 cm wide, glabrous or with scattered hairs on both sides,
paler beneath; petioles slender, sometimes as long as the blades, pubescent, and some with
several plumose fringes. Pedvmcles shorter than the petioles, filiform, glabrous, 2- to 4-
flowered; bracts small, ovoid, acute, glabrous or ciliate; pedicels 4-6 mm long, filiform,
exceeding the bracts. Ovary glabrous, pyriform; perianth 6-7 mm long, glabrous, green-
ish; receptacle campanvdate ; sepals slightly longer than the receptacle, lanceolate-ligulate,
green or purplish, petals half as long or shorter, white or with pink nervation at the base,
obovate; stamens almost as long as the sepals or slightly longer, anthers small, roundish
oblong; style deeply split, villous at the base. Berry purple or black, globose, 8-10 mm
across or more, smooth or rarely with stalked glands, edible.

Eastern to central North America; Newfoundland to Pennsylvania
and West Virginia and to South Dakota and Manitoba in the West. A

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 277

very variable species, usually confounded with G. oxyacanthoides and
G. inermis, easily recognized from both by the characteristic cuneate leaf
bases. This species has been much employed by hybridizers to produce
American varieties of gooseberries. The variety Pale Red (American
Seedling, Cluster, or Ohio Seedling) is, according to Hedrick Cyclopedia of
Hardy Fruits, 309. 1922, a pure-bred of this species.

(i) var. calcicola Femald (1. c.)-

Differs chiefly by densely pubescent leaves and bracts and purplish
pubescent flowers and ovaries.

It is found in marly swamps and on limestone rocks from Michigan to
New England and Quebec.

G. downingiana Berger {G. hirtella x reclinata.)

Shrub with slender arching branches, older ones with cherry-like brown bark, younger
ones gray, usually without bristles; nodal spines 3 or i, subulate, 5-10 mm long. Leaves
variable in shape, some rovmdish and with a broad truncate or also subcordate base, others
obovate with a decidedly wedge-shaped base; 3- to 5-lobed, lobes obtuse, crenate, of rather
thin texture, glabrous above, paler and slightly pubescent or glabrous at length under-
neath. Petiole pubescent and with scattered plumose, sometimes glandular, fringes.
Peduncles shorter than the petioles, glabrous, 2- to 3-flowered; bracts roundish, pubescent,
and fimbriate. Ovary small, pear-shaped, glabrous; receptacle bell-shaped, bright or pale
green, inside with numerous long white hairs near the throat, sepals a little longer, oblong,
obtuse, recurved, green or slightly tinged with red inside at the base and along the margins,
smooth or with a few scattered hairs at the back; petals about half as long, obovate-cuneate,
with a revolute margin at the top, white; stamens white, as long as the sepals, anthers
oblong, greenish; style deeply bifid, villous at the base. Berries roundish oval, green or
dark red, glabrous with a thin skin, agreeable; seeds small, numerous.

This hybrid originated in cultivation in the United States. To this
belong most of the American gooseberry varieties, like Downing, Carrie,
Oregon, Pearl, Poorman, Josselyn, Smith, Van Fleet, etc.

G. rustica Jancz. Berger {G. reclinata uva-crispa x hirtella.)

Ribes rusticum. Janczewski Bui. Ac. Sci. Nat. Crac. 3:286. 1906; Janczewski
Monogr. 495. 1907.

Shrub with erect, rather stout, grayish branches; nodal spines 1-3, subulate; growing
shoots downy. Leaves broader than long, roimdish with a broadly tnmcate or subcordate,
rarely somewhat wedge-shaped base, 3- to s-lobed, lobes obtuse dentate, rather soft and
thin, shortly and sparingly puberulous above at first, paler and densely pubescent beneath,
glabrescent later on. Petioles hirsute and with scattered plumose fringes. Pedxincles
shorter than the petioles, hirsute, 2- to 3-flowered; bracts roundish, hirsute, and ciliate,
pedicels pubescent. Ovary small, pyriform, more or less tomentose ; receptacle bell-shaped,
hairy inside, green, like the sepals more or less pubescent; sepals oblong, obtuse, reflexed, a
little longer than the receptacle, more or less tinged with red along the margins and at the

278 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

base; petals half as long, obovate-cuneate slightly revolute at the top, white or faintly
tinged with red, sometimes with a few hairs at the back; stamens white, as long as the sepals,
anthers greenish yellow, oblong. Berry roundish oval, dark red, pubescent or glabrous
with a thin skin; seeds small, numerous.

Janczewski founded this hybrid on the variety Pale Red. A variety
which originated in 1833 in the nursery of Abel Houghton, Lynn, Massa-
chusetts, also belongs here. It is known as the Houghton gooseberry. This
hybrid comes very near G. downingiana. Of course there may be forms
intermediate between this and G. downingiana.

Grossularia oxyacanthoides Linn. Miller Garii. Diet. Sth Ed. No. 4. 1768; Coville
& Britton A''. Am. Fl. 22:223. 1908; Berger N. Y. Sta. Tech. Bui. 109:106.

1925-
Ribes oxyacanthoides. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 201. 1753; Loudon Arb. 2:968, fig. 715.
1844; Rehder in Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 5:2961. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs
2:402. 1921.

Hawthorn-leaved Gooseberry. — Low shrub of spreading or reclining habit, young
branches pubescent, glabrous later on, grayish, mostly very bristly; nodal spines 3 or more,
straight, subulate, i cm long. Dry bud-scales bearded with a white tomentose margin.
Leaves suborbicular, usually broader than long, slightly cordate or tnmcate or broadly
cuneate at the base, rather deeply s-lobed, lobes obtuse, dentate, on both sides slightly
pubescent or nearly glabrous, 2-4 cm wide; petioles shorter than the blades, pubescent and
sometimes with a few glandular hairs and scattered plumose fringes. Peduncles very short,
scarcely longer than the bud-scales, i- to 2 -flowered; pedicels short, glabrous, bracts small,
often glandular-ciliate. Ovary roundish, smooth, and glabrous; receptacle campanula te,
greenish white, glabrous, 2.5-3.5 mm long; sepals oblong, obtuse, spreading or reflexed,
usually slightly exceeding the receptacle, whitish; petals about 2 mm long or f as long as
the sepals or more, obovate, obtuse, white; stamens as long as the petals, anthers oblong,
scarcely i mm long; style bifid, hairy. Berry globose, smooth, 10-13 rnni across, purple,
slightly bloomy, sweet and good flavored.

North America; from Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay to British
Columbia and the Yukon, south to North Dakota and northern Michi-
gan. This species is usually confused with G. irrigua, G. hirtella, and
G. setosa. The latter has, however, brown shoots, longer pedvmcles and
longer, cylindric-campanulate calyx-tubes; G. hirtella has the stamens
twice as long as the petals and as long or longer than the sepals and mostly
cuneate leaves; G. irrigua is less bristly, the peduncles well exserted from
the bud-scales and the perianth is a little larger, about 8-10 mm. long.

Grossularia reclinata Linn. Miller Card. Diet. Sth Ed. No. i. 1768; Coville &
Britton N. Am. Fl. 22:223. 1908; Berger N. Y. Sta. Teeh. Bui. 109:108. 1925.
Ribes reclinatum. Linnaeus Sp. PL 201. 1753.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 279

Ribes grossularia. Ibid. 201. 1753; Loudon Arb. 2:972. 1844; CaxA Bush-Fr. 463.
1898; Schneider ///. Hdb. Laubh. 1:413. 1905; Ibid. 2:950. 1912; Janczewski
Monogr. 384, fig. 109. 1907; Gray New Man. 7th Ed. 451. 191 1; Rehder in
Bailey Stand. Cyc. Horl. 5:2961. 1916; Bean Trees & Shrubs 2:402. 1921.

Ribes caucasicum. Roemer & Schultes Syst. Veg. 5:507. i8ig.

Grossularia vulgaris. Spach Hist. Veg. 6:ij4. 1838.

Ribes grossularia vulgare Spach. Janczewski Monogr. 385. 1907.

Ribes grossularia var. atlantica. Ball Spicil. Fl. Maroc. 449. 1878.

European Gooseberry. — Spreading shrub, 1-1.5 m high, with ascending or arching
branches, young shoots subpubescent or subglabrous, often bristly; nodal spines usually
3, rarely more or single, straight, 1-1.5 cm long. Leaves suborbicular, cordate or broadly
cuneate at the base, 3- to 5-lobed, lobes obtuse, crenate-dentate, of rather firm texture,
with somewhat revolute margins, glabrous or pubescent, shining green, paler beneath, 2-6 cm
wide; petioles shorter than the blades, pubescent and sometimes glandular, with some plu-
mose fringes. Peduncle i- to 2-, rarely 3-flowered, very short, pubescent or tomentose
and with stalked glands; bracts thin, 1-2 mm long, ovoid or roundish, thin, pubescent,
ciliate, or glandular-ciliate, shorter than the glandular-pubescent pedicels. Ovary rotmdish
pyriform, pubescent or glabrous, with more or less numerous, stalked glands; receptacle
broadly campanulate or almost hemispherical, greenish or reddish, pubescent also inside in
the upper half; sepals more or less tinged with red brown, 3-4 mm long, about equaling
the receptacle, obovate, ligulate or obovate oblong, reflexed, pubescent; petals obovate,
whitish, almost as long as or shorter than the stamens; style split halfway, pubescent
below. Berry globose to oval, green or yellowish to red, pubescent and glandular-bristly,
or smooth.

North Africa; Atlas Moiuitains; Europe; Spain to the Caucasus and
to Scandinavia. A very variable species; the forms with more or less
glabrous leaves, ovaries, calyx, and fruits have been considered to repre-
sent Linnaeus' R. redinatum {R. grossularia var. reclinatum Berl., —
R. grossularia var. glahrum W. Koch). The forms with more or less
glandular, hairy ovaries were distinguished as R. grossularia var. glanduloso-
setosum W. Koch.

(i) var. uva-crispa Linn.

Ribes uva-crispa. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 201. 1753; Britton & Brown III. Fl. 2:189, %■
1870. 1897.

R. grossularia var. uva-crispa Linn. Janczewski Monogr. 386. 1907.

R. grossularia var. pubescens. Koch Syn. Fl. Germ. 265. 1837.

Grossidaria uva-crispa. Miller Carcf. Diet. 8th Ed. No. 3. 1768.

Low shrub, yoimg shoots subpubescent, bristles rarer or wanting and intemodes
shorter; leaves smaller, pubescent, dull green not shining green; peduncle tomentose;
ovary tomentose with a few or without glandular hairs; petals more or less hairy on the
back. Berries small, yellowish, pubescent, very sweet.

280 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Central Europe to Scandinavia; on rocks and in dry places. It starts
to grow about a fortnight later than the species.

The cultivated varieties of gooseberries as they are grown in Europe,
and chiefly in England, are all descendants of Grossularia reclinata and its
varieties. It is chiefly from the typical form of this species with shining
leaves and glandular-hairy ovary that most of the cultivated varieties
derive. From the variety G. reclinata uva-crispa with dull green pubescent
leaves and pubescent, rarely glandular ovary, only a few horticultural
varieties are cultivated, but as they are smaller than the others they are
not much planted and are likely to be lost. G. reclinata uva-crispa is,
however, a more drouth-resisting plant and, although its fruits are smaller,
yet they are very sweet and ripen later than the others, all valuable qualities
for the plant breeder.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 281

CHAPTER X

VARIETIES OF RED AND WHITE CURRANTS

Admirable. 1. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:11. 1907.

Resembles Fay. Plants moderately vigorous, improductive.

Angers, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1883.

Fertile d' Angers. 2. Gen. Farmer 22:2^. 1861.

This variety, of unknowTi origin, dates back for three-quarters of a century. The
American Pomological Society held this variety in the list of recommended fruits from
i860 to 1893. Plants very productive; bunches of medium size; berries large, bright red;
good.

Attractor. i. Horticulturist g: 11. 1854.

This variety originated in France. It was placed in the fruit catalog of the American
Pomological Society in 1862; removed nine years later. Plants moderately vigorous,
spreading, productive; foliage deeply lobed, sharply and deeply serrated; fruit of medium
size, yellowish white; bunches short, medium in size.

Bar le Due. i. Fest. Pom. Inst. Reut. 34. 191 1. 2. Bimyard Cat. 27. 1923.

A valuable variety much grown at Bar-le-Duc, Meuse, France, for preservation, and
the making of a most delicious jelly. Plants vigorous ; fruit large, white, translucent with
but few seeds; sweet.

Belle de Fontenay. i. Rural N. Y. 10:255. 1859.

Once grown in France and used by French horticulturists in the breeding of currants.
Fruit large, red ; good.

Benwell. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:11. 1907.

Plants moderately vigorous, productive; bunches of medium size, loose; berries small,
bright sqarlet, very acid; quality fair; midseason.

Blanche de Verrieres. i. Guide Prat. 23. 1895.

Verrieres White. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:14. 1907.

Plants vigorous, upright, moderately productive; fruit medium in size, in long, well-
filled clusters; skin pale yellow; flesh juicy, sprightly subacid; good.

Boston Lady. i. Card. Mon. 2:250. i860.

Plants vigorous, very productive; fruit very large, white; flesh richly flavored, sweet;
good ; late.

Brayley. i. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Oni. 265. 1914.

Brayley's Seedling. 2. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 116. 1904.

Origin unknown. Plants upright, spreading, vigorous, healthy, hardy, not very pro-
ductive; bunches long, straggling, loose; berries of medium size, dark red, sprightly acid;
midseason.

>

282 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Buist Long-bunched, i. Fuller Sni. Fr. Cult. 204. 1867.

Supposed to be a seedling of Red Dutch which was originated by Robert Buist, Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania. Plants vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large, deep red; bunches
long, tapering, similar to Red Dutch in flavor and color.

Cancasische. i. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 4:182. i860. 2. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser.
62:217. 1917.

Origin unknown. Plants vigorous, unproductive; bunches medium; berries medium
in size, red, mildly subacid; midseason.
Caywood Seedling, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 95:427, PI. IV, fig. 14. 1895.

Received at this Station from A. J. Caywood & Son, Marlboro, New York, in 188S.
Plants spreading or drooping, very productive; bunches of medium size; berries large,
pale greenish yellow, transparent; good; more acid than White Grape.

Champagne, i. Mawe-Abercrombie Univ. Card. Bot. 1778. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult.
204. 1867.

Groseillier aCros Fruit. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 94. 1862.

Coleur de Chair. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb.Fr. 1:267. 1768.

This old variety is probably a cross between the common red and the common white
currants. The wood and foliage are very similar to that of the common red. The American
Pomological Society included the variety in its fruit catalog from 1862 to 1871. Plants
vigorous, productive; bunches medium in length, loose; berries large, pale pink, rather
acid; late. Esteemed in France for making jelly.
Champagne White, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:14. 1907.

Plants vigorous, upright, moderately productive; bunches medium to long, half -filled;
berries medium to large, pale yellow, subacid, with a pleasant flavor; good; midseason.

Champion, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. gs: 427. 1895.

As grown at this Station the plants are upright, vigorous ; bunches of medium length ;
berries variable, small to large, a shade lighter in color than White Dutch, flavor mild;
inferior to White Dutch.

Chautauqua, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 26. 1904. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 385:311-
1914. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:32 y. 1923.

Chautauqua Climbing. 4. Rural N. F. 61:848. 1902.

The long growth of the canes of this variety can be trained against a wall or trellis
until they reach a height of ten or twelve feet. This character accounts for the synon}^!,
Chautauqua Climbing. The variety is among the best in a collection of forty sorts on the
grounds of this Station. The plants are vigorous, healthy and very productive. The
clusters are unusually long, with stems free from berries at the base, and therefore easy to
pick. The berries are large, handsome, light red, high in quality, and hang long after
ripening. All in all, however, chiefly because of the unmanageable canes, the variety
cannot be recommended for commercial plantations, but may be desirable for trellises or
fences in home gardens. This currant is a chance seedling found in the woods by R. F.
Lonnen, Mayville, New York, about 1893. The variety was introduced by the Curtice
Nursery Company, Portland, New York, about 1901.

CHAUTAUQUA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 283

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, very productive, healthy; young
shoots rather few, stocky, dark brown overlaid with dull gray; leaf-buds characteristically
very small, short, pointed, lean, appressed, glabrous; leaves cordate to subcordate at the
base, with obtuse lobes, thin, dark green, dull, rugose, glabrous, with crenate margins;
petiole medium in length and thickness, pubescent, greenish. Flowers early, in long,
drooping, many-flowered racemes; calyx-tube green, saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes
sometimes overlapping, yellowish green; ring of medium size, well developed, fleshy;
ovary glabrous. Fruit midseason, easily picked; clusters long, loose, with 15-24 berries;
cluster-stems and berry-stems long, slender; berries adhere well after ripening, medium to
large, roundish or slightly oblate, attractive, light, bright red; skin smooth, thin, tough,
translucent; flesh moderately juicy, sprightly to tart; quality very good.

Chenonceau. i. Guide Prat. 22. 1895. 2. Card. Citron. 3rd Ser. 62:217. iQi?-

A distinct form of the Versailles type, having shorter bunches and ripening later.
Of little merit.

Cherry, i. Mag. Hor/. 21:425, fig. 19. 1855. 2. Kogg Fruit Man. $18. 1884. 3. Ohio
5<a. 5mZ. 371:328, 365. 1923.

Cerise. 4. Horticulturist i:4.T,g. 1846-47.

Macrocarpa. 5. Mag. Hort. 25:32. 1859.

Groseille Cerise. 6. Pom. France. 8:No. i, PI. i. 1873.

Perhaps this is the most popular currant for home and market use in America. It
is esteemed for its large bunches and berries, and its vigorous, healthy plants. Cherry is
generally considered the most productive of the large-fruited red currants. The berries,
as the color plate shows, are beautiful bright red, of largest size, which, however, is not
always uniform. The fruits are juicy and of excellent quality, from which the large seeds
detract a little. In many localities the plants do not sucker freely, so that the bushes
sometimes have too few stalks. There is, also, a tendency in the canes to "go blind,"
that is, to lack the terminal shoot. Harvesting is made a little difficult by the short-stemmed
bunches, the berries of which are so close to the wood that the crop is hard to pick. The
plants are so vigorous and so luxuriant in foliage that they might well be planted as orna-
mentals. This variety seems to have originated in Italy and was introduced into France
about 1840, and because of the extraordinary size of the fruit was named Cherry. It was
introduced into Flushing, New York, by Dr. William W. Valk in 1846. Cherry was
added to the recommended fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1862.

Plants meditim to large, vigorous, upright when young becoming more spreading
with age, dense, usually productive, healthy; young shoots few, very stocky, with a ten-
dency to imperfect buds at or near the ends of the shoots especially on bearing plants;
leaf -buds rather small, short, pointed, lean, appressed, glabrous; leaves deeply cordate at
the base, with obtuse lobes, medium in thickness and color, dull, rugose, with crenate
margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, pubescent, greenish. Flowers early,
in medium to long, drooping, rather few-flowered racemes; calyx- tube green mingled with
red, saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes overlapping, pale green with slight red; ring well
developed, fleshy, distinctly brownish. Fruit early; clusters small, short, loose, with 10-13

284 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

berries, drooping; cluster-stems short making the fruit difficult to pick, thick; berry-stems
medium to rather long, slender; berries cling well only for a comparatively short time, very
large, not very uniform, round, bright but dark red; skin thin, smooth, tough, trans-
lucent; flesh very juicy, firm, acid or mildly subacid, pleasantly flavored; quality good.

Chiswick Red. i. Wright Fr. Gr. Guide 3:157. 1892. 2. Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. 62:232.
1917.
Origin unknown. Plants vigorous, upright, productive; bunches medium in size;
berries small, pale red, acid; early.

Climax White, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui 56:14. 1907.

Originated by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. Plants vigorous, upright, pro-
ductive; bunches mediimi, one-half filled; berries medium to large, pale yellow; briskly
subacid; good; midseason.

Comet. I. Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. 20:137, fig. 26. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 82.
1904-05. 3. Rural N. Y. 64:650. 1905.
Comet originated on one of the Channel Islands, probably Guernsey, and was intro-
duced about 1896. It was brought to the United States about 1900. The variety has
been thought by some writers to be identical with Versailles, and by others, identical with
Fay. Plant a strong grower with thick, leathery, dark green foliage; bunches large, com-
pact, with long stems; berries large, bright, deep red, seedy; of good quality.

Comiecticut Sweet, i. Country Gent. 21:^,0^,. 1863.

Found many years ago in an old garden in Bethany, Connecticut. Berries large;
flesh melting, juicy, sweet ; early.

Cumberland Red. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:11. 1907. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
287. 1921.

Originated by C. L. Stevens, Orillia, Ontario. Plants vigorous, spreading, productive;
bunches medium in size and length; berries medium in size, bright scarlet, acid; fair;
midseason.
Cut-leaved, i. Gard. Chron. N. S. 5:528. 1876.

Plants slender, spreading, improductive; bunches medium in size; berries small, pale
red; poor; cultivated only as an ornamental.

Dana White, i. Country Gent. 22:255. 1863.

This variety originated in Massachusetts nearly three-quarters of a century ago. It
is supposed to be a seedling of White Grape. Plants vigorous and stocky; fruit large and
of good quality, resembling White Grape in all characters.

De la Rochepoze. i. Guide Prat. 23. 1895. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:11.
1907. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui. yji-.^z^. 1923.
Originated in France about 60 years ago. Plants upright, vigorous, unproductive;
bunches medium to long, half -filled; berries of medium size, pale pinkish white; very acid;
quality poor.

Diploma, i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 378, PI. 32. 1909. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 364:192.
1913. 3. Card5j«/j-Fr. 305, PI. XL 1917. 4. 0/ttoSia. .Sm/. 371:331,375. 1923.

CHERRY

DIPLOMA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 285

Long grown very commonly in New York, Diploma is now becoming a favorite in
other currant regions as well. The berries are as large as those of the Cherry, considered
to bear the largest fruits of any currant, globular, bright rich crimson, and so transparent
that the seeds show plainly. The flesh is tender, abundantly juicy, slightly subacid; the
quality is good to ver>' good. The variety may be distinguished by its transparent skin
and flesh. The fruits are so juicy that they are especially desirable for jellies; for the
same reason the crop must be picked and handled with care. The plants are satisfactory
in every character. Diploma was originated by Jacob Moore, Attica, New York, in 1885,
as a seedling of Cherry crossed with White Grape. Charles A. Green, Rochester, New
York, sectired control of the stock and introduced it in igo6.

Plants medium to large, vigorous, upright later becoming quite spreading, not very
dense, productive, healthy; young shoots numerous, stocky, rather brittle, reddish brown,
somewhat glossy; leaf -buds large, pointed, plump, pubescent, free; leaves subcordate to
truncate at the base, with obtuse lobes, medium in thickness, size, and color, dull, rugose,
glabrous, with crenate margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, greenish, pubescent.
Flowers midseason, in rather dense, drooping, few- to medium-flowered racemes; calyx-
tube greenish, saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, separated, glabrous, pale green
tinged brown beneath; petals much contracted at the base; ring well developed, fleshy;
ovary glabrous. Fruit midseason, period of ripening short; clusters medium in length,
filled poorly at the tips, loose, with rather few berries to the cluster; cluster-stems average
long and slender but variable; berry-stems medium to long; berries large, round, bright but
light red which changes but slowly after picking; skin smooth, thin, tender, very trans-
parent, the segments, veins and seeds unusually distinct; flesh semi-transparent, tender,
very juicy, sprightly subacid becoming mild; quality good to very good.

Dr. Brete. i. Am. Agric. 28:458, fig. 1869.

Originated in France many years ago and imported to America about 1865 by a
William S. Carpenter. Plants very productive; bimches long, bearing fruit of largest
size and excellent quality.

Early Scarlet, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:11. 1907.

Originated by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. Plants moderately vigorous,
not very productive; bunches medium in length; berries mediiom in size, red, mild, but
pleasantly acid ; good ; early.

Eclipse. 1. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 95:419, PI. i, fig. 2. 1895.

This variety was received for testing at this Station from H. S. Anderson, Union
Springs, New York, in 1892. The plants proved to be vigorous, upright, productive;
bunches large; berries variable, small to large; skin thick, red; flesh tender, subacid; good;
ripens unevenly.

Empire, i. Rural N. Y. 57:123. 1898.

Origin unknown. Plants not hardy, productive ; bunches small, with few fruits ; berries
large, dark red ; good.

286 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Everybody, i. Lovett Cat. 8, f.g. 1914.

Introduced about eleven years ago by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey. As
grown at this Station the plants are moderately vigorous, productive; clusters variable,
medium to short, well filled or with but few berries, which are large, dark red, subacid
and good in quality ; midseason.

Eyatt Nova. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:14. 1907.

Of ancient origin. Plants moderately vigorous, upright, moderately productive;
bunches large, long, well filled; berries large, pale yellowish white, acid; fair; midseason.

Fay. I. Cult. & Count. Gent. 45:440, 470. 1880. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bid. 95:419, fig. 4.
1895. 3. 0/zwSto. 5m/. 371:331, 367. 1923.

Fays Prolific. 4. Rural N'. F. 42:520. 18S3.

Somewhat similar to Cherry and Diploma, just described, Fay is probably a better
sort the state over than either of these two, and by many is rated as the best of all the
large-fruited currants. Both the clusters and berries are very large and very uniform,
making the product very attractive. The cluster-stems are long, and therefore harvesting
is easy. The berries are of darker red, as the color plate shows, than many other of the
red currants, are sprightly, juicy, and thin-skinned, so that the fruits of this sort are about
the best of all for canning and jellies. The plants are not large, and the yield is not so
heavy as with some other varieties, so that unproductiveness is the chief defect. In some
localities the plants are subject to more of the ills of the currant than other standard
varieties. Yet, with these defects it is and probably will long remain one of the leading
commercial currants. Fay is a seedling produced about 1868 by Lincoln Fay, Portland,
New York. It is thought to be a cross between Victoria and Cherry. The variety was
introduced by George S. Josselyn, Fredonia, New York, in 1880. The American Pomo-
logical Society added the sort to its list of recommended fruits in 1883 under the name Fay's
Prolific but in i88g the name was shortened to Fay.

Plants of medium size and productiveness, susceptible to anthracnose, vigorous,
sprawling in habit; yoimg shoots nvimerous, stocky, break easily; leaf -buds small, short,
pointed, lean, slightly pubescent, appressed; leaves rather large, cordate at the base, with
broadly obtuse lobes, thick, dull, rugose, glabrous, with crenate margins; petiole of medium
length, thick, greenish, pubescent. Flowers early, open before the leaves are well out, in
long, loose, drooping clusters; calj'x-tube greenish brown, saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-
lobes obtuse, thin, greenish yellow; ring very distinct, fleshy, red or brownish red; ovary
glabrous. Fruit early midseason; clusters large, medium to long, loose, with 12-15 berries,
drooping; cluster-stems variable in length averaging long- berry-stems medium to long;
berries cling well, large, smaller at the ends of the clusters, roundish, glossy, dark red;
skin smooth, thin, tough, translucent; flesh firm, juicy, very sprightly becoming pleasantly
subacid; quality very good.

Filler, i. Rural N. Y. 57:514. 1898. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:59. 1903. 3. Ohio
5/a. 5mZ. 371:332, 368. 1923.
Introduced in the Hudson River Valley some years ago. Filler is now long past the
probationary period, and has found favor only in the neighborhood of its introduction, and

FAY

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 287

even there is now being grown less than formerly. The plants are not productive, and the
fruits are neither attractive in appearance nor high in quality. The plants sprawl on the
ground with great detriment to the currants and to the vexation of the cultivator. Per-
haps the variety fails because of its being unmanageable in the plantation more than for
any other reason. Filler originated in the garden of George Filler, Milton, New York,
about 1892.

Plants dwarfish, medium in vigor, upright-spreading becoming drooping with age,
variable in yield, healthy; young shoots meditmi in nimiber; leaf-buds small, short, pointed,
nearly glabrous, appressed; leaves small to medixim, cordate at the base, with obtuse
lobes, rugose, glabrous, with crenate margins; petiole variable in length and thickness,
very slightly pubescent. Flowers midseason, above medium in size, in few-flowered, droop-
ing racemes, variable in compactness; calyx-tube greenish, saucer-shaped, glabrous;
calyx-lobes separated or occasionally overlapping, obtuse, pale green with few red streaks;
ring greenish, well developed; ovary glabrous. Fruit midseason; clusters medium in
length, compact, 11-17 berries, drooping; cluster-stems of average length and thickness;
berry-stems long, slender; berries cling well, roundish or somewhat oblate, medium to
large, variable in size, glossy, dark red; skin smooth, thin, tender, translucent; flesh firm,
moderately juicy, sprightly ; quality good.

Franco-German, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 158. 1898. 2. Roesch Cat. 8. 1898.

It is said by the introducer, Lewis Roesch, Fredonia, New York, that this variety was
originated by Lincoln Fay, Portland, New York, from seed of Fay, about 187 1. Mr. Fay
stated that he gave his seedling the name it bears because it originated diiring the Franco-
German war. Some writers are of the opinion that the variety is identical with Holland.
On the grounds of this Station, however, the plants have proved identical with Prince
Albert as other horticulturists have also discovered.

Giant Red. i. Crawford Cat. 1913. 2. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 128. 1913.

Originated from seed by E. P. Powell, Clinton, New York, and introduced in 1912 by
the M. Crawford Company, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. As grown at this Station the plants
are moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, dwarfish, productive; clusters short, well
filled; berries large, glossy red, with juicy flesh, sprightly subacid; good; midseason.

Gloire de Sablons. i. Mag. Hort. 24:375. 1858. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 95:419. 1895.
This is an inferior variety of the common red currant. As grown at this Station
the plants are upright, vigorous, moderately productive; bunches short, small; berries
small, white, striped with red, acid; poor.

Gloucester Red. 1. TAion Jour. Hort. g-.i?,?,. 187 1.

Plants low, stocky; bunches short; berries large, dark red, mild subacid; good.

Goegginger Pear-shaped Red. i. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 37:36. 1905.

Red Pear-shaped. 2. Rural N. Y. 44:365. 1885.

Goepgingers Pyriform. 3. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 62:232. 1917.

This cultivated form of a wild pear-shaped currant found in western Russia was
raised by Heinrich Goegginger, a market gardener in Riga, Russia, about 1875. In the

288 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

wild state there are both red and white forms of these ctirrants. Plants moderately vig-
orous; foliage thick, peculiarly net- veined, deeply lobed; berries of medium size, pear-
shaped, attractive red, suitable for table decorations besides being worthy of note for
dessert and preserving.

Gondouin Red. i. Alag. Hort. 17:62. 1851. 2. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 62:232. 1917.

Red Provence. 3. Horticulturist 2:266. 1847-48.

This variety was originated by M. Gondouin, St. Cloud, France, nearly a century ago.
Both this and the white-fruited variety have frequently been designated as forming two
distinct groups of currants from which cultivated sorts have arisen. The variety has also
been confused with Victoria. From 1862 until 1871 the variety was included in the
American Pomological Society's recommended fruit list. Plants very vigorous, upright,
young shoots reddish ; bimches medium in size ; berries large, bright red ; late.

Gondouin White, i. Mag. Hort. 21:444. 1855.

White Gondouin. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:14. 1907.

This variety originated in France many years ago and is closely allied to the red-fruited
sort of the same name. It was cataloged in the recommended list of the American
Pomological Society from 1862 to 1871 and again from 1897 to date. Plants vigorous,
upright, not always productive; bvmches of medium length, only partly filled; berries small
to mediimi, yellowish, briskly subacid; good; midseason.

Greenfield, i. Can. Hort. 14:179. 1891.

Originated at Ottawa, Ontario, by Samuel Greenfield, about 40 years ago. Plants
vigorous, spreading, productive; bunches mediuin, well filled; berries above medium in
size, bright red, pleasantly acid; good; midseason.

Hative de Bertin. i. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 216. 1907.

La Hative. 2. Hortictdturist 10:69. 1855.

This variety originated with M. Bertin, Versailles, France, about 1825. It was
included in the American Pomological Society's list of recommended fruits from 1869 to
1871. Plants productive; bunches well filled; berries large, deep red, transparent, very
sweet; good; early.

Holland, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1897. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 307. 1917.
Groseille de Hollande. 3. Pomj. France 8: No. 4, PI. 4. 1873.
Long Bunch Holland. 4. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:444. 1877. 5. Ohio Sta. Bui.

371:339.391- 1923-
The origin of this variety is unknown. There seems to be little doubt, however, but
that it is a very old European currant. It has been known by many names most of which
have been directly connected with some characteristic of fruit-clusters or berries. As
grown at this Station the variety is very similar or identical with Prince Albert so that
a further description is unnecessary.

Indiana, i. Card Bush-Fr. 307. 1917. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371 = 355 1923-

This variety originated on the farm of J. E. Shideler, Fairview Park, Indianapolis,
Indiana, between 1890 and 1900. It was introduced about 1901 but was never widely

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 289

disseminated and has long since been dropped from cultivation, giving way to Pomona,
a variety which it closely resembles.

Knight Early Red. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 204. 1845.

A red currant raised long ago by Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle, Wilt-
shire, England. Its chief merit seems to be earliness.

Knight Improved, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 33, 58. 1897.

Origin unknown. ATentioned frequently in the Iowa Horticultural Society Report
for 1897 as a very vigorous, productive currant bearing fruit of largest size and good quality.
The variety has often been confused with Pomona, which it closely resembles.

Knight Large Red. i. Card. Chron. 857. 1842. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cal. 94. 1862.

Raised by Thomas Andrew Knight eariy in the nineteenth century. In 1862 the
American Pomological Society placed it in the Hst of recommended fruits, but dropped it
in 1897. Plants vigorous, productive; bunches large; berries large, bright red.

Knight Sweet Red. i. Card. Chron. 817. 1841. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 207. 1867.
3. Bunyard Ca^. 24. 1921.
Another of Thomas Andrew Knight's seedlings raised early in the nineteenth centurs'.
Being less acid than most sorts, it is a pleasant dessert fruit. Plants upright, vigorous,
moderately ^Droductive, with dark green, thick and coarsely serrate foliage; bunches long,
tapering; berries large, very dark red, subacid, with trace of sweetness; good.

La Caucasse. i. Elliott Fr. Soofe 236. 1859. 2. Horticulturist i8:2go. 1862.

Probably originated in France three-quarters of a century ago. Some pomologists
consider it identical with Versailles. Plants vigorous, upright, productive; bunches very
long; berries large, red, sprightly, becoming mUdly acid; good.

La Conde. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:12. 1907.

A strong, moderately spreading grower; fairiy productive; bunches of medivim size,
well filled; berries medium to large, bright scarlet, acid; fair.

La Constante. i. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 62:232. 1917.

Origin unknown. Although similar to Ruby, this variety is considered distinct by
E. A. Bunyard, Maidstone, England, and is rated as one of the latest and best of the
red currants. Plants vigorous, very upright; bunches moderately long; berries bright
red; very late.

Lace-leaved, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 319. 1884.

Similar if not identical to Knight Large Red. Bunches long, produced in large clusters;
berries large, red, smaller than Red Dutch.

Lakewood. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 67: ig. 1890.

Supposed to have originated in Ohio prior to 1890. Plants vigorous, variable in pro-
ductiveness; bunches variable in length, usually compact; berries large; fair in quality;
type of Cherry.

Lancaster, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 177:28. 1899.

Mentioned as a white currant of good quality but only moderately productive.
19

290 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Large White, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 405. 1898.

Plants \-igorous, productive; bunches long, well filled; fruit large, yellowish white,
sweet; good; midseason.

Large White Brandenburg, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:14. 1907.

Plants of medium vigor, upright-spreading, moderately productive; bunches long,
usually only half filled; berries above medium to large, yellow, briskly subacid, with a
pleasant flavor ; good ; early.

Late Victoria, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 288. 1921.

Introduced by Gill Brothers Seed Company, Portland, Oregon. It is described as
having large, long bunches of red fruit.

London Market, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 395. 1891. 2. Rural N. Y. 56:327. 1897.
3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:338, 386. 1923.

Short-bunched Red. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ^gi. 1869.

London Red. 5. Mich. Sia. Bid. 129:15. 1896.

Scotch. 6. Bunyard Cat. 23. 1915-16.

Of little importance in New York and the East, London Market is considered a ven,'
good red currant in parts of the Middle West. It seems to withstand hot, dry weather
rather better than most other sorts, and the plants are resistant to currant borers and
currant diseases. It is said to be the most resistant of all red currants to the pine blister-
rust. At this Station, however, the foliage is very susceptible to currant aphis. This
variety probably originated in England many years ago and is possibly identical with Scotch
mentioned by English writers. It was imported to the United States more than seventy
years ago and has been grown under various names. There seems to be no doubt but that
London Red and Short-bunched Red are identical with this variety. In 1897 the variety
was added to the recommended fruit list of the American Pomological Society.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, holding their foliage well, dense, fairly productive,
quite resistant to insects and disease, especially to the white pine blister-rust; young shoots
very numerous, slender; leaf-buds small, short, pointed, lean, lightly pubescent, usually
appressed; leaves medium in size and color, subcordate to cordate at the base, with ver\-
shallow, obtuse lobes, thin, rugose, glabrous, with crenate margins; petiole medium in length,
slender, pubescent, greenish. Flowers midseason, in loose, somewhat erect, short racemes;
calyx-tube greenish, broadly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, greenish, with
fine, reddish stripes; ring lacking or very indistinct; anther-cells closely joined; ovary
glabrous. Fruit late midseason, hangs a long time; clusters nearly long, medium compact,
the tips well filled, 12-20 berries, held out rather stiffly; cluster-stems medium in length
and thickness; berry-stems slender; berries above mediiim to medium in size, average round-
oblate but variable, glossy dark red; skin smooth, thin, tough, translucent; flesh firm, juicy,
sprightly; quality good.

Marvin Crystal, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:357. 1923.

Marvin's Seedling. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 95:427. 1895.

This variety was received at the New York Experiment Station for testing in 1892
from D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York. Later Mr. Marvin sold the variety to J. C.

THE SMALL FKLITS OF NEW YORK 29 1

V'aughan & Company, Chicago, Illinois, who renamed and introduced it. Plants upright,
moderately vigorous; bunches moderately long; berries large, white, mildly acid; good.

Moore Early, i. Bunyard Cat. 26. 1923.

Moore Seedling. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:12. 1907. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui.
371:357. 1923.

Originated by Jacob Moore, Attica, New York, about 40 years ago probably as a
cross between Cherry- and White Grape. Plants vigorous, upright, productive; bunches
well filled, of medium length; berries large, bright scarlet, pleasantly acid; good; midseason.

New Victoria, i. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 19, fig. 1900.

Origin imknown. Plants vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, moderately productive;
bunches long, loose; berries small to medium, red; pleasantly flavored; midseason.

Newark, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 288. 1921.

Introduced by C. W. Stuart & Company, Newark, New York. Plants vigorous,
productive; bunches long; berries above medium in size, red, subacid.

North Star. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 95:421, PI. II, fig. 7. 1895. 2. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser.
62:217. 1917.
An accidental seedling which originated in Springfield, Massachusetts, shortly before
1865. The variety was sold to the Jewell Nursery Company, Lake City, Minnesota, who
introduced it. In 1S99 the American Pomological Society placed it in the list of recom-
mended fruits. As grown at this Station the plants are vigorous, upright, slightly spreading,
productive; bunches medium in length; berries variable, large and small, bright scarlet,
mildly acid; fair; midseason.

October Red. i. Country Gent. 77:14. 1912. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:357. 1923.

Originated by E. P. Powell, Clinton, New York, early in the present century. It is
an attractive red currant which received its name because of its lateness in ripening.

Pack. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 288. 1921.

Introduced recently by the Utah Nursery Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. It is
said to be " an improvement upon Fay, which it resembles; more prolific, however; very-
large, better flavor. Fruit does not fall off as in other varieties."

Palmer Large Red. i. Horticulturist g: 161. 1854.

Extensively cultivated in certain localities in England. Plants vigorous, productive;
bunches long; berries large, red; good.

Panshanger Late. i. Staward Pract. Hdy. Fr. Cidt. 79, PI. 1920.

Originated a few years ago by Richard Staward of England. Plants vigorous, produc-,
tive; fruit large, in well-filled bunches, red; good; late.

Perfection, i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 404, PL 54. 1904. 2. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 364:192.

1913. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:342, 371. 1923.

Of the several new currants, perhaps Perfection is receiving more notice in New York

than any other. It is credited with being a splendid sort in parts of the Northwest as

well. The characters which commend it are \'igor, hardiness, healthfulness, and produc-

292 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

tiveness of plant. The clusters are large, uniform, and borne on a long stem so that picking
is easy. The berries are large, uniform, bright clear red, and are as pleasing in flavor as
those of any other variety and superior to those of most other currants. The fruit is borne
on the old wood in a manner peculiar to this sort alone. In Canada it is found to be one of
the hardiest of all currants. The canes have the fault of breaking rather easily. The
fruits scald considerably in hot weather if not picked as soon as ripe. This variety was
originated in 1887 by C. G. Hooker, Rochester, New York, as a cross between Fay and White
Grape. Its commercial introduction dates from 1902 and in 1909 the sort was placed in
the American Pomological Society's fruit list.

Plants seldom large, vigorous, upright-spreading, not very dense, healthy, productive
to very productive; young shoots few, smoother than Wilder, duller and with less red than
Cherry, break rather easily; leaf -buds short and plump, small to medium, variable in length
and shape, nearly glabrous, appressed; leaves medium in size, subcordate at the base, with
obtuse lobes, the terminal lobe very large, dull, rugose, glabrous, with crenate margins;
petiole green with tinge of red, pubescent. Flowers early, large, in long, loose, drooping
racemes; caljrx-tube greenish, saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, thin, glabrous,
yellowish green, with trace of red; stamens with a broad connective between the anther-
cells; ring well developed, fleshy, greenish; ovary glabrous. Fruit early midseason, easily
picked, ships well; clusters long to very long, compact, cylindrical, sHghtly tapering, with
well-filled tips, 15-25 berries, drooping; cluster-stems very long, slender to medium; berry-
stems long, medium in thickness; berries uniformly large, cling well, roundish or slightly
oblate, bright handsome medium to dark red; skin smooth, thin but tough; flesh juicy,
tender, sprightly subacid becoming mild when fully ripe; pleasantly flavored; quality very
good.

Pitmaston Sweet Red. i. Horticulturist 9:162. 1854. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:357.
1923.
Raised by John Williams, Pitmaston, near Worcester, England. Bunches short;
berries small, red; very sweet; not unlike Knight Sweet Red.

Pomona, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1909. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:343. 375- 1923.

About 1873, George W. Blue found in a garden, near Fairview Park, Indianapolis,
Indiana, a variety which was then being grown as Knight Sweet Red but which he found
to be distinct. He named it Pomona after the name of his home farm. The variety was
introduced in 1896 by Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Indiana. In 1909 the American
Pomological Society added Pomona to its list of recommended fruits. Plants moderately
large, vigorous, spreading, productive; bunches long, well filled; berries of mediimi size,
bright red, juicy, mildly acid; good; midseason.

Prince Albert, i. Horticulturist 9:9, 10, fig. 2. 1854. 2. Bimyard Cat. 23. 1915-16.
3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:344, 393. 1923.
Rouge de Hollande. 4. Ann. Pom. Beige 3:82. 1855.
Hollandische Korallenheere. 5. Dochnahl Fw/ir. OfestfewMde 4:188. i860.
Rothe von Verriere. 6. Lucas-Oberdieck ///. Handb. Obst. 7:271. 1875.
Rivers Late Red. 7. Rivers Cat. 19. 1898-99.

PERFECTION

PRINCE ALBERT

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 293

Prince Alberl is an old European currant grown under several names. The variety
is one of the latest to flower and to ripen its fruits, so that it becomes exceedingly valuable
in lengthening the currant season. The berries are ver>^ large, have thin skins, and a
most pleasing piquancy of flavor. The bushes are vigorous, but only moderately pro-
ductive; they are as healthy as any and have a characteristic upright habit of growth.
Prince Albert was introduced in America from France about 1850. Many writers have
confused the synonymy of this variety with that of Red Dutch, although the two varieties
are quite distinct. English pomologists have considered the continental Red Dutch
identical with Prince Albert but the two seem to be distinct. Prince Albert was added
to the recommended fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1862.

Plants large, \'igorous, upright-spreading, very dense, medium to very productive,
usually free from anthracnose; young shoots numerous, rather slender, tinged red; leaf -buds
characteristically large, long, pointed, plump, very pubescent, variable in appression;
leaves drop late in the fall, subcordate to truncate at the base, with short-pointed lobes,
thick, leathery, distinctly dark green, semi-glossy, very rugose, glabrous, with crenate
margins; petiole long, green, tinged dull red, holds the foliage stiffly upright. Flowers
late midseason, medium to large, characteristically reddish, with faint tinge of yellow, in
very long, dense, drooping, many-flowered racemes; calj'x-tube green, tinged brownish red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, tinged with red; petals very large and broad,
greenish yellow; ring absent or very indistinct; anther-cells closely connected; ovary gla-
brous. Fruit very late, hangs on an unusually long time; clusters long, well filled, tapering,
rather loose, 14-21 berries; cluster-stems very long, of medium thickness; berry-stems short;
berries of medium size but variable, roundish oblate or slightly obovate, light, bright red;
skin thin, smooth, tough, translucent; flesh firm, juicy, sprightly becoming subacid,
highly flavored ; quality good.

Prince Coral, i. Rural N. Y. 10:255. i8S9-

Of American origin. Introduced by William R. Prince & Company, Flushing, New
York, about i860. It is a very productive sort bearing large attractive red fruit of excel-
lent quality.

Purity. I. Rural N. Y. 57:123. 1898.

Introduced by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York. Plants low growing and
sprawling; fruit yellowish white; not equal to the White Transparent either in quality or
productiveness.

Rankins Red. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm But. 56:13. 1907.

Origin unknown. Plants vigorous, upright, very productive; bunches long, well filled;
berries medium in size, bright scarlet, acid; fair; midseason.

Red Cross, i. Am. Card. 17:4,441, fig. 6. 1896. 2. Can. Hort. 19:226, 282. 1896.
3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:344, 378. 1923.
Some years ago Red Cross was much grown in the Hudson River Valley where it was
esteemed for its large bunches and large fruits. In recent years, however, it has been found
that it is excelled by several other of the large-fruited sorts and is now passing out of
cultivation. Perhaps the chief drawback to its culture is that the fruits crack very readily.

294 "^^^ SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

To offset this fault they hang on the bushes well and are easily picked. The berries are
very mild in flavor and do not make a good jelly, for which purpose currants are so commonly
used. In many localities the bunches run small. This variety originated as a cross
between Cherry and White Grape by Jacob Moore, Attica, New York, in 1885, and first
fruited about 1889. The American Pomological Society added Red Cross to its fruit
catalog list in 1899.

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive, healthy; young shoots
numerous; leaf -buds large, medium long, pointed, rather plump, pubescent, free; leaves
of medium size, deeply cordate at the base, with shallow, obtuse lobes, medium in thick-
ness and color, dull, rugose, glabrous, with slightly hairy, crenate margins; petiole medium
in length and thickness, green, with slight tinge of red, pubescent. Flowers midseason, in
long, drooping racemes variable in compactness; calyx-tube pale green, saucer-shaped,
glabrous; caljTC-lobes obtuse, widely separated, pale green; ring fleshy, well defined; ovary
glabrous. Fruit midseason, hangs on the bushes well, easy to pick; clusters short to above
medium, the tips poorly filled, loose; cluster-stems long, slender to medium; berry-stems
long; berries medium to large, round, glossy, bright light red; skin smooth, thin, tender,
cracks under imfavorable conditions, translucent; flesh juicy, sprightly becoming mildly
flavored when fully ripe; quality good.

Red Dutch, i. Langley Pomona 124. 1729. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 203. 1845.
3. Card. Chron. N. S. 5:527. 1876. 4. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:345, 373, fig. 1923.

CroseilUer a Gros Fruit Rouge. 5. Duhamel Trait. Arh. Fr. 1:266. 1768.

Fertile de Palnau. 6. Horticidturist 7:42$. 1852.

Holldndisclte Rote. 7. Lucas-Oberdieck III. Handb. Obst. 7:268. 1875.

This old sort is now mainly of historical importance only, although it is to be found in
almost countless numbers in the gardens of the country. It is little grown in New York or
other parts of the East in commercial plantations, but is still somewhat largely grown in
the Middle West. The plants are nearly faultless, but the currants are small and ripen
ununiformly, to offset which they are of the very best quality. While there are many
synonyms, the true Red Dutch is easily identified from the description which follows.
This is one of the oldest if not the oldest cultivated currant known. The name has appeared
in print for more than two centuries, but no one can be quite certain that the Red Dutch
grown today is the Red Dutch of two centuries ago. It is somewhat difficult, also, to con-
nect Hollandische Rote of continental Europe with the Red Dutch now grown in England
and America. The currant, long grown in America under the name Fertile de Palnau, is
probably Red Dutch. The two have proved identical at this Station as well as in many
other localities here and abroad. Red Dutch was added to the American Pomological
Society's list of recommended fruits in 1852.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, dense, productive to very productive, healthy; young
shoots very numerous, comparatively slender; leaf-buds sinall, pointed, lean, nearly gla-
brous, appressed; leaves medium in size, length, and thickness, subcordate to almost trun-
cate at the base, with short-pointed lobes, dull, dark green, glabrous, rugose, with crenate
margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, greenish, pubescent. Flowers early,
in fairly long, moderately loose, drooping, many-flowered racemes; calyx-tube greenish,

RED DUTCH

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 295

saucer-shaped, glabrous; calj-x-lobes obtuse, separate, pale yellowish green; ring fleshy,
rather inconspicuous; ovar>' glabrous. Fruit early midseason; clusters long, slender, 10-
iS berries, with well-filled tips, very loose; cluster-stems long, slender; berr\'-stems rather
short, slender; berries cling well, variable in size, average medium to small, round, bright
glossy red; skin smooth, medium in thickness, tender, translucent; flesh juicy, firm, very
sprightly; quality of the best.

Red Grape, i. Horticulturist g: 11. 1854.

Introduced earlj- in the nineteenth centur\'. Similar to Red Dutch but more acid
and plants not quite so upright. Fruit large; branches very long, clear red; productive.
Listed by the American Pomological Society in its recommended list of fruits in 1862;
the name still appears in the Society's catalog.

Redpath Ruby. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56: i;,. 1907.

Plants moderately vigorous; fruit medium to large, scarlet, acid; good.

Ringens. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:13. 1907.

Plants moderately vigorous, spreading, unproductive; bunches long, well filled; berries
large, pale scarlet, pleasantly acid; good; late.

Rivers, i. U. S. D. .4. Farmers' Bui. 1024:31. 1919.

Rivers' Late Red. 2. Rivers Cat. 19. 1898-99.

Originated in England about thirty-five years ago. Plants vigorous, upright; bunches
large; berries large, red; good; late.
Rouge de Boulogne, i. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 62:217. 191 7.

This variety originated in France more than half a century ago. As grown in England
it resembles Versailles closely, though inferior in most characters.

Ruby. 1. Gard.Mon.2^:i?>. 1882. 2. Car A Bush-Fr. i2>s- 1898-

Moore Ruby. 3. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:12. 1907.

Originated by Jacob Moore, Attica, New York, and introduced about 1895. As
grown at this Station the plants are dwarfish, upright, moderately ^-igorous and produc-
tive; bunches short; berries of medium size, round, dark red, with firm flesh, juicy, sprightly;
good; early.
St. Gilles. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1899.

Belle de St. Gilles. 2. Rural N. Y. 10:25s- 1859.

Of European origin. Plants upright-spreading, \agorous, hardy, unproductive;
bunches large, compact; berries large, red, subacid; good; midseason. Placed in the
American Pomological Society's list of recommended fruits in 1899.
Scarlet Gem. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:60. 1903.

Scarlet. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 2S7. 1841.

Plants dwarf, coarse, and sparsely covered with foliage; bunches long, well filled
with small, subacid, pleasantly flavored fruits.
Seedless Red. 1. Rural N. Y. xo:2S5- 1859- 2. CarJ. ar^". 3rd Ser. 62:232. 1917-

This variety was found many years ago by Herrn Petzold, Hessen, Germany. Usually
the seeds do not form so that only the soft unfertilized o%niles remain. Plants dwarfish.

296 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

unproductive; bunches long; berries large, dark red, glossy, seedless or nearly so; fair;

midseason.

Select I. Mich. Sia. Bui. 118:20. 1895.

A red currant of the Cherry type; somewhat lacking in vigor and productiveness:
clusters compact; berries large; quality fair.
Silver Mine. i. Card Bush-Fr. 309. 1917.

Introduced by the Gardner Nursery Company, Osage, Iowa. Described " as prolific,
large, red, of fine flavor, holding its leaves and fruit very late."

Simcoe King. i. Can. Exp. Farm Rpt. 82. 1899. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farms Bid. 56:
13. 1907.

Similar to Red Grape. Plants of moderate vigor, upright, productive ; bunches medium
in size, only half filled; berries large, bright to pale scarlet, acid; good; midseason.
Skinner Early, i. Bimyard Ca/. 23. 191 5-1 6.

An English currant, esteemed in Kent for market, and named after a local grower,
although it may quite possibly be an old sort renamed. Plants \agorous, upright, produc-
tive; bunches long; berries of medium size, bright red; good; earliest of all.
Southwell Red. i. Garden 84:557, fig. 1920.

Presiunably a variety of comparatively recent English origin. Described as one of
the most productive of English currants, blooming late, thereby escaping spring frosts and
producing a crop when many sorts fail. Besides these favorable attributes its fine appear-
ance makes it popular with English growers for market. Fruit very large, uniform in size,
bright glossy red; good; late.
Stevens Superb, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 80. 1904-05.

This variety originated with Abel F. Stevens, Wellesley, Massachusetts, who considered
it one of the best seedlings he had grown. Plants very vigorous and productive; bunches
long, shouldered; berries very large, crimson, attractive; very good.
Stewart, i. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 93. 1876.

Originated in Minnesota. Plants upright, vigorous, hardy, productive- bunches
large, long; berries large, red, mildly acid; good; midseason; hangs well after ripening.
Utrecht, i. Bunyard Cat. 23. 1915-16.

The name of this variety would indicate that it originated in Utrecht, Holland. Plants
vigorous, upright; bunches medixrai in size; berries mediiun, dark red; good; midseason.

Versailles, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 37i:337. 372- 1923-

La Versaillaise. 2. Mag. Hort. 24:374. 1858.

Magnum Bonum. 3. Rural N. Y. 10:255. 1859.

Versaillaise. 4. Ibid. 11:247, fig. i860. 5. Card. Chron. 3d Ser. 62:217, fig. 83.
1917.

At one time about the best of the currants grown in New York and the East, Versailles
has now given way to newer and better currants. The plants lack in productiveness and
the clusters are not large enough or uniform enough to suit the demands of present markets.
There is much confusion in the group of currants to which Versailles belongs, and it is very
difficult to distinguish it from Cherry and other representatives of the same group. At

VERSAILLES

VICTORIA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 297

this Station Versailles has a longer bunch, darker fruit, and less tendency to "go blind,"
that is, to lack the terminal bud, than Cherry. Versailles was originated by M. Bertin.
Versailles, France, presumably from seed of Cherry, about 1835. The variety was brought
to America nearly three-quarters of a century ago. In 1862 the American Pomological
Society added it to its list of recommended fruits.

Plants vigorous, large, upright to spreading, healthy; young shoots numerous, with a
tendency to "go blind " near the terminal, rather thick and somewhat brittle; leaf -buds
medium in size and length, pointed, lean, glabrous, appressed; leaves medium to large,
with obtuse lobes, deeply cordate at the base, medium in thickness and color, dull, rugose,
glabrous, with crenate margins ; petiole of average length and thickness, green, pubescent.
Flowers early midseason, in long, few-flowered, loose, drooping clusters; caly.x-tube green,
with faint red, saucer-shaped, glabrous; caly.K-lobes broadly obtuse, pale green, with very
slight red; petals often notched; ring well developed, fleshy, greenish. Fruit early mid-
season; clusters short to medium, loose, 10-16 berries, drooping; cluster-stems short to
medium, slender; berry-stems medium to rather long, slender; berries variable in size,
medium to large, round, dark red; skin smooth, thin, tough, translucent; flesh very juicy,
subacid to sprightly; quality good.

Victoria, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 4gi. 1869.

May's Victoria. 2. Card. Chron. 607. 1842. 3. Mag. Hort. 13:392, fig. 32. 1847.

Houghton Castle. 4. Card. Chron. 717. 1847. 5. IbiJ. 3rd Ser. 62:205. 1917.

Raby Castle. 6. Card. Chron. 619. 1847. 7. Ibid. 3rd Ser. 62:205. 1917.

Queen Victoria. 8. Card. Chron. 812. i860.

Red Grape. 9. Horticulturist 21: 2-]:^. 1866.

Wilmot's Red Grape. 10. Thomas Ajm. Fruit Cult. 537. 1875-85.

New Red Dutch. 11. Bunyard Cat. 22. 191 5-16.

Were it not for the fact that the berries are small and ripen rather unevenly, Victoria
would hold high rank among cultivated currants. The plants are exceedingly vigorous and
productive, and the fruits are among the best in quality and possibly keep longer on the
bushes than those of any other variety. The plants are rather more resistant to currant
borers than those of other varieties, and are very free from most other insects and diseases
as well; they are, however, susceptible to scalding in hot weather. In Canada it is found
that Victoria is hardier than most other standard currants. The variety has the peculiarity
of holding its foliage very late in the fall. More confusion exists in the identity of this
currant than with almost any other sort. So many varieties have been sold under the
various names appearing above that it is almost hopeless to straighten out the tangle.
From various accounts it appears that the variety originated about 1 800 on an estate known
as Houghton Castle, near Hexam, Northumberland, England, having been discovered by
Robert Charlton, a nurseryman's apprentice. Charlton later sold the new currant under
the name Houghton Castle. About 1840, a Mr. May, Ripon, Yorkshire, England, adver-
tised a currant imder the name May's Victoria, which he had procured from gardens at
Raby Castle, and which had been known there as Raby Castle. Later Mr. May identi-
fied his Victoria with Chariton's Houghton Castle and upon investigation found that the
Houghton Castle had once been sent to Raby Castle, where it had been renamed. While

298 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Bunyard, in the reference given, is of the opinion that Raby Castle and Houghton Castle
or Victoria are distinct, the writers believe that they are identical. In 1852 the American
Pomological Society placed this variety in its list of recommended fruits under the name
May's Victoria, but later shortened the name to Victoria.

Plants very large, very vigorous, upright, dense, productive to very productive, sus-
ceptible to anthracnose but resistant to most other diseases; young shoots very numerous,
grayish brown; leaf-buds large, rather long, pointed, plump, very heavily pubescent, bluish
gray, free; leaves slow in dropping in the fall, medium to large, subcordate to tnmcate at
the base, with very obtuse lobes, medium in thickness, pale green, dull, rugose, glabrous,
with crenate margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, green, pubescent. Flowers
midseason, in rather dense, drooping racemes; calyx-tube greenish, broadly campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes very obtuse, widely separated, glabrous, striped and streaked with
red; petals much contracted at the base; ring absent; anther-cells separated by a large
connective; ovary glabrous. Fruit late midseason, hangs a long time; clusters short to
medium, filled to the tip, 10-20 berries, rather loose; cluster-stems short to medium,
slender; berry-stems slender; berries small, medium in size, adhere a long time, roundish
oblate, bright, glossy red; skin smooth, thin, tough, translucent; flesh juicy, firm, very
sprightly ; quality good.

Warner Red Grape, i. Tilton Jour. Hort. 9:188. 1871. 2. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 62:
217. 1917.

Very similar to Chenonceau but with shorter bunches. A poor cropper of little merit.

Wentworth Leviathan, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui 56:14. 1907.

A strong moderately spreading grower, rather unproductive; bunches of medium
size, about two-thirds filled; berries varying from small to large, pale yellow, briskly
subacid, with a pleasant flavor; good; midseason.

Wentworth Seedling, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:14. 1907.

Plants moderately vigorous, spreading, unproductive; bunches of mediima length,
half filled; berries of medium size, bright scarlet, pleasantly acid; good; midseason.

Werder White, i. Meehans' Mon. 6:97, fig. 1896.

Originated by William Kleim at Gotha, near Erfurt, Germany. It yields long bunches
of large, attractive white fruit.
White Cherry, i. Card. Chron. 193. 1841. 2, Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:14. 1907.

A strong, upright, very productive grower, yielding medium-sized, well-filled bimches
of berries which are large, pale yellow, acid and of fair quality; season early.

White Dutch, i. Langly P^wiowa 124. 1729. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 160. 1831.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 492. 1869.
Groseillier hCros Fruit Blanc. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:266. 1768.
White Chrystal. 5. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 160. 1831.
Pearl White. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 67. 1842.
Blanche de Hollande. 7. Card. Chron. 812. i860.
White Clinton. Z. Hortictdturist 21:2 -jt,. 1866.
White Antwerp. 9. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 537. 1875-85.

\-^

?..-/' ,

WHITE DUTCH

WHITE GRAPE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 299

This is the oldest of the named white currants, has several synonyms, and is badh-
confused with other white varieties. Careful reading of the following description, however,
should enable anyone to identify it. The darker color of the fruit is possibly the best
distinguishing mark. The fruits are very early and very sweet, other characters which
help to identify it. The berries are of but medium size or small, and are not uniform in
size, characters which will drive it from general cultivation in competition with larger-
berried sorts. White Dutch is a very old, European variety, dating back more than two
centuries. In the literature, however, there can be found no account of its origin or the
history- of its dissemination. Wliite Dutch together with Red Dutch long ago were largely
used in the improvement and development of varieties of currants. The variety was
probably brought to America early in the nineteenth century and has since been grown in
most currant plantations. In 1852 the American Pomological Society placed White Dutch
in its list of fruits recommended for general cultivation.

Plants above medium in size, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, dense, very produc-
tive, healthy; young shoots numerous; leaf-buds small, pointed, lean, nearly glabrous,
appressed; leaves medium in size, subcordate to almost truncate at the base, with obtuse
lobes, dark green, rugose, glabrous, with somewhat serrate margins; petiole medium in
length and thickness, greenish, tinged red at the base, pubescent. Flowers midseason, in
short, dense, drooping medium- to few-flowered racemes; calyx-tube greenish, saucer-
shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse, separated, glabrous, pale green; ring lacking
or very faint; ovarj'- glabrous. Fruit earh-; clusters short, medium compact, tips poorly
tilled, 8-15 berries; cluster-stems medium in length and thickness; berry-stems short,
slender; berries small to medium, not uniform, roundish oblate, yellowish white, a little
darker than White Grape; skin smooth, thin, tender, translucent; flesh moderately juicy,
mildly subacid, almost sweet ; quality excellent ; seeds large, medium in number.

White Grape, i. Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. 9:373. 1849. 2. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 5:
13, fig. 1857. 3. Card. & For. 7:188. 1894.

Imperial Yellow. 4. Horticulturist 21: 2 li. 1866.

White Grape is distinguished from other varieties of its kind by having the largest
cluster and berry of any. The currants are rather lighter in color than those of White
Dutch, are sourer and not so richly flavored. Possibly this variety is the best of the white
currants because of the vigor, productiveness, hardiness, and healthiness of the plant. The
variety is an excellent one for both home and commercial plantations, although its spread-
ing habit of growth, making it somewhat unmanageable, is somewhat against it. The
slendemess of the canes help to identify the variety. No trace of the history of this sort is
obtainable except that it is an old European variety long grown in America. There is also
no clue as to when it was brought to this country-, but the literature leads us to believe that
it was much cultivated at least a hundred years ago. The nomenclature is in a bad state
of confusion, and the variety has been often mLxed with White Imperial and White Trans-
parent. In 1852 the American Pomological Society added White Grape to its catalog list
of recommended currants.

Plants of medium size and \'igor, spreading, sometimes sprawling, dense, productive;
young shoots numerous, rather slender; leaf-buds large, long, pointed, plump, pubescent,

300 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

free; leaves subcordate to cordate at the base, with obtuse lobes, dark green, at first tinged
with brown, dull, rugose, heavily pubescent beneath, with crenate margins; petiole medium
in thickness and length, green, tinged with red. Flowers midseason, very small, very
light green, in rather short, dense, drooping racemes; calyx-tube greenish, saucer-shaped,
glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, very widely separated, broad, medium in length and thick-
ness, glabrous; petals much contracted; ring greenish, fleshy; ovary glabrous. Fruit mid-
season; clusters long, the tips poorly filled, loose, S-i6 berries; cluster-stems short; berry-
stems slender, long; berries variable in size averaging large, round-ovate, clear translucent
yellowish white, less creamy than is White Dutch; skin smooth, thin, tender; flesh firm,
juicy, pleasantly subacid; quality good.

White Imperial, i. Rural A'. Y. 56:487. 1897. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 311. 1917. 3.
Ohio Sta. Bid. 37i :33S. 382. 1923.

This variety may usually be told from other white currants by its darker color caused
from the large dark colored seeds showing through flesh and skin. Its currants are usually
rated as best in quality of all the white sorts. The rich, sweet flavor makes it a choice
dessert fruit, although the currants are not quite as attractive in appearance as those of some
other kinds. It is often confused with White Grape with which it has many characteristics
in common. The origin of this variety is unknown but it has long been known in America
and has repeatedly been confused with White Grape which it closely resembles except that
the berries are much sweeter. Its rather wide dissemination was due to the high recom-
mendation given it 30 years ago by the late S. D. Willard, Geneva, New York.

Plants above medium in size and vigor, broad, spreading, open, productive; young
shoots numerous, slender; leaf -buds large, long, plump, pointed, pubescent, free; leaves large,
thin, rugose, dark green, lightly bronzed at first, with coarsely crenate to serrate margins;
petiole rather slender, green, lightly tinged with red. Flowers midseason, in short, dense,
drooping racemes; calyx-tube greenish, saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse,
separated but slightly, glabrous; ring greenish, fleshy; ovary glabrous. Fruit midseason;
clusters medium to long, the tips poorly filled, rather loose, 8-16 berries; cluster-stems
rather long, medium in thickness; berry-stems slender, medium long; berries somewhat
variable in size averaging medium to large, roundish, sometimes slightly ovate, creamy
white, a shade darker than White Grape; skin smooth, thin, tender; flesh firm, juicy,
pleasantly subacid to sweet; quality very good to best.
White Pearl, i. Mag. Hort. 17:217. 1851.

This variety was raised by Remi Wilquet, near Brussels, Belgium, more than half a
century ago. Plants moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, unproductive; bunches
large, well filled; berries large, pale yellow, briskly subacid; good; midseason.

White Provence, i. Rural N. Y. 10:255. i8S9-

Plants very vigorous, productive; leaves large, thick, considerably edged with white;
bunches short; berries very large, yellowish white; good; not unlike White Grape except in
foliage.
White Transparent, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 94. 1862. 2. Horticulturist 21:273. 1866.

This is an old French sort said to be a seedling of White Grape with which it is always
confused. It resembles that variety so closely that the two readily pass for one and a

WHITE IMPERIAL

WILDER

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 3OI

further description is unnecessary. The variety was listed in the American Pomological
Society's fruit catalog from 1862 to 1S71.

White Versailles, i. Card. Man. 25:47. 1883. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 95:428. 1895.
3. Bunyard Cat. 23. 191 5-16.
Originated nearly half a century ago by M. Bertin, Versailles, France. Plants vigor-
ous, upright; bunches long; berries large, slightly darker than White Grape, juicy; good.

White Wine. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Introduced by H. W. Buckbee, Rocld'ord, Illinois. Plants hardy, vigorous, produc-
tive; clusters longer and fruit larger than White Grape, sweet and rich.

Wilder, i. A^ Y. Sia. Bui. 95:424. 1895. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 371:351, 380. 1923.

President Wilder. 3. Rural N. Y. 56:487. 1897.

Probably Wilder is now the leading commercial currant in the Hudson River Valley
and the Lake Erie grape belt where currants are most coinmonly grown for commercial
purposes in New York. It is a seedling of Versailles which it greatly surpasses in vigor
and productiveness and in the size and beauty of its fruits. The plants are very free from
insects and diseases and are most satisfactory in all characters. The fruits sometimes lack
uniformity in size of both berry and cluster, to offset which fault they have long stems, mak-
ing picking easy, and hang longer after ripening than those of most other commercial
varieties. Wilder is a seedling of Versailles and was originated by E. Y. Teas, Irvington,
Indiana, about 1877. It was named President Wilder in honor of Marshall P. Wilder,
noted horticulturist and former President of the American Pomological Society. This
Society added this currant to its list of recommended fruits in 1897.

Plants large, vigorous, upright to slightly spreading, dense, usually free from antlirac-
nose, productive to very productive; young shoots very numerous; leaf-buds very small,
short, pointed, glabrous, free, lightly tinged with brown; leaves large, dark green, with light
bluish tinge, thick, cordate at the base, with obtuse lobes, the notches between the lobes
frequently right-angled, with coarsely toothed or slightly crenate margins; petiole medium
in length and thickness, dark green, holding the leaves horizontally. Flowers early, in
long, loose, drooping, many-flowered clusters; calyx-tube greenish, with traces of red, deep
saucer-shaped, glabrous; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse, sharply reflexed at the apex giving a
pentagonal effect, light green; petals entire or notched; stamens with a broad connective
between the anther-cells; ring present, distinct, faintly colored at first becoming uncolored;
ovary glabrous. Fruit late midseason to late, hangs a long time after ripening; clusters
long, compact, the tips filled poorly; cluster-stems long, thick; berry-stems medium in
length and thickness; berries variable in size averaging medium to large, roundish oblate,
handsome, glossy, dark red; skin smooth, thin, tender, translucent; flesh firm, juicy, pleas-
antly subacid; quality good.

Wilmot Large White, i. Card. Citron. N. S. 5:528. 1876.

Wilmot's New White. 2. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:569. 1855.

Plants upright, productive, with large, flat, deeply cut leaves; bunches medium in size;
berries large, white.

-,02 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER XI

VARIETIES OF BLACK CURRANTS

African Queen, i. Can. Hort. 19:297. 1896.

Supposed so be a seedling of Lee; promising in Canada thirty years ago.

American Black, i. Kenrick Aw. Orc/z. 292. 1832. 2. Fuller 5m. Fr. CitZ/. 199. 1867.
A native species of R. americanum, considerably better flavored than the European
black currant. Fruit medium in size, roundish oval, black; clusters small, tapering.

Baldwin, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bid. 95:43°. PI- V, fig. 15. 1895.

Baldwin's Black. 2. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 395. 1891.

Carter's Champion. 3. Jour. Hort. 3rd Ser. 13:250, 275. 1886.

This variety originated more than half a century ago in Kent, England. It has long
been popular with English growers; but sparingly planted in America. On the grounds
of this Station the plants are moderately vigorous and productive; fruit variable, small or
large, flavor subacid but milder than most black currants; fair; midseason.

Bang Up. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ^g2. 1869.

Black Bang-7ip. 2. Horticulturist ^: 162. 1854.

An old variety of English origin similar to the Common Black and classed by some as
identical with that sort. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; bunches large; berries
medium to large, black; skin thick; briskly subacid; good; midseason.

Beauty, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.

Originated by William Saimders, London, Ontario, prior to 1887, from a seedling of
Naples. Plants moderately vigorous and productive; fruit medium in size, in medium-
sized clusters, briskly subacid; fair; ripens unevenly from midseason to late.

Bella. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Another of William Saimders' seedlings. Plants moderately vigorous, unproducti%'t ;
bunches short; berries small, black; good; early.

Black Grape, i. Bunyard Cat. 23. 1915-16.

Ogden. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:17. 1907.

This variety has been grown in England for more than 80 years. Plants vigorous, very
productive; bimches medium; berries uneven, below to above medium, skin moderately
thick, fairly tender; briskly subacid; fair; ripens unevenly, usually in late midseason.

Black Victoria, i. Can. Hort. 22:508. 1899.

Victoria. 2. Rivers Cat. 17. 1909-10.

Originated in England. As grown at this Station the plants are medium in size and
vigor; clusters short; berries variable in size, averaging large, dull black, subacid; good;
ripens unevenly; general appearance very attractive.

Blacksmith, i. Bimyard Co^ 26. 1921. 2. Laxton Bros. Ca<. 13, fig. 1923.

Recently introduced by Laxton Brothers, Bedford, England. Plants vigorous, pro-
ductive; berries medixim in size, in rather long clusters; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 303

Boskoop Giant, i. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 32:381. 1902. 2. Jour. Pom. 1:77, figs. 14
&" 15. 1919. 3. Bunyard Cat. 26, fig. 1921.

If Boskoop Giant can be purchased in America true to name, it is probably the best of
the black currants here as it is in many parts of Europe. The characters which recommend
it are very large, sweet, richly flavored berries and vigorous, productive bushes. The fruit
ripens evenly and is easily picked. The clusters are variable in size but average larger than
those of any other black currant, but are sometimes a little too loose. It is one of the earliest
of the black currants to ripen, although the flowers are late. The crop can usually be
gathered at one picking, and the berries hang -long on the bushes after ripening. This
variety was raised more than forty years ago by a Mr. Hoogendyk, Boskoop, Holland.
Later it was imported into England and was introduced in 1895 by George Bunyard &
Company, Alaidstone, England. Soon after it was brought to America.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, healthy, productive; young shoots numerous; leaf-
buds pale dull gray with reddish tinge on those nearest the tips, large, long, obtuse, plump,
free; leaves large, deeply cordate at the base, with moderately short-pointed lobes, semi-
glossy, rugose, glabrous, with coarsely serrate margins; petiole of medium length, thick,
greenish. Flowers late, large, partly closed, dull greenish red, heavily pubescent on the
buds, in few- to medium-flowered, rather loose, drooping clusters; calyx-tube greenish,
tinged dull red, campanulate, pubescent, slightly resinous; calyx-lobes oblong, narrow,
acute, heavily pubescent, with tinge of dull red; ovary resinous, slightly pubescent. Fruit
midseason, ripens evenly; clusters often very long for a black currant, loose, with well-
filled tips; cluster-stems long, glandular, 8-14 berries; berry-stems long, medium thick,
glandular, heavily pubescent; berries variable in size, averaging large, cling well, roundish,
dull black; skin glandular, thin, opaque; flesh greenish, tinged red near the skin, juicy,
rich, sprightly becoming sweet, aromatic; quality very good.

Brown Fruited, i. Fuller 5>n. Fr. C«Zi. 211. 1867.

Russian Green. 2. Land. Hort. Sac. Cat. 67. 1842.

This is a very old English sort with greenish brown fruit when ripe. Berries dry,
hard, astringent; worthless.

Buddenborg. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:16. 1907. 2. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 287.
1921.
Origin unknown. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; bunches medium in size;
berries large; skin thick; pleasantly flavored; good; late.

Champion, i. Card. Chron. N. S. 18:818. 1882.

Black Champion. 2. Flor. & Pom. 174. 1881.

Carter's Champion. 3, Jour. Hort. 3rd Ser. 13:250, 275. 1886.

When the law permitted black currants to be grown in New York, Champion was one
of the favorites because of its vigorous, productive bushes and large, mild-flavored currants.
The variety has the fault of not ripening its crop evenly. The clusters are usually ripe on
some parts of the bush and not on others, so that several pickings are necessary.
It is a late sort. Champion was obtained by W. H. Dunnett, Dedham, Essex, England,
more than fifty years ago, probably as a chance seedling. Soon after its introduction in

304 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

England, the variety was brought to America. In 1897 the Amjrican Pomological Society
added Champion to its list of recommended fruits.

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, very dense, productive, healthy; young
shoots numerous; leaf -buds pale greenish brown, with trace of red, very large, very long,
obtuse, very plump, free; leaves large, long, deeply cordate at the base, with moderately
long-pointed lobes, thin, semi-glossy, slightly rugose, glabrous, with coarsely serrate margins ;
petiole greenish, pubescent. Flowers late, large, partly closed, dull greenish red with a
grayish cast before opening, in short, loose, drooping, few-flowered clusters; calyx-tube
greenish, sometimes tinged with red, campanulate, pubescent, resinous; calyx-lobes oblong,
acuminate, thickly pubescent, tinged dull red ; petals large ; ovary resinous, nearly glabrous.
Fruit late ; clusters short, loose, tips well filled, 4-8 berries ; cluster-stems medium in length
and thickness; berry-stems long, slender, heavily pubescent; berries variable in size, small
to large, averaging above medium, round, dull black; skin glandular, medium in thickness
and toughness, opaque; flesh yellowish, tinged red at the skin, not very juicy, firm, sprightly
becoming nearly sweet, aromatic ; quality good to very good.

Charmer, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895.

Originated by William Saimders, Ottawa, Canada. Plants weak, unproductive;
bunches short; berries small, of fair quality; midseason.
Climax, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Originated by William Saimders, London, Ontario, about 18S7, from a seedling of
Naples. Plants vigorous, productive ; bunches large ; berries large, with thick skin, briskly
subacid; good; midseason.
Clipper. I. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:1s. 1907.

Another variety raised by William Saunders from a seedling of Naples about 1887.
Plants vigorous, productive; blanches large; berries large, with moderately thick skins,
tender, briskly subacid ; good ; midseason to late.

Collins Prolific, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:17. 1907.

A variety of Canadian origin which is considered of value commercially. Plants
vigorous, productive; bunches large; berries large, with thick skin, acid; fair; late.

Common Black. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 94. 1862. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 95:430, PL
V, fig. 20. 1895.

Black English. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 292. 1832.

Cassis Commun. 4. Soc. Nat. Hart. France Pmn. 226, fig. 1904.

English. 5. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:17. 1907.

An ancient English variety once commonly grown. On the grotmds of this Station the
plants are spreading, vigorous and productive ; fruit variable, averaging medium in size,
acid and strongly flavored; ripens imevenly.

Crandall. i. Card. Mon. 29:305. 1887. 2. Am. Card. 10:309, fig. 1889. 3. U. S
D. A. Rpt. 441, PI. III. 1889. 4. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 401, fig. 103. 1898.

Crandall is the only representative of Ribes odoratum grown commonly in the United
States. The variety is widely distributed throughout all parts of the country where cur-
rants can be grown as an ornamental of dooryards and parks. The tough skin and

BOSKOOP GIANT

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 305

unpleasant flavor usually condemn it as a garden plant, but some like it, and since it suc-
ceeds in regions having hot summers, where most other currants fail, it is likely to be long
kept under cultivation. The berries ripen so unevenly that they must be picked singly,
which, of course, precludes its being a commercial plant. The bushes are usually unpro-
ductive, but a supposed productive strain is offered by some nurserjnnen. This currant
is supposed to have originated by R. W. Crandall, Newton, Kansas, many years ago,
from seed of a plant of a wild currant which he had found growing near his place. It was
introduced in 1888 by Frank Ford & Sons, Ravenna, Ohio. In 1899 the American Pomo-
logical Society added the variety to its list of recommended fruits.

Plants of largest size, often 8 feet in height, very vigorous, upright, slightly spreading,
very dense, usually iinproductive but variable, healthy; young shoots light and dark brown,
glossy, pubescent, numerous; leaf -buds tomentose, small, short, obtuse, moderately
plump, appressed ; leaves small, truncate at the base, with deeply and irregularly cut lobes,
thin, deeply lobed, dull, light green, smooth, glabrous on both surfaces, pubescent on the
margins and petiole, with coarsely dentate to deeply cut, serrate margins; petiole short,
slender, pubescent, light green. Flowers midseason, large, partly closed, golden yellow,
in short, dense, few-flowered, fragrant clusters; calyx-tube yellow, long-obconic, almost
cylindrical, glabrous; calyx-lobes oblong, medium in width and thickness, glabrous, yel-
lowish ; petals usually red- tipped, above medium in size, serrate ; ovary glabrous. Fruit very
late, period of ripening unusuall}' long; clusters very short, loose, 1-4 berries; cluster-stems
short, thick; berrj'-stems long, medium thick, pubescent; berries variable in size, small to
very large, roundish oblate to slightly obovate, borne either singly or in ones and twos,
seldom threes or fours, with leafy bracts, drop when ripe, smooth, glossy bluish black,
tipped with a very long calyx; skin smooth, very thick, tough, opaque; flesh greenish yellow,
not very juicy, somewhat soft, seedy, sprightly to rather tart, with a strong, unpleasant
taste; quality poor to fair.
Daniels September, i. Daniels Bros. Cir. 1924.

Found in an English garden about 10 years ago by Daniels Brothers, Norwich, England,
who introduced it in 1923. Fruit large, borne in long clusters, among the latest to ripen.

Deseret. i. Fuller Sjm. Fr. Cult. 199, fig. 84. 1867.

Originated in Utah and supposed to be a strain of the Missouri Black, R. odor at urn.
Plants vigorous, rapid growing, productive; fruit large, round, black or dark violet, with
slight bloom, pleasantly subacid.

Dominion, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

A seedling raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario, about 1887. Plants of
moderate vigor, productive; bunches long; berries of medium size, austere, acid; midseason.

Eagle. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 287. 1921.

Raised from a seedling of Naples prior to 1887 by William Satinders, London, Ontario.
Plants vigorous, productive; btmches large; berries large, briskly subacid; fair; midseason.

Ethel. I. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.

Originated about 1887 by William Saunders, London, Ontario. Plants vigorous,
productive; bunches large; berries large; skin thick; briskly subacid; good; midseason.
20

306 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Goliath. I. Bunyard Cat. 28. 1923.

Plants upright; bunches short, compact; berries medium to large, unusually sweet for
a black currant.
Grape, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:17. 1907.

As grown in Canada this sort is distinct from Black Grape. Plants vigorous, spreading,
unproductive; bunches medium in size; berries' large, briskly subacid; good; midseason.

Henry, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Originated prior to 1887 by William Saunders, London, Ontario. Plants moderately
vigorous; bunches short; berries large, with a mild, pleasant flavor.

Ismay Prolific, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:17. 1907.

Plants moderately vigorous, unproductive; bunches small; berries mediiun in size,
briskly subacid; good; late.

James Prolific, i. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 22:203. i8g8.

A vigorous grower and light cropper; clusters short; berries of mediiun size, black;
fair in quality.

Jelly. I. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 95 = 433- %• 24- 1895.

This is a variety of R. odoratuni which probably originated in Utah many years ago.
As grown at this Station the plants are tall and upright ; fruit borne in small clusters witli
leafy bracts; berries varying from medium in size to very large; skin thick, tough, bluish
black; peculiarly flavored but more agreeable in taste than the ordinary European black
currants.
Kentish Hero. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:17. 1907.

Plants moderately vigorous and productive, spreading; bunches medium in size;
berries varying from medium to large; skin thick, acid; fair; ripens unevenly from
midseason to late.
Kentville. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Originated about 1885 by William Saunders, London, Ontario. Plants vigorous;
bunches medium in size; berries large, pleasantly flavored, sweet; midseason.

Kerry, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.

One of Saunders' seedlings from a seedling of Naples. Plants vigoroL*s, very produc-
tive; bunches large; fruit large; skin thick, tender; briskly subacid, good; midseason to
late.
Lanark, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895.

Another of Saunders' seedlings from London, Ontario. Plants weak growers, unpro-
ductive; bunches short, with small berries; midseason.

Lee. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 95:430, PI. V,*fig. 17. 1895.

Lee's Prolific. 2. Card. Chron. 145. 1870.

Lee's Black. 3. Card. Mon. 19:305. 1877.

Raised about i860 by George Lee, a market gardener, of Clevedon, Somerset, England.
The variety was brought to America many years ago where it has been widely disseminated.
In 1883 the American Pomological Society added it to the fruit catalog list. Grown at

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 307

this Station the plants are medium in size, \-igorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit
borne in short, thick clusters, of medium size; berries large, roundish, dull black, with thin
skin, sprightly; good; midseason.

Lennox, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

A seedling raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario, prior to 1887. Plants
vigorous, productive; bunches of medium length; berries small; of fair quality; early.

Lewis. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Another of Saunders' seedlings; growi;h rather weak, unproductive; bunches of medium
length; berries small, black, and of poor quality; midseason.

London, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895.

One of Saimders' seedlings. Plants moderately vigorous, productive; berries of
medium size, in rather small clusters; good; midseason.

Louise. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895.

Another seedling raised by William Saunders. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit
large, borne in long clusters; good; early.

Magnus, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.

Raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario, prior to 1887. Plant vigorous, very
productive; clusters of medium size; berries large; skin thick; subacid; good; midseason.

Merveille de la Gironde. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui 56:17. 1907. 2. Bunyard Cat.
26. 1924.
Possibly of French origin. Plants vigorous, productive; bunches medium in size;
berries meditun; skin thick; briskly subacid; good; ripens unevenly from midseason to
late.

Middlesex, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Another seedling raised by Saimders. Plants \'igorous, productive; bunches long, well
filled; berries small, mild, rather sweet; good; midseason.

Missouri Black, i. FuHer Sm. Fr. Ctdt. 200. 1867.

This is an old variety of R. odoratitm which originated in the Rocky Mountain region
and from which several varieties of currants have originated. It is of little value except
as an ornamental ; the berries are large, jet black, hard dry, and bitter.

Monarch, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Raised by William Saimders, London, Ontario, prior to 1887. A strong, productive
grower, bearing large, uniform, pleasantly flavored berries in medium-sized clusters;
midseason.

Naples. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 95:430, PI. V, fig. 16. 1895. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr.
306, fig. 269. 1922.
Black Naples. 3. Pom. Mag. 1:43, PI. 1828.
Cassis Royal de Naples. 4. Pom. France 8:No. 2, PI. 2. 1873.
Neapolitanische Schwarze. 5. Lucas-Oberdieck ///. //awdt. 06s^ 7:276. 1875.

308 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Possibly Naples is the most commonly grown black currant in America. Previous
to the law compelling the cutting out of black currants, it was more generally grown in
New York than any other kind. It does not, however, deserve its popularity, as the
clusters and berries are exceedingly variable in size, the clusters are usually small, the flavor
and aroma too pronounced to be pleasant, and the plants are not always productive. The
variety has a characteristic habit of bearing its buds on short clusters well distributed over
the canes. This is a European variety the origin of which is unknown. It was long a
standard in England where it was quite generally distributed more than a century ago.
It was brought to America early in the nineteenth century where it has been widely dis-
seminated. The variety was added to the fruit catalog list of the American Pomological
Society in 1852 under the name Black Naples. In the recent Society catalogs the name has
been shortened to Naples.

Plants large, very vigorous, upright-spreading, very dense, -unproductive, healthy;
young shoots medium in number, the bark broken and netted irregularly and longitudi-
nally, showing darker brown beneath; leaf -buds tinged red, large, long, obtuse, plvrnip,
free; leaves large, cordate at the base, with short-pointed lobes, dull, light green, rugose,
glabrous, with slightly hairy, coarsely serrate margins; petiole short, green, tinged with
red, pubescent. Flowers very late, partly closed, large, dull greenish red, with a grayish
cast due to the pubescence present, in short, medium dense and drooping, few-flowered
clusters; calyx-tube greenish, sometimes with a slight red tinge, campanulate, heavily
pubescent, resinous; calyx-lobes oblong, medium in width and thickness, acute, pubescent,
with tinges of dull red; ovary resinous, pubescent. Fruit very late; clusters short, loose,
tips well filled; 4-8 berries; cluster-stems medium in thickness and length; berry-stems
long, usually with i or 2 bractlets at attachment to the berry, with large bracts; berries
variable, small to large, round, black, dull; skin glandular, tough, opaque; flesh light
green, almost colorless, juicy, rather acid, aromatic; quality fair.

North Holland Black, i. Bunyard Cat. 26. 192 1.

A variety closely resembling Merveille de la Gironde except that the clusters are shorter.

Norton, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.

Originated by William Saunders about 1887. Plants strong, vigorous, spreading,
moderately productive ; bunches short; berries medium, briskly subacid; fair; ripen unevenly
from midseason to late.

Ontario, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.

Another of Saunders' seedlings. Plants vigorous, very productive; bunches long;
berries medium with thick skin, tender, briskly subacid; good; midseason.

Orton. I. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:19. 1907.

Still another of Saunders' seedlings. Plants moderately vigorous, unproductive;
bunches medium ; berries large, with thick skin, subacid, well flavored; good; ripens unevenly
but usually in midseason.

Oxford. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Raised by William Saimders. A vigorous grower, bearing medium-sized fruit in
long, well-filled clusters; fair; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 309

Parker, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

A weak growing, unproductive seedling raised by Saunders; berries small, strongly-
flavored, borne in short clusters; midseason.

Pearce. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Another Saunders' seedling lacking vigor but productive; berries borne on long clusters,
large, with a pleasant, mild, sweet flavor; midseason.

Prince, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bttl. 56:17. 1907.

A rather \ngorous but unproductive grower; bunches small; berries medium to large,
briskly subacid, medium quality; late.

Prince ofWales. i. CarJ. Mom. 7:119. 1865. 2. A'. F. 5/a. 7?nZ. 95:430, fig. 21. 1895.

Wales. 3. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:17. 1907.

It is uncertain whether this currant originated in Canada or England. The variety
has been known in America for more than sixty years. In 1S97 the American Pomological
Society added the sort to its fruit catalog list. On the Station grounds the plants are
vigorous, very productive; bunches small; berries vary from small to large, with a fairly
mild, pleasant flavor, becoming quite sweet at maturity; good; late.

Resister. i. Bvmyard Ca/. 26. 192 1.

This variety was introduced in England in 1907. It is said to resist effectively attacks
of the currant gall mite which is popularly called " big bud."

Ruler. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario, prior to 1887. Plants vigorous, pro-
ductive; bunches short; berries mediiun in size; inferior in quality; midseason.

Saimders. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 67:19. 1890. 2. iV. Y. Sta. Bid. 95:431. 1895.

Originated by William Savmders, London, Ontario, prior to 1887. The name was
added to the American Pomological Society's list of recommended fruits in 1897. As grown
at this Station the plants are vigorous, productive; berries borne in medium-sized clusters,
vary from small to large; skin thick; mildly acid; good; midseason.

Seabrook Black, i. Bunyard Cat. 26. 192 1.

This variety was introduced by W. Seabrook & Son, Chalmsford, England, in 1913.
It closely resembles Merveille de la Gironde except that the clusters are thicker.

Siberian, i. Bimyard Cat. 26. 192 1.

This variety was introduced into England many years ago by H. J. Elwes, who found
it as a wilding near the Altai Mountains in Siberia. It is noteworthy on account of the
large size of the berries.

Standard, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:19. 1907.

Raised by William Saunders, London, Ontario, about 1887. Plants vigorous, unpro-
ductive; bunches small; berries large, pleasantly flavored, subacid; good; midseason.

Star. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895.

This is a Saunders' seedling which has proved to be a weak and unproductive grower;
bunches short; berries small, mildly and pleasantly flavored; midseason.

3IO THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Stewart, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpi. 399. 1895.

Another seedling raised by Saunders. Plants weak, unproductive; bunches short;
berries small; poor; early.

Stirling, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpi. 399. 1895.

This is a Saunders' seedling, which is moderately vigorous, and whose fruits, borne in
long clusters, are small, pleasantly flavored, and ripen in midseason.

Success. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 399. 1895.

Another Saunders' seedling. Plants vigorous, productive; bunches medium in length;
berries medium, very sweet, with a pleasant flavor; good; midseason.

Sweet Fruited Missouri, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 201. 1867.

Found in the mountains of Utah many years ago. It is a slight improvement over the
native American Black. Berries large, roundish oval, in small clusters, sweet, with a
musky flavor.

Thobum. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 208. 1922.

Found in western Oklahoma and in the mountains of Colorado by J. B. Thobiuii.
former Secretary of Agriculture, introduced by the Noble Nursery Company, Noble, Okla-
homa. The plants closely resemble R. americanum and are hardy and productive; berries
rarely black, but varying in color from dull red, bright yellow, yellow with red stripes,
and greenish amber; of good quality and excellent for pies, jellies, and preserves.

Topsy. I. Ont. Fr. Or. Assoc. Rpt. -jg. 1902. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:18. 1907.
This variety was raised about 1890 by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. It is a
hybrid between a so-called Dempsey's Black currant and a seedling of the Houghton goose-
berry. From this cross five plants grew, four of which had gooseberry foliage, and one,
Topsy, black currant foliage and fruit. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; bunches
large; berries large, with thick skin, briskly subacid, with a pleasant flavor; good; midseason

Utah Black, i. Card. & For. 3:375. 1890.

Rather widely disseminated many years ago, as an ornamental. Supposed to be a
seedling of Missouri Black and an improvement over that sort. So very similar if not
identical to Crandall that a further description is unnecessary.

Winona, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:19. 1907.

Raised by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. Plants moderately vigorous, produc-
tive; btmches small to medium; berries large, subacid; good; early.

Wood. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 400. 1895.

Another of Saunders' seedlings. Plants vigorous, productive; bunches long; berries
of medium size, acid but pleasantly flavored; good; midseason.

THE SMALL !• Rl ITS OF NEW YORK 31 I

CHAPTER XII

THE EVOLUTION OP CULTIVATED GOOSEBERRIES

The gooseberry, like the currant, is a modem garden plant, although it
was doubtless known to all the peoples of Europe and western Asia. The
species from which the present garden inhabitant comes grows wild through-
out temperate Europe and Asia and in the mountains of Greece, Italy,
Spain, and northern Africa. The Greeks and Romans do not mention
gooseberries. To them, no doubt, with an abundance of grapes and a great
variety of luscious tree fruits, the small, tart, astringent, wild gooseberry
did not seem worth domesticating; nor could it have been well grown about
the Mediterranean except in high altitudes. The gooseberry requires a
low temperature to bring it to perfection, and cold must sharpen the
appetites of those who would relish the austere taste of the first garden
gooseberries.

The gooseberry of history is well grown only in the Old World. Early
settlers in America from England and Holland tried its culture here but the
hot dry American summers parched and withered both fruit and foliage.
Moreover, it was subject to a native mildew which, before preventive and
remedial sprays were introduced, made short work of European gooseberries
in America. A few of the several hundred varieties grown in Europe vicari-
ously grow in favored gardens in northeastern United States and adjacent
parts of Canada, but nowhere in the New World is the European gooseberry
a commercial success.

A native American gooseberry has been domesticated, however, and
a few of its pure-bred varieties and a much greater number of its hybrids
have been cultivated in gardens -and commercial plantations on this side
of the Atlantic. The native wild gooseberries, than which the cultivated
sorts of the species are scarcely superior, must of course, have been used by
early settlers in the country wherever the plants grew wild, and no doubt
wild plants were occasionally grown by American pioneers in gardens, but
true domestication of the species seems not to have been attempted until
less than a hundred years ago. But before discussing this native goose-
berry further, something must be said of the origin, history, and present
status of the European gooseberry.

312 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

THE EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY

The European gooseberry might almost be said to be a British fruit,
because more commonly cultivated, used, and more highly esteemed in
Great Britain than in any other part of the world. Yet the Scandinavians,
Danes, Dutch, and Germans grow many varieties and pay much attention
to gooseberry cvdture. It can never be known in which of the northern
European countries the gooseberry first became common as a garden plant.
Very possibly, almost without doubt, wild plants were fostered if not actu-
ally cultivated in gardens in all of these northern countries in the early stages
of agriculture and their domestication took place in all and at presumably
about the same dates since agriculture progressed apace in all. For the
purposes of this text, therefore, it suffices as well to trace briefly its history
in England as to attempt a more complete historical account.

The reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1 533-1603, was a golden age in English
gardening as well as in science, art, and literature. Explorers from the
new world brought many new and useful plants ; persecuted Protestants from
the continent seeking refuge in England introduced new methods of culture
and a love of gardens; and books about plants, herbals, botanies. Bacon's
famous essay, and several noteworthy treatises on agriculture, all mark
this as a period of great activity in the arts of plant growing. The goose-
berry first appeared in Elizabethan gardens, at least as a common plant,
according to the old garden books.

Turner, 1548, seems to be the first of the English garden writers to
mention the gooseberry, thereby starting a misunderstanding that has
caused much discussion down to our own day. He says: " It groweth only
that I have sene in England, in gardines, but I have sene it in Germany
abrode in the fields among other bushes." Is the gooseberry indigenous to
England or was it brought to English gardens from the continent? Probably
Turner was not a scientific reporter for the weight of authority is distinctly
on the side of its being a native of England as well as of the continent.

Thomas Tusser, 1573, the poet, farmer, and vagabond, whom every
pomological historian must quote, gives a list of fruits to be trans-
planted in January in which he includes " Goose beries," and in his Five
Hundred Pointes of Good Hushandrie under September's husbandrie, mentions
the gooseberry in one of his verses.

" The Barbery, Respis, and Gooseberry too
Looke now to be planted as other things doo.
The Gooseberry, Respis, and Roses, al three
With strawberries under them trimly agree."

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 3I3

John Parkinson/ the best hortictdtural authority for the period during
which he maintained his famous garden in London and wrote his great
herbal, apothecary to James I and botanist to Charles I, furnishes the first
full accoimt of gooseberries in his Paradisi in Sole, 1629. Let us see what
the gooseberry was, and what its uses in English gardens 300 years ago.

" GOOSEBERRIES OR FEABERRIES

"Wee have divers sorts of Gooseberries, besides the common kinde,
which is of three sorts, small, great, and long. For wee have three red
Gooseberries, a blew and a greene.

"The common Gooseberrie, or Feaberrie bush, as it is called in divers
Countries of England, hath oftentimes a great stemme, covered with a
smooth darke coloured bark, without anie thome thereon, but the elder
branches have here and there some on them, and the yoimger are whitish,
armed with verie sharpe and cruell crooked thorns, which no mans hand
can well avoide that doth handle them, whereon are set verie greene and
small cornered leaves cut in, of the fashion almost of Smallage, or Hawthorne
leaves, but broad at the stalke; the flowers come forth single, at everie
joint of the leafe one or two, of a purpHsh greene colour, hollow and turning
up the brims a little: the berries follow, bearing the flowers on the heads of
them, which are of a pale greene at the first, and of a greenish yellow colour
when they are ripe, striped in divers places, and cleare, almost transparent,
in which the seede lyeth. In some these berries are small and round; in
others much greater; a third is great, but longer than the other: all of them
have a pleasant winie taste, acceptable to the stomacke of anie (but the
long kinde hath both the thicker skin and the worser taste of the other)
and none have been distempered by the eating of them, that ever I could

hear of.

"The first of the red Gooseberries is better knowne I thinke then the
rest, and by reason of the small bearing not much regarded; the stemme
is somewhat bigge, and covered with a smooth darke coloured barke, the
yovmger branches are whiter, and without anie thome or pricke at all,
so long, weake, small, and slender, that they lye upon the grounds, and
will there roote againe: the leaves are like unto the former Gooseberries,
but larger: the flowers and berries stand single, and not manie to bee found
anie yeare upon them, but are somewhat long, and are as great as the ordi-
narie Gooseberry, of a darke brownish red colour, almost blackish when
they are ripe, and of a sweetish taste, but without any great delight.

"The second red Gooseberry riseth up with a more straight stemme,
covered with a brownish barke; the young branches are straight likewise,
and grow not so thicke upon it as the former red kinde, and without any

• Parkinson, John Par. Ter. 560. 1629.

314 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

thome also upon them: the leaves are like unto the former red, but smaller;
the berries stand singly at the leaves as Gooseberries doe, and are of a fine
red colour when they are ripe, but change with standing to be of a darker
red colour, of the bignesse of the small ordinary Gooseberry, of a pretty tart
taste, and somewhat sweete withall.

" The third red Gooseberry which is the greatest, and knowne but unto
few, is so like unto the common great Gooseberry, that it is hardly dis-
tinguished: the fruit or berries grow as plentifully on the branches as the
ordinary, and are as great & round as the great ordinary kinde, but reddish,
and some of them paler, with red stripes.

"The blew Gooseberry riseth up to bee a bush like unto the red Curran,
and of the same bignesse and height, with broader and redder leaves at
the first shooting out, then the second red Gooseberry: the berries are more
sparingly set on the branches, then on the small red, and much about the
same bignesse, or rather lesser, of the colour of a Damson, with an over-
shadowing of a blewish colour upon them, as the Damson hath, before it
be handled or wiped away.

" The greene prickly Gooseberry is very like unto the ordinary Goose-
berry in stemme and branches, but that they are not stored with so many
sharpe prickles; but the young shootes are more plentifull in small prickles
about, and the greene leafe is a little smaller: the flowers are alike, and so
are the berries, being of a middle size, and not very great, greene when they
are thorough ripe as well as before, but mellower, and having a few small
short prickles, like small short haires upon them, which are harmlesse, and
without danger to anie the most dainty and tender palate that is, and of a
very good pleasant taste. The seede hereof hath produced bushes bearing
berries, having few or no prickles upon them.

"the use of gooseberries

"The berries of the ordinary Gooseberries, while they are small, greene,
and hard, are much used to bee boyled or scalded to make sawce, both for
fish and flesh of divers sorts, for the sicke sometimes as well as the sound,
as also before they bee neere ripe, to bake into tarts, or otherwise, after
manie fashions, as the cunning of the Cooke, or the pleasure of liis com-
manders will appoint. They are a fit dish for women with childe to stay
their longings, and to prociire an appetite unto meate.

" The other sorts are not used in Cookery that I know, but serve to bee
eaten at pleasvire; but in regard they are not so tart before maturity as the
former, they are not put to those uses they be."

We have in the gooseberry an imusually good opporttinity to trace
the evolution of a fruit brought under the hand of man from the wild. To
see satisfactorily how the gooseberry has been improved we must quote at

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 315

considerable length from several pomological writers from Parkinson to the
present time. The next Englishman to write at length of gooseberries
was John Rea,^ gardener and author, who published his Flora, Ceres &■
Pomona in 1665. Under the chapter heading Grossularia, Rea says:

" Goosberries are of divers sorts and colours, as red, blue, yellow, white,
and green; some of them rovind, others long; some smooth, and others prickly.

" Of red Goosberries there are three sorts, one small and round, seldom
bearing; another bigger and a little flat, but no very good bearer; the third
is called the Damson Goosberry, this is a good bearer, the Berries large, round,
and red, and (when full ripe) with a blue tincture over them like a Damson.

" The blue Goosberry hath the Berries thinly set on the branches, which
are small, a little long, and of a dark red colour, tinctured over with blue.

" Yellow Goosberries are of several sorts, one large, round, and smooth;
others lesser; some long and prickly, of which there are two sorts chiefly
esteemed; the first round, smooth, large and good, of a bright yellow colour,
and called the Amber Goosberry; the other is large, long, and prickly, of a
deep yellow colour and good taste, and is called the great Hedge-hog Goosberry.

" The white Holland Goosberry is the fairest, biggest, and best bearer
of all others; the Berries are large, round, smooth, white, transparent, and
weU-tasted.

" The green Goosberry is of two sorts, one bigger and longer than the
other, both very green and good, but the bigger is most esteemed."

Skipping a hundred years and a little more, thereby passing over a
number of excellently written English agriculture books which have more
or less to say about gooseberries, let us take as the next author who
describes gooseberries, Mawe. In his Dictionary of Gardening and Botany,
1778, Mawe- describes 24 gooseberries as follows:

" Varieties of the different species. Many varieties of Gooseberries
have been raised from seeds; some having round berries, others oval; some
hairy and some smooth, and of different colours, as Red — Green — Yellow

— White, &c. consisting of the following varieties of each sort.

''Red Kinds. — Hairj^ Red Gooseberry — Smooth Red Gooseberry —
Deep Red Gooseberry — Damson, or Dark-red Blueish Gooseberry — Red
Raspberry Gooseberry — Early Black-red Gooseberry.

" Green Kinds. — Hairy Green Gooseberry — Smooth Green Gooseberry

— Green Gascoigne Gooseberry — Green Raspberry Gooseberr}^

''Yellow Kinds. — Great oval Yellow Gooseberry — Great Amber
Gooseberry — Hairy Amber Gooseberry — Early Amber Gooseberry.

" White Kinds. — Large White Crystal Gooseberry — Common White
Gooseberry — White-veined Gooseberry.

' Rea, John Flora 3:230. 1665.

- Mawe-.Abercrombie V'niv. Card. Bot. 1778.

3l6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

"Other Varieties of different Sorts. Champaigne Gooseberry — Rum-
bullion Gooseberry — Large Ironmonger Gooseberry — Smooth Ironmonger
Gooseberry — Hairy Globe Gooseberry — Large Tawney, or Great Mogul
Gooseberry."

Mawe's descriptions are very brief and some of his " kinds "as he
calls them are group rather than varietal names. They furnish the infor-
mation we want as regards the fruits, however, as we shall find in the
summing up to determine when certain characters of gooseberry fruits
first appeared. The improvement of the gooseberry in England from this
time on goes forward in leaps and bounds. The Catalog of Fruits of the
Horticultural Society of Lojidon for 1825 lists 185 varieties as growing in the
garden of the society, while Lindley in his Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen
Garden gives a list of 722 varieties.

There need be no further concern about the number of English goose-
berries — the number now probably runs into four figures — but it should
be of interest and profit to know what the characters of the modem goose-
berry are. Perhaps we can get this information best by using the fifth and
last edition of Hogg's admirable Fruit Manual, 1884, in which the following
characters are set forth:

Color; red, yellow, green, white. Shapes; round or roundish, oblong,
oval, obovate. Skin; smooth, downy, rough or hairy, with or without
bloom. Fruits; two- or three- veined. Size; large, small, meditim. Season;
early, late, medivmi. Flavors; sweet or sour.

A careful reading of Parkinson and Rea, with some allowance for
changes in terms and styles of description, shows almost certainly that
gooseberries grown three centuries ago possessed all of the characters
that they now have or had when Hogg wrote in 1884, excepting, possibly,
the great size of the berries of modem varieties. It seems almost certain
that a study of the history and botany of the gooseberry would show that
all of the types now in gardens existed in nature and were brought into
gardens and thus described as our early pomologists found them.

The breeders of gooseberries, then, have been able to add no new
characters to this fruit excepting size and the succulency that follows.
The changes in color, season, flavor, shape, and degrees of smoothness and
hairiness have all come from hybridizing and crossing. This digression is
made because the gooseberry illustrates partictdarly well what seems to
be true of all our fruits, namely, that cultivation and the protective influence
of man plays small part or no part in the improvement of fruits except in

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 317

increased quantity and larger size of the product. Amelioration comes
rather through intercrossing of species. Different fruits respond very
differently as to increase in size. The currant, sour cherry, Damson plums,
and crabapples have not been greatly enlarged through cultural care given
by man. The apple, pear, peach, domestica plums, grapes, bramble fruits,
strawberries, and gooseberries have increased in size enormously under
cultivation. Let us take the fruit in hand, the gooseberry, as an example.

Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication 1:378. 1893,
made a study of the increase in the size of gooseberries. He says:

" Manchester is the metropolis of the fanciers, and prizes from five
shillings to five or ten pounds are yearly given for the heaviest fruit. The
' Gooseberry Grower's Register ' is published annually; the earliest known
copy is dated 1786, but it is certain that meetings for the adjudication of
prizes were held some years previously.' The ' Register ' for 1845 gives an
account of 171 Gooseberry Shows, held in different places during that year;
and this fact shows on how large scale the culture has been carried on. The
fruit of the wild gooseberry is said- to weigh about a quarter of an ounce or
5 dwts, that is, 120 grains; about the year 1786 gooseberries were exhibited
weighing 10 dwts., so that the weight was then doubled; in 181 7 26 dwts.
17 grs. was attained; there was no advance till 1825, when 31 dwts. 16 grs.
was reached; in 1830 'Teazer' weighed 32 dwts. 13 grs.; in 1841 'Won-
derful' weighed 32 dwts. 16 grs.; in 1844 'London' weighed 35 dwts.
12 grs., and in the following year 36 dwts. 16 grs.; and in 1852, in Stafford-
shire, the fruit of the same variety reached the astonishing weight of 37
dwts. 7 grs.,^ or 896 grs.; that is, between seven or eight times the weight
of the wild fruit. I find that a small apple, 6| inches in circumference,
has exactly this same weight. The 'London' gooseberry (which in 1852
had altogether gained 333 prizes) has, up to the present year of 1875,
never reached a greater weight than that attained in 1852. Perhaps the
fruit of the gooseberry has now reached the greatest possible weight, unless
in the course of time some new and distinct variety shall arise.

"This gradual, and on the whole steady increase of weight from the
latter part of the last century to the year 1852, is probably in large part due
to improved methods of ctoitivation, for extreme care is now taken; the
branches and roots are trained, composts are made, the soil is mulched, and
only a few berries are left on each bush ; * but the increase no doubt is in

' Mr. Clarkson, of Manchester, on the Culture of the Gooseberry, in Loudon's " Gardener's Maga-
zine," vol. iv. 1828, p. 482.

- Downing 's " Fruits of America," p. 213.

' "Gardener's Chronicle," 1844, p. 811, where a table is given; and 1845, p. 819. For the extreme
weights gained, see '' Journal of Horticulture," July 26, 1864, p. 61.

■• Mr. Saul, of Lancaster, in Loudon's '' Gardener's Mag.," vol. iii. 1828, p. 421 ; and vol. x. 1834, p.
42.

31 8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

main part due to the continued selection of seedlings which have been
found to be more and more capable of yielding such extraordinary fruit.
Assiu-edly the 'Highwayman' in 1817 could not have produced fruit like
that of the ' Roaring Lion ' in 1825; nor could the ' Roaring Lion,' though
it was grown by many persons in many places, gain the supreme triumph
achieved in 1852 by the 'London' Gooseberry."

AMERICAN GOOSEBERRIES

The gooseberry is not a popular fruit in America. The climate is not
favorable to the delectable European varieties and fungi take so great toll
that where climate may favor fungi forbid. Moreover, the abundance of
bramble fruits, strawberries, and early tree fniits in the season for goose-
berries lessens the need of an additional fruit for the diet of the season. Nur-
serymen, also, with curious persistence, seem favorable only to the small-
fruited and inferior Houghton and Downing, wretched substitutes for the
large-fruited varieties which it has been demonstrated over and over again
might as easily be grown.

Yet Nature has been lavish in supplying the continent with wild goose-
berries. Some one of the several species is to be fotmd in almost every part
of this continent where agricultiire prospers. But it is only within recent
years that these have been brought to the attention of experimenters.
The first gooseberry to be derived from a native species was the Houghton,
first recorded in 1847, although it may have been introduced a few years
earlier. It is certain that American varieties were grown long before this,
however, for in 1839 John J. Thomas,^ then a youth, afterwards to become a
leading authority in pomology, wrote:

" The gooseberry is cultivated with greater care and success in England
than elsewhere; and Lindley enumerates 122 varieties, some of which have
furnished specimens of single fruit- weighing an ounce and a half. But
nearly all the English varieties, and especially those of large size, are wholly
unadapted to culture in this cotintry on account of mildew; and neither
culture, pruning, nor any other remedy has been found that can be relied
on as a remedy. There are some smaller native varieties, cultivated in
gardens in this country, which are entirely free from it, and these alone are
to be recommended here. Sufficient information however as to their names,
has not been obtained for a list to be given. Some of the smaller of the
EngUsh varieties, when tested in this climate, may be found worthy of
cultivation."

Yet native gooseberries received scant attention in gardens before 1850.

' Mon. Gen. Farmer 4: 1 14. 1838.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 319

At no time in the history of the country was pomology a matter of wider
and more common concern to people on the land and in cities than this.
But the pomological books, magazines, societies, exhibitions, and the efforts
of individuals a hundred years ago and several decades after were directed
toward the introduction of foreign fruits rather than the domestication of
native fruits and the breeding of American varieties. The progress America
has made in domesticating native fruits and the adaptation of varieties of
European fruits to American environments, remarkable achievements in
the history of agriculture, came after 1850.

In the first edition of his American Fruit CuUurist, 1846, Thomas does
not mention the Houghton or any other American variety of the gooseberry.
Not imtil the fourth edition, 1850, does it find a place in his book, and Down-
ing in Fruits and Fruit Trees does not mention it until the edition of i860.
Yet, as its history, given in the discussion of the variety in Chapter XIII
shows, it must have been widely grown at this time.

In common with other European fruits, European gooseberries were
now recognized as failures on this side of the Atlantic, and far-sighted
pomologists were recommending the domestication and breeding of fruits
and varieties adapted to American conditions. In 1847, Hovey,' a veteran
pomological writer, had this to say of gooseberries in his admirable Magazine
of Horticulture :

" Houghton's Seedling Gooseberry. — The exhibition of some very fine
specimens of this variety, at a late meeting of the Horticultural Society,
reminds us that we have neglected to notice it before. The great diffi-
culty attending the growth of the large and fine sorts of English goose-
berries is, that, in most localities, the berries are rendered worthless by
the attacks of mildew; and the consequent disappointment has induced
many to give up their cultivation altogether. Mr. Houghton's gooseberr,-
is a seedling from our native kind, produced some time ago and is consider-
ably cultivated in Lynn, where Mr. Houghton resides. It is of only
moderate size, btit possesses a fine flavor, is a most extraordinary bearer
and in all seasons is remarkably free from mildew. The specimens which
we have seen, induce us to recommend it for general cultivation, especially
in situations where the large English sorts cannot be grown. We have no
doubt, that with proper attention in the selection of seeds from the largest
berries, other and improved sorts may be raised from this, and eventually
a progeny of large fruited kinds, equal to the English, but possessing all
the adaptation to our variable climate of the parent plant. We trust our
hints may be acted upon by amateurs who have the leisure to do so."

• JMog. flow. 13:422. 1847.

320 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Again, in 1850, Hovey ^ urges the improvement of the native gooseberry

as follows :

" The attention of our cultivators is, we are glad to know, now being
more directed to this fruit than heretofore, and efforts are making to pro-
duce seedhngsof our wild gooseberry, which is not attacked with the mildew,
of increased size and quality. The first advance has already been achieved
in that prolific variety, Houghton's Seedling, and with this for a parent,
we see no reason why we may not in a few years possess native kinds, equal-
Hng the foreign ones in size and excellence, and, at the same time, possessing
all the hardy and easily ctdtivated properties of the variety we have just
named. We have already quite a number of seedlings, and shall look for-
ward to their fruiting with much interest."

These are but two of a considerable number of expressions in the
horticultural press of the times calling attention to the desirability of raising
seedling gooseberries from native species if the country were to have varieties
worth growing. The work of domesticating the American gooseberry
seems to have been taken up with considerable interest in several northern
states where fruit growing flourished, and a number of new seedlings were
shown as recorded in accoimts of the fruit exhibitions of the times. Yet
little came of gooseberry breeding for a reason easy to luiderstand as we
review the copious pomological literature of the last half of the last century.
Raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, strawberries, grapes, and native
plums gave quicker and more abundant returns to breeders of fruits than the
gooseberry and so claimed the attention of pomologists. Among many
treasures discovered in our domestic flora for development, the gooseberry
seemed to the workers of the times of little importance.

Of the several seedlings immediately following Houghton, which we
have set as the first landmark in the domestication of the American goose-
berry. Downing is the only one noteworthy. It originated with Charles
Downing about 1855, as a seedling of Houghton and immediately became
popular. For seventy-five years it has been more commonly grown than
any other variety of this fruit in the United States, although it ought long
ago to have been discarded for any one of several better kinds which the
country now offers. The following is the first discussion and description
of the Downing, valuable also as showing the status of gooseberries at the
time the article was written, and of further interest as coming from the pen
of the noted European pomologist, Louis Berckmans who had some years
before come to America to live. Mr. Berckmans^ says:

• Ibid. 16:114. 1850.

^ Horticulturist 12:^62. 1857.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

321

" Of all the foreign or native Gooseberries which we have had oppor-
tunities to taste, for some years past, from Canada to Delaware, no variety,
in our opinion, can compare with Mr. Charles Downing's Seedling, obtained
from the Houghton's seed some three years ago, establishing once more the
fact once so startling to the pomological world — so much disputed and
ridiculed — but, in our opinion, so perfectly logical, that ' the artificial
products of nature improve by successive generations of seedlings.'

" The berries before us (which kept ripe for more than ten hot days with-
out any sign of decay) are about double the size of the parent (Houghton's) ;
pale, or light green, without any blush, and smooth. The skin is very thin,
and the fruit as delicate and tender as any European Gooseberry, in its
native soil. The flavor and aroma are perfect; sweet, with plenty of vinous
subacid. In enjoying a goodly supply of these berries, we, for the first
time for six years, could not regret the relative and very marked inferiority
of the best English varieties in our very different climate.

" "We experienced the same satisfaction as we did in the tasting the Dela-
ware and Rebecca Grapes, coming up so very nearly to the European
standard as to be almost taken for good foreign varieties.

" Let us have our native varieties of all kinds of fruit. Already the pear,
the strawberry, the raspberry, and chiefly the apple, have come in hand-
some competition with, or superseded, their European relative varieties.
We never could see, after those successful experiments, what could prevent
us from having just as fine gooseberries, grapes, &c., and better, too, than
the transatlantic products. Gentlemen amateurs! do try all kinds of seed-
lings; the Phoenix is yet in its ' ashes.' Patience alone, and (in the impres-
sive words of our honored President, Col. Wilder) ' eternal vigilance,'
can only bring out the desired results.

" Thanks to Mr. Charles Downing for his constant efforts. The present
seedling is one out of a lot of seedlings from the Houghton, but it is the only
superior one in quality and size, as it is one of the finest erect bushes among
this family; a vigorous and sturdy grower.

"Like its parent, it seems rather more exempt from mould; we have
indeed seen no disposition to moulding in any of these seedlings. We
urged Mr. Downing to let it be propagated; but, as usual, his modesty is
rather in the way of his love of progress and improvement."

Houghton, and therefore Downing, its seedling, are, as we have seen
in the discussion of the botany of the gooseberry, hybrids between the native
and the European species of this fruit. No pure-bred derivative of the
several American wild gooseberries has ever come into prominence and
but one, Pale Red, can now be foimd in gardens if, indeed, it is still to be
found. Some ten or twelve other varieties may possibly be foimd in one
part of the country or another in which the characters of the native species

322 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

are most prominent, but English gooseberries, or hybrids which show their
characters more prominently than those of the natives, are more and more
taking the place of Houghton and Downing by the few who give attention
to this fruit. Fungicides keep the mildew in check and hybrids are being
bred more resistant to it.

Meanwhile it cannot be said that the gooseberry is gaining in poptilarity
in America. English varieties grown in America and the sorts which have
originated here are far short of the European standards for this fruit, and
with a greater wealth of home-grown and exotic fruits than any other part
of the world, the gooseberry languishes in popular favor. American customs
in using the fruit retard rather than enhance its popularity; the gooseberry
is usually used here only in the green state and as a sauce, whereas the Euro-
peans find ripe gooseberries as delectable as any other fruit for dessert.
With these statements as to why gooseberries are not largely planted in
the United States, let us see from the Census of 1920 what the country has
in its gooseberry plantations.

Census figures show the gooseberry to be the least important of the
five fruits discussed in The Small Fruits of New York. In the census of
1920 it is not sufficiently important to be given a separate classification,
but is lumped imder the heading of " Other berries " with the statement
that these are chiefly gooseberries. Scattered plants of " other berries "
brought into acreage figures in 19 19 amount for the whole country only
to 5,450 acres, 365 acres less than in 1909, or a loss of 6.7 per cent in the ten
years.

What is the future of the gooseberry in America? The immediate
future is not bright. The causes that have kept it from becoming a
prominent fruit still exist. These are, to recapitvilate, mildew, poor varie-
ties, the use of green fruits to the neglect of ripe ones, and the disposition
of nurserymen to push the sale of the Houghton and Downing to the exclu-
sion of sorts with larger, handsomer, and better-flavored fruits. The last,
it is certain, is the chief cause of the unpopularity, steadily increasing, of
the gooseberry in this country. The gooseberry, more than any other berry,
in America at least, is a home rather than a market fruit. Plants are sup-
plied growers by nursery agents. The gooseberry will not become popular
until, as in large parts of Eiirope, every garden is supplied with choicely
good varieties instead of the two or three varieties now to be had with their
thorny bushes and small, hard, sour, and insipid fruits.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK ^2;^

CHAPTER XIII

VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES

Alderman, i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:579. 1855. 2. A^. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are moderate growers, slightly susceptible to rail-
dew; fruit large, green, shaded with pale red, somewhat hairy, sweet; good.

Alice. I. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants are vigorous, free from mildew; fruit
large, oblong, smooth, clear pale green, sweet; good.
Alma. I. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:23. 1907.

A seedUng of Downing originated by WiUiam Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. In Canada
the plants are vigorous, unproductive, susceptible to mildew; fruit of medium size, oval to
oblong, with thick skin, slightly downy, green, tinged with coppery red; fair.

Antagonist, i. Mcintosh .B^. Card 2:579. 1855. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

As grown at this Station the plants are moderately vigorous, spreading, dwarfish,
productive; fruit medium in size, oblong; skin thin, dull creamy white, hairy and covered
with some bloom, mildly subacid; fair.
Apex. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:22. 1895.

Originated in Oregon prior to 1890. Plants vigorous, resistant to mildew; berries
large, greenish yellow; good.

Apology. I. Jour. Hort. N. S. 3:124. 1881. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

As grown at this Station the fruit is large, oblong, smooth, with thin skin, pale green,
tinged with red; good.

Auburn, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 67:21. 1890. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

An English variety introduced to this country by J. EUetson, Auburn, New York,
who named it Auburn. Plants vigorous; fruit large, oblong, smooth; good.

Beauty, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 7:150. 1864. 2. A''. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

As grown here the fruit varies from medium to large, oblong, pale red, smooth,
pleasantly flavored; good.
Bendelon. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 183. 1894.

In Michigan the plants are weak and subject to attacks of leaf diseases; fruit large,
yellowish green; of fair quality.
Bennet Eureka, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 394. 1891.

An English variety which was distributed by Dr. A. W. Thornton, West Femdale,
Washington. Fruit large, obovate or pear-shaped, dull green with a sharp acid flavor.

Berkeley, i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:435. 1903- 2. Cal. Sta. Cir. 164:23.
1917.
In western fruit regions the plants are vigorous, productive, subject to mildew; fruit
very large, oval, green, with reddish shades; very good. Placed in the recommended list
of fruits in 1909 by the American Pomological Society.

324

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Blucher. i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 3:124. 1881. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

As grown at this Station the plants are vigorous and productive; fruit very large,
roundish oblong, nearly smooth, dark red wath thin skin; very good.
British Queen, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:21. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are vigorous, productive and free from mildew;
fruit small, roundish, dark green; skin thin, nearly smooth; sweet; good.
Briton. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are moderately vigorous and productive; fruit medium
to large, oblong, light yellow, with smooth, rather thick skin, sweet; good.

Broom Girl. i. Card. Chron. 612. 1843. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:21. 1897.

At this Station the plants are vigorous, nearly free from mildew ; fruit medimn in size,
roundish, smooth, yellowish green, nearly sweet; good.
Bull Dog. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants lack vigor, but are free from inildew ; fruit medium
to large, oblong, red, nearly smooth ; poor.
Bury Lane. i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 29:158. 1875. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

Plants at this Station are of medium vigor; fruit large to ver>- large, oblong, pale
green, smooth or nearly so, sweet; very good to best.
Candidate, i. Card. Chron. 868. 1864. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous and mildew but little; fruit large,
roundish oval, dark green, tinged with yellow, smooth: good.
Careless, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 7:150. 1864. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

Plants at this Station are moderately vigorous and slightly inclined to mildew; fruit
large, oblong, smooth, pale green, sweet; good.
Carman, i. Rural N. Y. 51:703. 1892. 2. StoiTs & Harrison Cat. 158, fig. 1905.

Carman originated about 1890, with a Mr. Roberts, New York, New York, from seed
which had been imported from England. The new seedling attracted the attention of
E. S. Carman, editor of the Rural New-Yorker, who named and propagated it, and later,
through the columns of his paper, offered to furnish plants to those who desired them.
Soon after Storrs & Harrison, Painesville, Ohio procured the entire stock of Carman,
and introduced it in 1905. Plants small, weak, upright-spreading, not very healthy,
unproductive; fniit variable, mediiun to very small, roundish, dull yellowish green,
moderately juicy, firm, sprightly becoming subacid; good; midseason.
Carrie, i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 379, PI. 33. 1909. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 307.
1922.
In the northern part of the Mississippi Valley where only the hardiest fruits can be
grown, Carrie is becoming a popular gooseberry because of its great hardiness. Plant and
fruit are very much like those of Houghton but distinct, and Carrie does not deserve a place
where the older sort grows well. The berries are too small, the plants are not quite free
from mildew, and the thorny bushes bother greatly in harvesting the crop. Carrie origi-
nated with Wjmian Elliot, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1893, from seed of Houghton, sup-
posed to have been crossed with Industry'. The variety was introduced in 1905 by Elliot

CARRIE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 325

& Redpath of Minneapolis. In igog the American Pomological Society added Carrie to
its recommended list of fruits.

Plants verj' large, vigorous, spreading, dense, very productive, healthy; young shoots
slender, of medium number, green, overlaid with reddish brown, overspread with dull
gray scarf-skin; older wood branching but little, very slender, willowy; prickles small,
strong, slender, average 3, smaller and almost absent on the older wood, with numerous
short bristles between the nodes; leaf -buds narrow, small, long, conical, free; leaves of
medium size, cordate, with deeply cut, obovate lobes, dark green, glossy, of medium thick-
ness, variable in smoothness, with crenate or somewhat toothed margins; petiole medium in
length, slender, greenish, pubescent. Flowers midseason, of medium size, 1-3, seldom 5,
variable; pedicels of medium length and thickness, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green,
glabrous; caljTi-lobes medium in length, width and thickness, nearly glabrous, very light
green with a faint tinge of red; ovary shiny, almost glabrous. Fruit midseason; very small
but variable, roundish, often with a long meaty shank at the base, dull red mingled with
gray, glabrous; skin smooth, glaucous, thin, tough; flesh light green, moderately juicy,
tender, mild and rather sweet mingled with a little sprightliness ; quality good.

Catherine, i. Card. Citron. 758. 1842. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:21. 1897.

Originated in England about 1840. As grown at this Station the plants are moderately
vigorous, productive, slightly inclined to mildew; fruit large, oval, with thick skin, lemon-
yellow, nearly smooth; good.
Cedar Hill. i. U. S. D. A. Pmn. Rpt. 394. i8gi.

Originated with Dr. A. W. Thornton, West Femdale, Washington, prior to 1890.
Plants upright, very productive, and free from mildew; fruit large, oval, with thin skin,
richly flavored.

Champion, i. Ohio Hart. Soc. Rpt. 177. 1886-7. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1897

Originated with 0. D. Dickinson, Salem, Oregon, previous to 1880. Plants vigorous,
productive; fruit medium in size, roundish oval, greenish yellow; good; early.

Charles, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 286. ig2i.

A cross between Houghton and Roaring Lion originated by William Saunders, London,
Ontario; fruit larger than that of Downing, roundish oval, green, tinged with red, slightly
subacid; good; midseason.

Chautauqua, i. Am. Card. I5:iig, fig. i8g3-94. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:22, PI. 8,
fig. 61. i8g7.
Of all the European gooseberries grown in North America, Chautauqua is probably
the most promising, and as it grows in New York, at least, it is certainly the most deserving.
In plant and fruit Chautauqua is far superior to Houghton and Downing which nurser>Tnen
ind their agents keep constantly before growers of gooseberries. Chautauqua is less easily
propagated than the sorts named, and hence difficult to obtain. At this Station the plants
are almost free from the mildew which prevents the culture of the European gooseberries
in many parts of the United States. Its culture is of the easiest and anyone who grows the
comparatively worthless Houghton and Downing can as easily grow this admirable sort.
The origin of Chautauqua is unknown. The original plant, however, was first observed in

326 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

an old garden in Dunkirk, New York, about 1876 by Lewis Roesch of Fredonia, who prop-
agated it, later naming and introducing it in 1S94. Charles Downing once saw the fruit
and was of the opinion that it was an English variety renamed. Several varieties resemble
it very closely but since the name Chautauqua has now become familiar, it seems wise
to consider it a distinct sort. On the Pacific Coast Chautauqua is said to be identical with
Whitesmith, where the latter name is always used. Chautauqua was added to the recom-
mended fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1897.

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather dense, productive to ver>' productive,
healthy ; young and older growth intermediate in stockiness and number of canes, reddish
green, the older wood with more scarf-skin mingled with brown and red; prickles thickish,
strong, long, numerous, thick at the base, 1-3 ; leaf-buds of medium size, long, lean, conical,
free; leaves cordate, medium in size, thickness and color, glossy, vary from smooth to
rugose, with rather obovate lobes and with bluntly crenate, somewhat hairy margins;
petiole of medium length, slender, greenish, pubescent near the base. Flowers midseason,
medium in size, mostly singly; pedicels medium in length and thickness, pubescent; cal5TC-
tube greenish red, pubescent; calyx-lobes meditmi in length, width and thickness, pubes-
cent, greenish red; ovary densely pubescent. Fruit midseason; adheres well, large,
roundish oval, attractive, silvery green; skin smooth, covered with bloom, thick, tough,
translucent; flesh pale green, juicy, firm, sweet or pleasantly sprightly near the skin; quality
good.
Cheerful, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 29:158. 1875. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:22. 1897.

Station plants of mediiun vigor; frmt of medium size, green, well flavored.

Cheshire Lass. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 177. 1831.

As grown at this Station the plants are dwarfish, moderately vigorous, productive;
fruit small, roundish oval with skin thin and slightly hairy; fair.
Clayton, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 7:150. 1864. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:22. 1897.

As grown here the plants are vigorous, spreading, productive, susceptible to mildew;
fruit very large, somewhat oblong with thin skin, smooth or slightly downy near cah-x,
reddish brown with dark red on the exposed side; good.

Columbus. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 264. 1892. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 307, fig.
271. 1922.

An old English sort of unknown origin. It was introduced in America by Ellwanger
& Barry, Rochester, New York, some time previous to 1890. It was listed by the American
Pomological Society in its fruit catalog in 1897. Plants vigorous, free from mildew; fruit
large, roundish oblong, greenish yellow, transparent, sweet; good.

Como. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 229. 1921.

A cross between Pearl and Columbus, which originated at the Minnesota Fruit Breed-
ing Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota, and was first designated as Minnesota No. 43. Plants
vigorous, productive; berries large, roundish or slightly oblong, green; fair.

Companion, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:25. 1907.

Introduced into Canada from England about 1890. Fruit large, roundish, green tinged
with bronze, nearly smooth, sweet with astringent skin, pleasantly flavored; good.

CHAUTAUQUA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW VORK 327

Copland, i. Am. Perm. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Originated and introduced by Peter Copland, Johnstown, Ohio, about 1870. Plants
said to be vigorous, stocky, upright, very productive; berries very large, pale yellow;
very good.

Countess of Amsdale. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 11^^:22. 1897.

Station plants moderately vigorous, slightly susceptible to mildew ; fruit above medium
in size, dark green shaded with red, smooth; good.

Cremore. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui 114:22. 1897.

At this Station the plants are medium in vigor, and slightly susceptible to mildew;
fruit mediuna to large, green, nearly smooth; good.

Criterion, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 9:107. 1865. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:22. 1897.

As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous and susceptible to mildew; fruit
very large, oblong, slightly hairy, greenish yellow ; very good.

Crosby Seedling, i. Can. Hort. 11:20^. 1888.

Raised and introduced by L. Crosby, Markham, Ontario, about 18S0. Fruit large,
roundish oval, with thin skin, dark red, smooth; very good.

Crown Bob. 1. Card. Chron. 18, 729. 1842. 2. Hortindturist 1:448, fig. 106. 1846-47.
An old English gooseberry of unknown origin, grown in that country for more than 100
years and early introduced in America where it would be extremely valuable were it not
for its susceptibility to mildew. Plants dwarfish, spreading, vigorous, very productive;
fruit medium to large, nearly round, with thin skin, somewhat hairy, dark red; flesh firm,
juicy, rich, sweet; good; ripens early.

Crystal, i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 11^: id. 1897.

Received for testing at this Station in 1888 from J. M. Ogle, Puyallup, Washington.
It is probably a hybrid between a European gooseberry and some American sort. Plants
vigorous, upright, productive; fruit below medium; skin moderately thick, dull green,
downy; fair.

Cyprus. 1. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:22. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are moderately vigorous, nearly free from mildew;
fruit large, oblong; skin rather tough, dark red, nearly smooth; very good.

Dan Mistake, i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:579. 1855. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897.
As grown at this Station, the plants are vigorous and only slightly subject to mildew;
fruit large, roundish oblong, smooth or slightly hairy, red; good.

Deacon, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:23. 1907.

A seedling of Downing originated by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, about 1890.
Plants vigorous, moderately productive, slightly affected with mildew; fruit of medium
size, oval, smooth, yellowish green, sweet; good; midseason.

Diadem, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants lack vigor, nearly free from mildew;
fruit medium in size, smooth, green, tinged with yellow, somewhat acid; fair; late.

328 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Dominion, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897.

Received at this Station for testing in 1892 from E. C. Pierson, Waterloo, New
York. Plants vigorous, productive, free from mildew; fruit large, roundish oblong, pale
greenish white, nearly transparent, sweet; very good.

Downing, i. Can. Hort. 1^:161, PI 1891. 2. A^. 7. Sia. St(/. 114:16, PI. II, fig. i. 1897.

Downing's Seedling. 3. Horticulturist 12:462, fig. 1857.

Of the sorts bred from an American species. Downing is now more grown in North
America than any other gooseberry', although it is now agreed by botanists and pomologists
that it is a hybrid with the European species. It is one of the easiest of all gooseberries
to propagate, and from the time of its introduction it has, therefore, been a favorite with
nurserymen. Fruit growers like it, also, because the plants are very vigorous, healthy and
productive, and although the fruits are small, they are smooth, thin skinned, rather attrac-
tive in appearance and of very good quality. To be at its best the fruit must be picked as
soon as full size is attained since decay sets in soon after maturity, and the product is seldom
found in the markets sufficiently well ripened to eat out of hand. The plants are rarely
attacked by mildew. Downing was originated about 1855 by Charles Downing, New-
burgh, New York, as a seedling of Houghton. The varietj' was added to the fruit catalog
of the American Pomological Society in 1862 and its name still appears in the Society's
catalogs.

Plants above medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather dense, very produc-
tive, healthy; young shoots medium in thickness, numerous, with a thin layer of dull gray
scarf-skin over brownish red; prickles strong, short, numerous, of mediimi thickness, 1-3,
with bristles between the nodes, more nimierous towards the base of the canes; leaf -buds
medium in size and length, plump, appressed; leaves of medium size, with obovate lobes,
medium in thickness and color, glossy, smooth or somewhat rugose, with somewhat hairy,
crenate margins; petiole short, of medivun thickness, greenish, pubescent. Flowers early,
of medium size, 1-4; pedicels medium in length and thickness, glabrous; calyx-tube green,
glabrous; cal3Tc-lobes medium in length, width, and thickness, very lightly pubescent
beneath, green, tinged with red; ovary quite glabrous, shining, greenish. Fruit mid-
season; variable in size averaging medium or below, roundish, silvery green, dull; pedicels
short, thick; skin smooth, covered with bloom, thin, tough; flesh juciy, tender, aromatic,
sprightly becoming sweet; quality very good to best.

Drill. I. Hogg Fruit Man. 125. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897.

An old English variety, the Station plants of which are not vigorous and are very sus-
ceptible to mildew; fruit large, pyriform, smooth, yellowish, sweet; good.

Duck Wing. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 175. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27,. 1897.
On the Station grounds the plants are moderately vigorous, nearly free from mildew;
fruit medium in size, somewhat pyriform, with thin skin, smooth, dark green, tinged with
yellow and sometimes mottled with red; very good.

Duke of Sutherland, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 126. 1866. 2. A^. 7. 5ta. Sm/. 114:23. 1897.

In the Station plats, the plants of this old English berry are vigorous, but slow growers,

nearly free from mildew; fruit large, oblong, mostly smooth, red, sweet; very good; late.

DOWNING

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 329

Duncan, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:23. 1907.

A hybrid between R. cynosbati and Red Warrington. It was originated by William
Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, about iSgo. Plants vigorous, upright, moderately productive;
fruit large, oval, dull coppery red, quite prickly, with thick skin, sweet with much of the
wild flavor; good; midseason.

Duplication. 1. Goldsborough Cat. 4. 1908.

Originated about 1S90 by Arthur T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C. As grown at
this Station the plants are upright-spreading; fruit large, roundish oblong, hairy, light
green, pleasantly flavored; good.

Duster, i. Lindley CwKfc Orc/j. Card 181. 1831. 2. A''. F. Sto. 5m/. 114:23. 1897.

As grown here, plants of this old English sort are moderately vigorous, somewhat
affected by mildew; fruit of medium size, ovate or oblong, pale green, nearly smooth,
sweet; good.

Early Green Hairy, i. Christ Handb. 810. 1817. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:22, PI. 22. 1S28.

Green Gascoigne. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 129. 1866.

Green Gage. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852.

This variety has been much cultivated in the Old World for more than a century.
It was introduced in America long ago and from 1852 until 187 1 the name appeared in the
fruit list recommended by the American Pomological Society. Plants vigorous, productive ;
fruit small, round; skin thin, hair\', deep green; good; early.

Excellent, i. A^ Y. Sta. Bid. 114:23. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants are \agorous, productive, somewhat
subject to mildew; fruit mediimi to large, round, nearly smooth, light red; verj^ good.

Excelsior, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:17. 1897.

A seedling of Champion which originated with J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Indiana, from
whom it was received by this Station for testing in 1893. Plants vigorous, free from mil-
dew; fruit roundish, smooth, light green; good.

Faithful. I. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 180. 1831. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897.

Station plants moderatelj- vigorous, susceptible to rmldew; fruit medium to large,
somewhat oblong; skin thick, nearly smooth, pale green; poor.

Falstaff. I. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:23. 1897.

Plants at this Station are subject to mildew; fruit large, pyriform, smooth, dark green
tinged with red, sweet; good.

Fascination, i. F/or cS' Powz. 57, PI. 512, fig. 4. 18S0. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27,. 1897.
Raised by Joseph Weston, Sutton, England, and distributed by him in 1877. As
grown at this Station the plants are weak and subject to mildew; fruit of medium size,
roundish, pale green, mottled with red, nearly smooth, sweet; fair.

Favonius. i. Jour. Hart. N. S. 11:233. 1885. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are vigorous, somewhat susceptible to mildew;
fruit large, roundish, white, nearly smooth, sweet; good.

330 THE SMALI- FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Flixtonia. i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2: S79- i8S5- 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:22. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are moderately vigorous and inclined to mildew; fruit
large, pale red, slightly hairy, sweet; very good.

Flora. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897. 2. Cati. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:24. 1907.
A cross between Houghton and Red Warrington which originated with William
Satmders, Ottawa, Canada, about 1890. In the Station plats the plants are vigorous and
healthy; fruit large, oblong, smooth green, with tough skin, sweet; good.

Forester, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 178. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:23. 1897.
An old English variety, plants of which at this Station are moderately vigorous,
slightly subject to mildew; fruit large, oval-oblong, pale red, somewhat hairy, sweet;
good.

Foxhunter. i. Card. Chron. 811. 1844. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Cultivated in England as early as 1823. As grown here the plants are moderately
vigorous, inclined to mildew; fruit large, oblong, dark green tinged with red, smooth, sweet;
good.

Freedom, i. Card. Chron. 613. 1843. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 128. 1866. 3. A^. Y.
Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.
An old English sort. Station plants are moderately vigorous, productive, nearly free
from mildew; fruit large, oblong; skin smooth, creamy white, sweet; good.

Frontenac. 1. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Cayuga. 2. Rural N. Y. 52:34, fig. 10. 1893.

This variety was introduced by H. S. Anderson, Union Springs, New York, in 1884.
At this Station the plants are very vigorous and productive, subject to mildew; fruit large,
oblong, smooth, pale green, sweet; good.

Galopin. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

As grown here the plants are vigorous, slightly affected by mildew; fruit large, pyri-
form, smooth, dark green, tough skin; good.

Garibaldi, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 128. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Originated in England about i860. As grown at this Station the fruit is medium to
large, roundish, fine yellow, nearly sweet; good.

General, i. Card. Chron. 612. 1843. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:24. 1897.

As grown here the plants of this sort are moderately vigorous; fruit medium to large,
oblong, smooth, green; good.

George Ridley, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are vigorous but susceptible to mildew; fruit medium
to large, pyriform, pale green, acid; poor.

Gibb. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 104. 1898.

Originated by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, about 1890. Plants vigorous,
moderately productive, slightly affected with mildew; fruit large, roundish oval, dull red
and green, smooth, sweet; good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 33 1

Gill. I. Rural N. Y. 57:322, fig. 138. 1898.

About 1878 John W. Gill, Philipsburg, Pennsylvania, was given plants of a gooseberry
by an Englishman. Gill propagated it and distributed it under his name. Plants produc-
tive, immune to mildew ; fruit large, roundish oblong, light green occasionally tinged with
red; good; early.

Gipsy Queen, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 147. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Grown in England in i860. As grown at this Station the plants are weak and slightly
affected by mildew; fruit large, oval; skin thin, smooth, yellow; sweet; fair.

Golbome. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Station plants vigorous, susceptible to mildew; fruit medium to large, oblong, light
red, smooth; good.

Golden Beauty. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 81. 1904-05.

Mentioned in a report of the American Pomological Society's committee on Small
Fruits in 1904 by A. F. Stevens, Wellesley, Massachusetts, as a new seedling, plants of
which are vigorous, and free from mildew; fruit very large, golden yellow; very good.

Golden Drop. i. Christ /faMcf6. 813. 1817. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24, 1897.

This old variety is widely grown in Europe. Station plants are moderately vigorous,
nearly free from mildew; fruit medium in size, roundish oblong; sldn very thin, light yellow
changing to red, speckled on the exposed side, slightly hairy; good; early.

Golden Prolific, i. Can. Hort. 11:125. iSSQ- 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Golden. 3. Mich. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 307. 1907.

An American seedling of the English type, found in 1882 in Rochester, New York.
John Charlton, a nurserjinan of Rochester, propagated the variety and distributed it
eight years later. Station plants moderately vigorous, productive, mildew badly; fruit
medium in size, oblong; skin thick, golden yellow, hairy and spiny; subacid; fair.

Governor, i. 'Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 174. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.
In the Station plats the plants are moderately vigorous, subject to mildew; fruit smooth,
dark red, nearly sweet; good.

Gracilla. i. Rural N. Y. 56:646, fig. 270. 1897.

A variety of the European type sent out in 1895 by L. H. Hoysradt, Pine Plains, New
York. Plants vigorous; fruit large, oblong, smooth, slightly crimson on tlie sunny side;
good.
Great Rack. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:24. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants are moderately vigorous and somewhat
subject to mildew; fruit large, oblong, nearly smooth, dark red, sweet; good.

Green Walnut, i. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Smooth Green. 2. Mawe-Abercrombie Univ. Gard. Bot. 1778.

Belmont Green. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 193. 1826.

Nonpareil. 4. Hort. Reg. (Eng.) 548. 1833.

This is one of the oldest gooseberries in cultivation and is still much grown in some
parts of Europe. The variety was included in the fruit list of the American Pomological

332 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Society from 1852 to 1871. As grown at this Station the plants are moderately vigorous,
nearly free from mildew; fruit medium in size, round, smooth, green, sweet; good.

Green Willow, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 70. 1852.

Johnson's Green Willow. 2. Christ Handb. 811. 1817.

In Europe this old variety is much grown for the home and market. Plants vigorous,
productive; fruit large to very large, pear-shaped or oblong; skin thin, smooth, dull green;
good; midseason.

Greenock, i. Mcintosh Bk. Gard. 2:579. 1855. 2. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

Station plants moderately vigorous, susceptible to mildew; fruit medium to large,
roundish, smooth, green, rather acid; fair.

Gretna Green, i. Mcintosh i?fe. Gar^. 2:579. 1855. 2,- A/". F. 5ta. 7?«/. 114:24. 1897.

As grown at this Station the plants are weak and subject to mildew; fruit medium to

large, roundish oblong; skin thin, dark green, sparsely hairy; pleasantly flavored; good.

Harriet, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:24. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants of this variety are moderately vigorous
and slightly affected by mildew; fruit of medium size, oblong, green tinged with red, hairy,
subacid; inferior in quality.

Hedgehog, i. Maurer Stachelheerhuch 262, fig. 121. 1913.

Improved Early Hedgehog. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

An old variety still much grown in Europe. At this Station the plants are vigorous,
productive, but slightly affected by mildew; fruit below medium in size, nearly round,
yellowish green, somewhat hairy, sweet; fair.

Helpmate, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

Station plants weak, subject to mildew; fruit large, oblong, smootli, light green;
good.

Hero of the Nile. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 131. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:25. 1897.
As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous, subject to mildew; fruit large,
roundish oblong, smooth, green, subacid; good.

High Sheriff, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 131. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:25. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are moderately vigorous, nearly free from mildew;
fruit large, roundish oval, slightly hairy, yellow, subacid; fair.

Highlander, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 131. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:25. 1S97.

Station plants moderately vigorous, mildew slightly; fruit medium, round, slightly
hairy, dark red, nearly sweet; good.

HitorMiss. i. Um^ey Guide Orch. Gard. it ^. 1831. 2. A^. F. 5ta. 5m/. 114:25. 1897.
As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous and affected by mildew; fruit large,
roundish pyriform, yellowish, nearly smooth, sweet; good.

Hobbs Seedling, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 504. 1869.

Originated by 0. J. Hobbs, Randolph, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium in size, roundish
oval, pale green, smooth.

HOENINGS EARLIEST

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 333

Hoenings Earliest, i. Maurer Staclielbeerbuch 246. 1913.

In a plantation of some seventy or eighty varieties of European gooseberries, Hoenings
Earliest is one of the earliest and one of the best. The fruits are beautiful golden yellow,
the handsomest and best-flavored yellow gooseberry on otir grounds. The plants are vigor-
ous, hardy, productive, and fairly free from mildew. At any rate, the variety can be recom-
mended for home use if the sort can be had from American nurserymen. Hoenings Earliest
is very similar to a sort described by Hogg in England many years ago as Early Sulphur.
This gooseberry was raised about 1900 by Julius Hoenings, Neuss, Germany. It has
been disseminated on the continent by Herrn Hoenings, but as yet is little known in
America.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, dense, variable in yield; young shoots stocky, dull
brown mingled with gray; prickles strong, usually in threes, medium in thickness and length,
numerous, with many bristles between the nodes especially towards the base of the shoots;
leaf -buds small, short, conical, lean, free or slightly appressed; leaves large, cordate-ovate,
medium in thickness and color, glossy, smooth, usually with five deeply cut lobes; petiole
long, glabrous. Flowers midseason, meditmi to large, 1-2; pedicels longish, pubescent;
calyx-tube pubescent; calyx-lobes tinged with red; ovary pubescent, glandiolar. Fruit
early; clings well; large, roundish oval, glossy, yellowish, with paler veins; skin hairy,
thick, tender, translucent; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; quality very good.

Houghton. I. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 390. 1898.

Houghton's Seedling. 2. Mag. Hort. 13:422. 1847. 3. Horticulturist 3:119, fig.
19. 1848-49.

Although it has several faults, Houghton is widely and commonly planted wherever
gooseberries are grown in North America. It is without question the most popular
sort after Downing. Its most glaring faults are that the fruits are small and uninviting
in appearance; the foliage is a little too susceptible to mildew and aphis; and canners,
to whom gooseberries are mostly sold in large quantities, do not like the fruit. To
offset these faults, the plants are very hardy, vigorous, productive, thrive under a great
diversity of conditions, and the berries are rich and sweet, although not of the best quality.
Houghton is without question a hybrid between an European and an American gooseberry,
and is the oldest American variety of note, having originated from seed planted in 1833 by
Abel Houghton, Lynn, Massachusetts. Houghton was added to the recommended fruit
list of the American Pomological Society in 1852, a place it still retains.

Plants very large, vigorous, upright becoming very spreading, rather dense, productive
to very productive, healthy; young shoots medium to slender, numerous, dark brownish
red overlaid with dull gray ; prickles medium in thickness and strength, short, usually singly
or in twos, with few bristles between the nodes; leaf-buds small, of medium length, conical,
lean, free; leaves medium in size and thickness, cordate, with obovate, open, deeply cut
lobes, dark green, semi-glossy, variable in smoothness; with hairy, crenate margins; petiole
short, of medium thickness, greenish, pubescent. Flowers late, small, 1-3; pedicels
medium in length and thickness, glabrous; calyx-tube green, glabrous, green mingled with
a slight reddish tinge; ovary glabrous, quite smooth and shining, greenish. Fruit mid-
season; verj' small, roundish, light silvery green changing at maturity to a rather handsome

334 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

dull dark red; skin smooth, thin, glaucous, medium in firmness; flesh greenish, moderately-
juicy, tender, pleasing in flavor, very sweet; quality very good.

Hudson. I. Card. Mon. 22:303. 1880.

Raised by J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, New York, in the early seventies. It is
supposed to be a seedling of an American gooseberry. Plants healthy; fruit large;
good.

Hue-and-Cry. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 131. 1866. 2. TV. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:25. 1897.

At this Station the plants are medium growers and subject to mildew; fruit large,
oblong, pale green, smooth, sweet; good.

Huntsman, i. TV. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

Station plants vigorous, productive, nearly free from mildew; fruit large, oblong,
smooth, pale green, sweet; good.

Industry, i. Rural N. Y. 44:770. 1885. 2. N. Y. Sta. Biil. 114:25. 1897.

Whinham's Industry. 3. Card. Chron. 3d Ser. 3:597. 1888.

With Chautauqua, Industry is usually considered the best of the European gooseberries
in America. It is one of the most vigorous varieties of its class; rather more productive
than any other European; and while by no means free from mildew, it often passes through
a season without much mildew, and when infested, the disease is usually readily controlled
by spraying. On our grounds the plants are very strong growers, and usually produce as
much fruit if not more than those of any other European variety. Many gooseberry
growers prefer to have plants from the nursery grown in bush form rather than in tree
form. The berries are large, claret-red, rich, sweet, and delicately piquant, and about the
best flavored of all the commonlj' grown gooseberries in American plantations. Very
often the berries are picked too soon; to be at their best they should be allowed to remain
on the plant until full maturity is reached. The chief defect of the variety for American
conditions is that it is difficult to propagate, and therefore scarcely obtainable from nursery-
men. Industry was raised by Robert Whinham early in the nineteenth century in northern
England. It was disseminated in this country by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York,
about 1885. The American Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit catalog
list in 1 89 1.

Plants of medium size and density, vigorous, upright, productive, healthy; young
shoots mediiim in thickness and number, dark brownish red almost entirely overspread
with gray scarf-skin; prickles variable in length, of medium thickness and number, strong,
thick at the base, singly with scattering bristles between the nodes; leaf -buds large, long,
conical, plump, free; leaves medium in size, cordate, with obovate, deeply cut, open lobes,
thick, dark green, glossy, smooth, with crenate margins; petiole of medium length and
thickness, greenish, pubescent and with reddish hairs. Flowers midseason, large, singly;
pedicels medium in length and thickness, pubescent; cal3Tc-tube green, pubescent; calyx-
lobes narrow, medium in length and thickness, pubescent, tinged red; ovary pubescent,
sometimes with a few reddish hairs. Fruit early; variable in size and shape, averaging
large, roundish oval, deep, dioll wine-red, with lines and flecks of lighter color becoming
dark red at full maturity; skin variable, nearly smooth or slightly hairy, glaucous, of medium

HOUGHTON

INDUSTRY

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 335

thickness, tough, translucent; flesh yellowish green, juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly
to sweet; quality very good.

Ironmonger, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 189. 1826. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

This variety has been known in England for more than a century, and, though similar
to Red Champagne, is distinct. It was included in the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society from i8s2toi87i. As grown at this Station the plants are vigorous
and free from mildew; fruit small, roimd, dark red, nearly smooth, sweet; good.

Italy. I. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

Station plants weak, mildew slightly ; fruit of medium size, nearly round, green tinged
with red, smooth, sweet; fair.

Jem Mace. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

In the Station plats, the plants are moderately vigorous, and free from mildew; fruit
of medium size, nearly round, smooth, yellow, sweet; good.

Jerry, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 132. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:25. 1897.

Station plants moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, nearly round, almost
white, slightly hairy, sweet; good.

Jessie, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants are weak and mildew slightly; fruit
large, nearly smooth, pale green, sweet; good.

Jewett. I. U. S. D. A. Perm. Rpt. 27. 1894.

A chance seedling found in a pasture and distributed by George H. Andrews, Clarkson,
New York. Fruit large, oblong, silvery green, becoming slightly blotched with red, firm,
juicy, subacid, rich; early.

John Anderson, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

Station plants weak, subject to mildew; fruit large, nearly round, light red, slightly
hairy, sweet; good.

John Hall. i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous and subject to mildew, productive ;
fruit medium to large, oblong, pale green, smooth, sweet; good.

Jolly Angler, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 75. 1842. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:26. 1897.

At this Station the plants of this variety are very vigorous, free from mildew and pro-
ductive; fruit large, roundish oblong, light green occasionally mottled with red, smooth,
sweet; good; late.

Jolly Sailor, i. A/^. F. Sta. 5m/. 114:26. 1897.

Station plants moderately vigorous, affected by mildew; fruit medium in size, nearly
rotmd, smooth, yellow, sweet; inferior.

Josselyn. i. Mich. St. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 307. 1907. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 1024:33.
1919.
Red Jacket. 3. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892. 4. Rural N. Y. 52:34, fig. 13.
1893. 5. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114: 19, PI. II, fig. 5. 1897.

336 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

This variety is supposed to be a hybrid between Houghton and Red Warrington.
It originated with William Saunders/ London, Ontario, about 1876, and was named and
introduced by George S. Josselyn, Fredonia, New York, about 1890. The sort was named
Red Jacket without knowledge of another Red Jacket of English origin. Latterly most
published information concerning the variety appears under the name Josselyn, although
the sort is still known as Red Jacket. The American Pomological Society first listed the
variety in its fruit catalog in 1897. Plants large, vigorous, spreading, practically free from
mildew, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish oval, reddish green, becoming pale red;
skin smooth; rich, juicy, fragrant, sweet; very good to best; early.

Keen Seedling, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 179. 183 1. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui 114:26.
1897.
Station plants moderately vigorous, slightly drooping, productive; fruit of medium
size, roundish oblong; skin thin, red, hairy; aromatic; good.

Keepsake, i. Card. Chron. 612. 1843. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 132. 1866.

Among the good European sorts in the Station plantation is Keepsake. The plants
are large, vigorous and productive, fairly free from mildew and other diseases, and compara-
tively easily propagated, which is a great asset in this country with European gooseberries.
A fault is that the fruits are variable in size and not particularly handsome in appearance.
But the quality is excellent and the fruit ripens early so that, all in all, the product is well
worth having, and the variety is one of the few European gooseberries that can be recom-
mended for American conditions. Keepsake apparently originated in England early in

' William Saunders, great Canadian horticulturist, entomologist, and a leader in experimental work in
agriculture in the Dominion of Canada, was bom in England in 1835 and died in London, Ontario, September
13, 1914. His name will be found in The Small Fruits of Ne-iV York as a breeder of raspberries, gooseber-
ries, and currants more often than that of any other man. On his fruit farm, near London, Ontario,
Saunders worked for many years hybridizing small fruits, grapes, and <ipples, besides which he did much in
improving Canadian cereals. Saunders started his professional career as a chemist and druggist, but
found time for work in the avocations of botany, entomology, horticulture, and plant breeding. He was
one of the founders of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and for thirteen years was editor of the Cana-
dian Entomologist. He is the author of Insects Injurious to Fruits, long regarded on this side of the Atlantic
as about the best book on economic entomology for fruit growers. In 1886 he became director of the
Dominion Experimental Farms at Ottawa, where for a quarter of a century he labored unremittingly in
science and administrative work to build up the splendid chain of agricultural stations which now stretch
in the provinces of Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Space does not offer to give details of his
work with all the fruits; mention can be made only of his most meritorious small fruits. Perhaps he did
most with black currants, of which Magnus, CUpper, Climax, and Eagle are best known. He crossed the
gooseberry with the black currant, thereby producing an interesting but sterile hj'brid. In his work with
raspberries he made many crosses between red and black sorts. Sarah is about the best cf these. Two
red varieties, Brighton and Count, have been grown more or less. Several of the gooseberries originated
by Saunders as Pearl and Josselyn, are now commonly grown in gooseberry regions. Perhaps his most
noteworthy work in breeding fruits was with hardy apples for the cold Canadian Northwest, using the com-
mon crab and Russian and American apples as parents. His Marquis wheat proved to be one of the best
varieties for the Northwest, and added millions of dollars to the farm crops in the Par West. He was, all
in all, Canada's greatest pomologist, plant breeder, and worker in agriculture, and stands out as a foremost
man in several fields of agriculture on this side of the Atlantic.

KEEPSAKE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 337

the nineteenth centurj- but no mention of the name of the originator or of the parentage of
the berry can be found. The variety- is widely grown in England. In 1909 the name
was added to the fruit list of the American Pomological Society.

Plants medium in size and \ngor, upright-spreading, dense, productive, healthy;
young shoots intermediate in stockiness and number, reddish brown almost entirely sub-
merged by dull gray scarf-skin; prickles medium in thickness, strength and length, usually
singly, with a few bristles between the nodes toward the base of the canes; leaf-buds medium
in size, length and plumpness, conical, free; leaves rather small, open at the base, cordate,
with deeply cut lobes, medium in color and thickness, semi-glossy, rugose, with somewhat
toothed or crenate, hairy margins; petiole short, of medium thickness, greenish, pubes-
cent, with light colored hairs. Flowers late, usually singly; pedicels short, slender, pubes-
cent; calj'x-tube green, pubescent; calj^-lobes medium in length, width and thickness,
tinged red; ovary pubescent. Fruit early; variable in size averaging medium, roundish
oval to long-oval, light green, with a silver^' tinge and with a few flecks of rusty red near
the base: skin nearly smooth, glaucous, thin, tough, translucent; flesh greenish, juicy,
firm, sprightly to sweet at full maturity; quality good.

King of Trumps, i. Card. Chron. 868. 1864. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:26. 1897.

On the Station groimds the plants are moderately vigorous and mildew badly; fruit
large, roundish oblong, smooth, pale green, subacid; good.

Lady Houghton. 1. Jour. Hort. N. S. 3:124. 1881. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:26. 1897.
As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous and free from mildew; fruit large,
oblong, yellowish green, sHghtly h&vry, sweet; good.

Lady Popham. i. Card. Chron. 103. 1S64. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are moderately \agorous, productive and nearly free
from mildew; fruit large, roundish oval, nearly smooth, yellow, very sweet; good.

Lady Stanley, i. Card. Chron. 583. 1846. 2. K. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

At this Station the plants are moderateh^ vigorous and slightly subject to mildew;
fruit of medium size, oblong, green tinged with red, slighth- hairy, subacid; good.

Lancashire Lad. 1. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 174. 183 1. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 133.
1 866. 3. Card Bush-Fr. 325. 191 7.

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 216. 1845.

This old English sort has long been grown in America and is possibly among the half
dozen best European gooseberries for American conditions. The fnuts stand shipment
particularly well and are handsome in appearance and ver>^ good in flavor when permitted
to ripen completely. It is a favorable market sort wherever it succeeds. Perhaps its
most valuable characteristic, however, is that the plants are comparatively little troubled
with the dreaded mildew. As a green fruit, the product is not desirable, as it is very
austere and sometimes astringent. This is an English variety of unknown origin,
long grown in English gardens and early introduced to America.

Plants small, weak, spreading, open, vmproductive ; 3-oung shoots stock}', few, reddish
brown overlaid with dull gray scarf-skin ; prickles strong, short, 1-3 ; leaf-buds small, medium
in length, obtuse, plump, free; leaves medium in size, thickness and color, cordate, with

338 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

deeply cut lobes, with hairy, slightly crenate margins; petiole short, of medium thickness,
green, pubescent, with few glands. Flowers very late, medium in size, singly; pedicels
short, medium thick, pubescent; calyx-tube green, pubescent; calyx-lobes medium in length
and thickness, narrow, pubescent, greenish red; ovary pubescent, glandular, reddish.
Fruit midseason; variable in size, medium to large, roimdish oval, often inclined to oblong,
at first pale silvery green becoming dark wine-red, with lines of lighter markings and flecks;
skin with long, rather stiff hairs, glandular, slightly glaucous, thin, tough ; flesh pale greenish
red, juicy, rather firm, sprightly; quality good.

Largo. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

Station plants moderately vigorous, mildew slightly; fruit medium, nearly round, dark
red, almost smooth, subacid; fair.

Late Emerald, i. Card. Mon. 19:275. 1877.

Originated by E. P. Roe, Cornwall, New York. Plants vigorous, productive; resistant
to mildew; fruit large, bright green.

Lavinia. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

Plants at this Station are vigorous, and nearly free from mildew ; fruit medium to large,
oblong, green, smooth, sweet; good.

Leader, i. Lindley Guide Orch . Card. 175. 1831. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:26. 1897.

In England this is a standard variety. As grown at this Station the plants lack

vigor and mildew badly; fruit medium to large, oblong, yellowish, smooth, sweet;
good.

Leveller, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 133. 1866. 2. N. Y.Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Originated in England about 1850. On the Station grounds the plants lack vigor but
are productive, mildew slightly; fruit medium to large, oblong, nearly smooth, yellowish,
slightly acid; good.

Leviathan, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Here the plants mildew slightlj'; fruit below medium, nearly round, smooth; inferior.

Lion Provider, i. Card. Chron. 774. 1843. 2. N. Y.Sta. Bid. 114:27. 1897.

Station plants moderately vigorous, susceptible to mildew, medium productive;
fruit medium in size, long, red, slightly hairy; good.

Lizzard. i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Here the plants lack vigor, mildew slightly; fruit medium in size, oblong, smooth,
light green, sweet; good.

London, i. Card. Chron. 118. 1841. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bid. 114:27. 1897.

This variety has been known since 1840. As grown at this Station the plants are
moderately vigorous and mildew sUghtly; fruit large to very large, oblong, almost smooth,
dark red, sweet; good.

Long Barney, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Station plants vigorous, mildew slightly; fruit large, oblong, smooth, light red, sweet;
good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 339

Lord Beaconsfield. i. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:2 j. 1897.

Here the plants are vigorous, productive, but mildew slightly; fruit medium, roundish
oval, green, smooth, sweet; good.

Lord Leigh, i. A'. V. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

At this Station the plants are vigorous but mildew slightly; fruit large, oblong, red,
slightly hair^^ sweet; good.

Lord Rancliffe. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 180. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27.

1897.
Originated in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century. As grown here the
plants are vigorous but mildew; fruit large, oblong, smooth, yellowish green, subacid; good.

Lord Scarborough, i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Station plants lack vigor, but are nearly free from mildew; fruit large, pear-shaped,
yellowish green, nearly sweet; inferior.
Lowton. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are vigorous but mildew slightly; fruit medium in size,
roundish oblong, dark red, slightly hairj-, subacid; good; early.

Mabel, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:23. 1907.

Originated by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, about 1890. Plants vigorous, very
productive, resistant to mildew; fruit above medium in size, roundish oval, pale green,
translucent, sweet; fair; midseason.
Major Hibbert. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 135. 1866. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Station plants vigorous but mildew slightly; fruit small, nearly round, pale green,
slightly hairy, sweet; good.
Marlboro, i. Yiogg Fruit Man. 135. 1866. 2. A'. F. Sta. B?<Z. 114:27. 1897.

Here the plants are moderately vigorous, slightly subject to mildew; fruit large, oblong,
smooth, pale red, sweet; fair.
Mary Ann. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 182. 1866. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:2 j. 1897.

At this Station the plants are moderately vigorous, somewhat subject to mildew;
fruit large, nearly round, light green, nearly smooth, sweet; inferior.

Matchless, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 135. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are vigorous, productive, but mildew slightly;
fruit large, oblong, dull green, slightly hairy, sweet; very good.

May Duke. i. Maurer Stachelbeerbuch no, fig. 48. 1913. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers'
Bui. 1024:33, fig. 26. 1919.
May Duke was brought to America a few years ago and has been tested in several
different parts of the United States. All who have grown it think well of it as an early
gooseberry of the European type. Because of its vigorous, productive, healthy plants and
large, dark red smooth-skinned fruits and yellow, juicy, firm, aromatic and pleasantly
flavored flesh. May Duke is recommended as one of the best early sorts of its parentage.
On the grovmds of this Station May Baker is the same as May Didce. No information is
available as to the origin of this gooseberr\', except that the variety came to America from.

340 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

England. It was also taken to Gemiany in 1892, but German horticulturists were unable
to obtain information regarding its history.

Plants medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive, healthy;
young shoots somewhat stocky, intermediate in number of canes, dull reddish brown
mingled with gray scarf-skin; prickles slender, strong, short, seldom more than one; leaf-
buds medium in size and length, conical, plump, semi-free; leaves medium in size, and thick-
ness, cordate, with obovate lobes, dark green, semi-glossy, rugose, with hairj', crenate
margins; petiole medium in length and thickness, greenish, pubescent, with a few glands
toward the base. Flowers very early, medium in size, singly and occasionally in twos and
threes; pedicels medium in length and thickness, nearly glabrous; calyx- tube greenish,
slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes medium in length, width and thickness, pubescent under-
neath, green with faint tinge of red; ovary pubescent. Fruit early; variable in size averag-
ing above medium, roundish oval or oval, pale silvery green changing to dull dark red; skin
smooth, glaucous, medium in thickness and toughness; flesh yellowish, tinged with red,
juicy, firm, aromatic, pleasantly flavored, sweet; quality good to very good.

Miss Chester, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:2^. 1897.

Station plants weak, mildew slightly; fruit medium to large, nearly round, greenish,
smooth, slightly hairj', subacid; inferior.

Mitchell. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

Here the plants are vigorous, but mildew slightly: fruit medium to large, oblong, pale
green, smooth, sweet; good.

Mitre, i. Hogg Fmit Man. 135. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

As grown here the plants are vigorous but mildew slightly; fruit large, oval, pale green,
hairy, sweet; good.

Monarch, i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:579. 1855. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants lack vigor but are free from mildew; fruit medium
in size, oblong, red, slightly hairy, nearly sweet; good.

Monument, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:27. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are moderately vigorous but mildew slightly; fruit
medium, oval, pale red, nearly smooth, sweet; good.

Mount Pleasant, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 136. 1866. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.
Originated in England about 1850. Here the plants are moderately vigorous, pro-
ductive, mildew very slightly; fruit large, roundish oval, deep orange-yellow; sldn thick,
slightly hairy; sweet; fair.

Mountain, i. Cultivator 287. 1856. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:17, fig. 6, PI. 2. 1897.

Discovered by a colony of Shakers about 1846 growing wild at Lebanon, New York.
The habit of the plant indicates a hybrid between the G. grossularia and G. cynosbati.
From i860 to 1891 the variety was included in the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society. Station plants are tall, with slender sprawling branches, resistant to mildew, unpro-
ductive; fruit larger than that of Downing, oblong, dull brownish purple, smooth, thick-
skinned, moderately juicy, sweet.

MAY DUKE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 34 1

Mrs. Bowcock. i. A\ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. iSy;.

Here the plants are moderatel}' vigorous, inclined to mildew; fruit large, slightly oblong,
yellow, smooth, sweet; good.

Mrs. Whittaker. i. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

Station plants lack xagor and mildew slighth-; fruit large, pear-shaped, yellowish
green, nearly smooth, sweet; good.

Nailor. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 177. 1831. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:28. 1897.

Grown in England a centurj^ ago. Station plants produce fruit of medium size,
greenish white, smooth, sweet; good.

Nancy, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:28. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants of this variety are not strong growers
and are somewhat susceptible to mildew, but they are very productive; fruit large, nearly
round, slightly hair>', silvery white, sweet; good.

Napoleon le Grand, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 17,6. 1866. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui 114:28. 1897.
As grown at this Station the plants are moderately vigorous and quite free from m.il-
dew; fruit of medium size, roundish oval, red, slightly hairy, sweet; good.

Nebraska Prolific, i. Cotiutry Gent. 26:238. 1866.

This variety was tested in several states sixty years ago and may have originated with
R. O. Thompson, Nurserj- Hill, Nebraska. The plants are healthy, do not mildew, and
produce berries of exceptionally good flavor.

Nebraska Seedling, i. Country Gent. 26:142. 1865.

A seedling of Nebraska Prolific which was raised about sixty years ago by R. O.
Thompson, Nursery Hill, Nebraska. Plants vigorous, free from mildew, productive; fruit
large, green with slight pinkish tinge, pleasantly flavored; good.

Newell I. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.

Sent out for trial by A. H. Gaston, Locon, Illinois, about 1890. It is described as a
hardy plant, free from mildew, producing large, attractive berries.

Nottingham, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

Origin unknown. At this Station the plants are moderately vigorous, quite free from
mildew; fruit medium in size, oblong, red, somewhat hairy, subacid; good.

Orange, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1875. 2. Rtiral N. Y. 45:493, fig. 304. 1886.

Engle's Yellow. 3. Card. Mon. 17:270. 1875.

Early Orange. 4. Ind. Sta. Bid. 48:12. 1894.

Supposed to have originated in New A^ork many years ago; distributed by H. M. Engle,
Marietta, Penns}-lvania. The American Pomological Society included the variety in its
catalog list of fruits from 1875 to 1897. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit small, rich
golden yellow, pleasantly favored; good; early.

Oregon, i. Am. Pcm. Soc. Cat. 29. 1909.

Oregon Champion. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 3. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt.
394. 1891.

342 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Originated about i8Co on the grounds of Dr. P. Prettyman, Multonomah County,
Oregon, as a cross between Crown Bob and Houghton. In 1909 the American Pomological
Society added this berry to its hst of recommended fraits. Plants large, vigorous, upright-
spreading, very productive; fruit small, roundish oval, pale whitish green, with thin skin,
tough, smooth, juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly to rather tart; fair; midseason.

Oregon Jumbo, i. Card Bitsh-Fr. 403. 1S98.

Introduced many years ago by the J. T. Lovett Nursery Company, Little Silver, New
Jersey. Plants vigorous, productive, hardy; fruit smooth, pale green; good.

Over All. i. l.ind\ey Guide Orch. Card. 174. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.
Grown in England a century ago; widely disseminated there and upon the continent.
In the Station plats the plants are vigorous and nearly free from mildew; fruit large, round-
ish, pale green, smooth, sweet; good.

Overseer, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 137. 1866. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bid. 114:28. 1897.

Originated in England many years ago. At this Station the plants are not strong
growers but are quite free from mildew; fruit large, pale green, smooth, sweet; very
good.
Pale Red. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 504. i.SOy. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:18. 1897.

Ohio Seedling. 3. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 16. 1859.

Americav Seedling. 4. Rural N. Y. 11:287. i860.

Cluster. 5. Horticulturist 2i:2'j 5. 1866.

The origin of this variety is unknown except that it is an American variety and that
it has been under cultivation for at least a century. It has been known by various names
throughout this long period. The American Pomological Society first listed the sort in
its fruit catalog imder the name American Seedling in 1862, but changed the name to
Pale Red in 187 1, and it has so appeared since in the Society's catalog. Plants large,
vigorous, inclined to be upright-spreading, healthy, very productive; fruit medium to
small, roundish, light or pale red, becoming darker when fully mature, smooth, sweet;
good to very good; early.

Pearl, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 395. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:18, PI. II, fig. 3.
1897. 3. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:24, PI. 3. 1907.
William Saunders originated this variety at London, Ontario, in the early eighties as
a cross between Downing and Red Warrington. It was named and introduced in 1888
by A. M. Smith, St. Catharines, Ontario. At this Station the plants are vigorous, upright-
spreading, and productive, resembling Downing in growth and fruit characteristics; berries
small, roundish, silvery green, smooth, sweet with pleasant sprightliness; good; midseason.

Peru. I. Card. Chron. 583. 1846. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

Grown in England many years ago. Plants at this Station are large, spreading, unpro-
ductive; fruit large, oblong, slightly hairy, yellowish white, sweet; good.

Peto. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 137. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection, plants of this sort are vigorous but susceptible
to mildew; fruit medium in size, smooth, oblong, greenish white, subacid; inferior.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 343

Pilot. I. Card. Cliron. 118. 1841. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bid. 114:28. 1S97.

Originated in England long ago. At this Station the plants are moderately vigorous,
spreading, subject to mildew; fruit small, roundish oblong, green, smooth, subacid; inferior.
Plowboy. I. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

Plcugh Boy. 2. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. yj. 1842.

Originated in England nearly a century ago. In the Station plats the plants are
moderately \'igorous, mildew slighth-; fruit large, oblong, smooth, light red, subacid;
good.

Poorman. i. Utah St. Bd. Hoit. Rpt. 64. 1903-04. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bnl. 364:10^. 1913.
3. Rural N. Y. 79:875. 1920.

This variety has attracted more attention from American gooseberry growers than
anj- other sort in this generation. It has very generally' received the approbation of pomolo-
gists because of the vigor and productiveness of the plants and the handsome appearance
and high quality of the fruits. It passes as an American sort, with few characters to indicate
European blood. The berries are much larger than those of any of the other American
varieties and are characterized by their oval shape and red color when ripe. The quality
is unsurpassed by that of any other gooseberry. The thorns are short and few and less
objectionable than in most American varieties. Another splendid character is that it is
easily propagated from cuttings, so that nurserymen should find it much more profitable
to grow than either the Houghton or Downing which they so commonly sell because of
easy propagation. The plants are so vigorous that they should be set farther apart in the
field than other varieties. Poorman originated about 1888 with William H. Craighead,
Brigham City, Utah, and was introduced in 1896 by D. S. Lohr, Tremonton, Utah. It
is supposed to be a cross between Houghton and Downing, and the bush and fruit would
indicate such parentage. In 1909 the American Pomological Society added Poorman to
its catalog list of fruits.

Plants very large, very vigorous, upright, becoming quite spreading, dense, productive,
healthy ; young shoots variable but average slender, numerous, reddish brown, covered with
a rather loose, gray scart"-skin; prickles quite variable, average medium in size, strong,
variable in thickness and length, 1-3, interspersed with few to many bristles between the
intemodes; leaf-buds medium in size and length, conical, lean, semi-free; leaves medium to
very large especially on the branches without fruit, cordate, with deeply cut, obovate
lobes, thin, medium green, semi-glossy, rugose, with crenate to nearly serrate, hairy mar-
gins; petioles medium in length, rather slender, greenish, pubescent, with very few glands
near the base. Flowers midseason, medium in size, usually singly, sometimes two; pedicels
medium in length and thickness, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with tinge of red, glabrous;
calyx-tubes short, narrow, medium in thickness, glabrous within, with a few small hairs
without, duU greenish red; ovary glabrous. Fruit early midseason, ripening period long,
picks easily; variable in size, averaging above medium, roundish oval to distinctly oval or
somewhat pear-shaped, pale silvery green gradually changing to a beautiful pinkish red
deepening to almost wine-red; skin smooth, with thin, lilac bloom, rather tough, translu-
cent; flesh greenish, juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly becoming very sweet; aromatic;
quality verj' good to best.

344 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Poorman Delight, i. Lovett Cat. 14. igzo.

Introduced by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey. Plants vigorous, upright, with
attractive glossy foliage, productive; fruit large, bright red; good.

Portage, i. U. S. D. A. Pmi. Rpt. 395. i8gi. 2. Ibid. 27, PI. IL 1894. 3. Card
Bush-Fr. 327. 1917.

This variety is so similar to Chautauqua on the grounds of this Station that the two
have sometimes been thought identical. The variety, however, is described as distinct by
workers in the United States Department of Agriculture and by other pomologists so that
it is here held as distinct. A comparison of the descriptions of the two sorts shows some
slight differences. As yet the variety is little known among berry growers, but with its good
qualities ought to be generally planted. Portage originated as a chance seedling in 1874
with A. H. House, Mantua, Portage County, Ohio. It was propagated in a limited way
by George J. Streator, Garrettsville, Ohio, imtil about 1905 when nursery firms began
offering it for sale.

Plants above medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive, healthy;
young shoots stocky, numerous, reddish brown overlaid with dull gray scarf-skin; prickles
slender, strong, short, 1-3; leaf-buds medium in size, long, obtuse, moderately plump,
semi-free, ragged at the apex; leaves medium in size, cordate, with obovate lobes, thick,
medium green, glossy, rugose, with hairy, crenate margins; petiole short, medium in thick-
ness, pubescent, with very few small glands near the base. Flowers early, medium in size,
usually singly, occasionally in twos; pedicels medium in length and thickness, pubescent;
calyx-tube reddish green, heavily pubescent ; calyx-lobes medium in length, width and thick-
ness, pubescent ; dull reddish green ; ovary pubescent. Fruit late ; variable in size, medium
to large, roimdish oval, dull, pale silvery green; skin smooth, glaucous, thin, tough; flesh
very light green, juicy, soft, aromatic, mild and sweet when fully ripe; quality very good.

Postman, i. Hogg Fjuit Man. 139. 1866. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

On the Station grounds, plants of this variety are vigorous, spreading, and nearly free
from mildew ; fruit medium in size, roundish oval, nearly smooth, pale green, sweet ; good.

Premier, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Introduced from England about 1897 by Brown Brothers, Ontario, Canada. Plants
vigorous, free from mildew, productive; fruit large, round, greenish yellow; very good.
President, i. Jour. Hort. 29:158. 1875. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

This may be a seedling raised by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada. As grown here
the plants are vigorous but somewhat susceptible to mildew; fruit large, long, red, slightly
hairy, subacid; good.
Pretender, i. Jour. Hort. 2g:is&. 1875. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28. 1897.

A berry of English origin. At this Station, the plants are fair growers and nearly free
from mildew; fruit of medium size, yellow, smooth; fair.
Pride of Michigan, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 287. 192 1.

This variety was found near South Haven, Michigan, and was introduced by Hurlbut
& Cross, Bangor, Michigan, about 1916. Plants vigorous, healthier, hardier, and more
productive than Downing which it resembles ; fruit large, roundish oval, pale green ; good.

POORMAN

i

PORTAGE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 345

Priscilla. I. N. Y. Sla. Bill. 114:28. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection, the plants are not strong growers but are nearly
free from mildew; fruit medium in size, oblong, light green, slightly mottled with red,
slightly hair}', nearly sweet; inferior.

Puyallup. I. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:28, PI. 8, fig. 64. 1897.

Pnyalhip Mammoth. 2. Card. Mon. 2S:2]i. 1886.

Found in 1881 on the bank of the Puyallup river, near Puyallup, Washington, by W.
M. Lee of Tacoma. Introduced in 1887 by J. AI. Ogle of Puyallup. At this Station the
plants are moderately vigorous and productive; fruit large, roundish oval, pale green,
smooth, sweet; very good.

QueenAnne. i. Lmdley Guide Orch. Card. lyj. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. ii4:2g. 1897.
Raised a century ago in England. As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous
and nearly free from mildew; fruit of medium size, long-oval, smooth, greenish yellow,
subacid; good.

Queen of Trumps, i. Card. Chron. 774. 1843. 2. AT'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:29. 1897.

Grown in England a centurj' ago. Plants at this Station are vigorous and quite free
from mildew; fruit large, oval, pale green, smooth, sweet; very good.

Queen of Whites, i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114: 2g. 1897.

On the Station groimds the plants of this variety are \'igorous, with scarcely a trace
of mildew; fruit large, roundish oval, smooth, pale yellowish green, sweet; good.

Queen Victoria, i. Card. Chron. 489. 1842. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:29. 1897.

Originated in England a century ago. In the Station plats the plants are not strong
growers but are quite free from mildew; fruit of medium size, roundish, green, smooth;
rather inferior; early.

Ralph. I. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 56:24. 1907.

Originated by William Saimders, Ottawa, Canada, prior to 1S90. Plants vigorous,
upright, not as hardy nor productive as many sorts; fruit small, roimdish oval, dull yellow^
hairy, with thin skin, sweet; fair; early.

Red Champagne, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 55. 1852. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:29. 1897.

Champagne. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 295. 1832.

A very old English variety once generally grown in eastern America. Plants at this
Station are vigorous and quite free from mildew; fruit small, roundish, somewhat hairy,
dark red, sweet; good. The American Pomological Society included the variety in its
fruit catalog from 1852 to 1871.

Red Jacket. 1. Jour. Hort. 3d Ser. 3:124. 1881. 2. Card Bush-Fr. 408. 1898.

An English variety of tmknown origin, entirely distinct from the Red Jacket of
American origin now known as Josseljm. Fniit large to very large, narrowing towards
the apex.
Red Robin, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 140. 1866. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:29. 1897.

Originated in England. As grown here the plants lack vigor but are nearly free from
mildew; fruit large, oblong, slightly hairy, light red, sweet; inferior.

346 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Red Warrington, i. Card. Citron. 69. 1841. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:29. 1897.

Aston' s Seedling. 3. Christ Handb. 802. 1817.

Aston' s Red. 4. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 178. 1831.

Warrington. 5. Horticulturist 2:341. 1847-48.

This old English sort is little grown in America but has so many good qualities for a
home plantation in which European gooseberries are wanted that it merits a place in this
text. The fruits are of but medium size and are rather dull in color and are rendered
somewhat less attractive by reason of stiff reddish hairs, but the quality is excellent and
the plants are satisfactory in nearly every respect. It merits notice also because of its
long and worthy past as an European variety under American conditions. Possibly no
other variety from across the seas has been grown longer or more widely in America than
Red Warrington. No information is available as to the origin of this variety except that it
is an old sort, probably first having been grown in England early in the last century. The
variety was probably brought to America nearly 100 years ago. The American Pomologi-
cal Society added the sort to its recommended list of fruits in 1852 where it appeared until
187 1 when it was dropped.

Plants medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive, healthy; young
shoots medium in stockiness and nimiber, dull reddish brown overspread with gray scarf-
skin; prickles thick, unusually strong, medium in length, thickened at the base, 1-3, often
in triplets; leaf-buds small, short, conical, lean, semi-free; leaves numerous, small, cordate,
with obovate lobes, medium in thickness and color, glossy, with hairy, crenate margins;
petiole short, medium in thickness, pubescent, with very few glands near the base. Flowers
midseason, medium in size, single; pedicels medium in thickness and length, pubescent;
calyx-tube green, slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes medium in length, width and thickness,
pubescent, green tinged with red; ovary pubescent, with small reddish glands. Fruit late;
variable in size, averaging medium to above, roundish oval to long-oval, pale silvery green
changing to a delicate pale red, showing faint reddish lines and light-colored flecks; skin
with rather long, stiff" hairs, slightly glaucous, thin, tough ; flesh yellowish green, with tinge
of red, juicy, firm, sprightly; quality good.

Ricardo. i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:579. 1855. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:26.
1907.

As grown in Canada this old English gooseberry is relatively free from mildew. Fruit
large, oval, dull coppery red, nearly smooth, sweet mingled with pleasant acidity; very
good.
Richland, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:23. 1907.

This sort is the result of a cross between Houghton and Red Warrington, made by
William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, prior to 1890. Plants vigorous, upright, moderately
productive; fruit medium in size, nearly rovmd, dull orange-red, smooth, sweet but with an
acid skin; good; midseason.
Rideau. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 104. 1898.

Another of Saunders' seedlings. Plants vigorous, very productive, almost free from
mildew; fruit medium to large, roimdish, green, wi*^h pale distinct ribs, smooth, sweet
mingled with pleasant acidity; good; late.

RED WARRINGTON

THE SMALL FRUITS QF NEW YORK 347

Ringer, i. Flor. & Pmn. 121, PI. 520, fig. 2. 1880. 2. A'. 1'. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.
Raised about i860 by David Chippindale, Rishton, England, who introduced it a few
years later. On the Station grotmds the plants are moderately \-igorous, nearly free from
mildew; fruit medium in size, roundish, yellowish green, smooth, sweet; fair.

Roaring Lion. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 175. 1831. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:30.
1897.
Originated in England a centur}- ago and early brought to America. The American
Pomological Society included the variety in its fnut catalog from 1873 to 1897. In the
Station plats the plants lack vigor and are affected by mildew; fruit of medium size, oblong,
smooth, light red, subacid; good.

Roe. I. Cult. & Count. Gent. 41:441. 1876.

This is a chance seedling found in an old Newburgh garden about i860 and introduced
fifteen years later b}- E. P. Roe, Cornwall, New York. Plants healthy, productive;
fruit large, attractive, free from mildew; sweet; fair.

Roesch. I. Penn. Sta. Rpt. Pt. 11:226. 1898-99.

Lew-is Roesch. 2. Mass. Sta. Bui. 44:11. 1897.

Of American origin. Plants upright, very vigorous, producti\-e; fruit unifonn, very
large, oval; skin thin, smooth, pale yellow; good.

Rough Red. i. Card. Chron. 761. 1842. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

Grown in England many years ago. At this Station the plants are \4gorous and free
from mildew; fruit large, oblong, slighth' hairj^ red, acid; good; early.

Rover, i. UmAXey Guide Orch. Gard. 176. 1831. 2. A'. Y'. Sta. Bid. 11/^:^0. 1897.

Raised about 1865 by Joseph Brotherton, Nantwich, England, who introduced it a
few years later. In the Station plats the plants lack vigor but are quite free from mildew;
fruit large to ver>- large, nearly round, smooth, dull green tinged with dull red.

Rumbullion, i. Langley Pomona 124. 1729. 2. K. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

Of verj' ancient origin. As grown here the plants are vigorous and free from mildew;
fruit small to medium in size, nearly round, slightly hairy, green, sweet; good.

Runge. I. U. S. D. A. Fanners' Bui 1024:33. 1919.

A European variety similar to Columbus. It has been tested in the Hudson River
Valley where it appears more productive and less susceptible to mildew than Columbus,
ripening later.

Ruth. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 104. 1898.

Raised by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, about 1890. Plants vigorous, produc-
tive, nearly free from mildew; fruit medium in size, oblong-oval, tapering at each end,
green with paler veins, smooth, sweet, mild with a pleasant subacid flavor; fair: midseason.

Saunders, i. Can. Hort. 22:412. 1899.

Originated in the late nineties by William Saunders. Plants \'igorous, free from mil-
dew, moderately productive; fruit very large, roundish oval, brownish red, smooth, sweet
mingled with a pleasant acidity; good; late.

348 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Shiner, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 141. 1866. 2. A'. Y. Sia. Bui 114:30. 1897.

Grown in England for more than half a century. At this Station the plants are
vigorous, spreading, productive and quite free from mildew; fruit large, slightly pear-shaped,
pale green, smooth, sweet; good.

Silvia. I. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 56:24. 1907.

This variety was raised by William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, in the late nineties.
Plants strong, upright-spreading, rather unproductive, free from mildew; fruit large, round-
ish, green tinged with dull red, smooth, subacid; good; midseason.

Sir George Brown, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 141. 1866. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

Of English origin. On the Station grounds the plants are vigorous, large, spreading,
but somewhat susceptible to mildew; fruit large, oblong, greenish white, nearly smooth,
sweet ; good.
Slaughterman, i. Kogg Fruit Man. 142. 1866. 2. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

Long grown in England. At this Station the plants lack vigor and are susceptible to
mildew; fruit large, oblong, smooth, red; good.

Smiling Beauty, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 177. 1831. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30.
1897.
Originated in England a century ago. In the Station plats the plants are vigorous
but affected by mildew; fruit large, roundish oval, greenish yellow, sweet; good.

Smith. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:19, PL II, fig. 4. 1897.

Smith's Improved. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 504. 1869.

Originated more than half a century ago by a Dr. Smith, Windsor, Vermont, from seed
of Houghton, and thought to be a hybrid between American and European gooseberries.
In 1 87 1 the variety was added to the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog list.
Plants vigorous, with curving canes and rather slender branches; berries smooth, dull pale
green, sometimes spotted with red, with light bloom; flesh juicy, sweet; good.

Smithers. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Mentioned by the State Nursery & Seed Company, Helena, Montana, as "a purple
variety of medium size, very prolific and hardy."

Snowball, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 182. 1831. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid.
56:26. 1907.
Originated in England a centurj^ ago. In Canada the plants are free from mildew;
fruit large, oval, dull copperish red, nearly smooth, sweet mingled with pleasant acidity;
fair.

Snowdrop, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 182. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:30. 1897.
Raised by Joseph Bratherton, Nantwich, England, about 1840. At this Station the
plants are moderately vigorous and nearly free from mildew; frmt large, pear-shaped,
smooth, light green, subacid; fair.

Speedwell, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 176. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:30. 1897.
Originated in England a century ago. On the Station grounds the plants are moder-
ately vigorous and free from mildew; fruit large, roundish, nearly smooth, red, sweet; fair.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 349

Sportsman, i. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:95, PI. L, fig. i. 1823. 2, A'. Y. Sta. Bui.
114:30. 1897.
Raised by John Wilmot, Isleworth, England, early in the last century. In the Station
goosebem' collection the plants are vigorous and quite free from mildew; fruit medium in
size, roundish, nearly smooth, red, subacid; good.

Stein. I. Rural A'. Y. 56:646. 1897.

Introduced by W. B. Fulton, Kirkwood, Ohio, as a cross between Houghton and an
old German sort. Plants dwarfish, healthy, free from mildew, very productive; fruit
medium in size, round, dark green; good; midseason.

Stella. I. Hogg Fruit Man. 143. 1866. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

An old English variety, plants of which, in the Station plats, are moderately vigorous,
and but slightly affected bj- mildew; fruit large, oblong, smooth, pale green, subacid; fair.

Stockwell. I. Hogg Fruit Alan. 143. 1S66. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:^0. 1897.

Originated in England many years ago. As grown here the plants are moderately vigor-
ous and but slightly susceptible to mildew; fruit large, oblong, smooth, light green, sweet;
good.

Strubler. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1891. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:163. 1899.

Grown by Phil Strubler, Naperville, Illinois. Plants vigorous; fruit large, roundish
oval, greenish yellow; good.

Succeed. 1. Jour. Hort. 9:127. 1865. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

In the Station plats the plants are moderately vigorous and productive, free from mil-
dew; fruit large, oblong, smooth, yellowish green, sweet; good.

Sulphur. I. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 79. 1842. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

Of ancient origin in England. Although resembling Early Sulphur, the variety is
distinct. At this Station the plants are vigorous, upright, very free from mildew; fruit
medium in size, round, nearly smooth, yellow, sweet; good.

Sunset. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:30. 1897.

In the Station gooseberry collection the plants are vigorous and free from mildew;
fruit large, oblong, nearly smooth, yellowish green, sweet; very good.

Sutherland, i. Can. Hort. 13:273. 1890.

Raised about forty years ago by George Sutherland, Meaford, Ontario, probably as
a seedling of Downing. Plants large, vigorous, upright, very productive, free from mildew;
fruit large, roundish oval, smooth, pale green; fair.

Tally Ho. i. Card. Chron. 118. 1841. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31. 1S97.

This old English variety, on the Station grounds, produces large, vigorous plants, free
from mildew; fruit large, pear-shaped, pale green, nearly smooth, sweet; good.

Telegraph, i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:579. 1855. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:31. 1897.

Of English origin, quite generally disseminated on the continent. As grown at this
Station, the plants are vigorous and spreading; fruit large, oblong, smooth, pale green,
sweet; fair; late.

350

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Thatcher, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 29:158. 1875. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31. 1897.

At this Station the plants are moderately vigorous and but little affected by mildew;
fruit large, oblong, smooth, greenish yellow, subacid; good; early.

Thomas Williams, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31- i897-

As grown at the Station, the plants are moderately vigorous and free from mildew;
fruit large, oblong, yellow, smooth, sweet; very good.

Thumper, i. Card. Chron. 118. 1841. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31. 1897.

Originated in England nearly a century ago. As tested in the Station gooseberry
collection, the plants are moderately vigorous, very productive, and but little affected by
mildew; fruit large, oblong, smooth, light green, sweet; good.

Tichbome. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31- 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are vigorous, slightly affected by mildew; fruit
large, oblong, smooth, light red, subacid; poor.
Transparent, i. Flor & Pcwi. 121, PL 520, fig. i. 1880. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31-

1897.
This variety was raised more than fifty years ago by Joseph Bratherton, Nantwich,
England. On the grounds of this Station, the plants are moderately vigorous and but
slightly affected by mildew; fruit large, round, nearly smooth, light green, acid; inferior.

Trebla. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 162. 1920.

Described by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, as a hybrid gooseberry with
Cham]3ion as one of the parents. Plants very \dgorous and productive, withstanding hot
weather well.

Tree. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 184. 1894. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 98:75. 1899.

This is an American wilding which resembles Mountain but is distinct. Plants vigor-
ous but slender, moderately productive ; fruit medium in size, green; fair; late.

Triumph. 1. Christ Handb. 812. 1817. 2. Rural N. Y. 45:493. 1886. 3. N. Y.
Sta. Bui. 114:31, PI. 8, fig. 66. 1897.

An old European variety brought to the notice of American growers by George
Achelis, West Chester, Pennsylvania, more than forty years ago. The American Pomo-
logical Society listed the variety in its catalog fruit list in 1897 but dropped it in 1909.
Plants vigorous, productive; fruit large, oblong or roundish, pale greenish yellow, smooth,
sweet; very good.

Trumpeter. 1. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 175. 1831. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid.
56:26. 1907.

An old variety from England. Plants vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit large,
oval to oblong or slightly pear-shaped; skin thick, yellowish green; moderately sweet;
fair.

Try Me Oh. i. A^. Y. Sto. 5m/. 114:31. 1897.

Plants at this Station are moderately vigorous and very slightly subject to mildew;
fruit medium in size, oblong, pale green, nearly smooth, subacid; good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 35 1

Unity. I. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31. 1897.

As grown at this Station the plants are moderately vigorous and but slightly affected
by mildew; fruit large, roundish oblong or pear-shaped, smooth, green, sweet; good.

Utah. I. Rtiral N. Y. 54:7. 1895.

H. L. Fairchild, Nichols, Connecticut, had the sort in a variety collection on his grounds
in 1894. Plants upright, productive; fruit variable, medium to large, dark red; good.

Van Fleet, i. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 310. 1922.

Dr. \'a7t Fleet. 2. Lovett Cat. 9, fig. 1916.

Originated in 1902 bj^ Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Washington, D. C, as a hybrid between
Houghton and Keepsake and Industry; introduced in 1916 by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver,
New Jersey. Plants vigorous, very productive; berries large, nearly round, light red when
fully ripe; sldn thin; flesh tender, with few seeds, rich; very good.

Veteran, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:31. 1897.

Plants in the Station gooseberrj- collection are moderately vigorous and nearly free
from mildew; fruit medium in size, pear-shaped, nearh- smooth, dark red, sweet; poor.

Victoria. I. Card. Mou. 12:156. 1870.

An English gooseberry once grown sparingly in the Middle West. Plants hard\%
vigorous, productive and nearly immune to mildew; fruit large, nearly smooth, red; good.

Village Green, i. Card. Chron. 1620. 187 1. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:31. 1897.

Plants at this Station are vigorous and but slightly susceptible to mildew; fruit of
medium size, oblong, smooth, pale green, subacid; good.

Viper. I. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 176. 1831. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:32. 1897.

The plants of this variety on the Station grounds are moderately vigorous and quite
free from mildew; fruit of medium size, roundish oblong, smooth, yellowish green, nearly
sweet; fair.

Visit. I. Jour. Hort. 21:121. 1871. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bid. 114:32. 1897.

As grown here the plants are moderately vigorous and nearly free from mildew; fruit
large, oblong, nearly smooth, pale green, subacid; fair.

Wakeful, i. Jour. Hort. 11:233. 1885. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:32. 1897.

Of English origin. Station plants are moderately vigorous, slightly affected by mildew ;
fruit large, nearly smooth, yellow, sweet; good.

Watson. I. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 114:32. 1897.

Watson Seedling Tree. 2. Ann. Hort. 131. 1893.

Raised about 1875 by Samuel Wilson, Mechanicsville, Pennsylvania. In 1879 the
variety was being grown extensively by William Watson, Provo City, Utah. Station plants
are very vigorous, spreading, productive, and quite free from mildew; fruit large, oblong,
smooth, dark red, sweet ; very good.

Weathercock, i. Mcintosh Bk. Card. 2:579. 1855. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:32. 1897.
In the Station gooseberry collection the plants are moderately vigorous, productive,
with slight traces of mildew; fruit large, round, smooth, yellowish green, sweet; good.

352 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Wellington Glory, i. Lindley Guide Orcli. Card. 177. 1831. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch.
297. 1832. 3. A^ Y. Sta. Bid. 114:32. 1897.

Wellington. 4. Am. Pom. Sac. Cat. 18. 1897.

For many years this has been one of the standard European sorts grown in America.
It is very similar to Chautauqua and no doubt the two are often confused. The vigor and
productiveness of the plants and the beauty and high quality of the fruits both recommend
it. The original plant of this variety was found in England more than a century ago.
The sort was early brought to America where it was once grown rather extensively. As
distributed at present by most American nurserjTnen, the variety is identical with or closely
resembles Chautauqua. The American Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit
list in 1897.

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, very productive, healthy; young
shoots mediimi in stockiness, numerous, dark reddish brown scantily overspread with gray
scarf-skin; prickles mediiun in thickness, strong, short, 1-3, more often single, interspersed
with bristles between the nodes toward the base of the canes; leaf-buds large, long, conical,
moderately plump, semi-free; leaves medium in size, thickness and color, cordate, with
obovate lobes, rugose; with hairy, crenate margins; petiole mediiun in length, slender, green-
ish, pubescent, glandular at the base. Flowers early, medium in size, single ; pedicels medium
in length and thickness, pubescent; calyx-lobes medium in length, width and thickness,
pubescent, dull red; ovary heavily pubescent. Fruit midseason, adheres well; variable in
size, averaging large, roundish oval to long-oval, light silvery green mingled with a faint
tinge of yellow at full maturity ; skin smooth, glaucous, mediimi in thickness, tough, trans-
lucent; flesh pale green, juicy, firm, mild and sweet when fully ripe, but with considerable
sprightliness next to the skin; quality good to very good.

Westennan Favorite, i. Card. Moit. 11:271. 1869.

A seedling of an English gooseberry raised more than fifty years ago at Sharon,
Pennsylvania. Fruit very large; considered equal to any English variety.

White Eagle, i. Mag. Hort. 1:207. 1835. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:32. 1897.

Eagle. 3. Hogg Fruit Mail. 126. 1866.

Cook's White Eagle. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 503. 1869.

Several characters of White Eagle make it desirable in plantations of European goose-
berries in this country. Thus, it is about the latest of all the European varieties ; the fruits
while variable in size are very large and attract attention because of their pear shape and
yellow color at maturity. The berries are sweet at full maturity and while not of the best
are very good in quality. The bush makes only a moderate growth, but usually mildews
but little. There seems to be no trace of the place or time of origin of this gooseberry.
Presumably the original plants were introduced to this country from England, and the
variety has been growing in American gardens for nearly a century.

Plants above medium in height and vigor, upright-spreading, dense, productive,
healthy; young shoots meditun in stockiness and number, smooth becoming roughish with
age, reddish brown overlaid with dull gray scarf-skin; prickles of medium thickness, length
and number, often in twos and threes, interspersed with but few bristles; leaf -buds medium

WELLINGTON GLORY

WHITE EAGLE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 353

in size and length, plump, semi-free; leaves medium in size, thickness and color, cordate,
with deeply cut obovate lobes, glossy, rugose, with hairy, crenate margins; i^etioles short,
of medium thickness, pubescent, sometimes glandular near the base. Flowers late, medium
in size, 1-3; pedicels medium in size and thickness, glabrous; caljTc-tube greenish red,
[jubescent; calyx-lobes medium in length, width and thickness, dull red and green; ovary
slightly pubescent. Fruit very late; variable in size, sometimes very large, pear-shaped,
light silvery green, with faintest yellow tinge at full maturity, dull; skin nearly smooth,
glaucous, mediimi in thickness, tough; flesh pale green, not ver^^ juicy, finn, sprightly becom-
ing nearly sweet at full maturity; quality fair.

White Hare. 1. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:32. 1897.

At this Station the plants are but moderately vigorous and considerably affected by
mildew; fruit large, round, smooth, greenish white, subacid; good.

Whitesmith, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 79. 1842. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 364. 1884. 3.
N. Y. Sia. Bui. 114:32. 1897.

Woodward's Whitesmith. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 95. 1802. 5. Brookshaw
Pomona PI. IV. 1817. 6. Card. Chron. 868. 1864.

Lancashire Lass. 7. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 177. 1831.

In some parts of the United States and Canada Whitesmith is considered the best of
the English varieties grown on this side of the Atlantic. The plants are very large and
vigorous and are usually productive. The fruit ripens early, and while not of the largest,
is above mediimi in size and is particularly good in quahty, the flesh being juicy, tender and
very pleasantlj- flavored. Unfortunately the plants usually mildew rather severely.
This is an old English variety, the date and place of origin of which is unknown. It was
grown in England, however, in 1802, when William Forsyth spoke of it as one of the newer
sorts. The variety has long been known in the United States. In 1852 the American
Pomological Society added the sort to its fruit catalog list, a place it still retains, the name
having long since been shortened to Whitesmith.

Plants above medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, somewhat open, productive;
young shoots medium in thickness and number, reddish brown overlaid with gray scarf-
skin; prickles slender, strong, medium in length, usually in ones; leaf -buds large, long,
obtuse, plump, semi-free; leaves medium in size, thickness and color, cordate, with obovate,
shallowly cut lobes, glossy, rugose, with hairy, crenate to nearly serrate margins; petiole
short, medium in thickness, green, pubescent, with few glands. Flowers early, medium in
size, usually single; pedicels medium in length and thickness, pubescent; calj^c-tube green,
pubescent; calyx-lobes medium in length, width and thickness, pubescent beneath, tinged
dull red; ovary with short, heavy pubescence, eglandular. Fruit early, above medium in
size, roundish oval, light silvery green, with faint tinge of yellow at full maturity; skin
smooth, glaucous, thin, tender; flesh light green, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly flavored,
sweet; quality good.

William Watson, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:33. 1897.

On the Station grounds the plants are moderately vigorous, with little mildew; fruit
medium in size, oblong, nearly smooth, yellow, sweet; very good.
23

354 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Wonderful, i. Gard. Chron. 84. 1841. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 114:33. 1897.

This is probably a variety of English origin, although Hogg credits William Saunders,
London, Ontario, with having raised it. Plants at this Station are moderately vigorous,
nearly free from mildew; fruit of medium size, round, nearly smooth, dark red, quite
sweet; good.
Yaxley Hero. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 175. 1831. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 114:33.

1897.
As grown at this Station the plants are moderately vigorous and productive; fruit
large, round, smooth, red, sweet; good.

WHITESMITH

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 355

PART III

STRAWBERRIES
CHAPTER XIV

THE EVOLUTION OF CULTIVATED STRAWBERRIES

The strawberry has remarkable powers of adapting itself to climates
and soils. In consequence it is fotmd in one species or another in almost
every part of the globe. But in general the many species are lovers of
cool climates and of dry, loose, warm soils. Under culture strawberries
belong distinctly to cold climates. In tropical and sub-tropical countries,
the plants grow but languidly, refuse to bear abundantly, and the fruits
are deficient in size, color, flavor, and the delicate fragrance from which
the strawberry derives its generic name Fragaria. The plants are most
luxuriant, and the fruits are most pleasing to eye and palate where greatest
hardihood to cold is reqmred. Wild or cultivated, strawberries are little
esteemed in warm countries. Accordingly, they are valued most, and came
to their present high estate as cultivated plants in the colder parts of the
temperate zones, especially in Europe and North America, to whose peoples
they owe domestication.

The strawberry is not only indigenous in many climates and soils,
but wherever it grows, it is usually a very common plant. It prop-
agates itself rapidly by runners and grows readily from seeds. Moreover,
the seeds are widely and plentifully diffused by birds and animals. There-
fore, in strictly agriculttiral regions, there has been little need to domesticate
strawberries because of the abimdance of the wild crops. The strawberry
differs also, in a very important particular from most other domesticated
fruits. Cultivation does not improve its flavor. Preference is often given
to the wild fruits under the theory that fine flavor diminishes in proportion
to greater size. It is only since we have had the modem strawberry, a
matter of a century or thereabouts, that high quality has been embodied
in large bulk

The strawberry has but lately come under cultivation. The ancient
Greeks and Romans did not cultivate it. In France and England it is of
a comparatively recent period among cultivated fruits. Its history dates
back scarcely more than four centuries in French and English gardens.

356 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

After the currant and gooseberry, however, it has been longest ctdtivated
of small fruits in North America, where it has been grown in gardens per-
haps two centuries and in commercial plantations about a century. Indeed,
as we shall see later, and as the study of its botany shows, the garden straw-
berry may well be called a New World fruit as it is derived mainly from
species native of the Americas, and New World varieties, which greatly
outniimber those of the Old World, have originated almost wholly in North
America.

The manner of domestication and evolution of the strawberry, as
to main events, persons concerned, dates and places, are fairly well known.
Its botanical derivation, however, is still obscure desp'.te the fact that species
of wild strawberries of pomological promise do not number a dozen and but
three or four of these have as yet awakened the interest of breeders. The
difficulty is that the few species under cultivation have been hybridized
to such an extent that a vast entanglement of strawberries has restilted.
The early nomenclature of cultivated forms is a labyrinth of confusion in
which no one can now find his way with surety.

Several notable botanists and pomologists have studied Fragaria,
and the history and development of its cultivated offspring assiduously,
yet no two arrive at the same conclusions as to the exact origin of the
modem cultivated strawberry. All historical evidence seems to have been
collected and examined by competent minds, without establishing whether
the cultivated strawberry belongs to a single species, and what, or whether
it is a hybrid and of what.

If the reader will turn to Chapter XV, The Systematic Botany of the
Strawberry, he will find descriptions and botanical data on all species of Fra-
garia, varieties of which are now cultivated or have been at one time or one
place or another, whence have come by a tortuous route of hybridization
the several thousand sorts grown in modem times. It is the purpose in
the next few pages to give the history of the domestication of these several
species and to tell as well as may be what part they have played in the
evolution of our modern strawberry. The five species are F. vesca,
F. moschata, F. viridis, F. inrginiana, and F. chiloensis. These have been
named in order of their introduction and in that order will be considered.

THE EUROPEAN OR WOOD STRAWBERRY

The common strawberry of Europe, the European or wood strawberry,
is Fragaria vesca. This is the species in the minds of Old World pomologists

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 357

since the earliest accounts of edible plants. It is the classical strawberry
of Virgil, Ovid, and Pliny who mention it as a wild plant but not as an
inhabitant of gardens. There seems to be documentary proof that this
strawberry' was cultivated in France as early as the fourteenth century,
but it is usual to place its introduction in the fruit garden in the fifteenth
centur>^ Certainly Ruellius speaks of it as a garden plant in 1536 as do
a half dozen or more other botanists and herbalists of the century as
recorded by Sturtevant.'

There is no dearth of information as to when introduced and as to what
the wild strawberry of Europe was at the time of its introduction into
European gardens. Sturtevant, who had unusual opporttmities to study
the history of edible plants, found many discussions and descriptions of
wild and cultivated strawberries in the sixteenth and the early part of the
seventeenth centuries. He - gives the following :

"The strawberry is figured fairly well in the Ortus Sanitatis, 151 1,
c. 188, but there is no mention of culture. Ruellius, however, 1536, speaks
of it as growing wild in shady situations, says gardens furnish a larger fruit,
and mentions even a white variety. Fuchsius, 1542, also speaks of the
larger garden variety, and Estinne, 1545, (perhaps also in his first edition
of the De Re Hortensi, 1535), says strawberries are used as delicacies on
the table, with sugar and cream, or wine, and that they are of the size of
a hazelnut; he says the plants bear most palatable fruit, red, especially when
they are fully ripe; that some grow on the moimtains and woods, and are
wild, but that some cultivated ones are so odorous that nothing can be
more so, and that these are larger, and some are white, others red, yet others
are both red and white.

" Cultivated strawberries are also noted by many authors of the sixteenth
century, as by Mizaldus, 1560; Pena and Lobel in 1571; and in 1586 Lyte's
Dodoens records, 'they be also much planted in gardens.' Porta, 1592,
regards them as among the delicacies of the garden and the delights of the
palate. Hyll, 1593, says ' they be much eaten at all men's tables,' and
that ' they will grow in gardens unto the bigness of a mulberry.' Le
Jardinier Soli aire, 16 12, gives directions for planting, and Parkinson, 1629,
notes a number of varieties. As to size, Dorstenius, 1540, speaks of them
as of the size of a hazelnut; Bauhin, 1596, as being double the size of the
wild; the Hortus Eystettensis , 1613, figures berries one and three-eighths
inches in diameter; Parkinson, in 1629, as ' neere five inches about;'
Plat, 1653, as two inches about in bigness: Vaillant, 1727, as an inch and
sometimes more in diameter."

• Hedrick, U. P. Slurtevanl's Notes on Edible Plants 274. 1919.
2 Hedrick, U. P. Ibid. 274. lyi,.

-558 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Bunyard finds still earlier records than those given by Stvirtevant.
He ' writes:

" It is not easy to fix an exact date for the first mention of the Straw-
berry, but it is generally held that to Nicolas Myrepsus, a Greek doctor of
the thirteenth century, must be accorded the honour. Both in Greek and
Roman literature the Arbutus and the Strawberry were g ven a common
name, a result of the theory of affinities then so much in vogue Pliny,
however, distinguished the difference in flavour, and the name ' fragum '
must, no doubt, have been first applied to the fragrant Strawberry. It does
not seem, however, that it was then a cultivated plant, and it is usual to
place its introduction to cultivation in the fifteenth century. There is,
however, ample evidence that it was found in gardens long before this;
documents exist which prove it was thus grown in the early part of the
fourteenth century in France. The Royal Gardens at the Louvre iinder
Charles V. possessed no fewer than 1200 plants, and many other records
testify to the appreciation of the fruit by its presence in French gardens
at this period."

From its earliest cultivation to the present time this strawberry has
varied but little as grown in European gardens and is seemingly devoid
of possibility of great improvement. Cultivated variet es, after 300 years
in the garden, are scarcely better in plant and fruit characters than the wild
type. The fruits on wild or cultivated plants are small and delicate and
borne sparingly on plants which are not at all self-assertive and need watch-
ful care in the garden. Some increases in the size of the fruits have been
noted in cultivated varieties, but Bunyard, in the reference given, states
that there are instances recorded, and gives examples, of large-fruited forms
found in the wild and draws the conclusion that greater size in fruit of the
pure-bred species is not only and always associated with cultivation.

It is impossible to say how many varieties of F. vesca have been culti-
vated in Europe, but no one of them has ever been widely or commonly
grown in America. It is to be found now only in the plantations of botanic
gardens or plant breeders on this side of the Atlantic. The Fressant seems
to have been one of the first and the most prominent of the varieties of this
species in England and France, and was at one time much grown in the fruit-
growing regions about Paris.

Reference to the discussion of the botany of this species, page 373,
shows that in Europe there are several varieties and forms besides the type,
some of which have aroused interest as curiosities but none of which

• Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc. 39:541. 1913-14.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 359

excepting the Alpine strawberry, var. semperflorens efflagellis, to be dis-
cussed later, has found a place in fruit gardens.

It remains now to be said that F. vesca is fovind rather commonly in
its var. Americana in eastern North America, and that, as with the type
species in Europe, no garden variety of note has ever arisen from it.
Here, as abroad, plants and fruits fall far short of the common garden
strawberry.

The Alpine strawberry, F. vesca semperflorens efflagellis, is the ever-
bearing strawberry of Europe and has been cultivated more or less, formerly
more than now, for its long-fruiting season. It is a native of the southern
slopes of the Alps, hence the name Alpine. From its everbearing habit it
is sometimes called the Monthly, and the Perpetual strawberry. There
are several points of difference between this form and the type, chief of which
is, of course, the summer and autumn-fniiting habit of the variety; but,
besides, the fruits are seldom as elongate, and the peduncles are longer and
bend downward with the weight of fruit

This strawberry was described as a garden plant in the middle of the
eighteenth century but was known by botanists at least 200 years before.
Possibly some 50 or 60 varieties of these everbearing strawberries have been
grown in Europe with more or less success, a few with marked success.
Several of these have been white-fruiting sorts, and one, the Bush Alpine,
was runnerless, of which there was also a white-fruited variety. From time
to time varieties of Alpine strawberries have been introduced in America,
usually with extravagant claims as to the autumn-bearing habit, but no
pure-bred garden variety of it has proved of value in this country.

THE HAUTBOIS STRAWBERRY

Another European strawberry long under cultivation but now of little
importance is Fragaria moschata, the Hautbois strawberry, distinguished
from F. vesca chiefly by the larger plant, an inflorescence that is almost or
quite umbellate, and a strong musky flavor in the fruit. Under cultivation
there have been hybrids with F. vesca and no doubt these have occurred in
the wild as well so that there is more or less difficulty in keeping the two
species distinct. The flowers of this species are dioecious and since in its
early cultivation nothing was known of sex in plants, males were destroyed,
whereupon, of course, the females bore no fruits. While common in many
parts of Europe, this species is not as widely distributed as is F. vesca in
the Old Worid.

360 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

The botanists and herbalists of the sixteenth centiiry mention this
strawberry as a cultivated plant, and from time to time garden varieties
were introduced, such as the Apricot, Framboise, and Royal in France,
and the Black, Globe, and Prolific in England. In Germany, near Ham-
burg, a variety or varieties of F. moschata are still grown and much liked for
their rich flavor and musky odor, but are seldom profitable because of the
small size of the berries and unproductiveness of the plants.

FRAG ARIA VIRIDIS

This exceedingly variable species is now and probably has been culti-
vated for several centuries in Europe as a curiosity and somewhat for its
fruits, especially when hybridized with one of the two preceding species. It
is a very dwarf, densely hairy plant bearing small fruits none too delectable
in the pure species. It has been hybridized with F. vesca and F. moschata
to produce sorts grown in France and Germany. None of its offspring are
of garden importance now and it may be eliminated as a factor in the
improvement of the cviltivated strawberry of the future. It is much more
interesting in its botany, which the reader should look up on page 377, than
in its pomology.

In studying the descriptions and illustrations of plant and fruit of
these three European strawberries one quickly comes to the conclusion
that none of them responds well to cultivation or to such selection as has
been practiced to secure better varieties. Cultivated sorts have differed
little from their wild prototypes. The strawberry, it would seem, could
never have reached great prominence as a cultivated fruit had all depend-
ence been placed on European species

THE AMERICAN WILD, SCARLET, OR VIRGINIAN STRAWBERRY

The commonest strawberry in North America, certainly in the eastern
part of the continent, is Fragaria virginiana and its botanical varieties
which pass under the common names wild strawberry, scarlet, and
Virginian strawberry. This is the common strawberry which was men-
tioned by the early European explorers and pioneers on our Atlantic
seaboard and is the wild strawberry of the fields and woods which has
given a delectable fruit to the inhabitants of eastern North America,
whether Indians or whites, during all time.

In the seventeenth century this strawberry was taken to Europe,
the exact date, as recorded by Jean Rodin, gardener to Louis XIII, being

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 36 1

1624. From France, in turn, it was taken to England where it seems to
have immediately found favor for it was soon widely cultivated by the
English who made importations of both seeds and plants from the United
States and Canada. In time it became an escape from cultivation, and
undoubtedly hybrids arose in both gardens and the wild in many parts of
Europe.

The berries of the Virginian strawberry are handsome in color and
form and delicious in taste and aroma but run small and no art of the culti-
vator seems to increase their size. For more than a hundred years only the
wild form could be found in English gardens despite the widely different
environment under which it must have been grown both there and on the
continent. Like the European species it seemed incapable of great varia-
tion. Two himdred years after its introduction in Europe, and after wide-
spread cultivation in Great Britain, but twenty-six named sorts were listed
by Barnet, writing for the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society
in T824.

A few varieties of the Virginian are still grown in England, chiefly for
jam, and in the list of varieties described in this text as American sorts
perhaps a score are pure-bred offspring of Fragaria virginiana. As a hybrid,
as we shall see, it probably plays a very important part.

The several botanical varieties described in Chapter XV vary con-
siderably in their value in the garden ; therefore for use in attempts at
amelioration or for plant breeding. Unfortunately these comparative
values are not yet as well determined as might be wished.

THE CHILEAN STRAWBERRY

The most conspicuous landmark in the domestication of the straw-
berry is the introduction of the Chilean, Fragaria chiloensis, in Europe early
in the eighteenth century. This species, as will be set forth in the dis-
cussion of its botany, is a native of western South and North America in
the mountain ranges near the coast and might perhaps better be called
the Pacific strawberry. It was taken from Chile to France in 171 2 by a
Captain Frezier, thence to England at least as early as 1727.

Little seems to have come from the Chilean strawberry for a hundred
years after its introduction into Europe and then its rapid amelioration
became one of the most remarkable phenomena recorded in pomology.
Within a half century after this marked improvement began, as indicated by
the introduction of many new and better varieties, the cultivation of all

262 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Other species had practically ceased, and the strawberry in North America
and Europe had passed from a minor to a major fruit in the two continents.

There has been much speculation as to what the stimulus or stimtili
were that started the strawberry on this unwonted career of improvement.
Perhaps no other fruit has had more careful and diligent study as to origin
and the means employed to bring plant and product to present perfection
than the strawberry. Beginning with Duchesne in 1766 down to the present
time, one or more men well trained in botany and pomology have searched
the records and studied wild and cultivated plants of this fruit to determine
its origin, the means of amelioration, and in particular the stimuli that started
it, a hundred years ago, to produce larger and better-flavored fruits.

Space does not admit of a detailed review of the work of these straw-
berry students since the results as published run into several monographs
and many technical papers. Perhaps what has been learned in the extended
and excellent studies of the origin of this fruit may be best summarized
by quoting from the four men who have last given the evolution of the
strawberry studious attention with the view of determining how the large-
fruited strawberries came into existence.

Sturtevant believed that the modem strawberry is derived through
hybridization of two European and two American species. He ' summarizes
his belief as follows:

" The modern varieties vinder American culture have usually large
berries with more or less sunken seeds, with the trusses lower than the
leaves, and seem to belong mostly to the species represented in natiu-e by
Fragaria Virginiana, although there are supposed hybridizations with
Fragaria Chiloensis, and, in the higher flavored class, with Fragaria elatior.
Certain it is that in growing seedlings from our improved varieties reversions
often occur to varieties referable to the Hautbois and Chilian sorts, from
which hybridization can be inferred. I have noted as of common occur-
rence that seedlings from high-flavored varieties are very likely to furnish
some plants of the Hautbois class, and even scarcely, if at all, distinguishable
from named varieties of the Hautbois with which there has been opportunity
for close comparison. From large berried varieties of diminished flavor,
and which occasionally throw hollowed berries, the reversion occasionally
produces plants unmistakably of the Chilian type. In other cases we have
noticed reversions to forms of Fragaria vesca. These circumstances all
lead towards establishing the mingled parentage of our varieties under
cultivation, and render the classification of cultivated varieties somewhat
difficult."

Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. 200, 201. 16

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 363

Bailey, writing a few years later than Sturtevant, doubts the theory
that hybridity was the starting point of the present race of cultivated straw-
berries and concludes, after a painstaking review of the literature and a
thorough study of wild and cultivated strawberry plants, that the garden
strawberry is a direct modification of F. chiloemis. His ' answer to the ques-
tion Tinder which he writes " Whence Came the Cultivated Strawberry? "is:

" There is only one conclusion, therefore, which fully satisfies all the
demands of history, philosophy, and botanical evidence, and this is that
the garden strawberries are a direct modification of the Chile strawberry.
The initial variation occurred when species were thought to be more or
less immutable, and, lacking exact historical evidence of introduction from
a foreign country, hybridization was the most natural explanation of the
appearance of the strange type. This modified type has driven from culti-
vation the Virginian berries, which were earlier introduced into gardens;
and the original type of the Chilian strawberry is little known, as it tends to
quickly disappear through variation when impressed into cultivation.
The strawberry is an instance of the evolution of a type of plant, in less
than fifty years, which is so distinct from all others that three species have
been erected upon it, which was uniformly kept distinct from other species
by the botanists who have occasion to know it best, and which appears to
have been rarely specifically associated with the species from which it
sprung."

Bunyard,2 an able and carefiol English pomologist and a student of
the origin and evolution of hardy fruits, is of the opinion, as set forth in
the following brief quotation from an admirable paper on The History and
Development of the Strawberry, that this fruit is an admixture of species.
The quotation is as follows :

" In conclusion the writer submits that the history of the Straw-
berry offers but little support to those who believe in the paramount
influence of cultivation in the production of new forms. Its entire develop-
ment has been due to the introduction of new species having some quality
not possessed by existing varieties and its admixture with these by cross-
breeding."

The last investigator to publish at length on the origin of the strawberry
is Fletcher' whose monograph on The Strawberry in North Atnerica is a
model of excellence in the study of the evolution of a cultivated plant. In
this work the whole trend of Fletcher's discussion of the origin of the straw-
berry shows his belief that the garden form is a hybrid.

' Bailey, L. H. Am. Nat. 28:293. 1894.

^ Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 39:550. 1913-14.

'Fletcher, S. W. The Strawberry in North America 137, 138. 191;

364

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

" Extended study of the botanical characters of the several species,
and of their behavior under cultivation and hybridization, is necessary to
establish with certainty the origin of the garden form. This has not yet
been given, but the presumption is strong, from the foregoing evidence,
that both the Chilean and Virginian species are represented in modem
varieties."

Fletcher is strongly of the opinion that the Virginian strawberry played
a much more important part in the evolution of the garden strawberry of
North America than in that of this fruit in Europe. He brings forth such
an array of proof that one is forced to believe that he has established the
fact that the native species has entered more largely in the hybrid consti-
tution of the American than of the European strawberry.

These quotations by no means cover all of the theories as to the origin
of garden strawberries. Other writers have suggested a derivation from
other species and other hybrid combinations. It seems now, however, that
only the two theories set forth in the quotations are tenable, and of the two
that that of hybridity is plainly established.

This text can offer little that is new on the origin of the strawberry.
Previous workers seem to have brought forth every fact that wotild throw
light on the evolution of this fruit and the botanical studies have been equally
thorough. If any contribution can be made by the workers at this Station
to the interesting question of how the strawberry has come to its present
splendor of development it must be from the plant breeder's standpoint,
and even here, since no definite studies have been undertaken, only an
opinion based on observation can be offered.

For thirty years this Station has been growing seedlings of crossed and
selfed varieties and species of strawberries. The total number of such seed-
lings now exceeds 30,000. As these words are being written about 5000
seedling strawberries from 15 crosses are in fruit and their plant and fruit
characters are being described by the Station workers in pomology. Now
the veriest tyro in strawberry study can detect the characters of Fragaria
chiloensis and F. virginiana in these seedlings. The characters of one species
predominate here; those of another there. A comparison has been made
today of herbariiim specimens, type plants of F. chiloensis and F. virginiana
growing in the field, and the seedlings of these crosses. All of the characters
of the two species, in widely varying numbers and in widely different degree,
are foimd in the crosses and in individual plants.

There are also at the present moment in fruit on the Station grounds
134 of the varieties now most commonly cultivated in North America.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 365

Every one of these kinds that has attained prominence in garden or field
seems to show the characters of the two great American wild species. They
seem to the workers at this Station to be unmistakably hybrids with no
pure-breds.

Perhaps another statement of opinion may be submitted even if it has
little value as definite proof. These cultivated varieties and seedlings
fruiting on our grounds this season, and in the past, as plantations of other
seasons have been kept in mind or can be brought to mind by looking over
descriptions of other seasons, seem to show that F. inrginiana greatly pre-
dominates over F. chiloensis in these North American strawberries, — a
hypothesis that Fletcher has ably defended in his The Strawberry in North
America.

We leave this discussion of F. chiloejisis, the introduction of which in
Europe seems to mark the beginning of the modem development of the
strawberry, with the statement that: Evidence now seems to show that
the modem garden strawberry of North America and Europe is a hybrid
between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis.

THE STRAWBERRY IN NORTH AMERICA

Thestrawberry is preeminently an American fruit by reason of extensive
cultivation and use as well as because of the nativity of the species which
have given the world most of its cultivated varieties. In extent of acreage,
quantity produced, value of crop, and number of cultivated varieties, the
strawberry exceeds all of the other small fruits together in the United States
and ranks high among tree fruits. This great strawberry industry is a
development of the last hundred years, — almost a matter within the memory
of men still living. In the history of the industry, the conspicuous land-
marks are easily pointed out.

Early settlers found wild strawberries in luxurious abundance in almost
every part of North America. It has ever been and still is the fruit of
fruits for the pioneer. The plentifulness of wild berries makes cviltivation
vmnecessary until agriculture has taken possession of a region. This seems
not to have happened in any part of North America until just before the
Revolution, although it may be surmised that thrifty housewives brought
in superior plants from the fields to grow in the garden long before. Wild
strawberries were freely sold in all American towns, however, as early as
1700. But the first landmark in American strawberry culture appears in
1 77 1 when varieties for sale were offered in a trade catalog.

^66 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

In his catalog of 1771, William Prince, Flushing Landing, New York,
offers four kinds of strawberries for sale: Large Hautboys, the Chili, the
Redwood, and the Wood strawberry. The first two we are already familiar
with; the Redwood was probably a variety of F. vesca, and the fourth no
doubt was the common wild strawberry F. virginiana. In 1791 Prince adds
a fifth variety, the Hudson, which was to remain long in cultivation and
may be named as the first American strawberry of importance. It
was without doubt an improved form of F. virginmna. The name of the
Hudson soon after seems to have been changed to Early Hudson, possibly
to distinguish it from Hudson's Bay, a later kind, which with the Large
Early Scarlet were being sold in several agricioltiiral centers in 1800.

Perhaps the year 1800 is as accurate a date as any to put down as the
beginning of the strawberry industry in America. There were at this
date, as we have just seen, three very good varieties in commercial ciiltiva-
tion, cultural directions were appearing in the few agricultural papers of
the times, and the New England Farmer, a cyclopedia of agriculture which
appeared in 1823, and at once became the standard authority of the country
on farming, had published a " system " of strawberry culture.

Important historical items now appear in rapid succession, few of which
can be amplified in this brief review. The next one worthy of note is the
introduction of the Pine strawberry, which was of importance because from
it have come nearly all of the varieties now cultivated in America. This
strawberry, one of the first varieties of F. chiloensis to be widely cultivated
in Europe where it was common in England and France by the middle of
the eighteenth century, had possibly been brought to America before the
close of the century but no record of such an introduction appears imtil
1804 when it was mentioned in The American Gardener, the first American
book wholly devoted to horticulture.

Horticvdture as a profit-making industry at the beginning of the nine-
teenth century had its seat about the four large cities of the coiintry, Boston,
Nev/ York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. One may glean many items from
the news and horticultural papers, as well as from the books on fruits which
were now appearing, to show that by 1825 commercial strawberry growing
was an important industry about the cities named. At this time the leading
varieties seem to have been Large Early Scarlet, Hudson Bay, Early
Hudson, and Crimson Cone, the histories of which are set forth in the chapter
on varieties.

Ciiltural methods were still primitive and mostly derived from Euro-

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 367

pean practices. The greatest advances in the industry, then as now, and
as with any other fruit at any time, were in the greater numbers and in
the betterment of varieties. By 1834, when the epoch-making Hovey
originated, there were more than fifty well-recognized varieties under
cultivation in the country, nearly all of which were offspring of F. virginiana
but nearly all of which had originated in England or France. A few of the
Pine varieties, as sorts derived from F. chiloensis were called, had also been
introduced from abroad, but the cold winters and hot siimmers played
havoc with the plants. Possibly the most noted exception was the Mul-
berry, a Pine much grown about Boston which deserves a place in straw-
berry history because it was one of the varieties Hovey used in making his
crosses, an event to which we now come.

The origination of the Hovey was a landmark not only in strawberry
culture but also in American pomology as it is accredited by all as the
first variety of any fruit to come from an artificial cross in this country.
Hovey,^ whose portrait appears as the frontispiece, and to whom this
volume is thereby dedicated, undertook the breeding of strawberries
because, as one gleans from his writings, he recognized the urgent need of
better varieties and saw the possibilities of improving wild strawberries.
All of the varieties he knew were best marked by their imperfections, —
plants were unproductive, and berries were small and poor in quality.
The Pines from Europe approached perfection in fruit but were poor in

' Charles Mason Hovey was bom in Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 26, 1810, and died in the city
of his birth September 2, 1887. His work is noteworthy to small fruit growers in the United States, and
The Small Fruits of New York is dedicated to him by publishing his portrait as the frontispiece, by reason
of his work with strawberries. Hovey's greatest contribution to horticulture was the Hovey strawberr>',
originated by him and first fruited in 1836. But he is known to horticulture also because of his great
collection of pears, apples, plums, grapes and ornamental plants on his grounds at Cambridge. He was
throughout a long and busy life one of America's best authorities on varieties of fruits about which he wrote
two sumptuous volumes, issued in parts from 1852 to 1856, in which he described the varieties of tree and
small fruits cultivated in the United States. The volumes are handsomely printed and contain more
than one hundred colored plates of the varieties which he described. He was best known in his lifetime as
the editor of The Magazine of Horticulture, founded in 1835 and published until 1868, between which dates
it had an uninterrupted period of prosperity, with a longer life than any other American horticultural
magazine. The journal was foimded as The American Gardener's Magazine by Hovey and his brother,
Phineas Brown Hovey, but in 1837 the name was changed to The Magazine of Horticulture, with Charles
M. Hovey, editor. Hovey was also a prominent and reliable nurseryman and seed dealer, and through his
establishment many new plants came to America. He was an active member throughout his life of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society and was for a time its president. His writings are characterized by
conservatism and accuracy, and he is now, as he was in his lifetime, one of America's great authorities on
pomology and horticulture.

368 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

plant; American plants were hardy and vigorous but the fruits were small
and insipid. Why not cross varieties of the two species?

Hovey first exhibited the strawberry which bears his name in 1838.
The variety came from one of six crosses made in his garden in Boston in
1834, the pollen and pistillate parents being Keens Seedling, Mulberry,
Melon and Methven Scarlet, of which the first two were Pines, the third
probably a Pine, and the last certainly a native Virginiana. The parents
were chosen by Hovey with the hope that he might get the large, richly
flavored fruit of the Pines on the better plant of the native sort. The seed-
lings obtained from these crosses gave two varieties, Hovey and Boston
Pine. Unfortunately the labels were lost in some division of his work
so that Hovey was never certain what the parents of these varieties
were.

Hovey was the sensation of its times in pomology. Its large, handsome,
delectable berries delighted all lovers of fruit. The country was then enthu-
siastically supporting all institutions having to do with horticulture, —
magazines, papers, societies, fairs, exhibitions, and nurseries, — and through
these agencies the Hovey was soon distributed to strawberry growers in
all parts of North America, and everywhere it stimulated interest in this
fruit with the result that the strawberry became a major pomological
product before the middle of the century.

The Hovey, however, soon showed several weaknesses, but its place
was taken at once by newer and still better varieties which now began to
appear in a continuous pageant which has come down, with ever-increasing
numbers, to the present time. It was found that the Hovey succeeded
only under the highest culture, made few plants, and that, since it was
pistillate, pollen-bearing varieties must be planted with it to secure a
sufficiently productive crop, a fact which brought to a fuller and eventually
a final discussion of sex in strawberries, the vagaries of which had long been
a troublesome problem to American strawberry growers.

It had been known in Europe since 1760 that there was a separation of
sexes in some strawberries and application was made of the knowledge
in France and England. Few of the Pine strawberries, however, as grown
in England at least, needed cross-pollination to set fruit, and when the
Hovey was introduced, most of the American varieties were staminate so
that there was a difference of opinion in English-speaking coimtries as to
whether separation of sex was a cause of unproductiveness. The pistillate
Hovey started anew the study of sex in this fruit, brought forth new facts.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

369

inspired experimental work in pollination, and after a decade of discussion
from 1840 to 1850 in the press and in all American pomological societies,
it was established that some varieties of strawberries were hermaphrodites
and others unisexual, and that pistillate sorts must be cross-pollinated to
bear fruit. With this knowledge, strawberry growing passed the trouble-
some obstacle of unproductiveness from self-sterility and the industry was
given another forward impetus.

The Hovey was the first notable variety in the present race of large-
fruited strawberries in America, and perhaps the brief account of its intro-
duction and its influence on strawberry culture in the country may be put
down as the last important landmark needful in this sketch of the straw-
berry in North America. It remains now to show the present magnitude
of strawberry growing in the United States. Table 4 gives this information.

Table 4. — Acreage, Yield and Value of Strawberries in the United States in 1919, by Divisions

AND States

Division and State

Acreage

Yield
(in quarts)

Value

United States

Geographic Divisions:

New England

Middle Atlantic. . . .
East North Central.
West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central.
West South Central.

Mountain

Pacific

New England:

Maine

New Hampshire ....

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Middle Atlantic:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

East North Central:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

24

"9.395

3.353
13.909
24.258
18,147
18,058
16,038
13.136

1.623
10,873

555
366

275

1. 431

90

636

4,872
5.029
4,008

4.172
3.401

4.985
8,048
3.652

176,931.550

6,319.419
24.065,552
36,133,472
26 , 048 , 603
23.497.227
19,673,040
1 7 , 690 , 967

2,158.654
21,344,616

893.740
489.774
428.335
3. 151. 371
116,646

1.239.553

8,579.563
8,301,893
7,184,096

7.165.957
4,277,646
6,901 ,199

12,585.543
5.203,127

$36,004,245

$1,562,569
5,225,366
6,730,264
5.441.459
4.653.123
3,730,408
3,812,882
493.290
4.354.884

$223,438

I 17. 545
107,086
787,844
29,162
297.494

1.973.304
1,743,400
I , 508 , 662

I. 361. 527

855.538

I. 311. 235

2 , 265 , 400

936.564

370

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK
Table 4 — {Concluded).

Division and State

Acreage

Yield
(in quarts)

Value

West North Central:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

South Atlantic:

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

East South Central:

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

West South Central:

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas

Mountain :

Montana

Idaho

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Pacific :

Washington

Oregon

California

2,768

4. III. 969

4.472

6 , 606 , 592

8,645

12,861,820

93

47.157

227

141. 163

754

451.798

1,188

1,828,104

3.503

4,056.028

7,096

8,976,057

10

16,882

2,446

3.803.278

1 ,006

840,273

2,186

3.807,598

312

223,745

665

505.693

834

1,267,673

3.112

3.194.624

10,876

13,130,904

1.359

2,024,051

691

1,323,461

8,324

11,463,971

4.007

5.323.890

302

311.630

503

591.476

155

171.150

469

494.818

39

27,061

653

944,276

28

14.363

20

17.058

254

484,792

5

5.136

3,087

6,377.368

2,812

4,159,200

4.974

10,808,048

$863 , 520

1.387,381
2,700,975

10,375
32.467
99.398

347.343

730,085

1,615,691

3.376

760 , 656

168,056

799 . 590

53.701

116.313

405.655

670,872

2 . 363 , 560

404 .812

291 , 164

2,407,436

1,224,497

68,560

112,389

39.366

103,915

7.848

236,074

3.734
4.267

96,957
1,129

1,403,021

790,251

2, i6l ,612

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 37 1

CHAPTER XV

THE SYSTEMATIC BOTANY OF THE STRAWBERRY

Strawberries form part of the Rose family, Rosaceae; they are closely
allied to Potentilla, from which they chiefly differ in the receptacle of the
flower becoming fleshy and edible. They are low, perennial herbs, and
propagate easily by runners and seeds. They chiefly inhabit the temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and on the American continent follow
the long moimtain chains from Alaska to southern Chile. In the North
they are common from the plains to the mountains on dry hillsides, among
bushes and in woods, rarely in meadows. In warmer countries they are
restricted to the mountain regions. The number of species is still disputed.
While the number of specific names given by various botanists to wild
specimens of Fragaria surpasses 150, others like Bentham & Hooker, and
Focke, only recognize about 8 species. Probably there are more than 8
species, but just how many can be distinguished without dispute cannot
be said.

The difficulty is that strawberries are much alike and possess scarcely
any distinguishing specific characters. Characters on which most specific
descriptions rely, as size of leaves, petioles, peduncles, hairiness, and the
shape and dentation of the leaflets, are exceedingly variable. Most species
have a wide geographical range with few or many natural varieties.
Besides this variation spontaneous hybrids are known and expected to exist
wherever two or more species come in contact. It is therefore not always
easy to decide to which species a given wild strawberry belongs or where
the limits of a species shoiild be drawn.

In the North American Flora 2"] species are described as inhabiting
North America inclusive of Mexico and Jamaica. However, several of
these have little claim as species and are scarcely more than varieties, and
one is a garden hybrid. All of the North American strawberries have edible
fruits and some may help to meet local climatic requirements when used in
breeding work. The Old World species have been cultivated for a long
time. At present they have only historical interest as they are totally
eclipsed by the large-fruited varieties resulting from 2 species of the New
World, one from Chile {F. chiloensis) and one from the United States and
Canada {F. i^irginiana).

Sex is of great importance to the grower. Some flowers are hermaphro-
dite, that is, they have both fertile stamens and pistils; in other cases one

272 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

sex predominates while the other is more or less abortive on the same or on
different individuals, so that one plant carries either only male or female
flowers. Purely female flowers are without stamens but with well-developed
pistils, while in male flowers the stamens are perfect and the pistils
imperfect. Male flowers are usually larger. It is not always easy to say
whether in a stamen-bearing flower the pistils are imperfect and sterile or
not. Female flowers, of coiirse, must be pollinated with pollen from male
flowers, if they are to produce fruits. If the male individuals are removed
because they produce no fruit, as was not infrequently done in the early
days of strawberry ctilture, the rest must cease to bear fruits, and com-
plaints as to the iinproductiveness of strawberries follow.

The French botanist, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, investigated this
sterility and discovered the differences in the sex of the strawberry flowers
in 1766, He observed that among 300 plants grown from seeds none had
perfectly hermaphrodite flowers. Similar complaints about sterility were
common in the beginning of the cultivation of the Chilean strawberry.

Fragaria. Linnaeus 5^. P/. 494. 1753.

Acaulescent, more or less hairy, perennial herbs with basal leaves and long filiform
runners from the axils, which root and form new plants. Petioles mostly long and chan-
neled above; stipules adnate at the base of the petiole, large, mostly scarious and brown,
persistent and covering the rootstock. Leaves 3-foliolate, or sometimes imequally impari-
pinnate, i.e., with a pair of much smaller lateral leaflets below the normal ones; leaflets
sharply dentate, but entire at the more or less wedge-shaped base, the lateral ones oblique,
the inner half usually smaller. Scape mostly about as long as the petioles, cymosely
branched, the lowest bracts with stipules and a more or less developed blade; pedicels
slender, erect when in flower, curved when in fruit.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, rarely hermaphrodite, the male flowers larger and showier,
all s-parted, central flowers the first to open, often 6- to 8-parted and larger than the later
ones. Calyx-lobes from a flat hypanthiimi, augmented by as many shorter and mostly
narrower outer calyx-lobes or bractlets. Stamens about 20 or less, or abortive; filaments
mostly shorter than the receptacle, anthers oblong. Receptacle roundish or conical,
bearing niunerous pistils with lateral styles, at maturity the receptacle becoming enlarged
and juicy, popularly known as " Strawberry."

Key to the Species Described

A. Leaflets rather thick, almost leathery, with the venation deeply impressed above and
prominently reticulate beneath, shining green above and tomentose or silky
hairy beneath; teeth comparatively short and broad. Pedicels of the fruit
recurved

B. Fruits ovoid-conical; calyx-lobes loosely appressed F. chiloensis

BB. Fruits roimdish, calyx-lobes spreading F. calif ornica

STRAWBERRY BLOSSOMS

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 373

AA. Leaflets thinner, venation not as strongly impressed above and raised beneath
B. Achenes (seeds) sunk in pits on the ripe fruit

C. Leaflets with a few broad teeth only, slightly tomentose and silk hairy underneath

F. cuneifolia
CC. Leaflets with more numerous teeth, about 7-10 on each side
D. Leaflets obovate-cuneate
E. Leaflets intensely glaucous green, more or less falted along the midrib, teeth
large, more or less lanceolate-deltoid and falcate, lateral leaflets verj-

oblique; inflorescence cvTnose F. virginiana

EE. Leaflets dull pale green, flat, lateral leaflets not very oblique. .F. platypetala
DD. Leaflets o\-ate, deep green; flowers yellowish or greenish yellow at first

F. viridis
BB. Achenes not in pits, placed superficially upon the fleshy receptacle. Leaflets rather
thin, bright green, terminal tooth prominent
C. Leaves deep, almost metallic green; flowers yellowish or greenish yellow at first

F. viridis
CC. Leaves not so; flowers white from the opening

D. Scape racemosely and usually unilaterally branched; pedicels unequally long;

the upper ones with appressed hairs F. vesca

DD. Scape mostly exceeding the pedicels, subcj'mosely branched, pedicels almost
equally long, erect, with spreading hairs F. moschata

Fragaria vesca. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Ascherson & Graebener Syn. Mit-
teleurop. Fl. 6:64g. 1904. Rydberg iV. Am. FZ. 22:359. 1908. Gray A'^ew Maw. 7th Ed.
479. 1911.

F. vesca silvestris. Linnaeus Sp. PI. I.e.

F. sylvestris. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 61. 1766.

F. imlgaris. Ehrhart Beitr. 7:21. 1792.

Wood Strawberry, Walderdbeere, Fraisier des bois.— Rootstock and runners rather
slender. Stipules lanceolate, pointed, brown, hirsute on the back. Petioles slender,
4-14 cm long, narrowly grooved above, with soft, spreading or variously bent, white hairs.
Leaflets sessile, the terminal one shortly stalked, 3-6 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, rather thin,
bright green and with scattered soft hairs above, paler green and densely silky hairj' under-
neath, especially on the veins, with straight, sharp, ovoid-deltoid teeth, the terminal one
generally much prominent ; the terminal leaflet larger, rhomboid-ovate or obovate, shortlj'
pointed, wedge-shaped and entireat the lower third, with 5-10 teeth on each side; the lateral
leaflets oblique, unequally broadly wedge-shaped at the entire base, with 4-10 well-formed
teeth on the inner and 5-10 on the outer side. Scape generally overtopping the leaves, with
soft, spreading or appressed hairs, racemosely and usually unilaterally branched; pedicels
unequal, the lowest longer than the other with spreading hairs, the upper one with appressed
or erect white hairs, all elegantly curved when in fruit; bracts ovate or subulate; the lower
ones often foliaceous. Flowers erect, rather small, rarely 2 cm across, saucer-shaped, pure
white from the opening, hermaphrodite. Outer calyx-lobes lanceolate, inner ones as long,
broader, all pointed and mucronate, reflexed on the fruit. Petals concave, longer than the
calyx. Stamens about as long as the receptacle. Fruit scarlet, roundish or ovoid-conical,
detaching easily, achenes set superficially, sweet and very aromatic.

374 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Eastern North America, northern Asia, and Europe; north as far as
Lapland and Iceland. It is commonly found, probably subspontaneous,
in South America, Ecuador, in Peru, and in eastern Brazil.

There are several varieties and forms, some of which have been
described as minor species by Jordan and Fourreau, which do not deserve to
be mentioned. The most common European form has been distinguished
as F. vesca var. silvestris Linn, or var. typica, Ascherson & Graebener I.e.
A small form of this occurring on dry hills is F. minor, Duchesne in Lam.
Encycl. 2:531. 1786.

A form with erose petals is var. crenata, Schur En. PL Transs. 186.
1866. Two monstrous forms were named by Duchesne in Lam. Encycl.
2:532, 533. 1786, F. multiplex with small pale fruits and F. botryformis
with ntunerous small flowers rising from one flower.

A form with pale pink petals has been described as var. roseiflora,
Bculey Bui. Soc. Bot. Fr. 18:92. 1871; a form with bright rose-colored
petals is var. rosea, Rostrup in Lange Haandb. Danske Fl. 4th Ed. 810. 1888.

A form with white or pale fruits is known as var. alba Ehrhart, Ryd-
berg Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2:174. 1898; F. vulgaris alba,
Ehrhart Beitr. 7:22. 1792; F. vesca albicarpa, Britton Bui. Torrey Bot.
Club 6:323. 1879. It occurs with the type and is not rare in North
America.

The rare form with elongated red, or dark red, or whitish fniits is
often cultivated and was named F. vesca hortensis, Ser. in De Candolle
Prodr. 2:569. 1825; F. hortensis, Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 113. 1766.

More marked varieties are as follows:

Var. monophylla Duchesne. Ascherson & Graebener Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. 6:650.
1904.

F. monophylla. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 124. 1766.
F. abnormis. Tra.tt. Ros. Monogr. y. 166. 1824.

A monstrous form with one cordate-ovate or sometimes indistinctly
3-lobed leaflet; it was first raised by Duchesne in 1761 as a chance seed-
ling from F. vesca.

It comes true from seed and is easily propagated from runners. Its
leaves are those of the juvenile state.

Var. efflagellis Duchesne. Ser. in De Candolle Prodr. 2:569. 1825.
F. efflagellis. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 119. 1766.

Rootstock much branched, caespitose, without runners, petioles erect, longer. Flowers
more numerous; fruits mostly elongate.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 375

First found in France near Laval by M. de Lamey de Fremeu in 1748.
It was much planted as a border plant, but was replaced later by the var.
semperflorens efflagellis Ascherson & Graebener.

Var. semperflorens Duchesne. Ser. in De Candolle Prodr. 2:569. 1825.
F. semperflorens. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 49. 1766.
F. alpiiia. Steudel Nomeucl. 1:344. 1841.

Alpine Strawberry. — Robust, caespitose, up to 30 cm high, flowering continuous!}'
from May to fall; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, forked, with a foliaceous
bract, many flowered, the lower pedicels bearing fruit when the upper ones are still
flowering. Pedimcles usually bent dowTi b}^ the weight of the fruit.

Europe; chiefly in southeastern Europe and along the southern slope
of the Alps. Once much cultivated for its delicious fruit tmder the names
Alonatserdbeere, Fraisier de quatre saisons , or Fraisier des Alpes. (See
Mme. E. de Vilmorin in Decaisne Jard. Fruit., with plate.) There is also
a white-fruited variety and a red and white-f raited form without runners,
forma efflagellis Ascherson & Graebener; all originated in cultivation in
France between 181 1 and 1818, and are still cttltivated in Europe.

There exist two strange forms of this variety. One has been named
forma Hauchecornei, Ascherson & Graebener Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. 6:652.
1904. Petals persistent, turning red on the ripe fruit. Originated in culti-
vation in Berlin. The other is forma muricata Duchesne, Ascherson &
Graebener I.e.; F. muricata, Duchesne in Lamarck Encycl. 2:533. 1786.
Calyx-lobes large, foliaceous, petals missing; styles very long, enlarged
and persistently green on the red fruit. In cultivation since about 1620,
fotind at that time by Tradescant at Plymouth.

The following is a distinct geographical variety.

Var. americana. Porter Bui. Torrey Bot. Club. 17:15. 1890.

F. americana. Britton j5m/. Torrey Bot. Club 19:222. 1892.

Plants more slender and leaves thinner. Petioles almost smooth; leaflets soon glab-
rous, with sharp and large teeth. Scape and pedicels with appressed hairs. Fruit narrowly
conical or sub-cylindric-ovoid with verj' superficially set achenes.

Eastern North America; from Newfoundland to Manitoba, New Mexico
and Virginia, mostly in shady woods and glens.

The common European strawberry has been much in cultivation. It
was known as Wood Strawbery, Walderbeere and Fraisier des Bois. The
young plants were generally gathered in the woods, as they were found to
produce more aromatic fruits than those from rtinners from garden plants.
Except for the cultivated varieties mentioned above there seem to have

2^6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

been no cultivated forms of the common wood strawberry besides the
httle varied F. petite hdtive, which ripened five to six days earUer. Most
of these plants are out of common cultivation and all are replaced by the
modern large-fruited varieties.

Hybrids between F. vesca and F. chiloensis have been observed
repeatedly in gardens, in Europe as well as elsewhere. Such hybrids
were also collected in Ecuador at Ambato by Wilson Popenoe in January,
1 92 1. These hybrids are either more like F. vesca or more like F. chiloensis,
but in all their characters they clearly show their hybrid nature. Hybrids
of F. vesca with F. virginiana are also reported to occur occasionally in Euro-
pean gardens, and probably also such with the F. chiloensis x F. virginiana.

Fragaria moschata. Duchesne iJwi. Nat. Frais. 145. 1766; Ascherson & Graebener
Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. 6:653. 1904.

F. vesca sativa. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 495. 1753.

F. vesca pratensis. Linnaeus Sp. PI. 2d Ed. 709. 1762.

F. pratensis. Duchesne in Lamarck Encycl. 2:536. 1786.

F. elatior. Ehrhart Beiir. 7:23. 1792.

F. magna. Thuill. F/. Paris. 2d Ed. 254. 1799.

F. reversa. Kit. Linnaea 32:595. 1863.

Larger than F. vesca, 15-30 cm high. Rhizome stout, stipules brown, keeled, rather
short. Petioles erect, narrowly channeled, up to 20 cm long and rather slender, with strong
spreading hairs. Leaflets about equally stalked, almost uniform in shape, rhomboid-
ovate, somewhat pointed, the terminal one with a broadly cuneate base, the lateral ones
with an oblique roundish cuneate base; soft, plicate, bright green with scattered hairs, paler
and hairier underneath, 3-7 cm long and 2-5 cm wide; teeth coarse, ovoid-deltoid, 9-14
on each side, the terminal tooth often prominent, though small, lateral leaflets with a
few more teeth on the outer margins. Scape mostlj- longer than the petioles, with spreading
hairs, usually with a foliaceous bract at the lowest forking with 5-12 flowers; pedicels with
spreading hairs, erect, simple or forked, almost of equal length forming a rather rich sub-
cymose inflorescence. Flowers dioecious, slightly fragrant, the male ones larger with
slender pedicels, the female ones smaller. Outer calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, contracted
at the base, long acimiinate; inner calyx-lobes longer, deltoid-lanceolate, long acuminate,
variable in length, sometimes exceeding the petals. Petals roundish obovate, white or
yellowish. Stamens about 20 in the male plants, longer than the receptacle, in the female
plants fewer and as long or shorter than the receptacle. Fruit with spreading or reflexed
calyx-lobes, roundish or roundish ovoid, often with a short neck and rather large, sweet and
agreeable with a slight musky flavor.

Central Europe to England and south Sweden, Finland and probably
Russia; in shady woods, on hills.

This species is easily distinguished from F. vesca by size of plant and
the almost umbellate flowers. There is a forma rubriflora, Heimerl Abhandl.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 377

Z. B. G. Wien 31:176. 1881, with crimson or striped petals. A forma
calycina Loisel Fl. gall. 299. 1868, has large foliaceous calyx-lobes.

Hybrid forms are recorded with F. vesca. They are taller than the
parents, and have the pedicels with variously mixed appressed, erect, and
spreading hairs. The calyx-lobes on the ripe fruit are spreading. Such
hybrids have been named F. intermedia, Bach Flora 24:719. 1841 and
F. dryviopJiila, Jord. & Fourr. Icon. PI. 28, fig. 48. 1870. Hybrids with
F. viridis are also recorded. They are usually found among the parents,
but are easily overlooked. Here belong F. neglecta, Lindem. Bui. Soc.
Imp. Mosc. 38:Pt. II, 218. 1865 and F. sericea, Christ Nym. Consp. Suppl.
109. 1890; not Douglas. Hybrids with F. chiloensis are said to occur
occasionally in European gardens.

On account of its delectable, aromatic fruits it has been long under
cultivation as the Hautbois Strawberry, Moschuserdbeere, Zimmeterdbeere,
or Capron, but these have given way to larger fruited kinds. Near Ham-
burg it is still cultivated as Vierlander Erdbeere or Liitte Diitsche. The
objection to this strawberry has always been that it is not productive on
account of the male plants, which were generally eradicated by the culti-
vators. Duchesne was the first to show the dioecious flowers of this
species and the necessity to preserve some male plants in cultivation.

Fragaria viridis. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 135. 1766; Ascherson & Graebener
Syn. Mittelcurop. Fl. 6:654. 1904.

F. breslingea. Duchesne ex Ser. in De CandoUe Prodr. 2:570. 1825.

F. coUina. Ehrhart Beitr. 7:26. 1792.

F. campestris. Steven Bui. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 29:Pt. II, 176. 1856.

F. cerinoalba, F. suecica, etc. Jord. & Fourr. Brev. PI. Nov. Pt. 1:13-15. 1870.

Rhizome little branched; stipules narrow; petioles with spreading hairs. Leaflets
ovate, obtuse, deep green, almost metallic green, glaucescent underneath, on both sides,
especially beneath densely covered with appressed silkj' hairs; lateral leaflets sessile, termi-
nal one shortly stalked; lateral teeth curved, converging over the smaller terminal one.
Scape slender, but stiffs and erect, with spreading hairs below and with appressed or erect
hairs above; inflorescence about 4-flowered, more or less hidden among the foliage, with
short intemodes and prolonged pedicels, subumbellate, with appressed silky hairs. Flowers
incompletely dioecious, yellowish or greenish yellow when opening, finally white; calyx-
lobes equally long, outer ones spreading. Petals rather flat, undulate at the margins.
Stamens in fertile flowers as long as the receptacle, twice as long in the sterile ones. Fruit
globular, with a seedless neck, rather large, with the achenes sunk in pits, red but white
under the adpressed calyx-lobes, firmly attached and incompletely detaching, rather hard,
but aromatic, about as large as that of F. vesca.

378 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Central Europe and northern Asia; not as common as the others and
preferably on calcareous soil.

This species is a most variable plant. The following varieties and
forms are recorded: F. viridis var. alpina, Ascherson & Graebener Syn.
Mitteleurop. Ft. 6:655. 1904. A very dwarf, densely hairy plant; occurs on
dry rocks in Transsylvania. Ascherson & Graebener further mention a
forma flagellifera with long runners; a forma subpinnata with two smaller,
adventive leaflets; a forma magnusiana with five leaflets; and a forma
subphinatisecta, with deeply toothed or cut leaves.

Probably hybrids between F. viridis and F. vesca are described as
F. majaufea, Duchesne in Lamarck Encycl. 2 : 533. 1786; F. Hagcfibachiana ,
Lange ex Koch Flora 25:532. 1842. It is a robust plant with stalked leaf-
lets, the petiolule of the terminal leaflet often more than i cm. long. To
this form may belong also F. hi f era, Duchesne in Lamarck Encycl. 2:533.
1786, said to flower repeatedly, and F. dnbia, Duchesne I.e., with poor, often
abortive fruits. F. iimbelliformis, Schultz ex Nyman Conspect. 222. 1878,
is probably a similar hybrid form. The influence of F. viridis is recog-
nizable from the silky hairs on the under side of the leaves.

F. viridis is now hardly anywhere in cultivation, but it was grown to
some extent in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century and later. It
was known in France under the names Capiton, Breslinge, Craquelin,
Fraisier etoile, Breslinge de Bourgogne, Fraisier marteau, Fraisier vert, and
Breslinge d'Angleterre. It is described and figixred by Duhamel, Trait.
Arb. Fr. 1:252, PI. IX. 1768, under the name F. gracilis flore et fructibus
suhviridibiis. The designation Breslinge is derived from the South German
word Prestling (Brestling), which is applied to all cultivated strawberries.

Fragaria chiloensis Linn. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 165. 1766; Ehrhart Beitr.
7:1792; Decaisne 7a?-(f . Fruit. 9:53, PI. 1862-75; Ascherson & Graebener Sj'm. Mitteleurop.
Ft. 6:657. 1904; Rydberg A''. Am. Ft. 22:357. 1908; Bailey Stand. Cyc. Hort. 3:1272.
1915; Popenoeyowr. Hered. 12:457, fig. 1921.

Chilean Strawberry. — Rootstock stout ; stipioles densely felty, brown, scarious.
Petioles stout, 5-20 cm long, very densely hirsute with patent gray or whitish hairs. Leaf
lets about equal, 2-5 cm long, somewhat falted along the midrib, more or less stalked,
especially the terminal one, thick, leathery, smooth and shining dark green above with
deeply impressed veins, underneath strongly reticulate with prominent nerves and almost
white from densely adpressed, silk>' hairs; crenate dentate, teeth short roundish, with
revolute hairy margins, terminal tooth minute; lateral leaflets obliquely roundish with an
oblique, entire, broadly cuneate base, especially on the inner side, with about 7-9 teeth
on each side; terminal leaflet stalked, twice as long, roundish or obovate roundish, with

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 379

an entire, broadly cuneate base, teeth about 7 on each side. Scape shorter than the leaves,
with many spreading hairs, like the petioles, rather few flowered; bracts verj- hairy, densely
covered with almost adpressed silky hairs. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, rarely her-
maphrodite, the male flowers larger. Calyx very densely silky hairy, lobes narrowed above
the base, the outer ones shorter. Petals 6-8, round, with undulate margins, suddenly
contracted into a claw, longer than the calyx; receptacle hair>', stamens in the male
flowers many. Fruit dull red, ovoid conical, large, over 3 cm long, hairy between the
slightly sunken achenes, borne on a recurved or — formed pedicel, caljTc-lobes loosely
adpressed.

Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and there largely cultivated everywhere under
the name Frutilla. An interesting account of its cultivation in South
America is given by Wilson Popenoe, I.e. It is said to grow in California.
The Chilean strawberry was first introduced into France in 17 12 by a French
officer named Frezier.

A form with two smaller leaflets below the normal leaflets was named
var. pentaphylla, Schur E7ium. Plant. Transs. 187. 1866, but such leaves
are frequently found.

The first introduced plants of F. chiloensis were pistillate-flowering and
consequently unproductive for want of pollination. Pollination, however,
took place where the plants were grown in the vicinity of F. mrginiana.
From seeds resulting from such crosses were produced towards the middle of
the eighteenth century the varieties known as Pine or Ananas, Bath, and
others. They were described under the following names: F. ananassa,
Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 190. 1766; F. vesca ananassa, Aiton Hort.
Kew. 2:212. 1789; F. grandiflora, Ehrhart Beitr. 7:25. 1792, and F.
calycina, Mill. Icon. PL 288. 1794. The variety Bath was named F. calv-
culata by Duchesne in Lamarck Encyc. 2:538. 1786; a similar variety,
Caroline, was named F. carolinensis, and another, F. tincta, by Duchesne
in Lamarck Encyc. 2:539. 1786.

Evidently different strains and varieties of F. virginiana must have
partaken in these crosses, and from these came all of our modem large-
fruited strawberries. Some of these varieties lean to one parent, some to
the other, but most of them are intermediate forms. The stronger influence
of F. chiloensis is usually visible in the more leathery shining green flat
leaflets with a more reticulate venation, roimdish teeth, and greater hairi-
ness on petioles and peduncles. Examples are the varieties Alden, Arcade
Aurora, Bliss, Howard, Parker, Schauber, and Wyona.

Those kinds which lean more towards F. virginiana have thinner,
more glaucous leaflets, which are more or less felted along the midrib,

380 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

with coarser, more falcate teeth and less visible reticulate venation.
Varieties of this kind are Abington, Beder Wood, Champion, Chesapeake,
Delicious, Dunlap, Easypicker, Eaton, Haverland, and Klondike.

As a rule, however, the characters of F. virginiana seem to be more
dominant ; this is also evident in the long petioles and scapes and the more
cymose, many-flowered inflorescences, the brighter color, and the sunken
seeds of the fruits.

L. H. Bailey puts all of these hybrids under F. chiloensis ananassa
Hort., in his Stand. Cyc. Hort. 3:1272. 1915. Duchesne created for them
and for F. virginiana the group name Quoimio which, however, never came
into general use. A form with variegated leaves has been recorded and also
one with persistent petals. Hybrids with F. vesca and with F. moschata
occur and have been mentioned imder these species.

Fragaria califomica. Cham. &■ Schlecht. Linnaea 2:20. 1827; Rydberg N. Am. FL
22:358. 1908.

F. sericea. Douglas in Hooker Fl. Bor. Am. 1:185. .1832.

F. lucida. E. de Vilmorin ex Gay Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th Ser. 8:201. 1857; E. de Vil-
morin in Decaisne Jard. Fruit. 51, PI. 1862-75.

F. chiloensis auct.

Rootstock stout, stipules large and broad, ovoid, pointed, brown, the lower ones
more hairy; runners stout and long, with adpressed hairs. Petioles 3-9 cm long, stout,
not channeled above, densely beset with soft, spreading, white hairs. Leaflets rather small,
somewhat thick or sometimes nearly coriaceous, glabrous and dark shining green above
with deeply impressed venation, whitish tomentose and with long silky hairs, especially
along the elevated veins underneath, 2-5 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide, obtuse or truncate
with the terminal tooth very small; the lateral leaflets on very short stalks, very obliquely
cuneate at the base, rhomboid-ovate, the outer side larger almost aimculate with 5-8 teeth,
the inner side with about 2-3 teeth or more; the terminal leaflet longer stalked, obovate-
cuneate or almost obcordate, crenate only at the top with 2-5 teeth on each side; the teeth
broadly roundish, abruptly pointed, overtopped by a brush of silky hairs. Scapes mostly
shorter than the petioles, with spreading hairs; bracts sometimes foliaceous; pedicels 2-5
cm long, with spreading or adpressed or reflexed hairs. Flowers several, polygamo-dioe-
cious, male flowers larger, over 3 cm across, the female ones much smaller, soon losing their
petals. Calyx with adpressed white silky hairs, outer calyx-lobes oblanceolate, with a
midrib and reticulate veins, inner ones broader and longer, ovate-deltoid, acute. Petals
roundish obovate, with a short claw. Receptacle hairy. Fruit small, roundish, softly
hairy, dull red, sweet, achenes brown in pits; calyx spreading, peduncle recurved or
■^ -shaped, bearing the fruit upright.

Pacific Coast of North America; from Alaska, British Columbia,
Washington, Oregon to middle California, mostly on sand dunes near the
coast. " Dense and extensive colonies common near the coast. An effective

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 381

sandbinder and consequently a hummock former. The large globose
fruit with achenes in pits begin to ripen in May." (C. F. Baker.)

This small and pretty little strawberry is related to 7^. chiloensis, but dif-
fers sufficiently from that species. It has been largely used in hybridizing
with the common large-fruited garden strawberries by Albert F. Etter, in
Ettersburg, California. His varieties Ettersburg No. 432 and No. 433
show this deri-^-ation clearly. At the Alaska Agricultural Experiment
Station, Sitka, C. C. Gaorgason also raised a number of varieties suitable
to the Alaskan climate from this species crossed with an unnamed garden
variety.

Fragaria cuneifolia. Nuttall ex Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:360. 1908.

Rootstock short, not very thick; stipules brow-n, lanceolate. Runners long and slender
with spreading hairs. Petioles slender, broadly channeled, with long, silky, spreading or
reflexed hairs. Leaflets rather firm, almost coriaceous, glaucous green and glabrous above;
pale green and slightly tomentose and with long, silky hairs underneath, cuneate-obovate,
obtuse or truncate, 1.5-4 cm long, with a few teeth only near the apex, the middle
tooth smaller; terminal leaflet stalked, the lateral ones shorter stalked or subsessile, not
much oblique. Scape slender, shorter than the leaves, with spreading or reflexed long hairs ;
pedicels few, slender, with loosely adpressed hairs. Flowers dioecious, 1.5-2 cm wide;
outer and inner calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; petals obovate-cuneate. Fruit subglobose,
pink or light red, about i cm across, very hairy, with the achenes in pits.

British Columbia to Oregon and Idaho. This species has been likewise
employed in breeding work by Etter in California.

Fragaria platypetala. Rydberg Mem. Dept. Boi. Columbia Univ. 2:177. 1898;
Rydberg X. Am. Fl. 22:361. 1908.

Stipules rather small; petioles 2-20 cm long, narrowly channeled, with white spreading
hairs. Leaflets soft, glabrous and dull pale green or somewhat shining when yoimg, paler
beneath and silky hairy along the veins and the margins, stalked, obovate-cuneate obtuse
on each side with about 8-10 sharp ovate curved teeth, the terminal tooth minute; the
lateral leaflets not very oblique, the terminal one longer stalked. Scape almost as long as
the petioles or shorter, with spreading silky hairs, rather many flowered. Flowers 1.5-2.5
cm across, calyx-lobes lanceolate; petals orbicular. Fruit small, 1-1.5 cm across, achenes
sunk in shallow pits.

From Alaska to California, Utah, Wyoming, and Montana. This
species has been used for hybridizing at the Alaska Agricultural Experiment
Station.

Fragaria virginiana. Duchesne Hist. Nat. Frais. 204. 1766; Decaisne Jard. Fruit.
9:43, PI. 1870; Britton & Brown ///. Fl. fig. 1908. 1897; Ascherson & Graebener Syn.
Mitteleurop. Fl. 6:658. 1904; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:362. 1908; Gray New Man. 7th
Ed. 479. 191 1 ; Bailey 5ta«c?. Cyc. //or/. 3:1272. 1915.

F. glabra fructo cocciueo min. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:241, PL V. 1768.

382 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Scarlet or Virginia Strawberry.— Rootstock moderately stout, short; stipules long
pointed, more or less tinged with bright crimson, along the keel and margin with stiff long
white hairs. Runners long and rather stout with appressed hairs. Petioles rather stout
and long, reaching up to 25-30 cm, broadly channeled above, more or less hairy, especially
near the top, hairs spreading or adpressed, scattered, the strong old leaf-stalks densely
beset with spreading hairs. Leaflets from almost sessile to distinctly stalked, rather
firm in texture, more or less falted along the midrib, usually intensely glaucous green, paler
underneath, silky hairy when young, almost glabrous when old or with scattered adpressed
hairs on both sides, chiefly underneath along the veins, and along the margins, often over-
topping the pointed lanceolate or ovoid-deltoid, frequently curved teeth, the terminal tooth
smaller; terminal leaflet obovate-cuneate, obtuse, entire in the lower third or half, 3-10
cm long and 3-6 cm wide, with 7-10 well-formed teeth on each side; lateral leaflets obliquely
obovate or rhomboid-ovate, obtuse, the inner side narrower and with a longer entire base,
the outer side broader and with 6-12 larger teeth. Scape mostly as long as the petioles,
but sometimes shorter, with loosely adpressed hairs; inflorescence c\-mosely vtmbellate,
5-13 flowered or more, with lanceolate-acute or foliaceous or even 3-foliolate bracts; pedicels
short and erect at first, scarcely exceeding the bracts, but soon elongating and curving
afterwards, covered with long adpressed gray, not silky, hairs. Flowers polygamo-dioe-
cious, 2-2.5 cm across, the pistillate flowers usually smaller. Calyx with long adpressed
or reflexed gray hairs, outei lobes narrowly lanceolate, inner calyx-lobes broader, deltoid-
lanceolate. Petals roundish obovate, entire, contracted into a claw, milk white, usually
exceeding the calyx-lobes. Stamens in staminate flowers numerous, longer than the
receptacle, in pistillate flowers more or less obsolete. Receptacle hairy, styles rather long.
Fruit 1-1.5 cm across, bright scarlet, subglobose, usually with a smooth neck underneath
the spreading calyx, with the achenes set in deep pits, sweet and juicy.
Eastern North America, common on banks and in woods.
A somewhat variable plant; the following varieties have been
segregated :

Var. canadensis. Michaux.

F. canadensis. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 1:299. 1803; Rydberg N. Am. Fl. 22:362.
1908. Pubescence sparing, on the scapes subappressed; fruit oblong-conic, over i cm long
and 6-7 mm broad.

Var. grayana Vilmorin. Rydberg Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2:180. 1898.

F. Grayana. E. de Vilmorin ex Gay Ann. Set. Nat. 4th Ser. 8:202. 1857; Rydberg
A''. Am. Fl. 22:362. 1908.

F. virginiana illinoensis. Gray Man. sth Ed. 155. 1867.

F. illinoensis. Prince ex Hitchc. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis $:4()t,. 1892.

Coarser and larger form ; petioles, peduncles and pedicels tomentose from spreading hairs.
W ester yi New York to Minnesota, on rich soil.

Var. glauca. Watson Bot. King's Expl. 85. 187 1.

F. glauca. Rydberg Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia t/m'u. 2:183. 1898; Rydberg N.Am.
Fl. 22:364. 1908.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 383

SmaUer plant, bracts less hairy; petioles 5-15 cm long, sparingly loosely hairy; leaflets
broadly obovate, the lateral ones very oblique, glaucous, sparingly hairy on both sides,
glabrate at length, 3-5 cm long. Scape usually shorter than the leaves, many flowered,
almost glabrous; pedicels with adpressed hairs.

A western form, from British Columbia to South Dakota and New
Mexico.

F. pauciflora, Rydberg Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. I.e., is a
similar, few-flowered form.

F. virgmiana is always easily known by the glaucous, felted leaflets,
with large coarse, curved teeth, the subumbelliform inflorescence and the
crimson-colored or scarlet fruits. It was introduced long ago into European
gardens. According to Duchesne, it was common in cultivation in England,
Holland, and France, toward the end of the seventeenth century. It is
well figured by Batty Langley, Pomona 120, PI. 55, figs, i & 4. 1727, and
by Duhamel, Traite des A rbres Fruit iers i : 241 , PI. V. 1 768. It was known
in France as the Fraisier ecarlate. Petit ecariate, and Fraisier de Holland.
F. virginiana is occasionally found subspontaneous in Germany. Hybrids
with F. vesca and F. moschaf-a have been repeatedly observed in European
gardens and the hybrids with F. chiloensis have been discussed under that
species.

384 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER XVI

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES

A-i. I. Armstrong Cat. 21. igi8.

Origin unknown. Has been grown some in southern California but is now superseded
by better sorts. Perfect. Plants at this Station very numerous, medium in vigor and
height, productive; fruit hard to pick; medium to small, wedge-conic to blunt-conic, unat-
tractive dark red, juicy, verj' firm, subacid; quality poor; late.

Abington. i. Ohio Sia. Bui 178:45. 1906. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui 309:515- iQoS.

Originated in 1895 as a chance seedling with Lester Blanchard, Abington, Massa-
chusetts; introduced in 1905. At one time considered promising for commercial culture
in the Northeast because of productiveness and of fair shipping qualities but has never
become a leading variety. Perfect. Plants numerous, strongly vigorous, attacked by
leaf-spot, very productive; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect; berries large, retain size well,
wedge to round-conic or sometimes elongated, attractive light red, uniform; flesh light
colored, moderately firm and juicy, mildly acid; fair to good; early midseason.

Abington Blush, i. Card. Mon. 4:211, 277, fig. 1862.

A seedling of "Wilson exhibited before the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in Phila-
delphia in 1862 by G. M. Kohl, the originator. Fruit greenish white with deep scarlet
blush; flesh white.

Abundance, i. Flansburgh Cat. 8. 1914. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:62. 1918.

A seedling of Indiana, originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1909. Perfect.
At this Station, plants low growing, with dark green foliage among which are thickly inter-
mingled showy, midseason blossoms; runners nvunerous; fruit of m.edium size, oval or blunt-
conic, necked, unattractive light red; flesh Hght red, medium in juiciness and firmness,
sprightly; one of the so-called fig- type varieties; fair; late.

Abundance (of Stevenson), i. Can. Hort. 31:75. 1908.

E. B. Stevenson, Guelph, Ontario, received plants of this sort in 1908 from Messrs.
Woodruff & Sons, New York, and reported it worth trying. Perfect. Plants vigorous,
healthy, and productive; seeds yellow; fruit medium in size, attractive scarlet, moderately
firm; fair; late midseason.

Abundant i. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1878.

Originated by Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester, Massachusetts, and first exhibited by
him before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1878. Imperfect. Fruit large,
conic, flattened; seeds sunken, red; color crimson; flesh red, solid, juicy; good.

Accident, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:5. 1916.

A chance seedling which originated with S. W. Moore; Springfield, Missouri, in 1894.
Perfect. Fruit medium in size, crimson; good; early midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 385

Accomac. i. Ann. Hort. 210. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 64:4. 1894.

Raised from seed in 1887 by McMath Brothers, Onley, Virginia. Perfect. On the
grounds at this Station, plants vigorous; runners few resulting in low yields; fruit
medium to large, long-conic, light red, soft, acid, of pleasing flavor; good; rather late,
season short.

Acme. I. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest <? Hort. Rpt. 79. 1915.

A seedling of Clark which originated with Mrs. Mabel Kaiser, Salem, Oregon, about
1907. At the Oregon Station it was inferior to Clark in productivity and size of fruit.
Perfect. Plants medium in size and vigor, semi-erect, unproductive, good plant-maker;
fruit-stems short, stiff, holding fruit up well; seeds raised; fruit below medium in size,
uniform, roundish oblate, regular, dark red; flesh dark red, very finn. acid, slightly astrin-
gent; fair.

Ada. I. Mass. Sta. Bui. 2:25. 1888.

On trial at the Alassachusetts Station in 1889. Plants weak, unproductive; fruit
small, unattractive; poor; late.

Adams Favorite, i. Penii. Sta. Rpt. 21^. 1898-99.

Originated with Solomon Adams, Tamaqua, Pennsylvania, who sent it to the Pemi-
sylvania Station for trial in 1896. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, unproductive; rtmners
numerous; fruit large, blunt-conic, firm, acid; midseason.

Addison, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:63. 1918.

A cross of President by Marshall, originated at this Station in 1907 and sent out for
trial in 191 7. The variety has not held up to its earlier promises. Imperfect. Plants
medium to few, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit medium to very large, conic or blunt-
wedge, necked, glossy medium red, juicy, variable in firmness, subacid; good; midseason.

Adonis, i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 196. 1861.

Originated by William R. Prince, Flushing, New York, who introduced it about 1855.
Imperfect. Plants vigorous, ver>' productive; fruit large, roundish oblate, light scarlet,
sprightly; late.

Advance, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:63. 1918.

A cross between Autumn and Cooper, originated in 1907 by Samuel Cooper, Delevan,
New York. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in vigor, size, and yield;
autumn-bearing; fruit-stems short; berries medium in size and color, conic;. seeds much
raised; flesh firm, mildly subacid, not highly flavored; fair; early.

Advance (of Printz). i. A'. Y. Sta. Rpt. 483. 1908.

Introduced about 1904 by Arthur B. Printz of Indiana. Perfect. At this Station
the fruit is inferior in size, shape, and quality. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive;
leaves light green; flowers early; fruit-stems long, slender, prostrate; picks easily; calyx
small, not leafy, discolored, flat, pale green; seeds slightly sunken; fruit of medium size,
elongated, apex sharply pointed, color medium to light scarlet; flesh medium red, soft, acid,
not high in flavor; poor to fair; early.
25

386 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Advancer, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:4. 1894.

Originated with R. S. Cole, Hamions, Maryland, who introduced it about 1S92.
Perfect. Station plants medium in number, with good foliage, unproductive; fruit medium
in size, dark red, firm ; very good ; season early, short.

Advocate, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:6. 1916.

Originated in Canada; introduced about 1890. Perfect. Fruit large, round-conic,
firm; good.
Afrique. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:6. 1916.

Introduced about 1870 by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri. Imperfect. Fruit of
medium size, round-conic, dark crimson, firm; good.

Afton. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:4. i893-

A chance seedling which originated with C. W. Graham, Afton, New York, by whom it
was introduced in 1894. Imperfect. Plants moderately vigorous, productive; runners
numerous; leaves light green; fruit above medium in size, roundish conic, with a short
neck, color very dark crimson ; flesh dark, firm ; good ; early.

Agnes. I. Peninsula Hort. Soc. Rpt. m. 1897.

Mentioned as a cross between Bubach and Pearl. Plants more vigorous than Bubach;
fruit of good color, firm; earlier than Bubach.

Agriculturist, i. Fuller Sni. Fr. Cult. 88, fig. 26. 1867.

A cross between Green Prolific and Georgia Mammoth, raised by Seth Boyden,
Newark, New Jersey, about 1858. It was widely grown between 1865 and 1875, but was
displaced by better sorts. The American Pomological Society placed this variety in its
catalog in 1869 and removed it in 1883. Imperfect. Plants very vigorous, hardy,
productive; leaves thick, dark green; fruit very large, irregular conic, with a long neck,
light reddish crimson; flesh dark red, finn, juicy, sweet; good.

Aishkum. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 163. 1920.

A cross between Black Beauty and Pan American originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia,
Michigan, and introduced by him in 19 18. " Indian strain of everbearing strawberry."
Perfect. Fair to good plant maker, productive, everbearing.

Akasa. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 163. 1920.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan. " Indian strain of everbearing straw-
berry." Imperfect. Fair to good plant maker, productive.

Alabama, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:4. 1894.

Originated in 1886 by Julius Schnadelbach, Grand Bay, Alabama. Perfect. At
this Station, plants with almost perfect foliage, numerous; fruit of medium size, round-conic,
dark red, firm, subacid; fair; midseason.

Alaska, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:63. 1918.

A cross between Climax and Glen Mary originated by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New
Jersey. Of little value at this Station. Perfect. Plants vigorous, injured by leaf-spot,
medium in yield; fruit large to medium, irregular long-conic to wedge, necked, glossy,
medium to dark red; seeds sunken; flesh firm, mild, sweet; fair; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 387

Alaska (of Stayman). i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:6. 1916.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas. Offered for sale in 1902.
Perfect. Fruit medium in size, round-conic to wedge-shape, dark crimson; flesh medium
red, firm, subacid; fair.

Alden. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:63. 19 18.

A cross between President and MarshaU originated by this Station in 1907 and sent
out for trial in 1 9 1 7 . It has not held up to its eariier promises. Imperfect. Plants medium
in number, large, productive; fruit-stems long, prostrate; fruit large, round-conic, variable
in color, juicy, medium to firm, mild, pleasantly flavored; good; midseason.

Alfonso XVm. I. Rural N. Y. 68:674. 1909.

Reported by the Rural New-Yorker in 1909 as a European sort of promise for the home
garden. Perfect. Plants vigorous and healthy; fruit small to medium, conic, bright
scarlet; flesh whitish, firm, sweet, rich; midseason.

Alice. I. I}td. Sta. Bui. 73:80. 1898.

Sent out by S. B. Christian, Bradford, Ohio, in 1896. Imperfect. Plants productive-;
fruit large, regular; good.

Alice (of Hancock), i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 126. 1891.

Introduced in 1891 by F. B. Hancock, Casky, Kentucky. Fruit large, conic, light
colored; medium in quality.

Alice Hathaway, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:70. 1905.

Originated with Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, who introduced it in 1903.
Perfect. Plants tall, vigorous: fruit of medium size, short-conic, Ught dull red; flesh red,
moderately firm, pleasant.

Alice Maud. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 106. 1852.

Primess Alice Maud. 2. Card. Chron. 441. 1843.

Raised by James Trollop, Limpley Stoke, Wiltshire, England. Introduced in 1843.
From 1850 to i860 it was popular with the market gardeners around Washington, D. C.
It was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1862 and removed in
1871. Perfect. Plants vigorous, requiring high cultivation; fruit large, conic, dark
glossy scarlet in color; flesh light scarlet, juicy, rich; excellent.

All Season, i. Lovett Cat. No. 108, 7. 1923.

A cross between Progressive and Early Jersey Giant originated in 1917 by John A.
Kemp, Little Silver, New Jersey. Introduced in 1923 by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New
Jersey. Described as having large, vigorous, productive plants; fruit large, bright crimson;
everbearing.

Allen. I. Rural N. Y. 55:498. 1896.

Sent out in 1895 by W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Maryland. Perfect. Fruit-stems
weak; fruit medium to large, long-conic, necked, light scariet, moderately firm, subacid;
good; midseason.

388 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Allie. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 2^6:214. 1912.

Originated with R. H. McDowell of Ohio about 1908. Perfect. Plants small, lack-
ing in vigor; fruit-stems short, prostrate; calyx discolors; fruit medium in size, blunt-conic
to nearly wedge-shape, dull light scarlet; flesh light in color, firm, juicy, mild, pleasant;
midseason.

Almo. I, N. Y. Sia. Rpt. 484. 1908.

A cross between Clyde and Crescent which originated in 1902 by J. A. Bauer, Judsonia,
Arkansas. Imperfect. Plants at this Station medium in number, vigorous, productive,
healthy; fruit medium to large, round-conic, dark red, very firm, rather acid; fair.

Almond, i. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899.

Originated with J. H. Black, Son & Co., Hightstown, New Jersey, about 1895. Perfect.
At this Station, plants vigorous, medium in number, healthy; fruit of medium size, roundish,
dark red, moderately firm, juicy; fair; midseason.

Alpha. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 93. 1883.

A cross between Wilson and Doctor Nicaise originated by Charles Arnold, Paris,
Ontario, about 1877. Alpha was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1891, but was removed at the next revision of the catalog in 1897. Perfect. Plants
vigorous and productive; fruit large, ovate-conic, firm, light red; good; very early.

Alpha (of Riehl). i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:6. 1916.

Originated with E. H. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. Described as an " Everbearer."

Alton. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. n:6. 1916.

Originated with E. H. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. Described as an " Everbearer."

Alvin. 1. A''. 1'. Sta. Bui. 447:64. 1918.

Originated about 1908 by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, by crossing Klondike
with Climax. Imperfect. Station plants very few, medium in size and vigor, productive,
healthy; fruit large, wedge to round-conic, dull light red, very juicy, mediima firm, sprightly;
poor; midseason.

Amanda, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:516. 1908.

Amanda was originated by Z. T. Mimmia, Bluffton, Ohio, in 1904, as a cross between
Sample and Maximus. Perfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous, tall, susceptible to
leaf-spot, very productive; fruit-stems long, thick, erect; berries large, of good size through-
out the season, wedge to round-conic, the largest deeply furrowed and occasionally cox-
combed, glossy light to dark red, variable; seeds much sunken; flesh well colored to the
center, juicy, very firm, pleasantly acid, agreeably flavored; good; midseason.

Amateur, i. Rural N. Y. 43:495, fig. 241. 1884.

Sent out in 1884 by Reuben C. Hart, West Farmington, Connecticut, who raised it
from mixed seed of Lennig and Green Prolific, pollinated with Charles Downing. Imper-
fect. Plants vigorous, productive, subject to rust; fruit large, round, light scarlet; flesh
white, soft, sweet; good; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 389

Amateur (of Pain), i. Card. Mon. 8:278. 1866.

Mentioned in 1866 as having been originated by J. A. Pain. Imperfect. Plants
productive; fruit large, conic, crimson, with fine flavor.
America, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. <)■]?>. 1869.

Raised by J. Keech, Waterloo, New York, who exhibited it in Rochester, in 1866.
America was added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1875, and removed
in 1879. Perfect. Fruit large, obtuse-conic, often wedge-shape, crimson; flesh firm,
juicy, rich, subacid.
America (of Virginia), i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 122:6. 1895.

Sent out by the Cleveland Nursery Company, Rio Vista, Virginia, about 1892. A
seedling of Great American. Perfect. Plants vigorous, nmners few; fruit medium in
size, round-conic, attractive dark scarlet, firm; midseason.
American, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:7. 1916.

Originated with H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, who listed it in 1910. Perfect.
American Queen, i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 198. 1861.

A seedling of Montevideo Pine originated by G. W. Huntsman, Flushing, New York.
Introduced about 1850. Imperfect. Plants productive; fruit very large, conic, bright
scarlet, acid; good; midseason.
Americas, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:52. 191 1.

A cross between Louis Gauthier and Pan American originated in 1905 by Harlow Rock-
hill, Conrad, Iowa. Perfect. Plants at this Station few, small, healthy, tmproductive ;
auttamn-bearing; new plants often bloom as soon as they take root; fruit medium in size,
roundish, light red, medium juicy, firm, mildly subacid; fair; late.
Amwell. I. Rural N. Y. 62:518. 1903.

Sent out by Thomas R. Hunt, Lambertville, New Jersey, about 1901. Imperfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; calyx large; fruit large, conic, dark crimson, sweet; very good.
Angelique. i. Mag. Hort. 28:400. 1862.

Raised by William Prince, Flushing, New York, prior to 1862. Plants vigorous, hardy
and productive; fruit large, conic, bright scarlet, juicy; excellent.
Angola. I. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:64. 19 18.

A cross between President and Marshall raised at this Station in 1907. Imperfect.
Plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate;
fruit very large to medium, round-conic to blunt-wedge, glossy, medium to light red, very
juicy, bruises easily, mediirm firm, sprightly; good; midseason.
Anio. I. V. F. 5ta. 5m/. 147:184. 1898.

Originated with A. D. Leffel, Anlo, Ohio. Introduced about 1895. Imperfect.
Plants numerous; fruit large, irregular round-conic, dull scarlet, moderately firm; good;
late midseason.
Anna Forest, i. Rural N. 7.46:512. 1887. 2. A''. Y. Sta. 5m/. 64:5. 1894.

Originated in Ross Coimty, Ohio, about 1880. Perfect. At this Station, plants form
runners very slowly, unproductive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, glossy dark red,
firm, with whitish flesh, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

390 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Anna Kennedy, i. Lovett Cof. 4. 1895. 2. TV. F. Sta. 5m/. 147:184. 1898.

A cross between Jersey Queen and an unknown seedling raised by J. T. Lovett, Little
Silver, New Jersey, about 1885, and introduced by him in 1895. Imperfect. Plants
moderately vigorous and rather unproductive; fruit-stems short, erect; fruit of medium
size, roundish, light scarlet, firm; flesh light; fair; early.

Annie Hubach. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:7. 1916.

Anna. 2. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort. Rpt. 54. 1915.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Warfield and
Thompson. Introduced in 1903. Perfect. Plants weak, moderately productive; fruit-
stems short; fruit medium in size, round-conic, with a slight neck, light crimson; flesh
pale red, firm, subacid; fair; early midseason.

Annie Laurie. 1. Am. Card. iS'-AiS- 1894. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. gi:igo. 1895.

Originated about 1889 by John F. Beaver, Dayton, Ohio. The fine quality and hand-
some appearance of this sort has made it a desirable variety for the home garden in some
sections. Perfect. Plants at this Station very vigorous, numerous, moderately produc-
tive; fruit medium to large, oblate, bright red, moderately firm; good; late.

Apache, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:61. 1898.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, who introduced it about 1895.
Perfect. Plants moderately productive, very vigorous; runners numerous; fruit medium
in size, long-conic, light scarlet, rather soft; poor; early midseason.

Arabine. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 164. 1930.

Originated in 191 4 by S. H. Warren, Weston, Massachusetts. Plants at this Station
lacking in constitution, unproductive; fruit above medium to small, light red, tender, juicy,
mildly subacid; inferior.

Arcade, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:65. 1918.

A cross between President and Marshall raised at this Station in 1907. Perfect.
Plants medium in niomber, vigorous, productive; fruit-stems long, thick; sepals long, broad;
fruit large, retains size well, conic or wedge, glossy medium red, very juicy, firm, pleasantly
flavored, sprightly; good; midseason.

Arena, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:7. 1916.

A seedling of Wilson which originated about 1870 with George Robbins, Menomonie,
AVisconsin. Fruit of medium size, round-conic, light crimson; good; early midseason.

Argyle. i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:65. 1918.

Raised at this Station in 1907 as a cross between President and Marshall. Perfect.
Plants medium in nimiber, vigorous, healthy, productive; calyx small; fruit above medium
to very large, round-conic, glossy, medium to dark red, juicy, firm, mild, sweet, highly
flavored; very good; midseason.

Ariadne, i. Mag. Hort. 25:498. 1859.

Originated by William Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced in 1859. Imperfect.
Plants vigorous, very tall, very productive, with large, dark green foliage; fruit-stems
tall, strong, erect ; fruit large, conic, slightly necked, light scarlet, sweet, finely flavored.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 391

Arizona, i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 379. 1895-97.

Arizona Everbearing. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1901.

Mexican. 3. Am. Card. 20:24. 1899.

A chance seedling supposed to be from Jessie or Gandy which originated in Phoenix,
Arizona. Introduced about 1890. In the hot sections of Arizona and the Pacific South-
west where resistance to drouth and heat is important, Arizona was a popular variety
between 1895 and 1905. The American Pomological Society placed Arizona in its catalog
in 1901, but it was removed at the next revision of the catalog in 1909. Perfect. Plants
few; fruit medium in size, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, soft, mild, subacid;
good; midseason.
Arkansas.

Arkansas Black, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:516. 190S.

A seedling of unknown parentage originated in 1900 by Louis Hubach, Judsonia,
Arkansas. Perfect. At this Station, plants few, medium in vigor, productive ; fruit large
to medium, round-conic, very dark red, firm, mildly acid; good to very good; early.

Arkansas Traveler, i. A'^. y. Sta. 5m/. 64:5. 1894.

Originated with T. G. Michel, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1891. Perfect.
At this Station, plants very numerous, with excellent foliage, unproductive; fruit medium
to large, borne on long prostrate stems, round-conic, dark red, firm, subacid; fair to good;
midseason, lasting about 10 days.

Arlington, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 241. 1886.

Introduced about 1885. Perfect. Plants hardy, vigorous, moderately productive;
fruit medium in size, roundish conic, bright crimson, soft, jmcy, acid; good; midseason.

Arnold Pride, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1882.

A cross between Wilson and Doctor Nicaise, originated about 1877 by Charles Arnold,
Paris, Ontario. Perfect. Plants very vigorous, very productive; fruit large, irregular
conic, dull scarlet, firm, moderately juicy, mildly subacid, pleasant; late.

Amout I. Midi. Sta. Bui. 176:7. 1899. 2. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 485. 1908.

Originated with J. L. Amout, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania; introduced in 1905.
An unusually productive sort but berries unattractive in appearance. Semi-perfect to
perfect. Plants at this Station, medium in number and vigor, susceptible to leaf-spot,
very productive; fruit large to medium, wedge or round-conic, dull dark red, firm, mildly
acid; good; midseason.

Aroma, i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 219. 1887. 2. Can. Hort. 19:2, fig. 871. 1896.
3. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:8. 1916.
For a large berry of very good quality, Aroma is now a splendid commercial sort from
the Mississippi to the Atlantic. The berries are uniform in size, firm, and keep and ship
well. The plants are resistant to disease, withstand drouth well, are very productive
and are adapted to nearly all strawberry soils, although they prefer clay and silt loams.
Aroma is a seedling of Cumberland and originated in 1889 with E. W. Cruse, Leavenworth,
Kansas; introduced in 1892. The American Pomological Society placed the variety in
its list of recommended fruits in 1909.

392 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor and height, healthy, very productive;
leaves small, thin, light green, smooth, glossy. Flowers late midseason ; petals 6-8 ; stamens
numerous; receptacle large. Fruit midseason to late, ripening period long, withstands
drouth well, a good shipper; fruit-stems short, thick, erect; pedicels short, thick; calyx
large, flat to slightly raised, well colored, leafy; sepals long, broad; berries large, uniform
in size, chunky wedge to blunt-conic; apex obtuse, often indented; color attractive light
to medium red, glossy; seeds raised; flesh well colored to the center, juicy, ver>' firm,
pleasantly sprightly; quality good.

Arrow, i. Am. Card. 17:498, 627. 1896.

" A seedling of Haverland which it closely resembles, originated in 1890 with E. W.
Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin. Imperfect. Plants moderately numerous, vigorous and
moderately productive; fruit medium in size, shape of Haverland, light crimson, firm,
subacid; very good; midseason.

Ashland, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. ii:S. 1916.

Sixteen to One. 2. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort. Rpt. 87. 1915.

This was one of several unnamed seedlings received by George Irwin, Ashland, Oregon,
from M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, about 1892. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigor-
ous, erect, productive; fruit medium to large, irregular round-conic, light crimson; flesh
medium red, soft, sweet; good; early midseason.

Ashton. I. N. Y. Sla. Bui. 447:65. 1918.

A cross between President and Marshall, raised at this Station in 1907. Perfect.
Plants medium in number, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems semi-erect; fruit
large, round-conic, glossy medium to dark red; seeds raised; flesh juicy, firm, sprightly;
good; midseason.

Athens, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:6$. 1918.

Raised at this Station in 1907 as a cross between President and Marshall. Perfect.
Plants medium in number, vigorous, usually healthy, very productive; fruit-stems thick,
semi-erect; fruit large, irregular wedge to conic, usually necked, glossy mediimi to dark
red, very juicy, firm, pleasantly flavored, sprightly; good; midseason.

Atkins Continuity, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:172. 1915.

Received at this Station in 19 10 from William Fell, Hexham, England. Of little value.
Perfect. Plants medium in number and vigor, unproductive, susceptible to leaf-spot;
fruit above medimn in size, round-conic or wedge, medium red, glossy, firm, mildly subacid,
with a white center, inferior in flavor; fair; early.

Atlantic, i. Rural N. Y. 42:424, fig. 367. 1883.

A chance seedling found about 1877 by D. L. Potter, Hammonton, New Jersey. In
most places Atlantic failed, but in Oswego County, New York, it was a leading variety;
valued for its lateness and remarkable shipping qualities. Perfect. Plants medium in
number, vigorous, productive; fruit large, conic, dark crimson; flesh light i-ed, very finn,
subacid; good; late.

AROMA

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 393

Auburn, i. Ann. Hort. 210. 1891.

A seedling of Haverland which originated in 1886 with Samuel Gillespie, Butler County,
Ohio. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium to
large, round-conic, crimson; flesh bright scarlet, finn, subacid; good; early midseason.

Augwick. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:66. 1894.

Brought to notice about 189 1. Imperfect. Plants vigorous; fruit large, firm; good;
midseason.
Aurora, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:66. 1918.

A seedling of Prolific raised at this Station in 1907. Perfect. Plants numerous, verv
vigorous, injured by leaf -spot, medium in yield; fruit-stems short, thick, semi-erect;
fruit large, retains size well, long-conic to long-wedge, glossy medium red, juicy, firm,
pleasantly sprightly; good; late midseason.
Austin. I. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 88. 1867.

Austin Shaker. 2. Mag. Hort. 26:217, 30S. i860.

Austin's Seedling. 3. ['. 5. Pat. Off. Rpt. 199. 1861.

Raised about 1856 at the Shaker settlement, Watervliet, New York. It was thought
to be a seedling of Iowa. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, and productive; fruit
large, roundish conic, light scarlet; flesh whitish, soft, acid; poor; late.

Australian, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:4. 1895.

Australian Everbearing. 2. Ann. Hort. 134. 1893.

Australian Crimson. 3. Am. Porn. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1891.

Introduced in California in 1885 by E. J. Baldwin who is said to have secured plants
from Australia where the variety originated. It was grown extensively around Los ."Angeles
for shipping, until superseded by Brandywine. The American Pomological Society placed
this variety in its catalog in 1899 and removed it in 1900. Perfect. Plants medium
in number, heat and drouth resistant; fruit mediirm to large, round-conic, crimson; flesh
medium red, very firm, subacid; good; very earh*.
Auto. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218: igs- 1902.

Said to have been brought from Germany prior to 1897 in which year it was introduced
in this country by J. H. Thomas, Wyoming, Delaware. Perfect. Plants at this Station
vigorous, numerous, medium productive; fruit lacks uniformity in size and shape, medium
to very large, conical, attractive dark red, firm, moderately juicy, mild; fair to good;
midseason.
Autumn. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 16. 1907. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:172. 1915.

A seedHng of Pan American raised in 1902 by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York.
Imperfect. Plants at this Station very few, very productive; autumn-bearing; fruit
medium to small, broad-conic, flattened at the base, medium red, juicy, firm, sweet,
pleasantly flavored; good; late.
Autumn Belle, i. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort. Rpt. 56. 1915.

A cross between Magoon and a wild Oregon strawberry, raised by Benjamin Worsley,
Svensen, Oregon. Perfect. Plants few, below medium in vigor, unproductive; fruit
below medium in size, broad-conic, dark red; flesh medium to dark red, soft, sweet; fair.

394 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Autumn King. i. N. Y. Sta. Btil. 447 •('(>■ 1918.

A cross between Autumn and Chesapeake raised by E. W. Townsend, Salisbury,
Maryland, who introduced it in 1914- Perfect. Plants as grown at this Station very few,
medium in vigor and yield, healthy; autumn-bearing; fruit medium in size, conic, necked,
variable in color; flesh firm, medium juicy, mildly subacid, inferior in flavor; poor to fair;
late.

Avery, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:66. 1898.

Originated with E. C. Avery of Pennsylvania, introduced about 1894. Very similar
to Haverland. Imperfect. Plants lacking in vigor; fruit of medium size, long-conic,
bright scarlet; flesh dark red, juicy, soft; very good; midseason.

Bachelor, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1878.

Raised by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey, prior to 1878. Plants vigorous;
fruit mediimi in size, attractive red, rich.
Backett Prolific, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:9. 1916.

Beckert's Prolific. 2. Card. Mon. 21:239. 1879.

A cross between Wilson and Jucunda; introduced about 1875. Imperfect to semi-
perfect. Fruit medium in size, conic, crimson, firm, subacid; very good; late midseason.

Bailey. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:31. 1904-

Sent to the Ohio Station in 1 903 for trial. Perfect. Plants vigorous and unproductive ;
fruit of medium size, short-conic, slightly necked, dark crimson; flesh pink, firm; excellent.

Baldwin Pride, i. Baldwin Cat. 9. 1909.

Introduced by O. A. D. Baldwin, Bridgman, Michigan. Perfect. Plants medium in
number and vigor, unproductive; calyx large, detaching easily; fruit medium in size, irregu-
lar conic, dark red; flesh light red, subacid, moderately firm; fair to good; midseason.

Baltimore, i. Townsend Cat. No. 22, 3. 1912-13. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:172. 1915.
Supposed to have originated in Germany about 1884. E. W. Townsend & Sons,
Salisbury, Maryland, introduced Baltimore in 1912. Perfect. Plants at this Station
nimierous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, irregtdar in shape, wedge, often coxcomb,
glossy medium red, juicy, tender, with white center, sweet, mild, strongly aromatic; good;
midseason.

Baltimore Scarlet, i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 196. 1861.

Originated with Robert Buist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; introduced before 1847.
A leading sort in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland for a number of years. Imper-
fect. Fruit medium in size, blunt-conic, bright scarlet; very good; early.

Banana, i. Am. Hort. Ann. 106. 1870.

A seedling of Agriculturist originated by J. D. Willard, Hartford, Connecticut; intro-
duced in 1870. Fruit large, conic, with a long neck, light scarlet, soft, of Hautbois flavor.

Bancroft, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 5: 10. 1889.

Introduced about 1880. Imperfect. Plants few, lacking in vigor and productivity;
fruit medium to large, of the type of Manchester; early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 395

Banner, i. Hyde Cat. 23. 1922.

A chance seedling which originated in 1899 on the Sweet Briar Ranch, Sweet Briar,
California. Banner has shown little merit at this Station. Perfect. Plants medium in
number, v-igor, and \-ield, healthy; fruit large to small, oblong-conic to wedge, glossy dark
red; fruit-stems short, prostrate; flesh ver>- firm, mediimi juicy, sweet, mild; good; early.

Banquet, i. Rural N. Y. 43:635. %• 374- 1884. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 419, PI. IV. 1890.

A cross between Miner and a wild strawberry raised in 1880 by J. R. Hawkins, Moun-
tainville. New York. Valued for the home garden as it possessed the flavor and aroma of
the wild berry. Imperfect to semi-perfect. Plants few, very vigorous; fruit mediimi in
size, long-conic, dark crimson ; flesh firm, light red, sweet, aromatic ; very good ; midseason.
Barkley. i. TowTisend Cat. No. 22, 2. 1912-13. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:172. 1915.

Found in the wild in 1905 by S. Barkley, Nanticoke, Maryland. Perfect. Plants at
this Station large, numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large to medium, conic or wedge,
light to medixmi red, dull, firm, sweet, pleasantly flavored; good; early.

Barnes Mammoth, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 979. 1869.

Raised by D. H. Barnes, Poughkeepsie, New York. Perfect. Plants very vigorous
and very productive; fruit large, rovmdish conic, crimson; flesh scarlet, firm, juicy, sprightly
subacid; early.

Banymore. i. Rural N. Y. 67:586. 1908. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 385:313. 1914.

Raised in 1901 by H. L. Crane, Westwood, Massachusetts, by crossing Sample with
a seedling from A. B. Howard. At this Station it made a fine record, producing large,
imusually attractive berries of high quality. Perfect. Plants very productive, medium
in \-igor and height; fruit large, blunt-conic to wedge, glossy dark red, juicy, firm, pleasantly
flavored, sprightly; very good; early midseason.
Barton, i. A'^. F. Sto. 5m/. 44:142. 1892.

Bartan's Eclipse. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:27. 1909.

Eclipse. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 106:124. 1894.

A cross between Longfellow (of Webb) and Sharpless originated in 1882 by T. B.
Barton, Columbus, Kentucky. This variety has been widely tested and is fairly produc-
tive of attractive fruit. The foliage rusts badly in some sections. Imperfect. At this
Station, plants numerous, very vigorous; fruit large to very large, conical, rounding in large
specimens, dark red, medium firm, subacid; good to very good; midseason.
Battenbtirg. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:52. 191 1.

A seedling raised by A. T. Goldsborough, Wesley Heights, Washington, D. C. Perfect.
Plants at this Station few, of medium size and vigor, healthy, very productive; fruit large,
wedge to round-conic, roughish, glossy light red, juicy, firm, sprightly or tart; good;
midseason.
Bauer, i. Itid. Sta. Bui. 200:9. iQi?-

Bauer No. g. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:216. 1912.

Originated with J. A. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas, who introduced it in 1909. Imper-
fect. Plants medium to few, vigorous, productive; fruit large, conic, light crimson; flesh
light salmon, soft, acid; poor; late midseason.

396 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Bayne Extra Early, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 304. 1845.

Bayne's Early Scarlet. 2. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 199. 1861.

A native sort discovered by Dr. J. H. Bayne, Alexandria, Virginia, and brought to
notice about 1843 It was a popular sort around Norfolk and Baltimore from 1848 to i860.
Perfect. Plants productive; fruit round, deep scarlet, fine quality; very early.

Bayne Incomparable, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 304. 1845.

Originated with Dr. J. H. Bayne, Alexandria, Virginia, who introduced it about 1843.
Plants very vigorous and very productive; fruit very large, roundish to coxcomb; flesh
pale scarlet, firm, with a fine flavor.
Bayside. i. Todd Cat. 5. 19 13.

Originated in Maryland several years prior to 19 13 in which year it was introduced
by W. S. Todd, Greenwood, Delaware. Perfect. Plants of Gandy type but larger and
more vigorous; fniit large, regular, round-conic, dark glossy red, firm; good.

Beacon, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 209. 1922. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 497:17. 1923.

Beacon was sent out from this Station several years ago as one of the best early straw-
berries. The fruits are about the handsomest of their season, and hold up well throughout
adverse conditions at ripening time. The quality is excellent for an early strawbern,'.
The plants are numerous, healthy, productive, vigorous, and bear the fruits on long pedicels
which make picking eas}'. Beacon is a cross between President and Marshall which
originated at this Station in 191 1; introduced by the New York State Fruit Testing
Association in 1923.

Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, tall, healthy, productive; leaves large, thick,
dark green, smooth. Flowers early midseason; petals 5-8, large; stamens numerous;
receptacle medium to large. Fruit early, ripening period long, picks easily, holds up well
in size; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect to prostrate; pedicels long, slender; caljoc large,
flat or slightly raised, well colored, adherent; sepals narrow; berries large, uniform, blunt-
wedge to blunt-conic, slightly furrowed and necked; apex obtuse; color dark glossy red;
seeds mostly raised; flesh red to the center, juicy, firm, subacid, pleasantly flavored; quality
good.
Beaderarena. i. Etter Cat. 22. 1920.

A cross between Arena and Beder Wood, originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg,
California, in 1912. Imperfect. At this Station, plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy,
productive; flowers hidden by the foliage; fruit above medium to small, irregularly roundish ;
seeds much sunken; glossy dark red; juicy, distinctly whitish at center, soft, subacid;
fair; very late.
Beal. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 164. 1920.

A seedHng of Belt, originated in 1912 by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey. Perfect.
Plants at this Station numerous, vigorous, healthy, unproductive; fruit medium in size,
conic, necked, dull dark red, medium juicy, very firm, subacid; poor; midseason.

Beauty, i. A'^. ./. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 8. 1878.
Essex. 2. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 201. 1879.
Raised by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey, about 1870; introduced about 1876.

BEACON

THE SxMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 397

Perfect. Plants few, large, vigorous, verj' productive; fruit large, regular, conic, with a
long neck, dark crimson; flesh light red, fimi; very good; late.

Beauty (of Haynes). i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:432. 1894.

Originated with J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Indiana, who introduced it in 1892. Imperfect.
At this Station, plants numerous, with excellent foliage, productive; fruit medium to large,
round-conic, glossy dark red, soft, juicy; early, season long.
Beaver, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:67. 1906.

A chance seedling of unknown parentage found about 1901 by J. F. Beaver, Dayton,
Ohio. Perfect. Plants at this Station medium in number and vigor, injured by leaf-spot,
not very productive; fruit above medium in size, round-conic, dull pale red, variable in
color, firm, acid, whitish, picks with difficulty; fair; midseason.

Beavers, i. Mich. Sta. Spec. Bui. 48:4. 1909.

Originated with C. E. Wightman, Mt. Vernon, Washington; brought to notice about
1904. Imperfect. Plants below medium in number, lacking vigor, unproductive; fruit
below medium in size, broad-conic, dark red; flesh dark red, firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Beder Wood. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 263. 1891. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:10. 1916.

Racster. 3. Rural A'. V. 50:527. 1S91.

This old variety was in its day one of the most productive early strawberries. It was
a favorite in western New York and in the Mississippi Valley, especially valued as a good
pollinizer for other early sorts. It was also the most resistant to drouth of any of the
standard strawberries and the fruits held their size throughout a long picking season.
The variety is being discarded, however, because the fruits run small, are not very firm and
are rather poor in quality. It is best adapted to heavy soils. This variety originated
in 18S1 with Beder Wood, Moline, Illinois. Mr. Wood sent plants to friends in Iowa for
trial, whence the variety fell into the hands of John Racster of Davenport, who introduced
it under his own name in 1 890. Later the sort was sent out as Beder Wood. The American
Pomological Society listed the variety in its catalog of recommended fruits in 1897.

Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigor and height, susceptible to leaf-spot, very
productive; leaves small, narrow, dark green, smooth. Flowers very early and very numer-
ous, even with the foliage, small; petals 6-8, small, not overlapping; stamens numerous.
Fruit early, ripening period long; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; pedicels short; calyx
small, flat or slightly raised, well colored; sepals long, narrow; benies produced in large
clusters, medium, uniform, round-conic; apex obtuse; color light red; seeds sunken; flesh
juicy, medimn to firm, soft under unfavorable conditions, whitish towards the center,
brisk subacid, not highly flavored; fair in quality.

Beebe. i. Lovett Cat. 4. 1891. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 129:5. 1896.

A chance seedling which originated on the grounds of E. P. Beebe, Elizabeth, New
Jersey, in 1885. Perfect. Plants medium in vigor and productivity; fruit medium in
size, irregular, round-conic, light crimson, rmld, subacid; good; midseason.
Beecher. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:234. 1896.

Henry Ward Beecher. 2. Lovett Cat. 4. 1893.

Originated by H. H. Allen, Hilton, New Jersey; introduced in 1893 by J. T. Lovett.

298 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Little Silver, New Jersey. A cross between Champion and Sharpless. Perfect. At
this Station, plants numerous, unproductive; fruit-stems short; fruit large, round-wedge,
dark red, firm; poor; early.
Beede. i. Mass. Sta. Bui. 37:21. 1896.

Originated with G. F. Beede, Fremont, New Hampshire; introduced about igoi.
Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor and productivity; fruit large, conic, bright
scarlet; good.
Beidler. i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:67. 1906.

Thompson No. 602. 2. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 293. 1905.

Originated by M. T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced by him in 1905.
Imperfect. At this Station, plants numerous, vigorous, very productive, injured by leaf-
spot; fruit large to very large, wedge, sometimes coxcomb, light and dark red, green or
pale at the tips, firm, juicy, acid; hardly fair; midseason.

Belle. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 308. 1891. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:5. 1894.

Originated about 1890 by M. T. Thompson, Lakewood, Ohio, from mixed seed.
Perfect. Plants at this Station medium in number, with good foliage, unproductive;
fruit medium to very large, holds size well, variable in shape, elongated-wedge, dark red,
with greenish tips, juicy, acid; good; late.

Belle (of Moore), i. Card. Man. 19:335- i877-

Originated by J. B. Moore, Concord, Massachusetts; introduced in 1876. Perfect.
Fruit verj' large, irregular, coxcombed, crimson, medium firm, subacid; poor.

Belle de Bordelaise. i. Card. Chron. 808. 1859. 2. Downing Fr. Trees .4m. 1007. 1869.

A cross between a Hautbois and White Alpine raised in 1854 by M. Lartey in France.
Perfect. At this vStation, plants remarkably vigorous, very productive; runners slender,
reddish; fruit medium to small, oval or round-conic; fruit-stems very long, very deep red;
calyx strongly reflexed; flesh juicy, soft, with a peculiar rich, rather strong flavor, not
perceptibly acid.
Belle of La Crosse, i. Ann. Hort. 201. 1892.

Introduced about 1889 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Perfect. Plants
moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, round-conic, bright dark scarlet; flesh medium
dark, firm, acid; good; late midseason.

Belmont, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 93. 1883. 2. Card. Mon. 28:240. 1886. 3. .V. V
Sta. Bui. 24.330. 1890.

Originated about 1880 with Warren Huestis, Belmont, Massachusetts. Popular at
one time on heavy soils in Massachusetts. Perfect. As grown at this Station, plants
moderately vigorous and numerous, productive; fruit large, often coxcomb, oblong-conic,
with thick neck, glossy red, firm, well flavored, subacid; good; late.
Belt. I. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bid. 1043:28. 1919.

William Belt. 2. Am. Card. 15:434. 1893-94. 3. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:101,
fig. 18. 1916.

The berries of this variety are not firm enough for the market, but are especial!}'
valuable for home use because of their large size, handsome color and very good flavor.

BEDER WOOD

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 399

The variety has long been a favorite in New England and New York. It should be planted
in fertile soils and receive the best culture, and even so grown there are many irregular
berries, and plant and fruit suffer from drouth. The variety originated about 1888 with
WiUiam Belt, Mechanicsburg, Ohio; introduced in 1896; included in the American Pomo-
logical Society's recommended fniit list in 1889.

Perfect. Plants numerous, variable in some localities, vigorous, spreading, susceptible
to leaf-spot, an uncertain bearer; leaves of medium size and thickness, variable in color.
Flowers early midseason; petals 6-8; receptacle small. Fruit late; fruit-stems long, thick,
erect; calyx flat or depressed; sepals broad; berries large, irregular, round-conic to wedge;
apex slightly pointed; color glossy, dark deep red; seeds raised; flesli dark red to the center,
juicy, firm, sweet, mildly subacid; quality very good to best.

Ben Davis, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:70. 1905. 2. Mo. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 288. 1909.

Originated about 1900 with James Sons, Jr., Seligman, Missouri. Perfect. Plants
nvmierous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, round-conic to long-conic, sometimes
coxcombed, light crimson, unattractive; flesh light red, firm, mildly subacid; good;
midseason.

Benancie. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:66. 19 18.

A cross between Hubach and Hathaway, and Climax made by Louis Hubach, Judsonia,
Arkansas, in 1908. Perfect. At this Station, plants few, medium in size and vigor, healthy,
unproductive; fruit medium in size, wedge to blunt-conic, glossy dark red, juicy, firm,
very sprightly, with dark red flesh; good; midseason.

Benjamin, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:31. 1904.

Originated in Minnesota; introduced in 1902. Perfect. Plants numerous, medium
in vigor, productive; fruit large, long-conic, slightly necked, light scarlet; flesh pink, firm,
dr>'; good.

Bennett, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:196. 1902.

Originated in 1890 bj' L. W. Bennett, Cincinnati, Ohio. Imperfect. Plants at this
Station medium in number, vigorous, jDroductive; fruit averages medium in size, wedge,
dark red, juicy, moderately firm, sweet; good; late.

Benoy. i. Out. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 53. 1899.

Ran Benoy. 2. Ohio Sta. Btd. g8:-ji. 1899.

A cross between Bubach and Jessie, raised by Ran Benoy, Matthews, Indiana. Perfect.
Plants medium in number and vigor, productive; fruit large, coxcombed, crimson, not
evenly colored; flesh white, firm, rather acid; good; midseason.

Benson, i. Allen Cat. 15. 1920.

Introduced in 1919 by the W. F. Allen Company, SaUsbury, Maryland, who received
it from a Mr. Benson in western Maryland. Perfect. Plants few, medium in vigor and
productivity; fruit large, irregular conic, necked, medium red; flesh red, juicy, medium
firm, subacid; fair; very early, ripening over a long period.

400

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Berlin, i. Wis. Sta. Bui. 72:4. 1889.

Originated in 1892 with A. H. Clark, Cambridge, Maryland, as a seedling of Bubach
Imperfect. Plants numerous; fruit medium to large, round-conic, dark crimson, firm;
fair; midseason.

Berlin (of Schild). i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:173- iQiS-

A seedling of Haverland, originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1902.
Imperfect. Station plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit densely clustered,
above medium in size, long-conic to wedge, glossy light red, colors unevenly, very juicy,
tart, with whitish center, soft, inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

Bertrand. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:73- 1923-

On trial at the Ohio Station in 19 1 4. Described as resembling Belt. Perfect. Plants
medium in size, vigorous; leaves light green; calyx large, green, persistent; fruit large,
regular, round-conic, a few wedge-shape, wrinkled and furrowed, uneven coloring from
scarlet to crimson, frequently with white tips; flesh dark red, firm, sweet; excellent;
midseason.

Beseck. i. Rural N. Y. 47:195- 1888.

A chance seedling which originated about 1888 with P. M. Augur & Sons, Middlefield,
Connecticut. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, tall, vigorous, productive; fruit
large, round-conic, scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Bessie, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:53. 191 1.

A chance seedling found by D. B. Boomhower, Greenville, New York, in 1899.
Thought to be a cross between Haverland and Captain Jack. Perfect. At this Station,
plants very numerous and vigorous, large, unhealthy, productive; flowers unusually large;
frtdt above medium in size but variable, irregular in shape, dull light red, very juicy, soft,
mild, sweet, aromatic; good; midseason.

Bessie (of Schnadle bach), i. ^^ V. 5to. 5mZ. 24:338. 1890.

A seedling of Crescent which originated with Julius Schnadlebach, Grand Bay, Ala-
bama; introduced in 1891. Imperfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous; fruit medium in
size, conic, bright crimson, medium firm; flesh medium red; good; midseason.

Best. I. Farmer Cat. 5. 1918.

Introduced in 1918 by L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, New York, who found it in a lot of plani s
received from the South several years previous. Worthy of trial. Perfect. Plants on
the Station grounds, few, vigorous, healthy, improductive ; leaves large, thick, dark green;
flowers late, large; fruit large, round-conic to blunt-wedge, glossy medium red; fruit-stems
short, thick, prostrate; calyx large, flat, leafy; flesh juicy, very firm, sprightly; good; mid-
season to late.

Bethel, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176:4, 7. 1899.

Originated with H. W. Shockley, Donnelsville, Ohio; introduced about 1896. Imper-
fect. Plants numerous, vigorous, improductive; fruit medium in size, round-conic, dark
crimson; flesh dark, juicy; very good; late midseason.

BELT

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 4OI

Bethel (of Thomas), i. A^. /. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 173. 1912. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:173.

1915-
A chance seedling found growing where a field of strawberries had previously been
plowed under, by R. F. Thomas, Kent County, Delaware, in 1906. Perfect. At this
Station, plants medium in number and vigor, healthy, very productive; fruit above medium
in size, irregular in shape, medium to dark red, juicy, firm, tart; fair; midseason.

Better Belt. i. Md. Sta. Bid. 160:207. 1911.

Introduced about 1909. Perfect. Plants small, vigorous; caJj^ small, persistent;
fruit of medium size, round-conic, sometimes irregular, scarlet; flesh red, firm, juicy, mild.

Beverly, i. Rural N. Y. 50:528. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:5. 1894.

Raised from seed of Miner in 1887 by B. M. Smith, Beverly, Massachusetts. In
1890 it received a silver medal from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society as the best
seedling strawberry. It has been a popular sort in New England. Perfect. Plants at
this Station, few, medium productive, with good foliage; fruit of medium size, firm; good;
early, season long.

Bickle. I. Mich. Sia. Bui. 100:4. 1893.

Originated in Indiana; introduced about 1886. Imperfect. Plants medium in number
and vigor, productive; fruit small, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light, medium firm;
fair; midseason.

Bidwell. I. .hi!. Pom. Soc. Cat. 42. 1879. 2. N. Y. Sia. Bid. 24:330. 1890.

Originated in 1872 by Benjamin Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Michigan, by cross-
ing a seedling of Old Scarlet with "some modem variety." Introduced in 1877 under
the temporary name of Centennial by H. E. Bidwell, South Haven, Michigan. This name
was changed to Bidwell in 1880. The variety has been valued for home use for many
years. Bidwell was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1879 and
removed in 1899. Perfect. At this Station, plants stock},^ vigorous, numerous, produc-
tive ; fruit of medium size, long-conic, glossy dark red, moderately finn, subacid, not highh'
flavored; fair; early.

Big Ben. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:112. 1901.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1900. Perfect. Plants medium in number, weak,
unproductive; fruit small, round-conic, dark crimson, medium firm; fair; midseason.

Big Bob. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 43. 1883.

Originated by J. W. Nigh, Piqua, Ohio, as a cross between Russell and Wilson. Imper-
fect. Plants few; fruit medium in size, rotmdish, crimson; flesh medium red, soft, acid;
poor; midseason.

Big Bob Baby. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:12. 191 6.

A seedling of Big Bob originated by J. W. Nigh, Piqua, Ohio; introduced in 1885.

Big Bobs. I. Can. Exp. Farm Bid. 62:27. iQOQ-

Originated by R. M. Shaw, Waterville, Nova Scotia. Perfect. Plants medium in
nvmiber, vigorous; fruit irregular, roundish or wedge-shaped to long, color variable, pale
to deep red; flesh pale red, firm, juicy, subacid; good; late.
26

402

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Big Early, i. Ind. Sta. Bui. 200:9. iQi?-

A chance seedling discovered in 1910 by E. Overman, Fairmount, Indiana. Imperfect.
Plants numerous, tall, very vigorous, productive; leaves large, dark green; calyx of medium
size, adherent; fruit medium to large, round-conic, medium red; flesh light red, soft, mildly
subacid; fair; early.

Big Late. i. Kellogg Cat. 64. 191 7.

A chance seedling discovered in 1913 by George W. Davis, Brazil, Indiana. Imperfect.
Plants at this Station numerous, medium in vigor, healthy, very productive; flowers
cup-shaped; fruit variable in size, shape, and color; fruit-stems very long, tliick, erect,
carrying the fruit above the foliage; flesh juicy, very firm, sprightly; fair to good; late
midseason.

Big Rock. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:173. 1915.

A seedling of Dawn originated in 1905 by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan. Perfect.
At this Station, plants numerous, productive; injured by leaf -spot; leaves very thick; fruit
large, furrowed, irregular wedge, often necked, glossy medium red, not very juicy, finn,
sweet; fair to good; midseason.

Big Wonder, i. Kellogg Cat. 13. 1920.

A chance seedling discovered by one of the farm employees of R. M. Kellogg Com-
pany, Three Rivers, Michigan, in 19 18. Perfect. Plants at this Station numerous,
vigorous, productive; fruit above medium to small, conic, necked, dull light red, colors
unevenly, medium in juiciness and firmness, white fleshed, subacid; good; midseason.

Billy Sunday, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 165. 1920.

A chance seedling found by D. P. Yost, Lancaster, Ohio, in 1907. Perfect. Plants
numerous, uiiusually vigorous and tall, productive, injured by leaf-spot; leaves very large;
petals large, crinkly; fruit large, wedge to round-conic, light red; fruit-stems long, thick,
erect; flesh juicy, medium firm, mild; fair; midseason.

Bird. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 122:6. 1895.

A cross between Manchester and Mount Vernon, originated by W. F. Bird, Ann Arbor,
Michigan; introduced about 1892. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit large,
long-conic, bright dark scarlet; flesh light red, firm; very good; early midseason.

Bisel. I. Am. Card. 15:434. 1894. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:234. 1896.

Dan Bisel. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 230. 1894.

Originated with D. L. Bisel, Tonti, lUinois, in 1887; a seedling of Wilson. Imperfect.
At this Station, plants numerous, productive, with good foliage; fruit-stems long, prostrate;
fruit medium to large, round-conic, light red, firm, subacid; fair; midseason.

Bishop Orange, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 526. 1847.

Bishop's Seedling. 2. Traus. Loiid. Hort. Soc. 6:i-j2. 1S26.

Raised in 1819 from seed of Hudson Bay by Thomas Bishop, gardener to Col. Robert
Smith, Methven Castle, Perthshire, England. Grown somewhat in this countrj' for its
handsome, high quality fruit. Imperfect. Fruit large, regular, conic, attractive light
scarlet; flesh firm, highly flavored; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 4O3

Bismarck, i. Ark. Sta. Bui. 48:128. 1897. 2. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 303. 1914.

A cross between Bubach and Van Deman, raised by J. C. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas;
introduced about 1895. The fruit is similar to Bubach but smaller in size and lighter in
color. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, very productive; fruit large, round-conic,
crimson; flesh pink, fimi, sweet; very good; late midseason.

Bittner Early. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:216. 1912.

Originated with George Bittner, Milan, Ohio; introduced in 1897. Perfect. Plants
few; fruit small, short-conic, dark red, colors unevenly; flesh red to white, firm, juicy,
mild; good; early.

Bittner Late. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:21]. 1912.

Originated with George Bittner, Milan, Ohio; introduced about 1907. Imperfect.
Plants medium in number; fruit large, blunt-conic to wedge-shape, light attractive red;
flesh light red, firm, juicy, subacid; good; midseason.

Bixler. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:49. 1896.

Originated with C. G. Bixler, Three Rivers, Michigan; introduced about 1896. Per-
fect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit large, long-conic, light scarlet; flesh light, fimi;
good; midseason.

Black Beauty, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1911. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:173. 1915.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1905 ; a cross between Dawn and one of
his seedlings. No. 19, the parentage of which was Dawn by Ionia. Imperfect. As grown
here, plants of medium size and vigor, productive, healthy; fruit-stems short, thick; fruit
medium to large, wedge, necked, glossy dark red, very juicy, firm, tart, highly flavored;
very good; early.
Black Defiance, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 108. 1S69.

A cross between Green Prolific and Triomphe, originated about i860 by E. W. Durand,
Irvington, New Jersey. This variety was popular in the gardens of amateurs for many
years. The American Pomological Society placed Black Defiance in its catalog in 1873,
and removed it in 1897. Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive in heavy soils; fruit
large, roundish conic, regular, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, juicy, sprightly; very good;
early.
Black Giant, i. A''. /. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1878.

Raised by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersej^; introduced about 1875. Perfect,
Plants numerous, vigorous, unproductive in matted rows ; fruit large, irregular round-conic,
very dark crimson; flesh dark red, medium firm; good.

Black Prince, i. Trans. Land. Hort. Soc. 6:203. 1826. 2. Horticulturist 1:167, fig. 47.
1846-47.

Raised from seed in 1820 by John Wilmot, Isleworth, England. About 1841 it was
imported to America where it was widely grown for fifteen years when it was displaced by
Wilson. It is the parent of a number of American varieties, of which Wilson is supposed
to be one. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, hardy, vigorous and productive;
fruit large, roundish, regular, verj' dark glossy crimson; flesh dark crimson, firm, rich,
highly flavored; midseason.

404

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Black Prince ("of Cuthill). i. Card. Chron. 483. 1843. 2. Bunyard Cat. 67. 1923.

Raised and introduced by a Mr. Cuthill, Camberwell, England, about 1837. Imported
into this countrj' about 1848. It is valued in England for preserving. Plants vigorous,
productive; fruit of medium size, long-conic, dark crimson; flesh scarlet, acid; good; very
early.
Blaine, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:517- iQoS.

A chance seedling found in 1902 by J. W. Blaine, Polk City, Iowa. It is thought to
be a cross between Beder Wood and Lovett. Semi-perfect to perfect. On the Station
grounds, plants numerous, vigorous, injured by mildew, unproductive; fruit-stems long,
thick, erect; fruit large to medium, retaining its size, round-conic, glossy light red, very
firm, pleasantly acid, well flavored; very good; late.

Bliss. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 209. 1922. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 497: i7- 1923.

After a thorough test at this Station for several years, Bliss was recommended in 1922
to growers who want a late-midseason strawberry for home or market. The berries are
large, handsome, bright red, glossy, uniform in si/e, shape, and color, and of exceedingly
good quality. The flesh is well colored to the center and is sweet and rich and yet sprightly.
The plants surpass most of the garden associates of this variety in resistance to drouth
and are at the same time very vigorous, healthy and productive. Bliss originated at this
Station as a cross between Chesapeake and Atkins Continuity, the seed of which was borne
in 1911; introduced in 1923 by the New York Fruit Testing Association.

Perfect. Plants medium to numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves thick,
variable in color. Flowers late midseason, large; petals 5-7, large; stamens numerous;
receptacle medium in size. Fruit late midseason; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect;
]3edicels long, slender; calyx flat, well colored; sepals short, broad; berries large, plump,
iDlunt-conic to blunt- wedge; apex slightly pointed; color bright red, very glossy; seeds
variable in position; flesh well colored to the center, very juicy, firm, mild, sweet or
pleasantly sprightly, highly flavored; good to very good in quality.

Blizzard, i. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort. Rpt. 58. 1915-

Introduced in 1909 by the originator, C. F. Gardner, Osage, Iowa. Perfect. Plants
few, lacking in vigor and productivity; fruit small, roimdish conic, dark red; flesh medium
red, soft, acid; good; late midseason.
Blonde, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:190. 1895.

Originated in 1890 as a supposed seedling of Haverland, with Granville Cowing,
jNIuncie, Indiana. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, vigorous, moderately
productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, pale red; flesh pale red, acid; poor; late.

Bobolink, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 193:79- 1902.

A chance seedling which originated with Myer & Son, Bridgeville, Delaware, who
introduced it about 1900. Perfect. Plants vigorous, unproductive; leaves numerous,
large; fruit large, irregular conic, light crimson, soft, pleasing; early.
Bomba. i. Rural N. Y. 45:461. 1886.

Originated in 1880 with William Parry, Parry, New Jersey, as a seedling of Crimson
Cluster. Perfect. Plants at this Station vigorous, few, verj' productive; fruit large,

BLISS

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 4O5

round-conic, very dark red, dtill; flesh dark, distinctly veined, firm, acid; very good; earh-,
season long.

Bonanza, i. Rural N. Y. 44:463, fig. 288. 1885.

Pineapple. 2. N. Y. Sia. Rpt. 305. 1889.

Originated about 1880 with Henry Young, Ada, Ohio. This variety was first sent out
as Bonanza, but was later reintroduced as Pineapple, under which name it has been more
widely disseminated. Perfect. Plants medium in number; fruit above medium in size,
irregular roundish to wedge-shape, with long neck, scarlet; flesh light red, soft, salvy with
a banana flavor, acid; good; midseason.

Boquet. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 209. 1922. 2. N. Y. Sia. Bid. 497:18, PI. 1923.

The berries of Boquet are large, blimt-conic, and borne in compact clusters at the
ends of the fruit-stems. The color is a uniform light red, and the flesh is well colored to
the center. The fruits are large, sweet, refreshing and much above the average for their
season. The crop ripens midway between Beacon and Bliss, early and late sorts sent out
by this Station. The fruits ship and keep well. The plants are vigorous, productive,
healthy, withstand drouths but unfortunately do not develop as many runners as growers
like for rapid propagation. This is a cross between Chesapeake and Pan American made
at this Station, the seeds being borne in 191 1; introduced by the New York State Fruit
Testing Association in 1923.

Perfect. Plants variable in niomber, vigorous, healthy, yielding fair to good crops;
leaves large, thick, dark green, rugose, dull. Flowers late midseason, large; petals 6-8;
stamens numerous; pistils tinged red; receptacle large. Fruit early midseason; fruit-
stems numerous, short, thick, semi-erect, bearing fruit in dense clusters; pedicels short,
thick; calyx small, variable in position, well colored; sepals short; berries very large, chunky,
blimt-wedge to blunt-conic, the surface smooth or but faintly furrowed; apex very blunt,
obtuse; color Hght red, glossy; seeds numerous, raised; flesh well colored to the center, juicy,
very firm, subacid, pleasantly flavored; quality good.

Boston Pine. i. Alag. Hort. 11:290, fig. 16. 1845. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:27, PI. 1852.
Bartleti. 3. Mag. Hort. 28:446. 1862.
Raised in 1S34 by C. M. Hovey, Boston, Massachusetts, from mixed seed, and was
thought to be a cross between Grove End Scarlet and Keens Seedling. It was introduced
in 1845. It was much grown aroimd Boston from 1850 to 1865 as a poUinizer of Hovey.
The American Pomological Society placed Boston Pine in its catalog in 1852, and removed
it in 1879. Perfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous, hardj^ and productive; leaves large,
pale dull green; fruit very large, roimdish or slightly conic, regular, bright dark red; flesh
pale scarlet, fine grained, firm, very juicy, rich; very good; early.

Boston Prize, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 186:4. iQO?-

Originated in North Carolina; introduced about 1900. Imperfect. Plants few, vigor-
ous, moderately productive; fruit of medium size, long-conic, sometimes wedge-shape,
light crimson; flesh pink, medium firm, subacid; good; midseason.

4o6

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Bostonian. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 91:190. 1895.

Originated with B. F. Lincoln, West Hingham, Massachusetts; introduced about 1894.
Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, numerous, medium productive ; fruit-stems good ;
fruit of medium size, necked, round-conic, dark red, soft; fair; medium early.
Boudinot. i. Card. Moii. 9:24?,. 1867. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Aw. 980. 1869.

Raised from seed of Wilson by Dr. H. Boudinot, Alexandria, Ohio, about 1862.
Perfect. Plants numerous, productive; fruit large, roundish conic, scarlet; flesh light red,
firm, subacid; good; early.
Bouncer, i. Rural N. Y. 55:434, 498. 1896. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 147:184. 1898.

Originated with a Mr. Ball of Connecticut ; introduced without name in 1895 by G. H.
& J. H. Hale, South Glastonburj-, Connecticut ; named Bouncer the following year. Per-
fect. Plants numerous, vigorous, medium productive; fruit-stems long, erect; fruit large,
irregular roundish, dark scarlet; flesh light, firm; fair to good; midseason.

Bountiful. I. A-^ 1'. 5to. 5m/. 309:517. 1908.

Raised in 1899 by J. E. Kuhns, Cliffwood, New Jersey, as a supposed cross between
Glen Mary and Clyde. Perfect. As grown here, plants numerous, vigorous, attacked by
leaf -spot, medium to productive; fruit large to mediiam, retains size well, round-conic,
dark red, firm, mildly acid; good; midseason.
Bowman, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:142. 1892.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Cleveland, Ohio ; introduced about 1 890. Perfect.
On the Station groimds, plants stocky; leaves large, dark green; fruit-stems short, stiff;
fruit medium to large, obtuse-conic, light red, soft; very good; medium early.

Bradley. 1. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:518. 1908.

Originated at Cobden, Illinois, by J. H. Bradley, about 1896. A seedling of Crescent
open to chance pollination by Tennessee and Crystal City. Perfect. Plants at this Station
medium in number, vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems long, slender, semi-
erect; fruit large to medium, round-conic to wedge, dull red, medium to firm, acid, inferior
in flavor; poor; midseason.

Brand3rwine. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:432. 1894. 2. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 27. 1894.
3. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:14, %■ i- 1916.

This old sort, at one time much grown in New York, is now being discarded because
the plants are very susceptible to leaf diseases. It is still a leading variety about Los
Angeles, California, where the berries ripen from early spring to late autumn. In New York
fruit and plants suffer much from drouth. Brandywine is a very ornamental straw-
berry with its dark green foliage, large blossoms and handsome fruits. It is still grown in
home gardens in the Hudson River Valley. This variety originated with E. C. Ingram,
West Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1889; introduced in 1895. Its parentage is supposed to
be Glendale x Cumberland. In 1899 the American Pomological Society placed the name
of this sort in its list of recommended fruits.

Perfect. Plants raediimi in number, vigorous, susceptible to leaf -spot, productive;
leaves large, thick, dark green, dull. Flowers midseason, large; petals 6-8, large, overlap-
ping; stamens numerous; receptacle large. Fruit late; fruit-stems long, erect, carried

BOQUET

BRANDYWINE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

407

well above the foliage, thick; pedicels long; calyx very large, often easily detached, flat or
slightly raised, leafy, frequentlj- discolored and imattractive, quickly changing from a
pleasing green to a sickly greenish brown; sepals long, broad; berries large, usually retain
size well, wedge to broadly round-conic, often quite wide at the base; apex obtuse; color
dark red at first but quickly becoming dull and less attractive; seeds raised, yellowish;
flesh dark salmon-red, juicy, firm, brisk subacid, well colored to the center, which is often
hollow; quality good to very good.

Bright Ida. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 165. 1882.

Originated about 1872 by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, as a seedling from a seed-
ling of a cross between Doctor Nicaise and Wilson. Perfect. Plants nimierous, vigorous
and ver\- productive; fruit large, round-conic, bright red, moderately firm, juicy, mild;
good; midseason.

Brighton Pine. i. Mag. Hort. 21:^20. 1855.

A seedling of Boston Pine raised by John C. Scott, Brighton, Massachusetts; introduced
in 1856. Grown near Boston about 1865. The American Pomological Society placed this
variety in its catalog in 1862, and removed it in 187 1. Perfect. Plants hardy and pro-
ductive; fruit very similar to Boston Pine but darker in color; early.

Brilliant, i. Horticulturist 3:70. 1848-49.

Raised about 1845 by William Prince, Flushing, New York, as a seedling of Crimson
Cone. Perfect. Plants very vigorous and productive; fruit large, conic, dark crimson;
excellent.

British Queen, i. Card. Chron. 427, 449. 1S41.

Myatt's British Queen. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ^,^1. 1845.

This old English variety was raised by a Mr. Myatt, Dextford, England, who intro-
duced it in 1 84 1. Since that time it has been a leading sort in England. It was introduced
into this country- about 1842 but was never widely grown. The name was placed in the
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1862 and removed in 1871. Perfect.
Plants medium in number, vigorous, rather tender, require high cultivation, productive;
fruit very large, roundish conic to wedge-shape, glossy, scarlet; flesh light red, firm, juicy,
rich; excellent; early.

Brooklyn Scarlet, i. Gen. Fanner 24:230, fig. 1863.

Raised from seed of Peabody Seedling in 1859 by A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, New Jersey.
Introduced in 1863 by the New York Tribune and for a time was popular as a home garden
variety. Perfect. Plants few, dwarfish, hardy, vigorous and productive; fruit medium
to large, regular, conic, slightly necked, bright scarlet; flesh soft, sweet; very good; very
early.

Brownie, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:113. 1901.

A cross between Cvmiberland and Black Defiance originated by LeRoy M. Brown
8c Son, Clyde, Ohio; introduced in 1899. Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive;
fruit medium to large, round-conic, bright red; flesh light red, firm; good; midseason.

4o8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Brunette, i. Ann. Hort. 210. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:190. 1895.

Originated in 1886 by Granville Cowing, Muncie, Indiana. It has been valuable in
the home garden. Added to the American Pomological Society catalog in 1901, where it
remained in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. At this Station, plants numerous, vigorous,
moderately productive, with good fruit-stems; fruit medium in size, round-conic, dark
red, firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Bryan, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 195:79. 1902.

W. J. Bryan. 2. Am. Card. 22:618. 1901.

Originated in 1890 by J. M. Green, Salem, Indiana; introduced in 1900. Perfect.
Plants few, lacking in vigor and productivity; fruit medium in size, oblate-conic, bright
crimson; flesh light red, firm; good; midseason.

Bryant, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:190. 1895.

Perkins No. 2. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:436. 1894.

A chance seedling of Crescent or Sharpless, originating in 1885 with L. J. Bryant,
Newark, New York; introduced about iSgi as Eureka, but when it was discovered that
another variety bore that name, it was designated Perkins No. 2 and in 1895 renamed
Bryant. Perfect. As grown here, plants medium vigorous, numerous, unproductive,
with good fruit-stems; fruit of medium size, round-conic, bright red, firm, with dark red
flesh; fair; midseason to late.

Bubach. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 419. 1890. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:15, fig. 2. 1916.

Western Union. 3. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 152. 1886-7.

Bubach No. 5. 4. Rural N. Y. 47:195, 460. 1888.

A quarter of a century ago Bubach was a standard sort in New York, but was dis-
carded chiefly because the plants are not good plant makers, the berries are soft, irregular
in shape, and do not ship well. The plants are very productive on heavy soils. The berries
are large, handsome, of very good quality and hold their color well when canned. This
variety was originated by J. G. Bubach, Princeton, Illinois, in 1882. It was introduced
about 1886 as Bubach No. 5 to distinguish it from several other seedlings originated by
Mr. Bubach. In 1889 the variety was added to the truit list of the American Pomological
Society. Bubach, Jr., introduced about 1901 and Improved Bubach introduced in 191 1
do not di!"l"er materially from this Bubach.

Imperfect. Plants few, vigorous, low-growing and spreading, healthy, productive;
leaves large, thick, dark green, glossy. Flowers early midseason, large; petals 5-6, small;
receptacle small. Fruit midseason; fruit-stems short, weak, prostrate; pedicels short;
calyx large, variable in position, well colored, adherent; sepals broad; berries large to very
large, retain good size, imiform, irregular round-conic to wedge, the larger berries furrowed;
apex blunt; color glossy, medium to light red, attractive; seeds large, even with the surface;
flesh pale red at the center, juicy, rather soft, mildly subacid; quality fair to good.

Buist Prize, i. Cultivator 3:349. 1846.

Originated in 1842 by Robert Buist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; introduced in 1846.
Popular near Philadelphia about 1850. Perfect. Fruit large, round-conic, scarlet, soft;
good; midseason.

BUBACH

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 409

Bull Moose. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:173. 1915.

A cross between Sample and Glen Mary raised by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey,
in I go I. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants large, vigorous, healthy, moderately
productive; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect; fruit large to medium, blunt-conic, dull
light red, juicy, verj^ firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Bun Special, i. Baldwin Cat. 12. 1920.

A chance seedling which originated about 1910 with E. M. Buechly, Greenville, Ohio.
Perfect. The fruit is of good size, attractive in appearance and of fine flavor but rather
soft for shipping. Plants at this Station medium to numerous, vigorous, productive;
leaves large, dark green; flowers midseason; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; calyx raised;
seeds sunken; fruit large, plump, conic to wedge, glossy medium to dark red, juicy, variable
in firmness, subacid or sprightly, highly flavored; good; early.

Biunett. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:66. 1898.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced about 1896.
Perfect. Plants medium in vigor and productivity; fruit large, round-conic, bright crim-
son; flesh dark red, firm; very good; midseason.
Burr.

Burr's Seedling, i. Cultivator ^•.26^. 1847. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 673. 1857.

Raised by John Burr, Columbus, Ohio; introduced about 1836. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit large, roundish conic, light scarlet; flesh tender, juicy,
mild, pleasant; very good.
Burr New Pine. i. Cultivator 4:264. 1847.

A cross between Hovey and Burr raised in 1845 by John Burr, Columbus, Ohio. Its
good quality made it a popular sort with amateurs, but it required high cultivation and
good care. The American Pomological Society placed this variety in its list of fruits
promising well in 1852, in its catalog in i860 from which it was removed in 1871, replaced
in 1877 and removed again at the next session in 1879. Imperfect. Plants medium in
number and vigor, tender to extremes of heat and cold, productive; fruit of medium size,
roundish conic, light crimson; flesh whitish pink, soft, very juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic;
best; very early.
Bush Cluster. 1. Rural N. Y. 60:493. 1901. 2. Ohio Sta. Bid. 146:30. 1903.

Raised by J. A. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Crescent and Charles
Downing; introduced in 1899. A perfect-flowered sort has been grown under this name.
Imperfect. Plants numerous, productive; fruit of the type of Crescent, medium to small,
irregular round-conic, dark red; flesh light red, meditom firm; good; midseason.

Bushel Basket, i. N. Y. St. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 163. 1919. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 165.
1920.
A chance seedhng discovered in an old strawberry bed in 191 2 by E. C. Ercanbrach,
Auburn, New York. It was first called Auburn, then Ercanbrach, under which name it
received the Barry Medal of the New York State Horticultural Society. Later it was
changed to Bushel Basket and introduced about 1920 by A. B. Katkamier, Macedon, New
York. Perfect. At this Station, plants medium in number, vigorous, healthy, productive;

4IO

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

leaves large, light green; flowers midseason, large; fruit-stems erect; calyx large, raised,
leafy, discolored; fruit large, oval, necked, dull light red, colors unevenly, medium juicy,
very firm, sprightly, with inferior flavor; poor; late.

Buster, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui 27:20. 1897. 2. A^. F. 5to. BmL 401:174. loi^.

A cross between Bubach and Sharpless made by C. C. Stone, Moline, Illinois; first
sent out in 1895. Imperfect. As grown here, plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy,
very productive; fruit-stems thick, senai-erect; calyx much depressed; fruit large, furrowed,
roundish, dull light red, colors unevenly, jmcy, with a white center, bruises easily,
subacid, lacks flavor; fair; midseason.

Buster Brown, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:218. 1912.

Originated with J. W. Alt, Lancaster, Ohio, who introduced it in 1908. Perfect.
Plants few, productive; foliage subject to leaf-spot; fruit medium to large, uniform, short
wedge-shape, furrowed, red; flesh light, firm, subacid; excellent; midseason.

California. 1. Peninsula Hort. Soc.Rpt. ig. 1891. 2. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892.
Originated in Caroline County, Maryland; brought to notice about 1889. Perfect.
Plants few, lacking vigor and productivity; fruit large, long-conic, sometimes coxcombed,
dark glossy crimson; flesh bright crimson, firm, juicy, subacid; good; midseason.

California (of New Jersey), i. Atn. Potn. Sac. Rpt. 290. 192 1.

A cross between Glen Mary and Chesapeake, raised by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New
Jersey; introduced in 1921 by William M. Hunt & Company, New York City. Semi-
perfect. On the Station grounds, plants very few, medium in vigor, unproductive; fruit-
stems short, thick, semi-erect; fruit large to medium, blunt-wedge to conic, glossy medium
red, juicy, firm, sprightly; good; midseason.

Cameron.

Cameron Early, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:51. 1903.

Originated with J. W. Cameron, East Rochester, Ohio; introduced in 1902. Perfect.
Plants of medium number, very vigorous, unproductive; foliage very coarse, subject to
rust; fruit medium in size, round-conic, regular, bright crimson; flesh light red, firm, acid;
fair; early.

Cameronian. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. iiiiNo. 7, 212. 1890. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 64:5. 1894.
Originated with J. W. Cameron, East Rochester, Ohio; introduced in 1890. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants medium vigorous, few, moderately productive, with short
fruit-stems; fruit medium to large, dark red, irregiilar in shape, firm; good; midseason.

Campbell, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:66. 1918.

Campbell's Early. 2. A'^. /. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1916.

This variety originated with James Campbell, Newport, New Jersey, in 1910; intro-
duced in 1916 by W. B. Kille, Swedesboro, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants medium or above
in ntunber, vigor, and height, healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate;
pedicels long; berries of good size at the first pick under favorable conditions, otherwise
smallish, dropping rapidly in size, wedge to conic, the smaller berries slightly necked, variable
in color and glossiness, soon becoming dull and unattractive; flesh variable in color, pale

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 411

red or whitish at the center, juicy, firm, subacid or pleasantly sprightly; good only when
well ripened; very early.

Canfield. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:218. 1912.

Originated with T. B. Carlisle, Lisbon, Ohio; introduced about 1912. Imperfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, and productive; fruit of Haverland type, medium in size, conic,
glossy red; flesh red, soft, juicy, mild; good; midseason.

Captain Jack. i. Card. Mon. 19:304. 1877. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:185. 1898.
Burt. 3. A7n. Gard. 10:260. 1889.
A chance seedling found by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri, on his farm about 1870.
It soon became a standard sort, especially in the Rocky Mountain states. The plants
are hardy, drouth resistant and produce an abundance of pollen, making them popular as
pollinizers. Burt, which was introduced in 1890, said to have been found in a bed of Wil-
son and Colonel Cheney on the fann of a Miss Burt, Scriba, New York, proved identical
with Captain Jack. The American Pomological Society added Captain Jack to its catalog
in 1879, removed it in 1897, replaced it in 1901, where it remained in the last catalog in
1909. Perfect. Plants numerous, erect, vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit-stems pros-
trate; fruit of medium size, regular, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, very firm,
acid; good; early midseason.

Cardinal, i. Rural N. Y. 47:i9S> %• 66, 460. 1888. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:331. 1890.
Raised from seed of Prince in 1884 by P. M. Augur & Son, Middlefield, Connecticut.
Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants weak, few, healthy, improductive; fruit-stems
erect; fruit meditim in size, irregular in shape, bright red, soft, subacid; fair; midseason to
late.

Cardinal (of Streator). i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 277, PI. 38. 1903.

Discovered among a lot of chance seedlings in his garden by George J. Streator, Ganetts-
ville, Ohio, in 1896. Promising as grown here. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants
numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit-stems long, stout; calyx leafy; fruit above medium
to large, retains size well, round-conic, sometimes wedge, dark red, firm, juicy, mildly acid;
good; midseason.

Carleton. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:28. 1909.

Originated in 1888 by William Saunders, at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
Canada. Imperfect. Plants numerous, verv- vigorous; foliage subject to rust; fruit
of medium size, rotmd-conic or wedge-conic, pale red; flesh bright red, medium firm, juicy,
subacid; good; late midseason.
Carmi.

Carmi Beauty, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 195:79. 1902.

A chance seedling which originated in 1890. Imperfect. Plants few, vigorous, hardy
and productive; fruit large, round-conic, light red, medium firm; good; early midseason.

Carmichael. 1. Ohio Sta. Rpt. 247. 1887. 2. N. 7. Sto. 5m/. 24:331. 1890.

Originated with E. W. Reid, Bridgeport, Ohio; introduced about 1888. Has not
proved of any value here. Imperfect. Plants at this Station weak, numerous, healthy,
with dark green foliage; fruit medium in size, conic, light red, medium finn; fair; late.

412 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Caroline, i. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 147, 156. 1874.

Originated with J. B. Moore, Concord, Massachusetts; introduced about 1874.
Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, irregular, glossy-
crimson; flesh scarlet, rich, sprightly; midseason.
Carrie, i. Rural N. Y. 55:598- 1896. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:185. 1898.

A seedling of Haverland, which originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Vir-
ginia; introduced about 1894. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1889, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Imperfect. Plants medium in
number, vigorous, and medium productive; fruit large, long-conic, bright scarlet; flesh
light, medium firm, acid; good; late midseason.

Carrie Dumas, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:71. 1905.

Imperfect. Plants medium in number and vigor; fruit small, conic, bright red; flesh
light red, soft; fair; early midseason.

Carrie Silvers, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 2iS:ig6. 1902.

Originated in 1893 by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey, by cross-
ing a seedling of Sharpless and Warfield with Parker Earle. This variety made an excellent
showing at this Station. Imperfect. Plants medium to large, vigorous, healthy, produc-
tive; leaves often very large, dark green; flowers midseason; fruit-stems short, prostrate;
calyx raised; seeds raised; fruit large, drops rapidly in size, elongated to round-conic,
necked, glossy dark red, firm, with dark flesh, pleasantly acid, well flavored; good to very-
good; midseason.

Cassandra, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

Raised from open pollinated seed of Bubach at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada, in 1906. Semi-perfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, vigorous,
very productive; fruit large, wedge to long-conic, light red, juicy, firm, pleasantly sprightly;
good; season variable.

Catherine, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 178:48. 1906.

Originated with J. F. Cannon, Sussex County, Delaware; introduced about 1903.
Imperfect. Plants medium in number and vigor, productive; fruit medium to small, short-
conic, bright red; flesh red, medium flrm, subacid; fair; early.

Centennial Favorite, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1878.

Raised by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey ; introduced in 1876. Perfect. Plants
numerous ; fruit large, irregular round-conic, light crimson ; flesh mediimi red, medium firm,
sweet ; very good ; late.

Cetywayo. 1. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 120. 1880.

Raised by A. J. Caywood & Son, Marlboro, New York; introduced about 1880.
Imperfect. Plants medium in vigor, subject to sun injury, productive; fruit large, irregu-
lar, roundish, frequently coxcombed, dark crimson; flesh firm, very juicy, acid.

Chairs Favorite. 1. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:5. 1894.
Chairs Early. 2. Rural N. Y. 55:514- 1896.
Originated with Franklin Chairs, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Perfect. In

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 413

the Station beds, plants vigorous, healthy, numerous, unproductive, with good fruit-stems;
fruit medium to large, round-conic, light red, soft; good; midseason.

Challenge, i. Am. Card. 20:510. iSgg. 2. A''. W Sta. Bui. 276:58. 1906.

Originated about 1884 with J. R. Peck, Breckenridge, Missouri; of little value at this
Station. Perfect. Plants few, medium vigorous, unproductive, injured by leaf-spot;
fruit-stems short, stout; fruit variable in size and shape, unattractive dull red, medium
firm, juicy, inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

Champion, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 982. 1869.

Originated with J. C. Neff, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, about i860; included in the American
Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1879 to 1909. Once a popular commercial sort
in the East, it is now largely displaced by Windsor, one of its seedlings closely resembling
it. Berries large, round-conic, light crimson, firm; good; midseason.

Champion (of Lubke). i. Weston Cat. 12. 1922.

Originated as a chance seedling about 19 15 by Edward L. Lubke, New Buffalo, Michi-
gan. Perfect. At this Station, plants medium to few, vigorous, productive; autimin-
fruiting; flowers small, early; fruit of medium size, uniform, blunt-conic to wedge, necked,
glossy medium red ; seeds raised ; flesh medium juicy, firm, subacid ; fair ; very early ; resembles
Progressive.

Champion Klondike, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:18. 1916.

In 191 2, Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, originated this sort as a cross between
Sherman and Klondike. Perfect. As grown here, plants very numerous, vigorous, very
productive, attacked by mildew; leaves dark green; flowers midseason; fruit above medium
in size, regular, rotmd-conic, glossy light red; seeds sunken; flesh very juicy, very firm,
decidedly sprightly; good; early to midseason.

Charles L i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:67. 1918.

A chance seedling found in the woods by George Hann, Bridgman, Michigan, about
1905. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, medium in vigor, severely injured
by leaf-spot, productive; fruit-stems very short, thick, much prostrate; fruit large, retains
size well, very blunt-conic, characteristically light red, dull, juicy, soft, with white flesh;
mild; poor; medium early.

Charles Downing, i. Mag. Hort. 33:299. 1867. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:331. 1890.

Downing. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1897.

Raised from seed of Downer Prolific in i860 by J. S. Downer, Fairview, Kentucky.
This variety was a leading sort between 1870 and 1890. Added to the catalog of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society in 1869, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants very vigorous, medium in number, attacked by leaf-spot,
variable in yield; fruit-stems long, slender; fruit medium to large, conic, bright red; flesh
light red, firm, mildly subacid; good; season from early to late.

Charles Newman, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:208. 1911.

A cross between Aroma and Excelsior raised by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas;
introduced about 1909. Perfect. Plants numerous, small, vigorous; fruit-stems erect;

414 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

fruit medium in size, roundish, blunt, irregular, dark crimson; flesh red, firm, mildly

subacid; fair; early.

Charlie, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. giiigi. 1895.

Raised from mixed seed by Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced in
1894. Imperfect. Plants at this Station vigorous, numerous, medium productive, with
long fruit-stems; fruit of medium size, attractive red, round-conic, firm; fair; raidseason.

Chaska. i. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 226. 192 1.

A cross between a seedHng of Dunlap and Pocomoke, and Brandywine, raised in 191 1
at the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota. Perfect. At this Station,
plants numerous, vigorous, productive, injured by leaf-spot; leaves large; flowers midseason,
small; fruit-stems veiy long, thick, erect; calyx large, leafy, raised; seeds sunken; fruit
large to medium, blmit-conic to wedge, glossy medium red, juicy, firm, pleasantly sprightly;
good to very good; midseason.

Chellie. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:34. 1904.

Originated in 1896 with Nathan Barton, Camden, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants
few, medium in vigor and productivity; fruit very large, very regular, conic, bright attrac-
tive crimson; flesh pink, moderately firm; excellent; midseason.

Chenango, i. Mich. Sia. Bui. 176:7. 1899.

Originated with C. W. Graham, Afton, New York; introduced about 1897. Perfect.
Plants weak; fruit of medium size, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, juicy, acid;
midseason.
Cherokee, i. Ann. Hort. 134. 1893.

Introduced in 1893 by Julius Schnadelbach, Grand Bay, Alabama. Perfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous and healthy; fruit medium in size, round-conic, many imperfect,
dark crimson, firm; good; midseason.

Chesapeake, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 186:5, fig- 6. 1907. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 364:194. 1913.

This variety has rapidly attained high favor in the states along the Atlantic seaboard.
Its most distinctive characters are vigor and healthiness of plant, and beauty and high
quality of fruit. The surface of the berries is seldom broken by furrows or irregularities,
and the fruits are unusually plump and glossy. The dark red flesh is aromatic and mildly
acid. The plants do not multiply as rapidly as those of most varieties and should be set
somewhat thickly. The variety is desirable also because there is little danger of frost
since the plants bloom late, a valuable consideration in many localities. This variety
was originated by J. W. Parks, Nanticoke, Maryland, about 1904; introduced two years
later by W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Maryland. In 1909 the American Pomological Society
added the variety to its list of recommended fruits.

Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, tall, usually healthy, productive; leaves above medium
in size, wide, thick, dark green, glossy, rugose. Flowers late, large; petals 5-7; stamens
meditim in number; receptacle large. Fruit midseason or later; fruit-stems thick, semi-
erect; pedicels long; calyx large, leafy, slightly depressed; sepals broad; berries large, drop-
ping in size as the season advances, round-conic to wedge, the sirrface usually plump and
unbroken; apex conical, seedy in the smaller berries; color beautiful glossy scarlet; seeds

CHESAPEAKE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 415

conspicuous, often markedly raised; flesh variable in color, very firm, juicy, :nildly acid,
pleasantly flavored; very good in quality.

Chesapeake Wonder, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 165. 1920.

Pride of New York. 2. Ibid. 169. 1920.

Introduced a few years ago by the Moore Seed Company, Philadelphia. Plants
vigorous; berries very large, heart-shaped, with pointed tip, bright lively crimson; seeds
prominent.

Chester, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:67. 1918.

A chance seedling of unknown parentage found in a yard in Chester, Pennsylvania,
in 1912. Plantswere sold locally in 1915. Perfect. As grown here, plants intermediate
in number and vigor, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit large, irregu-
larly roundish to almost oblate, much furrowed, medium to dark red, unattractive, with
dark red flesh, medium juicy, very firm, fig-like in type, sweet; good; midseason.

Cheyenne, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:5. 1894.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1892.
Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, unproductive, with good foliage and short
fruit-stems; fruit inedium to large, variable in shape, with a prominent neck, attractive
red, firm; very good; late.
Childs. I. Childs Cat. 142. 1893.

Introduced in 1892 by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York. Perfect. The
stock as sent out was mixed, some of the plants being Iowa Beauty and others Gandy.
The true Childs is dark crimson, sweet; good; early.
Chipman. i. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:520. 1908.

A chance seedling found in a plantation of Bubach and Tennessee about 1901 by a
Mr. Chipman at Lincoln, Delaware. A leading sort in the southern part of the Chesa-
peake Peninsula. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants very numerous, healthy, produc-
tive; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, wedge to round-conic, some-
times elongated, surface irregular, attractive light and dark red, becoming dull, medium in
firmness and juiciness, mildly acid; fair to good; early.
Chippewa, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 236:2 ig. 19 12.

A seedling of Haverland, which originated with E. M. Buechly, Greenville, Ohio;
introduced about 1909. Imperfect. Plants medium in vigor; fruit of medium size, conic
to wedge-shape, bright crimson; flesh scarlet, medium firm; fair; early midseason.

Chippewa (of Sibert). i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 165. 1920.

A cross between Black Beauty and Pan American raised by A. B. Sibert, Rochester,
Indiana; introduced by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan in 191 1. Imperfect. Fruit large,
dark red; fine quality.
Chorlton. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 982. 1869.

Chorlton Prolific. 2. Horticulturist 14:466, fig. 1859.

Originated in 1852 by William Chorlton, New Brighton, New York, as a cross between
Iowa and Burr New Pine. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous and productive; fruit
large, roimdish, necked, scarlet; flesh light scarlet, soft, acid; verj' good; early.

4l6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Cinderella, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 44:470. 1879.

Sent out in 1876 by Oscar Felton, Mechanicsbtirg, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants
medium in number, vigorous and productive; fruit large, conic, often necked, bright scarlet;
flesh light red, medium firm; very good; early.
Clara, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:174. 1915.

A cross between Sample and Belt, raised in 1903 by J. E. Kuhns, Cliffwood, New Jer-
sey. Worthy of trial as grown at this Station. Perfect. Plants numerous, healthy,
medium productive; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; fruit large, furrowed, wedge to irregular
conic, glossy dark red, juicy, firm, sprightly; good to very good; midseason.
Clarence, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 127:331. 1897.

Thompson No. loi. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:237. 1896.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced about 1896.
Perfect. Plants numerous, productive; fruit medium in size, round-conic, scarlet; flesh
firm; good; late.
Clarence (of Black), i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:19. 1916.

Originated with J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey; introduced
about 1899. Perfect. Fruit large, bright crimson, firm, acid; midseason.
Clark. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:20. 1916.

Clark's Early. 2. Card. & For. 6:335. 1893. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:6. 1894.

Early Idaho. 4. Ore. Sta. Bid. 29:65. 1894.

Hood River. 5. Mich. Sta. Bui. 195:77. 1902.

Clark's Seedling. 6. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:75. 1923.

This sort originated with Fred E. Clark, Portland, Oregon, about 1875; introduced
in 1880. It is supposed to be a seedling of Wilson. In 1899 the variety was added to the
American Pomological Society catalog under the name Hood River by which it is often
known on the Pacific Coast. In Oregon it has long been a favorite for the market
because of its firm attractive fruits. Perfect. Plants above mediiun in size, vigorous,
healthy, erect, medium to numerous, lack somewhat in yield; fruit-stems variable in length,
stout, upright, holding up the fruit well; fruit globose or globose-conic, regular, dark rich
red; flesh very firm, dark red throughout, briskly subacid; quality averages medium
although variable; midseason.
Class A. I. hid. Sta. Bui. 200:10. 1917.

Sent out by C. Nation, Gilead, Indiana. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, medium
productive; fruit medium in size, conic, regular, dark red, with some green tips; flesh dark
red, medium firm, subacid; fair; early midseason.
Class B. I. Iiid. Sta. Bui. 200:10. 1917.

Sent out by C. Nation, Gilead, Indiana. Imperfect. Plants medium in number,
vigor and productivity ; fruit large, irregular, conic, wedge to coxcomb, medium red ; flesh
pink, firm; fair; late midseason.
Cleveland, i. Elliott Fr. Book 457. 1858.

Raised from seed in 1849 by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, Cleveland, Ohio; fruit large, varying
from coxcomb to conic, irregular, dark crimson; flesh firm, with pineapple flavor, rich;
very good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 4I7

Clifton. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:57,. igir.

A chance seedling found in a trial bed of several varieties by J. K. Losee, Elnora,
New York, in 1905. Perfect. At this Station, plants of medium number and size, low-
growing, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit variable in
size, conic or wedge, dull medium red, juicy, finn, with a hard center, aromatic, tart; good;
midseason.

Climax, i. Rural N. Y. 61:431. 1902. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 276:69. 1906.

A cross between Bubach and Hoffman, originated with and introduced by H. W.
Graham, Wetipquin, Maryland. Once popular in Maryland and New Jersey. Added to
the last catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Perfect. Station plants
medium in number and yield, vigorous ; fruit above medium to large, drops in size, round-
conic to blunt-wedge, dull dark red, firm, juicy, mildly acid; good; medium early.

Clingto. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 80:6. 1892.

Originated with T. & S. B. McMillan, Columbiana County, Ohio; introduced in 1889.
Perfect. Plants numerous, lacking in vigor and productivity; fruit medium in size, round-
conic, light crimson; flesh light red, medium firm; good; late midseason.

Clinton, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. g82. 1869.

Raised by Elias Camfield, Newark, New Jersey; introduced about 1867. Perfect.
Plants vigorous and productive; fruit large, roundish, crimson; flesh firm, juicy, rich,
sprightly subacid; early.

Clinton (of Iowa), i. Mick. Sta. Bui. 81:6. 1892.

Originated in Iowa. Perfect. Plants vigorous, improductive; fruit medium in size,
round-conic, dark scarlet, medium firm ; good ; midseason.

Cloud. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:331. 1890.

A cross between Crescent and Wilson raised in 1886 by R. L. Cloud, Independence,
Louisiana, which was much grown in the Gulf States between 1890 and 1900. Cloud was
added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1899, and remained in the
last catalog in 1909. Imperfect. As grown here, plants very numerous, vigorous, pro-
ductive; fruit large, round-conic, dark red, very firm, brisk and sprightly; fair; midseason.

Clyde. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:6. 1894.

A seedling of Cyclone raised by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, who introduced
it in 1890. At one time Clyde was widely grown for home use and local markets; it is now
superseded by better sorts. The plants are very productive, and a strong moist soil is
needed to carry out all the crop. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1899, and remained in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous,
very productive; foliage rusts badly in some places; fruit medium to large, regular, round-
conic, light scarlet; flesh light, medium firm, subacid; good; early midseason.

Cobden King, i. Am. Card. 17:627. 1896.

A seedling of Warfield which originated with John McCaffrey, Cobden, Illinois;
introduced about 1895. Perfect. Plants numerous and vigorous; fruit above mediimi in
size, round-conic, light crimson, medium firm; good; early midseason.
27

4l8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Cobden Queen, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 163:66. 1898.

A seedling of Wilson which originated with John McCaffrey, Cobden, Illinois; intro-
duced about 1895. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous and productive; fruit large,
round-conic, regular, light scarlet; flesh medium red, firm, mildly subacid; good;
midseason.
Cohansey. i. Rural N. Y. 47:195- 1888.

Cohanzick. 2. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1887.

Originated with George M. Cole, Deerfield, New Jersey, as a seedling of Triomphe;
introduced in 1886. Worthless at this Station. Perfect. Plants small, low growing,
lacking in vigor, unproductive, few; fruit medium or below, roundish, dark red; poor; mid-
season to late.
Colfax. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 982. 1869. 2. Gard. Mon. 11:90, fig. 1869.

Raised from seed by Schuyler Colfa.x, South Bend, Indiana, about 1855. Grown some-
what for home use and canning about 1870. Imperfect. Plants very numerous, very
vigorous, tall, very productive; fruit small, round, dark crimson; flesh soft, subacid; poor;
late midseason.
Collingwood. i. Am. Gard. 21:533. 1900.

Introduced about 1900. Said to be a cross between Clyde and Parker Earle. Perfect.
Plants numerous, weak, unproductive; fruit medium in size, irregular, round-conic, bright
crimson; flesh firm; very good; late midseason.

Collingwood (of Lovett). i. A''. /. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 34. 1913.

Originated with R. P. Lovett, Fallsington, Pennsylvania; thought to be a cross between
President and Nich Ohmer. Imperfect. Plants numerous; fruit large, roundish, light
crimson; flesh light red, medium firm; good; midseason.

Collins. I. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:67. 1918.

Raised in 19 10 from seed of Beder Wood supposed to have been crossed with Poco-
moke, by C. H. Collins, Bridgman, Michigan. Perfect. Plants at this Station, numerous,
vigorous, very productive; fruit-stems very long, slender, prostrate; fruit large, retains
size well, wedge, strongly necked, glossy medium to light red, firm, juicy, almost tart, with
an impleasant flavor; fair; midseason.
Colonel Cheney, i. Am. Hort. Ann. 97. 1871.

Originated by Colonel J. B. Cheney, Wyoming County, New York, as a cross between
Russell and Triomphe; introduced in 1870 by A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, New York. Grown
considerably in western New York between 1875 and 1880. The American Pomological
Society placed this variety in its catalog in 1875 and removed it in 1897. Imperfect.
Plants numerous; fruit large, long-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm, acid;
good; late.

Colonel Ellsworth, i. Gen. Farmer 24:228. 1863. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 90. 1867.

Originated by A. S. Fuller, Brooklyn, New York; introduced in 1863 by the New York
Tribune. Placed in the American Pomological Society's catalog in 1875; removed at the
next session in 1877. Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor, very productive; fruit
very large, irregular conic, with a long neck, dark scarlet; flesh firm, dry, sweet; good; early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 419

Colossus. I. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:520. igoS.

Introduced about 1908 by George R. Schauber, Ballston Lake, New York, who
secured his plants from William Palmer, Grooms, New York. Imperfect. At this Station,
plants medium in vigor and number, healthy, productive; fruit large to medium, retains
size well, wedge to round-conic, attractive medium red, firm, mildly acid, not highly
flavored; fair; early; does not pick easily.

Columbia, i. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:433. 1894.

Originated by Richard Bagg, Bridgeton, New Jersey. Plants lack productiveness;
runners abtuidant; berries medium in size, pale crimson, soft; inferior.

Columbia (of Wild), i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:520. 1908. 2. Ibid. 401:174. 1915.

This variety was originated in igoo by Henry W. Wild, Sarcoxie, Missouri; introduced
by J. B. Wild & Brothers of Sarcoxie in 1906. The variety does not stand up well in drouths.
The plants are sometimes variegated and stunted. Imperfect. Plants very numerous,
vigorous, health^^ medium to tall, verj' productive ; leaves xmusually large, thick, dark green ;
flowers late, small; receptacle large; pistils often quite red; fruit-stems long, thick, erect;
berries large, soon becoming small, wedge to round-conic, glossy light red ; seeds much raised ;
flesh well colored, firm, agreeably flavored, pleasantly acid; good to very good; late.

Columbian, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 109: 234. 1896.
A chance seedling discovered on the farm of Allen Robertson, Fruitland, Tennessee;
introduced in 1892. Perfect. Plants nimierous, vigorous; fruit small, rotindish, light
scarlet; flesh light red, firm; fair; early.

Colimibus. I. Horticulturist 2:99. 1847-48.

Raised by John Burr, Columbus, Ohio, as a cross between Hovey and Burr; introduced
in 1847. Imperfect. Plants numerous, very productive; fruit large, roundish, dark crim-
son; flesh soft, sweet; good.

Comet. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui 11:22. 1916.

Originated with a Mr. Speakman, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1890. Plants
numerous; fruit small, dark crimson; flesh medium firm; poor.

Commander, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:521. 1908. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:22. 1916.
Originated with Thomas Laxton, Bedford, England; introduced into this country
about 1890. Of little value at this Station. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, injtu-ed
by leaf -spot, productive; fruit-stems prostrate; fruit very large to medium, quite variable
in shape, with irregularly furrowed surface, light to dark red, colors unevenly, very mild,
not juicy, inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

Commission, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:174. 1915.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1905 by crossing Dawn with one of his
seedlings. No. 19, parentage of which was Dawn x Ionia. Perfect. As grown here, plants
numerous, vigorous, productive, injured by leaf-spot; fruit-stems thick; fruit meditun in
size, irregular blunt-wedge, strongly necked, dull light red, very juicy, with whitish flesh,
sweet, not highly flavored; fair; midseason.

420

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Commonwealth, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:69. 1906.

Originated in 1900 by W. H. Monroe, Beverly, Massachusetts. Added to the catalog
of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants
few, medium vigorous, unproductive; fruit-stems short, thick; fruit variable in size and
shape, dark glossy red, firm, juicy, not highly flavored; poor; late.

Compton. I. Am. Card. 22:473, fig. loi. 1901.

Originated by J. L. Allan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; introduced about 1900. Per-
fect. Plants very vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size, long-oval, dark crimson;
very good; early midseason.

Comiecticut Queen, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 269. 1885.

Introduced about 1884. Perfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous, unproductive;
fruit of medium size, dull greenish red, firm; good; late midseason.

Consensus, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:&. 1897.

Originated with Henry Young, Ada, Ohio; introduced about 1892. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, medium productive; fruit variable in size, from medium to large, irregular round-
conic, dark scarlet, with green tips; flesh red, firm; good; late.

Consort, i AT. 7. Sto. 5m/. 401:175. 1915.

A cross between Jessie and Warfield, originated by W. S. Butler, Merlin, Oregon, about
1900. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, vigorous, productive, healthy;
fruit-stems thick, prostrate; fruit large, furrowed, wedge, necked, dull very dark red, firm,
sweet, with very dark red flesh; good; midseason.

Continental, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 44:470. 1870.

Originated in 1873 by Oscar Felton, Mechanicsburg, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants
medium in number; fruit large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh mediimi red, firm; very
good; late.

Cooney. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 165. 1920.

Originated in 1907 with John Semple, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. Plants vigorous,
healthy; frviit large, dark red; flesh red, firm; good; season a week later than Gandy.

Cooper. I. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 224. 1910. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:22. 1916.

Originated in 1903 by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York, as a seedling of Pan Ameri-
can. Although a seedling of a fall-bearing sort, this variety fruits only in the spring.
Berries below medium in size, obtuse-conic, necked, dark crimson, firm, mildly sub-
acid; good; midseason.

Cooper (of Michigan), i. Weston Cat. 8, fig. 1922.

Originated in 1915 by B. F. Cooper, Cassopolis, Michigan. Perfect. At this Station,
plants medium to few, vigorous, productive, healthy; leaves thick, large, dark green;
flowers midseason, large, with crinkly petals; fruit-stems long, thick; pedicels very long,
thick; calyx raised, poorly colored; fruit large, furrowed, irregular wedge to long-conic,
green tipped, distinctly necked, variable in color, jxxicy, very firm, with whitish flesh,
sweet; good; early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 42 1

Copernicus, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 8s:y. 1897.

Originated with Henry Young, Ada, Ohio; introduced about 1895. Imperfect. Plants
very vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit medium to large, irregular conic, dark scarlet,
with green tips; flesh firm, acid; fair; late midseason.

Cordelia, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

A seedling of Bubach raised in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Plants medium in number; fruit large, roundish to wedge-shape, crimson; flesh medium red^
medium finn, briskly subacid; good; late midseason.

Corinne. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:175. 1915.

Raised in 1900 by W. S. Butler, Merlin, Oregon, as a seedling of Jessie. Imperfect.
Station plants very numerous, very vigorous, productive, healthy; flowers early, very small,
hidden by the foliage; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; fruit of medium size, round-conic,
broad at the base, glossy, medium to dark red, tender, bruises easily, medium juicy, sweet ;
good; midseason.

Cornelia, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1883-84. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 24:331. 1890.

Raised by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, from mLxed seed in 1878.
Imperfect. As grown here, plants numerous, unhealthy, lacking in vigor, productive ; fruit
small, obtuse-conic, dull dark red; flesh firm, scarcely acid, not highly flavored; poor;
very late.

Cornucopia, i. Gen. Farmer g:2oy. 1848.

Raised from seed of Hudson Bay, by William Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced
about 1848. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, conic,
bright scarlet; flesh soft, sweet; good.

Country Gentleman, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:2^. 1911.

Originated with R. N. Lewis, Red Hook, New York; introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Fruit large, irregular conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, soft; good.

Covell. I. Ohio Sta. Rpt. 247. 1887.

Covin's Early. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 270. 1885.

Originated about 1882 with Charles Carpenter, Kelleys Island, Ohio. Perfect.
Plants numerous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish, dark crimson; flesh medium
red, firm; good; very early.

Cowing. I. Card. Mon. 13:245. 1871.

Originated with Granville Cowing, Muncie, Indiana, about 1867. Imperfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, blunt-conic, crimson; flesh medium firm,
subacid; very good; midseason.

Crawford, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 64. 1886-87. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 24:331. 1890.

Raised in 1S81 by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, by whom it was intro-
duced in 1889. Placed in the American Pomological Society's catalog in 1891 and remained
in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, very
ntimerous, healthy, productive; fruit large, conic, glossy dark red, very firm, with scant
juice; very good; late.

^22 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Cream, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 290. 1921.

Raised by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, as a cross between his seedling No.
330 and Trebla; introduced about 1921. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous,
lacking in vigor, dwarfish, very productive; flowers midseason, very small; fruit-stems
slender, erect; fruit medium to small, plump, conic, very pale light red, unattractive, very
juicy, medium firm, subacid; poor; very late.

Crescent, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 419. i8go. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:23. 1916-

Crescent Seedling. 3. Card. Mon. 20:310. 1878.

Park Beauty. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 18. 1885.

Boynton. 5. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Out. 303. 19 14.

This sort originated in 1870 as a chance seedling with William Parmalee, New Haven,
Connecticut. It was placed in the American Pomological Society's recommended fruit
list in 1879. This variety was once a prime favorite in many parts of America because of
productive plants adapted to a wide range of soils, but is now little grown because of poor
quality and small berries. Imperfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy only in
the most favorable locations, otherwise rusts badly, very productive; fruit-stems of medium
length and thickness, erect; calyx easily detached; fruit medium in size, round-conic, glossy
light red; flesh light red, medium in firmness, juicy, subacid; fair; early.

Crimson Cluster, i. Rural N. Y. 45:482, 541. 1886.

King Cluster. 2. Ibid. 45:^10. 1886.

Originated in 18S2 by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey. An English variety
of this name, originated in i860 by a Mrs. Clements, has also been tested in this coimtry.
Imperfect. Fruit medium to large, oval-conic, bright crimson, medium firm; very good;
early midseason.

Crimson Cluster (of Maryland), i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 154:34. 1904.

A chance seedling supposed to be of Gandy which it resembles, originating in Anne
Arundel County, Maryland; introduced about 1902. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous,
productive; fruit large, conic, regular, bright attractive crimson; flesh light red, firm,
briskly subacid; good; late.

Crimson Cone. i. Cultivator 3:348. 1846. 2. Fuller Sin. Fr. Cult. 90. 1867.

Scotch Pineapple. 3. Barry Fr. Garden 346. 185 1.

Scotch Runner. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 585. 1885.

An old sort which originated in this country before 1820. From 1840 to i860 it was
the leading variety near New York City. The plants received little care but as they were
hardy and vigorous, much fruit was produced. An English variety with this name but
having imperfect flowers was also known in this country. Crimson Cone was added to the
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1862, and removed in 1869. Perfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit of medium size, regular, long-
conic, with a long neck, light glossy crimson; flesh medium red, firm, acid, aromatic;
srood; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 423

Crimson Favorite, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 90. 1867.

Raised from seed of Wilson by A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, New Jersey, who introduced it
in 1863. Plants unproductive; fruit large, blunt-conic, dark glossy crimson; flesh firm,
sprightly; verj' good.

Crimson Pine. i. Cultivator ^i},^?,. 1846.

Originated by William Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1845. Perfect.
Fruit large, conic, dark red, finelj^ flavored; early.

Crockett i. Mich. Sta. Bui. igsijg. 1902.

Originated in Tennessee; introduced about 1900. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigor-
ous, productive; fruit of medium size, irregular oblong-conic, light crimson; flesh medium
red, firm, subacid; good; early.

Crosby, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:6. 1894.

Originated with Phineas Crosby, Clinton, Wisconsin; introduced about 1890. Perfect.
At this Station, plants vigorous, numerous, with good foliage, productive; fruit medium in
size, firm; good; midseason to late.

Crozier. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 186:5. iQo?-

Originated with Randolph Crozier, Crimson Springs, West Virginia; introduced about
1907. Perfect. Plants numerous; fruit medium to large, long-conic to wedge-shape,
dark glossy crimson; flesh light red, firm; good; early midseason.

Crystal City. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 119. 1880.

Acme. 2. Del. Sta. Btil. 24:5. 1894.

A chance seedling which originated with E. Williams, Crystal City, Missouri ; introduced
about 1876. A small-fruited sort of the wild type, closely resembUng Old Scarlet; valued
for home use but too small for market. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1879, and removed in 1883. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit small,
conic, necked, light glossy crimson; flesh pink, firm, sweet; good; very early.

Culp. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:75. 1923.

Received at the Ohio Station in 1912 from J. P. Culp. Imperfect. Plants productive ;
foliage scanty ; fruit resembles Haverland, medium in size, regular, long-conic, unattractive
scarlet; flesh light red, subacid; good; midseason.

Ctmiberland. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1883.

Ctimherland Triumph. 2. Card. Man. 16:278. 1874.

Qiambers. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui. HI: No. 7, 212. 1890.

Raised by Amos Miller, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, from seed of Green Prolific supposed
to have been fertilized by Jucunda; introducedin 1874. From 1880 to 1895 it was a stand-
ard sort for home use and local markets, but was too soft and light colored for the general
market. The American Pomological Society placed this variety in its catalog in 1879,
where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. Plants numerous, erect, vigorous,
productive; fruit large, very regular, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, soft,
mildly subacid; good; midseason.

424

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gushing, i. Horticulturist 3:70. 1848-49.

Originated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; introduced about 1845.
Perfect. Fruit medium in size, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh soft, sprightly; good.

Cutter. I. Mag. Hort. 25:542. 1859.

A chance seedling found in his garden near a bed of many sorts, by B. F. Cutter, Pel-
ham, New Hampshire; introduced in 1859. A popular sort in New England from i860 to
1875. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, blunt,
round-conic, slightly necked, bright scarlet; flesh scarlet, rather soft, juicy, sweet; good;
early midseason.

Cyclone, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:433- 1894.

Originated in 1889 by E. W. Cruse, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a cross between Crescent
and Cumberland. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, numerous, moderately
productive; fruit-stems good; fruit medium in size, long-conic, dark red, medium finn,
sweet; fair to good; medium early.

D&D. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 81:6. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:7. 1894.

Introduced about 1890 by J. A. Dobbins, Bamesville, Ohio. Perfect. In the Station
beds, plants injured by unfavorable weather conditions, medium in number, vmproductive;
fruit medium to large, roimd-conic, dark red, firm; fair; midseason.

Daisy, i. Rural N. Y. 43:495. 18S4.

Daisy Miller. 2. Ibid. 44:529, fig. 367. 1885.

Originated about 1880 with Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri. Perfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous, unproductive; fruit large, ovate-conic, crimson, acid; midseason.

Daisy (of Zane). i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.

A cross between Crescent and Cumberland originated by T. G. Zane, New Jersey;
introduced about 1889. Imperfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous, productive; foliage
subject to rust; fruit medium in size, round-conic, light glossy red; flesh light red, rather
soft, juicy, acid; fair; early midseason.

Dakota, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 148:55. 1897.

Originated in Bismarck, North Dakota, as a supposed seedling of Crescent ; introduced
about 1883. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit medium
to large, long-conic, necked, bright scarlet; flesh soft, dry; good; midseason.

Damask Beauty, i. Garcf. Mo«. 17:336. 1875.

Originated with a Mr. Snider, Tallmadge, Ohio; introduced about 1875. Perfect.
Fruit medium in size, blunt, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, soft; very good;
early midseason.

Danby. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:25. 1916.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1903 as a cross between two of his
seedlings. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, vigorous, productive, healthy;
fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit very large, furrowed, wedge, glossy medium red,
colors unevenly, juicy, medium firm, sprightly; good; late midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 425

Daniel Boone, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 194. 1883. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.
Originated in 1875 by A. D. Webb, Bowling Green, Kentucky. Imperfect. Plants
at this Station, not vigorous, numerous, productive, with light green foliage; fruit medium
in size, long-conic, bright red, firm, acid; fair to good; medium early.

Darling, i. .V. H. Sta. Bui. 74:100. igoo.

A seedling of Michel originated by Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced
about 1896. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit small, regular, round-conic, some-
times with a short neck, light red; flesh medium red, medium firm, mildly subacid; good;
early.

Darlington, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:1-/$. 1915.

Originated in New Jersey about 1905 as a supposed seedling of Gandy; introduced
in 1912. Perfect. At this Station, plants medium in number, vigor and yield, healthy;
fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit large, often furrowed, roimd-conic to a wide wedge,
with poor apex, tmattractive medium red, colors unevenly, very juicy, firm, subacid,
aromatic; good; midseason.

Davis. I. 7?nra/ .Y. V. 46:589, figs. 326, 327. 1887.

Originated in 1875 with J. J. Davis, Warren County, New Jersey. Described as
" an exaggerated Sharpless." Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit of the size and
shape of Sharpless but more irregtdar and with green tips.

Dawn. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:26. 1916.

Originated b}- H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, as a seedling of Moore Prolific; introduced
about 1 9 10. Plants medium in number; fruit above medium in size, round-conic, dark
scarlet; flesh medium red, firm, subacid; good; late.

Dajrton. I. Ann. Hort. 201. 1892.

Dayton's Early. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:7. 1894.

A chance seedling discovered on his place by David Feicht, near Daj^on, Ohio. Per-
fect. As grown here, plants medium in number, tmproductive, with good foliage; fruit
medium to large, symmetrical, long-conic, attractive light red, medium firm, mildly subacid,
with a slight Alj^ine flavor; very good; medium early, the season lasting two weeks.

De Wet. I. Rural N. T. 63:542. 1904.

General De Wet. 2. Ibid. 61:480. 1902.

Across between Bubach and Parker Earle raised by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New
Jersey; introduced in 1902. Imperfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive; fruit of
medium size, short-conic, slightly necked, dark crimson; flesh red, firm, acid; good; late
midseason.

Deacon, i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 336:53. 191 1.

Originated by George Goodell, Dan vers Center, Massachusetts, as a supposed cross
between Sample and Abington; introduced by C. S. Pratt, Reading, Massachusetts, in
1909. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in number, size, vigor and yield,
healthy; fruit large, conic or wedge, glossy medium red, juicy, firm, sweet, aromatic; good;
midseason.

426 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Deephaven. i. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 226. 1921.

A cross between Dunlap and Progressive originated at the Minnesota Fruit Breeding
Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota. Sent out about 19 12 as Minnesota No. 41 ; named Deephaven
in 192 1. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, hardy; fruit large, round-conic, medium
red, glossy; flesh light red, juicy, mildly subacid; good; ripens in the spring with
Progressive, and fruits heavily in the fall on young runner plants.

DeLancey. i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 364:^6. 1923.

Received at the Ohio Station in 191 1 from L. J. Libis. Imperfect. Plants vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit medium or above in size, round-conic to round-wedge, dark red;
flesh salmon, firm, subacid; good; late midseason.

Delaware, i. Am. Card. 19:472. 1898.

Originated in Seaford, Delaware; introduced about 1896. Perfect. Plants vigorous,
hardy, moderately productive; fruit large, broad-conic, bright scarlet; flesh whitish, firm,
acid; fair; midseason.

Delaware Pride, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 211:66. 1918.

Originated in 19 10 with G. E. Bunting & Sons, Selbyville, Delaware. Plants medium
in number, vigorous, productive; fruit large, irregular wedge-conic, bright crimson; flesh
meditun red, moderately firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Delecto. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 165. 1920.

Raised by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, in 1912. Perfect. In the Station
beds, plants medium in number and vigor, low growing, unproductive, healthy; leaves
characteristically small and dark green; fruit-stems short; seeds distinctly raised; fruit
medium in size, round-conic, slightly necked, dull dark red, very juicy, firm, sweet, aromatic;
good ; very late.

Delicious.

Foimd in an orchard in 1914, by J. A. Morgan, Scottsville, New York; thought to be
a seedling of Sample. Perfect. Plants at this Station numerous, vigorous, produc
tive, healthy; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, blunt-wedge to
blunt-conic, glossy medium red, juicy, firm, highly flavored, sprightly; good; late
midseason.

Delicious (of Michigan), i. Kellogg Cat. 22. 1922.

Originated in 19 18 by Travis Brothers, Cleveland, New York, as a cross between
Atlantic and Fendall. Perfect. At this Station, plants numerous, vigorous, very produc-
tive, healthy; leaves dark green; fruit-stems long, thick, erect; calyx large, raised, leafy;
fruit large to medium, long-wedge to long-conic, glossy light to medium red, colors unevenly,
juicy, firm, sprightly; very good; late.

Delia K. i. Can. Hort. 19:292, fig. 9S5. 1896.

A seedling of Sharpless raised by E. B. Stevenson, Guelph, Ontario, Canada ; introduced
about 1896. Perfect. Plants numerous; fruit of medium size, conic, scarlet, firm; good;
late midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 427

Delmar. i. Ohio Sia. Bui. 364: 76. 1923.

Received at the Ohio Station in 1914 from G. W. Davis. Imperfect. Plants large,
very \'igorous; fruit medium in size, regular, round-conic to round- wedge, light glossy
crimson; flesh firm, juicy, red, mildly subacid to sweet; excellent; late.

Desdemona. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 29S. 1913.

Originated at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, as a seedling of Bubach ;
introduced in 19 13. Imperfect. Plants medium in number; fruit medium to large, wedge-
shape, dark crimson; flesh dark red, medium firm, briskly subacid; good; late midseason.

Dew. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 59:25. 1890. 2. TV. Y. Sia. Bui. 64:7. 1894.

Originated in 1876 by H. F. Dew, Lansing, Michigan, as a cross between Sharpless
and Manchester. Perfect. Station plants vigorous, healthy, medium in number, produc-
tive; fruit large, irregular in form, dark red, soft; fair; midseason to late, ripening period
long, lasting nearly three weeks.

Dewdrop. i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:176. 1915.

A cross between Juctmda and a wild prairie strawberry, raised by H. F. Dew, Albion,
Michigan, prior to 1S87. Perfect. On the Station grotmds, plants few, medium in vigor
and yield, healthy; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; calyx very large, raised, leafy; fruit
large to very large, decidedly irregular, strongly furrowed, necked, variable in color, dull,
firm, not juicy, with whitish flesh, hollow at the center, subacid; fair; late.

Dewey, i. Rural N. Y. 45:509, fig. 308. 1886.

Raised by P. M. Augur, Middlefield, Connecticut, about 1883, as a cross between
Jersey Queen and Prince of Berries. Perfect. Plants vigorous, healthy and productive;
fruit of mediimi size, roundish, necked, bright crimson; flesh light red, moderately firm;
fair; midseason.

Dewey (of Nimon). i. Am. Card. 19:582. 1898.

A cross between Haverland and Parker Earle raised by James Nimon, Denison, Texas,
about 1893. Perfect. Plants few, mediimi in vigor and productivity; foliage subject to
rust; fruit of medium size, long-conic, dark red; flesh bright red, moderately firm, juicy,
subacid; good; midseason.

Diadem, i. Horticulturist S: ^00. 1853.

Originated by William Prince, Flushing, New York ; introduced about 1853. Imperfect.
Plants vigorous; fruit large, roundish, light scarlet; flesh soft, acid; good.

Dicky. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:54. 1911.

A cross between Marshall and Sample, said to have originated with J. D. Gowing,
North Reading, Massachusetts; introduced by C. S. Pratt, Reading, Massachusetts, in
1908. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in number, size, vigor, and yield,
healthy; fruit large, conic or wedge, glossy medium red, juicy, firm, tart, with an
unpleasant flavor; poor; midseason.

Dighton.

Dighton Rock. i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:521. 1908.

Originated with A. B. Howard & Son, Belchertown, Massachusetts; introduced about

428 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

1908. Perfect. Plants at this Station, few, inferior in vigor, healthy, productive; fmit-
stems thick, prostrate; calyx leafy; seeds sunken; fruit large to medium, dropping rapidly
in size, round-conic, glossy dark red, firm, pleasantly acid, highly flavored, with dark red
flesh ; very good to best ; midseason. Worthy of trial.
Discovery.

New Discovery, i. .V. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:186. 1915.

Raised in 1894 by L. H. Girton, Bristol, Indiana, as a cross between Warfield and
Bubach. The variety is worthy of trial, as one of the firm " fig-type " berries. Perfect.
Station plants large, vigorous, very productive, healthy; fruit-stems long, semi-erect;
calyx large, raised, leafy; seeds raised; fruit large, blunt-wedge to oval, necked, glossy dark
red, very firm, sweet, well flavored, with dark red flesh; very good; midseason.
Dixie. I. A'^. /. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1902.

Dixie Belle. 2. Md. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 26. 1907.

Originated in North Carolina; introduced about 1898. Imperfect. Plants numerous,
medium in vigor and productivity; fruit large, irregular roundish, variable in color from
light to dark scarlet; flesh light pink, soft, juicy, subacid; fair; midseason.

Dixon. I. Rural N. Y. 63:553, fig. 241. 1904. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:54. 191 1.

Originated about 1896 by Emil Grafe, Rossville, Staten Island, New York; it is
supposed to be a seedling of Belt. Perfect. As grown here, plants very few, small, weak,
unhealthy, unproductive; fruit medium to large, wedge, dull medium red, often green
tipped, medium juicy, firm, tart, with an unpleasant flavor; poor; midseason.

Dr. Burrill. i. Kellogg Ca/. 64, PI. 1916. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:68. 1918.

The variety was originated by J. R. Reasoner, Urbana, Ilinois, in 1909, as a cross
between Crescent and Dunlap. Very similar if not identical with Dunlap. Perfect.
Plants numerous, intennediate in vigor and height, healthy, productive; fruit-stems semi-
erect, branching; calyx distinctly raised; fruit large, symmetrical, conic to wedge, strongly
necked, medium to dark red, glossy; flesh medium red throughout, variable in flavor and
juiciness, firm, subacid; fair to good; midseason.

Doctor Nicaise. i. Mag. Hort. 33:299. 1867. 2. Goeschke Erdbeeren 236. 1874.

Originated by a Dr. Nicaise, Chalons-sur-Marne, France; introduced into this
country about 1864. The variety had little merit in this country for its fruit, but its strong
everbearing tendency made it of value as a parent in breeding everbearing varieties. Per-
fect. Plants lacking in vigor and productivity; fruit very large, irregular coxcomb, bright
scarlet; flesh medium firm, juicy, sweet; fair; early.
Doctor Warder, i. Horticulturist 26:250. 1871.

A cross between Fillmore and Victoria raised by Louis Ritz, Plainfield, New Jersey;
introduced in 1871. Plants vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit large, long-conic, bright
crimson; flesh light red, finn, acid; good; late.
Dole. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 195:79. 1902.

Originated by J. G. Dole, Ravenna, Ohio; introduced about 1896. Imperfect. Plants
medium in number, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic, bright scarlet;
flesh light red, medium firm, mildly subacid; fair: late midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

429

Dollar. I. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 378. 1895-97. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:27. 1916.

Originated with Oscar F. Felton, Merchantsville, New Jersey; introduced about 1885.
Dollar is the leading variety near Sacramento, California, where it is liked for its firm, bright,
attractively colored fruit. The young plants bear as soon as rooted and steadily from
late in April until autumn. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1S99, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. Plants medium in number,
vigorous, productive; fruit large, round-conic, light crimson; flesh medium red, firm, sub-
acid; good; midseason; autumn-fruiting.

Dollar Junior, i. Lovett Cat. 5. 1902.

A seedling of Dollar which originated in California; introduced about 1902. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, healthy; fruit large, long-conic, dark red; flesh light red, firm, dry;
good; midseason.

Dora. I. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:30. 1909.

A seedling of Crescent which originated with C. C. Stone, Aloline, Illinois; introduced
about 1895. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous; foliage subject to rust;
fruit medium in size, conic to wedge-shape, bright red; flesh bright red, medium firm,
juicy, acid; good; late midseason.

Dorchester, i. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1878.

Raised by Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester, Massachusetts; introduced about 1878.
Imperfect. Fruit medium in size, conic, crimson; flesh whitish; fair.

Double Cropper, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:52. 1903.

Originated with a Mr. Crines, New Jersey, about 1890. Perfect. Plants numerous,
hardy, vigorous, and productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark glossy ciimson;
flesh pink, firm, juicy, acid; good; early; claimed to produce a fall crop.

Douglas. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:27. 1916.

Originated with P. J. Myers, Bridgman, Michigan, as a chance seedling; introduced
in 1913. Perfect. Plants numerous; fruit medium in size, roundish, crimson, firm;
midseason.

Downer Prolific, i. Horticulturist 13: ^ji. 1858. 2. FuHer Sm. Fr. Cult. gi. 1867.

Raised " from seed of the native Iowa strawberry " in 1854, by J. S. Downer, Elkton,
Kentucky. From 1865 to 1880 Downer Prolific was a leading sort for home use and local
market, the fruit being rather soft for distant shipment. It thrived under neglect. Added
to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1862, where it remained until 1897.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, hardy and productive; fruit medium in
size, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, soft, acid; good; early.

Downton. i. Trans. Land. Hort. Soc. 3:396, PL 15. 1820. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
529. 1845.
Originated from seed in 181 7 by Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire,
England. Introduced into this country about 1825, and was popular here for a few years.
Perfect. Plants numerous, unproductive; fruit large, ovate or coxcomb, necked, dark
purplish scarlet; flesh light red, firm, rich and aromatic; late.

430 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Drought King. i. Am. Card. 18:536. 1897. 2. Alich. Sta. Bui. 176:7. 1899.

Originated with D. Brandt, Bremen, Ohio; introduced about 1895. Imperfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, round-conic, dark scarlet;
flesh dark red, medium firm, juicy, acid; good; midseason.

Dual. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:219. 1912.

Originated with Frank Dual, Ohio; introduced about 1909. Perfect. Plants medium
in number and productivity ; fruit large, conic to wedge-shape, light red, scarlet ; flesh light
red, moderately firm, juicy, mild, sweet; good; early midseason.

Dubois. I. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 36:631. 1891.

Originated with M. D. Dubois, Newburgh, New York; introduced about 1889. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants similar to Sharpless; fruit distinctly dry and spongy; inferior
in quality; unproductive.

Duchess. I. Card. Mon. 17:14. 1875.

Early Dutchess. 2. Horticulturist 28:281. 1S73.

Originated with D. H. Barnes, Pouglikeepsie, New York; introduced in 1876. Popu-
lar as an early market sort near New York City about 1S80. Added to the catalog of the
American Pomological Society in 1879 and removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants few,
vigorous; fruit medium to large, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh light red, medium
firm, briskly subacid; very good; early.

Duff. I. Rural N. Y. 60:493. 1901.

Originated in North Carolina; introduced about 1900. Imperfect. Plants numerous,
vigorous; fruit small, conic, bright scarlet; flesh medium red, firm, acid; fair; early.

Duluth. I. Mill!!. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 226. 1921.

Minnesota 1 01 y. 2. N. F. 5ta. Szi/. 447:73. 1918.

A cross between Pan American and Dunlap originated at the Minnesota Fruit Breed-
ing Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota, in 1909. Perfect. Plants at this Station few, medium in
vigor, dwarfish, very productive per plant; autumn-fruiting; leaves small, dark green,
thick; fnait-stems thick, erect; fruit above medium to small, irregular conic to blunt-
wedge, broad and flat at the base, dull medium red, juicy, very firm, with hollow center,
tart; good; midseason.

Duncan, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 14. 1S77. 2. Ctdt. & Count. Gent. 45:518. 1880.

A cross between Russell and Wilson, raised by J. L. Lucas, Ulster County, New York,
by whom it was introduced in 1875. A European sort of this name was also tested in this
country about 1855. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1879,
and removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish,
scarlet; flesh light red, firm; very good; early.

Duncan (of New Jersey), i. Crawford Cat. 4. 1904. 2. Md. Sta. Bui. 211:66. 1918.
A chance seedling found in New Jersey about 1894. Perfect. Plants numerous,
moderately vigorous; fruit medium in size, uniform, round-conic, bright red; flesh bright
red, firm, juicy, subacid; fair; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 43 1

Dundee, i. Downing /•>. Trees Am. 526. 1845.

A Scotch variety grown somewhat in this country about 1850 to i860. Imperfect.
Plants hardy, very productive; fruit medium in size, roundish oval, regular, light scarlet;
flesh firm, acid, rich; late.
Diinlap. I. Ant. Gard. 20:510. 1899.

Senator Diinlap. 2. OJdo Sta. Bui. 15^: 56. 1904. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. ^og: $4-;. 1908.

High quality and handsome appearance of the berries make Dunlap a favorite for the
garden and local markets in the northern states east of the Rocky Mountains. In some
localities of this great region it is grown almost exclusively. The faults are that the berries
are often too soft to ship well and many of them are small. The plants are hardy,
healthy, and productive, but sometimes produce too many runners. Howard is taking
the place of Dunlap in many parts of the East. Dunlap originated about 1890 with
J. R. Reasoner, Urbana, Illinois; introduced in 1899 by M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls,
Ohio; entered in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909; parent-
age uncertain but possibly a seedling of Warfield.

Perfect. Plants verj- numerous, small but vigorous, healthy, very productive in
number of berries but lacking in measured yield; leaves of medium size and color, thin,
glossy. Flowers earh* midseason ; petals 5-8 ; stamens medium in number ; receptacle small.
Fruit medium early, season short ; fruit-stems long, slender, semi-erect ; pedicels long, slender ;
calyx variable in size, reflexed, usually raised, often tinged red ; sepals long ; berries large to
medium, drop rapidly in size as the season advances, rovmd-conic or elongated-conic, usually
with a distinct neck; apex pointed; color glossy, attractive light red, quickly changing to
a dark red; seeds sunken; flesh well colored to the center, juicy, mild, pleasantly flavored;
quality good.

Dunmore. i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:176. 1915.

Raised by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1905 as a cross between Dawn and a seed-
ling of his, the parentage of which was Dawn by Ionia. Imperfect. At this Station, plants
numerous, productive, healthy; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit variable in size,
round-conic to wedge, glossy medium to dark red, colors unevenly, mild, medium juicy,
soft; good; midseason.

Durand. i. Rec. Hort. 2:62. 1868.

Durand's Seedling. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 91, fig. 29. 1867.

Originated about 1864 by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants
medium in number and vigor, unproductive; fruit large, oblong to oblong-conic, scarlet;
flesh whitish, firm, juicy; good.

Durand Favorite, i. A'^. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1878.

Originated by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey; introduced about 1875. Plants
medium in vigor, requiring high culture; fruit large, conic to wedge-shape, crimson.

Dutter. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 80:6. 1892.

A cross between Jersey Queen and Sharpless originated by Jerry Dutter, Indiana;
introduced in 1887. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, round-
conic, light crimson; flesh medium red, medium firm; good; late midseason.

432 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

E. P. Roe. I. Aiu. Card. 12:481. 1S91. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 76:434. 1894.

A chance seedling which originated in the garden of W. B. Brown, Newburgh, New
York; introduced in 1891. Another sort, which is pistillate and early has been sent out
under this name. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, very unproductive ; fruit
medium in size, round-conic, borne on short fruit-stems, dark red, firm; very good; late.

Eagle. I. Md. Sta. Bid. 211:61. 1918.

On trial at the Maryland Station. Perfect. Plants medium in size and vigor, pro-
ductive; fruit medium to large, irregular wedge-shape, crimson; flesh dark red, juicy, sub-
acid; fair; early midseason.
Earliana. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:29. 1916.

Originated with J. L. Babcock, Norfolk, Virginia, about 1902. Perfect. Plants numer-
ous; fruit small, round-conic, dark crirrtson, firm, subacid; early.

Earliest, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:235. 1896.

Thompson's Earliest. 2. Ohio Sta. Bid. 146: t,8. 1903.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia. Perfect. Station plants
numerous, moderately productive, healthy; fruit-stems short; fruit medium or below in
size, round-conic, Hght red, firm, with whitish flesh, subacid; fair; very early.

Earliest (of Salzer). i. Salzer Cat. 19. 1900.

Saher's Earliest. 2. Am. Card, ig-.j 42. 1898.

Introduced in 1893 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Perfect. Fruit
medium in size, long-conic, Hght crimson; flesh firm; good; early.

Earliest of All. i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:209. 1911.

Introduced about 1906. Perfect. Plants very large, vigorous; fruit large, round-
conic to wedge-shape, scarlet; flesh pink, firm, juicy, mildly subacid; fair; very early.

Early Beauty, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:31. 1903. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 309:522. 1908.

Originated in Iowa in 1898 as a seedling of Crescent. Perfect. As grown here, plants
numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems long, slender; fruit above medium to
small, roimd-conic to long-conic, light to medium red, mildly sweet, not high in flavor,
with whitish flesh, medium to firm; fair; early.
Early Bird. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:29. 1916.

A seedling of Dunlap which originated with E. H. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. Perfect.
Plants medium in number; fruit of mediimi size, round-conic, light crimson; flesh medium
red, medium firm, subacid; good; early.

Early Bird (of Warren), i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 54:45. 1894.

Originated with S. H. Warren, Weston, Massachusetts. Perfect. Fruit small,
irregular conic, light crimson; flesh medium firm; fair; early midseason.

Early Canada, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 24. 1882.

Originated with A. M. Smith, St. Catherines, Ontario; supposed to be a seedling of
Wilson; introduced in 1878. Very similar to Wilson but ripens a week earlier. Perfect.
Plants medium in number; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red,
very firm, acid; good; early.

DUNLAP

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 433

Early Golden, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:21^. 1912.

Originated with T. B. Carlisle, Lisbon, Oliio; introduced about 1909. Perfect. Plants
medium in number, small; foliage scanty; fruit small, conic, bright red; flesh bright scarlet,
firm, acid; good; very early.

Early Harvest, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:209. iQH-

Originated with Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Thompson
and Excelsior; introduced in 1908. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous;
fruit of medium size, roimdish, dark crimson; flesh red, soft, juicy, subacid; fair;
early.

Early Hathaway, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:35. 1904.

Texas. 2. Out. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 81. 1903.

Originated in 1892 by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1902 by the
originator as Earlj' Hathaway, and in the same year as Texas by another firm. A very
productive sort formerly grown in northern Alabama, Kentucky', and Maryland, but now
being discarded because of its light color and lack of firmness. Added to the last catalog
of the American Pomological Society in 1909 as Texas. Perfect. Plants medium in num-
ber, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, rotmd-conic, light scarlet; flesh whitish,
firm, acid; fair; early midseason.

Early Howard, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 211:67. ipiS-

Originated with A. J. Howard, Somerset Coimty, Maryland; introduced in 1912.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit of medium size, uniformly rotmd-conic, bright
crimson; flesh red, firm, juicy, mildly subacid; fair; early.

Early Hudson, i. Prince Treat. Hort. 75. 1828.

Hudson (of Cincinnati). 2. Cultivator 3:;^ 4g. 1846.

Thought to have originated in New York prior to 1790. About 1S30 it was a leading
variety around New York, and about 1845 the leading sort near Cincinnati. Imperfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, dark crimson;
flesh dark red, firm, acid; ver\- good; early midseason.

Early Jack. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 129:8. 1896.

Originated in Kansas; introduced about 1892. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous,
hardy and productive; fruit medium in size, irregular round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light
red, soft; fair; early.

Early Jersey Giant, i. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:1^6. 191 5.

Originated in 1907 bj' Walter Van Fleet, then of Little Silver, New Jersey. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants medium to numerous, large, vigorous, very productive,
healthy; fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit large, oblong-conic to wedge, necked, dtdl medium
red, not verj^ juicy, coarse, sweet, not highly flavored; fair; early.

Early Market, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 166:72. 1905.

Originated with Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1903. Perfect.
Plants numerous, tall, vigorous; fruit of medium size, short-conic, light crimson; flesh
medium red, soft; fair; early.
28

434

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Early Miller, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:209. 191 1.

A chance seedling which originated with Mrs. E. M. Kelly, Wicomico County, Mary-
land; introduced in 19 10. Plants vigorous; fruit medium in size, round-conic, bright scar-
let; flesh red, medium fimi, juicy, mildly subacid; good; early.

Early Queen, i. Card. Mon. 16:279. i874-

A seedling of Metcalf raised by Amos Miller, Cariisle, Pennsylvania; introduced in
1874. Perfect. Plants mediuin in vigor and productivity; fruit large, round-conic,
bright crimson; good; early.

Early Queen (of Townsend). i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:177. 1915.

A seedling of unknown parentage which originated with E. W. Townsend, Jr., Salis-
bury, Maryland, in 1908. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants very numerous and vigor-
ous, very productive, healthy; fruit-stems short, prostrate; fruit large, blunt-wedge to
roundish, with a rough surface, glossy light red, colors unevenly, ver>' juicy, tender,
subacid, with dark red flesh; fair; midseason.

Early Robbins. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:30. 1916.

Originated with George M. Robbins, Bradford, Maine; introduced about 1898. Per-
fect. Plants few; fruit below medium in size, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh medium
firm, sweet; fair; early.

Easypicker. i. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 226. 1921.

A cross between Dunlap and Crescent originated at the Minnesota Fruit Breeding
Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota; named in 1921. Imperfect. Plants at this Station very
numerous, vigorous, low growing, very productive, healthy; leaves small, dark green;
flowers small; receptacle large for the size of the flower; fruit-stems short, erect; calyx
small, raised; fruit above medium to small, chunky conic, necked, glossy dark red, juicy,
medium firm, subacid; fair; early.

Eaton. I. Whitten Cat. 2. 1920.

A chance seedling found in an orchard by A. V. Eaton, Lafayette, Indiana, in 1913.
Eaton has shown considerable merit at this Station. Semi-perfect to perfect. At this
Station, plants numerous, very vigorous, productive, healthy; leaves large, dark green;
flowers small; receptacle large for the size of the flowers; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-
erect; calyx small, flat; fruit large to medium, blunt-wedge to blunt-conic, glossy medium
red, very juicy, firm, sweet, with dark red flesh ; good to very good ; midseason.

Eberlein. i. Horticulturist 3:70. 1848-49.

Originated with a Mr. Eberlein, Ohio; introduced in 1847. Perfect. Plants very
productive; fruit medium in size, conic, dark scarlet; early.

Echo. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 189:112. 1901. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:522. 1908.

Introduced in 1901 by the Woodlawn Nurseries, Rochester, New York, who secured
their plants from a grower near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Echo is the leading variety
in the Falmouth region in Massachusetts, where it is liked because of its productiveness, the
stiff, upright fruit-stems, and the firmness of the fruit. Perfect. Station plants medivmi in
number and yield, vigorous; fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit large to medium, drops in size.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 435

round-conic, dull red, juicy, firm, pleasant in flavor, with whitish flesh; good to very
good; midseason.

Eclipse. I. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 92. 1867.

Originated by William Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Fruit small, conic, light bright crimson; flesh briskly subacid; good; season early,
very short.

Edgar Queen, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 81:7. 1892. 2. .V. H. Sta. Bui. 74:99. 1900.

Originated in 1884 with B. O. Curtis, Paris, Illinois, as a seedling of Captain Jack.
Imperfect. Plants ntimerous, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, irregular
roundish, light scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm; good; late midseason.

Edith. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 130:150. 1896.

A chance seedling which originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia;
introduced about 1892. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigor, and productivity;
fruit medium in size, round-conic, very dark crimson; flesh medium firm; good; late.

Edmund Wilson, i. Lovett Autumn Cat. 3. 1913. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:68. 1918.
Originated by Walter Van Fleet, Little Silver, New Jersey, in 1907 by intercrossing
several European and American sorts. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants numer-
ous, very vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves unusually large and dark green; flowers
very large, often nearly two inches across; fruitrstems short, thick; calyx of largest size;
fruit large, retains size well, irregular-conic, broad at the base, dull dark red, medium juicy,
firm, subacid, with dark red flesh; fair; midseason.

Edwards, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:31. 1916.

Originated in 1896 with B. M. Edwards, Franklin, New York, as a chance seedling.
Imperfect. Plants ntunerous; fruit of medium size, wedge-shape to round-conic, dark
crimson; flesh medium red, fimi, acid; fair; midseason.

Edwards Favorite, i. Ann. Hort. 201. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:7. 1894.

A chance seedling discovered in 1885 by R. S. Edwards, Highlands, Colorado. Thought
to be a cross between Sharpless and Jucunda. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants medium
to vigorous, numerous, moderately productive, with good fruit-stems; fruit medium to
large, good red color, round-conic, soft, sweet; good; midseason to late.

Effie. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:72. 1905.

A chance seedling which originated in 1899 with Miss Effie Wiley, Dover, Delaware;
introduced in 1903. Perfect. Fruit of medium size, conic, scarlet; flesh whitish, soft;
fair; midseason.

Ekey. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:35. 1904. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:523. 1908.

Originated in 1898 with E. H. Ekey, Steubenville, Ohio, as a cross between Warfield and
Belmont. Perfect. Plants at this Station of mediiun number and vigor, imhealthy,
productive; fruit-stems short, thick; fruit large to medium, retains size well, very long-
conic, dull dark red, green tipped; flesh dark red, acid, with an unpleasant flavor; poor;
early.

436

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Elate. I. Johnson Cat. 6. 1922.

Introduced in 191 7 by E. W. Johnson & Company, Salisbury, Maryland. Plants
numerous, large, vigorous; fruit large, attractive red, firm.

Eldorado.

Plants were sent to this Station in 191 6 from King Brothers Nurser>% Dansville, New-
York. Said to have originated in Kansas. Similar to Splendid. Semi-perfect to perfect.
At this Station, plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, very productive; receptacle prominent;
fruit large, variable in shape, broad at the base, glossy light red, juicy, firm, subacid, with
whitish flesh; good; medium early.

Eleanor, i. Mag. Hort. 14:219. 1848.

Myatt's Eleanor. 2. Thompson Card. AssH 572. 1859.

Crystal Palace. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 985. 1869.

Originated by a Mr. Myatt, Deptford, England, in 1847; introduced into this country
a few years later. Although never grown extensively, it was mentioned frequently in pomo-
logical literature. Long a popular sort near London, England. Perfect. Plants numerous,
vigorous, hardy and moderately productive; fniit large, long-conic, bright scarlet; flesh
red, firm, juicy, acid; good; late.

Eleanor (of Coom be), i. iV. F. Sta. 5tiZ. 109:235. 1896.

A chance seedling which originated with a Mr. Coombe, Atlantic County, New Jersey;
introduced in 1895. Perfect. Station plants vigorous, niunerous, variable in yield;
fruit medium or above, roundish, bright red, firm; good; early.

Eliza. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ()?iO. 1857.

Myatt's Eliza. 2. Mag. Hort. 7:71. 1841.

Raised by a Mr. Myatt, Deptford, England, about 1837; introduced into this country
a few years later. It was never cultivated much outside of the gardens of amateurs. Eliza
(of Rivers) was also tested here about i860. Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, unproductive;
fruit large, ovate or conic, necked, scarlet; flesh light scarlet, juicy; good.

Elma. I. A''. F. Sto. 5m/. 218:196. 1902.

Originated in 1900 by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey, by cross-
ing a seedling of Robbie and Nettie, with Joe. In 1898 another variety was sent out by
them under this name, but it did not prove satisfactory and the name was transferred to
the sort herein described. Imperfect. Station plants very few, medium in vigor,
healthy, not productive; fruit-stems prostrate; fruit large to medium, retains size well,
roimdish to wedge, light red, colors unevenly, firm, sprightly, well flavored; good; late.

Elmlra. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:220. 1912.

Originated with G. A. Parcell, Pine City, New York; introduced in 1910. Imperfect.
Plants very numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, conic to wedge-shape,
scarlet to crimson; flesh dark red, firm, mild; good; early.

Elton. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. $2g. 1845. 2. Pom. Mag. 3:135, PI. 1830.
Elton Pine. 3. Hoffy Orch. Camp. PI. 1841.
Originated in 1819 by Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England;

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 437

introduced into this country a few years later where it was much grown from 1825 to 1845.
It is still valued in England for preserving. Perfect. Plants vigorous, not fully hardy,
productive; fruit large, ovate to coxcombed, dark glossy red; flesh dark red, firm, juicy,
acid; very good; very late.

Emerald, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. S'^4- 1889.

Introduced about 1887; said to have originated in Europe. Perfect. Plants lacking
in vigor; foliage very subject to rust; fruit medium in size, irregular, round-conic, light red;
flesh medium firm; fair; midseason.

Emily, i. Fuller Sni. Fr. Cult. 92. 1867.

Originated by G. W. Huntsman, Flushing, New York; introduced in 1864. Imper-
fect. Fruit large, roundish, scarlet; flesh whitish, sweet; very good.

Emily (of Thomas), i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:32. 1916.

Originated by W. H. Thomas, Highwood, Connecticut; introduced in 1885. Imper-
fect. Fruit medium in size, round-conic, dark crimson, firm.

Emma. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpi. 168. 1882.

Introduced about 1870, Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately produc-
tive; fruit of medium size, roundish conic, scarlet, soft, juicy, acid; good.

Emperor, i. Am. Card. 20:510. 1899. 2. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 306. 1914.

Originated by John Little, Granton, Ontario, in 1890. Perfect. Plants medium in
number, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit very large, conic, sometimes ribbed, dark red;
flesh reddish pink, firm; good; late midseason.

Empress, i. Am. Card. 20:^10. 1899. 2. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. 0«^ 30(). 1914.

Originated in 1890 by John Little, Granton, Ontario. Perfect. Resembles Emperor.
Plants medium in number, vigorous and productive; fruit medium to large, irregular round-
conic, dark red; flesh light red, soft, sweet; good; late midseason.

Endicott. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1882.

Originated in 1870 by G. W. Endicott, Villa Ridge, Illinois, as a cross between Wilson
and Jucunda. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous and productive; fruit large, blunt-
conic, necked, dull scarlet; flesh medium firm, juicy, mildly subacid; late midseason.

Enhance. 1. Rural N. Y. 47:460. 1888. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.

A cross between Windsor and Sharpless raised by Henry Young, Ada, Ohio ; introduced
in 1887. It has value in certain sections for the general market. Enhance was placed in
the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1897, where it remained in the last
catalog in 1909. Perfect. As grown here, plants few, vigorous, very productive, with
short, erect fruit-stems; fruit large, conic, glossy red, firm, subacid; very good; late.

Enormous, i. Rural N. Y. 55:498. 1896. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:235. 1896.

A seedling of Crescent which originated with B. O. Ciu-tis, Paris, Illinois; introduced in
1895. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1899 where it remained
in the last catalog in 1909. Imperfect. Station plants numerous, medium in yield, with
good foliage; fruit large to very large, irregular wedge, bright red, firm; fair; late.

438 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Epping. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:434. 1894.

Yankee Doodle. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:14. i893-

Dow' s Seedling. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64: j. 1894.

Originated with George F. Dow, North Epping, New Hampshire; introduced about
1890 as Yankee Doodle, and later as Epping under which name it was more generally known.
Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in number and yield, with tender
foliage and good fruit-stems; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark red, soft; good;
midseason.

Equinox, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. giiigi. 1895.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced in 1895. A
very productive sort but of inferior quality. Perfect. Plants at this Station, medimn
vigorous, numerous, very productive, with good fruit-stems; fruit medium to large, dull
red, round-conic, firm; poor; late.

Ernest, i. Perm. Sta. Rpt. 216. 1898-99.

Originated with R. E. Rodgers, Snyder Creek, Pennsylvania; introduced about 1900.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; foliage resistant to leaf -spot; fruit large, round-
conic, bright crimson; flesh medium red, firm; good; midseason.

Ernest (of Townsend). i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:177. 1915.

A seedling of unknown parentage which originated with E. W. Townsend, Salisbury,
Maryland, in 1907. Imperfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, productive, healthy;
fruit large to medium, broad, blunt-wedge, glossy light red, subacid, medium juicy, moder-
ately firm; fair; midseason.

Ernie, i. Am. Card. 25:436. 1904. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:70. 1906.,

A chance seedling which originated with Dr. S. Mandlin, Bridgman, Michigan, in
1895. Its high quality makes it worthy of trial. Perfect. Station plants medium in
number, variable in health, productive, vigorous; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; calyx leafy,
detaches easily; fruit above medium to large, drops in size, variable in shape, glossy dark
red, sprightly, fimi, well flavored, with dark red flesh; good to very good; medium early.

Essex County, i. Rural N. Y. 47:195, fig. 67. 1888.

Originated with H. H. Alley, Hilton, New Jersey; introduced about 1887. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, healthy, productive ; fruit large, irregular, ovate, dark scarlet ; flesh medium
red, acid; good; early.

Estelle. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891.

Originated with C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan; introduced in 1891. Perfect. Fruit
medium in size, round-conic, light crimson; flesh soft; good.

Ettersburg Seedlings, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:177. 1915.

Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, sent out in 19 13 a number of seedlings origi-
nated by him in 1905 between native California strawberries and various named varieties.
The following have fruited at this Station, and all except the last five are described in Bulle-
tin 401 of this Station: Nos. 71, 75, 76, 79, 80, 84, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, iii, 112, 114, 116,
121, 222, 284, 432, 433, 450.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 439

Eureka, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 55:7. 1889. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:434. 1894.

A seedling of Cumberland which originated in 1881 with George Townsend, Gordon,
Ohio. Inferior to standard sorts. The name was added to the American Pomological
Society's catalog in 1891, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Imperfect. On
the Station grounds, plants verj' vigorous, health}', ytry numerous, moderately productive;
blossoms with Sharj^less; fruit shaped like Sharpless, large, very glossy bright red, verx
firm; good; late.

Eureka (of Hubach). i. A'. 1'. Sta. Bid. 447:68. 1918.

Originated in 1910 with Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between one
of his seedlings and Klondike. Perfect. As grown here, plants medium in ntunber, size,
and vigor, health}', ver}' productive; flowers very early, large, show above the foliage;
fruit-stems short, thick, erect; fruit large to medium, wedge, glossy dark red, juicy, firm,
often with a hollow center, sprightly, with dark red flesh ; good ; ver}' early.

Eurisko. I. Etter Cat. 22. 1920.

Raised by Albert F. Etter, Ettersbtirg, California, in 19 12 as a cross between Chesa-
peake and his seedling No. 20. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants unusually numerous,
medium in vigor, productive, healthy; autumn-bearing; leaves rich dark glossy green, thick;
flowers very late, large; fruit-stems long; seeds distinctly raised; fruit uniformly above
medium in size, blunt-wedge to conic, with poorly developed apex, attractive dark red,
juicy, subacid, with dark red flesh; fair; very late.

Evans, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 147:185. 1898.

Originated with G. R. Evans, Wicomico County, Mary-land; introduced about 1896.
Perfect. Plants munerous, vigorous, medium productive; fruit large, round-conic, light
scarlet; flesh light red, soft, acid; good; midseason.

Evening Star. i. Mo. Sta. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 290. 1909. 2. Ohio Sta. Bid. 364:77. 1923.
Originated in 1902 with James Sons, Seligman, Missouri. Perfect. Plants nimierous,
vigorous, healthy and moderately productive; fruit large, round to blunt wedge-shape,
light red; flesh light red, firm, acid; good; late.

Everbearer. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 206:52. 1903.

Introduced in 1893 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin, as an " everbearer."
Perfect. Plants few, weak; fruit small, regular, round-conic, dark scarlet, pleasant in
flavor; early to late.

Evergreen, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 166:72. 1905.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1903. Perfect.
Plants numerous, very vigorous, moderately productive; fruit medium in size, long-conic,
bright crimson; flesh red, mediixm firm, fair; early midseason.

Ewell. I. Md. Sta. Bid. 2ii:6-j. 191S.

A chance seedling which originated with a Mr. Ewell, Accomac County, Virginia.
Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor; fruit of medium size, round-conic, bright
attractive red; flesh red, mediiim firm, juicy, subacid; fair; early.

440

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Excelsior, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:35- 1904- 2, N. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:524. 1908.

This old sort is still prized in many parts of the United States for its early, well-flavored
berries which keep and ship particularly well. It is one of the few varieties with a distinctly
sour berry that finds favor with consumers. The berries are small, dark red in color and
ripen very early. The small size and acid fruits are the chief defects of the product. The
plants are often injured by drouth and in many situations are improductive. They do
best grown in hills. Excelsior is giving way, in commercial plantations at least, to Howard.
This variety originated about 1890 with Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced
by J. C. Bauer of that place in 1892 ; parentage Hoffman by Wilson; added to the American
Pomological Society's fruit catalog in 1899.

Perfect. Plants numerous, healthy, productive; leaves small, light green, dull, rugose,
Flowers very early, small; petals 6-8; stamens variable in number; receptacle small.
Fruit very early; fruit-stems short, prostrate; pedicels short, slender; calyx small,
variable in position, often discolored; sepals short, narrow; berries medium to small,
round-conic or globose; apex obtuse; color light to dark red, moderately glossy; seeds
sunken; flesh usually dark red but variable, firm, juicy, decidedly tart; quality fair.

Excelsior (of Shaw), i. Rural N. Y. 55:498. 1896.

Originated with James Shaw, South Hadley, Massachusetts; introduced in 1895;
supposed to be a cross between Duchess and Crescent. Plants productive; fruit large,
conical heart-shaped, soft; fair.

Exquisite, i. Burbank Cat. 12. 1916-17.

Raised about 19 10 by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, as a descendant of one
of his white seedling strawberries, a Chilian seedling, and Bubach. Perfect. Plants at
this Station, very few, weak, low growing and dwarfish, very unproductive, healthy;
flowers large, with the petal-edges recurved; fruit-stems short, erect; fruit variable in
size and shape, unattractive pale red; flesh soft, very white; very good; very late.

Fae. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:220, fig. 1912.

Originated with W. J. Alt, Lancaster, Ohio; introduced in 1908. Imperfect. Plants
vigorous, productive; fruit large, blunt conical to broad wedge-shape, medium red; flesh
light red, juicy, firm; good; midseason.

Fairdale. i. Md. Sta. Bui. 211:67. 1918.

Originated in 1905 with J. G. Harrison & Sons, Berlin, Maryland. Perfect. Plants
moderately vigorous; berries large, roundish wedge-shaped, blunt, bright scarlet; flesh
light red, firm, juicy, subacid; fair; midseason.

Fairfield, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:32. 1903. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:524. 1908.

A chance seedling found in an old peach orchard about 1895 by Martin Johnson, Ctim-
berland County, New Jersey. Perfect. Station plants medivim in number, vigorous,
healthy, unproductive; fruit large, drops rapidly in size, round-conic to long-conic, glossy
light to dark red, mildly acid, medium firm, inferior in flavor; fair; early. Its earliness is
its greatest asset; disappointing in yield and flavor.

EXCELSIOR

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 4.41

Fairmount. i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. rSgi.

Introduced in 1891 by Oakley Apgar, Califon, New Jerse}'. Perfect. Berries large,
conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, moderately finn, subacid; ver>- good; midseason.

Family Favorite, i. Rural N. Y. 58:530. 1899.

Originated with Charles W. Momm, Irvington, New Jersey; introduced in 1S98.
Semi-perfect. Berries medium in size, round-conic, dark scarlet, firm, acid; good;
midseason.

Fantastic, i. Am. Pcmi. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

Originated with Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California. Plants strong, vigorous;
berries deepest red, fantastic shaped.

Famsworth. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.

Originated with W. W. Famsworth, Waterville, Ohio. Perfect. As grown here,
plants vigorous, very numerous, not free from leaf-spot, productive; fruit conical, necked,
light red, imiformly medium in size, too soft for shipping, very well flavored; very good;
midseason.

Felton. I. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 24:332. 1890.

Originated with Oscar Felton, Merchantsville, New Jersey; introduced about 1888.
Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants very vigorous, productive; fruit large, holds up
in size, obtuse-conic, glossy dark red, firm, well flavored; very good; late, with long-
ripening period.

Fendalcino. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 291. 192 1.

Originated as a cross between FendaU and Ettersburg No. 121 by Albert F. Etter,
Ettersburg, California. Imperfect. Berries large, bright red, moderately finn; good;
early, with a tendency to be a double-cropper.

Fendalemo. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

A seedling of Fendall originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California. Plants
vigorous; berries large, deep red; good.

Fendall. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 50. 1909. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:55. 191 1.

A seedling of Belt originated in 1905 by Charles E. Fendall, Towson, Marj'land;
entered in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Perfect. In
the Station beds, plants few, medium in size and vigor, healthy, productive; fruit large,
retains size well, characteristically oblong-conic, necked, glossy light red, medium in juici-
ness and firmness, subacid; good; midseason. Lacks vigor and inferior in shape.

Femdale Giant, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:77. 1923.

Introduced by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey, in 1912. Perfect. Plants vigorous,
healthy; berries large, long-conical to wedge-shape, variable in color, usually crimson,
firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Fifer. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:35. 1916.

Gen. Fifer. 2. Alich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 316. 1897.

Originated with C. C. Stone, Moline, Illinois; introduced about 1892. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh light red, firm; good; late.

442

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Fillbasket. i. A'. V. S^a. 5m/. 401: i So. 1915.

Received at this Station in 1910 from Vilmorin-Andrieux Nursery Company, Paris.
France. Perfect. Berries medium in size, oblong-conic to wedge, dull light red; flesh
whitish, sweet; good; late.

Fillmore, i. Mag. Hort. 25:347. 1859.

Feast's Fillmore. 2. Country Gent. 20:30. 1862.

Originated in 1852 with Samuel Feast & Sons, Baltimore, Maryland; included in the
American Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1862 to 1879. Perfect. Plants vigor-
ous, healthy, productive; berries large, round-conic, obtuse, dark crimson, finn, sweet;
good; early.

Finch. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 193. 1883.

Finch's Prolific. 2. Card. Mon. 23:241. 1881.

Originated in 1874 by Lewis Finch, Plainville, Ohio. Wilson is supposed to have been
one of the parents. The American Pomological Society listed the variety in its fruit
catalog from 1883 to 1897. Perfect. Berries large, round-conic, scarlet, firm; good;
midseason.

First Prize, i. AM S^a. 5m/. 160:201, 210. 1911. 2. N.Y.Sta. 5m/. 401:181. 1915.
A chance seedling originated in 1905 by E. M. Ruark, Sharptown, Maryland; intro-
duced by E. W. Townsend & Sons, SaHsbury, Maryland, in 1910. Perfect. Plants at
this Station, medium in number and vigor, very productive, healthy; fruit-stems thick,
prostrate; fruit very large, irregular wedge, with furrowed surface, light red, colors unevenly,
green tipped, not very juicy, coarse, subacid; fair; early. Unattractive in shape, coarse
in appearance, surpassed by other kinds.

First Quality, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:$$. 1911

A seedling of Gandy and Sample, which originated with J. D. Gowing, North Reading.
Massachusetts; introduced by C. S. Pratt, Reading, Massachusetts, in 1909. Perfect.
At this Station, plants few, large, vigorous, healthy, medium in yield; leaves large, thick,
dark green; flowers midseason, large ; fruit-stems long, thick; calyx leafy, flat; seeds simken;
fruit large, retains size well, distinctly conic, glossy medium red, medium juicy, firm, sweet ;
very good; midseason. Worthy of trial.

Fisher, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:35. 1916.

Prof. Fisher. 2. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:541. 1908.

Originated by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey; introduced in
1899. Imperfect. Station plants few, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves very large;
fruit-stems medium to long, -semi-erect; calyx often raised on a swollen neck; fruit large,
retains size well, irregular wedge, with furrowed surface, light red, coarse in appearance,
moderately fimi, acid; fair to good; late.

Fleming, i. Country Gent. 22:46. 1863.

Originated in 1859 with F. A. Fleming, Curwensville, Pennsylvania, as a cross between
McAvoy Superior and Wilson. Imperfect. Bernes large, round-conic, obtuse, dark scarlet,
soft, sweet; good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 443

Flora BeU.

Hall's Seedling, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 64:8. 1894.

Originated by S. E. Hall, Cherry Valley, Illinois, about 1890. Imperfect. Station
plants medium numerous, less productive than Sharpless but more so than Crescent, witli
very good foliage and good fruit-stems; blossoms about with Manchester and Sharpless;
fruit medium in size, firm; fair; midseason.

Florella. i. III. Hori. Soc. Rpi. 293,. 1905. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. ^og: 525. 1908.

Originated in 1896 by J. P. H. Brown, Augusta, Georgia, as a cross between Bubach
and Thompson; introduced in 1904. Perfect. As grown here, plants few, medium in
vigor, healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; berries variable in size
and shape, glossy medium red, firm, acid, not high in flavor; fair; early. Not equal to
the best varieties.

Florence, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:35. 1916.

Clara. 2. Rural N. Y. 50:528. 1891.

Originated by Mark T. Thompson, Cleveland, Ohio; introduced in 1889. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, finn; fair; midseason.

Flush. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:35. 1916.

Flosch. 2. .4;». Card. 19:642. 1898.

Flash. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:117. 1901.

Originated by Thomas Wilde, Wright, Michigan; introduced about 1896. Imperfect.
Berries large, irregular, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; very good;
midseason.

Ford. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:69. 1918.

A chance seedling found growing wild about 1913 by a Mr. Granville, Brewington,
Maryland. Semi-perfect to perfect. On the Station grounds, plants numerous, extremely
vigorous, healthy, very productive; leaves of largest size, very thick, dark green; flowers
very late, large; fruit-stems very long, thick, erect; calyx unusually large, flat, very leafy,
attractive green, with long, broad sepals; berries of largest size, blunt-wedge to blunt-conic,
glossy medium to dark red, coloring unevenly, very juicy, firm, sweet, with dark red flesh;
good; very late. Worthy of trial. Since its introduction other plants have been sold
for Ford, entirely unlike the variety just described.

Forest Rose. i. Card. Moii. 19:274. 1877.

A chance seedling which originated in 1869 with J. A. Fetters, Lancaster, Ohio; included
in the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1877 to 1883. Perfect. Plants,
vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic, obtuse, scarlet; flesh light red, firm, sweet;
good; early.

Fort. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:36. 1916.

Gov. Fort. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:182. 1915.

Originated as a cross between Sample and Glen Mary by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia New
Jersey, in 1906. Perfect. At this Station, plants few, medium in vigor, productive

444

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

healthy; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; fruit above medium in size, long- wedge to long-
conic, dull light red; flesh whitish, medium juicy, subacid, very mild, low in flavor; poor;
midseason. Surpassed by other varieties.

Forward, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:69. 1918.

An autumn-bearer originated in 1907 by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York, as a
cross between Autumn and Cooper. This variety is so similar in both plant and fruit
habits to Advance that the description of Advance will answer for both varieties.

Fountain, i. Am. Card. 18:536. 1897. 2. la. Sta. Bui. 64:191, 196, 202. 1902.

Originated in Ohio; introduced in 1895. Perfect. Berries large, round-conic, dark
crimson; flesh dark red, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Four Seasons, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:181. 1915.

Received at this Station in 19 10 from Vilmorin-Andrieux Ntirsery Company, Paris,
France. Perfect. Plants weak, unproductive; berries small, conic, whitish, unattractive,
tart, insipid; poor; midseason.

Frances Cleveland, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:36. 1916.

Mrs. Cleveland. 2. TV. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:338. 1890.

A seedling of Cumberland; originated in 1881 by George Townsend, Gordon, Ohio.
Imperfect. Berries large, irregular round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, firm; good;
midseason.

Frances Willard. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 447: 6g. 1918.

Seeds of an unnamed seedling were sown in 19 10 by D. J. Miller, Millersburg, Ohio.
One of the resulting plants was named Frances Willard. Imperfect. As grown here, plants
very numerous, vigorous, healthy, very productive; leaves unusually large, thick, dark green ;
frmt-stems long, thick; calyx distinctly raised; fruit large, retains size well, long-conic to
long-wedge, strongly necked, light red, medium juicy, finn, subacid; fair to good; midseason.
Flesh characters disappointing.

Francis, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 335. 1911. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:91. 1923.

Originated in 1905 by Harlow Rockhill, Conrad, Iowa, as a cross between Louis Gau-
thier and Pan American. Perfect. Station plants few, vigorous, healthy, variable in
yield; autumn-bearing; fruit-stems long, slender, prostrate; fruit above medium to small,
round-conic, light red, firm, subacid, juicy; good; midseason. The new runner-plants
blossom as soon as rooted.

Free Silver, i. Rural N. Y. 56:471. 1897.

Originated by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey, as a cross between Bubach and Parker
Earle. Perfect. Plants moderately vigorous; berries medium in size, long-com"c, dark
crimson, soft; good; midseason.

Fremont Williams, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:73, % IQOS-

Originated in 1893 by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Gandy
and Bush Cluster. Perfect. Plants large, vigorous; berries large, round-conic, light
crimson, firm, subacid; good; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 445

French, i. Country Gent. 22:367. 1863.

French's Seedling. 2. Card. Mon. 10:238. 1868.

Originated about 1858 by Lewis French, Moorestown, New Jersey, as a seedling of
Hovey; a standard market sort late in the sixties. Perfect. Plants medium in size and
vigor, productive; berries medium to large, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, soft,
sweet; good; early.

Friendship, i. A". Y. Sta. Bid. 447:69. 1918.

This is a seedling of Maximus found by J. F. Nickerson, Chatham, Massachusetts,
in 191 2. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in vigor, very productive,
injured by leaf-spot; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit variable in size, long-wedge
to long-conic, strongly necked, light red, dull, juicy, medium firm, tart, with an unpleasant
flavor; poor; midseason. Plants unhealthy; fruit disappointing.

Fuller. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:36. 1916.

A chance seedling which originated with J. B. Fuller, Anna, Illinois; introduced in 191 1.
Perfect. Berries large, long-conic, dark crimson, firm; good; midseason.

Galceron. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 67:4. 1890.

Galerson. 2. N'. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:8. 1894.

Originated in 1882 with a Mrs. Galceron, Atlanta, Georgia. Perfect. As grown here,
plants vigorous, few, unproductive; leaves and fruit-stems good; fruit medium in size,
symmetrical, attractive dark red, firm; poor; midseason to late.

Ganaugua. i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:185. 1898.

A cross between Wilson and Sharpless raised by A. A. Mitchell, Palmyra, New York;
introduced about 1896. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigor, and productivity;
fruit of medium size, roundish, scarlet; flesh medium firm; fair; midseason.

Gandy. i. A''. Y. Sta. Bid. 24:332. 1890. 2. Rural N. Y. 61:498. 1902.

Candy's Prize. 3. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 69. 1887.

First Season. 4. Am. Card. 10:342. 1889.

The outstanding qualities of Gandy are handsome, deep red, firm fruits of very good
quality, although the variety finds favor in many localities because of its late season, the
fruits reaching the market the last of their kind. The plants are partial as to soils and
thrive best in heavy rather than light soils. The fruits hold their color when canned very
well, but are a little too acid for a prime canned product. The variety is grown more or less
wherever strawberries are cultivated in the United States. Gandy was originated in 1885
by W. S. Gandy, Newport, New Jersey, as a cross between Jersey Queen and Glendale;
introduced in 1888; added to the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1889.

Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous but low-spreading, variable in health, productive;
leaves of medium size, thick, light green, dull, rugose. Flowers late, variable in size;
petals 6-8, small; stamens very few to many; receptacle large. Fruit very late, holds up
well in size; fruit-stems variable in length, thick, semi-erect to erect; pedicels short, slender;
calyx large, raised, leafy, easily detached, well colored; sepals long, broad; berries large,
round-conic; apex very obtuse; color light red at first, deepening to dark, rather dull red

^^C THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

at maturity; seeds raised; flesh well colored to the center, very firm, briskly subacid,
juicy; core hollow; quality good.

Ganto. I. Va. Sta. Tech. BjiI. II -.^7. igi6.

Originated at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Mary-
land, in igii. Berries medium, conic, flattened, dull crimson, soft; fair; late.
Garden, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1882. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.

A seedling of Monarch which originated at Babylon, New York, about 1880. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants vigorous, numerous, variable in yield; fruit-stems long; good;
season long.
Gardner, i. Am. Card. 17:627. 1896. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:185- iSqS-

A chance seedling which originated about 1887 with C. F. Gardner, Osage, Iowa.
Perfect. Plants medium in number and vigor, unproductive; fruit of medimn size, irregu-
lar round-conic, light scarlet; flesh finn, acid; fair; early midseason.

Garibaldi, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 987. 1869.

Raised by W. A. Burgess, Glen Cove, New York; introduced before 1862. Perfect.
Fruit mediiun in size, roundish blunt-conic, light scarlet; flesh soft, sweet; good; early.

Garretson. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 241. 1886.

Originated with a Mr. Garretson, on Long Island, New York; introduced in 1884.
Imperfect. At this Station, plants lack in vigor and productiveness; fruit-stems short;
fruit medium to large, round-conic, dull dark red, very firm, subacid; poor; midseason,
ripening period long.

Garrison, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:210. 1911.

Lady Garrison. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:76. 1905.

Introduced about 1901. Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor and produc-
tivity; fruit medium in size, irregular, oblong, light scarlet; flesh pink, medium firm; good;
midseason.
Geisler. i. Out. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 61. 1901. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui 63:31. 1909.

A chance seedling found in Michigan; introduced in 1897. Perfect. Plants few, vigor-
ous, unproductive; fruit large, roundish, dark glossy red; flesh red, firm, juicy, subacid;
good; late.

Gem. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:38. 1916.

Originated in 191 1 with A. F. Freeny, Wicomico County, Maryland. Perfect. Plants
numerous; fruit large, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, mildly subacid; late.

General Meade, i. Mag. Hort. 32:273. 1866.

Originated with J. Keech, Waterloo, New York, as a cross between Russell and Tri-
omphe; introduced in 1866. Fruit large, conic, light crimson; flesh firm; fair; midseason.

General Putnam, i. Ann. Hort. 201. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 6/^:?,. 1894.

Originated as a chance seedling in a bed of Cumberland and Crescent with J. E. Brown
on the old Putnam fann, Brooklyn, Connecticut. Imperfect. As grown here, plants
few, unproductive, with tender foliage; flowers very early; fruit-stems good; fruit medium
to large, light red, round-conic, very soft, subacid; good; midseason.

GANDY

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 447

General Scott, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 988. 1869.

Originated by W. A. Burgess, Glen Cove, New York; introduced about 1862. Perfect.
Plants vigorous and productive; fruit large, roundish, necked, light scarlet; flesh whitish,
medium firm, subacid; good; early.

Genesee. 1. Gen. Farmer i2:ig(). 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. tT^. 1857.

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York, as a seedling of Hovey; intro-
duced by them in 1851. Perfect. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large,
roundish oblate, necked, dark scarlet; flesh soft, juicy, mildly subacid; fair; late.

George Washington, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:38. 1916.

Listed in 1912. Fruit medium to large, long wedge-shape, crimson; flesh light red,
mildly subacid; fair; early.

Georgia Mammoth, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 92. 1867.

Originated by Charles A. Peabody, Columbus, Georgia; introduced about i860.
Plants vigorous; fruit medium to small, blunt-conic, dark crimson; flesh very firm, acid;
good; late.

Germantown. i. Downing Fr. Trees Ant. 674. 1857.

Originated with G. Young, Gennantown, Pennsylvania; introduced about 1856.
Perfect. Plants vigorous, very productive; fruit very large, regular, round-conic, dark
crimson; flesh firm, sweet, highly flavored.

Gersonde. i. Mich. Sta. Spec. Bid. ^y.14.. 1906.

Originated with Henry Gersonde, Bridgman, Michigan, in 1900. Imperfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish conic, bright red; flesh light red, firm,
juicy, acid; good; late.

Gertrude, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 316. 1897.

Originated with C. C. Stone, MoUne, Illinois, in 1887, as a chance seedling. Perfect.
Plants medium in number, vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium in size, round-conic, light
crimson; flesh light red, medium firm; fair; early midseason.

Giant, i. Am. Card. 15:335. 1894. 2. jV. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:191. 1895.

A chance seedling which originated with Joseph Bailey, Marlboro, New York;
introduced in 1893. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, numerous, medium
in yield; fruit-stems good; fioiit medium to large, light red, medium finn; poor; late.

Giant (of Gardner), i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: ^g. 1916. 2. Ohio Sta. Bid. 364:^8. 1923.
Originated with C. F. Gardner, Osage, Iowa; introduced in 191 2. Said to be " a sport
of Gardner." Perfect. Plants medium in size and vigor, very jjroductive; fruit large,
becoming small later in the season, round-conic to round-wedge, light red ; flesh light red,
soft, sweet; good; midseason.

Gibson, i. Am. Card. 20:641. 1899.

Originated in 1895 with J. H. Gibson, Marlboro, New York, as a chance seedling.
Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, healthy, productive; berries large, irregular,
globular, slightly conical, dark glossy crimson; flesh dark red, firm, mildly subacid;
good; midseason.

448 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gill. I. Ohio Sta. Bid. 154:39, PI- 4- 1904- 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:526. 1908.

A supposed cross between Beder Wood and a seedling of Bubach which originated about
1898 with E. H. Ekey, vSteubenville, Ohio. Perfect. In some sections valued as an extra
early sort for sandy soils. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants very few, weak, unhealthy
in appearance, unproductive; fruit-stems thick; fruit medium to small, irregular in shape,
medium red, moderately firm, mildly acid, low in flavor, whitish flesh; poor; very early.

Gillespie, i. Ann. Hort. 210. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:14^. 1892.

A seedling of Haverland which originated in 1886 with Samuel Gillespie, Butler County,
Ohio. Perfect. Plants at this Station vigorous, few; fruit resembles Haverland in shape,
but with longer neck and of lighter color; soft; of indifferent quality; midseason.

Gladstone, i, i?Mra/ A^. F. 57:450, 527, fig. 241. 1898. 2. N.Y. Sta. Bui. ^og: $26. 1908.
A chance seedling, supposed to be of Sharpless, which originated about 1893 with F. F.
Merceron, Catawissa, Pennsylvania. Perfect. At this Station, plants few, vigorous,
healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems stout; fruit large, retains size well, wedge, glossy dark
red, medium firm, mildly acid, with dark red flesh; good; late midseason.

Glastonbury, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:55. 1911.

A cross between Haverland and Great Scott raised by J. H. Hale, Glastonbury, Con-
necticut, in 1 90 1. Semi-perfect. Station plants few, mediimi in size and vigor, healthy,
unproductive; fruit conic, glossy medium red, large, very juicy, firm, tart; good; midseason.

Glauer. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:115. 1901.

Originated with a Mr. Glauer of Colorado; introduced about 1890. Imperfect.
Plants medium in number and vigor, productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic to
wedge-shape, bright crimson; flesh medium red, medium firm, acid; good; midseason.

Glen Mary. i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 28. 1894. 2. Rural N. Y. 55:514. 1896.
3. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:70. 1906.

Once widely grown, Glen Mary is still prized in New York and New England for its
productive plants and its handsome, well-flavored fruits. Several faults are causing it to
be discarded in many strawberry regions. These are: The fruit-stems are too slender to
hold the fruit off the ground; the foliage is susceptible to leaf-spot; the plants thrive only
on very heavy and very fertile soils ; and the blossoms are not self fertile, so that the fruits
are often malformed. Glen Mary is still largely cultivated in the Hudson River Valley
in this State. This sort was originated by J. A. Ingram, East Bradford, Pennsylvania,
about 1890 as a chance seedling; introduced by W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Maryland, in 1896;
placed in the American Pomological Society's fruit list in 1899.

Semi-perfect. Plants rather small, fairly vigorous, sometimes injured by leaf-spot,
productive; leaves variable in size, dark green, thick, glossy, slightly rugose. Flowers
early, rather large; petals 6-7 ; stamens few; receptacle large. Fruit midseason; fruit-stems
variable in length and thickness, semi-erect to prostrate; pedicels long, thick; calyx medium
to large, flat or shghtly raised, often discolored; sepals long; berries large, irregular round-
conic; apex often poorly pollinated, misshapen, irregular, obtuse; color dull red, often
with whitish or light colored apex; seeds raised; flesh well colored to the center, firm,
juicy, mildly subacid; quality good.

GLEN MARY

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 449

Glen Saint Mary. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 209. 1902.

Originated in 1916 by W. M. Ventling, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, as a cross between
Klondike and Nich Ohmer. Perfect. Plants large, very \'igorous, productive; foliage
healthy; fruit large, broad-conic, dark red; flesh red, firm; good; midseason.

Glendale. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. S3. 1876-77.

A chance seedling found in Glendale Cemetery, Akron, Ohio, by W. B. Storer in 1871.
It was grown considerably as a late sort until superseded by Gandy, one of its seedlings.
In 1879 Glendale was added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society from which
it was removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, hardy, and productive;
fruit mediuin to large, round-conic, scarlet; flesh light red, firm, acid; good; late.

Glenfield. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:434. 1894.

A cross between Warren and Glendale, originated by James Sta3mian, Leavenworth,
Kansas; introduced about 1891. Perfect. As grown here, plants vigorous, few, impro-
ductive, with good fruit-stems; fruit medium in size, dark red, long-conic; flesh dark
red; good; midseason.

Glenwood. i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 218:197. 1902.

Grown at this Station prior to 1902. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants
medium in number, vigorous, injured by leaf-spot, productive; fruit above medium in
size, irregular wedge, glossy dark red, medium firm, sweet, with dark red flesh; good;
midseason.

Globe. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 213:7. 1904. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:536. 1908.

Originated in 1898 with Eugene Sutherland, West Coxsackie, New York. Perfect.
As grown here, plants medium in number and vigor, attacked by leaf-spot, very productive;
fruit-bu'' clusters conspicuous, showing above the foliage; fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit
large to bt'ow medium, drops in size, irregular in shape, with very roughish surface, dull
medium red, firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Glossy Cone. i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1878.

Originated about 1865 by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants
unproductive; fruit small, conic, scarlet; flesh medium firm; poor.

Gold. I. Rural N. Y. 45:509. 1886. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.

Raised from mixed seed of Jersey Queen and Prince of Berries in 1880 by P. M. Augiu-,
Middlefield, Connecticut. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, numerous,
vmproductive; fruit-stems short; fruit large, flattened at the apex, necked, light red, firm,
finely flavored; good; midseason.

Gold Coin. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 209. 1922.

The original plant was found in a shipment of Lucky Boy in 1919 by A. B. Katkamier,

Macedon, New York. Semi-perfect. Plants at this Station very few, vigorous, healthy,

very productive; autiunn-bearing; leaves dark green; flowers small; fruit-stems long, thick,

semi-erect; calyx depressed; fruit variable in size, blimt- wedge to blunt-conic, glossy medium

red, moderately juicy, firm, subacid; fair to good; early midseason.
29

450

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gold Dollar, i. Ore. Bien. Rpt. Bd. Hort. 103. 191 1.

Originated with Z. Mills, Springbrook, Oregon, as a supposed seedling of Excelsior.
It is grown somewhat in Oregon where it is considered one of the best early varieties for
nearby markets. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, medium productive; fruit medium
in size, uniform, round-conic, dark red; flesh medium red, rather soft, subacid; good; early.

Golden Defiance, i. Card. Mon. 16:279. 1874.

Originated with Amos Miller, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. In 1879 the name was added
to the American Pomological Society's catalog, from which it was removed in 1883. Imper-
fect. At this Station, plants very vigorous, numerous; fruit medium to large, roundish or
oblate-conic, bright red, not very firm, acid, pleasant; good; late.

Golden Gate. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui 309:526. 1908.

Originated in 1903 by S. H. Warren, Weston, Massachusetts, who introduced it in
1906. It is thought to be a seedling of Marshall. Semi-perfect. Station plants medium
to numerous, vigorous, healthy, very productive; leaves large, dark green; fruit-stems short,
prostrate; calyx large, leafy; seeds raised; fruit above medium to very large, wedge, necked,
medium to dark red, glossy, very firm, mildly acid; good; medium early. Has many
qualities to commend it.

Golden Seeded, i. Cultivator 7:323. 1859. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 93. 1867.

Originated with W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, Ontario, Canada; introduced in 1859.
Perfect. Plants medium in number, tmproductive ; fruit medium in size, blimt-conic,
dark crimson; flesh medium red, moderately firm, sweet; very good; early midseason.

Goldsborough. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:71. 1906.

Raised by A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, as a cross between a wild berry and
British Queen. Imperfect. As grown here, plants very few, vigorous, improductive ;
fruit-stems thick; fruit above medium to large, retains size well, round-conic to wedge,
duU red, firm, mildly acid, well flavored; good; early to midseason.

Goliath. I. Horticulturist 6:552. 1851.

An English sort grown somewhat in this country about i860. Perfect. Plants medium
in number, vigorous, hardy; fruit large, irregular coxcomb, bright scarlet; flesh light red,
medium firm, acid; good; late.

Good Luck. I. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:527. 1908. 2. Ibid. 427:529, PI. 1916.

The fruits of Good Luck are distinguished by flesh so finn that they are hardly sirr-
passed for shipping purposes. Moreover, they are large, handsome and very good in quality
for those who like a sprightly strawberry. Besides this slight acidity they have a very
distinctive flavor. Unfortunately the apex of the berries colors slowly so that much care
must be taken in picking to avoid green tips. The plants are unusually satisfactory, espe-
cially as they are not susceptible to leaf-spot, but they must not be set too closely as they
develop many runners. At the close of the season, especially in dry weather, the berries
run small and show too many seeds. Good Luck originated with Elwood Pedrick, Cumber-
land County, Maryland, in 1904; introduced in 1907 by W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Maryland.
In 1909 the American Pomological Society added the variety to its catalog list of fruits.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

451

Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, tall, attacked by leaf-spot under unfavorable
conditions, very productive; leaves medium in size, thickness and color, rugose, dull.
Flowers midseason, large; petals 6-7; stamens variable in number; receptacle mediiun to
large. Fruit late; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect; pedicels long; calyx large, flat, leafy,
often surrounded at the base by small, fleshy protuberances; sepals long, broad; berries
large, retain size fairly well, distinctly wedge with some coxcombs in the first pickings;
apex a pointed wedge, inclined to green tips; color glossy medium red; seeds variable in
position; flesh well colored to the center, juicy, firm, sprightly; quality good.

Goodell. I. A''. Y. Sta. Bill. 401: i&i. 1915.

Originated in igo6 by Samuel Goodell, Seattle, Washington, as a cross between Mar-
shall and a white seedling of Royal Sovereign and Louis Gauthier. Perfect. On the Station
grounds, plants few, small, weak, low growing, very productive; fruit-stems slender, pros-
trate; fruit above medium to small, blunt-wedge, often green tipped and poorly developed,
glossy dark red, juicy, very finn, sweet, well flavored; good to very good; midseason.

Goodwin, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:181. 1915.

A cross between Dawn and a seedling of Dawn and Ionia, raised in 1905 by H. J. Schild,
Ionia, Michigan. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants few, vigorous, productive, attacked
by leaf-spot; leaves large, very dark green; flowers large; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate;
calyx large, flat; fruit large, conic, broad at the base, glossy dark red, very juicy and firm,
weU flavored, sprightly; ver>- good; midseason.

Goree. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:56. 191 1.

A chance seedling found in a bed of Brandj'wine in 1902 by J. W. Goree, Whitewright,
Texas. Perfect. Plants at this Station few, medium in size and vigor, healthy, unpro-
ductive; fruit medium to small, conic, glossy dark red, very juicy, firm, subacid, highly
flavored; good; midseason.

Governor Hoard. 1. Ann. Hort. 211. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:14^. 1892.

Loudon's No. 75. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 67:6. 1890.

A seedling of Sharpless raised in 1882 by F. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wisconsin. Per-
fect. Station plants vigorous, numerous, with dark green foliage; fruit large, round-
conic, attractive dark red, medium firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Governor Rollins, i. A^. F. Sto. SmL 309:527. 1908.

Raised from seed about 1900 by Benjamin M. Smith, Beverly, Massachusetts. Perfect.
As grown here, plants medium in number, vigorous, healthy, productive ; leaves large, dark
green; fruit-stems short, thick, semi-erect; calyx very large, leafy, dark green, sometimes
discolored; fruit large to medium, retains size well, variable in shape, dull medium
to dark red, green tipped, firm, mildly acid, with pleasant flavor; good to very good;
midseason.

Graham, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:153. 1897.

Originated with C. W. Graham, Afton, New York. Perfect. Plants medium in
vigor and productivity; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red,
medium firm, acid; very good; midseason.

452 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Grand Marie, i. N. J. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 48. ign. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:182. 1915.
Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, as a cross between Dawn and a seedling
of Dawn and Ionia. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, productive,
healthy; leaves large; flowers large; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; calyx large, raised; fruit
very large, oblong-conic, with a long, tapering apex, necked, glossy medium red, green-
tipped, firm, sweet, with whitish flesh; good; early.

Grand Prize, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

A chance seedling originating with H. L. McConnell & Son, Port Bunvell, Ontario;
introduced in 1915. Perfect. Plants vigorous; fruit similar in size and shape to Poco-
moke, dark red; flesh dark red, firm; high in quality; ripens with Williams.

Granger, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:56. 191 1.

A chance seedling which originated in 1908 with E. H. Ekey, Steubenville, Ohio.
Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in number, vigor, and yield, healthy,
leaves large, dark green; fruit-stems short, prostrate; caljrx leafy; fruit large, long-conic,
bright red, juicy, firm, pleasantly subacid, with dark red flesh; very good; late midseason
or later.

Granville, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 54:45. 1894. 2. Rural N. Y. 62:518. 1903.

Originated with A. M. Nichols, GranviUe, Ontario, Canada, as a supposed seedling of
Miner. Perfect. Plants at this Station, vigorous, numerous, attacked by leaf-spot,
productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, light to dark red, colors unevenly, not
very juicy, medium firm, mildly subacid; fair to good; medium late.

Gray.

Gray Dollar, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:56. 1911.

Dollar Mark. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364: ^6. 1923.

Originated by A. G. Gra3^ Pekin, Indiana, as a seedling of Gandy ; introduced by him
about 1908. Perfect. At this Station, plants numerous, large, vigorous, healthy, moder-
ately productive; fruit large, chunky-wedge, dull medium red, juicy, firm, variable in
flavor; very good; midseason.

Great American, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 8. 1878.

Originated by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey, about 1875. It was widely
disseminated at high prices, but failed except in the region of its origin. Added to the
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1879 from which it was removed in 1897.
Perfect. Plants medium in number, productive; fruit large to very large, irregvilar, dark
scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm; good; late.

Great Pacific, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 360. 1886. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:143. 1892.

Originated about 1885 by D. J. Piper, Foreston, Illinois. Imperfect. Station plants
very vigorous, numerous, productive; fruit-stems stout, upright; fruit large, conic, glossy
bright red, firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Great Scott, i. Rural N. Y. 59:674. 1900. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 309:528. 1908.

Raised from seed about 1899 ^s a cross between Bubach and Belmont by John Scott,
Newton, Massachusetts. Imperfect. As grown here, plants few, lack vigor, healthy.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF XEW YORK 453

unproductive; fruit-stems prostrate; calyx much sunken; fruit medium to very large, retains
size well, decidedly variable in shape, glossy, light to dark red, firm, acid, inferior in
flavor; poor; midseason. Of no value here.

Greek, i. X. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:70. 1918.

Originated with Sylvester Marshall, Athens, Ohio, in 1912. Perfect. On the Station
grotinds, plants medium in number and vigor, healthy, productive; fruit-stems semi-erect,
branching into long pedicels; calj'x large, distinctly raised and with long, reflexed sepals
tinged red; fruit above medium in size, long-conic, almost oblong, strongly necked, glossy
medium red, juicy, very firm, sprightly, with red flesh; fair; midseason.

Greea Prolific, i. Mag. Hort. 29:382. 1863. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 93, fig. 31. 1867.

Newark Prolific. 3. Card. Man. 8:280. 1S66.

Originated about 1858 by Seth Boyden, Newark, New Jersey, as a cross between Hovey
and Goliath. In spite of softness and poor quality, it was at one time a valuable sort in
New Jersey. Green Prolific was added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1871 from which it was removed in 1881. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous,
hardy and productive; fruit large, rotmd, pale crimson; flesh light red, rather soft, acid;
poor; late.

Greensboro, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:42. 1916.

Greensboro Favorite. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

Originated with R. G. Thomas, Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1900. Plants vigorous;
fruit medixim in size, rovmd-conic, dark red; good; early midseason.

Greenville, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:632. 1891.

Buechly s Seedling. 2. N. F. Sia. 5z<Z. 24:338. 1890.

A chance seedling which originated in 18S3 with E. M. Buechly, Green\'ille, Ohio.
At one time valued for the general market on account of its great productivity. Added
to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1897 where it remained in the last
catalog in 1909. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants very N-igorous, very productive,
numerous; fruit-stems short; fruit large, dark red, variable in shape, firm, with a strong
flavor; fair; midseason.

Greenwood, i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 336:56. 191 1.

Originated with S. Hill, Greenwood, Massachusetts; introduced in 1909 by C. S. Pratt,
Reading, Massachusetts. Perfect. Plants at this Station few, above medium in size and
vigor, healthy, tmproductive ; fruit-stems characteristically long and slender-branched;
fruit above medium to small, conic or wedge, medium juicy, firm, very mild, sweet, of
inferior flavor; poor; late.

Grove End Scarlet, i. Trans. Land. Hort. Soc. 5: ^gg. 1S24. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
527. 1845.
An old English sort popular in this coimtry from 1830 to 1840. Originated by William
Atkinson, Grove End, England, about 1820; introduced into this country' about 1830.
Perfect. Plants nvunerous, vigorous, and productive; fruit medium in size, roundish,
light scarlet; flesh light red, firm, mildly subacid; good; early.

^54 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gypsy. I. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1881-82. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:632. 1891.

Originated in New Jersey; introduced about 1879. Added to the catalog of theAmerican
Pomological Society in 1883 from which it was removed in 1897. Imperfect. At this
Station, plants vigorous, numerous, low growing, medium productive; fruit-stems short;
fruit of medium size, dark red, heart-shaped, firm, well flavored, round-conic, with dark
red fiesh; good; medium early. Fruit resembles Wilson but larger.
Haight. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:147. 1899. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:43- 1916.

Originated about 1886 with J. H. Haight, Osage, Iowa, as a seedHng of Wilson. Perfect.
Berries mediuin in size, conic, scarlet, moderately firm; fair; midseason.
Hall Beauty, i. Ant. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

Originated with the Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, California. Plants healthy,
productive; berries large, well colored, aromatic; good.
Hall Favorite, i. Am. Card. 17:727. 1896.

Originated as a chance seedling in 1891 with J. W. Hall, Marion, Maryland. Perfect.
Plants vigorous; berries medium in size, roundish, crimson, firm, acid; good; early.
Halley. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 2^6:22^. 1912.

Originated at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station ; parentage unknown. Perfect.
Plants large, vigorous; berries large, conic, bright scarlet, firm, acid; good; early to late.
Ham. I. Rural N. Y. 60:518. 1901. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:197. 1902.

Originated in 1898 with J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey, as a
seedling of Mary and Sharpless crossed with Marshall. Perfect. As grown here, plants
vigorous, healthy, medium in number; fruit large, decidedly wedge, very dark red, firm,
juicy, well flavored; seeds raised; good; midseason. Fruit too dark in color.
Hammer, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:43. 1916.

A chance seedling which originated with August Hammer, Bridgman, Michigan;
introduced in 1915. Perfect. Berries large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red,
firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason to late.
Hampden, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:333. 1890. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:43. 1916.

Originated in 1883 with J. W. Adams & Company, Springfield, Massachusetts.
Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, niunerous, very productive, severely
injured by leaf-spot; fruit medium to large, oblong-conic, bright red, firm, subacid; good;
midseason, ripening period long.
Hanbach. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:43. 1916.

Originated with T. M. Hanbach, Warrenton, Virginia, as a cross between Mascot and
Gandy; introduced in 1912. Perfect. Berries medium, round-conic, light crimson, firm;
good; late.
Hanks, i. Wash. Nur. Cat. 18. 1923.

Introduced recently by the Washington Nursery Company, Toppenish, Washington.
Semi-perfect to imperfect. In the Station beds, plants medimn in number and yield,
vigorous, healthy; autumn-bearing; flowers very early, very small; fruit-stems short, thick,
prostrate; fruit medium to small, roundish, glossy red, juicy, medium firm, sweet; good;
very early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 455

Harlem Orange, i. Mag. Hon. 18:407. 1852.

Raised by Thomas Edmondson, Baltimore, Maryland; introduced about 1850.
Imperfect. Berries medium in size, conic, orange-scarlet, firm; good; early to midseason.

Harmon, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:7. 1S93.

Introduced about 1892 by Slay-maker & Son, Dover, Delaware. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, very dark crimson; flesh dark
red, firm; very good; early.
Harrison, i. Penn. Sta. Rpt. 216. 1898-99.

Originated by George W. Adams, Tamaqua, Pennsylvania; introduced about 1897.
Perfect. Plants vigorous, healthy; berries large; runners nitmerous; midseason.

Hart Minnesota, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 415. 1882.

Originated in 1872 with John Hart, Winona, Minnesota; introduced in 1875; included
in the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1883 to 1897. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, moderately productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, crimson, firm;
good; midseason.
Hartnell. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Btil. 11:43. 1916.

Originated by a Mr. HartneU, Oregon City, Oregon; introduced about 1913. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in size, roimd-conic, dark crimson, firm,
mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Hatch Experiment Station, i. Ant. Card. 19:642. 1898. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:44.
1916.
Originated at the Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Massachusetts; introduced
about 1892. Imperfect. Berries large, round-conic to obconic, crimson, firm, subacid;
very good; late.

Hatfield, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:143. 1892. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:44. 1916.

Originated with William Cook, Camden Cotmty, New Jersey; introduced about i88g.
Perfect. Plants at this Station, mediimi in vigor, healthy; fruit medium to large, conic,
pleasant subacid; good; midseason.

Hathaway, i. Downing Fr. Trees Ant. 989. 1869.

Originated by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Michigan; introduced about 1850.
Perfect. Plants vigorous, very productive; berries large, roundish to oblong, dark scarlet;
flesh Ught red, moderately firm, acid; good.

Hattie Jones, i. Ittd. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 104. 1889.

Hattie. 2. Ind. Sta. Bid. 48:6, 8. 1894.

Originated with Adam Jones, Plainfield, Indiana; introduced about 1889. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh whitish,
soft; poor; midseason.

Hattie Warfield. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 177:19. 22. 1899.

Originated with W. W. Sewall, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1897. Imperfect.
Plants \'igorous, productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, deep scarlet, firm; good;
midseason.

456 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Haverland, i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 219. 1887. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:333. 1890.
3. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:44. 1916.

At the beginning of this century Haverland was considered about the best strawberry
for home use and local markets and is still to be found in many gardens in the New England
states. The berries are too soft and too light in color for distant markets. The crop ripens
over a long season. The plants are very productive and the variety has a reputation of
being very hardy, and its blossoms are said to be seldom injured by frost. The clusters
are so heavy as to lie on the ground so that a mulch is always necessary for this sort. Dunlap
makes the most satisfactory pollinizer. The variety originated in 1882 as a cross between
Crescent and Sharpless with B. H. Haverland, Cincinnati, Ohio; introduced in 1887.
The American Pomological Society added the variety to its list of recommended fruits
in 1889.

Imperfect. Plants variable in number, tall, vigorous, healthy, very productive;
leaves light to dark green, thin, smooth, glossy. Flowers early; petals 5-6; receptacle
small. Fruit midseason; fruit-stems slender, too weak to hold up the fruit; pedicels short,
slender; calyx large, raised, often leafy, easily detached, well colored; sepals long, narrow;
berries medium to large, syminetrical, long-conic to wedge, sometimes necked; ape.x pointed;
color glossy light red ; seeds raised ; flesh pale red, not very firm, juicy, sweet ; mildly subacid ;
quality good.

Hawaii, i. Am. Card. 19:608, 684. 1898.

Originated in 1895 with E. W. Wooster, Hancock Point, Maine, as a cross between
Haverland and Parker Earle. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in
size, conic, light crimson, moderately firm, subacid; good; early.

Hayden. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:44. 1916.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1S94.
Perfect. Berries scarlet; flesh light red, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Hayes, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 148:53, 56. 1897.

Hayes' Prolific. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:44. 1916.

Originated in Chester County, Pennsylvania; introduced in 1893. Imperfect. Berries
medium in size, round-conic, dark crimson, moderately firm; fair; midseason.

Hazel. I. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:197. 1902.

Originated in 1897 as a seedling of Warfield and Sharpless crossed with Gandy by J. H.
Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey. Imperfect. At this Station, plants
numerous, vigorous, healthy, with good foliage; fruit above medium in size, decreases
rapidly, variable in shape, very light red, soft, subacid; good; midseason. An inferior
variety.

Heflin. i. Am. Card. 25:436. 1904.

Heflin Early, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:181. 1907.

Originated in North Carolina and introduced about 1902. Perfect. Berries medium
in size, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh light red, firm, subacid; good; early.

HAVERLAND

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

457

Heflin and Hanbach. i. Fa. 5to. 5m/. 91:84, 88. 1898.

Originated by T. M. Hanbach, Warrenton, Virginia; introduced about 1896. Imper-
fect. Plants vigorous; berries medium in size, irregular conic, dark crimson; flesh dark
red, moderatelj' firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Helen, i. Ctdt. & Count. Gent. 43:409. 1878.

Originated with Robert Lewis, Castleton, New York; introduced about 1875. Perfect.
Plants vigorous; berries medium in size, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh whitish, firm;
very good; late.

Helen Browning, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:44. 1916-

Originated with C. A. Browning, Apponong, Rhode Island, as a chance seedling;
introduced in 1913. Perfect. Berries medium in size, round-conic to irregular wedge,
dxill scarlet; flesh light red, firm, acid; good; moderately early.

Helen Chapman, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:13. 1897.

Imperfect. Plants healthy, moderately vigorous and productive; berries medium in
size, conical, regular, light scarlet, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Helen Davis, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:182. 1915.

A chance seedling found by George W. Davis, Brazil, Indiana, in 1905. Perfect.
Station plants very numerous and vigorous, productive, unhealthy; fruit-stems thick;
fruit large, blimt-conic, dull light red, very juicy, tender, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor;
midseason.

Helen Gould, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:328. 1908.

Originated about 1896 by J. R. Peck, Breckenridge, Missouri, as a cross between Jewell
and Jessie. Imperfect. As grown here, plants very few, weak, healthy, unproductive;
fruit-stems very short, thick, prostrate; fruit above medium to medium in size, round-
conic to blunt-wedge, dull dark red, firm, pleasantly acid, well flavored, with dark red flesh;
fair to good; midseason. General appearance unattractive.

Henderson, i. Rural N. Y. 43:429, fig. 205. 1884.

Originated about 1879 by George Seymour, South Norwalk, Connecticut. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants Adgorous, numerous, improductive; fruit-stems erect;
fruit medium in size, round to oblong, glossy red, soft, well flavored; very good; medium
early. Not productive enough here to pay for cultivation.

Henry, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:45. 1916.

Originated as a chance seedling by J. O. Wadsworth, Wolcott, New York. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants numerous, vigorous, attacked by leaf -spot; fruit medium to
large, drops rapidly in size, irregularly roimdish, glossy dark red, nearly firm, juicy, with
dark red flesh; good to very good; medium early.

Herald, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:13. 1897.

Originated with Henry Young, Ada, Ohio; introduced about 1895. Perfect. Plants
vigorous; berries large, irregular, ribbed and coxcombed, dark scarlet, with green tips,
firm; good; midseason.

458 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Herbert, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:8. 1894.

Introduced by B. L. Carr, Saratoga Springs, New York, about 1890. Perfect. Plants
at this Station few, ver\' unproductive, with good foliage; fruit-stems short; fruit small to
medium, firm; fair; midseason.

Herbst. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:45. 1916.

Herbst No. 2. 2. Am. Card. 17:627. 1896.

A seedling of Warfield originated by J. L. Herbst, Sparta, Wisconsin; introduced about
1892. Perfect. Plants productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, very dark crim-
son; flesh dark red, firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Hercules.

Kellogg's Hercules, i. Kellogg Cat. 24. 1918.

Originated about 191 2 by F. L. Ossman, Fulton, Marj'land, as a cross between Ozark
and a Heritage seedling. Perfect. At this Station, plants few, medium in vigor and yield,
healthy; calyx very large; fruit variable in size, wedge to conic, furrowed, dull dark red,
colors unevenly, juicy, very firm, sweet, with dark red flesh; good; midseason.

Heritage, i. TV. /. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1909. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 336:57. 191 1.

Originated in 1902 with J. E. Heritage, Marlton, New Jersey, as a cross between Barton
and Marshall. Perfect. Station plants few, medium in size, vigorous, healthy, productive;
fruit-stems short, thick, semi-erect; fruit large, irregular, oblong-conic or wedge, glossy
medium red, medium juicy, firm, subacid, highly flavored; very good; late. Surpassed by
better kinds.

Hermia. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:45. 1916.

Originated in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, as a seedling of
Belt. Perfect. Berries large, wedge-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, subacid;
good; midseason.

Hermit, i. Ind. Sta. Bid. 38:8. 1892.

Originated with F. L. Piers, New Providence, Indiana; introduced about 1890. Per-
fect. Berries large, round-conic, bright crimson, firm; good; moderately early.

Hero. I. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1878.

Originated by Marshal P. Wilder, Dorchester, Massachusetts; introduced in 1878.
Berries large, long-conic, crimson; flesh medium red, not very juicy; fair.

Hero (of Bauer), i. Rural N. Y. 61:480. 1902. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:45. 1916.
Originated by J. C. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1900. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic to wedge shape, scarlet, firm, subacid;
fair; early to midseason.

Hersey. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:235. 1896.

Originated with Samuel Hersey, Hingham, Massachusetts; introduced in 1893. Per-
fect. Station plants numerous, vigorous; fruit-stems medium; fruit small to medium,
roundish, necked, light red, firm, with dark red flesh; fair; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 459

Hervey Davis. 1. W. \'. V. Hort. Soc. Rpt. $4- 1879. 2. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 416. 1882.
Orijjinated in 1875 by J. B. Moore, Concord, Massachusetts. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh whitish, moderately
firm; good; midseason.

Hiawatha, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:45. 1916.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a seedling of Aroma;
introduced about 1893. Perfect. Berries medium in size, roundish, scarlet, firm; fair;
midseason.

Hiawatha (of Warren), i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

Originated by S. H. Warren, Aubumdale, Massachusetts. Described as a " new
sort ripening a few days ahead of Commonwealth, which it surpasses in size, color and
flavor."

Highland, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:57. 191 1.

Highland Seedling. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166: ■]$. 1905.

A chance seedling discovered by T. B. Carlisle, Canfield, Ohio, about 1898. Imperfect.
As growm here, plants numerous, large, very vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves large,
dark green; flowers small, early; fruit-stems thick, prostrate, branching very freely; seeds
deeply sunken; fruit large, conic, glossy light red, very juicy, tender, very tart; good; very
early. Worthy of test.

Highland King. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:45. 1916.

Mentioned in 1914. Berries medium to large, oval-conic, crimson, mildly subacid;
good; moderately early.

Hilton. I. Rural N. Y. 45:461, fig. 280. 1886.

Alley s No. g. 2. Ibid. 45:4, 102, fig. 2. 1886.

Hilton Gem. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 737. 1897.

Originated in i88i by H. H. Alley, Hilton, New Jersey; supposed to be a seedling of
Sharpless. Perfect to semi-perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, irregular,
round-conic to ovate, light crimson, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Hinman. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:333. 1890.

Hinsmore. 2. Mass. Sta. Bui. 21:6. 1893.

Originated as a chance seedling with a Mr. Hinman, Akron, Ohio; introduced in 1890.
Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants very vigorous, very numerous, severely injured
by leaf-spot, unproductive; fruit medium in size, irregular roimd-conic, glossy red, firm;
fair; midseason.

Hoffman, i. Rural N. Y. 47:710. 1888. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 252. 1892.

Originated from seed of Neunan in 1877 by H. Hoffman, Charleston, South Carolina.
Perfect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, very numerous, productive, healthy;
fruit-stems erect, long, stout; fruit large, bright red, round-conic, firm, subacid; fair;

early.

460 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Holland, i. Ark. Sta. Bui. 43:79, 82. 1896. 2, N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:186. 1898.

Originated as a chance seedling with C. A. Holland, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced
in 1895. Imperfect. Plants vigorous; berries large, round, scarlet; flesh dark red, moder-
ately firm ; good ; midseason.

Homestead, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 316. 1897.

Originated with Edward W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin; introduced about 1896.
Perfect. Berries small, regular, round-conic, dark crimson, soft; very good; midseason.

Honey, i. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 367. 1892. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:46. 1916.

Originated with S. L. Watkins, Grizzly Flats, California; apparently a form of Fra-
garia chiloensis; introduced about 1892. Perfect. Berries small, oblong, bright crimson,
moderately firm, juicy, very sweet and aromatic; very good; has fruited for eight months
of the year in California.

Honeymoon, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920. 2. Mayer Cat. 7. 1920.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, as a cross between Black Beauty and Pan
American; introduced in 1919. Perfect. Autumn-fruiting; berries large, roundish, deep
red, very firm; good.

Honor, i. Cassel Nur. Cat. 1924.

Originated in 1917 as a cross between Warfield and Superb by M. Cassel, Mantua,
Ohio. Perfect. Plants at this Station, medium in number and height, vigorous, produc-
tive; flowers late; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; calyx large, depressed; seeds raised;
fruit meditun to large, blunt-conic to wedge, medium to dark glossy red, juicy, firm, sub-
acid, with red flesh; good; late midseason. Should be tested further.

Hooker, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 989. 1869.

Hooker's Seedling. 2. Mag. Hort. 21:370. 1855.

Originated by H. E. Hooker, Rochester, New York; introduced in 1852; included in
the American Pomological Society's catalog from 1858 to 1871. Perfect. Plants vigorous,
productive; berries large, round-conic to coxcomb, very dark crimson; flesh dark red, soft,
sweet; very good; midseason.

Hoosier. i. Am. Card. 19:534. 1898. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:46. 1916.

Originated by Ran Benoy, Matthews, Indiana; introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Berries large, irregular round-conic to wedge-shape, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm;
very good; midseason.

Horsey, i. Hall Cat. 1920.

Originated in 1916 by John C. Horsey, Somerset County, Maryland, as a cross between
Missionary and Klondike. Perfect. At this Station, plants medium in number and
vigor, productive, healthy; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit above medium to
small, blunt-conic, necked, glossy dark red, juicy, medium firm, with sprightly, red flesh;
poor; midseason.
Hovey. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:46, fig. 9. 1916.

Hovey's Seedling. 2. Mag. Hort. 6:284, fig. 9. 1840. 3. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:25, PI.
1851.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 46 1

Hovey was the first good strawberry to originate in America. It was originated by
C. M. Hovey, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1834 and was introduced in 1838. While it was
valued for home use rather than for market, it was a standard sort in many localities as
late as 1880. According to the American Pomological Society the variety was being grown
in sixteen states in i88g. The society included Hovey in its fruit catalog from 1852 to
1897. The variety has been gradually supplanted by better sorts so that it has been practi-
cally lost to cultivation since the close of the nineteenth centurJ^ For a further discussion
of this variety see page 367.

Imperfect to semi-perfect. Plants numerous, large, vigorous, upright, medium in
height, productive; leaves light to dark green, large, smooth, gloss\". Flowers small;
petals roundish, slightly overlapping, cupped; stamens few, imperfectly developed. Fruit
midseason; fniit-stems intermediate in length and thickness; pedicels long, slender; calyx
very small, reflexed; berries medium to large, round-conic, with a short neck; apex obtuse;
color glossy dark red; seeds slightly sunken; flesh scarlet, fimi, highly flavored, pleasantly
acid; quality good.
Howard, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:47. 1916.

Howard No. 17. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:224, fig. 1912. 3. Ibid. 364:79. 1923.

Kellogg' s Premier. 4. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 238. 1913.

Pretnier. 5. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:75. 19 18.

Probably Howard is being more highly spoken of than any other strawberry- recently
introduced. It is yet too soon to tell just what place it will take in home and commercial
strawberry growing in New York. The berry is the type of that of the well-known Dunlap ;
ripens as early, is a lighter red, and the calyx has not the red tinge that Dunlap often has.
The plants are more productive, the picking season is longer, and the berries are larger.
Probably Howard will replace Dvmlap which has long been the standard early berry in
many parts of the countrj-. This is the most promising of the large number of seedlings
originated by A. B. Howard, Belchertown, Massachusetts. It was introduced in 1909.
Since that time the variety has been widely advertised by the R. M. Kellogg Company,
Three Rivers, Michigan, as Kellogg's Premier, stock of which had been secured from
E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois.

Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, healthy,* productive for an early berry; leaves
thick, dark green, dull. Flowers medium early, variable in size, cup-shaped; petals large,
5-9, crinkly; receptacle small. Fruit early, ripening period long, holds up in size; fruit-
stems short, prostrate; pedicels long, slender; calyx large, flat or sHghtly raised, somewhat
leafy, well colored; sepals long, broad; berries large, long-conic to wedge, the largest berries
furrowed on each side; apex pointed; color attractive glossy red; seeds sunken; flesh well
colored to the center, juicy, pleasantly sprightly, firm; quality good.

Howard (of Black), i. Rural N. 7.60:514, fig. 220. 1901. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:224.
igi2.

Originated in 1896 by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey, as a
cross between Barton and Gandy. Perfect. Station plants vigorous, numerous, healthy;
fruit medium to large, variable in shape, with poorly developed apex, light red, juicy,
firm; good; late.

462 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Howard (of Michigan), i. Va. Sia. Tech. Bid. 11:47- 1916.

Howard No. 2. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:53. 1903.

G. W. Howard. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:42. 1904-

Originated in 1895 by G. W. Howard, Stevensville, Michigan, as a chance seedling.
Imperfect. As grown here, plants numerous, healthy, productive; fruit large to very large,
retains size well, round-conic to blunt- wedge, glossy light red, medium juicy, soft, subacid;
fair; medium early.
Howell. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 241. 1886.

Howell's Prolific. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 49. 1884.

Originated about 1880 with S. S. Howell, Knox County, Tennessee. Perfect. Plants
vigorous; berries large, conic, sometimes necked, dark crimson, firm, mildly subacid;
good; midseason.
Hub. I. A'^. y. Sto. Sm/. 401:183. 1915.

Originated in 1901 by George P. Fuller, Melrose, Massachusetts, from a cross between
Bubach and Belmont. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants very few, small, low grow-
ing, healthy, medium productive; fruit-stems slender, erect; fruit above medium to medimn
in size, blunt-conic, glossy dark red, very juicy, firm, sweet, pleasantly flavored; good;
midseason. Lacks in size and yield.
Hubach. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:47. 1916.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1912. Berries medium
to large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, subacid; fair; early.

Hubach and Hathaway, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:48. 1916.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1906. Perfect.
Berries large, round-conic, bright crimson, firm, subacid; good; very early.

Huddleston. i. Mich. St. Bd. Agr. Rpt. loi. 1887.

Huddleston's Favorite. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. ug. 1880.

Raised in 1874 by D. Huddleston, Dunreith, Indiana, as a cross between Wilson and
Agriculturist. Imperfect. Berries large, round-conic, bright crimson, moderately firm,
mild, subacid; good; late.
Hudson Bay. i. Prince Pom. Man. a:iS,(). 1832.

Hudson's Bay Scarlet. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. ^g^. 183 1.

This variety may have originated near York River, Hudson Bay, Canada. It was
grown commercially in North America prior to 1828, and about 1850 was largely cultivated
for New York and Philadelphia markets. It passed out of cultivation about 1870. Imper-
fect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in size, ovate to conic, necked, dark
glossy crimson; flesh pale red, acid; good; very late.
Hughson. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:18^. 1915.

A chance seedling found in 1906 by Edward Hughson, Lake Mills, Wisconsin. Imper-
fect. In the Station beds, plants nimierous, vigorous, healthy, medium productive;
fruit-stems thick, semi-erect; seeds deeply imbedded; fruit irregular in shape, large to
medium, drops quickly in size, dull medium red, firm, tart, with whitish flesh, inferior
in flavor; fair; early. Surpassed by other lands.

HOWARD

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 463

Hummer, i. A''. Y. Sia. Bui. 309:528. 1908.

Originated by John Kolyvard, Kalamazoo County, Michigan; placed in the fruit
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1906. Perfect. At this Station, plants
numerous, vigorous, usually healthy, above medium in yield; leaves often very large;
fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit very large to medium, variable in shape, often furrowed, dull
light and dark red, mild, medium to firm, subacid; fair; late midseason or later.

Hundred Dollar, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:529. 1908.

Raised by Wick Hathaway, Madison, Ohio; introduced in 1901. Perfect. Station
plants few, vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems long, slender; fruit large to
medium, retains size well, wedge to round-conic, light and dark red, firm, not very juicy,
mild, pleasant but not highly flavored; fair; midseason. Coarse in appearance and lacks
in juiciness.

Hunn. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. gi:i8y. 1895.

Originated in 1889 by C. E. Hunn, New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York, as a cross between Johnson Late and Sharpless. Imperfect. As
grown here, plants medium in niunber and vigor, not very productive, attacked by leaf-
spot; fruit-stems short, stout; fruit above medium to very large, drops rapidly in size,
blunt roimd-conic to slight wedge, very dark glossy red, firm, juicy, with dark red flesh,
well flavored; very good; very late. Has been tested in many parts of the state but never
proved very popular on account of low yield and leaf-spot.

Hunterdon, i. Hunt Cir. 192 1.

A cross between President and Nich Ohmer originated in 1906 by Thomas R. Hunt,
Lambertville, New Jersey. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants numerous, vigor-
ous, very productive, attacked by leaf-spot; leaves roimdish, often with four leaflets;
fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect; calyx leafy, very large; fruit large, drops in size, blunt-
wedge to blunt-conic, glossy medium red, fimi, with whitish flesh, medium juicy, sweet to
subacid, hollow at the center; good; early midseason. Worthy of test; better than the
average.

Huntley, i. Am. Card. 21:631. 1900. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:41. 1904.

Originated by H. D. Huntley, Chestnut Grove, Ohio. Perfect. Berries large, round-
ish, scarlet; good.

Himtsman. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 54:43. 1894.

Originated with W. A. Huntsman, Lawson, Missouri; introduced about 1891. Perfect.
Plants vigorous; berries large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, acid; very
good; midseason.

Hurlbert. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:632. 1891.

Introduced about 1889. Perfect. Plants at this Station of Sharpless type in growth
and foliage, fairly productive; fruit-stems very stout, upright; fruit large, conical, dark
glossy red, firm, with pleasing flavor, subacid; good.

Hustler, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:70. 1918.

PincJwt. 2. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 36. 1913.

464 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

A chance seedling found in 1910 by R. P. Lovett, Fallsington, Pennsylvania. Imper-
fect. In the Station beds, plants very few, medium in vigor, healthy, productive if planted
closely, healthy; flowers late; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit large, drops in size,
round-conic, distinctly necked, attractive medium red, medium in juiciness and firmness,
pleasantly sprightly, with red flesh; good; midseason. May have value as a sprightly
variety but must be planted closely to secure a large yield.

Ida. I. Card. Mon. 8:184. 1866. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 990. 1869.

Originated with E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, in 1856. Ida was
added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1871 and removed in 1877.
Imperfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size,
roundish conic, dark red; flesh moderately firm, juicy, acid; good; early.

Ideal. I. Am. Card. 17:66. 1896. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:186. 1898.

Raised in 1889 by J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, as a cross between Bubach and Hoff-
man. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large,
round-conic, dark scarlet; flesh dark red, firm, acid; good; midseason.
Ideal (of Cooper), i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

Introduced in 1917 by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York. As grown here the plants
are few, of medium vigor, healthy, variable in yield; autumn-bearing; flowers early, small;
fruit-stems short, thick, erect; fruit variable in size, round-conic, glossy medium red;
flesh moderately juicy, tender, subacid; poor; early.
Ideal (of Haynes). i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:225. 1912.

Originated with J. W. Haynes, Delphi, Indiana ; introduced in 19 10. Perfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, irregular, oval-conic to wedge-shape, slightly
necked, with color variable from scarlet to pink; flesh salmon, soft, mild; good; late
midseason.
Idora. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:225. 1912.

A chance seedling found in Idora Park, Youngstown, Ohio, by T. B. Carlisle, Lisbon,
Ohio; introduced in 1909. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous; fruit large,
blunt-conic to wedge-shape, dark red; flesh light red, soft, juicy, mild; good; midseason.
Ima. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176:8. 1899.

Originated with Leroy Brown & Sons, Clyde, Ohio; introduced about i8g6. Plants
few, vigorous, subject to leaf-spot; fruit small, round-conic, scarlet; flesh firm; fair;
midseason.
Indiana, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 385:312. 1914.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1905 as a cross between Red Cross and
a seedling, the parentage of which was Dawn by Ionia. When first grown at this Station
Indiana made an excellent record, but its later performance has not held up to its earlier
promises. It prefers heavy soils. Perfect. On the Station groxmds, plants medium in
number, vigor, and height, healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate, much
branched; pedicels long, slender; fruit large, retains size well, wedge, with furrowed surface,
glossy dark red, medium juicy, very firm, mildly subacid, with well-colored flesh; good;
medium early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 465

Indiana (of Teas), i. Rural N. Y. 42:456. 1883. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 35:13. 1889.

A seedling of Charles Downing which originated in 1875 with E. Y. Teas, Dunreith,
Indiana. Plants numerous, \'igorous, unproductive; fnut medium to large, roimd-conic,
light crimson; flesh medium firm; good; early midseason.
Ionia.

Ionia Market, i. A^. F. 5ia. 5m/. 401:183. 1915.

A seedling of Parker Earle which originated in 1895 with H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan.
Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, above medium in vigor and height,
productive; fruit-stems thick, prostrate, much branched; fruit large, conic to wedge, necked,
glossy medium to dark red, often green-tipped at the tapering apex, firm, subacid to tart ;
fair to good; early.

Iowa. I. Gen. Farmer g: 208. 1848. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 94. 1867.

Iowa Male. 3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 290. 1857.

Early Washington. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 40. 1875.

An old sort of western origin; introduced before 1835. From 1840 to i860 it was a
leading sort near Cincinnati, Ohio, where it was grown under the name of Early Washington.
The plants thrived on poor soils and produced large crops of fruit which ripened early.
The variety was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1875 as
Early Washington, and was removed in 1879. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, very
productive; fruit large, roundish, light orange-scarlet; flesh light red, tender, juicy, acid;
poor; early.

Iowa (of Rockhill). i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bid. 336:57. 191 1.

A cross between Dunlap and Pan American originated in 1906 by Harlow Rockhill,
Conrad, Iowa. Perfect. Plants at this Station, characteristically few, large, vigorous,
healthy, very productive; autunm-bearing; fruit large, drops rapidly in size, round-conic,
glossy light red, colors unevenly, not very juicy, tender, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Iowa Beauty, i. Amu Hart. 211. 1891. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:192. 1895.

Originated with C. E. Walworth, Marshall County, Iowa; introduced in 1891. Perfect.
At this Station, plants moderately vigorous and productive, numerous; fruit-stems good;
fruit medium to large, dark red, round-conic, moderately firm, well flavored; good;
midseason.
Irena. i. N. F. 5to. 5m/. 336:58. 1911.

A cross supposed to be between Jessie and Warfield which originated in Wisconsin;
introduced in 1896 by W. S. Butler, Chetek, Wisconsin. Perfect. Station plants charac-
teristically tall, light green, medium in number, healthy, unproductive; fruit above medium
to mediimi in size, wedge to conic, the surface irregular and roughish, dull light or dark
red, inclined to green tips, medium juicy, firm, subacid; fair; very early.

Irene, i. Rural N. Y. 60:518. 1901. 2. Ont. Dept. Ag. Fr. Ont. 308, fig. 1914.

Introduced about 1900. It has made an excellent record at the Ontario Agricultural
College as a general market sort. Imperfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous, productive;
fruit medium in size, regular, round-conic, dark glossy crimson; flesh bright red, firm,
juicy, subacid; good; late midseason, long.
30

466 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Irene (of Illinois), i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:50. 19 16.

Originated with E. H. Riehl, Alton, Illinois; introduced in 1908. Perfect. Fruit
medium to large, irregular conic, light crimson; flesh medium firm; good; midseason.

Isabella, i. jV. J. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1895. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:186. 1898.

Gandy Belle. 3. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:8. 1894.

A''o Name. 4. Mich. Sta. Bid. 130:50. 1896.

Originated with James Lippincott, Jr., Cumberland County, New Jersey; introduced
about 1892 as No Name. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately productive;
fruit medium to large, irregular round-conic to wedge, dark crimson; flesh medium red,
firm, acid; good; late.

Island. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:50. 1916.

Island King. 2. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:212. 1911.

A seedling of Lovett which originated with Irwin Joyce, of Canada; introduced in 1909.
Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor; fruit medium to large, irregular roundish
conic, dark crimson; flesh red, Ann, juicy, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Itasca. I. Card. Mon. 28:366. 1886.

Itaska. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:333. 1890.

Originated with J. H. Haynes, Deljjhi, Indiana, as a cross between Manchester and
Seneca Queen; introduced in 1886. Imperfect. As grown here, plants medium vigorous,
productive; fruit-stems long, slender; fruit round-conic, medium in size, firm, subacid;
good; midseason.

Ivanhoe. i. Rural N. Y. 48:522. 1889. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:333. 1890.

A cross between Crescent and President Lincoln raised by George W. Trowbridge,
Glendale, Ohio, about 1881. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, numerous,
healthy, productive; fruit-stems stiff, erect; fruit large to very large, round-conic, bright
glossy red, firm, with dark red flesh, well flavored; very good to best.

James, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:50. 1916.

James E. 2. Peninsula Hart. Soc. Rpt. 84. 1916.

Originated in Virginia; introduced in 1915. Perfect. Berries large, light crimson,
moderately finn; good; early.

James Todd. i. N. F. Sta. 5m/. 401:183. 1915.

A chance seedling found in 1906 by Henry Schnell, Glasgow, Missouri. Imperfect.
As grown here, plants vigorous, healthy, medium in number and yield; fruit-stems short,
semi-erect ; fruit large to medium, decreasing in size, irregular wedge or conic, glossy medium
red, often with poorly developed apex, very juicy, firm, pleasantly flavored, sprightly;
good; midseason. Of doubtful value.

James Vick. i. Card. Mon. 24:305. 1882. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:334. 1890.

Moonstone. 3. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 24. 1882.

Vick. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 216. 1891.

A chance seedling originated about 1878 by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri; included
in the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1883 to 1897. Perfect. On

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 467

the Station grounds, plants vigorous, stockj', numerous, healthy, set a wonderful crop but
mature verj' iew; fruit-stems short; fruit medium to small, round-conic, light glossy red,
medium firm, acid; fair; medium late.

Jarbalo. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:150. 1897.

A seedling of Frances Cleveland originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas ;
introduced about 1892. Perfect. Berries large, roimd-conic, light crimson, firm; good;
midseason.

Jay Gould, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. gi:ig2. 1895.

Gould. 2. Del. Sta. Bui. 28:7. 1895.

Originated in eastern Ohio in 1887. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants very
vigorous, numerous, improductive ; blossoms with Sharpless; fruit-stems long; fruit medium
or below, glossy red, round-conic, firm; good; midseason.

Jenny.

Jenny's Seedling, i. Gen. Farmer 9:208. 1848. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 991.
1869.

Originated in 1845 by a Mr. Jenn}', New Bedford, Massachusetts. Included in the
American Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1862 to 1869. Imperfect. Berries
medium to large, round-conic, dark crimson, firm, acid; good; late.

Jenny Lind. i. Mag. H art. 20:132. 1854.

Originated in 1852 as a seedling of Old Scarlet by Isaac Fay, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts; included in the American Pomological Society's list of recommended fruits from 1862
to 1879. Perfect. Berries medium, conic, with a short neck, scarlet, firm, subacid; good;
early.

Jerry Rusk. i. ^;«. G'arii. 20:510. 1899.

Originated with Ran Benoy, Matthews, Indiana, as a cross between Bubach and Jessie;
introduced in 1894. Perfect. Berries large, irregular, crimson, finn, subacid; good;
midseason.

Jersey Market, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 98:69. 1899.

Of New Jersey origin; introduced in 1896. Imperfect. Berries mediimi in size,
round-conic, light crimson, finn; good; midseason.

Jersey Queen, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 27. 1881. 2. Rural N. Y. 42:787. 1883.
Originated in 1878 by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey; included in the American
Pomological Society's fruit catalog from 1881 to 1899. Imperfect. At this Station, plants
vigorous, low growing, attacked by leaf-spot, productive; fruit large, round-conic to oblate-
conic, glossy light red, soft, well flavored, subacid; very good; midseason.

Jessie, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 270. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1889. 3.
A^. 1'. Sta. Bui. 218:197. 1902.
This old variety is now little grown in any part of the United States excepting central
California and even there is being discarded. It was for so many years a standard and
representative of so distinct a type that it is included among the major varieties in this
text. The outstanding asset of the variety was its great adaptability to soils and climates.

468 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

This sort originated in 1880 with F. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wisconsin, as a cross between
Sharpless and Miner; introduced in 1886; cataloged by the American Pomological Society
in 1889.

Semi-perfect to perfect. Plants variable in number and yield, vigorous, tall, suscep-
tible to leaf-spot; leaves large, thin, light green, dull. Flowers midseason, large; petals
5-8, large; stamens variable in number; receptacle medium in size. Fruit midseason to
late; fruit-stems long, slender, erect; pedicels long, slender; calyx variable in position;
sepals intermediate in length and width ; berries medium to verj^ large, usually wedge but
vary to irregularly round-conic, the largest berries often furrowed and occasionally cox-
comb; apex obtuse; color glossy light to dark red; seeds sunken; flesh light red, firm, juicy,
aromatic, subacid to pleasantly sprightly; quahty good.

JeweL

Originated in 1919 by George Brandvig as a chance seedling in a bed of Superb. Semi-
perfect to imperfect. Station plants very few, weak, dwarfish, medium productive,
healthy; autumn-bearing; flowers early, very small; fruit-stems short, prostrate; fruit
medium to small, round-conic to blunt-conic, glossy medium red, juicy, medium firm,
subacid, with red flesh; fair; early.

Jewell. I. Rural N. Y. 43:445, fig. 212. 1884. 2. A''. E. Homestead 265. 1885.

Originated in 1880 with P. M. Augur & Sons, Middlefield, Connecticut. Imperfect.
As grown here, plants vigorous, very few, healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems very short;
fruit large, oblong-conic, glossy dark red, firm, well flavored, acid; very good; early to
midseason.

Jewell Improved, i. Am. Poni. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

A seedling of Miller raised on the Underwood Farm, Lake City, Minnesota. Perfect.
Plants very productive; berries large, uniform, dark red, firm; good.

Jim. I. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:197. 1902.

Originated with J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey. Imperfect.
In the Station beds, plants vigorous, numerous, healthy; fruit medium to large, drops in
size, chtmky round-wedge, light red, medium juicy, soft, well flavored; good; midseason.

Jim Dumas, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:202, 212. 1911.

Originated with Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1907. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, irregular conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, acid; fair; early.

Joe. I. Rural N. Y. 56:471. 1897. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:71. 1906.

Joe Johnson. 3.761(^.447:71. 1918.

The outstanding merits of Joe are large, handsome, well-flavored berries, which are
suitable for either home use or the markets. The plants are satisfactory in all respects
except in hardiness, so that the variety is a favorite only in the comparatively warm straw-
berry regions of Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, and eastern New York. The plants are
exceedingly productive, therefore the variety is a very desirable kind for intensive culture.
Joe originated with J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey ; introduced by
this company in 1899.

JESSIE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 469

Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, tall, healthy, productive when planted closely; leaves
medium to very large, dark green, thick, dull, rugose. Flowers late, large; petals 5-7, large;
stamens numerous; receptacle large. Fruit late midseason, holding up well in size; fruit-
stems long, thick, semi-erect; pedicels long; calyx often large, leafy, usually flat, well colored;
sepals very broad; berries large to very large, blunt, round-conic or irregular wedge, the
surface often fvirrowed; apex obtuse; color glossy dark red; seeds raised; flesh dark red
throughout, firm, agreeably acid, highly flavored; quality very good.

Joe Crampton. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:71. 1918.

Found in an old patch of berries by Henry Gersandi, Berien County, Michigan;
introduced in 19 12. Perfect. Plants at this Station, below medium in vigor and number,
severely injtired by leaf-spot, improductive; fruit-stems slender, erect; fruit variable in
size, irregular blunt-conic to wedge, necked, dull light red, very juicy, firm, sprightly, with
whitish center; good; very late. Inferior in plant and fruit characters.

Joe Wheeler, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:51. 19 16.

Ge^i. Joe Wheeler. 2. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:180. 1907.

A seedling of Thompson which originated in the South; introduced about 1905. Per-
fect. Plants small ; berries medium in size, conic, with a slight neck, dark crimson, moder-
ately firm; fair; early.

John H. Cook. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 447 •.■}!. 1918.

Raised by Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Washington, D. C, in 1908, as a chance seedling.
Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in vigor and size, healthy, medium
productive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit mediimi to very large, irregularly
wedge, furrowed, glossy, meditun to dark red, juicy, finn, subacid, with hollow center;
good; medium early. Has several qualities to commend it.

Johnson, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:182. 1907.

Johnson's Early. 2. Am. Card. 21:630. 1900.

Originated in 1893 with O. A. Johnson, Manoldn, Maryland, as a cross between Cres-
cent and Hoffman. Perfect. Berries large, round-conic or irregularly necked, light crim-
son; flesh light red, finn, acid; good; early.

Johnson Late. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:333. 1890.

Originated as a chance seedling in 1885 with R. Johnson, Shortsville, New York.
Imperfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, stocky, low growing, injured by leaf-spot,
unproductive; leaves thick, very dark green; fruit large, conic, very hght red, soft, almost
white, sweet; good; very late.

Jones Seedling, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:51. 1916.

Originated with Adams Jones, Plainfield, Indiana; introduced about 1888. Perfect.
Berries large, conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good; midseason.

Jopp. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:52. 1916.

J opp's Favorite. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:71. 1918.

A chance seedling which originated with W. H. Jopp, Denton, Maryland, in 1911.
Perfect. Station plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, unproductive ; fruit-stems long, erect ;

470 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

fruit unusually large, blunt-wedge, necked, dull medium to dark red, juicy, firm, subacid,
with red flesh; fair; very late.

Jucunda. i. Mag. Hort. 28:30. 1862. 2. Card. Moti. 8:280. 1866.

Abraham Lincoln. 3. Horticulturist 24:22,2. 1869.

President Lincoln. 4. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 415. 1882.

Lincoln. 5. Card. & For. 6:336. 1893.

This variety originated with John Salter, Hammeismith, England. It was imported
to this country by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York, in 1859, and for many years was a
standard sort for heavy rich soils and intensive culture. The American Pomological Society
added the variety to its list of recommended fruits in 1869. It has long been out of general
culture on this side of the Atlantic. Perfect. Plants variable in number and in freedom
from leaf -spot, usually productive, medium in height and vigor; fruit-stems long, thick,
erect; calyx large, flat, leafy; sepals very broad; berries large, irregular blunt-wedge to
blunt-conic, light red, somewhat dull and unattractive; flesh whitish towards the center,
variable in firmness, sweet, mildly subacid; good; late.

Jucunda Improved, i. Atn. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 82. 1891.

A seedling of Jucunda originated in 1882 by A. V. Gerbig, Pennsylvania. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic, light crimson,
firm, subacid; good; midseason.
Judith. I. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 176. 1915.

Originated by Dr. F. S. DeLue, Needham, Massachusetts. Semi-perfect to imperfect.
As grown here, plants numerous, vigorous, productive, healthy; fruit-stems long, thick,
semi-erect; pedicels long, slender; calyx flat, large; fruit large, blunt- wedge to blunt-conic,
glossy medium to dark red, juicy, firm, red to the center, highly flavored, sprightly; very
good; early. Worthy of trial.

Judsonia. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:48. 1896.

Originated with J. C. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced about 1892. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, irregular rovmd-conic, light crimson, firm; good; early.
Julia. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

A seedling of Bubach originated in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canada. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, conical to wedge-shape,
bright glossy red; flesh deep pink, tender, juicy, subacid; good; midseason.
Julien. I. Mag. //ort. 33:167. 1867.

Originated about i860 by W. F. Cramer, Dubuque, Iowa, as a seedling of Peabody.
Berries medium in size, roundish oval, with a long neck, scarlet, moderately firm, sweet;
good.
July. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:58. 191 1.

This is a cross between Warfield and Ionia which originated with H. J. Schild, Ionia,
Michigan, in 1902. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in number and
size, healthy, productive; flowers late, large, show distinctly above the foliage; fruit above
medium in size, quickly becomes smaller, conic, light red, very juicy, medium firm, tart;
fair; midseason. Inferior to the best varieties.

JOE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 47 1

Jumbo. I. A'. E. Homestead 328. 1885.

Introduced in 1883 by A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, New York. Perfect. In the Station
beds, plants vigorous, numerous, nearly health}', medium productive; fruit-stems stiff;
calyx verj- large; fruit usually ven.' large, obtuse- to oblate-conic, glossy light red, soft.
slightly acid, pleasantly flavored; fair; early to midseason.

Jumbo (of Farmer) . i. Fanner Ca^ 1925.

Originated about 1915 with James Cliff, Oswego, New York. Perfect. Berries large,
round, blunt or flat at the apex; good; late.

Kalicene. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 292. 192 1.

Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, as a cross between Ettersburg
No. 216 and Trebla. It has little merit at this Station. Perfect. Plants numerous,
vigorous, health}', productive; fruit-stems thick, erect; pedicels long, slender; fruit hidden
by the foliage, medium to small, conic, glossy medium red, moderately juicy, very firm,
tough and whitish at the center, subacid; fair; ver}' early.

Kansas, i. Rural A". Y. 60:518. 1901. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bid. 276:72. 1906.

A chance seedling which originated with J. J. Whittman, Emporia, Kansas; introduced
in 1900. Imperfect. At this Station, plants medium to numerous, moderately vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit-stems thick; fruit above medium to medium in size, decreases
rapidly, round-conic to wedge, the tip ending in a depression, with an irregularly furrowed
surface, glossy medium red, firm, juicy, mildly acid, well flavored; good to very good;
midseason. Not a large berry but worthy of trial because of good yield, attractive
color, good flavor and quality.

Kansas Prolific, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:153. 1897.

A seedling of Warfield which originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas;
introduced about 1896. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in
size, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh medium finn; good; early midseason.

KarL 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 148:57. 1897.

Originated with F. G. Stahelin, Bridgman, Michigan; introduced about 1895. Perfect.
Plants numerous, very vigorous, unproductive; fruit small, irregular, dark crimson; flesh
soft; poor; late.

Katie, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:8. 1893.

Originated with J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Indiana; introduced about 1890. Perfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, dull crimson;
flesh dark red, soft; good; midseason.

Keens Seedling, i. Trans. Lond. Hart. Soc. 5:261, PI. 12. 1824.

2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 531. 1845.

This old English sort was raised from seed by Michael Keens, Isleworth, England, in
1819. It was first exhibited before the Horticultural Society of London in 182 1, and was
introduced into this country about 1824. From 1830 to 1840 it was a standard variety
in the gardens of amateurs. The plants were tender and required high cultivation. The

472 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

variety is still grown in England. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, tender,
productive; fruit large, roundish ovate to coxcombed, dark scarlet; flesh light red, firm,
rich; very good; early.
Kellko. I. Kellogg Cat. 22. 1919.

Introduced in 1919 by the R. M. Kellogg Company, Three Rivers, Michigan; said by
them to have been originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California. Perfect. Station
plants medium in number, vigor, and height, unproductive, healthy; flowers late, very
large; fruit-stems short, thick; calyx large, leafy, with very broad sepals; fruit above
medium to small, blunt-wedge to chunky-conic, medium to dark glossy red, ver>- juicy,
firm, sprightly; very good; midseason.
Kellogg. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:53. 1916.

Kellogg s Prize. 2. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 447 = 7i- iQiS.

Kellogg was found as a chance seedling in 1906 by R. M. Sears, La Grange, Illinois;
introduced in 1913 by R. M. Kellogg Company, Three Rivers, Michigan. An imperfect-
flowering variety of good plant habits, maturing late and shipping well. Imperfect.
Plants medium or below in number and vigor, healthy, productive; flowers very large;
fruit-stems thick, prostrate; fruit above medium to large, blunt-conic to blvint- wedge,
necked, medium to light red; flesh Ught red, juicy, firm, sprightly; fair to good; late.

Kentucky, i. Card. Man. 11:247, 280, fig. 1869. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 24:334. 1890.

A seedling of Downer Prolific originated by J. S. Downer, Fairview, Kentucky; intro-
duced in 1869. Until about 1885 Kentucky was a standard sort for home use and local
markets. In 187 1 the name was added to the catalog of the American Pomological
Society, from which it was removed in 1 89 7 . Perfect. As grown here, plants very vigorous,
numerous, attacked by leaf-spot, moderately productive ; fruit of medium size, conic, glossy
red, soft, sprightly; good; late.
Kevitt. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:81. 1923.

Kevitt Wonder. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:58. 191 1.

Originated by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey, in 1906 as a cross between Bismarck
and Parker Earle. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, small, healthy, produc-
tive; fruit above medium in size, oblong-conic, necked, glossy medium red, not juicy,
medium firm, mild, with inferior flavor; poor; midseason.
Kevitt Best. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:116. 1901.

Originated by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey; introduced about 1899. Perfect.
Plants few, weak, unproductive; fruit small, irregular, scarlet, soft, acid; poor; midseason.

Keystone, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:226. 191 2.

Originated with T. B. Carlisle, Lisbon, Ohio; introduced in 1909. Imperfect. Plants
very numerous, vigorous; fruit irregular, scarlet; flesh firm; poor; early midseason.

Killamey. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:184. 1915.

Originated in 1904 by John F. Nickerson, Chatham, Massachusetts, as a cross between
Maximus and Jessie. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants very numerous, above medium
in vigor, productive, attacked by leaf -spot; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit very
large, strongly furrowed, wedge, dtiU dark red, juicy, firm, subacid; good; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 473

Kincks. i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bid. 64:9. 1894.

Originated with Clark Hewitt, Waupun, Wisconsin; introduced about 1892. Perfect.
Plants at this Station, few, productive, healthy; fruit medium to large, glossy red, soft;
good; midseason to late.

King Edward, i. N. V. 5ta. 5i(/. 309:530. 1908.

Originated by D. J. Miller, Alillersburg, Ohio, in 1903 as a seedling of Miller. Perfect.
At this Station, plants medium in number, lack in vigor, healthy, very productive; fruit
above medium to medium in size, soon becoming small, round-conic or wedge, dull light
red, firm, mild, sweet, well flavored; good; midseason.

King Philip, i. Md. Sta. Bid. 124:183. 1907.

Introduced about 1905. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, unproductive; fruit
large, irregiilar roimdish to wedge-shape, bright scarlet; flesh pink, firm, juicy, subacid;
good; late.

King Solomon, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: ^3. 1916.

King Sol. 2. Ohio Sta. Bid. 236:226. 191 2.

Introduced about 19 10. Perfect. Plants numerous, very productive; fruit large,
conic, light scarlet; flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet; good; early midseason.

King Wealthy, i. Potter Cat. g. 1918.

Originated in igii with H. J. King, Jackson, Michigan. Perfect. Station plants
few to medium, intermediate in vigor and height, productive, healthy ; fruit-stems semi-erect:
calyx very large, raised, ver}' leafy ; fruit above medium to small, round-conic, glossy dark
red, juicy, sprightly; good; verj^ late.

King Worthy. 1. Mich. Sta. Bid. 163:168. 1898.

Originated with E. W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin; introduced about 1896. Plants
few, vigorous, unproductive; fruit large, round-conic, light dull scarlet; flesh light red, soft;
fair; midseason.

Kissena. i. Horticulturist 30:50. 1875.

Kissany. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 98. 1877.

Originated in 1850 by G. W. Huntsman, Flushing, New York, as a cross between
British Queen and a variety of Fragaria virginiana. Perfect. Plants medium in vigor and
productivity; fruit medium in size, long-conic, sometimes coxcombed, light scarlet; flesh
white, moderately firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Kittie Rice. i. Am. Card. 24:332. 1903. 2. A^ Y. Sta. Bid. 336:59. 191 1.

Downing' s Bride. 3. Am. Card. 21:630. 1900.

Originated by John F. Beaver, Dayton, Ohio, about 1S90. Sent out as a premium in
1896 by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, under the name of Downing's Bride.
In 1903 the name was changed to Kittie Rice. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants
of medium nimiber, above medium in size, healthy, productive; fruit-stems medium to
long, moderately thick, prostrate; calyx large, flat, leafy; seeds raised; fruit above medium
in size, conic or wedge, glossy medium red, very juicy, highly flavored, light red at the
center, moderately firm, sprightly at first, becoming sweet; very good to best; midseason.

^j^ THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Klickita. i. Ann. Hort. 134. 1893. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:14. 1897.

Originated with E. W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin, as a chance seedhng. Imperfect.
Plants vigorous, moderately productive; fruit medium to large, conic, regular, scarlet; flesh
firm; good; midseason.

Klondike, i. Am. Card. 19:534- 1898. 2. A'. 1'. Sta. Bid. 309:531. 1908. 3. Va.
Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:54- 1916-

This variety is grown almost exclusively in some parts of the South in commercial
plantations. It usually fails in all the northern states. Its popularity is due to adaptability
to a great diversity of soils, to plants which are fairly free from disease, and to the firm flesh
and deep red color of the berries, the last two characters fitting it for shipping and canning.
The quality is scarcely above mediocre, and the hulls do not part readily from the berries, —
serious defects for a home plantation. Klondike originated with R. L. Cloud, Independ-
ence, Louisiana, as a cross between Pickerproof and Hoffman; introduced in 1901; placed
in the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog in 1909.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, usually healthy, productive; leaves dark green, thin, glossy,
rugose. Flowers midseason, large; petals 6-7, large; stamens numerous; receptacle medivun
in size. Fruit midseason; fruit-stems long, thick, erect; pedicels short, slender; calyx
large, flat or sunken, reflexed, often tinged dull red; sepals long, narrow; berries large, retain
size well, round-conic to blunt-wedge; apex obtuse; color light to dark rather dull red,
variable in glossiness; seeds sunken; flesh well- colored to the center, firm, juicy, sprightly
to acid; quality fair or below.

Knight. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 163:68. 1898.

Introduced about 1896. Perfect. Plantsvery vigorous, productive; fruit large, round-
conic, dark glossy scarlet; flesh light red, firm; very good; late.

Kossuth. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 142:153. 1897.

Originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1893. Perfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, irregular, round-conic, dark crimson;
flesh dark red, firm; good; early.
Kramer, i. Gard. Mon. 9:213. 1867.

Originated in 1863 by F. W. Kramer, Dubuque, Iowa, as a seedling of Wilson. Semi-
perfect to perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, round-conic, dark
red; flesh moderately firm, juicy, acid; good.

Kuropatkin. i. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:183. 1907.

Originated at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Maryland,
in 1907 as a cross between Belt and an unnamed seedling. Perfect. Plants numerous,
medium in vigor and productivity; fruit below medium in size, round-conic, bright scarlet;
flesh red, medium firm, juicy, subacid; fair; early.
Kyle. I. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:33. 1909.

Kyle No. i. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:50. 1896.

A chance seedling which originated in 1889 with W. C. Babcock, Bridgman, Michigan.
Perfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous; fruit large, rotmdish, pale red; flesh light red,
soft; poor; late midseason.

KLONDIKE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 475

La Baron, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 676. 1857.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Perfect.
Plants very productive; berries very large, obtuse-conic, dark scarlet, sweet, soft; very
good.

La Belle, i. Ohio Sia. Bui. 178:50. 1906.

Labell. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:59. ign.

A chance seedling which originated about 1899 with E. H. Ekey, Steubenville, Ohio.
Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in size and vigor, healthy, pro-
ductive; fruit large, soon becoming smaller, long-wedge or conic, necked, variable in
color, dull, ver^r juicy, firm, tart; fair; late. Of doubtful value.

La Bon. i. A^. V. Sto. .Bm/. 447:72. 1918.

A seedling of unknown parentage raised by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1909.
Perfect. As grown here, plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit large,
irregularly furrowed, roundish oblate, glossy light red, colors unevenly, not juicy, medium
firm, with a hollow center, subacid; fair; medium early.

La Constante. i. Mag. Hort. 25:497. 1S59. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 749. 1884.

Raised in 1854 by M. de Jonghe, Brussels, Belgium; introduced to North America
about 1858; included in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society from 1862
to 1871. Perfect. Plants dwarf, productive; berries large, round-conic, bright crimson;
flesh whitish, with a rose tint, firm, sweet, highly aromatic; very good to best; late; highly
esteemed for home use about i860 to 1870.

Lacon. i. Card. Mon. 21:303. 1879.

Originated by E. R. McKinney, Lacon, Illinois; introduced about 1882. Semi-perfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, conic, crimson, firm, acid; good; midseason.

LadyComeille. i. iV. F. Sto. 5;^/. 447:72. 1918.

A seedling of unknown parentage which originated in 1909 with Mrs. T. C. Comeille,
Ponchatoula, Louisiana. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants niunerous, vigorous, usu-
ally healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems short, thick, ' semi-erect ; fruit above medium in
size, furrowed, wedge to blunt-conic, necked, dark red, juicy, firm, white towards the
center, sprightly; fair; medium early.

Lady Finger, i. Card. Moii. 2:262, 334. i860.

Originated by Benjamin Prosser, Buriington, New Jersey; introduced prior to i860.
Perfect. Berries medium in size, very long-conic, dark scarlet, firm, subacid; very good;
early.

Lady Franklin. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:14. 1897.

Originated with H. G. Wolfgang, Salem, Ohio; introduced about 1896. Imperfect.
Berries large, round-conic, light scariet, moderately firm; good; midseason.

Lady Jane. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:55. 1916.

Originated with J. A. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Haveriand and
Hoffman.^ Perfect. Berries medium in size, long, irregular, scariet, finn; good; eariy.

476 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Lady of the Lake. i. Card. Mon. 15:133- 1873.

Originated with John C. Scott, Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1862. Imperfect. Ber-
ries large, irregular conic, with a long neck, light crimson; flesh light red, firm, sweet,
dry; good; midseason.

Lady Rusk. i. Rural N. Y. 50:527- 1891.

Originated as a chance seedling in 1884 with William Stahl, Quincy, Illinois. Perfect
to semi-perfect. Plants at this Station, medium in number and yield; fruit-stems short;
fruit small, decidedly variable in shape, very dark red, firm; fair; midseason.

LaFolIette. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:55. 1916.

Originated with W. J. Movie, Union Grove, Wisconsin, as a seedling of McKinley;
introduced in 1915. Perfect. Berries large, oblong-conic, light crimson, acid; midseason.

Lanah. i. Ohio Sia. Bui. 85:17. 1897.

Lauahan. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:147. 1899.

Originated in Mississippi; introduced in 1894. Perfect. Berries medium to below in
size, conic, bright scarlet, very firm; good; midseason to late.

Large Climax, i. Card. Mon. 8:302. 1866.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, obtuse-conic, dark scarlet; flesh whitish,
sweet; good.

Large Early Scarlet, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:177. 1832. 2. Mag. Hort. 16:70. 1850.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. qg:^. 1869.
One of the oldest varieties of American origin and together with Hovey was for many
years a leading commercial sort. Its name appeared in the first fruit catalog of the American
Pomological Society and remained in the Society's catalog until 1879, when it passed from
general cultivation. Perfect. Plants slender, upright, productive; berries medium or
below, roundish oval, light scarlet; flesh whitish, moderately firm, subacid; good; very early.

Late Bittner. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:56. 1916.

Originated with George Bittner, Milan, Ohio; introduced about 1907. Imperfect.
Berries large, roimd-conic to wedge, scarlet, firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Late Champion, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:56. 1916.

Townsend's Late Champion. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:191. 1915.

Originated as a chance seedling near a bed of Aroma in 1906 with E. W. Townsend,
Salisbury, Maryland. Perfect. At this Station, plants medium vigorous, nimierous,
productive, healthy; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate, much branched; fruit large, round-
conic to blunt-wedge, dull light red, juicy, subacid, whitish toward the center; fair;
midseason.

Late Globe, i. Card. Mon. 8:280. 1866.

Late Globose. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui, 11: ^,6. 19 16.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Plants hardy, vigorous, productive; berries large, roundish, light scarlet, firm;
fair; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 477

Late Jersey, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 211:69. 1918.

Late Jersey Giant. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: 184. 1915.

A seedling of unknown parentage originated in 1907 by Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Little
Silver, New Jersey. Perfect. As grown here, plants vigorous, very productive, healthy,
medium in number; fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit large, round-conic to blunt-wedge,
dull light red, sweet, pleasantly flavored, whitish at the center; good; late.

Late Prolific, i. Mag. Hort. 13:368. 1847.

Originated with John Burr, Columbus, Ohio; introduced in 1847. Imperfect. Plants
vigorous, hardy, productive; berries large, irregular, light crimson, firm, acid; good; late.

Late Prolific (of Durand). i. Horticulturist 25:226. 1870.

Originated with E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey; introduced in 1870. Berries
large, roundish coxcomb, dark scarlet; flesh light red, soft, acid; good; late.

Late Prolific (of Rapp). i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 178:51. 1906.

Originated in Ohio; introduced in 1905. Perfect. Plants moderately large, and vigor-
ous, productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, ribbed, dark crimson, firm, acid;
fair; midseason.

Late Stevens, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:56. 1916. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui.
1043:32. 1919.

Stevens' Late Champion. 3. Rural N. Y. 66:574. 1907. 4. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:
548. 1908.

Stevens. 5. Am. Pain. Sac. Cat. 51. 1909.

Late Stevens is not so desirable as several other late varieties in New York, but in
parts of New Jersey and Delaware it is highly esteemed for both commercial and home
plantations. In New York the plants are not always productive, the foliage is Susceptible
to mildew and leaf-spot and the fruits lack uniformity in shape and size. Neither plants
nor fruits stand drouth well, under which condition the berries show the seeds too plainly.
This variety was originated by Arthur Stevens, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1897; introduced
in 1903. The American Pomological Society added the variety to its list of recommended
fruits in 1909.

Semi-perfect to perfect. Plants variable in number and health, tall, not always pro-
ductive, vigorous; leaves large, dark green, dull, slightly rugose. Flowers midseason or
late, large; petals 6-8; stamens few to numerous; receptacle large. Fruit late to very late;
fruit-stems semi-erect; pedicels long, slender; calyx medium to above in size, often leafy,
attractive green, slightly simken ; sepals long, broad ; berries large, retain size well, irregular
in shape, var>'ing from coxcomb to wedge or round-conic; apex obtuse; color attractive
light red; seeds depressed; flesh well colored to the center, firm, agreeably acid, pleasantly
flavored; quality good.

Late Thompson, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:56. 1916.

Thompson's Late. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 2^:20. 1897.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced about 1896.
Imperfect. Plants vigorous; berries medium in size, conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red,
firm, acid; good; late.

478 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Latest. I. .4m. Card. 24:333. 1903. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:531- iQoS.

Originated in 1895 by S. H. Warren, Weston, Massachusetts, as a cross between Jewell
and Belmont. Imperfect. Station plants very few, medium in vigor, healthy, unproduc-
tive; fruit poorly protected from the sun, large to medium, very irregular in shape, dull
light and dark red, medium fimi, mildly acid, with whitish flesh; fair; late.

Latest of All. i. A^ 1'. S/a. 5m/. 401 : 1 84. 1915-

Received at this Station in 1910 from Vilmorin-Andrieux Nursery Company, Paris,
France. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants small, low growing, medium in number,
weak, unproductive; fruit-stems short, thick; fruit of medium size, conic to wedge, dull
light red, often green tipped, sweet, mild, whitish toward the center; fair; late.

Laurel Leaf. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:56. 1916.

Originated with A. N. Jones, Leroy, New York; introduced about 1879. Perfect
Berries medium in size, round-conic, light scarlet, soft; good.

LaureUa. i. Horticulturist 25:227. 1870.

Introduced about 1868. Imperfect. Plants very productive; berries large, round-
conic, scarlet; flesh light red, soft, acid; fair.

Lawrencia. i. Card. Mon. 8:280. 1866.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Plants hardy, vigorous, very productive; berries large, round-conic, light scarlet,
sweet, juicy; good.

Laxton Latest, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 401:184. 1915.

Received at this Station from Vilmorin-Andrieux Nursery Company, Paris, France.
Perfect. In the Station beds, plants few, medium in vigor, unproductive, attacked by
leaf-spot; fruit-stems slender, prostrate; fruit of medium size, wedge to long-conic, glossy
light to dark red, juicy, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor; late.

Lea. I. A^. V. 5to. 5m/. 401:184. 1915.

Originated by Thomas J. Custis, Craddockville, Virginia, in 1907. Perfect. Plants
at this Station, few, medium in vigor, health and yield; fruit-stems slender, prostrate; fruit
small, conic, glossy red, juicy, tart, inferior in flavor; fair; early.

Leader, i. Gard. & For. 6:336. 1893. 2. Colo. Sta. Bui. 53:18. 1900.

Originated with J. B. Campbell, North Reading, Massachusetts; introduced in 1892.
Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, numerous, moderately productive; fruit-stems
good; fruit medium or below in size, dark red, conic, soft, with dark red flesh; fair;
early.

Leavell Beauty, i. Am. Gard. 21:6^1. 1900.

Originated with B. S. Leavell, Trenton, Kentucky; introduced about 1900. Berries
roundish, dark crimson, very firm; good.

Leavell Favorite. 1. Am. Gard. 21:67,1. 1900.

Another seedling which originated with B. S. Leavell; introduced about 1900. Berries
large, scarlet; very good.

LATE STEVENS

%

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 479

Legal Tender, i. Rural A'. V. 42:456. 1883. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 24:334. 1890.

Originated with Oscar Felton, Merchantsville, New Jersey, as a cross between Lady
Finger and Cinderella; introduced about 1881. Imperfect. Station plants verj^ vigorous,
numerous, producti\-e; fruit-stems erect, stiff, holding the fruit well above the foliage;
fruit large, bright red, oblong-conic, soft, very sweet, well flavored: early to late.

Lehigh, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891.

A seedling of Crescent originated with W. B. K. Johnson, Allentown, Pennsylvania;
introduced in 1891. Imperfect. Berries medium in size, round-conic, dark scarlet;
flesh light red, firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Lehman, i. A\ Y. Sta. Bui. 218:198. 1902.

Raised by S. J. Lehman, Enon, Ohio, about 1894. Perfect. Berries medium in size,
conic, dark crimson, firm; fair; midseason.

Lennig. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 994. 1869. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bid. 24:334. 1890.

White Pineapple. 3. Rural N. Y. 12:335. 1861.

Lennig' s White Pine. 4. Mag. Hort. 28:400. 1862.

White Albany. 5. Card. Mon. 4:210. 1862.

Albion White. 6. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 582. 18S5.

Originated about 1858 bj' a Mr. Lennig, Gennantown, Pennsylvania, as a seedling of
Wilson; included in the American Pomological Society's recommended fruit list from 1871
to 1883. Perfect. As grown here, plants vigorous, numerous, unproductive; fruit-stems
erect, stiff; fruit small, roundish, glossy light red, soft, well f^a^'ored, whitish; ver\' good;
late. An excellent pollinizer for pistillate kinds as its blooming season is long and the
pollen very abundant.

Leon. 1. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:198. 1902.

Originated with J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey; intro-
duced in 1899. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in vigor,
unproductive; fruit above medium to large, oval to wedge, light red, medium firm,
inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

Leonard, i. A'^. 1'. Sta. Bid. 24:335. 1890.

Introduced by a Mr. Leonard about 1887. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive;
berries large, conic, dark crimson, firm ; good ; early.

Leroy. i. Card. & For. 6:335. 1893.

Originated with J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Indiana; introduced about 1891. Imperfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic, ridged, dark crimson; flesh dark
red, finn; good; early to midseason.

Lester Lovett. i. Am. Card. 22: ^t^. 1901.

Originated with Matthew Mullen, Lincroft, New Jersey; introduced in 1901. Perfect.
Plants vigorous; berries large, round-conic, light crimson, firm, acid; good; late.

480 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Leviathan, i. Card. & For. 6:336. 1893.

Originated with H. G. Wolfgang, Salem, Ohio, as a seedling of Sharpless; introduced
in 1892. Perfect. Berries large, flattened wedge-shape, light scarlet; flesh whitish,
soft; fair; midseason.
Lexington, i. Va. Sta. Bid. 91:89. 1898.

Originated with W. H. Earhart, Lexington, Ohio; introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Berries large, irregular, scarlet; midseason.
Liberty Bell. i. Am. Pmi. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1920.

A seedling of Gandy introduced by J. T. Garrison & Sons, Woodstown, New Jersey.
Plants thrifty, very productive; fruit firm, resembling Gandy but larger.

Lida. I. Rural N. Y. 45:461. 1886. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 24:534. 1890.

Originated in 1880 by William Parry, Parry, New Jersey; introduced in 1886. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants vigorous, few, very productive; fruit-stems stiff, upright;
fruit uniformly large, roundish, attractive dark red, very soft, rots quickly, inferior in
flavor; poor; midseason.
Lillie Monroe, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:8. 1893.

Perfect. Plants moderately vigorous and productive; berries large, conic, flattened,
dull dark scarlet; flesh light red, soft; fair; early.

Lincoln, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:58. 1916.

Originated in Michigan; introduced about 1905. Berries medium in size, long-conic
to wedge-shape, bright crimson, soft; midseason.

Linnet, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 154:48. 1904.

Introduced about 1904 by M. Crawford Company, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, long-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good; early.

Little Jap. i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:203, 213. 1911.

Originated with A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C. ; introduced prior to 191 1.
Perfect. Plants large, vigorous; berries large, roundish to coxcomb, bright crimson, firm,
mildly subacid; fair; early.
Little Monitor, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 994. 1869.

Originated with W. A. Burgess, Glen Cove, New York; introduced about 1862.
Berries small to medium, round-conic, obtuse, light scarlet; flesh whitish, soft, sweet; good.

Little Seedlings, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:58. 1916.

Seedlings numbering from i to 42 were raised by James Little, Granton, Ontario,
about 1900. One of these is Woolverton.
Livingston, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:203, 213. 1911.

Originated by C. M. Middleton as a supposed cross between Warfield and Jessie;
introduced in 1900. Plants large, vigorous; berries medium to below, irregular long-conic,
necked, crimson, firm, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.
Lizzie Randolph, i. Horticidturist 7:352. 1852.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced in 1847. Imperfect.
Plants productive; berries medium to large, roundish, long-conic; poor.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 48 1

Lnge. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 293. 192 1.

Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California. Perfect. Plants at this
Station medium in number, vigor, and height, productive; fruit-stems short, thick, semi-
erect ; fruit above medium to small, wedge to conic, glossy medium red, green tipped, verj-
juicy, finn, sprightly; good; late.

Logan. I. Am. Card. 10:342. 1889. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:334. 1890.

Supposed to be a seedling of Crescent originated in 1886 by J. H. Haynes, Delphi,
Indiana. Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, productive; fruit-stems short, weak,
prostrate; fruit large, roundish, glossy red, well flavored, soft; good; midseason.

Long John. i. Rural N. Y. 42:146. 1883. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:335. 1890.

Originated with John Burdette, La Salle, New York; introduced in 1871. Perfect.
As grown here, plants vigorous, productive; fruit-stems very short, prostrate; fruit small,
long-conic, iinusually dark red, finn, sour; fair; midseason.

Long John (of Wilde), i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 118:5, §• 1895.

Originated with Thomas Wilde, Herrington, Michigan; introduced about 1S92. Per-
fect. Berries small, long-conic, bright crimson, moderately firm; good; early to midseason.

Longfellow, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:58. 1916.

Propagated by R. M. Kellogg Company, Three Rivers, Michigan; introduced in 1909.
Perfect. Berries large, long-conic, dark crimson, firm, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Longfellow (of Webb), i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 119. 1880.

Originated in 1876 by A. D. Webb, Bowling Green, Kentucky. Perfect. Station
plants weak, numerous, productive; fruit-stems short; fruit large, oblong-conic, glossy
dark red, firm, sweet, with a pleasan.t flavor; fair; midseason. Of no special value.

Longfield. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:48. 1896.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a seedling of Warfield;
introduced about 1893. Imperfect. Berries medium to large, long-conic, dark crimson,
firm; good; early to midseason.

Longworth. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:58, fig. 11. 1916.

Schneike's Pistillate. 2. Cultivator 3d Ser. 1:280. 1853.

Longworth' s Prolific. 3. Horticulturist 8:388. 1853.

Originated in 1848 b}' a Mr. Schneike, a tenant of Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati,
Ohio, as one of thousands of seedlings, but never widely grown. Perfect. Plants large;
berries large, roundish oval, crimson, firm, briskly subacid; good; earlj\

Lord Salisbury, i. Townsend Cat. 1925.

Originated in 1920 by James H. Parsons, Salisbury, Maryland. Imperfect. Plants
strong, healthy, productive; berries round, uniform in size and shape, firm, bright red;
good; early to midseason.

Louella. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1882.

Luella. 2. HI. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 359. 1886.

Introduced about 1880. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, irregu-
lar round-conic, often necked, dark crimson ; flesh dark red, acid ; good ; midseason.
31

482

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Louis Ella. i. Am. Pom. >"oc. Rpt. 167. 1920.

Originated in 19 16 by Louis Graton, Whiteman, Massachusetts, as a seedling of
Brandywine. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants variable in number, height, and
yield, medium in vigor, healthy; flowers midseason, very large; fruit-stems thick, semi-
erect; calyx very large, leafy; petals very large; seeds raised; fruit large to medium, blunt-
conic to round-conic, dull medium to dark red, juicy, sweet, highly flavored, with a
hollow center; very good. Worthy of test on account of high quality.

Louis Gauthier. i. Card. Chron. 3d Ser. 19:199. 1S96. 2. Am. Card. 18:536. 1S97.
3. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: 59- 1916.
Originated by Louis Gauthier, Calvados, France; introduced to America in 1S97;
of interest solely as one of the parents of Americus, one of the best of the autumn-fruiting
sorts. Perfect. Plants lacking in vigor, moderately productive; berries medium to
large, round-conic to wedge, very light scarlet to whitish; flesh whitish, firm, mildly
subacid; good; midseason to late.

Louis Hubach. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154: 4&- 1904-

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Warfield and
Thompson; introduced in 1902. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium
in size, round-conic, dark crimson, firm, acid; fair; moderately early.

Louise. 1. Rural N. y. 47: 460. 1888. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui 36:6^2. 1891.

Burpee's Louise. 3. la. Hort. Sac. Rpt. 216. 1889.

Originated by Nicholas Hallock, Creedmore, New York; introduced by W. Atlee
Burpee, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1886. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants
very vigorous, very productive, few; fruit-stems long, stiff, erect; fruit large, conic, glossy
red, variable in firmness, well flavored; good to ver>' good; midseason. Rots quickly in
wet weather.
Lovett. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:247. 1896.

Lovett's Early. 3. Rural N. Y. 50:527. 1891.

Originated in 1885 by J. H. Morris, Fair\-iew, Kentucky; supposed to be a cross
between Crescent and Wilson. Perfect. Plants at this Station, \dgorous, bearing a moder-
ate crop of very fine appearing berries of fairly good quality but soft ; not extra early here.

Lower, i. Mich. St. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 132. 1885.

Originated about 187S with Byron Lower, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. Perfect. Berries
large, round-conic, dark crimson, moderately firm; good; midseason.

Loyal. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1920.

A seedling of Superb, originated by William Pfaender, New Ulm, Minnesota; intro-
duced by the Pioneer Nursery Company of that place. Autumn-bearing; berries large;
good.

Lucas. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:48. 1904-

Originated in 1898 with W. S. Todd, Greenwood, Delaware, as a chance seedling.
Perfect. Plants large, vigorous, productive; berries medium in size, round-conic to wedge,
dark crimson, moderately firm, acid; fair; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 483

Luckhurst. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpi. 98. 1877.

Originated in New York; introduced about 1874. Perfect. Plants medium in vigor
and productiveness; berries large, round-conic, dark crimson, firm; good; midseason.

Lucky Boy. i. Am. Pcnn. Soc. Rpt. 293. 1921.

Originated by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York. Plants medium in size, deep
rooted; berries very large, round, firm, sweet; good.

Lucky Cross, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 293. 192 1.

A seedling of Productive which originated with W. M. Freeman, New Meadows,
Idaho. Autumn-bearer; berries large, brilliant red, with white centers, ver>' firm;
good.

Lucky Strike, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1920.

Found growing in 191 5 in a bed of Progressive everbearing plants by E. W. Townsend,
Salisbury', Marj'land. Perfect. At this Station, plants variable in number, medium in
vigor, dwarfish, productive, with slight leaf-spot; autumn-bearing; leaves small, thin,
dark green; flowers small; fruit small, conic, dull medium red; seeds raised; flesh juicy,
firm, sprightly; poor; very late.

Lucretta. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

Originated in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, as a seedling
of Bubach. Perfect. Berries large, roundish to wedge, dark .scarlet, firm, subacid; fair;
early.

Lupton. I. A\ J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 40. 19 16. 2. Kedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. ^41. 1922.

Originated in 1905 as a cross between Joe and Gandy by M. D. Lupton, Newport,
New Jersey. It is about the handsomest of commercial strawberries but one of the poorest
in quality, the Ben Davis in the strawberry family. Perfect. Plants tall, numerous,
vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves large, somewhat roundish, dark green; fruit-stems
long, thick, semi-erect; pedicels long, often very thick; fruit large to very large, often double,
irregular, with a furrowed surface, usually a broad wedge but variable, glossy light red,
seldom turning dark after picking; flesh well colored to the center, rather dry, very firm,
mildly subacid; poor; late midseason.

Luscious Scarlet, i. Horticulturist 8:500. 1853.

Originated by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1853. Imperfect.
Plants productive; berries large, roundish, dark scarlet; good.

Luther, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:436. 1894.

August Luther. 2. Am. Card. 21:629, 630. 1900.

Originated in 1875 by August Luther, Sedalia, Missouri. Perfect. Station plants
vigorous, verj' numerous, moderately productive; fruit-stems good; fruit mediimi or above
in size, medium red, moderately firm; fair to good; early.

Luxuriant, i. Ann. Hort. 97. 1871.

Originated by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey; introduced about 1868. Berries
large, roundish, light scarlet, sweet; poor.

484 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Luxury, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:48. 1904.

Originated by E. H. Riehl, Alton, Illinois, as a cross between Brandywine and Williams.
Perfect. Berries medium in size, irregulariy wedge-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red,
firm, subacid; very good to best; midseason.

Lyons, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:48. 1904.

Originated in 1896 with L. W. Hardy, Grand Rapids, Michigan, as a seedling of Bubach.
Imperfect. Plants slender but vigorous, healthy, productive; berries medium in size, long-
conic, dark crimson, firm, subacid; good; medium early.

McAlpin. I. Peninsula Hort. Soc. Rpt. 84. 1916. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:72. 1918.

Hausmann. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1920.

A cross between Glen Mary and Bubach made by Hausmann Brothers, Hilton, New
Jersey, in 1909. Perfect. As grown here, plants numerous, vigorous, injured by leaf-spot,
productive; fruit-stems long, slender, erect; fruit large, furrowed, bltmt-wedge to blunt-
conic, necked, diill light red, green tipped, very juicy, rather soft, subacid, with whitish
center; fair; late.

McAvoy Extra Red. i. Horticulturist 8:388. 1853. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 676.

i8S7-
Originated in 1848 with D. McAvoy, Cincinnati, Ohio, a tenant of Nicholas Longworth,
as a seedling of Iowa. Plants vigorous, very productive; fruit large, irregularly oblate,
usually necked, dark scarlet; flesh light red, soft, juicy, acid; fair; late.

McAvoy Superior, i. Mag. Hort. 17:361. 1851. 2. Fuller Sni. Fr. Cult. 96. 1867.

Buffalo, s. Mag. Hort. 30:142. 1864.

Originated in 1848 by D. McAvoy, Cincinnati, Ohio, from mi.xed seed of Hovey and
Keens Seedling; introduced in 1851, in which year it received the prize of one himdred
dollars offered by the Cincinnati Horticultural Society for the " best new American straw-
berry." It was widely grown until about 1865. Buffalo, introduced by Abner Bryant,
Buffalo, New York, in 1864, proved identical with McAvoy Superior. The variety was
placed in the list of fruits promising well by the American Pomological Society in 1856,
in the society's catalog in 1862, from which it was removed in 1871. Plants medium in
nimiber, vigorous, very productive; fruit large, irregular, roundish oblate, necked, vari-
able in color from light to dark crimson; flesh dark red, soft, sweet; very good.

McKinley. i. Rural N. F. 55:515. 1896. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:186. 1898.

Originated with W. J. Moyle, Union Grove, Wisconsin ; introduced in 1896 by Ellwanger
& Barry, Rochester, New York. Plants medium in number, vigor, and productivity;
fruit large, irregular round-conic to long-conic, dark crimson; flesh mediimi red, medium
firm, acid; fair; midseason.

McNeil. I. Miss. Sta. Bui. 26:10. 1893.

Originated in Cr^'stal Springs, Mississippi, as a seedling of Hoffman ; introduced about
1893. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, healthy; fruit large, roundish to oblong,
crimson ; flesh medium red, firm ; good ; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 485

Maggie, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 93. 1883. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:34. 1909.

Originated with Charies Arnold, Paris, Ontario, in 1878, as a cross between Wilson
and Doctor Nicaise; introduced in 1881. Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive;
fruit medium in size, round-conic to wedge-conic, light scarlet; flesh medium red, medium
firm, juicy, subacid; good; early.
Magic Gem. i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:73. 1918.

Originated by Edward Vance, Twin Falls, Idaho, in 191 2. Perfect. On the Station
grounds, plants meditun in number and vigor, healthy, productive; fruit-stems medium in
length, thick, semi-erect; calyx large, leafy, raised; fruit very large, drops in size, broad-
conic, with a few coxcombs, necked, glossy medium red, juicy, very firm, the larger berries
with a hollow center, sprightly, well flavored, with red flesh; very good.

Magnate, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:9. 1894.

Originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a seedling of Warfield.
Im^perf ect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, few, unproductive, healthy ; fruit medium
to large, long-conic, dark red, soft; good; midseason.

Magnus, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 298:53. 1908. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:532. 1908.

Originated at this Station in 1899 as a cross between Hunn and Marshall. Owing to
its variable color it has not proved popular for market, although its high quality makes it
desirable in the home garden. Imperfect. At this Station, plants nvunerous, vigorous,
productive, usually healthy; leaves large, dark green; fruit-stems medium in length,
thick, prostrate; calyx large, leafy, sunken; seeds raised; fruit above medium to very
large, retains size well, round-conic to long-conic, very dark red, colors unevenly, firm,
juicy, with whitish center, mildly acid ; good to very good ; midseason.

Magoon. i. /?.'<ra/ .¥. T. 56:471. 1897. 2. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest& Hort. Rpt. -j^. 1915.

A chance seedling which originated in the garden of W. J. Magoon, Portland, Oregon,
who introduced it in 1894. Magoon is the leading variety for home use and local markets
in western Oregon and Washington, its popularity being due to its productivity. The
fruit is too soft for shipping long distances or for canning. The American Pomological
Society added Magoon to its catalog in 1899, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous and productive; fruit medium to large, irregular
round-conic, attractive dark crimson; flesh medium to dark red, rather soft, mildly
subacid; good; midseason.
Maida. i. Wis. Sta. Bui. 'j2:i2. 1899.

Sent out in 1896 by the United States Department of Agriculture who secured it from
W. M. Carlins of Virginia. Perfect. Plants few, medium in vigor, unproductive; fruit-
stems very long; fruit medium to large, oblong-conic, bright scarlet, with green tips; flesh
light red, soft, subacid; good; late.
Malinda. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 178:51. 1906.

Linda. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 51. 1909.

Originated with James Waters, Watsonville, California; introduced about 1894. In
the Watsonville and Florin districts of California it is the leading sort, usually being sold
as " Longworth." The variety was placed in the last catalog of the American Pomological

486 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Society in 1909 as Linda. Perfect. Plants medium in number and vigor, moderately
productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh red, moderately firm,
mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Mammoth, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 55: i4- 1889. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:335. 1890.

Originated with William Davis, Mount Ephraiin, New Jersey; introduced in 1885 by
William Parry, Parry, New Jersey. Perfect. Station plants very vigorous and numerous,
severely attacked by leaf-spot, very productive; fruit-stems erect, holding the fruit above
the foHage; fruit oblate-conic to round-conic, glossy red, large, soft, well flavored; good;
late.

Mammoth Beauty, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 2^6:226. 1912.

Originated in Massachusetts; introduced about 190S. This sort is very similar to
Haverland. Imperfect. Plants few, vigorous; fruit medium to very large, irregular long-
conic, often coxcombed and necked, bright scarlet, with occasional white tips; flesh
medium red, medium firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Mammoth Bush. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 120. 1880.

Originated by A. J. Caywood & Son, Marlboro, New York; introduced about 1879.
Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, round-conic, often coxcombed,
bright scarlet; flesh moderately firm, juicy, subacid; inferior in quality.

Manchester, i. Card. Mon. 23:240. 1881. 2. A^. V. Sta. Bid. 24:335. 1890.

Originated about 187 1 with Jesse Battey, Manchester, New Jersey, as a chance seed-
ling. Grown extensively from 1885 to 1890. The American Pomological Society added
Manchester to its catalog in 1883, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Imperfect.
As grown here, plants vigorous, very numerous, productive, severely injured by leaf -spot;
fruit-stems short, much branched; fruit round-conic to oblong-conic, medium to small,
light red, firm, subacid; good; late.

Manhattan, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:59. 191 1.

A chance seedling discovered on his farm in 1907 by J. E. Kuhns, Cliffwood, New Jersej'.
Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vev}' few, small, healthy, medium productive;
fruit above medium to below in size, conic or wedge, dull light red; seeds much raised;
flesh juicy, firm, tart, inferior in flavor; poor; late.

Manokin. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:198. 1902.

Originated in 1895 by O. A. Johnson, Manokin, Marj4and, as a cross between Crescent
and Sharpless. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, very numerous, healthy,
very productive ; fruit-stems long, slender, prostrate ; fruit medium to large, drops quickly
in size, wedge, light red, glossy, soft, juicy; fair; midseason.

Manwell. i. Am. Card. 17:515, 647, fig. 224. 1S96.

A supposed cross between Crescent and Sharpless which originated with A. D. Man-
well, Vinton, Iowa; introduced about 1895. Perfect. Plants few, moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit large, irregular, round-conic, crimson; flesh medium red, firm, acid;
fair; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITo OF NEW YORK 487

Maple Bank. 1. Ca)i. Hort. 18:241. 1895. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:235. i8g6.

A supposed cross between Crescent and Wilson which originated with E. B. Stevenson,
Lowville, Ontario; introduced about 1895. Imperfect. Plants at this Station, vigorous,
numerous, moderately productive; fruit medium to very large, round- wedge, glossy dark
red, firm; fair; midseason to late.

Marconi. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:76. 1905.

Originated in 1900 by K. Smith, Bridgman, Michigan, as a cross between Warfield and
Enhance. Imperfect. Plants vigorous; fruit medium in size, round-conic, dark red;
flesh red, acid; good; midseason.

Margaret, i. Card. Mou. 15:218. 1873.

Raised by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, who introduced it in 1873.
Imperfect. Fruit large, round-conic, verj- dark crimson- flesh dark red, subacid; good;
midseason.

Margaret (of Beavers), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:235. 1896. 2. Meehans' Mon. 7:115.
1897.
Originated in 1891 by J. F. Beaver, Dayton, Ohio, as a seedling of Crawford. Perfect.
Plants numerous, medium in number and vigor, unproductive; fruit of medium size, conic,
dark red; flesh medium red, firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Marguerite, i. Am. Card. 19:111, 196. 1898.

A chance seedling supposed to be a cross between Jewell and Jessie which originated
with J. C. Grossman, Wolcottville, Indiana, in 1S93. This sort has been confused with
Margaret, from the similarity in names. A French sort of the same name originating in
1858 has been on trial in this countr>\ Imperfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor
and productivity; fruit medium to large, irregular rotmd-conic, bright scarlet; flesh whitish,
soft; good; midseason.

Mariana, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

A seedling of Bubach which originated in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Perfect. Plants medium in number; fruit large, roundish to wedge-
shape, dark scarlet; flesh medium red, medium firm, subacid; good; late midseason.

Marie, i. Rural N. Y. 60:108. 1901. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:34. 1909.

Originated in 1892 by W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio, as a cross between Crescent
and Cumberland. Imperfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive; foliage subject to rust;
fruit large, roundish, pale glossy red; fiesh pale red, rather soft, juicy; good; late midseason.

Mark. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 81:8. 1892.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia, as a seedling of Sharpless;
introduced about 1889. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigor, and productivity;
fruit medium in size, round-conic, light crimson; flesh light red, medium firm; fair;
midseason.

Mark Hanna. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:35. 1903. 2. AT'. Y. Sta. Bui 276:72. 1906.

A seedling of Bubach originated by Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced
about 1906. Imperfect. At this Station, plants numerous, healthy, very productive,

488 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NF.W YORK

vigorous; fruit-stems long, thick; fruit large to very large, retains size well, irregularly
shaped and furrowed, glossy light red, medium firm, juicy, pleasantly tart; fair to good;
medium early.
Marsden Perry, i. Ohio Sta. Btil. 186:7. 1907-

Originated by William Peny% Cool Spring, Delaware; introduced in 1904. Perfect.
Plants few, unproductive; fruit of medium size, conic, crimson; flesh medium red, subacid;
fair; midseason.
Marshall, i. A'. F. S/a. 5m/. 91:192. 1895. 2.161^.309:533. 1908.

Henry. 3. Rttral N. Y. 56:470- 1897-

Were it not for its verj^ exacting soil and climatic requirements, Marshall would be
considered the standard of excellence among strawberries in both fruit and plant in northern
regions. The plants require a heavy, rich soil and intensive culture to force the foliage
sufficiently to withstand the leaf-spot. Under good conditions, however, very large
crops of exceedingly handsome and splendid-flavored berries, are produced. Under
unfavorable conditions, which occur all too often, the berries are small, seedy, irregular
and unattractive. This variety originated in 1890 as a chance seedling, with Marshall
F. Ewell, Marshfield Hills, Massachusetts, who introduced it in 1893.

Perfect. Plants medium in nimiber, tall, large, usually vigorous, susceptible to leaf-
spot, variable in yield; leaves large, light to dark green, roundish, thick, rugose, glossy.
Flowers midseason, large; petals 5-6, small; stamens numerous; receptacle intermediate
in size. Fruit midseason; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; pedicels long, thick; calyx sometimes
discolored, depressed ; sepals medium in length and width ; berries large to very large, irregu-
larly round-conic to wedge, the surface often irregularly furrowed and misshapen; apex
obtuse; color glossy dark, deep red; seeds raised to slightly sunken; flesh dark red to the
center, juicy, variable in firmness, pleasantly sprightly, aromatic ; qualitj- very good to best.

Marshall Improved, i. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 447: yi. 1918.

The origin of this variety is obscure. E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland,
introduced the sort about 1913, having purchased the original plant three years earlier
from a nursery canvasser. It is inferior to Marshall at this Station. Perfect. Plants
healthy, medium in number, yield, and vigor; fruit-stems short, thick, erect; fruit large
to medium, irregularly furrowed, roimd-conic, dull light red, medium in juiciness and firm-
ness, subacid, whitish at the center, fair; early.

Marston. i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:192. 1895.

Introduced about 1894 by C. S. Pratt, Reading, Massachusetts. Imperfect. As
grown here, plants vigorous, numerous, very productive ; fruit-stems good ; fruit medium or
below in size, light red, irregular round-conic, moderately finn, acid; fair; early.

Martha, i. Rtiral N. Y. 47:710. 1888. 2. A'^. Y. Sia. Bui. 44:143. 1892.

Raised by William Lyons, Minneapolis, Minnesota, from mixed seed of Pride of
Cumberland, Wilson, and Downer Prolific; introduced in 1891 in which year it was placed
in the catalog of the American Pomological Society, from which it was removed in 1897.
Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants stocky, with very dark green foliage; fruit
dark red, of moderate size and of fine quality; midseason.

MARSHALL

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 489

Marvel, i. A'. Y. Sia. Bit!. 24:338. 1890.

Originated in Ohio; introduced about 1890. Perfect. Plants numerous, i-igorous,
productive; fruit large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh soft, subacid; fair; midseason.

Marvel (of Kellogg), i. Kellogg Cat. 23. 1922.

Originated by Percy Scluickhardt, North Lake, Wisconsin, and is supposed to be a
cross between Dunlap and Warficld; introduced by the R. M. Kellogg Company, Three
Rivers, Michigan, in 1922. The fruit is of the type of Dunlap and worthy of trial. Perfect
to semi-perfect. In the Station beds, plants ver\- nimierous, vigorous, tall, \'er}' produc-
tive, healthy; leaves large, dark green; flowers midseason to late, small; fruit-stems short,
thick, semi-erect; calyx and seeds raised; fruit large to medium, soon becomes smaller,
conic, necked, unusuallj- dark red, glossy, somewhat seedy at the apex, with very dark
red flesh, juicy, ver>- firm, subacid to sprightly; good; late midseason.

Marvin, i. Tl'. N. Y. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 119. 1880.

Originated by Harry Marvin, Ovid, IMichigan, in 1S74, as a supposed cross between
Wilson and Jucunda. Perfect. Plants medium in number, productive; fruit large, round-
conic, bright crimson; flesh firm; very- good; very late.

Mary. i. Rural K. Y. 48:523. 1889. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:236. 1896.

Originated in 1886 by H. H. Alley, Hilton, New Jerse}-, as a cross between Champion
and Great American. Imperfect. Plants at this .Station, very few, vigorous, healthy;
fruit-stems medium; fruit large to very large, irregular in shape, with many coxcombs,
dark red, firm, acid, with dark red flesh; fair; midseason to late.

Mary Stewart, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1873.

Originated in Louisiana; introduced in 1873 by Samuel Miller, Blufl'ton, Missouri.
Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1 8 73 from which it was removed
in 1879. Imperfect. Fruit soft; good; late.

Maryland, i. Md. Sia. Bui. 160:214. 191 1.

Found in Anne Arundel County, Alaryland, in 1902. Perfect. Plants vigorous;
fruits large, irregular round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh whitish, medium firm, juicy,
mildly subacid ; early midseason.

Maryland Prize, i. A'. V. Sto. 5«/. 401:185. 1915.

Said to have originated with a Mr. Bell, Tawson, Mar\-land, in 1908. Imperfect.
At this Station, plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, \'ery productive; fruit-stems long,
thick, prostrate, much branched; fruit large, with a furrowed surface, conic to wedge, dull,
mediiun red, ver>' juicy, subacid, highly flavored; good to verj' good; midseason.

Marylandica. i. Mag. Hart. 18:407. 1852. 2. Ibid. 23:123. 1857.

Originated in 1850 by Thomas Edmondson, Baltimore, Maryland; introduced in 1857.
Perfect. Plants numerous, unproductive; fruit large, roundish, dark crimson; flesh whitish,
firm; good.

Mascot. I. K.Y. Sta. Bid. /^oi:(>o. 1915. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bid. io^^-.t^^)- iQiQ-

Introduced by T. M. Hanback, Warrenton, Virginia, in 1908. Mascot described in

Bulletin 336 of this .Station was not true to name. It is being grown extensively in Mary-

490 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

land, Delaware, and New Jerse3% where it ripens later than Gandy, is of better quality and
lacks the white tips which detract from the appearance of that sort. Perfect. Station
plants numerous, productive, healthy; flowers vmusually large and with crinkly petals,
late; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect; calyx large, raised; seeds raised; fruit large, bltrnt-
wedge to roundish, dull medium red, with apex often green tipped and seedy, juicy, firm,
sweet, highly flavored, with well-colored flesh; very good; late.

Mastodon; i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:421. 1903. 2. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr.
Out. 309. 1914.
Introduced by James Lippincott, Jr., Mount Holly, New Jersey, in 1895. Very similar
to Bubach. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, round-
conic, bright crimson; flesh pink, medium firm; good; midseason.

Matilda, i. Am. Hort. Ann. 107. 1S70.

A supposed seedling of Triomphe which originated with A. J. Tillson, Highland, New
York; introduced in 1870. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit large, roundish
conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm, very juicy, sprightly; very good; early
midseason.

Matthew Crawford, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bid. 336:60. 1911.

Originated by J. R. Peck, Breckenridge, Missouri. Perfect. As grown here, plants
numerous, healthy, extremely dwarfish, medium productive; fruit large, drops quickly
in size, conic, glossy light red, juicy, medium firm, subacid, whitish at the center; fair to
good; very late.

Matthews, i. A'. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 19. 1917.

Originated in 1910 as a chance seedling with F. E. Matthews, Pocomoke City, Mary-
land. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants numerous, medium in vigor and height,
productive, healthy; fruit-stems medium in length and thickness, prostrate; fruit medivmi
to small, wedge to irregular conic, furrowed, glossy medium red, very juicy, firm, with
a hard center, tart; fair; very early.

Maud MuUer. i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 4oi:i&s- iQiS-

A seedling of Excelsior; introduced in 191 2 by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury,
Maryland. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants very numerous and vigorous, produc-
tive, healthy; fruit-stems short, slender, prostrate; fruit above medium to small, irregular
conic to wedge, furrowed, glossy medium to dark red, very juicy, firm, subacid, red to
the center; fair; early.

Maximus. i. Rural N. Y. 58:530. 1899. 2. A'. 1'. Sta. Bui. 218:198. 1902.

Armstrong. 3. Mich. Sta. Bid. 176:4. 1899.

Big Berry. 4. Am. Card. 21: sii- 1900.

Corsican. 5. Rural N. Y. 64:544, 568. 1905.

German Seedling. 6. Ibid. 68:626. 1909.

This variety is supposed to have originated in Germany and was grown for several
years near Rochester, New York, before being introduced as Maximus in 1897. Later a
Mr. Armstrong, Charlotte, New York, disseminated it under his own name. It was subse-

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 491

quently distributed as Big Berry and Corsican. The berries are large, handsome and ship
well. Perfect. Plants tall, numerous, vigorous, usually healthy, productive; flowers
often very large; fruit-stems long, rather slender; fruit medium to very large, holding up
well in size, irregulariy round-conic to wedge, the surface often furrowed, light to dark red,
not ver\- glossy; flesh light red, medium in firmness and juiciness, mildly subacid; good;
midseason.

Maxwell, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 130:50. i8g6.

Introduced in 1S93. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous; fruit small,
round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, mediiun firm; good.

May King. 1. Rural N. Y. 45:^^2. 1895. 2. A^ V. Sto. 5m/. 24:335. 1S90.

Originated with Thomas G. Zane, Chews, New Jersey, as a seedling of Crescent;
introduced about 1885. Perfect. Plants at this Station, vigorous, numerous, healthy,'
productive; fruit-stems stiff, erect; fruit medium to large, aknost round, light red, firm,
well flavored, subacid ; very good to best ; early.

Mayflower. 1. Mich. Sla. Bui. 163:69. 1898.

Originated with Charies Waldron, Manchester, Ohio; introduced about 1884. Perfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit of medium size, long-conic, bright scariet; flesh pale red,
mediimi firm, juicy; fair; early.

Maytrott. i. Rural N. Y. 55:515. 1896.

Introduced about 1894. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit
medium in size, round-conic, crimson; flesh bright scarlet, medium firm, acid; fair;
midseason.

Maywood.

A cross between Sample and Glen Mary raised by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, New Jersey,
in 1912. As grown here Maywood is worthy of trial because of the productivity of the
plants and the attractive, high-quality fruit. Perfect. Plants above medium in number,
vigorous, tall, very productive, healthy; leaves large; flowers midseason, medium to large';
fruit-stems long, thick, erect; pedicels long, slender; calyx large, raised, often clasping!
fruit above medium in size, soon becoming smaller, blunt-wedge, glossy dark red, juicy,
very firm, sweet, red to the center; very good; early midseason.
Mead. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:^1,. 1906.

Originated with O. E. Mead, Lunenburg, Massachusetts, about 1894. Perfect.
Station plants medium to below in number, vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems
variable in length and thickness, prostrate; cal>-x leafy; fruit very large to medium, round-
conic, variable in shape, glossy light and dark red, mildly acid, firm, weU flavored; very
good; midseason to late.

Mead (of New Jersey), i. Card. Man. 6:309. 1864. 2. Fuller Sni. Fr. Cidt 96
1867.

Originated about 1857 by Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, New Jersey, as " a cross b'etween
the pine and scariet." Imperfect. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; fruit of
medium size, long-conic, necked, light scariet; flesh pink, very firm, acid; fair; midseason.

492 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Meek.

Meek Early, i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:9. 1894.

Originated with James Meek, Anne Arundel County, Maryland; introduced about
1 89 1. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1899, from which
it was removed in 1909. Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, unproductive; fruit small, round-
conic, very dark crimson; flesh dark red, Hvm, subacid; good; very early.

Mele. I. Rural N. Y. 55:515- 1896.

A seedling of Crescent which originated with A. H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, who
introduced it in 1894. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, very productive;
fruit medium to large, round-conic, scarlet; flesh whitish, soft, acid; good; early midseason.

Mellie Hubach. i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 166:77. 1905.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Warfield and
Thompson; introduced in 1903. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive;
fruit of medium size, long-conic, slightly necked, regiilar, light crimson; flesh red, firm;
fair; early midseason.
Meridian, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:153. 1897.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1893.
Imperfect. Plants nvimerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, round-conic, dtall dark
crimson; flesh dark red, medium firm, lacking juice; fair; late.

Metcalf.

Metcalfs Early, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. gg6. 1869.

Originated at Niles, Michigan; introduced about 1866. Plants numerous, vigorous,
productive; fruit small, roundish to oval, light scarlet; flesh soft, mildly subacid; good;
early.
Meteor, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:214. 1911.

Originated with Charles Lunt, of Massachusetts; introduced about 1907. Imperfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic; color variable,
scarlet to crimson, glossy; flesh light red, medium firm, acid; good; late.

Methven Scarlet, i. Trans. Land. Hort. Soc. 6:172. 1826. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.

527- 1845-
An old English sort grown extensively in this country from 1S25 to 1835. Raised in
1816 by Thomas Bishop, Methven Castle, Perthshire, England; introduced into this
country about 1825. Plants niunerous; fruit large, roundish to coxcomb, dull scarlet;
flesh light red, soft; poor; midseason.
Mexican Everbearing, i. Card. Man. 11:240, 301. 1869. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. 107.

1870. 3. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:65. 1916.
Introduced about 1867 with the statement that it had been discovered by a Mr. Mack,
near Jalapa, Mexico. Henry Oilman, Detroit, Michigan, took it to Buffalo, New York,
where the Society of Natural Sciences of that place decided it was a new species and named
it Fragbria Gihnani. It was highly advertised and sold at $3.00 per dozen as an " ever-
bearer " but it proved not to differ materially from the old Monthly Alpine and was worth-
less in most places.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 493

Miami, i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 219. 1887. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bui. 24:335. 1890.

Originated in 1880 with J. D. Kruschke, Piqua, Ohio, as a seeding of Big Bob. Imper-
fect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in ^'igor, very numerous, productive; fruit
medium to large, oblong-conic, glossy dark red, soft, well flavored ; ver\- good: late.

Michel. I. /Im. Care/. 11:562. 1890.

MiclieVs Early. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:338. 1890. 3. Rural N. Y. 50:527. 1891.

Ella. 4. Kan. Sta. Bui. 26:17,0. 1891.

Osceola. 5. Del. Sta. Bui. 18:9. 1892.

Sunrise. 6. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:189. 1898.

Young's Early Sunrise. 7. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:38. 1903.

Never of much account in the North, Michel was for many years the standard ship-
ping sort for the South. It is still grown in several southern states as an early market
variety, but is being discarded. The plants develop far too many runners, so that a patch
of Michel becomes a wilderness. The fruits are small, poor in color and not of high quality.
Extreme earliness and ability to cover a large area, sometimes an asset, are its chief charac-
teristics. Excelsior which ripens at the same time is under most conditions a better variety.
This sort originated in 1886 with George Michel, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1889;
added to the American Pomological Society's list of recommended fruits in 1897. The
variet}^ is a chance seedling with Crescent as a probable parent.

Perfect. Plants \'er3' numerous, vigorous but slender, tail, health3% variable in yield;
leaves small, light green, rugose. Flowers earh-, intermediate in size; petals 6-8 large;
stamens nximerous; receptacle of medium size. Fruit very earh-; fruit-stems short, slender,
prostrate; pedicels long, slender; caljTC large, adherent, slightl}- raised; sepals long, nar-
row; berries small, round-conic, sometimes necked; apex blunt- pointed; color dull light
red; seeds even with the surface; flesh pale red or whitish towards the center, variable
in firmness, quite acid; quality no more than fair.

Michigan, i. Horticulturist 24:248. 1869. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:65. 1916.

Originated by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Rond, Alichigan, as a cross between a
seedling of Old Scarlet and Burr. Grown extensively for a few years. Perfect. Plants
medium in number, vigorous, and productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic to
coxcomb, light scarlet; flesh whitish, soft, acid; good; midseason to late.

Michigan (of Engle). i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 147: 186.
1898.
Originated by C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan, in 1889. Perfect. Plants medium in
number and vigor, productive; fruit large, irregular, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh
medium red, firm; good; very late.

Middlefield. i. Rural N. 1.48:522. 1889. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bui. 109:248. 1896.

Augur No. -JO. 3. Rural N. V. 47:640. 1888.

Originated by P. M. Augur & Sons, Middlefield, Connecticut; introduced in 1890.
Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants verj- vigorous, numerous, healthy, productive;
fruit large, retains size well, conical, the larger berries flattened, very glossy red, firm, well
flavored, sprighth-; verj- good; midseason.

494 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Midnight, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154: 50. 1904. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276: y 4. 1906.

Hale's ii:5g P. M. 3. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Out. 307. 1914-

A cross between Haverland and Parker Earle; introduced in 190 1 by J. H. Hale, South
Glastonbury, Connecticut. Perfect. Plants at this Station, few, lack vigor, unproductive;
fruit-stems short, medium thick; fruit variable in size, round-conic to wedge, dull light
and dark red, firm, medium juicy; fair to good; medium late. Not equal to standard
varieties.
Miller, i. iV. F. Sto. 7?m/. 218:198. 1902.

Originated in 1893 by D. J. Miller, Millersburg, Ohio. Perfect. At this Station,
plants vigorous, nimierous, productive, attacked by leaf-spot; fruit medium to large, conic,
glossy light red, soft, with whitish flesh, sweet; fair to good; midseason to late.

Millionaire, i. A^. V. S/o. i?w/. 309:534. 1908.

Originated in 1902 bj' Henr>' Jerolaman, Hilton, New Jersey, as a cross between Hilton
and Mary. It is not equal to standard sorts at this Station. Imperfect to semirperfect.
Plants vigorous, healthy, productive, mediimi in number; fruit-stems thick, prostrate;
fruit large to above medium, variable in shape, light red, firm, pleasantly acid; fair; late
midseason.

Mineola. i. Rural N. Y. 48:523. 1889. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:186. 1898.

Originated about 1885 by N. Hallock, Creedmore, New York; introduced in 1888.
As grown here, plants very vigorous, low and stocky, medium productive; fruit-stems short,
stout; calyx clings to the berry very firmly and when removed brings a hard core from the
fruit; berries heart-shaped, large, light red, soft, well flavored; good.
Miner, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 199. 1879.

Miner's Great Prolific. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 42. 1879.

Miner's Prolific. 3. Ibid. 48. 1883

Originated by T. B. Miner, Linden, New Jersey; introduced in 1877. Grown consider
ably for local markets from 1 880 to 1 89 5 . Added to the catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1879, from which it was removed in 1909. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous,
productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, dark crimson, colors unevenly; flesh medium
red, medium firm, acid; good; midseason.
Minnehaha. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22j. 1921.

A cross between Minnesota and Abington, originated at the Minnesota Fruit Breeding
Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota; introduced in 19 16. Although lacking in quality, it is worthy
of trial because of the vigor and productivity of the plants. Perfect. On the Station
grounds, plants mediimi to very numerous, vigorous, very productive, health}' ; leaves
large, thick, dark green; flowers late midseason, with large, crinkly petals; fruit-stems long,
semi-erect; calyx large, raised, leafy; fruit large to mediimi, drops in size, round-conic to
irregular blunt -wedge, glossy light to medium red, juicy, firm, distinctly whitish toward
the center, subacid; fair; early midseason.

Minnesota, i. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 227. 1921.

Minnesota No. j. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:73. 1918.

Originated in 1909 at the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior, Minnesota.

MICHEL

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 495

The fruit is of the type of that of Dunlap. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous,
vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems medium in length and thickness, prostrate,
branching into long, slender pedicels; calyx large, much raised, with long, reflexed sepals;
seeds sunken; fruit large to medium, drops quickly in size, conic, the base irregular, strongly
necked, glossy medium to dark red, apex distinctly pointed, often green tipped, very juicy,
firm, pleasantly sprightly; good; medium early.

Minnetonka. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:227. 1912. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:75. 1918.

A cross between a seedling of Splendid and Beder Wood, originated in Minnesota
in 1904. Perfect. Plants at this Station, medium in number, vigor, and productiveness,
healthy; fruit-stems very short, thick, prostrate; fruit of inferior size, blunt-wedge to blunt-
conic, dull medium red, juicy, very firm, sprightly; fair; midseason.

Minnie, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 176:77. 1905.

Minnie's Early. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:227. 1912.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1903. Perfect.
Plants numerous, medium in vigor and productivity; fruit small, round-conic, scarlet;
flesh whitish, firm, juicy, mildly subacid; good; early.

Minute Man. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218: igg. 1902. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. lo^iiiT,}.
1919.
Originated as a chance seedling in an old strawberry bed about 1895 with George F.
Wheeler, Concord, Massachusetts. Grown extensively near Fall River, Massachusetts,
but has not succeeded in other localities. Imperfect. At this Station, plants mediiun in
number and vigor, healthy; fruit above medium to large, retains size well, wedge to conic,
glossy light red, soft, subacid; good; medium early.

Miranda, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

A seedling of Bubach originated in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canada. Plants medium in number; fruit large, irregular wedge-conic, dark crimson;
flesh dark red, firm, briskly subacid; early midseason.

Miss Boston, i. N. V. 5ia. 5h/. 309:534. 1908.

Introduced about 1905. Imperfect. Station plants few, medivim to below in vigor,
healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, drops rapidly
in size, round-conic to wedge, glossy light to dark red, medium to firm, pleasantly acid,
moderately juicy, with well-colored flesh; fair to good; medium early.

Missionary, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:185. 1915. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:66.

1916.

This variety originated about 1900 as a chance seedling with Nathaniel Gohn, Deep
Creek, Virginia. The Florida shipment of strawberries is mostly made up of Missionary
and Klondike. The former is the better yielder, the latter the better shipper. Perfect.
Plants very numerous, taU, vigorous, healthy, medium to productive; leaves light green,
thin; flowers early, large; fruit-stems long, prostrate; calyx small, raised, reflexed; fruit
above medium to large, blunt-conic, often necked, medium to very dark dull red; flesh well
colored to the center, juicy, very firm, quite tart, not of highest flavor; fair; early.

496 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Missouri. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. i66:yy. 1905.

Originated about 1900 with James Sons, Jr., Seligman, Missouri. Perfect. Plants
numerous, unproductive; fruit medium to large, irregular round-conic, dull dark crimson;
flesh red, rather soft, milr'Jy subacid; fair; midseason.

ModeL 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 23,6:227. 1912. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:186. 1915.

A supposed seedling of Belt, originated by M. S. Hubbell, East Toledo, Ohio ; introduced
in 1913 by M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Perfect. As grown here, plants numerous,
mediimi to large, vigorous, productive, healthy; fruit-stems thick, semi-erect; fruit large
to medium, irregular in shape, often coxcomb, necked, dull light red, juicy, firm, sweet,
well flavored, red to the center; good; midseason.

Mollie. J. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:228. 1912.

Originated with W. J. Alt, Lancaster, Ohio; introduced in 1908. Imperfect. Plants
medium in number, vigorous and productive; fruit large, wedge-conic, light crimson;
flesh whitish, firm, juicy, sweet; good; midseason.

Monarch, i. Am. Poin. Soc. Cat. 48. 1883. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:67. 1916.

Monarch of the West. 3. Ant. Hort. Ann. 99. 1871.

A cross between Green Prolific and an unknown English sort, raised by Jesse Brady,
Piano, Illinois, in 1867. It has been a favorite for local markets because of the large,
attractively-shaped fruits, which, however, are soft and light in color. The blossoms are
very sensitive to frost. The variety was placed in the catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1875, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Plants medium in number,
vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh whitish,
soft, mildly subacid; very good; late midseason.

Monitor, i. Horticulturist 17:331, 418, PL 1862. 2. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 97. 1867.
Originated in 1859 by A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, New Jersey, as a seedling of Peabody.
Perfect. Plants vigorous and productive; fruit large, round-conic, necked, bright scarlet;
flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, subacid; good.

Monitor (of Russell), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 2iS:igg. 1902.

A supposed cross between Captain Jack and Cumberland, originated by Z. T. Russell,
Carthage, Missouri, in 1893. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants very numerous,
medium in vigor, healthy, very productive; blossoms show conspicuously above the foliage;
fruit above meditun to large, retains size well, wedge, pale red, firm, juicy, whitish at the
center; fair to good.

Monmouth, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:335. 1890.

Originated in New Jersey in 1885, and is supposed to be a cross between Jersey Queen
and Glendale. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants of dwarfish growth, rather weak,
unproductive; fruit-stems very short; fruit large, roimd-conic, glossy medium red, firm,
pleasantly tart; good; early.

Monroe, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:60. 1911.

Raised in 1905 by J. A. Morgan, Scottsville, New York, as a seedling of Sample growing
adjacent to plants of Rough Rider and Parker Farle. Perfect. Plants at this Station,

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 497

numerous, of medium size, \-igor, and }-ield, attacked by leaf -spot; leaves thick, dark
green; flowers early; fruit-stems medium in length and thickness; calyx large, flattened,
leaf_\-; seeds sunken; fruit large, retains size well, round-conic, variable in color, juicy,
medium firm, sweet; good; early.

Monroe Scarlet, i. Mag. Hort. 17:400. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 996. 1869.
Originated about 1847 by Ellwanger & Barr\', Rochester, New York, as a seedling of
Hovey. Imperfect. Plants \-igorous, productive; berries large, roundish, with a short
neck, light scarlet, tender, juicy; very good; early.

Montevideo Pine. i. Cultivator 3:^48. 1846.

Originated by William Prince, Flushing, New York, about 1845. Plants vigorous;
fruit large, regular, conic, scarlet, pineapple flavored; late.

Montmorency, i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 293. 1921.

Introduced about 1919 by Augustine & Company, Normal, IlHnois. Perfect. At
this Station, plants very numerous, mediiun in vigor and height, very productive, healthy;
fruit-stems short, thick, erect; fruit small to above medium, oval to conic, strongly necked,
very glossy dark red, juicy, medium firm, tart, inferior in flavor; poor.

Moore Prolific, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 55:14. 1889.

Originated in Plymouth, Michigan, in 1884. Perfect. Plants nvimerous, vigorous,
productive; fruit medium to large, long-conic to oblong-conic, scarlet; flesh moderately
firm, subacid; good; early midseason.

More Favorite, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:186. 1898.

Originated by C. J. More, Jamestown, New York; introduced about 1897. Imperfect.
Plants numerous, very vigorous, productive; fruit small, roundish, scarlet; flesh moderately
firm; good; early.

Morgan. 1. Am. Card. 21:6^0. 1900.

Morgan Favorite. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:69. 1898.

Morgan No. i. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:187. 1898.

Originated with Joseph A. Morgan, Scottsville, New York, as a supposed cross between
Sharpless and Triomphe. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, unproductive; fruit large,
irregular conic, dark crimson; flesh medium red, medium firm, mildly subacid; good;
midseason. It is very similar to New York.

Morning Star. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:534. 1908.

Originated about 1908 by Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia. Perfect. Station
plants few, rather weak, healthy, very unproductive; fruit-stems short, prostrate; fruit
small to above medium, round-conic, dark red, firm, mild, well flavored, with red flesh;
good; midseason.

Mount. I. A''. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55, 57. 1907.

A chance seedling foimd in a fence corner by Samuel Mount, Hightstown, New Jersey;
introduced about 1907. Perfect. Plants medium in number, moderately productive;
fruit of medium size, crimson; flesh medium firm; good; early.
32

498 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Mount Holyoke. i. N. Y'. Sta. Bui. 44:142- 1892.

Holyoke. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 73. 1895.

Originated in Massachusetts; introduced about 1890. Perfect. As grown here,
plants very vigorous, with light green foliage ; blossoms very profusely but fails to develop
over one-half of its crop; fruit of medium size, irregular conic, dark scarlet; flesh medium
firm; good; midseason.

Mount Vernon, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. i6g. 1882. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:235- 1890.

Kirkwood. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1882.

Shuckless. 4. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:428. 1894.

A seedling of Jucunda originated about 1875 by T. Bishop of New Jersey. Added
to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1883, from which it was removed in
1909. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, few, productive slightly injured
by leaf-spot; fruit-stems erect, stiff, long; fruit of medium size, obtuse-conic, bright red,
soft, well flavored, subacid; verj- good; late.

Moyamensing. i. Mag. Hort. 18:210, 4oy. 1852. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Aw. 676. 1857.
A seedling of Hudson Ba)', raised by Gerard Schmitz, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
introduced about 1848. It was a popular sort in New Jersey and Pennsylvania about 1855.
Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1862, from which it was removed
in 1869. Imperfect. Plants moderateh' vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large,
broad-conic, dark crimson; flesh red, firm, acid; very good; midseason.

Mrs. Fisher, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218: igg. 1902. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:38. 1904.

Originated with J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey; introduced
in 1899. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, numerous, attacked by leaf-
spot, moderately productive; fruit large to verj' large, decided wedge, glossy light red,
medium firm; fair; late. Size unusually good for a late berry.

Mrs. Garfield, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. loS. 1880-81. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:235- 1890.
A seedling of Sharpless which originated in 1868 with Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga
Falls, Ohio. Perfect. Pfants at this Station, numerous, weak, attacked by leaf-spot,
improductive; fruit-stems short; fruit mediimi to small, conic, glossy red, subacid, soft;
poor to fair; early.

Mrs. McDowell, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 195:81. 1902.

Introduced about 1902. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit
inedium to large, irregular round-conic, light scarlet; flesh soft, sweet; good; late.

Mrs. Mark Hanna. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:25- 1903.

Originated in 1898 by Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia. Perfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, broad-conic, crimson; flesh pink,
soft, subacid; fair; midseason.

Mrs. Miller, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:535. 1908.

Originated in 1893 by D. J. Miller, Millersbiu-g, Ohio. Imperfect. At this Station,
plants medium in number and vigor, unproductive, slightly injured by leaf-spot; fruit-
stems medium in length, thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, drops rapidly in size,

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 499

variable in shape, with uneven surface, glossy dark red, finn, pleasantly acid, well flavored;
good; midseason.

Mulberry, i. Trans. Land. Hort. Soc. 6:203. 1826. 2. Mag. Hort. 1:302. 1835.

Thought to have originated in England prior to 1800, although another account men-
tions it as a native of New York. It was growTi extensively near Boston from 18 10 to
1835. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, ovate-conic, with a
short neck, dull dark red; flesh dark red, juicy, subacid; good; midseason.

Multnomah, i. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort. Rpt. 79. 1915.

Originated by L. S. Otis, Newberg, Oregon, as a cross between Clark and Gold
Dollar; introduced about 192 1. Perfect. Plants numerous, weak, unproductive; fruit of
medium size, roundish conic, dark red; flesh medium red, moderately firm, sweet; good;
midseason.

Murray, i. L'. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 265. 1892. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bui. 109:236. 1896.

Originated with J. S. Westbrook, Faison, North Carolina; introduced in 1892. Imper-
fect. Station plants \'igorous, numerous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems medium in
length; fruit medium to large, dark red, roundish, firm; fair; early.

Murray (of Smith), i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:35. 1909.

Originated by A. M. Smith, St. Catherines, Ontario; introduced about 1895. Perfect.
Plants nmnerous, \^go^ous, productive; fruit large, irregular wedge to conic, scarlet; flesh
bright red, firm, juicy, subacid; good; late midseason.

Muskingum, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. in:No. 7, 217. 1890. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:9 1894.

Kearns. 3. Rural N. 1'. 47:195. 1888.

Originated with Grant Kearns, Zanesville, Ohio, in 1884; introduced in 1892 by S. R.
Moore, Zanesville. It has had considerable value as a late sort. Perfect. Station plants
few, lacking in vigor, unproductive; fruit-stems good; fruit of medium size, variable in
shape, bright red, moderately firm, acid; fair; midseason to late.

Myer. i. iV. F. S/a. 5m/. 336:61. 1911. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. io^y.^7,. 1919.
A chance seedling found in 1 906 in a bed of many varieties by Myer & Son, Bridgeville,
Delaware. Grown extensively in southern Delaware, where it is liked because of its pro-
ductivity, good size, and attractive color. Imperfect. As grown here, plants meditim in
mmiber and size, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems short, thick, semi-erect; fruit above
medium in size, conic, glossy mediimi red, colors unevenly, medixmi firm, rather dry,
mild, sweet; good; midseason.

Myriad, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166: j'j. 1905.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1903. Perfect.
Plants ver\' numerous, moderately productive; fruit small, conic, crimson; fiesh red, soft;
poor; midseason.

Myrtle Murrell. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:^4. 1918.

A cross between Hoffman and Heflin, raised in 1905 by S. S. Murrell, Marion Station,
Maryland. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants very numerous, medium in vigor,
improductive, attacked by leaf-spot; fruit-stems short, slender, erect; fruit inferior in size,

500 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

long-conic, necked, dull light red, variable in firmness, mild, sweet, whitish at the center;
good; midseason.

Mystic. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:9. 1893.

Originated in Indiana ; introduced about 1892. Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately-
productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, bright dark crimson; flesh light red, firm;
very good; late midseeson.

Nan. I. Rural N. Y. 53:437, fig. 112. 1894. 2. TV. 1'. Sta. Bui. 91:193. 1895.

Introduced by T. J. Dwyer, Cornwall, New York, in 1893. Perfect. As grown here,
plants vigorous, medium in number, healthy, moderately productive; fruit-stems good;
fruit medium to large, glossy red, round-conic, firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Nanticoke. i. A'^. Y'. Sta. Bui. 401:186.. 1915.

A seedling of unknown parentage originated in 1907 by S. Barkley, Nanticoke, Mary-
land. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants nimierous, vigorous, productive, with
slight leaf -spot; fruit-stems slender, prostrate; calyx large, flat, strongly reflexed, very leafy;
seeds much sunken; fruit large to below medium, roundish to blunt -wedge irregular,
furrowed, dull light red, firm, subacid, whitish at the center, inferior in flavor; poor; early.
Easily surpassed by better varieties.

Naomi, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 996. 1869.

Originated with Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri; introduced about 1866. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, roimdish oval, dark scarlet; flesh whitish, soft, sweet; fair.

Naomi (of Stayman). i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:69. 1916.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1894.
Imperfect. Berries large, roundish, light crimson, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Napoleon III. i. Care?. Mow. 3:285. 1861.

Originated by Ferdinande Gloede, England; introduced to America about i860 and
considerably grown here about 1870; listed in the American Pomological Society's fruit
catalog in 1875. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, irregularly round-
conic to coxcomb, light scarlet; flesh whitish, firm, sweet; good; late.

Nash. I. la. Sta. Bui. 64:193, 205. 1902.

Perfect. Plants small, not hardy; berries small, irregular conic, crimson, moderately
firm; poor; midseason.

Nathalie, i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 199. 1861.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Berries large, conic, light scarlet; good.

Necked Pine. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 676. 1857.
Unique Prairie. 2. Horticulturist 3:^1. 1848-49.

A native of Ohio; introduced prior to 1829; a variety of Fragaria virginiana; much
cultivated in the Mississippi Valley near Cincinnati from 1830 to 1850. Imperfect. Ber-
ries meditmi in size, ovate to conic, with a distinct neck, light scarlet; flesh whitish, soft,
acid; good; moderately early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 5OI

Nehring. i. Fa. Sia. Tech. Bui. 11:70. 1916.

Nehring's Gem. 2. Ant. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 81. 1904-05. 3. A^. F. Sta. Bui. 309:
535. 1908.

Originated by W. F. Nehring about 1891 at Strasburg, Illinois, probably as a seedling
of Glendale. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants few, vigorous, healthy, unproductive;
fruit-stems thick, prostrate; caljTC decidedly sunken; fruit above mediimi to large, drops
in size, round-conic to irregular wedge, glossy dark red, firm, pleasantly acid, well flavored ;
good to very good; midseason.

Nellie Gray. i. Va. Sia. Tech. Bui. 11: -^o. 1916.

Introduced in 1913. Perfect. Berries medium to large, acid, completely covered with
seeds, producing a yellow appearance ; foliage resembling orange leaves ; early to midseason ;
a curiosity onl}'.

Nellis Triumph, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447: j 4. 1918.

A seedling of unknown parentage discovered in 1912 by J. H. Nellis, Paterson, New
Jersey. Semi-perfect to perfect. Plants at this Station, mediima in number and vigor,
healthy, verj- productive; fruit-stems thick, prostrate, branching freely into long, slender
pedicels; fruit large, retains size well, blunt-conic, broad at the base, dull light red, very
juicy, soft, subacid; good; midseason.

Neptune, i. Ind. Sta. Bui. 38:9, 11. 1892.

Originated in Ohio; introduced in 1890. Perfect. Berries medium to large, round-
conic, necked, crimson; flesh light red, moderately firm; good; midseason.

Nettie, i. Rural N. Y. 57:498. 1898. 2. .V. F. Sta. Bui. 309:536. igo8.

Originated in 1893 by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey. Imper-
fect. At this Station, plants medium to niunerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit-
stems long, thick, erect; calyx leafy, raised; seeds sunken; fruit very large to above medium,
holds its size well, variable in shape, dull light to medium red, medium to firm, acid;
good; late. A showy variety not of highest flavor or quality.

Neunan. 1. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: ■jo. igi6.

Neunan's Prolific. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 42. 1879.

Charleston. 3. Am. Card. 12:657. 1891.

Originated by a Mr. Neunan, Charleston, South Carolina. This was the first of the
southern varieties to be grown in quantity for northern markets. Between 1870 and 1890-
it was a standard commercial sort in the southern states; now it has ahnost disappeared
from cultivation. It was listed in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological Society
from 1879 to 1909. Perfect. Plants tall, vigorous, productive; berries medium in
size, roundish conic, with a short neck, light crimson, very firm, acid; fair; early to
midseason.

Neverfail. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1920.

A cross between Bubach and Superb, originated by D. J. Aliller, Millersburg, Ohio,
in 1913. Semi-perfect. Station plants dwarfish, unproductive; autumn-bearing; berries,
medium in size, conic, medium dark glossy red, firm, juicy, subacid; fair.

5<)2 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

New Dominion, i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 5:19. 1889. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bitl. 24:^^6.
1890.
A seedling of Jucunda originated by C. N. Biggar, Lund\- Lane, Ontario, in 1873.
Perfect. Station plants vigorous, very numerous, attacked slightly by leaf-spot, produc-
tive; fruit-stems erect; fruit large, retains size well, obtuse-conic, glossy light red, soft,
subacid; fair; late.

New Early. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:228. 1912.

Grown b}- C. S. Tuttle in Ohio in 1909. Perfect. Plants moderately vigorous;
berries small to medium, roundish, very light scarlet, soft; good; very early.

New Home. i. Rural N. Y. 65:570. 1906. 2. A'. 1'. Sta. Bui. 309:537. 1908.

Origin unknown; introduced by W. F. AUen, Salisbury, Maryland, in 1905. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in vigor, healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems
thick, erect; seeds raised, with short, dark, characteristic styles; fruit above medium in
size, drops as the season advances, round-conic, glossy light to dark red, verj- firm, mildly
acid; fair; late.

New Jersey Scarlet, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ggj. 1869.

Originated by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey; introduced in 186S. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; berries medivim in size, conic, with a long neck, light scarlet;
flesh whitish, moderately firm, mildly subacid; good; early.

New Shuckless Wonder, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1920.

Introduced by H. W. Buckbee, Rockford, Illinois. Plants vigorous, productive;
calyx detaches easily; berries long-conic, bright red, very firm, sweet, with few seeds.

New York. i. Am. Card. 20:69, fig- 24. 1899. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:199. 1902.

This variety was originated in 1890 by Martha Y. Tanner, SlaterviUe Springs, New
York, as a seedling of Bubach. New York very closely resembles several other varieties
each of which, however, seems to be of authentic independent origin. Perfect. Plants
medium in number, tall, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems of medium length,
thick, semi-erect; calyx often very large, pale green, detaches very easil}-; fruit large, wedge
to conic, irregular, light to dark red; flesh light red, variable in firmness, not ver\- juicy,
mildl}^ subacid; good; midseason.

Nicanor. i. Horticulturist 22:273, fig. 155. 1867.

Originated about i860 with Ellwanger & Barr>', Rochester, New York, as a cross
between Triomphe and Wilson; included in the American Pomological Societj-'s fruit
catalog from 1869 to 1883. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in
size, round-conic to oval-conic, bright scarlet, firm, sweet; good; early.

Nicaragua, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:71. 1916.

Originated in 1906 b}' D. C. Tibbs, East Nashville, Tennessee, as a seedling of Haver-
land; introduced in 1912. Perfect. Berries large, long-conic, dark crimson, firm; good;
midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 5O3

Nich Ohmer. i. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bid. 1043:33.
1919.
Nich Ohmer was originated in the early nineties by J. F. Beaver, Dayton, Ohio, as a
seedling of Middlefield; introduced in 1898. The variety is exceedingly variable in plant
and fruit and needs special culture. Perfect. Plants medium in number and height, vigor-
ous, variable in health and yield; fruit-stems medium in length, thick, prostrate; pedicels
long; fruit large, round-conic to blunt-wedge, glossy dark red; flesh variable in color, firm-
ness, and juiciness, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Nichols. I. Am. Hort. Ann. 108. 1870.

Raised by G. W. Nichols, Summit, New Jersey; introduced in 1870. Berries large,
conic, firm; good.

Nigger, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:9. 1893.

Introduced about 1891. Perfect. Plants small, productive; berries small to medium,
round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good; medium early.

Nigh. I. Mich. St. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 99. 1887.

Nigh' s Superb. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. /^Z: 660. 1883.

Originated liy J. W. Nigh, Piqua, Ohio; introduced about 1881. Imperfect. Berries
large, long-conic, light scarlet, soft, sweet; good.

Nim. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 122:5. 1895.

Introduced about 1890. Imperfect. Berries medium in size, irregular roxmd-conic,
light crimson, moderately firm; poor; late.

Nimrod. i. A'. T. S/a. Z??(/. 309:537. 1908.

Originated about 1898 by John F. Beaver, Dayton, Ohio. Perfect. In the Station
beds, plants few, weak, low growing, attacked by leaf -spot, very improductive; fruit-stems
very short, slender; fruit above mediimi to small, round-conic, glossy light and dark red,
ven- firm, pleasantly acid; good; early midseason.

Nina. i. Rural N. Y. 56:471. 1897. 2. .V. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:199. 1902.

Originated in 1892 with J. H. Black & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey, as a cross
between Jersey Queen and Charles Downing. Perfect. Plants at this Station, medium in
vigor, few, attacked severely by leaf-spot, unproductive; fruit medium to large, irregular
in shape, glossy red; calyx detaches very easily; flesh medium in firmness and juiciness,
sweet, well colored, fair; midseason.

Ninety-Six. i. Am. Card. 20:510. 1899. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:77. 1905.

Originated in 1895 by G. W. Howard, Stevensville, Michigan, as a cross between Barton
and Gandy. Perfect. Berries large, round-conic, scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm,
mildly subacid; good; midseason to late.

No. 999 Giant, i. Gardner Caf. 192 1.

Raised by C. F. Gardner, Osage, Iowa, as a cross between a seedling of Progressive
and a big type berry. Of little value. Perfect. Plants at this Station, few, vigorous,
healthy, very productive; autumn-bearing; leaves small, dark green; flowers small; fruit-

504 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

stems thick, erect; fruit variable in size, round-conic, unattractive light red, medium juicy,
firm, subacid to sprightly; fair; late midseason.

Noble. I. Gard. Chron. 6:79. 1889.

Laxton's Noble. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44.: 14;^. 1892.

Originated in 1887 by Laxton Brothers, Bedford, England; introduced to America
about 1890. Perfect. Station plants, moderately vigorous and productive; berries large,
round, dark red; flesh dark red, soft, sweet; very good; early.

Nokomis. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 293. 1921.

Minnesota No. 489. 2. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 226. 192 1.

A seedling of Dunlap by Abington; originated at the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm,
Excelsior, Minnesota. Perfect. At this Station, plants numerous, vigorous, very tall,
very productive, healthy; leaves large, thick, glossy dark green; flowers midseason, medium
to large, with crinkly petals; fruit-stems very long, thick, prostrate; pedicels short, slender;
calyx raised; seeds sunken; fruit large to medium, retains size well, blunt-conic, necked,
glossy light to mediimi red, juicy, medivmi firm, with well-colored flesh, subacid to sprightly;
fair; late midseason. Worthy of test.

Noland. i. A^ Y. Sta. Bid. 187:187. 1898.

Originated by J. P. Noland, Peninsula, Ohio ; introduced about 1896. Perfect . Station
plants vigorous, moderately productive; berries large, irregularly long-conic, scarlet, moder-
ately firm; fair; midseason.

Nonesuch. 1. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:61. 1911.

Found growing wild in a fence comer by Peter A. Berry, Logansport, Indiana, in 1895 ;
supposed to be a seedling of Sharpless which grew near by. Perfect. Station plants very
numerous, very vigorous, with some mildew and leaf -spot, very productive; blossoms
appear in masses above the foliage; fruit-stems long, slender, erect; fruit variable in size
and shape, dull light red, colors unevenly, green-tipped, juicy, firm, subacid, aromatic:
good; very late.

Nor-J. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1920.

Introduced in 1918 by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California. "A berry of the Beach
type of flavor, exceedingly large, pink in color with white flesh like Rose Ettersburg; exceed-
ingly productive."

Norma, i. Am. Gard. 24:380. 1903.

Originated with M. H. Ridgeway, Wabash, Indiana. Perfect. Plants productive;
berries medium to large, round-conic, light crimson, firm; good; late.

Nonnan. i. Gard. Mon. 18:145. 1876. 2. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 120. 1887.

Originated in 187 1 by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, who named it after
his son. Perfect. Berries medium to large, irregular, crimson, firm, acid; very good;
early.

North Jersey, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. i68. 1920.

Introduced by the North Jersey Nurseries, Milbum, New Jersey. Plants very pro-
ductive; berries medium large, round, pointed, dark glossy red; very good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 505

North Shore, i. jV. F. 5to. £w/. 309:537. 1908.

Raised in 1898 by William H. Monroe, Beverly, Massachusetts, as a seedling of Brandy-
wine. Perfect. As grown here, plants few, medium in vigor, attacked by leaf-spot,
unproductive; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, irregular in shape,
dull dark red, firm, mildly acid, well flavored, with good flesh color; good to very good;
late.

Northfield. i. .4)/!. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1920.

Introduced by C. W. Atwater & Son, Agawam, Massachusetts. Plants vigorous,
productive; berries large, bright red, firm, spicj-; late.

Norwood. 1. III. Hon. Soc. Rpt. 227,. 1910. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. ^oi:i9,t. 1915.

A cross between Maximus and Marshall originated in 1905 by N. B. White, Norwood,
Massachusetts. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants above medium in size, \-igorous.
healthy, moderately productive; fruit above medium to small, variable in shape, necked,
dull hght red, rather dry, whitish at the center, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.
Notre Dame. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: y 2. 1916.

Introduced in 19 14. Berries large, roimd-conic to coxcomb, light crimson; flesh light
red, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Oak.

Oaks Early, i. .V. V. Sfo. 5m/. 309:538. 1908.

A chance seedling found in the wild on the farm of William Tull, Somerset Count >•.
Maryland; introduced in 1906. Perfect. As grown here, plants medium in number,
vigorous, healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems thick, semi-erect; fruit above medium in
size, soon becoming smaller, long-conic, hght to dark red, firm, pleasantly acid, well flavored,
with red flesh: fair to good; early.

Ocean City. i. .V. V. Sto. 5m/. 147:187. 1898.

A supposed cross between Wilson and Sharpless originated in 1887 in BerHn, Maryland.
Perfect. Plants numerous, \agorous, moderately productive; fruit large, irregular, dark
scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Odessa, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:12. 1893.

Originated with J. Y. Cameron, East Rochester, Ohio; introduced about 1892. Imper-
fect. Plants medium in number and vigor, unproductive; fruit large, irregular, bright
scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm; fair; late midseason.

Ohio. I. Rural N. Y. 46:511. 1887. 2. X. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:336. 1890.

A seedling of Kentucky originating in 1886 with George L. Miller, Butler Count\-,
Ohio. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants ^-igorous, few, with sHght leaf-spot,
unproductive; fruit-stems erect, stiff; fruit large to small, conic or wedge, glossy red, firm
but scalds badly, verj^ tart; fair; late.

Ohio Boy. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: iS-/. 1915.

Originated by A. A. Eppert, Ameha, Ohio; introduced in 1910. Perfect. In the
Station beds, plants nxmierous, vigorous, very productive, healthy; flowers large, with
crinkly petals; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect, much branched; calyx very large; fruit

5o6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

variable in size, wedge, dull medium red, colors unevenly, juicy, firm, subacid, with an

inferior flavor; poor; midseason.

Ohio Centennial, i. A'. V. 5to. i?2(/. 24:339. 1890. 2. 7Z)/(/. 36:633. 1891.

Originated by George Townsend, Gordon, Ohio; introduced about 1889. Imperfec':.
In the Station beds, plants low growing, stocky, \vith very dark green foliage; fruit-stems
short, stiff; fruit large, heart-shaped, with numerous coxcombs, glossy red, firm, well
flavored; very good; medium late.
Ohio Mammoth, i. Mag. Hort. 13:368. 1847.

A cross between Hovey and Burr, raised by John Burr, Columbus, Ohio; introduced
in 1847. Perfect. Plants vigorous and productive; fruit large, long-conic, light red; flesh
sweet; good.
Old John Brown, i. Horticulturist 18:26^. 1863.

Originated in 1856 by H. Schroeder, Bloomington, Illinois, as a cross between Wilson
and " Chilian." Perfect. Plants productive; fruit large, round-conic, light crimson;
flesh soft, sweet; good; early.
Old Pine. i. Trans. Land. Hort. Soc. 6:195. 1826. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 532.

1845.

Pineapple. 3. McMahon Am. Gard. Cal. 477. 1806.

Carolina. 4. Miller Gard. Diet. 2: 1807.

An old English sort grown extensively in this country prior to 1835, especially in the
gardens of amateurs. Its origin is unknown; Downing states that it is believed to have
been taken to England from CaroHna. It was widely distributed in England as early as
1759. Perfect. Plants few, productive vmder high culture; fruit large, conic, necked,
bright scarlet; flesh pale scarlet, firm, juicy, rich; very good; late.

Old Scarlet, i. Trans. Loud. Hort. Soc. 6:152. 1826. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 528

1845.

Early Scarlet. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:186. 1832.

Early Virginia. 4. Mag. Hort. 2:91. 1836.

A slightly improved form of Fragaria virginiana grown extensively in this country
until about 1845. In 1826 it was said to have been cultivated in English gardens for two
hundred years and was doubtless introduced from North America. It is still grown in
England and Scotland for preserving. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit
small, roundish conic, light scarlet; flesh whitish, medium firm, subacid; good; early.

Olga Petrovka.

Received at this Station in 1923 from Louis Graton, Whitman, Massachusetts, with
the statement that it was a seedling of Howard, originated by a Mr. Stevenson, Guelph,
Ontario. Asgrownhereit is well worthy of trial as an early sort. Perfect. At this Station,
plants medium in number and vigor, healthy, productive; leaves small, dark green; flowers
early midseason, often large, with crinkly petals; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; pedicels
long, slender; calyx large, raised, leafy, detaches readily; seeds sunken; fruit large, retains
size well, long-conic, necked, glossy dark red, juicy, firm, sweet, with red flesh; good; very
early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NKW YORK 507

Olive. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:73. 1916.

Olive's Pride. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:52. 1904.

A seedling of Crescent originated by J. W. Hall, Marion, Indiana; introduced about
1903. Perfect. Plants medium in nimiber; fruit medium in size, wedge-conic, light crim-
son; flesh medium red, firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Oliver, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:337. 1890. 2. Ibid. 36:633. 1891.

Originated with Phil Strubler, Napierville, Illinois. Perfect. As grown here, plants
very \-igorous, numerous, health}-, unproductive; fruit-stems long, stiff; fruit large, conic,
of Sharpless tj-pe, with the characteristic green tips of that variety, firm, subacid; fair;
midseason to late.

Oliver Goldsmith, i. 11'. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 27. 1881.

A cross between Charles DowTiing and Monarch raised by William Bennison, Delaware,
Ohio, in 1874. Perfect. Plants nimierous, \dgorous, very' productive; fruit large, round-
conic, with a long neck, bright crimson; flesh firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Olympia. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:538. 1908.

Originated with W. M. Gray of California; introduced about 1903. Perfect. Station
plants few, medium in vigor, attacked by leaf-spot, very productive; fruit-stems erect;
calyx detaches readily; fruit large to small, round-conic, broad at the base, light red, juicy,
firm, acid, inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

Omega, i. Ann. Hort. 202. 1892. 2. A". Y. Sta. Bui 109:236. 1896.

Originated by Oakley Apgar, Cahfon, New Jersey; introduced in 1892. Imperfect.
In the Station beds, plants numerous, medium in \'igor, productive; fruit-stems short;
fruit large, irregular wedge, glossy light red, firm; fair; medium late.

Omega (of Indiana), i. Farmer Cat. 14. 19 10.

A cross between Captain Jack and Cumberland raised by L. H. Girton, Bristol, Indiana,
in 1886. Semi-perfect. Plants at this Station, medium in number, size, and vigor, pro-
ductive, healthy; fruit-stems long, thick, above medium in size, round-conic, furrowed,
dull medium red, moderately juicy, firm, with a hollow center, sweet; good; earl_\-
to late.

Omega (of Maine), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 209:539. 1908.

A chance seedling found in an asparagus bed by A. V. Metcalf, Brunswick, Maine,
in 1904. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in number and vigor, attacked
by leaf-spot, productive; fruit-stems erect, short; fruit large to medium, drops in size,
wedge to long-conic, glossy medium to dark red, firm, acid, well flavored, with red flesh;
fair to good; midseason.

Ona. I. Amt. Hort. iT,4. 1893. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. giiig^. 1895.

A cross between Crescent and Sharpless originated by F. M. Kilboume, Lakeville,
Minnesota. Imperfect. At this Station, plants few, medium in vigor and }deld; fruit-
stems good; fruit medium or above in size, round-conic, glossy dark red, moderately firm;
fair; medium early.

5o8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Oneida, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309: 539- 1908.

A seedling of Sharpless originated in 1903 by j\Irs. Isaac Hildreth, Rome, New York.
Perfect. Station plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems
long, medium thick; fruit variable in size and shape, irregularly furrowed, light and dark
red, firm, aromatic, not very juicy, mild; fair to good; midseason.

Onward, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:7s- iQiS.

Raised by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York, as a cross between Autumn and Cooper;
introduced in 19 14. Perfect. As grown at this Station, Onward cannot be distinguished
from Advance and the reader is referred to that variety for description.

Oom Paul. I. Rural N. Y. 60:493. iQoi- 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:52. 1904.

Originated by T. S. Palmer, Columbia, New York, as a cross between Jessie and Bubach ;
introduced in 1903. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, productive; fruit
large, irregular, round-conic to wedge-shape, dark red; fiesh red, firm, mildly subacid;
good; early midseason.

Ophelia, i. Can. E.xp. Farms Rpt. 298. 1913.

Originated in igo6 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, as a seedling
of Belt. Perfect. Plants mediimi in number; fruit large, long wedge-shape, necked,
bright scarlet; flesh light red, firm, briskly subacid; good; late midseason.

Orange County, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 91:193- 1895.

Originated by H. S. Timbrell, Unionville, New York. Imperfect. As grown here,
plants vigorous, nimierous, moderately productive; fruit-stems good; fruit mediimi to
large, round-oblate, light red, soft, subacid; good; midseason.

Orange Prolific, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 677. 1857.

Originated about 1847 by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. Imperfect;
Plants vigorous, very productive; fruit large, roundish oblate, necked, dark crimson;
flesh firm, acid; late.

Oregon, i. Ore. Bien. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 103. 1909-10. 2. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hart.
Rpt. 81. 1915. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:7 s- 1918-
Originated about 1898 near Salem, Oregon, with A. F. Hofstadtler, as a cross between
Marshall and Jessie; introduced in 1902 as Admiral Dewey, but was soon changed to Oregon.
Oregon is grown considerably in Washington, Oregon, and near San Francisco, California,
where it is liked because of its productiveness and the large, attractive fruit. The name
was added to the last catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants numerous, of medium vigor, healthy, very productive;
leaves small; flowers early, large; fruit-stems long, slender, erect; fruit large, retains size
well, irregular in shape, averaging round conic, glossy medium to dark red, colors unevenly,
juicy, firm, pleasantly sprightly, with red flesh; good; early.

Oregon Everbearing, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:9. 1894. 2. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort.
Rpt. 81. 1915.
Everbearing. 3. Wash. St. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 147. 1893.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 509

A chance seedling supposed to be of Triomphe originated in 1882 with Seth Winquist,
Russellville, Oregon; introduced in 1890 as Everbearing. It is considered one of the best
of the fall-fraiting sorts in Oregon. Semi-perfect to perfect. In the Station beds, plants
lack vigoT, few, healthy, \'ariable in yield; autimin- fruiting; fruit-stems short; fruit of
medium size, s\Tnmetrical, conic, glossy medium red, soft, subacid, well flavored; good to
ver}^ good.

Oregon Ironclad, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:215. 1911. 2. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest &' Hort.
Rpt. 82. 1915.
Of unknown origin; introduced about 191 1. Perfect. Plants few, medium in vigor
and productivity; fruit of mediiim size, roundish, medium red; flesh light red, soft, mildly
sweet ; good ; midseason.

Orem. i. N. Y'. Sta. Bid. 336:61. 191 1.

Introduced in 1908 by J. H. Arndt, Arlington, Maryland ; supposed to be a cross between
Bubach and Gandy. Perfect. Plants at this Station, numerous, mediimi in size and vigor,
healthy, productive; leaves thick, dark green; flowers midseason, large; calyx large, flat-
tened, leafy; fruit very large, retains size well, round-conic or wedge, glossy medivun red,
with a tendency to green tips and poorly developed apex, moderately juicy, firm, tart,
with red flesh, often with a hard core; good; late.

Orewiler. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:18. 1897. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176:9. 1899.

Originated with Henry Orewiler, Shelby, Ohio; introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, moderately productive; fruit medium to large, irregular conic, sometimes
necked, light crimson; flesh medium firm; good; midseason.

Oriole. I. Am. Card. 17:67, 226. 1896.

Originated in 1889 by J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, as a a cross between Bubach
and Hoffman. Imperfect. Plants medium in number; fruit of medium size, irregular
round conic, dark crimson; flesh medium red, firm; good; early midseason.

Orphan, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 3^6:62. 1911.

A chance seedling found in 1904 by J. A. Morgan, Scottsville, New York. Imperfect.
At this Station, plants medium in number and size, healthy, productive; fruit large, holds
its size well, wedge or conic, dull mediimi to light red, colors imevenl}-, juicy, moderately
firm, subacid, with well-colored flesh, inferior in flavor; poor; late.

Oscar. I. Ann. Hort. 134. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:154. 1897.

Originated with F. M. Kilboume, Lakeville, Minnesota; introduced in 1893. An
English sort of the same name was on trial in this country about i860. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, unproductive; fruit mediimi to large, irregular round conic, crimson; flesh dark
red, firm; good; late.

Oscar (of Hubach). i. \'a. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:74. 1916.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1903. Perfev,t.
Plants nvmierous; fruit below medium in size, conic, crimson; flesh dark red, medium firm;
good; early.

■^10 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ossie. I. Etter Cat. 23. 1920.

Originated in 1912 by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, as a seedling of Etters
burg No. 84. Perfect. Station plants very numerous, low growing, very dwarfish, healthy,
productive; leaves small, dark green; flowers overtop the foliage; fruit above medium to
small, drops in size, roundish, very light red; seeds much raised; flesh /ery juicy, firm, whit-
ish toward the center, sweet; good; very late.

Oswego. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:539- 1908.

Introduced in 1906 by L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, New York. Said to be a cross between
Bubach and Sharpless. It is inferior to other sorts. Perfect. As grown here, plants few,
vigorous, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems very thick, prostrate; fruit large, drops
quickly to small, round-conic to wedge, with furrowed surface, dark red, variable in firmness,
mildly acid, with light red flesh; good; early midseason.

Oswego Queen, i. A''. Y.Sta Bui. 147:187. 1898.

Originated by M. Stevens, Pennellville, New York; introduced about 1898. Perfect.
Plants nimierous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, irregular conic, bright scarlet; flesh
firm; good; late.

Otsego. I. Auu. Hort. 134. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:154. 1897.

Originated by J. M. Robinson, Otsego County, New York; introduced in 1893. Imper-
fect. Plants medium in number, vigor, and productivity; fruit of medium size, roundish,
scarlet; flesh Hght red, medium firm; fair; midseason.

Outlander. i. A'^. 1'. 5to. 5m/. 336:62. 1911.

This is a seedling originated by A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, who
introduced it in 1906. Perfect. On the Station grounds, a late-blooming and very
late-ripening variety of good size, wedge to roxmd-conic, glossy medium red, firm, sweet;
very good.

Ozark, i. Va. Sia. Tech. Bui. 11:74. 1916.

Early Ozark. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336: 54- 1911-

Earliness makes Ozark a popular commercial variety in Missouri and neighboring
states. It is sometimes but not often grown in New York. The berries are very good in
quality and the crop is especially valued for canning. The plants are fairly satisfactory
in most respects and they are particularly productive as plant makers. Ozark is a seedling
of Aroma and Excelsior, originated in 1902 by Charles Shull, Sarcoxie, Missouri, who intro-
duced it in 1908.

Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in vigor and height, healthy, very productive;
leaves small, intermediate in thickness, color and glossiness, rugose, with reddish stems.
Flowers early, large; petals 6-8; stamens numerous; receptacle large. Fruit very early;
fruit-stems semi-erect; pedicels thick; calyx small, reflexed, depressed, well colored; sepals
short; berries above medium to medium in size, round-conic; apex obtuse, indented; color
glossy, attractive dark red; seeds sunken; flesh well colored to the center, \'ery juic}-, firm,
subacid or pleasantly tart, highly flavored; very good in quality.

OZARK

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 5II

Pacific. I. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 18. 1894. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:75. 1916.

Of southern origin, introduced about 1900. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, moderately
productive; berries medium to large, irregular round-conic, crimson; flesh light red, firm,
acid; good; early.

Page Seedling. 1. Gen. Farmer 20:11?,. 1859.

Originated in Massachusetts; introduced about 1858. Berries medivim in size, conic,
dark crimson, soft; good; early.

Palmer, i. Am. Card. 24:332. 1903.

Palmer's Earliest. 2. Rural A'. 1'. 61:498. 1902.

Originated in 1897 with I. S. Palmer, Coliunbia, New York. Perfect. Plants moder-
ately vigorous and productive; berries medium or below in size, conic, dull dark crimson,
moderately firm, subacid; fair; early.

Pan American, i. Rural N. Y. 62:597. 1903- 2. N. 1'. Sta. Bui. 276:74. 1906.

This variety originated in 1898 with Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York, as a sport
of Bismarck. The variety is now of interest chiefly as the parent of the new race of double-
bearing strawberries, nearlj^ all of which are direct offspring of this one and all indirectly so.
The variety fails in comparison with later sorts of its kind in being unproductive and diffi-
cult to propagate. Perfect. Plants very few, medium to vigorous, healthy, variable in
yield; autumn-bearing; runners none or very few, the young plants usually blossoming
as soon as rooted or sometimes before striking root; fruit-stems short, stout, erect; calyx
small, deeply set; berries closely clustered and hidden by the foliage, medium in size, round-
conic, dull red; flesh pale red, firm, aromatic, subacid; good; early.

Panic. I. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 26. 1881.

Originated with H. J. Peck, Brighton, New York; introduced about 1880. Perfect.
Berries irregular long-conic, firm; fair; late.

Parcel!, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:^5. 1916.

Parcell's Early. 2. N. Y'. Sta. Bui. 336:62. 191 1.

Supposed to be a cross between Haverland and Excelsior originated in 1903 by G. A.
Parcell, Pine City, New York. Perfect. As grown here, plants medium in number, and
vigor, healthy, productive; fruit above medium in size, conic, necked, glossy light red,
juicy, firm, sprightly or tart; good; very early. Does better on a Hght rather than heavy
soil.

Parcell Late. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 236:2^,0. 1912.

Originated by G. A. Parcell, Pine City, New York, who introduced it about 19 12.
Imperfect. Plants thrifty, productive; berries large, long wedge-shape, crimson to scarlet,
tinged with greenish yellow; flesh scarlet, soft; fair; late.

Paris King. i. Mass. Sta. Bui. 44:22. 1897.

Originated by B. 0. Curtis, Paris, Illinois, as a seedling of Captain Jack; introduced
in 1891. Perfect. Plants fairly vigorous; berries large, conic, light crimson; flesh light
red; good; midseason.

512 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Paris Queen, i. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 147:187. 1898.

Originated by B. O. Curtis, Paris, Illinois; introduced about 1896. Perfect. Plants
moderately vigorous and productive; berries medium to large, conical to wedge-shape,
scarlet, soft; good; midseason.

Parker, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 209. 1922.

Originated about 1910 by Lucius Parker, as a cross between Bubach and Jessie.
Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants numerous, vigorous, tall, productive, healthy:
leaves dark green; flowers midseason, small; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate; pedicels
short, thick; calyx large, sunken, detaches readily; fruit large, retains size well, irregular
wedge, furrowed, glossy light red, juicy, very firm, subacid, with pale red flesh with hard
center; inferior in quality; early to midseason.

Parker Earle. i. Rural N. Y. 45:461. 1886. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 420. 1890. 3.

N. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:633. 1891.

Parker Earle Improved. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:114, 116. 1901.

This \'ariety now has little but historic value. It represents a somewhat distinct
type in plant and fruit and was in its day one of the old standards so that it is here included
among the major sorts. The variety was never a general favorite in New York, but was
largely grown in several states of the Middle West. Its half-developed fruits are green;
just before ripening they become dead white which rapidly turns to glossy red. The
berries usually have the appearance of having been cut squarely off at the tip end. Parker
Earle originated in 1886 with James Nimon, Denison, Texas, as a seedling of Crescent;
introduced in 1889 by T. V. Munson of Denison; added to the recommended fruit list of
the American Pcmological Society in 1891.

Perfect. Plants medium to few, tall, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves rather
large, dull, rugose. Flowers midseason, medium to small; petals 5-7, smallish; stamens
numerous; receptacle small. Fruit late midseason to late; fruit-stems short, prostrate;
pedicels long, thick; calyx raised, reflexed, easily detached, well colored; sepals long,
narrow; berries medium to large, conic, often truncate at the apex, although usually some-
what pointed; color glossy bright red; seeds raised; flesh light red, medium in firmness,
juicy, mildly subacid; good to very good.

Parker Earle, Jr. i. Rural N. Y. 56:471. 1897.

Originated by James Nimon, Denison, Texas, as a seedling of Parker Earle; introduced
about 1894. Identical with its parent except that the plants develop runners more freely
and the berries ripen ten days earlier.

Parry, i. Rural N. Y. 43:400, 445, fig. 211. 1884. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:336. 1890.
Originated in 1880 by William Parry, Parry, New Jersey, as a seedling of Jersey
Queen. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, mediiun in vigor, unproductive,
severely injured by leaf -spot; fruit-stems medium in length, stiff; fruit large, obtuse-
conic, glossy light red, soft, well flavored, whitish at the center; very good; midseason.

Parsons, i. U. S. D. A. Partners' Bui. 1043:34. 1919.
Parsons' Beauty. 2. Am. Card. 2i:6t,o. 1900.
Reynolds. 3. Ohio Sta. Bui. 178:59. 1906.

PARKER EARLE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 5I3

This variety originated as a chance seedling about 1890 with R. G. Parsons, Parsons-
burg, Maryland; included in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909.
Parsons has been generally successful in New York and New England but does not now
seem to hold its own with standard sorts. Perfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous,
variable in height and health, very productive; fruit-stems of medium length, thick,
semi-erect ; fruit medium to large, uniform, blunt-conic to blunt -wedge, usually slightly
necked, glossy mediima red; flesh well colored to the center, juicy, firm, pleasantly
sprightly; good; midseason.

Patagonia, i. iV. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: iSj. 1915.

Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, in 1907; obtained by crossing
Fragaria chiloensis from South America with some of the best North American strains.
Perfect. Plants at this Station, vigorous, productive, medium in number, injured by leaf-
spot ; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect ; fruit large to medium, blunt-conic to blimt-wedge,
dull dark red, colors unevenly, with green tips, very whitish at the center, firm, very sweet;
good; late. Surpassed by other varieties.

Patrick, i. Rural N. Y. 58:530. 1899.

Originated by E. W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin; introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Plants moderately vigorous, productive; berries small, round to long-conic, light scarlet,
medium firm; fair; early .

Patuxent. i. Mo. Sta. Bui. 18:7. 1892.

Originated by William Saunders, United States Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C; introduced in 1876. Perfect. Berries medium in size, conic, dark crimson,
firm, subacid; very good; midseason.

Paul Jones, i. A''. F. 5ia. 5m/. 336:63. 1911.

A cross between Haverland and Brandywine, originated by William H. Johnson,
Northboro, Massachusetts, about 1898. Imperfect. At this Station, plants nimierous,
above medium in size and vigor, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems medium in length
and thickness, prostrate ; fruit above medium in size, which is held up well, characteristically
long-conic to wedge, dull light red, medium in juiciness and firmness, subacid, inferior in
flavor; poor; midseason.

Pauline, i. Mag. //ori. 28:400. 1862.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Plants vigorous, hardy, productive; berries large, obovate, bright scarlet, acid;
good; late.

Paulinus. i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 198. 1861.

Originated by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imperfect.
Berries medium in size, conic, Ught scarlet; good.

Pawnee, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:9. 1894.

Originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced in 1892. Perfect.
Station plants vigorous, slightly tender to the sun, nvmierous, productive; fruit-stems
33

514 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

good; fruit medium in size, round-conic, necked, dark red, soft, well flavored; very good;
early to late.

Peabody. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:64, 70. 1898.

Grown by J. Little in Michigan about 1895. Perfect. Plants lacking vigor; berries
small to medium, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh light red, soft; poor; midseason.

Peabody Seedling, i. Mag. Hort. 22:416. 1856.

Pcabody's New Hautbois. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 684. 1857.

Originated with Charles A. Peabody, Coliunbus, Georgia; introduced in 1856. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, productive ; berries medium in size, irregularly conic, necked, dark crimson ;
flesh dark red, firm, sweet; good; early.

Peach. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: i&y. 1915.

A chance seedling found in an abandoned peach orchard in 1888 by L. H. Girton,
Bristol, Indiana. Perfect. As grown here, plants medium in nimiber, large, vigorous,
unproductive, attacked by mildew; fruit-stems long; fruit above medium to below in size;
wedge to round-conic, glossy medium red, green tipped, juicy, firm, sprightly, well flavored,
with red flesh, aromatic; very good; midseason.

Peak Emperor, i. Horticulturist 24:276. 1869.

Originated with Ellwood Peak, South Bend, Indiana, as a cross between Hovey and
Wilson; introduced in 1867. Imperfect. Plants strong, vigorous; berries large, conic,
often necked, dark crimson, firm, mildly subacid; good; late.

Pearl, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:75. 1918.

Originated by J. W. Loomis, Hobart, Indiana, as a seedling of Gandy; introduced in
1912. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants numerous, large, healthy, productive;
leaves large, thick; flowers very late, large; fruit-stems medium in length, very thick, erect;
calyx large; seeds raised; berries very large, retain size well, necked, medium to light red,
juicy, very firm, sprightly, with red flesh; good; very late. Worthy of trial for a sprightly,
late variety of high quality.

Pearl (of New Jersey), i. Rural N. Y. 47:710. 1888. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:77.
1916.
Originated in New Jersey; introduced in 1889. Perfect to semi-perfect. Berries
medium to large, round-conic to long-conic, crimson, firm, acid; very good; early.

Peckham. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:77. 1916.

Peckham Wonder. 2. A''. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: 187. 1915.

Foxmd in a meadow in 1907 by W. U. Peckham, Silver Springs, New York. Perfect.
Plants at this Station, medium in number, vigor, and height, attacked by mildew, produc-
tive; fruit-stems thick, erect; fruit of medium size, long-conic to wedge, necked, dull dark
red, colors unevenly, with green tips, firm, subacid, with red flesh, inferior in flavor; poor;
midseason.

Peerless, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:77. 1916. 2. Hedrick Cyc. Hardy Fr. 343. 1922.

Originated in 19 10 as a cross between Cooper and Autumn by Samuel Cooper, who,

with the R. M. Kellogg Company, Three Rivers, Michigan, introduced it in 1915. This

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 515

is one of the best of the autumn-bearing sorts ; the plants are productive and the fruits are
of handsome appearance and hold up well. Semi-perfect to perfect. Plants develop very
few runners, medium in vigor and height, healthy, very productive; autumn-bearing;
flowers cup-shaped, small, with leafy calyx; fruit-stems short, prostrate, much branched:
berries large to medium, conic, glossy medium to dark red; seeds distinctly raised; flesh
dark red throughout, medium jiucy, very firm, mildly subacid; good; early.

Peerless (of Hubach). i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:78. 1905. 2. Ritral N. Y. 66:800. 1907.
Originated bj- Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1904. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, ■n-ith nimierous runners; berries large, round-conic, slightly necked, dark
crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good; midseason.

PennelL i. Am. Card. 20:435, 590. 1899.

Originated as a chance seedling by John W. Pennell, West Norwalk, Connecticut;
introduced in 1898. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic
to oblong, sometimes necked, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, subacid; good; late.
Pennsylvania, i. Horticulturist 8:388. 1853.

Originated by Gerald Schmitz, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as a seedHng of Moya-
mensing; introduced in 1853. Imperfect. Berries large, broadly conic, dark crimson;
flesh dark red, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Pennsylvania Dutchman, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:204, 216. 1911.

Originated in York Coimty, Pennsylvania; introduced by W. F. Allen, Salisbur>',
Maryland, in 1911. Perfect. Plants large, vigorous; berries medivun to large, irregular
round-conic, light crimson, firm, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Perfection, i. Midi. Sta. Bui. 169:148, 150. 1899.

Speece's Perfection. 2. Ibid. 80:8. 1892.

Originated by B. W. Speece, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1886. Perfect.
Plants productive; berries mediiun to large, roimd-conic, scarlet, moderately firm; good;
midseason.

Perfection (of Kellogg). 1. Kellogg Cat. 19. 1920.

Originated in 1914 by E. H. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. Perfect to semi-perfect. Station
plants very few, below medium in vigor and height, healthy, moderately productive;
autumn-fruiting; fruit-stems short, medium thick, prostrate; caljTc small; seeds sunken;
fruit above mediiun to small, blunt-conic to blunt-wedge, dull medium red, juicy, medium
firm, sprightly; poor; early.

Perfection (of Salzer). i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:54. 1903.

Introduced in 1892 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Perfect. Plants
hardy, vigorous, lacking in productiveness; berries small, conic, dark crimson; flesh dark
red, acid; good; midseason.

Perfection (of Smith), i. Rural N. Y. 50:527. 1891.

Originated with Fred E. Smith, Hudson Center, New Hampshire; introduced about
1890. Perfect. Plants healthy, moderately productive; berries large, round-conic, light
scarlet; flesh light red, soft; very good; midseason.

5l6 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Perfection (of Sons), i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bitl. 11:77. 1916.

Originated about igoo with James Sons, Jr., Seligman, Missouri; introduced about 1904.
Perfect. Berries medium in size, conic, light crimson, moderately firm; fair; midseason
to late.
Perfumed Pine. i. Mag. Hort. 25:328. 1859.

A seedling of Burr originated by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about
1855. Perfect. Plants vigorous, very productive; berries large, obtuse-conic, bright
scarlet, firm, sweet; good.
Perfumed Scarlet, i. Horticulturist 8: soi. 1853.

Originated by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855- Imperfect.
Plants productive; berries medium in size, roundish, light scarlet; very good.

Perpetual, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:78. 1916.

Originated in 1909 by Charles F. Gardner, Osage, Iowa. Perfect. Autumn-fruiting.
Berries mediiun in size, crimson, firm; good.

Perpetual (of Burbank). i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 293. 1921.

Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. Auttunn-fruiting. Berries
mediimi in size, oval, light crimson; good.

Perry Seedling, i. Fuller 5m. Fr. Cult. 97, fig. 37. 1867.

Raised by George Perry & Sons, Georgetown, Connecticut; introduced about 1865.
Perfect. Berries large, roundish, with slight neck, bright crimson, sweet; good.

Pet. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:64, 70. 1898.

Originated as a chance seedling by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Missouri; introduced about
1 89 1. Perfect. Berries medivmi to large, round-conic, dark crimson, firm; very good;
midseason.
Pewamo. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1920.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan. Perfect. Plants very productive;
autumn-fruiting; berries large.
Phelps. I. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1884.

Old Iron Clad. 2. Card. Mon. 26:46. 1884.

Ironclad. 3. Colo. Sta. Bui. 53:17. 1900.

Originated in southern Illinois; introduced in 1883; included in the American Pomo-
logical Society's fruit catalog from 1883 to 1897. Perfect. Plants at this Station, very
vigorous, niunerous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, slender; fruit medium to small,
conic, glossy red, firm, with dark red flesh; good; midseason.

Phenomenal, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:78. igi6.

Originated at Orlando, Florida, as a seedling of Hoffman; introduced about 1895.
Perfect. Berries medium to large, conic, dark crimson, firm; good; early.

Phil Krates. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:78. 1916.

Originated by A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, from English sorts; introduced
in 1908. Perfect. Berries medium in size, round-conic, light scarlet, moderately firm,
sweet; midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 517

Phil Sheridan, i. Mag. Hori. 32:273. 1866.

General Sheridan. 2. Horticulturist 22:254. 1867.

Originated with J. Keech, Waterioo, New York, as a cross between Russell and Tri-
omphe ; introduced in 1866. Imperfect. Berries medium to large, irregular, dark crimson,
firm; good; midseasop.

Philadelphia Beauty, i. Moore Seed Cat. 68. 1923.

Introduced about 1922 by the Moore Seed Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Perfect. Plants strong, healthy; berries ver>- large, conic, bright red, firm, good; midseason.

Phillips. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:151, 156. 1897.

Phillips' Seedling. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:634. 189 1.

A cross between Sharpless and Crescent, originated by W. H. Phillips, Staunton,
Indiana; introduced in 1892. Perfect. As grown here, plants very vigorous, medium in
number, very productive; fruit-stems stout but unable to hold up the large fruits;
fruit very large, Sharpless in shape, glossy red, firm, subacid, well flavored; good;
midseason.

Phipen. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:148. 1899.

Introduced about 1896. Perfect. Berries small to mediiun, long-conic, bright scarlet;
flesh light red, firm, acid; fair; midseason.

Phoenix, i. A''. 1'. Sto. 5m/. 401: 187. 1915.

A seedHng of unknown parentage originated in 1906 by Charles L. Granby, Naples,
New York, who introduced it in 1910. Semi-perfect. On the Station grounds, plants
large, vigorous, productive, healthy; leaves large, dark green; flowers late; fruit-stems long,
medium thick, semi-erect; calyx attractive green; seeds raised; fruit very large, irregular
in shape, with furrowed surface, often coxcomb, glossy medium red, green tipped, not very
juicy, sweet, whitish at the center, well flavored; very good; midseason. Worthy of test
on account of high quality.

Phoenix (of Arizona), i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:114. 1901.

Originated in Arizona; introduced about 1898. Perfect. Benies medium in size,
round-conic, dark scarlet, moderately firm; fair; a double-cropper in Arizona; midseason
elsewhere.

Photo. I. Rural N. Y. 42:146. 1883. 2. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iig. 1887.

Originated in 187 1 by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio; introduced in 1876.
Imperfect. Plants vigorous, unproductive; berries large to very large, roundish to long-
conic, bright crimson; flesh hght red, very soft, mildly subacid; good; late.

Pickerproof. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:78. 1916.

Originated by R. L. Cloud, Independence, Iowa, as a seedling of Hoffman; introduced
about 1898.

Pierson Seedling, i. A''. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 100. 1899.

Originated with A. W. Pierson, Vineland, New Jersey : introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Berries large, round-conic, scarlet, firm; late.

ri8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Pilgrim, i. Rural N. V. 58:514- 1899-

Sent out by A. Diamond, Rochester, New York, in 1899. Perfect. Plants
moderately vigorous and productive; berries large, broad-ovate, dark crimson, mild;
good; early.

Pine Hill. i. Rural N. Y. 53:437- 1894.

Originated by C. G. Bushnell, Centerbrook, Connecticut; introduced in 1892. Imper-
fect. Berries medium in size, round-conic, scarlet; flesh whitish, moderately firm; good;
midseason.

Pineapple, i. Md. Sia. Bui. 160:204, 216. 1911.

Pineapple Flavored. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:540. 1908.

A chance seedling originated by a Mr. Talmage, Mt. Morris, New York, about 1896;
introduced by Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New York. Perfect. In the Station
beds, plants very mmierous, vigorous, above medium in yield; fruit-stems long, medium
thick, prostrate; fruit above meditun to small, roimd-conic, glossy medium to dark red,
very firm, with medium acidity, well flavored; fair to good; early to midseason.

Pioneer, i. A^ J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1878.

King of the North. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. 5:16. 1889.

Originated about 1868 by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, very productive; berries large, round-conic to oval, with a slight neck, bright
scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm, sweet; good; early.

Piper. 1. Card. Man. 26:46. 1884.

Piper's Seedling. 2. Rural N. Y. 42:456. 1883. 3. TV. F. Sto. Bm/. 24:336. 1890.

Originated as a chance seedling in 1873 with D. J. Piper, Forreston, Illinois. Perfect.
At this Station, plants very vigorous, mmierous, healthy, productive, fruit-stems short;
fruit medivim to large, conic, deep dark red, firm, well flavored; very good; midseason.

Pitchers Overland, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1920.

Introduced by the Arctic Nursery and Fruit Farm, Buchanan, Michigan. Perfect.
Plants vigorous; berries large, roimd, dark red, firm; good.

Pittsville. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1920.

Originated by L. G. Tingle, Pittsville, Maryland, as a seedling of Parsons; introduced
by Tingle's Small Fruit Company, of that place, in 1916. Plants vigorous; fruit resembles
Dunlap but lighter in color; midseason.

Plow City. 1. Am. Card. 17:517. 1896. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:187. 1898.

Originated in 1884 by C. C. Stone, Moline, Illinois, possibly as a seedling of Atlantic;
introduced in 1894. Perfect. Station plants vigorous, moderately productive; berries
large, irregular round-conic, dark scarlet, firm; good; midseason.

Plumb Bob. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: ■jg. 1916.

Originated in 1902 by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, as a cross between Haverland and
Ionia. Imperfect. Berries large, conic, light crimson; flesh whitish, firm, acid; midseason
to late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 519

Plymouth Rock. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. iiiyg. 1916.

Originated in Massachusetts; included in a list of varieties growing at the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Experiment Station in iqoo. Berries medium in size, roundish, crimson;
flesh light red, firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Pocahontas, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:204, 216. igii.

A chance seedling originated with S. K. Garrison, of Virginia; introduced in 1908.
Perfect. Plants moderately vigorous and productive; berries medium, round-conic, slightly
necked, dark scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Pocomoke. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:54. 1904. 2. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 1043:34.
1919.

Gibson. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:70. 1918.

This variety is occasionally found in strawberry plantations in western New York,
but is more generally grown in Michigan and in the Middle West. Its outstanding charac-
ters are hardy and productive plants and large, handsome berries which are firm enough
to keep well and reach markets in good condition. Many growers believe that there
are two if not three varieties under this name. Gibson and Parsons are very similar if not
identical. Almost without question Gibson is Pocomoke, and we have listed it as a
synonym, a procedure which many growers will dispute. The variety originated with
E. H. Hamblin, Pittsville, Maryland, as a chance seedling; introduced about 1902. A
variety introduced from Michigan in 191 1 under the name Gibson, has proved identical
with Pocomoke.

Perfect. Plants nimierous, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves dark green, dull,
somewhat rugose. Flowers early, large; petals 7-9, large, crinkly; stamens numerous;
receptacle large. Fruit midseason; fruit-stems thick, semi-erect; pedicels long; calyx large,
raised, leafy; sepals broad; berries above medium in size, round-conic to long-conic, necked;
apex usually pointed but variable ; color attractive, glossy red ; seeds raised ; flesh red through-
out, juicy, very firm, tart or sprightly; fair in quality.

Pokagon. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 169. 1920.

Originated in 1914 as a seedling of Goldsborough by A. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan;
introduced in 1916. Perfect. Station plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive;
leaves large; fruit-stems long, thick, erect, much branched; calyx large, leafy, flat or
depressed; seeds raised; fruit very large to medium, retains size well, irregular wedge,
often coxcomb, much furrowed, glossy medium red, very juicy, very firm, with a hard
center, subacid, inferior in flavor, poor. The large size is the greatest asset of this
variety.
Polly Warfield. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 177:20, 22. 1899.

Originated with W. W. Sewall, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1897. Imper-
fect. Plants thrifty; berries round-conic, light scarlet, firm; good; midseason.

Pomona, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: -jg. 1916.

Originated with B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Michigan; introduced about
1884. Perfect. Berries medium in size, round-conic, scarlet; flesh light red, firm, mildly
subacid; fair; early.

^20 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ponderosa. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176:6, 10. 1899.

Introduced in 1895 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Perfect. Plants
vigorous; berries large, irregular round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, mildly
subacid; good; midseason.

Pontiac. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1920.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, as an " Indian strain of everbearing straw-
berry." Imperfect. Plants very productive; berries large.

Portage. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:18. 1897.

Originated with M. C. Hall, Freedom, Ohio; introduced about 1894. Perfect. Berries
large, long-conic to coxcomb, bright scarlet, firm; fair; late.

Porter, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 311. 189 1.

Porter's Seedling. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. iiijg. 1916.

Originated with a Mr. Porter, Rocky Point, North Carolina; introduced in 1890.
Perfect. Berries medium in size, round-conic, light crimson, soft; fair; very early.

Portia. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 299. 1913-

Originated in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, as a seedling
of Belt. Imperfect. As grown here, plants medium to numerous, vigorous, moderately
productive, healthy; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate, bearing the fruit close to the ground;
seeds raised; fruit above medium to small, drops in size, round-conic, with very obtuse
apex, glossy mediiun red, juicy, firm, subacid, with red flesh; good; midseason.

Porto Rico. I. Am. Card. 19:608, 684. 1898.

A cross between Haverland and Parker Earle originated in 1895 by E. W. Wooster,
Hancock Point, Maine. Imperfect to semi-perfect. Plants vigorous; berries medium to
large, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh light red, moderately firm, mildly subacid; fair;
late.

Posey. I. A'^. y. 5to. 5m/. 401:188. 1915.

Originated as a chance seedling in 1910 by Oral Herron, Brazil, Indiana. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants very numerous and vigorous, productive; attacked by leaf-
spot; leaves large, light green; flowers late, large; fruit-stems long, semi-erect; calyx very
large, raised, leafy; seeds large, raised; fruit large, long-wedge, necked, glossy mediimi to
dark red, often green tipped, juicy, firm, subacid, with red fiesh; fair; midseason. Not of
highest quality but exceedingly attractive in appearance. May have value where appear-
ance is of more value than quality.

Prairie Farmer, i. Horticulturist 24:273. 1869.

Originated with William D. Neff, Ottawa, Illinois; introduced in 1869. Perfect.
Plants vigorous; berries large, irregular obovate, dark scarlet, firm, subacid; good;
midseason.

Prairie Queen, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1882.

Listed in Michigan in 1882. Perfect. Plants vigorous, unproductive; berries medium
in size, round-conic, dull crimson, soft, subacid; fair.

POCOMOKE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 52 1

Premium, i. N. Y. Sia. Bid. 147: iSS. 1898.

Originated about 1886 as a seedling of Jersey Queen. Imperfect. Station plants
unproductive; berries medium to large, roundish, dark crimson, firm; good.

President, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:540. igo8.

Originated about 1900 by M. R. Hunt, Lambertville, New Jersey. Imperfect. In
the Station beds, plants medium to numerous, vigorous, sometimes attacked by leaf-spot,
productive; leaves large, dark green; fruit-stems long, stout, prostrate; calyx large, leafy;
seeds sunken; fruit of largest size, which is well retained, round-conic, slightly furrowed,
glossy bright red, firm, moderately juicy, subacid; fair to good; midseason. One of the
most promising varieties where good size and color are prime requisites.

President Harding, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 293. 1921.

Originated in 1915 as a chance seedling with George Williams, Wicomico County,
Maryland. Perfect. Plants at this Station, medium to numerous, intermediate in vigor
and height, usually healthy, very productive; fruit-stems short, medium thick, prostrate;
seeds raised; fruit medium to small, chunky conic, dull dark red, seedy in appearance,
juicy, very firm, sprightly; good; midseason to late.

President Harrison, i. Rural N. Y. 50:527. 1891.

Introduced about 1890. Perfect. Plants unproductive; berries small, irregular,
scarlet, firm; good; midseason.

President Lincoln, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11 :So. 1916.

Raised in 1875 by a j\Ir. Smith, gardener to Charles Dickens, New York City. Perfect.
Berries large, irregtdarly round-conic, often necked, light crimson; flesh light red, moderately
firm, sweet; good; midseason.

President Roosevelt, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. ^og: $41. 1908.

Roosevelt. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:85. 1916.

A seedling of Warfield by Clyde, originated by A. Y. Cathcoit, Bristol, Indiana.
Imperfect. At this Station, plants few, vigorous, slightly injured by leaf-spot, below
mediimi in yield; fruit-stems slender, prostrate, much branched; calyx often raised on a
long neck, detaches easily; fruit above medium to small, irregular in shape, strongly necked,
with furrowed surface, glossy medium to dark red, moderately firm, pleasantly acid, well
flavored; good; early.

President Wilder, i. Gard. Mon. 10:^10. 1868. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 181. 1875.

A cross between Hovey and La Constante, raised by Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester,
Massachusetts, in 1861 ; included in the list of fruits recommended by the American Pomo-
logical Society from 1869 to 1897. 'For many years the variety was valued by amateurs
for its high quahty. Perfect. Plants hardy, vigorous, very productive; berries large,
round-conic to oval-conic, obtuse, light scarlet; flesh rosy white, firm, sweet; very good to
best; midseason.

Price. I. Del. Sta. Bui. 24:9. 1894.

Price's Seedling. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:80. 1916.

Originated with Caleb Price, Mt. Olive, North Carolina; introduced in 1892. Perfect.

522 THE SMALL FEUITS OF NEW YORK

Plants unproductive; berries medium in size, long-conic, necked, light crimson, moderately
firm; very good; early.

Pride, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1920.

Introduced by the Capital City Nurseries, Des Moines, Iowa. Perfect. Plants
vigorous, healthy; berries large, oblong, dark red; good.

Pride of Albany, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 311. 1891.

Originated by D. W. H. Taylor, Brodhead, Wisconsin; introduced about 1890.
Perfect. Plants moderately vigorous; berries medium in size, round-conic, dark crimson,
soft; good; late.

Pride of Cumberland, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 15-;. 1896. 2. A^. F. 5to. 5zi/. 147:188.
1898.

A seedling of Gandy, originated about 1890 by W. S. Gandy, Newport, Cumberland
County, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants numerous, moderately vigorous, improductive;
fruit medium to large, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh Hght red, firm, sweet; good; late
midseason.

Pride of Michigan, i. hid. Sta. Bui. 164:782. 1913.

Originated as a chance seedling with Peter Weinheimer, Bridgman, Michigan, about
1900. Perfect. Plants moderately i-igorous, and productive; berries large oblong to
roundish conic, dark red, firm, mildly subacid; good; medium early.

Pride of Ohio. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 98:71. 1899.

Originated with W. H. Earheart, Lexington, Ohio; introduced about 1898. Perfect.
Plants moderately vigorous and productive; berries medium in size, round-conic, dark scar-
let, firm; good; midseason.

Primate (I), i. Horticulturist sijo. 1848-49.

A seedling of Prince Albert, an English variety, raised about 1845 by W. R. Prince,
Flushing, New York. Perfect. Plants vigorous, very productive; berries large, conic,
dark scarlet firm; good.

Primate (II). i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:10. 1894.

Introduced by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1892. Perfect. Station
plants vigorous, healthy, medium in number, productive; fruit-stems good; fruit medium to
large, long-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, soft; good; midseason.

Primo. I. Card. Mon. 23:50, 240. 1881. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:336. 1890.

Originated about 1878 by Daniel Smith, Newburgh, New York. Perfect. As grown
here, plants vigorous, very numerous, with slight leaf-spot, productive; fruit-stems short;
fruit of medium size, obtuse-conic, glossy Hght red, firm, subacid, variable in flavor; good;
late.

Primoridan. i. Cultivator 3:348. 1846.

Raised about 1845 by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York, as a seedling of Crimson
Cone. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, long-conic, dark scarlet,
sweet; good; early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 523

Prince. I. Townsend Cir. 1925.

Originated about 1918 with George Lawson, Somerset County, Maryland. Perfect.
Berries large, dark red throughout, firm; good; early.

Prince Albert, i. Bndgemsn Card. Ass' tVi. HI: i^g. 1857. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
999. 1869.
Of English origin early in the nineteenth century. Perfect. Berries large, oblong-
conic, deep scarlet, firm, sweet; good; late.

Prince of Berries, i. Rural N. Y. 43:495. 1884. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:336. 1890.

Prince. 3. Rural N. Y. 48:521. 1889.

A seedling of Jersey Queen, originated by E. W. Durand, Irvington, New Jersey;
introduced about 1881. Perfect. On the Station groimds, plants vigorous, few, healthy,
unproductive; fruit-stems short, stiff; fruit of medium size, roxmdish truncate, rich dark
red, firm, sweet, very well flavored; verj' good to best; late.

Princeps. i. Mag. Hori. 28:400. 1862.

Originated by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Plants
vigorous, productive; berries very large, long-conic, dark crimson, soft; good.

Princess Ena. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11 :Si. 1916.

Originated about 1905 with A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, as a cross between
English and American varieties. Imperfect. Berries round-conic, dark crimson; flesh
dark red, sweet; very good; midseason.

Princeton Chief, i. Ann. Hort. 202. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:9. 1894.

Originated in 1884 with F. W. Poscharsky & Son, Princeton, Illinois, as a cross between
Crescent and Kentucky. Imperfect. Plants at this Station, numerous, vigorous, healthy,
productive; fruit-stems long; fruit of medium size, irregular conic, glossy medium to dark
red, moderately firm, acid; good; midseason to late.

Productive, i, N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:188. 1915.

A cross between Pan American and Autumn raised by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New
York, in 1908. Imperfect. At this Station, plants very few, vigorous, productive, healthy;
leaves imusually dark green; fruit-stems long, slender, prostrate, the fruit being densely
clustered about the plant; fruit above mediima to small, blunt-wedge to blunt-conic, broad
at the base, glossy medium red, with green tips, juicy, firm, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor;
midseason.

Professor, i. Am. Card. 21: 46g. 1900.

Originated about 1898 with a Mr. Warner, Port Jervis, New Jersey. Berries round-
conic, crimson; very good.

Profit. I. Rural N. Y. 53:437. 1894.

Originated about 1890 with Finney Brothers, West Hanover, Massachusetts. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, round-conic, scarlet, firm, acid.

524 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Profuse Scarlet, i. Horticulturist 3:69. 1848-59.

Originated by W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York, as a seedling of Large Early Scarlet;
introduced about 1849. Imperfect. Berries small to medium, roundish oval, light scarlet,
soft; very early.

Profusion, i. A/ag. Hori. 13:368. 1847.

Originated about 1845 by John Burr, Coliunbus, Ohio. Imperfect. Berries small to
medium, sweet; very good.

Progressive, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 187. 1912. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:188. 1915.
3. L^ S. D. A. Farmers Bui. 901:18. 1922.

Rockhill No. 16. 4. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 120. 191 1.

Of the score or more everbearing strawberries introduced in recent years, Progressive
is now probably the best known. It is a favorite because of the hardiness, healthiness and
productiveness of the plants and the handsome, well-flavored fruits. The plants produce
a crop in the spring as well as in the fall. Progressive seems to do well only in northern
climates and, as with all the double-cropping varieties, is often very capricious in bearing
habits. This is a cross between Dunlap and Pan American, which originated with Harlow
Rockhill, Conrad, Iowa, in 1908; placed on the market in 191 2.

Perfect. Plants medium to numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; autumn-
bearing; leaves dark green, thick, smooth, glossy. Flowers early, medium in size; petals
5-6 ; receptacle small . Fruit early ; fruit-stems thick , much branched ; pedicels long, slender ;
calyx flat, reflexed, often with a pinkish tinge; sepals narrow; berries vary considerably
in size from large to small, blunt- wedge to blunt-conic; apex obtuse; color glossy dark red;
seeds raised; flesh well colored throughout, firm, subacid, mild; quality good.

Prolific. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:542. 1908. 2. Ibid. 364:194, PI. 1913.

This variety was originated on the groimds of the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station and so has been under the eyes of the authors of this text for several years. It
would rank among the very best strawberries were it not for susceptibility to leaf-spot
which takes too great toll in most localities. The plants are very vigorous and productive,
and the fruits are large, handsome and well flavored. For those who can control leaf-spot
by spraying, and for home gardens, Prolific is a most valuable strawberry. It originated on
the grounds of this Station in 1899 as a cross batween Sample and Marshall; introduced in
1908.

Perfect. Plants nimierous, tall, vigorous, susceptible to leaf-spot, very productive;
leaves large, dark green, thick. Flowers midseason, medium to large; petals 6-8, large;
stamens numerous. Fruit midseason, ripening period long, picks easily; fruit-stems stout,
semi-erect; pedicels intermediate in length and thickness; calyx depressed, variable in color;
sepals short, broad; berries large, retain size well throughout the season, round-conic to
wedge-conic; apex obtuse; color handsome, glossy bright red; seeds raised; flesh well colored
throughout, firm, juicy, pleasantly acid, aromatic; quality good.

Prolific (of Miller). 1. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. iiiSi. 1916.

A seedling of Bubach originated by J. B. Miller, Anna, Illinois; introduced about 1803.
Perfect. Berries large, roundish, firm, sweet; good; mediiun early.

PROGRESSIVE

PROLIFIC

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 525

Prolific Hudson. \. Horticitliurist y.-;o. 1848-49.

Originated about 1845 with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York. Imperfect. Berries
medium in size, round-conic, crimson; good.

Prosperity, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. i.x:?>2. 1916.

Listed in 1902. Berries large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh light red, soft, subacid;
very good; early to midseason.

Prosser. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:82. 1916.

Originated about 1900 by C. A. Warner, Prosser, Washington, as a cross between
Brand}Tvine and Clark. Berries medium in size, firm.

Prouty. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 358. 1880.

Prouty's Seedling. 2. Mass. Hori. Soc. Rpt. i-^i. 1878.

Originated in 1870 by K. Prouty, as a cross between Wilson and Russell. Perfect.
Berries medium in size, irregular long-conic, light crimson; flesh light red, firm, acid; fair;
early.

Providence, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:82. 1916.

Originated in 1909 as a chance seedling with William Carroll, Somerset County, Marj--
land. Perfect. Berries large, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; early.

Purdue, i. Ind. Sta. Bui. 55:14. 1895.

Originated at the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1 890 as a cross between
Bubach and Jessie. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic,
dull scarlet; flesh dark red, moderately firm, acid; good; midseason.

Puritan. I. Colo. Sta. Bid. 53:22. 1900.

Of Ohio origin, introduced about 1890. Imperfect to semi-perfect. Berries medium in
size, irregular conic, dark crimson, moderately firm, acid; good; midseason.

Pyramidal Chilian, i. Thomas .Am. Fruit Cult. 419. 1867.

Originated with a Mr. Newland of New Jersey, prior to 1840; probably a seedling of
Fragaria chiloensis. Perfect. Berries large, conic, dark scarlet, moderatelj' firm, subacid;
good; late.

Quality. 1. A'. Y. Sta. Bid. 298:54. 1908. 2. Ibid. 309:542. 1908.

Originated at this Station in 1899 as a cross between Hunn and Atlantic. The variety
varies greatly in sex, plant, and fruit characters, and has not held up to its earlier promises.
Semi-perfect. Plants at this Station, numerous, medium to productive, attacked bv
leaf-spot, moderately vigorous; leaves dark green; fruit-stems variable in length, semi-
erect; calyx medium to large, leafy, variable in position; fruit above medium to very large,
not uniform in shape, necked, glossy light to dark red, firm, mildlj- acid, with red flesh,
well flavored; good to very good; late.

Quality (of Ohio), i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:70. 1898.

Originated in Ohio; introduced in 1896. Plants few; fruit large, round-conic, bright
crimson; flesh medium firm, mildly subacid; very good; midseason.

526 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Random, i. N. Y. Sia. Bui. 76:436- 1894-

Received at this Station in 1893 from G. W. Cline, Winona, Ontario. Perfect. As
grown here, plants vigorous, healthy, very numerous, unproductive; fruit-stems good; fruit
of medium size, light red, moderately firm; good.

Rear Guard, i. A'^. H. Sia. Bui. 137:184. 1908.

Of southern origin; introduced about 1906. Imperfect. Plants dwarfish, productive;
fruit medium to large, conic, light red; flesh medium firm, juicy, acid; fair; late midseason.

Reba. i. Rural N. Y. S5'5i4- 1896. 2. iV. 1'. Sto. 5m/. 218:200. 1902.

Raised by J. H. Black & Son, Hightstown, New Jersey, in 1893, as a cross between
a seedUng of Bubach and Charles Downing, and Gandy. Imperfect. On the Station
grounds, plants vigorous, medium in number, healthy, unproductive; fruit above medium
to large, blunt-wedge, glossy red, soft, juicy; fair; medium late.

Red Bird. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:62. 1911.

Originated in 1902 by Samuel Wlierry & Son, Durant, Mississippi, as a cross between
Murray and Hoffman. Imperfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in ntunber and
size, healthy, unproductive; fruit large to above medium, round-conic or wedge, necked,
glossy light red, not very juicy, tender, sprightly, well flavored; good to very good;
early.

Red Cross. 1. Etter Cat. 33. 1920.

Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, as a cross between Ettersburg
No. 216 and Trebla. Plants meditun in vigor, very productive; fruit rotmd, bright red;
flesh firm, mild, sweet; early.

Red Jacket, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 203. 1876.

Originated in 1869 by C. P. Hunt, Waterloo, Iowa, as a supposed cross between
Wilson and Russell. Perfect. Plants numerous; fruit large, roimd-conic, dark crimson;
flesh soft, acid; poor; very early.

Red Prolific, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: 18&. 1915.

A cross between Ionia and Crescent raised by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, in 1899.
Imperfect. Plants at this Station, numerous, below medium in vigor and height, produc-
tive, healthy; fruit-stems medium thick, rather short, very brittle; fruit large to above
medium, conic, glossy light red, tart, with red flesh; fair; early.

Regina. i. Ann. Hort. 134. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:68. 1894.

Originated by Julius Schnadelbach, Grand Bay, Alabama; introduced about 1890.
Imperfect. Plants vigorous, unproductive; fruit mediiun in size, roimd-conic, crimson;
flesh medium firm; fair; late.

Reliance, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:189. 1907.

Originated by Charles W. Momm, Irvington, New Jersey, as a cross between Mary
and Marshall; introduced about 1905. Perfect. Plants few, weak, unproductive; fruit
of medium size, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh bright red, soft, not juicy, acid; fair;
early.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 527

Remington, i. Fa. Sta. Tech. Bui 11:83. 1916.

Originated in Colorado. Grown extensively near Steamboat Springs, Colorado.
Perfect. Fruit of medium size, irregular, crimson, very firm, mildly subacid; very goo<l;
late midseason.

Rena. i. Etter Cat. 28. 1920.

Raised by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, as a supposed cross between the
v/ild beach strawberry of California and Ettersburg No. 84; introduced in 1920. Imperfect.
At this Station, plants intermediate in number and vigor, somewhat low growing, unpro-
ductive, with slight leaf-spot; calyx cup-shaped; fruit-stems very short, slender, erect;
fruit small, roimdish, glossy pinkish white, moderately firm, juicy, with distinctly whitish
flesh, sweet; fair; very late.

Repeater, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:116. 1901. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:189. 1915.

Origin not known; introduced about 1900. Perfect. Station plants numerous,
small, low growing, productive, healthy; fruit-stems medium in length, variable in thick-
ness; fruit above mediimi in size, blimt-wedge, glossy red, juicy, firm, sweet, well flavored,
whitish at the center; fair; early.

Rewastico. i. Peninsula Hort. Soc. Rpt. 54. 1914. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:76. 1918.
A chance seedling which originated with Thomas B. Howard, Wicomico County,
Maryland, about 1908. Perfect. As grown here, plants unusually numerous, vigorous,
healthy, very productive; flowers large, showy, scattered thickly among the dark green
leaves; fruit-stems long, very thick, erect; calyx leafy, with very broad sepals; fruit large,
blunt-wedge to roimd-conic, necked, glossy medium red, very juicy, firm, tart, inferior in
flavor, with red flesh; poor; late.

Richardson Early, i. Mag. Hort. 17:59. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 682. 1857.
Originated by J. Richardson, Cambridge, Massachusetts; introduced in 1848. Imper-
fect. Plants unproductive; fruit of medium size, conic, dark crimson; good; early.

Richardson Late. i. Mag. Hort. 17:59. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 682. 1857.
Originated by a Mr. Richardson, Cambridge, Massachusetts; introduced in 1848.
Perfect. Plants moderately productive; fruit large, roundish, light scarlet; flesh sprightly;
good; midseason.

Richmond, i. Fwra/ A''. F. 47:710. 1888.

A chance seedhng found in the woods in 1 883 by a Mr. Collins, New Richmond, Michi-
gan. Perfect. Plants numerous, unproductive ; fruit of medium size, irregular round-conic,
crimson; flesh medium frm; good; midseason.

Richmond (of Thompson), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44'j:j6. 1918.

Originated in 1901 as a seedling of Thompson by Mark T. Thompson, Richmond,
Virginia. Semi-perfect to perfect. In the Station beds, plants few, medium in vigor,
healthy, very productive; fruit-stems medium in length and thickness, semi-erect; fruit
above medium to small, very oblong-conic, necked, dull light red, juicy, firm, with red
flesh, variable in flavor; fair; midseason.

528 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ridgeway. i. Rural N. Y. 55: 49&- 1896. 2. N. Y. Sta. Btil. 147:188. 1898.

A cross between Jersej' Queen and Parker Earle originated by M. H. Ridgeway, Wabash,
Indiana, in 1892. It is valued in some sections for local markets. Added to the last
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Perfect. Plants at this Station,
numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, stout; calyx large, leafy,
detaches very easily; fruit above medium in size which is well retained, round-conic to
wedge, glossy light red, medium firm, juicy, well flavored; good; midseason to late.

Riehl Seedlings, i. A'. T. S/a. 5m/. 76:436. 1894. 2. Ibid. 218:200. 1902.

E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois, sent a niunber of seedlings to this Station for trial at various
times between 1893 and 1918. Nos. 5 and 6 are described in Bulletin 76 of this Station,
and Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 are described in Bulletin 218. No. 6 was intro-
duced by Mr. Riehl as Rub}-.

Rio. I. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:10. 1894.

Thompson No. p. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 80:10. 1892.

A seedling of Sharpless originated by Mark T. Thompson, Lakewood, Ohio, in 1887.
Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, healthy, numerous, unproductive; fruit-stems
good; fruit of medium size, round-conic, scarlet, firm, briskly subacid; good; midseason.

Rip Snorter, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:54. 1903.

Originated with W. Rapp, Terre Haute, Indiana; introduced about 1902. Plants
medium in nimiber, vigorous, unproductive; fruit large, round-conic, light crimson; flesh
soft; good; midseason.

Rippowam. i. Mag. Hort. 32:273. 1866. 2. Ibid. 34:74. 1868.

Originated with J. W. Faulkner, Stamford, Connecticut, as a cross between Bicton
Pine, an English variety, and Triomphe; introduced in 1865. Very similar to Eliza (of
Rivers), an English sort. Perfect. Plants vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large,
irregular round-conic to coxcomb, scarlet; flesh whitish, medium firm, subacid; fair.

Rival Hudson, i. Mag. //or/. 13:368. 1847.

Originated by John Burr, Cokimbus, Ohio, as a cross between Early Hudson and Burr.
Imperfect. Plants hardy and very productive; fruit of medium size, conic, dark crimson;
flesh firm, briskly subacid; good.

Roadside, i. \'a. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:84. 1916.

Said to be a cross between Klondike and a wild berrj' originated in Delaware. Perfect.
Plants very nimaerous; fruit of medium size, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red,
subacid; early.

Rob Rusk. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 177:22. 1899.

Originated with W. W. Sewall, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1897. . Perfect.
Plants numerous, weak, unproductive; fruit round-conic, crimson; flesh scarlet, firm; fair;
early.

Robbie, i. Rural N. Y. 55:514- 1896. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:201. 1902.

A cross between Shuster and Kentucky raised by J. H. Black, Son & Company,
Hightstown, New Jersey, in 1893 . Perfect. Station plants few, medium in vigor, attacked

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

529

by leaf-spot, unproducti\-e ; fruit above medium to large, conic or wedge, light red, with
tendenc}- to green tips, firm, subacid, with pale red flesh; fair to good; late.

Robinson. 1. Ann. Hort. 202. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:236. 1896.

Originated by J. G. Robinson, Franklin Cotmty, Kansas, as a cross between Crescent
and Charles Downing; introduced in 1891. Perfect. Station plants numerous, vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit- stems moderately long and thick; fruit medium to large, round-
conic, scarlet, intermediate in firmness; fair; late.

Robusta. I. Burbank Cat. 4. 1920.

Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, in 1916 as a cross between
Progressive and one of his seedlings; an everbearing sort. Fruit large, oval, scarlet; very
good.

Rochester, i. Green Cat. 82. 1902. 2. A'. H. Sia. Bui. 137:184. 1908.

Introduced in 1902 by Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New York. Perfect.
Plants numerous, medium in xngor, tmproductive ; fruit of mediimi size, roimd-conic, dark
crimson; flesh light red, medium firm, sweet; fair; midseason.

Rockhill. I. Kellogg Cir. 1923.

Originated in 1918 by Harlow Rockhill, Conrad, Iowa, as a cross between Early Jersey
Giant and Progressive. Introduced in 1923 as an everbearing sort by the R. M. Kellogg
Company, Three Rivers, Michigan, with the statement that it had been purchased by them
from Mr. Rockhill for §50,000. It lost its fall-fruiting habit after being introduced and
in a letter of September 25, 1923, from the Kellogg Company, Mr. Rockhill is quoted as
assimiing that it had reverted to one of its spring-bearing ancestors.

Rockhill Seedlings, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:62. 1911.

Since 1904 Harlow Rockhill, Conrad, Iowa, has sent out seedling strawberries under
number. The following numbers have fruited at this Station and are described in Bulletin
336: Nos. 6, later named Standpat, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12.

Romeyn.

Romeyn Seedling, i. Mag. //ort. 34:270. 1868.

Originated by M. Romeyn, Kingston, New York, as a supposed seedling of Triomphe,
with which variety it was practically identical; introduced in 1866. Perfect. Plants
medium in number, vigorous and productive ; fruit large, irregular round-conic, light crim-
son; flesh light red, medium firm, mildly subacid; verj' good; late midseason.

Roosevelt, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. ij:?,^. 1916. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:84. 1923.

OriginF.ted with T. B. West, Perry, Ohio; introduced in 1911. Perfect. Plants vigor-
ous and productive; fruit meditmi to large, conic to wedge-shape, regular, dark crimson;
flesh dark red, firm, juicy, subacid; good; late.

Rose Ettersburg. i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 105. 1898-01. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 4oi:i8g. 1915.

Raised in 1896 by Albert F. Etter, Ettersbitrg, California, who gives its parentage as
" a third generation Sharpless-Parry by Peruvian Beach cross." It is of little value at
this Station. Perfect. As grown here, plants medium to numerous, healthy, dwarfish,
34

530

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

moderately productive; leaves small, dark green; flowers large, showy, above the foliage;
fruit-stems thick, erect; calyx large, pale green; fruit large to medium, decidedly variable
in shape, very pale light red, colors unevenly, juicy, tender, mild, whitish at the center;
fair; late.

Roseberry. i. Trans. Loud. Hort. Soc. 2:380, PI. 27. 1817. 2. Ibid. 6:156. 1826.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 528. 1845.
An old Scotch variety grown considerably in this country from 1825 to 1840. Plants
numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, conic, necked, dark red; flesh firm, pale scarlet,
mild; good; midseason.

Roser. i. Ind. Sta. Bui. 48:7. 1894.

Originated by E. L. Roser, Brittain, Ohio; introduced about 1895. Mr. Roser also
sent out several other seedlings under number for trial. Imperfect. Plants medium in
number, vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, scarlet; flesh soft; good;
midseason.

Ross Phoenix, i. Mag. Hort. 8:270, 351. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 533, fig.

1845-
Raised from seed of Keens Seedling in 1837 by Alexander Ross, Hudson, New York.
It was a popular sort about 1845 to 1855. Perfect. Plants vigorous and productive;
fruit large, coxcomb-shape, very dark crimson; flesh firm; very good; midseason.

Rough Rider, i. Aw. Card 20:882, fig. 229. 1899. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276: js- 1906.
This variety originated in 1893 with Charles Learned, Pulaski, New York, as a cross
between Bubach and Gandy. It has received many favorable reports from New York
but seems not to have succeeded greatly elsewhere; not now a leading variety in New York.
Perfect. Plants medium in height and number, vigorous, usually healthy, variable in
yield; fruit-stems of medium length, variable in thickness, semi-erect; berries large, retain
good size, round-conic or wedge, attractive dark red; flesh well colored throughout, firm,
juicy, agreeably acid, pleasantly flavored; good; late.

Royal Sovereign, i. Card. Chron. 3d Ser. 15:594. 1894. 2. Am. Card. 21:255. 1900.
Raised by Thomas Laxton, Bedford, England, as a cross between Noble and King
of the Earlies, English varieties; introduced by Laxton Brothers in 189 1. It is a standard
sort in England and is grown considerably in British Columbia and Nova Scotia. Perfect.
Plants medium in number, productive; fruit large, round-conic to wedge-shape, bright
crimson; flesh medium red, firm, briskly subacid; good; very early.

Ruby. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 85:19. 1897. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bid. 309:544. 1908.

Riehl No. 6. 3. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:436. 1894.

A supposed cross between Crescent and Sharpless raised by E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois,
in 1890. It is valued for canning. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in
number and vigor, healthy, productive; fruit-stems variable in length, slender, prostrate;
fruit large to medium, irregular wedge to round-conic, dull dark red, firm, pleasantly acid,
with red flesh, well flavored; good.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 53 1

Ruby (of Henderson). 1. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:86. 1916.

Great Ruby. 2. Henderson Cat. 143. 1902.

Introduced in 1902 by Peter Henderson, New York City. Imperfect. Plants numer-
ous; fruit of meditun size, round-conic to wedge-shape, dark crimson; flesh dark red, very
firm, mildly subacid; fair; early midseason.

Rumark. 1. Kellogg Cat. 21. 1919.

Introduced in 1919 by the R. M. Kellogg Company, Three Rivers, Michigan. Semi-
perfect to imperfect. In the Station beds, plants few, medium in vigor and height, pro-
ductive, healthy; leaves small, dark green; flowers early, with a verj' large receptacle;
fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; pedicels long, slender; seeds much raised; fruit above
medivun in size, quickly becomes smaller, irregular wedge to blunt-conic, necked, light to
mediiun red, colors unevenly, juicy, firm, hard at the center, sprightly; poor to fair;
early to midseason.

Rural Gem. i. A', r. Sta. 5m/. 147:188. 1898.

A seedling o Crescent which originated with J. L. Fairman, Thompsonville, Connec-
ticut; introduced about 1898 by J. H. Pease & Son of Thompsonville. Perfect. Plants
numerous, moderatel}' \ngorous, productive; fruit of medivun size, roundish conic, light
scarlet; flesh medium firm; fair; late.

Rush. I. A'', y. Sta. Bui. 76:437. 1894.

A cross between Miner and Crescent introduced about 1893 by Jackson & Perkins,
Newark, New York. Imperfect. Plants at this Station, vigorous, healthy, numerous,
medium productive; fruit-stems good; fruit of medium size, dark red, moderately firm;
fair.

Russell. I. Horticulturist 18:244. 1862.

Russell Prolific. 2. Fuller Sni. Fr. Cult. 98. 1867.

Originated in 1856 by Harvey Russell, Seneca Falls, New York, as a cross between
McAvoj' Superior and Longworth. The variety was placed in the catalog of the American
Pomological Society in 1873 from which it was removed in 1883. Imperfect. Plants
numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit verj' large, irregular round-conic, necked, dark
crimson; flesh light red, moderately firm, sweet; good.

Russell Advance, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 41:408. 1876.

Originated by Harvey RusseU, Seneca Falls.. New York; introduced about 1868. The
variety was added to the American Pomological Society's catalog in 1879, from which it
was removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants few; fruit large, conic, crimson, soft; very good;
early midseason.

Ruth.

Morgan No. 21. i. W. F. Sta. SitZ. 447:74. 1918.

A chance seedling found in a fence comer in 191 1 by J. A. Morgan, Scottsville, New
York. As grown at this Station this variety is worthy of trial because of the vigor and
productivity of the plants and the large, firm, attractive fruit. Imperfect. Plants of
medium number, tmusually vigorous and tall, healthy, very productive; leaves of largest

532

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

size, thick, dark green; flowers cup-shaped; fruit-stems very long, thick, erect; calyx very
large, leafy; fruit very large, drops rapidly in size, round-conic to blunt-wedge or inclined
to oblate, glossy dark red, very firm, juicy, sprightly; very good; early to midseason.

Ryckman. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 27. 1904. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:545- 1908.
A chance seedling discovered by George F. Ryckman, Brocton, New York, who intro-
duced it in 1 90 1. It is practically identical with New York. Perfect. Station plants
medium in number, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems long, variable in thick-
ness; fruit very large to medium, round-conic to slight wedge, or elongated, furrowed, dull
light to dark red, finn, mild, not juicy; fair to good; midseason.

Sadie, i. Ann. Hort. 211. 1891. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:i43- ^892.

Originated by M. T. Thompson, Lakewood, Ohio; introduced in 1891. Imperfect
As grown here, plants vigorous, numerous, healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, weak;
fruit small, obtuse-conic, bright red, moderately firm, tart; good; early.

Saint Joseph, i. Am. Card. 20:539. 1899. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 164, fig.
1907. 3. A^. y. Sto. 5m/. 401:189. 1915.
Originated in 1893 by Abb6 Thivolet, Chenoves, Saone-et-Loire, France, as a cross
between White Alpine and an unknown sort; introduced in America in 1899 by the United
States Department of Agriculture. In Europe it was considered the first good large-fruited
everbearing sort, but it shows only a slight tendency to fall-fruiting in this country. The
plants are tender and the fruit is small, although of the highest quality. Perfect. On
the Station grounds, plants medium in vigor, yield and number, low growing, healthy;
sometimes autumn-fruiting; flowers small, early; fruit does not pick easily, small, blunt-
conic to wedge, dull mediimi red, firm, sweet, well flavored, aromatic, whitish at the center;
very good to best ; early.

St. Louis. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:86. 1916.

Raised in 1903 by A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, as a cross between Com-
mander and one of his own seedlings the parentage of which was British Queen by Louis
Gauthier. This variety is said to have produced a berry measuring three and one-half
inches by three and one-sixteenth inches, weighing three and three-fourths ounces. Imper-
fect to semi-perfect. Plants medium in number; frtiit large, irregular round-conic, light
crimson; flesh light red, medium firm, sweet; very good; late midseason.

St. Louis (of Bauer), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:545. 1908.

Raised in 1904 by J. A. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Haverland and
Thompson. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in niunber, vigorous, healthy,
very productive; fruit-stems slender, prostrate; fruit large to medium, drops in size, variable
in shape, very light dull red, soft, medium in acidity, inferior in flavor; poor; early

St. Martin, i. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 229. 1914. 2. Graton Circ. 1920.

Originated in 1908 by Louis Graton, Trumansburg, New York. It received a silver
medal from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Perfect. Plants at this Station,
of medium vigor, number, and height, healthy, moderately productive; flowers meditim
early, very large; fruit-stems medium in length, thick, semi-erect; pedicels long, thick;

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 533

calyx very large, detaches readily, leafy; seeds much raised; fruit large chunk)' wedge,
glossy dark red, often with poorly developed apex, juicy, firm, with red flesh, well
flavored; very good; midseason.

Salem, i. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:201. 1902.

Originated by B. M. Smith, Beverly, Massachusetts; introduced in 1900. Perfect.
At this Station, plants weak, low growing, exposing the fruit to the sun, productive, healthy;
fruit below medium to large, irregular and roughish, glossy deep red, soft, subacid, with
red flesh; fair; midseason.

Salisbury, i. A'. F. 5to. £m/. 336:65. 1911.

A chance seedling found in Salisbury, North Carolina; introduced by E. W. Townsend
& Sons, Salisbury, Marj-land, in 1906. Imperfect. Station plants few, medium in size.
vigor, and yield, healthy; fruit large to meditam, wedge or conic, dull very light red, very
juicy, tender, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor; late.

Salter, i. L^ 5. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 189 1.

Cultivated in Mississippi about 1891. Perfect. Fruit medium in size, conic, dark
crimson; flesh firm, acid; early.

Sam Sperry. i. Mich. S a. Bui. 177:22. 1899.

Originated with W. W. Sewall, Carthage, Missouri; introduced in 1907. Perfect.
Plants low; fruit conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, very firm; mid eason.

Sam Wherry, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:87. 1916.

Originated in 1905 by Sam E. Wherry, Durant, Mississippi, as a cross between Klon-
dike and Red Bird. Perfect. Plants numerous; fruit large, oval, with a long neck, dark
scarlet; flesh medium red, firm, acid; fair; early midseason.

Sample, i. Atn. Card. 19:236, 288, fig. 57. 1898. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:201. 1902.

Once a standard sort, Sample is now rapidly passing from cultivation although it is
still more or less grown in New York, New England, and the states of the Middle West.
The variety came into prominence because of the productiveness of the plants and its
large, handsome, well-flavored fruits. The berries are too soft to ship long distances, but
it was, and stiU is, in some localities a very good sort for local markets and home gardens.
Dunlap makes a good pollinator. Sample originated as a chance seedling in a bed of Leader
in 1894 with J. D. Gowing, North Reading, Massachusetts; introduced by Charles S. Pratt
of that place in 1898; added to the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1909.

Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves dark green, dull,
rugose. Flowers late midseason, small; petals 6-8. Fruit late; fruit-stems short, thick,
prostrate; pedicels short, slender; calyx of medium size, flat, well colored; sepals broad;
berries large to medium, conic or wedge; apex slightly pointed; color giossy bright, dark
red; seeds sunken; flesh dark red, firm, juicy, subacid to somewhat sprightly; quality good.

Sampson, i. Am. Card. 21:631. 1900. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:201. 1902.

Originated in 1893 by D. J. Miller, Millersburg, Ohio. Perfect. As grown here,
plants numerous, vigorous, healthy, with large, dark green leaves; fruit medium to very
large, variable in shape, necked, dull light red, firm, juicy, with light colored flesh; fair; late.

534 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Sandoval, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 358. 1891. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:11. 1894.

Originated by C. B. Warfield, Sandoval, Illinois; introduced in 1891. Added to the
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1897, where it remained in the last catalog
in 1909. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants vigorous, medium healthy, few, unpro-
ductive; fruit-stems good; fruit of medium size, symmetrical, round-conic, dark red, firm,
with dark red flesh; good; midseason to late.
Saratoga, i. N. F. Sto. 5m/. 309:546. 1908.

Originated in 1903 as a cross between Glen Mary and Sample by William Palmer,
Rexford Flats, New York. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in number and
vigor, attacked by leaf-spot, very productive; fruit-stems short, very thick, prostrate;
fruit large to medium, blunt-wedge, glossy dark red, very firm, sprightly to acid; well
flavored; good to very good; early midseason.
Satin Gloss, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1882.

A seedling of Lady Finger, originated by Oscar Felton, Mechanicsburg, New Jersey;
introduced about 1880. Plants weak and unproductive; fruit small, round-conic, glossy
scarlet; flesh soft, juicy, mildly subacid; good.
Satisfaction, i. Rural N. Y. 55:515. 1896. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:38. 1909.

A seedling of Wilson originated by G. W. Howard, Stevensville, Michigan; introduced
about 1896. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous; fruit medium in size, roundish,
bright crimson; flesh bright red, medium firm, juicy, briskly subacid; good; midseason.

Saunders, i. Cart. Hort. 14:263. 1891. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:38. 1909.

Originated by John Little, Granton, Ontario, as a supposed cross between Crescent
and Sharpless; introduced in 1890; has been grown extensively in Canada. It was added
to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1897, where it remained in 1909.
Plants numerous, medium in vigor and productivity; fruit of medium size, round-conic
to wedge-conic, dark red, sometimes with green tips; flesh light red, medium firm, juicy,
subacid; good; late.
Saunders Success, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:437. 1894.

Originated with A. Saimders, Sac City, Iowa ; introduced about 1893. Perfect. Plants
at this Station, vigorous, healthy, numerous, unproductive ; fruit-stems good ; fruit of medium
size, scarlet, soft; fair; midseason.
Scarlet Ball. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:68. 1894. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:38. 1909.

Originated by E. W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin ; introduced about 1892. Imperfect.
Plants few, vigorous; fruit medium to large, roundish, scarlet; flesh pale red, firm, ]uicy,
subacid; very good; late.

Scarlet Cone. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 1002. 1869.

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York; introduced in 1850. Imper-
fect. Plants vigorous and very productive; fruit large, conic, bright scarlet.
Scarlet Melting, i. Mag. Hort. 13:368. 1847.

A cross between Hovey and Burr, raised about 1845 by John Burr, Columbus, Ohio.
Imperfect. Plants nimierous, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size, long-conic,
necked, bright red; flesh very soft; good; early.

SAMPLE

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

535

Schauber Seedlings, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: i8g. 1915.

George R. Schauber, Ballston Lake, New York, sent out various seedlings raised by
him from 1905 to 1920. Nos. 106, 108, 150, 701, and 705 have been tested at this Station,
and the last two are described in Bulletin 401. No. 150 was the most promising of the lot

but was inferior in quality, although large and very productive.

Schild Seedlings, i. /V. F. S/a. 5j//. 401: 190. 1915.

H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan, has sent out various seedlings under number; the follow-
ing nimibers have been tested at this Station and described in Bulletin 401: Nos. 2, 8, 10,
and 12.

Scott. I. Mag.Hort. 19:543- 1853. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:67, PI. 1856.

Raised by J. Scott, Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1847, as a cross between Prince Albert
and Boston Pine. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1862 from
which it was removed in 187 1. Perfect. Plants numerous, moderately vigorous, produc-
tive; fruit large, long-conic, dark crimson; flesh pale red, firm, rather dry, rich; good;
midseason to late.

Scriver. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176: 10. 1899.

Originated with J. D. McCrimraon, St. Louis, Michigan; introduced about 1899.
Perfect. Plants vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium in size, long-conic, necked, dull
dark crimson; flesh bright red, firm; good; midseason.

Seaford. i. Am. Card. 18:536. 1897. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:188. 1898.

Lloyd. 3. Col. 0. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 88. 1901.

A chance seedling which originated in 1892 with Charles Wright, Seaford, Dela-
ware. It was added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1899, where
it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Imperfect. As grown here, plants medium in
nvmiber; fruit mediimi to large, glossy light and dark red, conic to wedge, firm, juicy,
acid; good; midseason.

See Seedlings, i. A''. Y. Sta. Bid. 76:437. 1894. 2. Rural N. Y. 55:514. 1896.

H. S. & A. J. See, Geneva, Pennsylvania, sent out several seedling strawberries under
numbers in 1893 for trial. Nos. i, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were sent out, of which Nos. i and 2 are
described in Bulletin 76 of this Station.

Seek-No-Further, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176:10. 1899.

Originated with J. M. Wickizer, Marshall County, Indiana; introduced about 1896.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, unproductive; fruit large, round-conic, light scarlet;
flesh light red, moderately firm, juicy; fair; midseason.

Senator Wilson. 1. Gottwold CiVc. 192 1.

A chance seedling found in a strawberry bed by O. R. Gottwold, Sayville, New York,
in 1913. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants nimierous, vigorous, tall, unproductive,
healthy; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate; calyx very large, leafy; seeds sunken; fruit large,
drops in size, wedge to blunt-conic, dull medium red, colors unevenly, firm, rather dry,
sweet; fair; early.

536 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Seneca, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309: $47- 1908.

Originated in 1902 by L. J. Brundage, Dundee, New York. Perfect. In the Station
beds, plants numerous, very \'igorous, healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems medium in length,
thick, semi-erect; fruit large to medium, drops in size, roundish, necked, very light red,
soft, mild, with light colored flesh; fair: midseason.

Seneca Chief, i. Am. Hort. Ann. 99. 1871. 2. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 99. 1877.

Originated by Hunt & Foote, Waterloo, New York, as a seedling of Miner. Added to
the American Pomological Society's catalog in 1879, from which it was removed in 1883.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic,
bright scarlet; flesh light red, firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Seneca Queen, i. Card. Mon. 23:240. 1881. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 55:15. 1889.

Originated with Hunt &: Foote, Waterloo, New York, as a seedling of Miner; intro-
duced about 1879. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1879,
from which it was removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants numerous, productive; fruit of
meditmi size, roundish, attractive dark crimson; flesh dark red, soft; good; midseason.

Seth Boyden. i. Am. Hort. Ann. 96. 187 1.

Boyden No. 30. 2. Rec. Hort. 2:62. 1868. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 980. 1869.

Originated in 1865 by Seth Boyden, Newark, New Jersey, as a cross between Green
Prolific and Georgia Mammoth. From about 1870 to 1885 it was widely grown for market
and home use. It required high culture. The American Pomological Society added the
variety to its catalog in 1873, and removed it in 1897. Perfect. Plants medium in number,
vigorous, very productive; fruit large, roundish conic, regular, with a short neck, bright
crimson; flesh medium red, firm, juicy, subacid; good; early.

Sharpless. i. Card. Mon. 20:239, 306. 1878.

Ontario. 2. Rural N. Y. 46:511. 1887.

Dawley. 3. A'^. Y . Sta. Bui. 24:332. 1890.

Shaw. 4. Am. Card. 12:633. 1891.

This variety originated in 1872 with J. K. Sharpless, Catawissa, Pennsylvania; intro-
duced in 1877; added to the American Pomological Society's recommended fruit list in
1879. For many years Sharpless was the dominant strawberry in America and was
especially well adapted for hill culture. It is, however, capricious as to soils and there
were always many berries with green tips. Perfect. Plants medium to numerous, vigorous,
healthy, variable in yield ; fruit-stems long, thick, variable in position; calyx easily detached;
berries large to very large, variable in shape, bright glossy red, inclined to green tips; flesh
light red, medium firm, juicy, the larger berries hollow at the center, juicy, mildly subacid,
good; late midseason.

Shawnee, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. i2g:-j. 1896.

Originated with James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a seedling of Cyclone;
introduced about 1892. Semi-perlect to perfect. Plants mediimi in number and vigor;
fruit medium to large, long-conic, dark crimson; flesh mediima red, medium firm, acid; good;
midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 537

Shenandoah, i. Ohio Sta. Bid. 154:56. 1904. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 276:76. 1906.

Originated with W. A. Shook, McGaheysville, Virginia, as a chance seedling, supposed
to be a cross between Bubach and Lovett; introduced about 1906. Perfect. At this
Station, plants numerous, vigorous, productive, healthy; fruit-stems long, slender; fruit
above medium to large, drops in size, round-conic to blunt-wedge, light red, mediimi soft,
acid, well flavored; good; mediimi late.

Sheppard. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 195:82. 1902. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:57. 1904.

Originated by E. S. Sheppard of Tennessee, as a seedling of Monarch; introduced about
1896. Imperfect to semi-perfect. Plants ntimerous, moderately vigorous, productive;
fruit of medium size, conic, often coxcombed, bright crimson; flesh pink, soft, sweet; fair;
late.

Sherman, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:154. 1897.

Originated with E. W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin; introduced about 1896. Imper-
fect to semi-perfect. Plants numerous, moderately vigorous, very productive; fruit
large, round -conic, dark crimson; flesh light red, firm; fair; midseason.

Sherman (of Cooper), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:65. 191 1.

Originated in 1903 by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York, as a seedling of Pan Ameri-
can. Imperfect. Station plants numerous, above medium in size and vigor, healthy,
productive; leaves very dark green; fruit large, retains size well, round-conic, glossy medium
red, colors unevenly, very jiucy, firm, tart; good; midseason. Worthy of trial.

Shipping King. i. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:217. 1911.

Originated with C. W. Scantling, Albemarle County, Virginia; introduced in 1908.
Perfect. Plants nimaerous, vigorous; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark glossy scarlet;
flesh light red, firm, juicy, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Shirtz. I. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 10&. 1880-81.

Originated in 1873 with E. J. Shirtz, Shelby, Michigan, as a chance seedling. Very
similar to Bid well. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1883
and removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants medium in number, weak, moderately productive;
fruit large, long-conic, necked, dark red; flesh medivun red, medium firm, sweet; good;
midseason.

Shropshire, i. U. S. D. A. Farmers' BuL 1043:35. 1919.

Originated in New Jersey about 1 9 1 1 . It is grown extensively in southern New Jersey,
where it is liked because of its productivity attractive fruit with raised seeds, and large
stems which hold it erect. Plants niunerous, productive; fruit medium to large, irregular,
conic wedge-shape, dark crimson; flesh red firm, subacid; fair; midseason.

Shuster. i. Rural N. Y. 47:460. 1888.

Shuster's Gem. 2. Rural N. Y. 50:527. 1891. 3. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 36:634. 1891.

Originated in 187 1 by S. S. Shuster, Frenchtown, New Jersey, as a cross between Cres
cent and Cumberland. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in vigor,
few, unproductive; fruit-stems stiff; fruit of medium size, obtuse-conic, dark red, moderately
firm, with dark red flesh; good; medium early.

538 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Shyster, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:70. 1898.

Originated with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia; introduced about 1897.
Plants numerous, vigorous and productive; fruit large, round-conic, light scarlet; flesh bright
red, medivmi firm, juicy, acid; fair; early midseason.

SUver Coin. i. A^ V. Sta. 5m/. 336:65. 1911.

A chance seedling which originated in 1902 with W. W. Kennedy, Red Bank, New
Jersey. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in number, size, and vigor, moder-
ately productive; fruit-stems long, thick, prostrate, much branched; fruit above medium
in size, round-conic, dull light red, very juicy, tender, subacid, inferior in flavor; fair; late.

Silvia. I. Can. Exp. Farms Kpt. 299. 1913-

A seedling of Belt raised in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Plants medium in number; fruit large, roundish to wedge-shape, dark crimson; flesh medium
red, mediimi firm, briskly subacid; good; late midseason.

Sionilli. i. Kellogg Cat. 22. 19 19.

Originated in 19 15 with R. M. Sears, La Grange, Illinois. Semi-perfect to perfect.
Plants at this Station, very few, medium in vigor and height, healthy, unproductive;
leaves thick, dark green; flowers early ; fruit-stems short, thick, prostrate ; calyx large, raised;
seeds sunken; fruit above medium to medium in size, conic to wedge, glossy medium red,
moderately juicy, very firm, subacid; fair; early to midseason.

Smeltzer. i. Del. Sta. Bid. 24:10. 1894.

Smeltzer Early. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:12. 1893.

Originated with F. H. Smeltzer, Van Buren, Arkansas; introduced about 1892. Plants
numerous, vigorous and productive; fruit small to medium in size, round-conic, dark crim-
son; flesh dark red, firm; fair; early midseason.

Smith. I. N. Y. Sta. Bul.b^-.io. 1894.

Smith Seedling. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:51. 1896.

A seedling of Wilson which originated with L. Smith, Rock County, Wisconsin; intro-
duced in 1893. Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, healthy, numerous, produc-
tive; fruit-stems good; fruit of medium size, roundish, light red, firm; fair; early.

Snowball, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:51. 1896.

Originated in 1890 with E. W. Cone, Menomonie, Wisconsin. Perfect. Plants few,
vigorous; fruit medium to large, long-conic, necked, bright scarlet; flesh light red, firm,
acid; good; late midseason.

Somerset Maid. i. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:548. 1908.

Originated in Massachusetts ; introduced about 1 906 . Perfect . Station plants medium
in number and vigor, healthy, productive; fruit-stems variable in length, thickness and
position; fruit above medium to small, variable in shape, furrowed, medium dark red, firm,
pleasantly acid, with dark red flesh, well flavored; good to very good; midseason.

Sons Prolific, i. Mo. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 2gy. 1909. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401: igi. 1915.

Originated in 1902 with James Sons, Jr., Seiigman, Missouri, as a cross between Bubach
and Aroma. Imperfect to semi-perfect. As grown here, plants few, below medium in

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 539

vigor, productive, healthy; fniit-stems long, thick, prostrate, much branched; calyx
deeply sunken; fruit large to medium, irregular in shape, glossy medium red, firm, mod-
erately juicy, with red flesh ; fair to good ; early.

Southard, i. Ann. Hort. 202. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:10. 1894.

A chance seedling which originated with M. Southard, Lakeview, Ohio; introduced in
1892. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in vigor, few, moderately pro-
ductive; fruit-stems good; fruit medium to large, round-conic, bright red, soft; good;
midseason.

Southern Beauty, i. W. Va. Sta. Bid. $2:108. 1898.

Origin unknown. Plants very nimierous, healthy, moderately vigorous; fruit of
mediimi size, round-conic, light crimson; flesh medium red, medium firm, mildly subacid;
good; midseason.

Sparta, i. Rural N. Y. 55:498. 1896.

Originated bj' J. L. Herbst, Sparta, Wisconsin, as a cross between Warfield and Jessie;
introduced in 1895. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, of medium productivity;
fruit mediimi to large, long-conic, necked, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm, sweet; very
good; midseason.

Splendid, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 76:438. 1894.

Originated with C. H. Sumner, Sterling, Illinois; introduced about 1892. The variety
was added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1899, and remained in
the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants vigorous, healthy, very
numerous, moderately productive; fruit-stems good; fruit medium to large, round-conic,
bright red, medium firm to soft, sprightlj-; good; medium early.

Springdale. i. Card. Mon. 16:279. 1874.

Originated by Amos Miller, Carhsle, Pennsjdvania, as a supposed cross between Green
Prolific and Jucimda; introduced in 1874. Added to the catalog of the American Pomo-
logical Society in 1879, and removed in 1883. Imperfect. Plants numerous, medium in
vigor and productivity; fruit medivmi to large, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh light red,
meditmi firm; good; late midseason.

Springdale (of Stayman). i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:51. 1896.

Springdale Beauty. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:57. 1904.

Originated bj- James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a supposed cross between
Crescent and Wilson; introduced about 1901. Perfect. Plants mediiun in number, moder-
ately vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red,
firm, subacid; good; early midseason.

Stadennan. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:79. 1905.

Introduced about 1904. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately productive;
fruit large, conic, dark crimson; flesh red, moderately firm; good; late midseason.

Stahelin. i. A'', i'. 5ta. £m/. 147: 189. 1898. 2. Ibid. 276: jG. 1906.
Stakeley. 3. Md. Sta. Bid. 124:191. 1907.
A chance seedling which originated with F. C. Stahelin, Bridgman, Michigan; intro-

5^0 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

duced about 1897. Imperfect. Plants at this Station, numerous/vigorous, very pro-
ductive; fruit-stems long, stocky ; fruit medium to nearly large, drops quickly in size, oblate-
conic to round-conic or wedge, glossy light red, firm, acid; fair to good; early.

Standard, i. /^wra/ A'. V. 48:523- 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 100:12. 1897.

Originated with J. D. Gowing, North Reading, Massachusetts; introduced in 1891.
Imperfect to semi-perfect. Plants few, moderately vigorous, productive; fruit medium to
large, irregular round-conic, dark glossy crimson; flesh medium red, medium firm; good;
midseason.
Standpat. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 187. 1912. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:76. 1918.

Rockhill No. 6. 3- N- Y- Sta. Bui. 336:63. 1911-

Originated with Harlow Rockhill, Conrad, Iowa, in 1906, as a cross between Dunlap and
Pan American. Perfect. At this Station, plants very few, inferior in vigor, health, and
yield; autumn-bearing; flowers early, very small: fruit-stems ver\' short, slender, prostrate;
calyx small, sunken; seeds prominent; fruit medium to small, blunt-conic, dull dark red.
juicy, medium firm, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor; very early.

Stanley, i. Ga. Sta. Bui 32:487. 1896.

Originated by Luther L. Stanley, Griffin, Georgia; introduced about 1896. Perfect.
Plants very nimierous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, conic, colors unevenly; flesh firm,
acid; good; midseason.

Staples. I. Crawford Cat. 1895. 2, N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:237. 1896.

Originated by Isaac Staples, Dayton, Ohio, as a seedling of Warfield. Perfect. Sta-
tion plants moderately vigorous, numerous ; fruit-stems short ; fruit of mediimi size, roundish,
dark red, firm, sweet, with red flesh; fair; early.

Star. I. Rural N. Y. 57:499- 1898- 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:548. 1908.

Originated with E. W. Reid, Bridgeport, Ohio; introduced in 1897. Perfect. Station
plants few, mediimi in vigor, healthy, unproductive; fruit-stems medium in length, variable
in thickness and position; fruit large to mediimi, retains size well, round-conic to wedge,
furrowed, dull dark red, seedy at the apex, firm, sweet, mild, with red flesh; good;
midseason.

Stayman. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 216. 1889.

Stayman No. i. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:336. 1890.

Originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1885. Imper-
fect. Plants numerous, very vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic,
attractive scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm, acid; good; early midseason.

Stella. I. Rural N. Y. 56:471. 1897. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 218:201. 1902.

Originated in 1893 by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey, as a
cross between Bubach and Sharpless. Imperfect. As grown here, plants medium in vigor
and ntmiber, attacked slightly by leaf -spot; fruit above medium to very large, retains size
weU, mostly wedge, glossy red, soft, medium juicy, mild; fair; mediimi late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 54 1

Sterling, i. Am. Hort. Ami. 99. 1871. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 97. 1875-76.

Raised in 1867 from a lot of mixed seed by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls,
Ohio. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval-conic, necked,
bright crimson; flesh light red, medium firm, acid; very good; midseason.

Stevens, i. L''. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891.

Stevens Early. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:39. 1909.

Originated in 1888 with Julius Schnadelbach, Grand Bay, Alabama, as a supposed
cross between Crescent and Neunan; introduced in 1890. Imperfect. Plants numerous,
vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish to wedge-conic, bright crimson;
flesh medium red, medium firm, acid; fair; early.

Stevens (of New York).

Stevens Great American, i. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:66. 1911.

Originated with S. D. Stevens & Sons, Bridgeton, New York; introduced in 191 1.
Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants medium in number, size and vigor, healthy,
moderately productive; fruit large, conic, necked, glossy medium red, very juicy, firm,
tart, with red flesh; good; midseason.

Stevenson, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:71. 1898.

Originated with Edward Stevenson, Stevensville, Michigan; introduced in 1898.
Imperfect. Plants weak, unproductive; fruit small, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh
medium red, medium firm; very good; midseason.

Stewart, i. Am. Jour. Hort. 9:274. 1871.

A seedling of Crimson Cone which originated prior to i860. Widely grown in Maryland
and Virginia about i860 to 1870 as an early sort. Plants nimierous; fruit of medium size,
round-conic, dark crimson; flesh firm, sweet; good; early.

Stinger, i. Card. Mon. 8:248. 1866.

A seedling of Triomphe raised in 186 1 by W. H. Stinger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roimdish oval to coxcombed,
bright scarlet ; flesh medium firm, good ; early midseason.

Stone. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:71. 1898.

Stone's Early. 2. Can. Hort. 18:395. 1895.

Originated by C. C. Stone, Moline, Illinois, as a cross between Crescent and Piper;
introduced about 1895. Imperfect. Plants numerous, very vigorous and productive'
fruit medium to large, long-conic, bright scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm; fair; early.

Stouffer. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:116. 1901.

On trial at the Michigan Station in 1901. Perfect. Plants few, very vigorous, moder-
ately productive; fruit large, irregular round-conic, dark crimson; flesh medium firm,
sweet; fair; midseason.

Strickland, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 393. 1891.

Originated with Edmund Gookin, Ponchatoula, Louisiana. Imperfect. Fruit large,
oblong-conic, dark scarlet, acid; late.

542 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strouse Champion, i. Rural N. Y. 55: SU- 1896.

Originated with David Strouse, Royersford, Pennsylvania; introduced about 1896.
Perfect Plants numerous, vigorous; fruit medium to large, long-conic, necked, scarlet;
flesh medium red; good; midseason.

Success. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 176: II. 1899. 2. U.S. D. A. Fanners' Bui 1043: iS- iQig-
Originated by A. J. Hannah, Whigville, Connecticut, as a cross between Bubach and
Michel; introduced in 1897. This variety is popular in parts of New Jersey and New
England for home use because of its attractive, excellent quahty fruit. Plants numerous,
very vigorous, moderately productive; fruit medium to large, irregular round-conic, bright
scarlet; flesh light red, soft, mildly subacid; good; early midseason.

Sucker State, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 105. 1879. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1882.
Originated about 1876 by J. B. Miller, Anna, Illinois, as a cross between Green Prolific
and Wilson; introduced in 1885, and for a few years was a popular sort in Illinois. It was
added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1889, from which it was removed
in 1897. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit of medium
size, round-conic, sometimes irregular, bright crimson; flesh light red, very firm, subacid;
good; late midseason.

Summit, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 64 1886-87. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:337. 1890.

Originated in 1880 by Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Imperfect. In
the Station beds, plants medium in vigor, numerous, unproductive; fruit-stems short;
fruit large, round-conic, dark red, well flavored, medium firm; very good; late.

Sunapee. i. Mich. Bd. Ag. Rpt. loi 1887.

Originated in New Jersey; introduced in 1886. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous;
fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh soft, acid; good; midseason.

Smmy South. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 166:80. 1905.

Originated by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas; introduced in 1903. Perfect.
Plants medium in nvimber, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit of medivun size, round-
conic to oblate, often with a short neck, light crimson ; flesh light red, medium firm, acid ; fair;
early.

Sumiyside. i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:11. 1894.

Originated with C. S. Pratt, Reading, Massachusetts, by whom it was introduced in
1895. Imperfect. Plants at this Station, very vigorous, numerous, healthy, productive;
fruit-stems long; fruit medium to large, round or wedge, glossy light red, moderately firm,
acid; good; midseason to late, ripening period long.

Simshine. i. Am. Gard. 22:618. 1901. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154:57. 1904.

Originated in Delaware; introduced in 1900. Imperfect. Plants numerous, moder-
ately vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, irregular roundish, bright scarlet; flesh
pink, firm, subacid; fair; late.

Superb, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 141. 1913. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:191. 1915.

After Progressive without question Superb is the best of the double-cropping straw-
berries The variety has to recommend it hardy, healthy, vigorous, and for this type of

SUPERB

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

543

strawberry, productive plants. The fruits are large, satisfactory in color, shape, and size
and so richly flavored that it is about the best of the double-cropping strawberries. The
quality runs a little lower in late, cool weather. The variety needs an abundant supply of
moisture, hence is well adapted to the irrigated regions of the Northwest, although it is
very generally grown in New York and New England as well. This is a seedling of Autumn
crossed with Cooper, which originated in 1908 with Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York,
who introduced it in 191 1.

Perfect. Plants rather few, vigorous, healthy, very productive; autumn-bearing;
leaves small, dark green, very glossy, thick, smooth. Flowers early, very small; petals
S-6, small; stamens numerous; receptacle small. Fruit early; fruit-stems short, thick,
erect; pedicels short, thick; calyx stmken, well colored; sepals short, narrow; berries large,
blunt-conic, plump; apex obtuse; color attractive, glossy dark red; seeds raised; flesh well
colored throughout, firm, juicj-, mildlj^ subacid; quality good.

Superb (of Albaugh). i. Riiral N. Y. 56:470. 1897.

Originated by B. F. Albaugh & Son, Covington, Ohio; introduced in 1896. Plants
moderately vigorous, productive; berries medivun in size, round-conic, scarlet, soft; very
good; early.

Superior, i. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:191. 1907. 2. A^. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:66. 1911.

Originated in Delaware ; introduced about 1890. In parts of Delaware and New Jersey
it has been popular because of its attractive fruit and good shipping quality. Perfect to
semi-perfect. At this Station, plants ntunerous, large, vigorous, healthy, productive;
flowers very early, small; fruit-stems long, erect; calyx flat, leafy; seeds raised; fruit large
to medium, drops in size, conic or wedge, glossy bright red, juicy, firm, aromatic, well
flavored, sweet, with red flesh; very good; midseason. Worthy of test.

Surprise, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 5$: 10. 1889.

Truitt's Surprise. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 48. 1883.

Truitt. 3. Rural N. 7.46:589. 1887.

Originated by James Truitt, Chanute, Kansas; introduced prior to 1883. It was added
to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1883 as Truitt's Surprise, and was
removed from the catalog in 1897. Perfect. Plants numerous, medium in \'igor and pro-
ductivity; fruit medium to large, round-conic to wedge-conic, pale red; flesh bright red
juicy, subacid; good; midseason.

Sutherland. 1. Ohio Sta. Bui. 146:57. 1903. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:39. 1909.
Originated by Eugene Sutherland, West Coxsackie, New York, as a seedling of Bubach ;
introduced in 1899. Imperfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive; fruit small to medium
in size, round-conic, light crimson; flesh pale red, moderately firm, juicy, subacid; good;
midseason.

Swedenberg. i. A^ Y. Sta. Bui. 336:67. 1911.

A chance seedling, supposed to be of Beder Wood found near Sawyer, Michigan, by
Charles Schwichtenberg. Perfect. Station plants medium in nimiber, size, and vigor,
attacked by leaf -spot, very productive; fruit large, round-conic, broad at the base, very

r,_, THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

light red, medium juicy, tender, with light colored flesh, subacid, inferior in flavor; poor
to fair; early.

Sweetheart, i N. Y. Sia. Bui. 401:191. igiS-

Raised from seed of Maximus in 1905 by E. H. Bulson, Clifton, New York. Perfect.
As grown here, plants numerous, vigorous, very productive, healthy; fruit-stems medium
in length, thick, erect; fruit above medium in size, uniform, conic, glossy light to medium
red, colors unevenly, juicy, firm, sprightly; fair to good; midseason.

Swindle, i. Ann. Hort. 202. 1892. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:11. 1894.

Originated by B. Smalley, Bradford, Vermont, as a cross between Jersey Queen and
Glendale; introduced in 1892 by G. H. & J. H. Hale, Glastonbury, Connecticut Imper-
fect. On the Station grounds, plants few, tender to the sim, unproductive ; fruit-stems good ;
fruit medium to large, irregular in shape, light red, firm, acid; good; midseason to late.

Taft. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpi. 16. 1907. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:67. 1911.

A seedling of Goldsborough raised by A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C. ; intro-
duced by him in 1906. Imperfect. As grown here, plants medium in number, vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit-stems medium in length and thickness, erect; calyx detaches
readily; fruit large, retains size well, blunt-wedge to round-conic, with roughish surface,
glossy dark red, juicy, sweet, moderately firm, aromatic, well flavored, with red flesh;
good to very good; midseason.

Tama Jim. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 213:8. 1904.

Originated in Iowa; introduced about 1901. Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous,
productive; fruit large, oblong-conic, bright red; flesh light red, medium firm; good; late.

Tardy, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:94. 1916.

Originated with J. L. Herbst, Sparta, Wisconsin; introduced about 1904. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants few, medium in size and vigor, healthy, productive; fruit
above medium in size, conic, dull medium red, moderately juicy and firm, with hollow
center, subacid, aromatic; good; early midseason.

Teddy Roosevelt, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:94. 1916. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 364:90. 1923.
Introduced about 191 1 by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland, as a cross
between Autumn and Pan American; very similar to Autimin. Imperfect. In the Station
beds, plants numerous, vigorous, tall, very productive; fruit-stems long, thick, very erect;
calyx very large, fiat, leafy ; seeds sunken ; fruit above medium to medium in size, dropping
quickly, dull meditun red, colors unevenly, juicy, firm, very sprightly, whitish at the center;
fair; midseason

Tennessee Prolific, i. A''. 1'. Sta. Bui. 91:194. 1895. 2. U. S. D. A . Fanners' Bui.
1043:194. 1895.

Tennessee. 3. Am. Card. 15:434. 1894.

Originated by J. C. Hodges of eastern Tennessee as a cross between Crescent and
Sharpless; introduced about 1892. It has been grown extensively but is now discarded in
most sections except near Washington, D. C, where it is popular because of productive

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 545

plants and attractive fruits. Added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society
in 1899, where it remained in the last catalog in 1909. Perfect. Plants at this Station,
\-igorous, nvimerous, health}-, productive; fruit-stems long, prostrate; fruit mediiun to large,
glossy bright red, round-conic to wedge, moderately firm, subacid; fair; midseason.

Tennyson. 1. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 147:189. 1898. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169: 151. 1899.

Originated with T. R. Tennyson of northern Arkansas; introduced about 1895.
Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit medium to large, round-
conic, dark scarlet; flesh light red, soft; good; midseason.

Third Class, i. Ore. Bien. Crop Pest & Hort. Rpt. 89. 1915.

Grown at the Oregon Station in 1915. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigor,
and productivity; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark red; flesh light red, soft, mildly
subacid; fair; late.

Thompson, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 109:237. 1896. 2. L'. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 1043:35.
1919.

Lady Thotnpson. 3. Mcehans' Moii. 5: 11^. 1895.

A chance seedling which originated before 1891 with D. A. Thompson, Mt. Olive,
North Carolina. Until about 1910 Thompson was growTi extensively in the southeastern
states, but it has now been supplanted bj- Klondike. The plants are very productive, but
the fruit is too soft and too light in color for a general market variety. The American
Pomological Society placed Thompson in its catalog in 1897, where it remained in the last
catalog in 1909. Perfect. Plants medium in number and vngor, ver>' productive; fruit
of medium size, round-conic, bright light scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm, subacid;
good; early.

Tilghman. i. Am. Card. 24:332. 1903.

Tilghman Favorite. 2. Md. Sta. Bui. 124:193. 1907.

Originated with W. B. Tilghman, Salisbim-, Alaryland; introduced about 1902. Imper-
fect. Plants nimierous, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, long-conic, Ho-ht-
scarlet; fiesh light red, firm, acid; good; late midseason.

TimbreU. i. Rural N. Y. 50:528. 1891. 2. A^. r. Sta. Bui. 76:38. 1894.

A chance seedling found in his garden about 1887 by H. S. TLmbrell, Unionvillc.
New York. The fruit is valued for home use, but is too unattractive in color for market.
Imperfect. At this Station, plants -vigorous, healthy, medium in number, improductive ;
fruit-stems good; fruit medium to large, dark red, roundish, irregular, mild, soft, subacid;
fair to good; late.

Tippecanoe, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:339. 1890.

Badger. 2. Am. Card. 17:627. 1896.

Raised by J. H. Ha\Ties, Delphi, Indiana, from mi.xed seed brought from France;
introduced in 1890. Perfect. Station plants very vigorous, health v, very' productive;
fruit-stems stout, prostrate; fruit grows in large clusters, large, Sharpless in shape, bright
red, moderately firm, with pleasing acidity; good; medium early.
35

546

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Todd. I, A^. y. 5to. 5m/. 447:76- 1918.

Todd's Late Champion. 2. Todd Cat. i. 1914-

A chance seedling found on his farm near a bed of Sample and Belt by W. S. Todd,
Greenwood, Delaware, in 1909. Imperfect. As grown here, plants few, vigorous, attacked
by leaf-spot, productive; fruit-stems short, very thick, erect; fmit large to medium, wedge
or blunt-conic, irregularly furrowed, dull light red, colors unevenly, medium juicy, soft,
sprightly, with whitish center; fair; very late.

Tom Walker, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 100:13. 1893.

Originated by Thomas C. Walker, Bamesville, Ohio, as a cross between Sharpless and
Manchester; introduced about 1892. Imperfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, productive;
fruit large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good; midseason.

Tonga, I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 130:52- 1896.

Originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1895. Imper-
fect. Plants numerous, vigorous, unproductive ; fruit of medium size, irregular, round-conic,
dull scarlet; flesh firm; fair; late midseason.

Topeka. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 122:6, 1895.

Originated by James Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas; introduced about 1892. Perfect.
Plants medium in vigor and productivity ; fruit medium to large, long-conic, dark crimson,
medium firm; good; midseason.

Townsend. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. iiigs- 1916.

Lady Townsend. 2. Md. Sia. Bui. 160:213. 191 1.

Originated with E. W. Townsend, Salisbury, Maryland, who introduced it in 1908.
Perfect. Plants medium in number and vigor; fruit of medium size, long-conic, dark crim-
son; flesh red, firm, moderately juicy, acid; fair; early.

Townsend Seedlings, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 6/^:\i. 1894.

Various seedlings of George Townsend, Gordon, Ohio, were sent out under numbers
about 1890. In Bulletin 64 of this Station descriptions are given of the following: Nos. 2,
3, 9, and 20.

Trebla. i. Etter Cat. 29. 1920.

Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California, in 19 12, as a cross between two
of his seedlings, Nos. 114 and 84, and is said to be a composite of Fragaria chiloensis, F.
vesca, and F. californica. Perfect. On the Station grounds, plants unusually numerous,
medium in vigor, dwarfish, unproductive, severely injured by leaf-spot, with small scanty
foliage; fruit-stems short, medium thick, prostrate; calj-x small, very dull; fruit medium to
small, bltmt-conic, dark red, very juicy, firm, with a hard, hollow center, subacid, inferior
in flavor; poor; late midseason.

Triomphe. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:95. 1916.

Triomphe de Gand. 2. Mag. Hort. 24:370. 1858. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
1003. 1869.

Originated by M. de Jonghe, Brussels, Belgium; introduced into the United States
about 1855 by EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. This is one of the few foreign

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 547

sorts that has been cultivated successfully in this country. Between i860 and 1870 it was
widely grown in the East and it is still esteemed for intensive culture on the Pacific Coast.
It requires hill training and high cultivafon. Triomphe was added to the American Pomo-
logical Society's list of promising new sorts in i860, and to the fruit catalog in 1862 from
which it was removed in 1897. Perfect. Plants medium in number, large, vigorous, hardy,
and moderately productive; fruit large, rotmdish to coxcombed, light glossy crimson;
flesh white, firm, juicy, mildly subacid; very good; late.

Triple Crown, i. Card. Mon. 23:240. 1881. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1882.

Originated by William Hunt, Waterloo, New York; introduced about 1880. It was
added to the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1879 from which it was removed
in 1897. Perfect. Plants niunerous, vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size,
roimdish conic, dull dark crimson; flesh firm, very juicy, mildly subacid; very good;
midseason.

Tubbs. I. .V. y. Sta. Bui. 109:237. 1896.

Originated by John Tubbs, Glen Bumie, Maryland; introduced in 1894. Perfect.
Plants numerous, productive; fruit medium to large, round-conic, dark scarlet; flesh medium
red, firm, mildly subacid; good; early midseason.

Twentieth Centxiry. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. i66:8o. 1905. 2. Ibid. 178:66. 1906.

As grown at the Ohio Station, it was so similar to Bubach as to be indistinguishable
from that variety.

Twilight. I. Rural N. Y. 61:480. 1902. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:40. 1909.

Originated in Missouri; introduced about 1900. Perfect. Plants medium in ntmiber,
vigorous, improductive; fruit of medium size, roimd-conic to wedge-conic, bright red; flesh
medium red, firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Twilley. i. Allen Cat. 2. 1910. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:192. 1915.

A chance seedling which originated with W. J. Tw411ey, Cambridge, Marjdand, about
1906. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants medium in nimaber, vigorous, healthy, pro-
ductive; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect; fruit large to above medium, distinctly wedge,
necked, dull light red, firm, very mild, with well-colored flesh, inferior in flavor; poor;
midseason.

Uitlander. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 16. 1907.

Originated in 1906 by A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, as a seedling of Flush.
Fruit large, roundish, glossy crimson; flesh pink, moderately firm, moderately juicy, sub-
acid; good; early.

Uncle Jim. i. Flansburgh & Pierson Cat. 5. 1902. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:549. 1908.

Daman. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Ann. 2:416. 1903.

A chance seedling found on his farm near an old strawberry bed by J. F. Dornan,
Glenn, Michigan, in 1898. It was later renamed Dornan by the Michigan Horticultural
Society, but is more generally known by its original name. It is very similar to New York.
Perfect. As grown here, plants medium in number, vigorous, healthy, productive: lea-\^es

54''

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

very large; fruit-stems thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, retains size well, wedge to

round-conic, with furrowed surface, dull light and dark red, firm, mild; fair to good;

midseason.

Uncle Joe. i. Vick Cat. 82. 1906. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:550. 1908.

Received as a seedling in a number of varieties sent to him from Cornell University
in 1903 by John Howard, Irondequoit, New York. Perfect. On the Station grounds,
plants mediimi to numerous, vigorous, with a slight amotmt of leaf-spot, above mediimi in
yield; fruit-stems long, thick, medium erect; fruit variable in size and shape, furrowed,
dull red, medium juicy, subacid; inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

UnceSam. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 206:35. 1903- 2. A*'. 7. Sto. 5m/. 309:550. 1908.

Originated in 1894 by F. E. Snow, Ada, Ohio, as a seedling of Herald. Perfect. In
the Station beds, plants few, mediirm in vigor, injured by leaf -spot, productive ; fruit-stems
short to medium, verj- thick, semi-erect; fruit large to medium, retains size well, round-
conic, glossy bright red, juicy, medium to firm, well flavored; good; midseason to late.

Uncle Sam (of Townsend). i. Townsend Cat. 2. 1913. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 401:192.

1915-
Introduced in 19 13 by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland, with the state-
ment that it had been received in 1909 from an imknown person in St. Louis, Missouri,
as a new variety fround in a garden. Perfect. Plants at this Station, few, vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, thick, variable in position; fruit above medium to
small, round-conic to wedge, dull dark red, juicy, firm, sprightly, with red flesh; fair;
early.

Unique Scarlet, i. Horticulturist 3:^0. 1848-49.

Originated by William R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1849;
Perfect. Fruit of medium size, obovate, light scarlet, sweet; very good.

Up-to-Date. i. Rural N. Y. 58:514. 1899.

Originated in 1893 with J. E. Bever, Keithsburg, Illinois, as a supposed cross between
Haverland and Jessie. Perfect. Plants few, weak, unproductive; fruit small, round-conic,
light crimson; flesh medium red, soft; poor; early midseason.

Valley Pride, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. ii:gT. 1916.

Pride of the Valley. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 186:7. 1907-

A chance seedling in a bed of Gandy, originating about 1900 with H. M. Martin,
Stark Cotmty, Ohio. Fruit large, conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good;
midseason.

Van Deman. i. A''. V. Sto. Sm/. 24:339. 1890. 2. Z6jcf. 36:634. 1891.

Originated about 1885 by J. C. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas, as a cross between Cres-
cent and Captain Jack. At one time grown in the South to pollinate Warfield and as an
extra early sort. Perfect. At this Station, plants vigorous, stocky, productive, the fruit
hidden beneath the dark green foliage; fruit-stems short; fruit above medium in size, round-
conic, glossy red, firm, tart; good; very ear!y

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 549

Van Fleet, i. Rural N. Y. 63:542. 1904.

Dr. Van Fleet. 2. Rural N. V. 62:518. 1903.

Originated by J. H. Black, Son & Company, Hightstown, New Jersey; introduced in
1903. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, productive; fruit large, round-conic,
very dark crimson; flesh dark red, medium firm, sweet; very good; early.

Van Sant. 1. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. ii:gy. 1916.

Governor Van Sant. 2. Salzer Cat. 94. 1906.

Gefveral \'an Sant. 3. N. H. Sta. Bui. 137:178. igo8.

Originated in Wisconsin; introduced in 1906 by John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Plants numerous, moderately vigorous; fruit large, conic, necked, dark crimson; flesh
medium firm; good; mid.season.

Vanguard.

Originated in 19 13 at the Horticidtural Experiment Station, Vineland, Ontario, as a
cross between Pocomoke and Ozark. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous,
fairly productive; fruit of mediimi size, holding up well through the season, round-conic,
medium red; seeds raised; flesh firm; good; early.

Velvet. I. Ohio Sta. Eul. 166:80. 1905. 2. jV. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:550. igo8.

A cross between Jessie and Bubach raised by R. C. Cronk, Oregon, Wisconsin, in 1891.
Imperfect. Station plants very few, weak, healthy, productive; fruit-stems short, slender
to medium, prostrate; fruit large to mediimi, round-conic, dull dark red, medium firm,
juicy; fair; midseason.

Venia. i. Mass. Hart. Sac. Rpt. 143. 1917.

Originated by F. S. De Lue, Needham, Massachusetts. Awarded a silver medal by
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 19 17 for the best new strawberry of merit
not yet introduced. Plants very productive; fruit early, season long.

Vera. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 127:332. 1897.

A chance seedling which originated with E. B. Stevenson, Freeman, Ontario; intro-
duced in 1895. Imperfect. Plants medium in number, vigor, and productivity; fmit
of medium size, conic, bright scarlet; flesh medium firm; good; early midseason.

Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury. i. Horticulturist 11:331. 1856. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 1004. 1869.

Marquise de Latour Moubourg. 3. Goeschke Erdbeeren 212. 1874.

Duchesse de Trevise. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 4^^. 1854.

Raised about 1845 by M. J. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, France, as a seedling of Elton;
introduced into this country about 1852. It was much grown in this country about i860.
Many plants sold for this variety, especially in Minnesota, have been Downer. Perfect.
Plants medium in number, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit medium to large, irretmlar
conic, scarlet; flesh light red, firm, subacid; good; early.

Victor. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 81. 1904-05. 2. A'^. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:551. 1908.

Originated in 1893 by D. J. Miller, Millersburg, Ohio. Perfect. As grown here,
plants very few, moderately vigorous, injured by leaf -spot, unproductive; fruit-stems short.

550

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, drops quickly in size, round-conic, dull dark red,
firm,> juicy, pleasantly acid; good; midseason to late.

Victor Hugo. i. Ann. Hort. 203. 1892.

Hugo. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 104:69. 1894.

Introduced in 1892 by Oakley Apgar, Califon, New Jersey Perfect. On the Station
grounds, plants medium in number; fruit above medium to large, round-conic, dull light
red, with poorly colored calyx, firm, subacid, well flavored; good; medium early.

Victoria, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 678. 1857.

Trollope's Victoria. 2. Mag. Hort. 17:400. 1851.

Boyden's Mammoth. 3. Horticulturist 16:444. 1861.

Golden Queen. 4. Mag. i/ort. 32:298. 1866

Originated in 1849 by L. Trollope, Bath, England; introduced into this country soon
afterwards, and until 1875 was a popular sort. It was added to the American Pomological
Society's list of promising new sorts in 1856; to the catalog in 1862, from which it was
removed in 1883. Perfect. Plants medium in number, vigorous, unproductive; fruit
large, round-conic, light crimson; flesh light red, mediiun firm, sweet; good; midseason.

Vineland. i. Rural N. Y. 42:456. 1883. 2. Mich. Bd. Agr. Rpt. loi. 1887.

Originated with a Mr. Lord, Vineland, New Jersey; introduced about 1885. Perfect.
Plants numerous, vigorous, moderately productive; fniit mediimi to large, round-conic,
light red; flesh medium firm, acid; fair; late.

Viola. 1. Ohio Hon. Soc. Rpt. 58, 63. 1889-90. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 24:337. 1890.

Originated in 1884 with a Mr. Kershaw, Delaware County, Ohio, as a cross between
Green Prolific and Sharpless. Believed by some to be identical with Monarch. Perfect.
In the Station beds, plants very vigorous, unproductive, with large leaves; fruit-stems
medium long, stiff; fruit very large, obtuse-conic, flattened at the ape.K, glossy dark red,
firm, well flavored; good; midseason.

Viola (of Canada), i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 299. 1913.

A seedling of Belt raised in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Imperfect. Plants medium in nimiber; fruit large, conic to wedge-shape, crimson; flesh
dark red, firm, briskly subacid; good; late midseason.

Virgilia. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 299. 1913.

Raised from seed of Belt in 1906 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Plants medium in number, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish to wedge-shape,
dark crimson; flesh dark red, medium firm, subacid; good; midseason.

Virginia, i. A''. 1'. Sta. Btd. 309:551. 1908.

Originated by T. J. Custis, Accomac County, Virginia, as a cross between Hoffman
and Sharpless; introduced in 1906. Added to the last catalog of the American Pomological
Society in 1909. Imperfect. Plants at this Station, few, medium in vigor, healthy, pro-
ductive; fruit-stems intermediate in length, thick, prostrate; seeds deeply sunken; fruit
large to medium, drops in size, round-conic to wedge, glossy light and dark red, moderately
firm, mild, inferior in flavor; poor to fair; early to midseason.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 551

Vories. I. Wis. Sta. Bui. 72:16. 1899.

A chance seedling originating in 1892 with T. H. Vories, Wathena, Kansas. Perfect.
Plants numerous, ven- vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark scarlet;
flesh light red, soft, sweet; good; midseason.
Wabash, i. Rural X. Y. 46:677. 1887.

Originated by J. A. Foote, Crawfordsville, Indiana; introduced in 1887. Perfect.
Berries large, irregular rovmd-conic to ovate, dark crimson; flesh dark red, moderately firm;
very good; midseason.
Wabesis. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1920.

Originated by H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan. Perfect. Plants productive. An
" Indian strain " of autumn-fruiting strawberries.

Wabi. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1920.

Another " Indian strain " of autumn-fruiting strawberries which originated with H. J.
Schild, Ionia, Michigan. Perfect. Productive.

Waits Perfection, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 210. 1922.

Originated by A. B. Katkamier, Macedon, New York. Autumn-fruiting; type of
Superb but firmer and more productive.
Walden. i. .V. F. 5to. 5m/. 44: 144. 1892.

Originated with John B. Moore, Concord, Massachusetts; introduced about 1880.
Imperfect. As grown here, plants verj^ \agorous, medium in number, with light green
foliage; fruit round-conic, large to very large, glossy red, moderately firm, well flavored;
very good; late.
Waldorf, i. Rural N. Y. 68:674. 1909.

Originated with Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Little Silver, New Jersey, as a cross between
President and Belt; introduced in 1909. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries
large, roundish to roimd-conic, slightly necked, scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm,
sweet ; good ; moderately early.

Waldron. i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 22:218. 1890.

Originated about 1882 wdth Charles Waldron, Manchester, Ohio. Imperfect. Berries
medium in size, roimd-conic, bright scarlet, moderately firm; good; midseason.

Walker, i. Fvdler Sm. Fr. Cult. 103. 1867.

Walker's Seedling. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 6 ■j 2. 1857.

Supposed to be a seedHng of Black Prince, originated in 1842 by Samuel Walker,
Roxbury, Massachusetts. Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in size,
conic, very dark crimson; flesh dark red, soft, acid; very good; midseason.

WaUace. i. ]'a. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:98. 1916.

Three \]''s. 2. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:549. 1908.

A chance seedling originated in 1901 by W. W. Wallace, Harriman, Tennessee. Perfect.
On the Station grounds, plants medium to few, weak, healthy, very productive; fruit-stems
short, very thick, prostrate; fruit large to medium, drops quickly in size, variable in shape,
very dark red, medium firm, mildly acid, with a pleasant flavor; good; midseason.

=552 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Walnut Stump, i. N. Y. Sta. Bid. ^01:192. 1915.

A cross between Bubach and Miner originated about 1900 by vSylvanus Gordon, Ser-
geantsville, New Jersey. Perfect. Plants at this Station, numerous, large, vigorous,
productive, healthy; leaves very dark green; fruit-stems long, thick, erect; fruit medium in
size, round-conic, glossy light red, with red flesh, tart, moderately firm; fair; late.

Walton. I. iV. y. Sto. 5mZ. 44:144. 1892.

Originated in 1886 with Silas Walton, Moorestown, New Jersey^ Imperfect. In
the Station beds, plants medium in vigor and number, with light green foliage; fruit small
to medium conic, bright red, soft; good; medium early.

War-Dyke.

Originated in 1920 with E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland, as a cross
between Warfield and Klondike. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, very productive; berries
medium in size, very firm, resembling Klondike; midseason.

Ward Favorite, i. Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 103. 1867.

Originated with I. M. Ward, Newark, New Jersey; introduced about 1858. Imperfect.
Plants unproductive; berries medium in size, round-conic, dark crimson, firm; good.

Wardlow. i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 200. 1861.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Perfect.
Berries large, roundish, scarlet; early.

Warfield. i. Am. Card. 11:522. 1890. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:98, fig. 17. 1916.

Warfield No. 2. 3. 7a. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 359. 1891.

For a quarter of a century Warfield was a standard market variety in all of the northern
commercial strawberry centers, from which it has been discarded except in parts of the
Middle West. The variety came into prominence because of its hardy, healthy, productive
plants. The fruits were liked by shippers, consumers, and canners ; they retain their color,
shape, and flavor very well under the most trying conditions for this crop. The berries
often run small, unless the plants are grown on rich soils and given high culture. Dunlap
is the best variety for cross pollination. The greatest defect of Warfield is the small size
of its berries in light or poor soils and in dry weather. This variety, for many years a
standard, originated as a chance seedling about 1882 with C. B. Warfield, Sandoval, Illinois.
It may be a cross between Crescent and Wilson; introduced in 1885; added to the fruit
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1891.

Imperfect. Plants very numerous, of medium vigor, usually health}-, verj- productive;
leaves small, thin, medium green. Flowers early, small; petals 6 to 8, small; receptacle
small; fruit-stems short, thick, erect, single; cal3Tc large for the size of the berry, raised,
reflexed; pedicels short, stout; sepals long, narrow. Fruit early; medium to small, chunky
round-conic to blunt- wedge, slightly necked, glossy attractive dark red; apex obtuse;
seeds raised; flesh dark red to the center, juicy, firm, pleasantly sprightly; quality variable.

Warren, i. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 452. 1875-85.

Originated with A. D. Webb, Bowling Green, Kentucky; introduced in 1876. Perfect.
Berries large, round-conic, dark crimson, moderately firm; good; early.

WARFIELD

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 553

Warren (of Thompson). 1. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:99. 1916.

Originated in 1898 with Mark T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Virginia, as a seedling of Carrie.
Imperfect. Berries large, round-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, firm; good; late.

Warren (of Warren), i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:16. 1918.

A chance seedling found by S. H. Warren, Aubumdale, Massachusetts, many years
ago; introduced by W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Maryland, in 1914. Perfect. At this Station,
plants numerous, medium in vigor, productive, injured by leaf-spot; leaves small, thick,
very dark green; flowers very large; fruit-stems short, thick, semi-erect to prostrate; seeds
raised ; fruit large, holds up well in size, blunt-conic, glossy mediiun red, juicy, firm, sprightly,
with red flesh ; good ; very late.

Wathena. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: gS. 1916.

Originated at Wathena, Kansas; introduced about 1909. Perfect. Berries large,
firm; good.
Waverly. i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 200. 1861.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Imper-
fect. Berries large, oblong-conic, dark scarlet, firm; good.

Waymego. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1920.

Originated with H. J. Schild, Ionia, Michigan. Perfect. Berries large, dark glossy
red, very firm, good; very late.

Wehrley Seedling, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:100. 1916.

Supposed to ha\-e originated in Massachusetts; introduced about 1869. Berries
medium to large, round-conic, scarlet, firm; midseason.

Welcome, i. Mag. Hort. 28:400. 1862.

Originated with W. R. Prince, Flushing, New York; introduced about 1855. Perfect.
Plants vigorous, hardy, productive; berries medium in size, conic, scarlet; flesh white,
firm, sweet; good; early.
Wellington Marvel, i. Am. Perm. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1920.

Originated by Wellington S. Butler, Merlin, Oregon; introduced in 1920. The variety
is unsurpassed " in color, shape, flavor and good qualities. It is unequalled for table and
excellent for canning."

Welton. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:100. 1916.

Listed in Michigan in 1899. Perfect. Berries round-conic, crimson, medium firm;
poor; midseason.

WentzeU. i Del. Sta. Bui. 24:10. 1894.

Originated with F. R. Wentzell, Monroeville, New Jersey; introduced about 1892.
Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium to large, round-conic to ovate,
light scarlet, soft, sweet; good; midseason.

Westbrook. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 126. 1891. 2, N. Y. Sta. Bid. 44:144 1894.

Originated about 1882 with C. W. Westbrook, Mt. Olive, North Carolina. Imperfect.
Station plants moderately vigorous, with large, light green foliage; fruit small, conic, with
many imperfect berries, tart, firm, inferior in flavor; poor.

554 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Western Queen, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 679. 1857.

Originated in 1849 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Imperfect. Plants
hardy, productive; berries medium to large, roimd-conic, dark crimson, firm, subacid;
good; midseason.

Westlawn. i. N . Y. Sta. Bui. 6^:12. 1894.

Originated as a seedling of Longfellow (of Webb) by J. C. Bauer, Judsonia, Arkansas;
introduced about 1892. Imperfect. As grown here, plants \-igorous, verj' numerous,
moderately productive, healthy; fruit-stems long; fruit of medium size, round-conic, dark
red, firm, acid; good; midseason.

Weston. X. Card. & For. t-.ziS- i893- 2. A^. F. 5to. 5m/. 147:189. 1898.

Originated with E. A. Weston, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania; introduced about
1 89 1. Imperfect. Plants moderately vigorous and productive; berries mediiun to large,
irregular round-conic, bright crimson, moderately firm, sweet; good; midseason.

White Alpine, i. L'mdley Guide Orch. Card. 482. 183 1. 2. Va. Sla. Tech. Bui. 11:100.
1916.
A European sort which originated more than a century ago; introduced to America
about 1820. Perfect. Plants very hardy; berries small, long-conic, white; flesh pure
white, soft, very sweet; very good; season long with a marked autumn-fruiting tendency
here.

White Novelty, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. giiig/^. 1895.

Originated in New Jersey as a seedling of White Alpine: introduced about 1892.
Perfect. On the Station grovmds, plants indicate a variety of Fragaria vesca; fruit small,
white.

White Sugar, i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 294. 192 1.

Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, California. Perfect. In the Station beds,
plants medium to few, vigorous, tall, very productive, healthy; leaves thick, with long and
coarsely toothed leaflets, dark bluish green; fruit stems long, thick, erect; caly.x very
small; seeds markedly raised; fruit of mediimi size, roundish wedge, often oblate, very
unattractive dull white mingled with pink, juicy, moderately firm, with whitish flesh, very
sweet to subacid; very good but variable; very late. The quality is much better than
the appearance would indicate.

Whitney, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:71. 1898.

Originated in Washington; introduced about 1895. Perfect. Berries small to mediirai,
irregular, bright scarlet, moderately firm; good; late.

Wicomico, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:100. 1916.

Originated with A. J. Allen, Salisbury, Maryland; introduced about 1894. Imperfect.
Berries mediimi in size, light crimson, soft; medium early.

Wide-Awake, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:77. 1918.

A seedling of Aroma originated in 1910 by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Arkansas. Perfect.
Plants at this Station, intermediate in number and vigor, healthy, productive; flowers very

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 555

early, large; fruit-stems variable in length, slender; calyx small; seeds raised; fruit large,
furrowed, wedge to blunt-conic, unusually glossy, very dark red, juicy, very firm, tart,
with dark red flesh, inferior in flavor; poor; midseason.

Wieland. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:100. 1916.

Introduced about 1886. Perfect. Berries small, round-conic, bright scarlet; flesh
light red, soft; good; midseason.

Wilding. I. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:100. 1916.

Originated with A. N. Jones, Le Roy, New York; introduced in 1878. Perfect.
Berries large, round-conic, light crimson, moderately firm; good; midseason.

Wildwood. I. A', y. 5ta. i?M/. 447:77. 1918.

Found in a bed of Jersey Queen in 1904 by E. R. Foss, Salem, Iowa. Perfect. At
this Station, plants very numerous and vigorous, attacked by mildew, very productive;
fruit-stems long, slender, erect; fruit medixmi to small, blunt-conic, strongly necked, dull
medium red, moderately juicy, soft, mild, aromatic; good; very late. This description
is from stock of the introducer, yet the plants may not be true as the variety is said to be
early and the berries roundish, varying greatly from the fruit just described.

Wilkins. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:101. 1916.

Introduced in 1913. Imperfect. Berries medivun in size, conic, crimson, firm; good;
very early.

Will Warfield. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:101. 1916.

Originated with W. W. Bewail, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1897. Perfect.
Berries conic, bright scarlet, very firm; fair; midseason.

Willey. I. Horticulturist 3:51, 146. 1848-49.

Of American origin. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, hardy, very productive; berries
medium in size, roundish, deep crimson, firm, acid; fair. *

Williams, i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:552. 1908.

A cross between Crescent and Sharpless originated by a Mr. Williams, Burford,
Ontario; introduced in 1890. Perfect. Station plants few, medium in vigor, healthy,
productive; fruit-stems variable in length and thickness, prostiate; fruit large to medium,
drops quickly in size, round-conic, duU moderately dark red, firm, pleasantly acid, well
flavored, with dark red flesh; good to very good; late.

Williams (of Virginia), i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:101. 1916.

Originated in Virginia; introduced in 1915. Berries large, mildly subacid; very late.

Wilson. I. Ohio Hort. Sac. Rpt. 12. 1867. 2. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:101. 1916.

Vi'ilson's Albanf. 3. Afag. //or/. 23:399. 1857. 4. C^'n. Farmer 21:279. i860.

No other strawberry has been so long under cultivation as Wilson, and no other one
was so commonly grown in the prime of its popularity. For many years it was the leading
sort in all parts of the United States, but is now to be foimd only about Rochester, New
York, and occasionally in Oregon and Washington. In these regions it is liked for its
productive plants and its dark red glossy fruits for which canners are willing to pay a high

556 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

price. This old variety orif^nated in 1851 with James Wilson, Albany, New York;
introduced in 1854; included in the American Pomological Society's fruit catalog from
i860 to date.

Perfect. Plants numerous, tall, vigorous, healthy, very productive; leaves variable
in size, color, and rugoseness, glossy. Flowers early or early midseason, of mediimi size;
petals 5-9, large; stamens numerous. Fruit early midseason; fruit-stems semi-erect;
pedicels slender; calyx large, flat or slightly depressed, well colored; sepals broad; berries
mediiun to small, round-conic; apex obtuse or slightly pointed; color dark red, glossy;
seeds even with the surface or depressed; flesh red throughout, very firm, juicy, sprightly
or acid ; quality variable.

Wilson, Jr. i. N. V. 5to. 5m/. 76:439. 1894.

Introduced by F. L. Ray, East Claridon, Ohio. Perfect. Station plants vigorous,
productive; berries medium in size, dark crimson; flesh dark red, acid, moderately firm;
fair.

Wilton. I. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 64:12. 1894.

Originated with B. L. Carr, Saratoga Springs, New York; introduced about 1894.
Perfect. As grown here, plants rather weak, moderately numerous, unproductive; fruit-
stems short; fruit small to medium, round-conic, firm; good; midseason.

Winchell. i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11: 102. 1916.

Winchell Beauty. 2. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:218. 191 1.

Introduced about 1902. Imperfect. Plants vigorous; berries medivmi to large, round-
conic, light crimson; flesh light red, medium firm, mildly subacid; fair; midseason.

Windsor, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:68. 1894.

Windsor Chief. 2. Am. Potn. Soc. Cat. 42. 1879. 3. iV. i'. Sto. Sm/. 24:337. 1890.

Originated in 1875 with C. A. Gardner, Dimondale, Michigan, as cross between
Champion and Charles Downing; included in the American Pomological Society's fruit
catalog from 1879 to 1883. Imperfect. On the Station grounds, plants very vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit-stems long, erect, stiff; fruit large, roundish, glossy dark red,
firm, pleasantly acid, well flavored; good; early; so similar to Champion that it has largely
displaced that variety.

Wine. I. Md. Sta. Bui. 160:218. 1911.

Introduced by E. W. Townsend & Sons, Salisbury, Maryland; resembles Dunlap.
Perfect. Plants vigorous; berries medium in size, roundish cordate, dark scarlet; flesh
light red, moderately firm, juicy, subacid; fair.

Winner. 1. A^ V. 5ta. 5m/. 401:192. 1915.

A chance seedling which originated with W. E. Shoemaker, Laceyville, Pennsylvania,
about 1909. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants numerous, vigorous, very productive,
healthy; leaves large, with very deep margin serrations; fruit-stems unusually long, variable
in thickness, very prostrate; fruit large, holds up well in size, distinctly wedge, but variable,
dull medium to dark red, not juicy, firm, very mildly subacid, with red flesh, inferior in
flavor; poor; early.

WILSON

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 557

Winnie Warfield. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 62:41. 1909.

Originated with W. W. Sewall, Carthage, Missouri; introduced about 1897. Imperfect.
Plants vigorous, productive; berries large, round-conic to wedge-shape, scarlet, firm, acid;
fair: late.

Wisconsin, i. Va. Sta. Tech. Bid. 11:102. 1916.

Introduced about 1895 by J. A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Perfect. Berries
large, round-conic, bright crimson; flesh light red, moderateh- firm, acid; good.

Wisconsin Seedling, i. Mag. Hort. 29:335. 1863.

Raised by Emil Rothe, Watertown, Wisconsin, as a seedling of Triomphe; introduced
about 1 86 1 Perfect. Plants hardy, very productive; berries large, round-conic, light
scarlet; flesh white, pleasantly subacid; good.

Wonder, i. .4)h. 6"or(f. 25:573. 1904.

Sampsel. 2. Ohio Sta. Bui. 154: ^5. 1904.

Originated in 1899 with S. A. Sampsel, Sandusky, Ohio. Perfect. Plants large,
vigorous, productive; berries large, conic, slightly necked, light crimson; flesh light red,
firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Wonder (of Shank), i. Fa. Sta. Tech. Bui. 11:102. 1916.

Wild Wonder. 2. Rural N. i'. 64:554. 1905.

A seedling oi Fragaria virginiana, found by John Shank, Sterling, Illinois; introduced
in 1904. Perfect. Plants small but vigorous; berries small to medium, round-conic,
bright crimson; flesh light red, moderately firm, mildly subacid; poor; early.

Wonderful, i. Card. Mon. 27:178. 1885. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 189:115. 1901.

Originated in Ohio; introduced in 1884. Imperfect. Plants productive; berries large,
irregular roundish, light crimson, moderately firm, acid; good; midseason.

Woodhouse. i. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bui. Z'-^Z- 1889.

Introduced about 1886. Imperfect. Plants vigorous, productive; berries medium in
size, conic, bright scarlet, firm; fair; late.

Woodrow. I. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 447:78. 1918.

Early Woodrow. 2. Md. Sta. Bid. 211:64. 1918.

Introduced by Wilkins & Company, Salisbury, Maryland, in 1915. Perfect. At
this Station, plants intermediate in number and size, healthy, productive; fruit-stems long,
prostrate; fruit variable in size, long-wedge to long-conic, furrowed, necked, duU medium
to dark red, juicy, very firm, with red flesh, mild; fair; midseason.

Woodruff. I. Cult. & Count. Cent. 50:820. 1885. 2. Can. Cent. Exp. Farm Bid. 5:22.
1889.
Originated in 1872 by Charles H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Perfect. Station
plants very vigorous, numerous, very productive, with slight leaf-spot; leaf-stems short,
upright; fruit small, irregular in shape, very dark red, firm, acid, tough at the center;
fair; midseason.

5^8 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Woolverton. i. Rural N. Y. 50:527- 1891- 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44: i44 1892.

Originated by John Little, Granton, Ontario; introduced in 189 1. Perfect. Plants
at this Station, vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit medium in size, wedge-conic, crimson,
moderately firm, mildly subacid; good; midseason.

Wooster. i. A'. Y. Sta. Bui. 336:67. 1911-

A supposed cross between Sample and Clyde originated in 1904 w-ith E. W. Wooster,
South Hancock, Maine. Imperfect. As grown here, plants medium in number, above
medium in size and vigor, healthy, unproductive; fruit large, retains size well, round-conic,
glossy medium to light red, moderately juicy, mild, subacid to sweet; fair; eariy.

World Champion, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 163:71. 1898. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 62:41.

1909.
Introduced about 1896. Semi-perfect to perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, pro-
ductive; fruit of medium size, roundish, dull dark red with green tips; flesh bright red,
medium firm, juicy, subacid; good; late midseason.

World Wonder, i. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 309:352- 1908.

Originated with R. G. Parsons, Parsonsburg, Maryland; introduced in 1906. Imper-
fect. On the Station grounds, plants moderately numerous, vigorous, injured by leaf-
spot, very productive; fruit-stems short, medium thick, prostrate; fruit above medium in
size but drops quickly to small, blunt-wedge, irregularly furrowed, glossy red, firm, decidedly
acid, well flavored; good; midseason.

Wyatt. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 142:155. 1897.

Originated with Ezra G. Smith, Manchester, New York; introduced about 1896.
Perfect. Plants medium in vigor and productivity; fruit of medium size, round-conic,
dull crimson ; flesh firm ; very good ; midseason.

Wyoga. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 178:61. 1906.

Introduced about 1905; resembles Haverland in plant and fruit. Imperfect. Plants
productive; fruit of medium size, regular long-conic, dark crimson; flesh light red, firm,
sweet; fair; late.

Wyona

A chance seedling, supposed to be of Gandy, originated prior to 1922 with A. S. Johnson,
Washington, D. C. Perfect. In the Station beds, plants very niunerous, very vigorous,
tall, very productive, healthy; leaves large, dark green; flowers large, late; fruit-stems
very long, thick, erect; pedicels unusually long, thick; calyx very large, raised, leafy; seeds
raised; fruit large to very large, retains size well, chunky round-conic to wedge, necked,
furrowed, glossy medium red, at times green tipped, moderately juicy, firm, subacid, with
a hollow center; good to very good; very late.

Yale. I. Rural N. Y. 48:522. 1889. 2. N. Y. Sta. Bui. 44:144. 1892.

A chance seedling foimd near the Yale College campus in New Haven in 1883.
Perfect. As grown here, plants vigorous, healthy, meditim in number; fruit-stems short;
fruit of medium size, obtuse-conic, very dark red, very firm, with dark red flesh; fair; late.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 559

Yalu. I. Aid. Sta. Bui. 124:195. 1907.

Originated in 1904 by the Maryland Station as a cross between Johnson and Star.
Perfect. Plants medium in number, weak, unproducti\-e ; fruit of medium size, round-
conic, dull dark crimson; flesh light red, soft, moderately juicy, mildly subacid; fair;
early.

Yant. I. Ohio Sia. Bid. 146:38. 1903.

A chance seedling originated in 1896 with John Yant, Ohio. Perfect. Pants few,
vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, irregular conic, light to dark red; flesh medium
red, soft, mild; fair; early.

Yates. I. Mi'ch. Sta. Bui. 142:153. 1897.

Introduced about 1894. Perfect. Plants vigorous; fruit large, round-conic, light
scarlet; flesh hght red, soft, mild; good; earl}- midseason.

Zula. I. Mich. Sta. Bid. 142:155. 1897.

Originated by James Staj-man, Leavenworth, Kansas, as a seedling of Cyclone;
introduced about 1896. Perfect. Plants numerous, productive; fruit of medium size,
long-conic, dark crimson; flesh dark red, moderately firm; good; midseason.

c6o THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED

The list of books which follows contains all American pomological
works in which the several small fruits are discussed at any length. No
attempt has been made to include botanical works. Only such European
bocks are listed as were found useful in writing The Small Fruits
of New York. Only periodicals are recorded to which references are made
in the text of the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment stations
and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used for
such publications will be recognized by all. The date of copyright has been
■preferred to that of publication, though sometimes it has been necessary
to use the latter, as when there were several editions from the same
copyright.

Am. Fr. Gr. Mag American Fruit Grower Magazine. {Illustrated.) Chicago:

19 1 8 to date. In 19 17 united with Green's Fruit Grower,
Rochester, N. Y. 1880-1917; The Fruit Grower, St. Joseph,
Mo. 1889-1917; and the American Fruit Grower, Charlottes-
ville, Va. 1915-1917, all forming Green's American Fruit
Grower. In 19 18 became American Fruit Grower Magazine.

Am. Gard American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture

and Gardener's Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copy-
right, 1903. (Before its union with Popular Gardening in
1892, the publication was known as The American Garden
Both Popular Gardening and The American Garden resulted
from the union or absorption of several other horticultural
periodicals.)

Am. Gard. Mag The American Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Useful

Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural
Affairs. (See Mag. Hort.)

Am. Hort An American Horticultural Annual. A Yearbook of Horticultural

Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener,
Fruitgrower, and Florist. {Illustrated.) New York: 1867,
1869-187 1. Cop>Tights, 1867-1869, 187 1.

Am. Jour. Hort The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion.

{Illustrated) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1869. Copy-
rights, 1 86 7- 1 869. Continued as Tilton's Journal of Horti-
culture and Floral Magazine. {Illustrated.) Volumes 6-9.
Boston- 1869-1871. Copj'rights, 1869-1871.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 56I

Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued

usually biennially from 1850 to date. First published as
the Proceedings of the National Convention of Fruit Growers

in 1848.

Ann. Pom. Beige Annales de Pomologie Beige et Etrangere; publiees par la

Commission royale de Pomologie Instituee par S. M. le
Roi des Beiges. {Illusire.) Huit Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-
1860.

Bailey, Ann. Hort Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years 1869-

1893. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Prog-
ress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1890-1894. Copy-
rights, 1889, 1891-1894.

Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits. . . Sketch of The Evolution of Our Native Fruits. By L. H.

Bailey. (Illustrated.) New York: 1898. Copyright, 1898.

Bailey, Stand. Cyc. Hort. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. A Discussion, for

the Amateur, and the Professional and Commercial Grower,
of the Kinds, Characteristics and Methods of Cultivation of
the Species of Plants Grown in the Regions of the United
States and Canada for Ornament, for Fancy, for Fruit and
for Vegetables; with Keys to the Natural Families and
Genera, Descriptions of the Horticultural Capabilities of the
States and Provinces and Dependent Islands, and Sketches
of Eminent Horticulturists. By L. H. Bailey. (Illustrated.)
In Six Volumes. New York: 1914-1917. Copyrights,
1914-1917.

Baltet, Cult. Fr Traite de la Culture Fruitiere Commerciale et Bourgeoise.

Par Charles Baltet. (Illustre.) Quatrieme Edition. Paris:
1908.

Barry, Fr. Garden The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Illustrated.) New York:

1852. Copyright, 1851. Revised edition, 1896. Copy-
right, 1883.

Bradley, Gard New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philo-
sophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard
Bradley. (Illustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix.
London: 1739.

Bridgeman, Gard. Ass't. . . The Yoimg Gardener's Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas

Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York:
1857. Copyright, 1847.

Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit. The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the

best Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits.
By George Brookshaw. (Illustrated.) In Two Volimies.
London: 1823.
36

^62 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Brookshaw, Pom. Brit Pomona Britannica, or A Collection of the Most Esteemed

Fruits at present Cultivated In Great Britain; selected
principally from the Royal Gardens At Hampton Court,
and the remainder from The Most Celebrated Gardens
Round London ; Accurately Drawn and Colored from Nature,
with Full Descriptions of their Various Qualities, Seasons,
&c. By George Brookshaw. Volumes I and IL London:
1817.

Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort.

Man American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted by

N. E. Hansen. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. Volume
2, New York and London: 1903. Copyright, 1903.

Bunyard-Thomas, Fr.

Gard The Fruit Garden. By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas.

(Illustrated.) London and New York: 1904.

Can. Hort The Canadian Horticulturist. (Illustrated.) Toronto and

Peterboro: 1878 to date.

Card, Bush-Fr Bush-Fruits. A Horticultural Monograph of Raspberries,

Blackberries, Dewberries, Currants, Gooseberries, and Other
Shrub-Like Fruits. By Fred W. Card. (Illustrated.) New
York: 1898. Copyright, 1898. Revised edition. New
York: 1919. Copyright, 1917.

Cat. Cong. Pom. France . . Societe Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des

Fruits Adoptes par le Congres Pomologique. (Illustre.)
Lyon: 1906.

Country Gent The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Cultiva-
tor & Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866- 189 7. The
Coimtry Gentleman. Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to
date.

Cultivator The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with

The Country Gentleman.

Cult. & Count. Gent The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. (S?e Country Gent.)

De Candolle, Or. Cult.

Plants Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle.

Geneva (Switzerland): 1882. New York: 1885.

Dochnahl, Fuhr. Obst-

kunde *. De sichere Fiihrer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomolo-

gischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller Obst-
sorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bande. Niirnberg:
1855-60. (Vol. 4, i860, Nuts and Small Fruits.)

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 563

Downing, Fr. Trees Am. . . The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture, prop-
agation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of
fruit trees generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest
Varieties Of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated In This
Countrj'. By A. J. Downing. {Illustrated.) New York &
London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second edition, same
text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles
Downing. New York: 1857. Copjoight, 1857. Second
revision, by Charles Downing. New York: 1869. Copy-
right, 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876.
Third appendix, 1881.

Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr. . Traite Des Arbres Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur

Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du Mon-
ceau. {Illustre.) Tomes I et IL Paris: 1768. fidition
publie en 1872, en trois tomes. Nouvelle Edition en six
tomes, 1807-1835.

Elliott, Fr. Book Elliott's Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower's Guide

in Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. {Illustrated.)
New York: 1858. Copyright, 1854. Revised edition, 1859.

Fest. Pom. Inst. Reut. . . . Festschrift zimi Funfzigjahrigen Bestehen des Pomologischen

Instituts In Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1910.

Fish, Hardy-Fr. Bk The Hardy-Fruit Book. By D. T. Fish. {Illustrated.) Two

Volumes. London: probably 1882.

Fletcher, Strawb. in N. A. The Strawberry In North America. History, Origin, Botany,

and Breeding. By S. W. Fletcher. {Illustrated.) New
York: 19 17. Copyright, 191 7.

Flor. & Pom The Florist and Pomologist : A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of

Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted at
first by Robert Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas
Moore and William Paul. {Illustrated.) London: 1862-1884.

Fuller, Sm. Fr. Cult The Small Fruit Culturist. By Andrew S. Fuller. {Illus-
trated.) New York. Copjmght, 1867.

Gard. Chron The Gardener's Chronicle. {Illustrated.) London: 1841 to

date.

Gard. & For Garden And Forest. A Journal o Horticulture, Landscape

Art and Forestrj-. Conducted by Charles S. Sargent.
{Illustrated.) Volumes I-X. New York: 1888- 189 7. Copy-
rights, I 888-1 897.

Gard. Men The Gardener's Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser.

Edited by Thomas Meehan. {Illustrated.) Philadelphia:
1859-1887.

Garden The Garden. {Illustrated) London: 1872 to date.

564 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gen. Farmer The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester:

1831-1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator. An-
other periodical of the same name was published in Rochester
from 1845 to 1865. Also New Genesee Farmer and Monthly
Genesee Farmer.

Gerarde, Herball The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John Gerarde.

Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson. London:
1633. Reprinted without alteration, 1636.

Goeschke, Erdbeeren Das Buch der Erdbeeren. Eine practische Anleitung zur

Cultur derselben im freien Lande wie auch zum Treiben in
Kasten imd Hausem nebst Mittheilungen iiber Botanik,
Geschichte, Classification der Erdbeeren und Beschreibung
aller in den Garten bekannten Arten und Varietaten. Von
Franz Goeschke. {Illustriert.) Berlin: 1874.

Guide Prat Guide Pratique de L'Amateur De Fruits. Description Et Cul-
ture Des Varietes De Fruits classees par series de merite
Composant Les Collections Pomologiques De L'Etablisse-
ment Horticole des Freres Simon-Louis. A Plantieres-Les-
Metz (Lorraine Annexee) Suivi D'Une Table Generale
Alphabetique de Tous Les Synonymes Connus, Frangais et
Strangers, appartenent a chaque variete. Par 0. Thomas.
Nancy: 1876. Deuxieme Edition. Paris et Nancy: 1895.

Hedrick, Cyc. Hardy Fr. . Cyclopedia Of Hardy Fruits. By U. P. Hedrick. {Illustrated.)

New York: 1922. Copyright, 1922.

Hoffy, N. Am. Pom Hoffy's North American Pomologist, containing mmierous

Finely Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press
descriptions, &c., of Fruits of American Origin. Edited by
William D. Brinckle. Book No. i. Philadelphia: i860.
Copyright, i860.

Hogg, Fruit Man The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of

Great Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London:
i860. Second edition, 186 1. Third edition, 1866. Fotarth
edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884.

Horticulturist The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.

Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing. {Illustrated.)
Volumes i to 30. Albany, Philadelphia and New York:
1846-1875.

Hovey, Fr. Am The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures,

and full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated
in the United States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume L
Boston and New York: 1852. Volume H. Boston: 1856.
Copyright, 1851.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 565

Jour. Hort The Journal of Horticulture: Began as The Cottage Gardener;

or Amateur's and Cottager's Guide to out-door gardening
and spade cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1 849-1 861.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener,
and Countrj' Gentleman. A Journal of Horticulture,
Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and Natural History.
New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880. Continued
as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and
Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country Pursuits and
Country Life, including Poultry, Pigeon, and Bee-keeping.
Third Series. 59 Volumes. London: 1880-1909.
[our. Pom. & Hort. Sci. . . The Journal Of Pomology And Horticultural Science. Began

as The Journal Of Pomology. Edited by Edward A.
Bimyard. {Illustrated.) Vo'.s. i and 2, published at Maid-
stone, England. Beginning with Vol. 3, London: 1922 to
date.

Jour. Roy. Hort. Sec The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London:

1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The
Journal of the Horticultural Society of London.

Kenrick, Am. Orch The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston:

1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston: 1835.
Copyright, 1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and improved,
with a supplement. Boston: 1845. Copyright, 1841.

Knoop, Fructologie Part L Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de

Pommes et de Poires Part H. Fructologie, ou Descrip-
tion des Arbres Frui tiers Par Jean Herman Knoop.
illlustre.) Amsterdam: 1771.

Langley, Pomona Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley.

London: 1729.

Lindley, Guide Orch. Gard. A Guide to the Orchard And Kitchen Garden; or, an account

of the most valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated In
Great Britain : with Kalendars of the Work Required in the
Orchard and Kitchen Garden during every month in the
year. By George Lindley. Edited by John Lindley.
London: 1831.

Lend. Hort. Sec. Cat A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the

Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second
edition, 183 1. Third edition, 1842. A supplement was
published in 1853.

566 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Lucas-Oberdieck, 111.

Handb. Obst Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde. Unter Mitwirkung

mehrerer Pomologen herausgegeben. Von Eduard Lucas
und Johann Georg Conrad Oberdieck. (Illustriert.) Acht
Telle. Stuttgart: 1875. (Vol. 7, Small Fruits.)

Mcintosh, Bk. Gard The Book of the Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. (Illus-

rated.) Two Volumes London: 1853-5-

McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal. The American Gardener's Calendar. By Bernard McMahon.

Philadelphia: 1806.

Mag. Hort The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First

published as The American Gardener's Magazine, 1835-6.

Edited by C. M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate

editor during 1835-6.
Mathieu, Nom. Pom Nomenclature Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin:

1889.
Maurer, Stachelbeerbuch. . Maurer's Stachelbeerbuch liber die besten und verbreitetsten

Stachelbeersorten. Von Louis Maurer. {Illustriert.) Stutt-
gart: 1913.
Mawe-Abercrombie, Com.
Gard The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John Aber-

crombie. London: 1829.
Meehans' Mon Meehans' Monthly. A Magazine of Horticulture, Botany and

kindred subjects. Conducted by Thomas Meehan.

Assisted by T. B. Meehan, J. F. Meehan, & S. M. Meehan.

{Illustrated.) Volumes I-XII. Philadelphia: 1891-1902.

Miller, Gard. Diet The Gardener's Dictionary. By Phi'.ip Miller. Sixth edition.

London: 1752. Revised edition, by Thomas Martyn.

London: 1807.
Nat. Nur The National Nurseryman. Published by The National

Nurseryman Publishing Co. {Illustrated.) Rochester: 1893

to date.

Parkinson, Par. Ter Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson.

{Illustrated.) London; 1629.

Pom. France Pomologie De Le France ou Histoire Et Description de tons

Les Fruits Cultives En France Et Admis Par Le Congr^s
Pomologique. {Illustre.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-
1873-

Pom. Mag The Pomological Magazine; or. Figures And Descriptions of

the Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in Great
Britain. Three Volumes. London: 1828-30. This work
has been published imder the title Pomona Brittanica.

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 567

Popular Gard Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to

Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. Buffalo:
1886. Continued as Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing.
Volumes II-IV. Buffalo: 188 7-1 891. Consolidated with
The American Garden and continued as American Gardening.
New York: 1892-1904.

Prince, Cat. Fr. Trees. . . . Catalogue of Fruit And Ornamental Trees & Plants, Bulbous

Flower Roots, Green-House Plants, &c. &c. Cultivated at
the Linnaean Botanic Garden, William Prince, Prop.
Twenty-second edition. New York: 1823.

Prince, Pom. Man The Pomological Manual: or, A Treatise on Fruits. By-
William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second
Edition. Part I. New York: 1832. Copyright, 183 1.
Part n. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1832.

Prince, Treat. Hort A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By WilHam Prince. New

York: 1828. Copyright, 1828.

Rea, Flora Flora : Seu, De Florum Cultura; or, A Complete Florilege. By

John Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. (Book 3, Small
Fruits.)

Rec. Hort Woodward's Record of Horticulture. Edited by Andrew S.

Fuller. (Illustrated.) No. I. New York: 1867. Copy-
right, 1867. No. H. New York: 1868. Copyright,
1868.

Rev. Hort Revue Horticole. Journal D'Horticultxire Pratique. {Illustre.)

Paris: 1829 to date.

Roe, Sue. Sm. Fr Success With Small Fruits. By Edward P. Roe. {Illustrated.)

New York: 1898. Copyright, 188 1.

Rural N. Y The Riural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and

Country Home. {Illustrated.) Rochester and New York:
1850 to date.

Sickler, Teutsche Obst. . . . Der teutsche Obstgartner oder gemeinnutziges Magazin des

Obstbaues in Teutschlands sammtlichen ICreisen; verfasser
von einigen prachtischen Freunden Der Obstcultur und
herausgegeben. Von J. V. Sickler. Volumes 1-22. Weimar:

1 794- 1 804.

Soc. Nat. Hort. France

Pom Societe Nationale D' Horticulture De France. Section Pomo-

logique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au debut du XX° si^cle.
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c68 THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult. . The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Illus-
trated.) First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846.
Copyright, 1846. Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851.
Copyright, 1849. Revised Edition. New York: 1869.
Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New York: 1885.
Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897. Twenty-
first Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: 191 1.
Copyright, 1903.

Thompson, Card. Ass't. . . The Gardener's Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By Robert

Thompson. {Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London: 1859.
Same, revised by William Watson. Six Volumes. London:
1901.

Tilton, Jour. Hort Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine. (See

Am. Jour. Hort.)

Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc. . . Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Volume

I. London: 1815. Volume H. London: 1817. Volume
ni. London: 1820. Volume IV. London: 1822. Volume
V. London: 1824. Volume VL London: 1826.

U. S. D. A. Rpt Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture:

1862-1894.

U. S. D. A. Yearbook. . . . Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture:

1894 to date.

U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States Patent

Office: 1837 to 1861.

Wickson, Cal. Fruits The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward

J. Wickson. (Illustrated.) Second Edition. San Fran-
cisco: 1891. Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los
Angeles: 1909. Copyright, 1908. Seventh Edition. San
Francisco: 19 14. Copyright, 19 14. Eighth Edition. San
Francisco: 1919. Copyright, 19 19. Ninth Edition. San
Francisco: 1921. Copyright, 1921.

Wright, Fr. Gr. Guide The Fruit Grower's Guide. By John Wright. (Illustrated.)

Vols. I-VL London: 1892.

INDEX

Achelis, George, var. introd. by, 350

Adair, D. L., var. introd. by, 218; var. orig. by, 209

Adams, George W., var. orig. by, 455

Adams, J. W., & Co., var. found by, 176; var. orig.

with, 454
Adams, Solomon, var. orig. with, 385
Akalaberry, com. name of R. macraei, 35
Albaugh, B. F., & Son, var. orig. by, 543
Albertson & Hobbs, var. introd. by, 178, 179, 292
Albro, Lewis, var. orig. by, 204
Alexander, G. W., var. orig. by, 169
Alius, A., var. found by, 117
Allan, J. L., var. orig. by, 86, 420
Alleghenienses, 72
Allen, A. J., var. orig. with, 554
Allen, Lewis F., var. introd. by, 86
Allen, W. F., var. introd. by, 223, 414, 448, 450, 502,

515, 553
Allen, W. F., Co., var. introd. by, 399
Allen, W. F., Jr., var. introd. by, 387
AUey, H. H., var. orig. by, 397, 438, 459, 489
Allsmeyer, E. C, var. introd. by, 87
Alpine Strawberry', com. name of /. vesca var.

semper florens, 375
Alt, J. W., var. orig. with, 410, 496
American Wild Black Currant, com. name of R.

americanum, 268
Anderson, H. S., var. introd. by, 285, 330
Andes Berry, com. name of R. glaucus, 46
Andrews, George H., var. introd. by, 335
Anoplobatus, key to the species of, described, 30;

subgenus of Rubus, 29
Apgar, Oakley, var. introd. by, 441, 550; var. orig.

by, 507

Arctic Nursery & Fruit Farm, var. introd. by, 518

Arctic Raspberry, com. name of R. arcticus, 27

Arguti, 76

Armstong, var. introd. by, 490

Armstrong Nurseries, var. orig. with, 454

Amdt, J. H., var. introd. by, 509

Arnold, Charles, var. orig. by, 87, 95, 99, 152, 388,

391, 407, 485
Amout, J. L., var. orig. with, 391
Atkinson, William, var. orig. by, 453
Atwater, C. W., & Son, var. introd. by, 505
Aubry & Souchet, var. introd. by, 113, 129, 132, 143
Aughinbaugh, var. found by, 233
Augur, P. M., var. orig. by, 449
Augur, P. M., & Sons, var. orig. by, 400, 411, 427,

468, 493
Augustine & Co., var. introd. by, 497
A urea (syn. of Symphocalj-x), 269

Austin, C. F., statement of, relative to hj-bridity of
Riihus neglectus, 16

Austin, J. W., var. introd. by, 238

Austin Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 143, 235, 238

Avery, E. C, var. orig. with, 394

Babbit, var. orig. by, 154

Babcock, B. W., var. introd. by, 88

Babcock, J. L., var. orig. with, 432

Babcock, W. C, var. orig. with, 474

Bagg, Richard, var. orig. by, 419

Bagnard, L., var. found by, 206

Bailey, J. V., var. introd. by, 118

Bailey, Joseph, var. orig. with, 447

Bailey, L. H., account of species Rubus Millspaughii
by, 188; distinction between purple-canes and
red and black raspberries by, 16; history of the
Bartel dewberry by, 196; history of the Lucretia
dewberry by, 197; opinion of, regarding the
evolution of the cultivated strawberry, 363

Bakeapple berry, com. name of R. chamaemorus , 25

Bakeberry, com. name of R. chamaemorus, 25

Baldwin, E. J., var. introd. by, 393

Baldwin, O. A. D., var. introd. by, 149, 394

Ball, var. orig. with, 406

Barkley, S., var. found by, 395; var. orig. by, 500

Barnard, var. orig. by, 206

Barnes, D. H., var. orig. by, 395, 430

Barnes, W. D., & Son, var. import, by, 103, 136

Bartel, Dr., var. introd. by, 233

Barter, William, var. introd. by, 88

Barton, Nathan, var. orig. with, 414

Barton, T. B., var. orig. by, 395

Batidaea acalyphacea (syn. of R. idaeus var. acaly-
phaceus), 53

Batidaea peramoena (syn. of R. idaeus var. pera-
moenus), 51

Batidaea viburnifolia (syn. of R. idaeus var. viburni-
f alius), 51

Battey, Jesse, var. orig. with, 486

Bauer, C. P., var. introd. by, 234

Bauer, J. A., var. orig. by, 388, 395, 409, 458, 475,

532
Bauer, J. C, var. introd. by, 440; var. orig. by, 403,

470, 548, 554
Baumforth, John, var. orig. by, 89
Bayne, Dr. J. H., var. found by, 396; var. orig.

with, 396
Beatie, W. D., var. orig. by, 215
Beaver, John F., var. found by, 397; var. orig. by,

390, 473, 487, 503
Beckner, J., var. found by, 89
Beckwith, M. H., var. introd. by, 89

569

570

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Beebe, E. P., var. orig. by, 397

Beebe, James, var. introd. by, 154

Beede, G. F., var. orig. with, 398

Bell, var. orig. with, 489

Belt, William, var. orig. with, 399

Bennett, L. W., var. orig. by, 399

Bennison, William, var. orig. by, 507

Benoy, Ran, var. orig. by, 399, 460, 467

Berckmans, Louis, comments on the origin of the

Downing gooseberry by, 321
Berry, Peter A., var. found by, 504
Bertin, var. orig. by, 288, 297, 301
Bever, J. E., var. orig. with, 548
Beyer, Hugo, var. orig. by, 154
Biddle, William, var. found by, 230
Bidwell, H. E., var. introd. by, 401
Biggar, C. N., var. orig. by, 90, 502
Billiard, Charles, var. orig. by, 131
Bird, W. F., var. orig. by, 402
Bisel, D. L., var. orig. with, 402
Bishop, L., var. orig. by, 154
Bishop, Thomas, var. orig. by, 402, 492, 498
Bittner, George, var. orig. with, 403, 476
Bixler, C. G., var. orig. with, 403
Black, J. H., Son & Co., var. introd. by, 206; var.
orig. with, 388, 412, 416, 436, 442, 454, 456, 461,
468, 479, 498, 501, 503, 526, 528, 540, 549
Black Currant, com. name of R. nigrum, 266
Black Raspberry, com. name of R. occidentalis, 43
Blackberries, commonly cultivated only in North
America, 180
cultivated, specific characters of, as opposed to

dewberries, 180; varieties of, rapidly appearing,

186
cultivated varieties of:

Acme, 204

Agawam, 74, 204

Albion, 204

Albro, 74, 204

Alfred, 204

Alger, 205

Allen, 205

Ambrosia, 74, 205

Americus, 205

Ancient Briton, 74, 205

Autumn King, 206

Badger, 206

Bagnard, 206

Bangor, 206

Barnard, 206

Best of All, 206

Big Early, 206

Black Chief, 75, 206

Black Diamond, 206

Blowers, 75, 207

Bonanza, 207

Bochen Early, 207

Bow Cane, 207

Braden, 207

Brewer, 75, 207

Brill, 208

Blackberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of;
British, 208
Brunton Early, 208
Buckeye, 208
Bundy, 77, 208
Burbank Thomless, 208
Bushel, 208

California Evergreen, 208
Cape May, 208
Cardinal Balloonberrj', 208
Carlo, 209
Cazadero, 58, 209
Chautauqua, 209
Chestnut, 209
Claret, 209
Clark, 209
Clifton, 209
Colonel Wilder, 209
Colossal, 209
Coral-Berry, 210
Cory Thomless, 60, 85, 210
Cox, 210

Crystal White, 78, 210
Cumberland, 210
Cutter Mulberry, 210
Dehring, 210
Delicious, 210
Dodge Thomless, 210
Dorchester, 74, 211
Dr. Warder, 211
Dublin Best, 211
Duncan Falls, 211
Early Cluster, 211
Early Harvest, 77, 211
Early King, 75, 212
Early Mammoth, 74, 212
Early Wonder, 64, 212
Eldorado, 74, 212
English, 213
Erie, 75, 213
Erskine Park, 74, 213
Eureka, 213
Eureka (of Texas), 213
Excelsior, 214
Farley, 214
Favorite Trailing, 214
Felton, 214
Florence, 214
Florida Marvel, 214
Ford No. I, 75, 214
Freed, 214
French Lawton, 214
Fruitland, 75, 214
Gainor, 215

Georgia Mammoth, 215
German, 215
Golden Mayberry, 215
Governor, 215
Grape, 215
Green Hardy, 75, 215

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

571

Blackberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Haley, 215
Hesse, 215
Himalaya, 216
Hoag, 216
Holcomb, 216
Holt, 216

Honey Coreless, 64, 216
Hoosac Thornless, 217
Hoosier, 217
Howard,'2i7
Iceberg, 78, 217
Ida, 217
Illinois, 217
Johnson, 217
Jordan, 217
Joy, 217

Kenoyer, 77, 218
Kentucky White, 218
King Philip, 218
Kittatinny, 75, 77, 218
Knox, 219
La Grange, 75, 219
Laporte, 219
Lawton, 219
Leader, 219
Lincoln, 219
Lovett, 75, 220
Luther, 220
Lux, 220
McCracken, 220
McDonald, 64, 220
Mammoth, 60, 221
Mark Twain, 221
Mason Mountain, 221
May Hardiest, 222
Maynard, 222
Maxwell, 222
Mersereau, 75, 222
Miller, 75, 222
Minnewaska, 75, 223
Missouri Mammoth, 223
Montmorency, 223
Nanticoke, 69, 223
Needham, 223
Nevada, 223
Neverfail, 62, 223
Newman Thornless, 223
Ohmer, 75, 223
Pan American, 224
Paradox, 224
Parish Pink, 224
Pamell, 224
Perfection, 69, 224
Peruvian, 224
Piasa, 224
Purple Fruited, 224
Queen, 224
Rathbun, 224
Red Cluster, 225

Blackberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:

Reid, 225

Rcyner, 225

Robison, 69, 225

Sable Queen, 225

Sadie, 225

St. Jo, 226

Sanford, 75, 226

Santa Rosa, 85, 226

Scruggs, 226

Sebastopol, 85, 226

See Early, 226

Sensation, 226

Snowbank, 226

Snyder, 74, 226

Soft Core, 76, 227

Sonderegger Earliest, 64, 227

Spaulding, 64, 227

Stayman Early, 227

Sterling Thornless, 227

Stone Hardy, 74, 228

Strawberry Flavored, 84. 228

Success, 75, 228

Sugar Plum, 228

Superb, 228

Tartarian, 228

Taylor, 74, 228

Tecumseh, 229

Texas Early, 64, 229

Texas Evergreen, 229

Texas Red, 229

Topsy, 69, 230

Trinity Early, 230

Triumph, 75, 230

Truman Thornless, 230

Tyler, 230

Veitchberry, 230

Wachusett, 230

Wallace, 231

Wapsie, 231

Ward, 75, 231

Warren, 231

Washington, 231

Watt, 75, 231

Weston, 231

White Cluster, 231

Wilson, 232

Wilson, Jr., 232

Woodford, 232

Woodland, 75, 232
Blackberries, domestication of, 180-187; beginning

of the, in the U. S., 181
great abundance of wild, in America and Europe,

181; how considered by early settlers, 181;

hybrid, 192; key to the subgenus of, 55; magni-
tude of the culture of, 201; quotation from the

New York Gardener as to cultivation of, 182;

sand, description of the, 189; start of culti-
vation of, early in the nineteenth century,

182

572

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Blackberries — Continued

synonyms of cultivated varieties of:
Adair Claret (syn. of Claret), 209
Atlantic (syn. of Black Diamond), 206
Black Loganberry (syn. of Mammoth), 221
California Mammoth (syn. of Mammoth), 221
Childs' Everbearing Tree (syn. of Topsy), 230
Childs' Tree (syn. of Topsy), 230
Crandall (syn. of Texas Early), 229
Ewing Wonder (syn. of Black Diamond), 206
Giant Himalaya (syn. of Himalaya), 216
Gray's Perfection (syn. of Perfection), 224
Hoco (syn. of Honey Coreless), 216
Improved High Bush (syn. of Dorchester), 211
Jewett (syn. of Lovett), 220
King (syn. of Early King), 212
Lovett' s Best (syn. of Lovett), 220
Lowberry (syn. of Mammoth), 60, 221
Macatawa (syn. of Texas Early), 229
Maxwell Early (syn. of Maxwell), 222
New Rochelle (syn. of Lawton), 219
Orange's Crystal (syn. of Crystal White), 210
Piasasaw (syn. of Piasa), 224
Star (syn. of Black Diamond), 206
Taylor's Prolific (syn. of Taylor), 228
Texas Hybrid (syn. of Texas Red), 229
Theodor Reimers (syn. of Himalaya), 84, 216
Thompson' s Early Mammoth (syn. of Early

Mammoth), 212
Thornless Mammoth (syn. of Cory Thornless),

60, 210
Uncle Tom (syn. of Erie), 213
Wachusett Thornless (syn. of Wachusett), 230
Western Triumph (syn. of Triumph), 230
Wilson Early (syn. of Wilson), 232

table showing acreage, yield, and value of, in
the U. S., 202

thornless, 187; correlation between, and two
serious faults, 187

varieties of , recorded as hybrids, 193; viciousness
of plants of, 181; where indigenous, 180

white, how differing from normal blackberries,
187; usually occur in species Rubus alleghen-
iensis, 187
Blackberry, " Cardinal Balloon Berry," introd. by
Burbank, 37

Cutleaved or Evergreen, 83

Dorchester, history of, 185; how the name came
to be adopted, 186; said to be first cultivated
blackberry, 184

Himalaya, origin of, by Luther Burbank, 191

Lawton, account of origin of, 184; dispute as to
choice of name for, 185

Kittatinny , discovery of, 1 86

" Mayberry," parentage of, 33

Needham, variety of white blackberry, 187

Oregon Evergreen, distribution and description of,
189; letters showing introduction of, in Oregon,
190; origin of, 190

Running Swamp, 67

Sand, 69

Blackberry — Continued

Swampberry, 78

Thornless or Mountain, 70

Wilson, discovery of, 186
Blackcap, com. name of R. occidentalis, 43
Blaine, J. W., var. found by, 404
Blanchard, Lester, var. orig. with, 384
Blasdale, W. C, species collect, by, 44
Blowers, H. W., var. orig. by, 207
Blue, George W., var. found by. 292
Boomhower, D. B., var. found by, 400
Boschen, var. orig. by, 207
Boudinot, Dr. H., var. orig. by, 406
Bcurn, J. H., var. found by, 167
Boyden, Seth, var. orig. by, 386, 453, 536
Brackett, G. C, var. orig. by, 168
Bradley, C. P., var. found by, 91
Bradley, J. H., var. orig. by, 406
Bradley Bros., var. introd. by, 167, 205, 217
Brady, Jesse, var. orig. by, 496
Brandt, D., var. orig. with, 430
Brandvig, George, var. orig. by, 468
Bratherton, Joseph, var. orig. by, 347, 348, 350
Breese, H. G., var. introd. by, 145
Brewer, C. H., var. found by, 207
Bridgeman, Andrew, var. introd. by, 88
Briggs, var. import, by, 112
Brinckl^, Dr. William Draper, life of, 9; var. orig.

by, 96, 97, 98, 102, 106, 107, 119, 123, 128,

150, 152, 424; work of, with the red raspberry,

10
Briton, A. H., var. found by, 205
Brookshaw, George, varieties of raspberries named

and described by, 5
Brown, Henry W., var. found by, 206
Brown, J. E., var. orig. with, 446
Brown, J. P. H., var. orig. by, 443
Brown, Leroy M., & Son, var. orig. by, 407, 464
Brown, W. B., var. orig. with, 432
Brown Bros., var. introd. by, 153, 344
Brownell, E. J., var. found by, 121
Browning, C. A., var. orig. with, 457
Brundage, L. J., var. orig. by, 536
Brunton, var. orig. by, 208
Bryant, L. J., var. found by, 158; var. orig. with,

408
Bubach, J. G., var. orig. by, 408
Buckbee, H. W., var. introd. by, 301, 502
Buechly, E. M., var. orig. with, 409, 415, 4.53
Buffalo Currant, com. name of R. odoratum. 270
Buist, Robert, var. imported by, 100; var. orig. by,

282, 394, 408
Bulson, E. H., var. orig. by, 544
Bundy, T. B., var. orig. by, 208
Bunting, G. E., & Sons, var. orig. with, 426
Bunyard, E. A., early records of the strawberry in

Europe, 358; opinion of, regarding the evolution

of the cultivated strawberry, 363; review of

currant literature by, 248
Bunyard, Geo., & Co., var. introd. by, 105, 108,

109, 133, 303

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

573

Burbank, Luther, var. introd. by, 85, 240; var. orig.
by. 33, 100, io4> 127, 144. 206, 208, 210, 215, 217,
224, 226, 228, 235, 241, 440, 513, 516, 529
Burdette, John, var. orig. with, 481
Burgess, W. A., var. orig. by, 446, 447, 480
Burkhart, M. E., var. introd. by, 155
Bums, A. M., var. introd. by, 92, 214; var. orig.

by, 155
Burpee, W. Atlee, var. introd. by, 482
Burr, John, var. orig. by, 409, 419, 477, 506, 524,

528, 534
Burson, E. H., var. found by, 215
Bushnell, C. G., var. orig. by, 518
Butler, W. S., var. introd. by, 465; var. orig. by, 420,

421, 553
Button, Dr. L. L., var. found by, 151
Caesii, 56

Cameron, J. W., var. orig. with, 410, 440
Cameron, J. Y., var. orig. with, 505
Campbell, J. B., var. orig. with, 410, 478
Canadensis, 69

Canadian Central Experimental Farm, var. orig. by,
412, 421, 427, 458, 470, 483, 487, 495, 508, 520,
538, 550
Canfield, Elias, var. orig. by, 417
Cannon, J. F., var. orig. with, 412
Capital City Nurseries, var. introd. by, 522
Card, Fred W., discussion of purple-cane group of
raspberries by, 16: survey of currant varieties by,
250
Carlisle, T. B., var. found by, 459, 464; var. orig.

with, 411, 433, 472
Carlton, J. A., var. found by, 175
Carpenter, Charles, var. introd. by, 124; var. orig.

by, 103,421
Carpenter, S. P., var. orig. by, 93, 125
Carpenter, W. S., var. import, by, 285
Carr, B. L., var. introd. by, 458; var. orig. with, 556
Carroll, William, var. orig. with, 525
Cassel, M., var. orig. by, 460
Cathcoit, A. Y., var. orig. by, 521
Caywood, A. J., & Son, var. introd. by, 282; var.

orig. by, 98, 120, 223, 412, 486
Chairs, Franklin, var. orig. with, 412
Chamaebatus, subgenus of Rubus, 26
Chamaemorus, subgenus of Rubus, 25
Chapman, var. orig. by, 1 56
Charlton, John, var. found by, 331
Charlton, Rrjbert, var. found by, 297
Cheney, Col. J. B., var. orig. by, 418
Chesnut, J. T., var. found by, 209
Childs, John Lewis, species introd. by, 40, 118; var.
introd. by, 86, 109, 112, 124, 206, 215, 228, 230,

293, 415
Chilean Strawberry, com. name of F. chiloensis, 378
Chippindale, David, var. orig. by, 347
Chipman, var. found by, 415
Chorlton, William, var. orig. by, 415
Christian, S. B., var. introd. by, 387
Chrysobotrya intermedia (syn. of R. odoratum var.

intermedium) , 271

Chrysobotrya Lindleyana (syn. of R. aureum), 271

Chrysobotrya revoluta (syn. of R. odoratum), 270

Church, Royal, var. found by, 138

Churchman, John, var. orig. by, 144

Clarendon Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 129

Clark, A. H., var. orig. with, 400

Clark, Fred E., var. orig. with, 416

Clark, G. B., var. orig. by, 209

Clarke, E. E., var. orig. by, 95, 170

Clements, Mrs., var. orig. by, 422

Cleveland Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 115, 147,

153, 176, 212, 389
Cliff, James, var. orig. with 471
Clifton, L. J., var. introd. by, 209
Cline, G. W., var. introd. by, 95, 526
Cline, H., var. found by, 209
Cloud, R. L., var. orig. by, 417, 474, 517
Cloudberry, com. name of R. chamaemorus, 25
Cocklin, E. H., var. orig. with, 464
Cole, George M., var. orig. with, 418
Cole, R. D., var. found by, 95
Cole, R. S., var. orig. with, 386
Coleman, M. H., var. introd. by, 96
Colfax, Schuyler, var. orig. by, 418
Collins, C. H., var. found by, 527; var. orig. by, 418
Collison. John, var. found by, 92
Columbian Berry, com. name of R. macrocarpus, 29
Columbian Grape Co., var. introd. by, 172
Comaropsis, subgenus of Rubus, 26
Common Dewberry, com. name of R. fiagellaris, 61
Common High-bush Blackberry, com. name of R.

allegheniensis , 72
Cone, E. W., var. orig. by, 392, 460, 473, 474, 513,

534, 537, 538
Congy, var. orig. by, 87
Cook, William, var. orig. with, 455
Coolidge, D. W., var. found by, 145
Coombe, var. orig. with, 436
Cooper, B. F., var. orig. by, 420
Cooper, Samuel, var. introd. by, 464; var. orig. by,

385, 393, 420, 444, 482, 508, 5". 5i4, 523, 537,

543
Copland, Peter, var. orig. by, 327
Coreosma florida (syn. of R. americanum), 268
Corchorifolii, series of Idaeobatus, 33
Comeille, Mrs. T. C, var. orig. with, 475
Cornell University, var. introd. by, 548
Cornwall, var. orig. by, 88

Cowing, Granville, var. orig. with, 404, 408, 421
Craig, J., var. introd. by, 93
Craighead, William H., var. orig. by, 343
Cramer, W. F., var. orig. by, 470
Crandall, Dr. J. R., var. introd. by, 229
Crandall, R. W., var. orig. by, 305
Crane, H. L., var. orig. by, 395
Crawford, Matthew, var. introd. by 209, 2i8, 287,

473, 480, 496; var. orig. by, 421, 431, 487, 498,

504, 517, 541, 542
Crines, var. orig. with, 429
Cronin, Dr. F. M., var. found by, 104
Cronk, R. C, var. orig. by, 549

574

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Crosby, L., var. introd. by, 327
Crosby, Phineas, var. orig. with, 423
Crozier, Randolph, var. orig. with, 423
Cruse, E. W., var. orig. with, 391, 424
CuneifoHi, 68

Culp, J. P., var. introd. by, 423
Culverwell, species raised by, 268
Currant, American Wild Black, 268
Buffalo, 270
Golden, 270
Missouri, 270
Northern Red, 260
Red, specific description of, 258
Red Dutch, first mention of, 245
Rock, 263

White Dutch, first mention of, 245
Currants, black, 252

black, cultivated varieties of:

African Queen, 302

American Black, 302

Baldwin, 302

Bang Up, 302

Beauty, 302

Bella, 302

Black Grape, 302

Black Victoria, 302

Blacksmith, 302

Boskoop Giant, 303

Brown Fruited, 303

Buddenborg, 303

Champion, 303

Charmer, 304

Climax, 304

Clipper, 304

Collins Prolific, 304

Common Black, 304

Crandall, 270, 304

Daniels September, 305

Deseret, 305

Dominion, 305

Eagle, 305

Ethel, 305

Goliath, 306

Grape, 306

Henry, 306

Ismay Prolific, 306

James Prolific, 306

Jelly, 306

Kentish Hero, 306

Kentville. 306

Kerry, 306

Lanark, 306

Lee, 306

Lennox, 307

Lewis, 307

London, 307

Louise, 307

Magnus, 307

Merveille de la Gironde, 307

Middlesex, 307

Missouri Black, 307

Currants — Continued

black, cultivated varieties of:

Monarch, 307

Naples, 307

North Holland Black, 308

Norton, 308

Ontario, 308

Orton, 308

Oxford, 308

Parker, 309

Pearce, 309

Prince, 309

Prince of Wales, 309

Resister. 309

Ruler, 309

Saunders, 309

Seabrook Black, 309

Siberian, 309

Standard, 309

Star, 309

Stewart, 310

Stirling, 310

Success, 310

Sweet Fruited Missouri, 310

Thoburn, 310

Topsy, 310

Utah Black, 310

Winona, 310

Wood, 310
Currants, black:

distinct species from red and white currants, 243;

evolution of, 252; geographical range of, 253;

key to cultivated species of, 266; little grown in

America, 253 ; specific description of, 266
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

Baldwin's Black (syn. of Baldwin), 302

Black Bang-up (syn. of Bang Up), 302

Black Champion (syn. of Champion), 303

Black English (syn. of Common Black), 304

Black Naples (syn. of Naples), 307

Carter's Champion (syn. of Baldwin), 302

Carter's Champion (syn. of Champion), 303

Cassis Commun (syn. of Common Black), 304

Cassis Royal de Naples (syn. of Naples), 307

English (syn. of Common Black), 304

Lee's Black (syn. of Lee), 306

Lee's Prolific (syn. of Lee), 306

Neapolitanische Schwarze (syn. of Naples), 307

Ogden (syn. of Black Grape), 302

Russian Green (syn. of Brown Fruited), 303

Victoria (syn. of Black Victoria), 302

Wales (syn. of Prince of Wales), 309
Currants, early cultivation of, described by Sturte-

vant, 247 ; first mention of Red Dutch, 245 ; first

mention of White Dutch, 245; golden, key to

cultivated species of, 27c; specific descriptioji

of, 269
groups of, designated by pomologists, 243; name

of, where derived, 243; not grown in gardens

of the ancients, 243 ; purposes for which grown

one hundred years ago, given by Phillips, 246

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

575

Currants — Continued

red, first mention of, in English agricultural
literature, 244; key to cultivated species and
hybrids, 257; specific description of, 256
red and white, cultivated varieties of: —
Admirable, 281
Angers, 281
Attractor, 281
Barle Due, 281
Belle de Fontenay, 281
Benwell, 281

Blanche de Verri^res, 281
Boston Lady, 281
Brayley. 281
Buist Long-bunched, 282
Cancasische, 282
Caywood Seedling, 282
Champagne, 282
Champagne White, 282
Champion, 282
Chautauqua, 282
Chenonceau, 283
Cherry, 283
Chiswick Red, 284
Climax White, 284
Comet, 284

Connecticut Sweet, 284
Cumberland Red, 284
Cut-leaved, 284
Dana White, 284
De la Rochepoze, 284
Diploma, 284
Dr. Brete, 285
Early Scarlet, 285
Eclipse, 285
Empire, 285
Everybody, 286
Eyatt Nova, 286
Fay, 286
Filler, 286

Franco-German, 287
Giant Red, 287
Gloire de Sablons, 287
Gloucester Red, 287
Goegginger Pear-shaped Red, 287
Gondouin Red, 288
Gondouin White, 288
Greenfield, 288
Hative de Berlin, 288
Holland, 288
Houghton Castle, 259
Indiana, 288
Knight Early Red, 2S9
Knight Improved, 289
Knight Large Red, 289
Knight Sweet Red, 289
La Caucasse, 289
La Conde, 289
La Constante, 289
Lace-leaved, 289
Lakewood, 289

Currants — Continued

red and white, cultivated varieties of:

Lancaster, 289

Large White, 290

Large White Brandenburg, 290

Late Victoria, 290

London Market, 290

Marvin Crystal, 290

Moore Early, 291

New Victoria, 291

Newark, 291

North Star, 291

October Red, 291

Pack, 291

Palmer Large Red, 291

Panshanger Late, 291

Perfection, 260, 291

Pitmaston Sweet Red, 292

Pomona, 292

Prince Albert, 292

Prince Coral, 293

Purity, 293

Rankins Red, 293

Red Cross, 293

Red Dutch, 260, 294

Red Grape, 295

Redpath Ruby, 295

Ringens, 295

Rivers, 295

Rouge de Boulogne, 295

Ruby, 295

St. Gilles, 295

Scarlet Gem, 295

Seedless Red, 295

Select, 296

Silver Mine, 296

Simcoe King, 296

Skinner Early, 296

Southwell Red, 296

Stevens Superb, 296

Stewart, 296

Utrecht, 296

Versailles, 296

Victoria, 297

Warner Red Grape, 298

Wentworth Leviathan, 298

Wentworth Seedling, 298

Werder White, 298

White Cherry, 298

White Dutch, 260, 298

White Grape, 299

White Imperial, 300

White Pearl, 300

White Provence, 300

White Transparent, 300

White Versailles, 301

White Wine, 301

Wilder, 301

Wilmot Large White, 301
Currants, red and white:

differ only in color of fruit, 243
history of development of, 244-251

576

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Currants — Continued

synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

Belle de St. Gilks (syn. of St. Gilles), 295
Blanche de Hollande (syn. of White Dutch), 298
Brayley's Seedling (syn. of Brayley), 281
Cerise (syn. of Cherry), 283
Chautauqua Climbing (syn. of Chautauqua), 282
Colcur de Chair (syn. of Champagne), 282
Fay's Prolific (syn. of Fay), 286
Fertile d' Angers (syn. of Angers), 281
Fertile de Pahiau (syn. of Red Dutch), 294
Goeggingers Pyriform (syn. of Goegginger Pear-
shaped Red), 287
Groseille Cerise (syn. of Cherry), 283
Groseille de Hollande (syn. of Holland), 288
Croseillier d, Cros Fruit (syn. of Champagne), 282
Groseillier d. Gros Fruit Blanc (syn. of White

Dutch), 298
Groseillier d Gros Fruit Rouge (syn. of Red

Dutch), 294
Holldndische Korallenbeere (syn. of Prince

Albert), 292
Holldndische Rote (syn. of Red Dutch), 294
Houghton Castle (syn. of Victoria), 297
Imperial Yellow (syn. of White Grape), 299
LaHdtive (syn. of Hative de Bertin), 288
La VersaiUaise (syn. of Versailles), 296
London Red (syn. of London Market), 290
Long Bunch Holland (syn. of Holland), 288
Macrocarpa (syn. of Cherry), 283
Magnum Bonum (syn. of Versailles), 296
Marvin's Seedling (syn. of Marvin Crystal), 290
May's Victoria (syn. of Victoria), 297
Moore Ruby (syn. of Ruby), 295
Moore Seedling (syn. of Moore Early), 291
New Red Dutch (syn. of Victoria), 297
Pearl White (syn. of White Dutch), 298
President Wilder (syn. of Wilder), 301
Queen Victoria (syn. of Victoria), 297
Raby Castle (syn. of Victoria), 297
Red Grape (syn. of Victoria), 297
Red Pear-shaped (syn. of Goegginger Pear-
shaped Red), 287
Red Provence (syn. of Gondouin Red), 288
Rivers' Late Red (syn. of Prince Albert), 292
Rivers' Late Red (syn. of Rivers), 295
Rothe von Verriere (syn. of Prince Albert), 292
Rouge de Hollande (syn. of Prince Albert), 292
Scarlet (syn. of Scarlet Gem), 295
Scotch (syn. of London Market), 290
Short-bunched Red (syn. of London Market), 290
VersaiUaise (syn. of Versailles), 296
Verrieres White (syn. of Blanche de Verrieres),

281
White Antwerp (syn. of White Dutch), 298
White Chrystal (syn. of White Dutch), 298
White Clinton (syn. of White Dutch), 298
White Gondouin (syn. of Gondouin White), 288
Wilmot's New White (syn. of Wilmot Large

White), 301
Wilmot's Red Grape (syn. of Victoria), 297

Currants, species and varieties listed in the London
Hort. Soc. Cat., 246; studies of, by the N. Y.
Agri. Exp. Sta., 250; table showing acreage,
yield, and value of, in the U. S., 251; ten kinds
mentioned by Mawe, 245; varieties offered for
sale by the Prince Nurseries in 1770, 249; where
first cultivated as garden plants, 244
Curtice Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 282
Curtis, B. O., var. orig. with, 435, 437, 511, 512
Custis, Thomas J., var. orig. by, 478, 550
Cut bush iS: Son, var. orig. by, 133
Cuthbert, Thomas, var. found by, 99
Cuthill, var. orig. by, 404
Cutleaved or Evergreen Blackberry, com. name of

R. laciniatus, 83
Cutter, B. F., var. found by, 424
Cutter, G. B., var. introd. by, 210
Cylactis, key to the species of, described, 26; sub-
genus of Rubus, 26
Dalibarda, key to the American species of, 26;

subgenus of Rubus, 26
Daniels Bros., var. found by, 305
Dann, var. orig. by, 109
Darwin, Charles, study of increase in the size of

gooseberries by, 317
Davis, George W., var. found by, 402, 457; var.

introd. by, 427
Davis, J. J., var. orig. with, 425
Davis, William, var. orig. by, 486
Davison, Mrs. Mercy, var. orig. by, 158
De Jonghe, var. orig. by, 475, 546
De Lamey, species found by, 375
De Lue, Dr. F. S., var. orig. by, 470, 549
De Vos, C, species orig. by, 31
Dell, var. orig. by, 175
Dew, H. F., var. orig. by, 427
Dewberries, breeding of, by Dr. Miner, recounted

by Joseph Harris, 194
commonly cultivated only in North America, 180
cultivated varieties of:

Aughinbaugh, 233

Aus-Lu, 233

Austin Thomless, 233

Bartel, 62, 233

Bauer, 234

Belle of Washington, 58, 234

Bonnett, 234

Champion, 234

Coleman, 234

Dallas, 64, 234

Delicious, 234

Fairfax, 234

Gardena, 61, 234

Geer, 235

General Grant, 62, 235

Golden Queen, 235

Guadeloupe, 235

Haupt, 235

Humboldt, 58, 235

Humbolt, 235

Laxtonberry, 235

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

577

Dewberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:

Loganberrj', 59, 236

Lucretia, 62, 236

Lucretia Sister, 61, 237

Mahdi, 84, 237

Manatee, 238

Mayes, 62, 238

Miner, 238

Monroe, 238

Mortgage Lifter, 239

Myer, 239

Ness, 239

Newberry, 239

Northey, 239

Noten, 239

Oregon Evergreen, 239

Phenomenal, 240

Premo, 62, 240

Primus, 241

Rogers, 241

San Jacinto, 65, 241

Skagit Chief, 58, 241

Sorsby, 64, 241

Tribble, 242

Washington Climbing. 58, 242

Wilson White, 242
Windom, 61, 242
Young, 242
Dewberries, domestication of, commenced by Dr.
Miner, 194; fruits of, compared with black-
berries, 193; key to the subgenus of, 55;
southern, 198; specific characters of, as opposed
to blackberries, 180
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:
A. & M. Berry (syn. of Ness), 239
Austin (syn. of Mayes), 238
Austin Improved (syn. of Mayes), 238
Bartel's Mammoth (syn. of Bartel), 233
Cook's Hardy (syn. of Windom), 242
Cut-Leaved (syn. of Oregon Evergreen), 239
Evergreen (syn. of Oregon Evergreen), 239
Laxlon (syn. of Laxtonberry), 235
Logan Blackberry (syn. of Loganberry), 236
Miner's Seedling (syn. of Miner), 238
Oregon Everbearing (syn. of Oregon Evergreen),

Parsley-Leaved (syn. of Oregon Evergreen), 239

Sorsby May (syn. of Sorsby), 241
table showing acreage, yield and value of, in the

U. S., 202 ; types of, from the Pacific slope, 199;

varieties of, given by L. H. Bailey as coming

from southern species, 198; western, 199
Dewberry, Bartel, first dewberry to become known,

196; history of, by L. H. Bailey, 196
Common, 61
Loganberr>', account of origin of, by Judge J. H.

Logan, 200; what it is, and where originated, 199
Lucretia, history of origin of, 197; a standard

commercial favorite, 197
White, 65

37

Diamond, A., var. introd. by, 518
Dickinson, O. D., var. orig. by, 325
Dixon, F. W., var. introd. by, 140
Dobbins, J. A., var. introd. by, 424
Dodge, N. E., var. orig. by, 210
Dole, J. G., var. orig. by, 428
Doolittle, H. H., propagation of black raspberries
by, 14, i.s; var. introd. by, 15, 158; var. orig. by,
161
Doolittle & Wright, var. introd. by, 175
Doman, J. F., var. found by, 547
Dorsey, ^L J., species collect, by, 52
Dow, George F., var. orig. with, 438
Downer, J. S., var. orig. by, 413, 429, 4/2
Downing, A. J., mention of currants by, 249
Downing, Charies, var. orig. by, 100, 328
Dreer, Henry A., var. introd. by, 100
Dual, Frank, var. orig. with, 430
Dubois, M. D., var. orig. with, 430
Duchesne, Antoine Nicolas, discoverer of differences

in sex in strawberries, 372
Duhring, Henry, var. orig. by, 100
Dunlop, W. W., var. import, by, 120
Dunnett, W. H., var. orig. by, 303
Durand, E. W., var. orig. by, 394, 396. 403, 412,

422, 431, 449, 452. 467. 477, 483, 502, 518, 523
Durkes, Adain, var. orig. by, 231
Durm, John W., var. orig. by, 165
Dutter, Jerr>% var. orig. by, 431
Dwarf Raspberry, com. name of R. pubescens, 28
Dwyer, T. J., var. introd. by, 500
Earhart, W. H., .var. found by, 159; var. orig. with,

480, 522
Eaton, A. V., var. found by, 434
Eaton, Ulysses, var. found by, loi
Eberlein, var. orig. with, 434
Edmondson, Thomas, var. orig. by, 454, 489
Edwards, B. M., var. orig. with, 435
Edwards, R. W., var. found by. 435; var. introd. by,

132
Ekey, E. H., var. orig. with, 435, 448, 452, 475
Ekstein Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 210
EUetson, J., var. introd. by, 323
Elliot, Wyman, var. orig. by, 324
Elliot & Redpath, var. introd. by, 324
Elliott, George W., var. orig. by, 116
Elliptici, series of Idaeobatus, 42
EUwanger & Barry, var. introd. by, 95, 145, 326,
334, 484, 546; var. orig. by, 447, 497, 502, 508, 534
Elwes, H. J., var. introd. by, 309
Empenger, F. J., var. orig. by, 122
Endicott, G. W., var. orig. by, 437
Engle, C. var. orig. by, 438, 493
Engle, H. M., var. introd. by, 341
Eppert, A. A., var. orig. by, 505
Ercanbrach, E. C, var. found by, 409
Etter, Albert F., seedlings sent out by, 438; var.
described by, 350; var. introd. by, 504; var. orig.
by, 396, 422, 426, 439, 441, 471. 472, 481, 510,
526, 527, 529, 546, 554
Eubatus, subgenus of Rubus, 54

578

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Eucoreosma, subgenus of Ribes, 266

European Gooseberry, com. name of G. reclinala, 279

Evans, G. R., var. orig. with, 439

Ewart, Mortimer, var. found by, 208

Ewell, Marshall F., var. orig. with, 439, 488

Fairman, J. L., var. orig. with, 531

FallstafE, var. orig. by, 132

Farmer, L. J., var. found by, 173; var. introd. by,

400, 510
Farmer Seed & Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 228
Farnsworth, W. W., var. introd. by, 160; var. orig.

by, 159, 441
Faulkner, A., var. found by, 119
Faulkner, J. W., var. orig. with, 528
Fay, Isaac, var. orig. by, 467
Fay, Lincoln, var. orig. by, 286, 287
Feast, Samuel, & Sons, var. orig. with, 442
Feicht, David, var. found by, 425
Fell, William, var. introd. by, 392
Felton, A. L., var. orig. by, 115
Felton, Oscar F., var. introd. by, 214, 416; var.

orig. by, 420, 429, 441, 479, 534
Felton, O. L., var. orig. by, 100, 137
Fendall, Charles E., var. orig. by, 441
Fetters, J. A., var. orig. with, 443
Filler, George, var. orig. by, 287
Finch, Lewis, var. orig. by, 442
Finney Bros., var. orig. with, 523
Fitzgerald Nurseries, var. found by, 212
Flagellares, 60

Fleming, F. A., var. orig. with, 442
Fletcher, S. W., opinion of, reganding the evolution

of the cultivated strawberry, 363
Floridi, 81

Flowering Raspberry, com. name of R. odoratus, 30
Foote, J. A., var. orig. by, 551
Ford, Frank, & Son, var. found by, 217; var. introd.

by, 152, 305
Forsyth, William, var. mentioned by, 353
Foss, E. R., var. found by, 555
Foster, Prof. Watson, var. introd. by, 147
Fragaria, key to the species described, 372; specific

description of, 372
Fragaria abnormis (syn. of F. vesca var. monophylla),

374
Fragaria alpina (syn. of F. vesca var. semperflorens) ,

375
Fragaria americana (syn. of F. vesca var. americana) ,

375

Fragaria breslingea (syn. of F. viridis), 377

Fragaria califoritica, 380

Fragaria campestris (syn. of F. viridis), 377

Fragaria canadensis (syn. of F. virginiana var. cana-
densis), 382

Fragaria cerinoalba (syn. of F. viridis), 377

Fragaria chiloensis, 361, 378

Fragaria chiloensis (syn. of F. californica) , 380

Fragaria collina (syn. of F. viridis), 377

Fragaria cvneifolia, 381

Fragaria efflageUis (syn. of F. vesca efflagellis), 374

Fragaria elatior (syn. of F. moschata), 376

Fragaria glabra fructo coccineo (syn. of F. virginiana),

381
Fragaria glauca (syn. of F. virginiana var, glatica),

382
Fragaria Grayana (syn. of F. virginiana var. grayana),

Fragaria illinoensis (syn. of F. virginiana var.

grayana), 382
Fragaria lucida (syn. of F. californica) , 380
Fragaria magna (syn. of F. moschata), 376
Fragaria monophylla (syn. of F. vesca var. mono-
phylla), 374
Fragaria moschata, 376; how distinguished from F.

vesca, 359; the Hautbois strawberry, 359
Fragaria platypetala, 381
Fragaria pratensis (syn. of F. moschata). 376
Fragaria reversa (syn. of F. moschata), 376
Fragaria semperflorens (syn. of F. vesca var. semper-
florens), 375
Fragaria sericea (syn. of F. californica), 380
Fragaria suecica (syn. of F. viridis), $jj
Fragaria sylvestris (syn. of F. vesca), 373
Fragaria vesca, 373; common European strawberry,

356

Fragaria vesca var. americana, 375

Fragaria vesca var. efflagellis, 374

Fragaria vesca var. monophylla, 374

Fragaria vesca var. semperflorens, 375

Fragaria vesca pratensis (syn. of F. moschata), 376

Fragaria vesca saliva (syn. of F. moschata), 376

Fragaria vesca semperflorens efflagellis, the Alpine
or everbearing strawberry of Europe, 359

Fragaria vesca silvestris (syn. of F. vesca), 373

Fragaria virginiana, 381; common strawberry in
North America, 360

Fragaria virginiana var. canadensis, 382

Fragaria virginiana var. glauca, 382

Fragaria virginiana var. grayana, 382

Fragaria virginiana illinoensis (syn. of F. virginiana
var. grayana), 382

Fragaria viridis, 377; cultivation in Europe as a
curiosity, 360

Fragaria vulgaris (syn. of F. vesca), 373

Fraisier des bois, com. name of F. vesca, 373

Freed, George, var. orig. by, 214

Freeman, W. C, var. orig. by, 155

Freeman, W. M., var. orig. with, 483

Freeny, A. F., var. orig. with, 446

French, Lewis, var. orig. by, 445

Freseman, A. A., var. orig. by, 161

Frondosi, 78

Fruticosi, 82

Fuller, Andrew S., descriptions of currants grown
in America by, 250; discussion of hybrid rasp-
berries by, 15; impetus given the raspberry in-
dustry, shown by, ic; life of, 10; var. import, by,
148, 150; var. orig. by, 407, 418, 423, 496

Fuller, George P., var. orig. by, 462

Fuller, J. B., var. orig. with, 445

Fulton, W. B., var. introd. by, 349

Furnas, R. W., var. found by, 153, 170

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

579

Gainiir, Jacob, var. found by, 215

Galccron, Mrs., var. orig. with, 445

Galloway Bros., var. introduced by, 161

Gandy, W. S., var. orig. by, 445, 522

Gardner, C. A., var. orig. with, 556

Gardner, C. F., var. orig. by, 404, 446, 447, 503, 516

Gardner Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 296

Garretson, Amos, var. introd. by, loi; var. orig.

with, 446
Garrison, J. T., & Son, var. introd. by, 480
Garrison, S. K., var. orig. with, 519
Gartier, var. orig. bjr, 89
Gaston, A. H., var. introd. by, 341
Gault, W. C., var. found by, 161
Gauthier, Louis, var. orig. by, 482
Geisler, Henry, var. introd. by, 176
Gerarde, John, first mention of currants by, 244
Gerbig, A. B., var. orig. by, 470
Gersandi, Henry, var. found by, 469
Gersonde, Henry, var. orig. with, 447
Gibson, J. H., var. orig. with, 447
Gill, John W., var. introd. by, 331
Gill Bros. Seed Co., var. introd. by, 290
Gillespie, Samuel, var. orig. with, 393, 448
Girton, L. H., var. found by, 514; var. orig. by,

138, 428, 507
Glauer, var. orig. with, 448
Gloede, Ferdinande, var. orig. bj', 500
Goegginger, Heinrich, var. orig. by, 287
Gohn, Nathaniel, var. orig. with, 495
Golden Currant, com. name of R. odoralum, 270
Golden Currants, com. name of Symphocalyx, 269
Golden Evergreen Raspberry, com. name of R.

ellipticus, 42
Goldsborough, Arthur T., var. orig. by, 329, 395,

450, 480, 510, 516, 523, 532, 544, 547
Goldsmith, G. E., var. found by, 214
Gondouin, var. orig. by, 288
Goodell, George, var. orig. by, 425
Goodell, Samuel, var. orig. by, 451
Goodwin, F. C, var. found by, 108
Gookin, Edmund, var. orig. with, 541
Gooseberries, account of, by John Parkinson, 313;

American, 318; changes in characters of, due to

hybridizing, 316; characters of, set forth by

Robert Hogg, 316; cultivated, the evolution of,

311-322
cultivated varieties of:

Alderman, 323

Alice, 323

Alma, 323

Antagonist, 323

Apex, 323

Apology, 323

Auburn, 323

Beauty, 323

Bendelon, 323

Bennet Eureka, 323

Berkeley, 323

Blucher, 324

British Queen, 324

Gooseberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Briton, 324
Broom Girl, 324
Bull Dog, 324
Bury Lane, 324
Candidate, 324
Careless, 324
Carman, 324
Carrie, 277, 324
Catherine, 325
Cedar Hill, 325
Champion, 325
Charles, 325
Chautauqua, 325
Cheerful, 326
Cheshire Lass, 326
Clayton, 326
Columbus, 326
Como, 326
Companion, 326
Copland, 327
Countess of Amsdale, 327
Cremore, 327
Criterion, 327
Crosby Seedling, 327
Crown Bob, 327
Crystal, 327
Cyprus, 327
Dan Mistake, 327
Deacon, 327
Diadem, 327
Dominion, 328
Downing, 277, 328
Drill, 328
Duck Wing, 328
Duke of Sutherland, 328
Duncan, 329
Duplication, 329
Duster, 329

Early Green Hairy, 329
Excellent, 329
Excelsior, 329
Faithful, 329
Falstaff, 329
Fascination, 329
Favonius, 329
Flixtonia, 330
Flora, 330
Forester, 330
Foxhunter, 330
Freedom, 330
Frontenac, 330
Galopin, 330
Garibaldi, 330
General, 330
George Ridley, 330
Gibb, 330
Gill, 331

Gipsy Queen, 331
Golborne, 331

58o

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gooseberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Golden Beauty, 331
Golden Drop, 331
Golden Prolific, 331
Governor, 331
Gracilla, 331
Great Rack, 331
Green Walnut, 331
Green Willow, 332
Greenock, 332
Gretna Green, 332
Harriet, 332
Hedgehog, 332
Helpmate, 332^
Hero of the Nile, 332
High Sheriff, 332
Highlander, 332
Hit or Miss, 332
Hobbs Seedling, 332
Hoenings Earliest, 333
Houghton, 278, 333
Hudson, 334
Hue-and-Cry, 334
Huntsman, 334
Industry, 334
Ironmonger, 335
Italy, 335
Jem Mace, 335
Jerry, 335
Jessie, 335
Jewett, 335
John Anderson, 335
John Hall, 335
Jolly Angler, 335
Jolly Sailor, 335
Josselyn, 276, 277, 335
Keen Seedling, 336
Keepsake, 336
King of Trumps, 337
Lady Houghton, 337
Lady Popham, 337
Lady Stanley, 337
Lancashire Lad, 337
Largo, 338
Late Emerald, 338
Lavinia, 338
Leader, 338
Leveller, 338
Leviathan, 338
Lion Provider, 338
Lizzard, 338
London, 338
Long Barney, 338
Lord Beaconsfield, 339
Lord Leigh, 339
Lord Rancliffe, 339
Lord Scarborough, 339
Lowton, 339
Mabel, 339
Major Hibbert, 339

Gooseberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Marlboro, 339
Mary Ann, 339
Matchless, 339
May Duke, 339
Miss Chester, 340
Mitchell, 340
Mitre, 340
Monarch, 340
Monument, 340
Mount Pleasant, 340
Mountain, 274, 340
Mrs. Bowcock, 341
Mrs. Whittaker, 341
Nailor, 341
Nancy, 341

Napoleon le Grand, 341
Nebraska Prolific, 341
Nebraska Seedling, 341
Newell, 341
Nottingham, 341
Orange, 341
Oregon, 277, 341
Oregon Jumbo, 342
Over All, 342
Overseer, 342
Pale Red, 277, 278, 342
Pearl, 277, 342
Peru, 342
Peto, 342
Pilot, 343
Plowboy, 343
Poorman, 277, 343
Poorman DeUght, 344
Portage, 344
Postman, 344
Premier, 344
President, 344
Pretender, 344
Pride of Michigan, 344
Priscilla, 345
Puyallup, 345
Queen Anne, 345
Queen of Trumps, 345
Queen of Whites, 345
Queen Victoria, 345
Ralph, 345
Red Champagne, 345
Red Jacket, 345
Red Robin, 345
Red Warrington, 346
Ricardo, 346
Richland, 346
Rideau, 346
Ringer, 347
Roaring Lion, 347
Roe, 347
Roesch, 347
Rough Red, 347
Rover, 347

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

581

Gooseberries — Continued

cultivated varieties of:
Rumbullion, 347
Runge, 347
Ruth, 347
Saunders, 347
Shiner, 348
Silvia, 348

Sir George Brown, 348
Slaughterman, 348
Smiling Beauty, 348
Smith, 277, 348
Smithers, 348
Snowball, 348
Snowdrop, 348
Speedwell, 348
Sportsman, 349
Stein, 349
Stella, 349
Stockwell, 349
Strubler, 349
Succeed, 349
Sulphur, 349
Sunset, 349
Sutherland, 349

Tally Ho, 349

Telegraph, 349

Thatcher, 350

Thomas Williams, 350

Thumper, 350

Tichborne, 350

Transparent, 350

Trebla, 350

Tree, 350

Triumph, 350

Trumpeter, 350

Try Me Oh, 350

Unity, 351

Utah, 351

Van Fleet, 277, 35I

Veteran, 351

Victoria, 351

Village Green, 351

Viper, 351

Visit, 351

Wakeful, 351

Watson, 351

Weathercock, 351

Wellington Glory, 352

Westerman Favorite, 352

White Eagle, 352

White Hare, 353

Whitesmith, 353

William Watson, 353

Wonderful, 354

Yaxley Hero, 354
Gooseberries, domestication of an American native,

311 ; early trial of English varieties in America,

318; European, 312; future of, in America, 322;

improvement of natives urged by Hovey, 320;

increase of size of, studied by Darwin, 317;

interest taken in the domestication of, 320;
kinds listed by Thomas Ma we, 315; modem
garden plants, 311; not attaining great popu-
larity in America, 322; not mentioned by the
Greeks and Romans, 31 1 ; not popular fruits in
America, 318; progress of domestication of, in
America, 319
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

American Seedling (syn. of Pale Red), 342
Aston's Red (syn. of Red Warrington), 346
Asian's Seedling (syn. of Red Warrington), 346
Belmont Green (syn. of Green Walnut), 331
Cayuga (syn. of Frontenac), 330
Champagne (syn. of Red Champagne), 345
Cluster (syn. of Pale Red), 342
Cook's While Eagle (syn. of White Eagle), 352
Dr. Van Fleet (syn. of Van Fleet), 351
Downing's Seedling (syn. of Downing), 328
Eagle (syn. of White Eagle), 352
Early Orange (syn. of Orange), 341
Engle's Yellow (syn. of Orange)? 341
Golden (syn. of Golden Prolific), 331
Green Cage (syn. of Early Green Hairy), 529
Green Gascoigne (syn. of Early Green Hairy),

329

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad (syn. of Lancashire

Lad), 337
Houghton's Seedling (syn. of Houghton), 333
Improved Early Hedgehog (syn. of Hedgehog),

332
Johnson's Green Willow (syn. of Green WiUow),

332
Lancashire Lass (syn. of Whitesmith), 353
Lewis Roesch (syn. of Roesch), 347
Nonpareil (syn. of Green Walnut), 331
Ohio Seedling (syn. of Pale Red), 342
Oregon Champion (syn. of Oregon), 341
Plough Boy (syn. of Plowboy), 343
Puyallup Mammoth (syn. of Puyallup), 345
Red Jacket (syn. of Josselyn), 334
Smith's Improved (syn. of Smith), 348
Smooth Green (syn. of Green Walnut), 331
Warrington (syn. of Red Warrington), 346
Watson Seedling Tree (syn. of Watson), 351
Wellington (syn. of Wellington Glory), 352
Whinham's Industry (syn. of Industry), 334
Woodward's Whitesmith (syn. of Whitesmith),

353
Gooseberries, use of, by John Parkinson, 313;

varieties described by John Rea, 315
Gooseberry, Downing, comments on origin of, by
Louis Berckmans, 321; origin of, 320; second
noteworthy American variety to be originated,
320
European, 279
Hawthorn-leaved, 278
Houghton, described by Hovey, 319
Missouri, 274
Northern, 276
Smooth, 276
Wild, 273

582

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Gordon, Sylvanus, var. introd. by, io8; var. orig.

by, 552

Goree, J.W., var. found by, 451

Gottwold, O. R., var. found by, 535

Gowing, J. D., var. orig. with, 427, 442, 533, 540

Grafe, Emil, var. orig. by, 428

Graham, C. W., var. introd. by, 226; var. orig. with,

386, 414, 451
Graham, H. W.. var. orig. by, 417
Granby, Charles L., var. orig. by, 517
Granville, var. found by, 443
Graton, Louis, var. found by, 172; var. introd. by,

506; var. orig. by, 482, 532
Graves, Daniel, var. found by, 225
Gray, A. G., var. introd. by, 165; var. orig. by,

136, 224, 452
Gray, W. M., var. orig. with, 507
Green, Charles A., var. introd. by, 119, 138, 146,

170, 215, 235, 285
Green, J. M., var. orig. by, 408
Green's Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 518, 529
Greenfield. Samuel, var. orig. by, 288
Grefe, A. H., var. found by, 131
Gregg, R. & P., var. found by, 163
Griesa, A. C, & Bro., var. introd. by, 102
Griesa, A. H., var. orig. by, 93, 166, 167, 492
Griggs, var. orig. by, 157
Grossman, J. C, var. orig. with, 487
Grossularia, key to the species of, 272; specific

description of, 27!
Grossularia cynosbati, 273
Grossularia cynosbati var. glabrata, 273
Grossularia cynosbati var. inermis, 273
Grossularia cynosbati var. villosa, 273
Grossularia divaricata, 275
Grossularia downingiana, 277
Grossularia hirtella, 276
Grossidaria hirtella var. calcicola, 277
Grossularia missouriensis, 274
Grossularia oxyacanth aides, 278
Grossularia reclinata, 278
Grossularia reclinata var. uva-crispa. 279
Grossularia rustica, 277
Grossularia utilis, 274
Grossularia uva-crispa (syn. of G. reclinata var.

uva-crispa), 279
Grossularia van-fleetiana, 274
Grossidaria vulgaris (syn. of G. reclinata), 279
Haight, J. H., var. orig. with, 454
Hale, J. H., var. introd. by, 152, 494; var. orig. by,

448
Hale Bros., var. introd. by, no, 140, 147, 155, 157,

159, 163, 175, 406, 544
Haley, E., var. found by, 215
Hall, J. W., var. orig. by, 454, 507
Hall, M. C, var. orig. with, 520
Hall, S. E., var. orig. by, 442
Hallock, Nicholas, var. orig. by, 482, 494
Hamblin, E. H., var. orig. with, 519
Hamilton, var. found by, 163
Hammer, August, var. orig. with, 454

Hanbach, T. M., var. introd. by, 489; var. orig. by,

454, 457
Hancock, P. B., var. introd. by, 387
Hann, George, var. found by, 413
Hannah, A. J., var. orig. by, 542
Hansell Bros., var. found by, 109
Hansen, Prof. N. E., var. found by, 87, 94, 98, 107,

178; var. orig. by, 105, 123, 127, 142, 143, 144, 149
Hardy, L. W., var. orig. with, 484
Harris, H. S., var. found by, 163
Harris, Joseph, dewberry breeding by Dr. Miner,

recounted by, 194
Harris, Z. H., var. introd. by, 107, 109
Harrison, J. G., & Sons, var. orig. with, 440
Hart, John, var. orig. with, 455
Hart, Reuben, var. orig. by, 388
Hartnell, var. orig. by, 455
Hartung, A. J., var. orig. by, 149
Hartweg, species collect, by, 46
Hatch Expt. Sta. (Mass.), var. orig. by, 455
Hathaway, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 401, 493, 519
Hathaway, D., var. orig. by, 455
Hathaway, Wick, var. orig. by, 463
Haupt, Col. W. W., var. found by, 235
Hausmann Bros., var. orig. by, 484
Haviland, B. H., var. orig. with, 456
Hawaian Giant Raspberry, com. name of R. mac-

raei, 35
Hawbaker, Levi, var. introd. by, 225
Hawkins, J. R., var. orig. by, 395
Hawthorn-leaved Gooseberry, com. name of C.

oxyacanlhoides, 278
Haymaker, A. O., var. found by, no
Haynes, J. H., var. orig. by, 329, 397, 471, 479, 481,

545
Haynes, J. W., var. orig. with, 464, 466
Henderson, Peter, var. introd. by, 531
Henry, Augustine, species introd. by, 41
Herbst, J. L., var. orig. by, 458, 539, 544
Heritage, J. E., var. orig. with, 458
Herron, Oral, var. orig. by, 520
Hersey, Samuel, var. orig. with, 458
Herstine, D. W., var. orig. by, loi, in, 139. 140
Hewitt, Clark, var. orig. with, 472
Higgs, Samuel, var. found by, 163
Hilbom, W. W., var. introd. by, no, 164
Hildreth, Isaac, var. introd. by, 1 1 1
Hildreth, Mrs. Isaac, var. orig. by, 508
Hill, O. A., var. found by, loi
Hill, S., var. orig. with, 453
Hinman, var. orig. with, 459
Hispidi, 66
Hitt, Thomas, four groups of raspberries named

by, 5
Hoag, Charles R., var. orig. by, 164, 216
Hobbs, C. M., & Sons, var. introd. by, 174
Hobbs, O. J., var. orig. by, 332
Hodges, J. C, var. orig. by, 544
Hoenings, Julius, var. orig. by, 333
Hoffman, H., var. orig. by, 459
Hofstadtler, A. F., var. orig. with, 508

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

583

Hogg, Robert, characters of gooseberries set forth
by, 316; varieties of red currants described by,

247
Holland, C. A., var. orig. with, 460
Holland, William, var. introd. by, 109
Holsinger, Frank, var. introd. by, 165
Holsinger Bros., var. introd. by, 155
Holt, Samuel, var. orig. by, 216
Hoogendyk, var. orig. by, 303
Hooker, C. G., var. orig. by, 292
Hooker, H. E., var. orig. by, 460
Horsey, J. C, var. orig. by, 460
Houghton, Abel, var. orig. by, 278, 333
House, A. H., var. orig. by, 344
Hovey. Charles M., description of the Houghton

gooseberry by, 319; improvement of the native

gooseberry urged by, 320; life of, 367; var. orig.

by, 405, 461
Hovey & Co., var. introd. by, 126
Howard, A. B., var. orig. by, 427, 461
Howard, A. J., var. orig. with, 433
Howard, G. W., var. orig. by, 462, 503, 534
Howard, Thomas B., var. orig. with, 527
Howell, S. S., var. orig. with, 462
Hoysradt, L. H., var. introd. by, 331
Hubach, Louis, var. orig. by, 387, 388, 390, 391, 399.

413. 433, 439, 440, 444, 462, 468, 482, 492, 495,

499, 509, 515, 542, 554
Hubbell, M. S., var. orig. by, 496
Huddleston, D., var. orig. by, 462
Huestis, Warren, var. orig. with, 398
Hughson, Edward, var. found by, 462
Hunn, C. E., var. orig. by, 463
Hunt, C. P., var. orig. by, 526
Hunt, M. R., var. orig. by, 521
Hunt, Thomas R., var. found by, 177; var. introd.

by, 389; var. orig. by, 463
Hunt, Thomas R., Jr., var. introd. by, 177
Hunt, William, var. orig. by, 547
Hunt, William H., Co., var. introd. by, 115
Hunt, William N., & Co., var. introd. by, 151, 410
Hunt & Foot, var. orig. by, 536
Huntley, H. D., var. orig. by, 463
Huntsman, G. W., var. orig. by, 389, 437, 473
Huntsman, Prof. T. W., var. orig. by, 113
Huntsman, W. A., var. orig. with, 463
Huriburt & Cross, var. introd. by, 344
Husmann, George, var. found by, 176
Hyde, James A., var. orig. by, 114
Idaei, series of Idaeobatus, 47
Idaeobatus, key to the series of, 33; subgenus of

Rubus, 32
Ind. Agri. Exp. Sta., var. orig. by, 525
Ingram, E. C, var. orig. with, 406
Ingram, J. A., var. orig. by, 448
Jackson & Perkins, var. introd. by, 217, 531
Jamin, J., var. orig. by, 549
Japanese Wineberry, com. name of R. phoenico-

lasius, 39
Jenny, var. orig. by, 467
Jerolaman, Henry, var. orig. by, 494

Jewell Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 291

Johnson, A. S., var. orig. with, 558

Johnson, E. W., & Co., var. introd. by, 436

Johnson, J. E., var. found by, 102

Johnson, Martin, var. found by, 440

Johnson, O. A., var. orig. by, 469, 486

Johnson, Robert, var. introd. by, 177; var. orig.

with, 469
Johnson, W. B. K., var. found by, 161 ; var. orig.

with, 479
Johnson, William H., var. orig. by, 513
Jolls, John F., var. orig. by, 124
Jones, A. N., var. orig. with, 478, 555
Jones, Adam, var. orig. with, 455, 469
Jopp, W. H., var. orig. with, 469
Joslyn, Leander, var. found by, 158
Josselyn, George S., var. introd. by, 286, 336
Joyce, Irwin, var. orig. with, 466
Kaiser, Mrs. Mabel, var. orig. with, 385
Katkamier, A. B., var. found by, 164, 449; var.

introd. by, 409; var. orig. by, 551
Katkamier, S. B., var. found by, 107
Keams, Grant, var. orig. with, 499
Keech, J., var. orig. with, 389, 446, 517
Keens, Michael, var. orig. by, 471
Kellogg, George J., var. orig. by, 167
Kellogg, R. M., Co., var. introd. by, 461, 472, 481,

489, 514, 529, 531
Kelly, Mrs. E. M., var. orig. with, 434
Kemp, John A., var. orig. by, 387
Kennedy, W. W., var. orig. with, 538
Kenoyer, F. L., var. found by, 218
Kenrick, William, description of the blackberry by,

181; first American pomological writer to recom-

ment blackberry culture in a fruit book, l8i; uses

of the blackberry by, 182
Kenyon, T. A., var. introd. by, 115
Kerr, J. W., var. orig. by, 464, 509
Kershaw, var. orig. with, 550 •
Kester, J. C, var. found by, 160
Kettle, J. J., var. introd. by, 118
Kevitt, T. C, var. introd. by, 441; var. orig. by,

386, 396, 409, 410, 425, 443, 444, 472, 491
Kilboume, F. M., var. orig. by, 507, 509
Kille, W. B., var. introd. by, 410
King, H. J., var. orig. with, 473
King, Henry, var. import, by, 132
King Bros. Nursery, var. introd. by, 436
Kirtland, Prof. J. T., var. orig. by, 554
Kleim, William, var. orig. by, 298
Kleinsteiber, G. F., var. found by, 178
Knight, Thomas Andrew, var. orig. by, 289, 429, 436
Koch, C. H., var. orig. by, 117, 150
Kohl, G. M., var. orig. by, 384
Kolyvard, John, var. orig. by, 463
Kramer, F. W., var. orig. by, 474
Kriebel, Daniel S., var. orig. by, 219
Krumei, Herman, var. found by, 155
Kruschke, J. D., var. orig. with, 493
Kuhns, J. E., var. foimd by, 486; var. orig. by, 406,

416

584

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Lamb, Mrs. D. H., var. orig. by, 416

Langley, Batty, mention of currants by, 245; three
kinds of raspberries named by, 4; Purple Rasp-
berry described by, 133

Lartey, var. orig. by, 398

Lawson, George, var. orig. with, 523

Lawton, WilUam, letter by, giving account of the
introduction of the Lawton blackberry, 184

Laxton, Thomas, var. orig. by, 419, 53°

Laxton Bros., var. introd. by, 230, 302; var. orig.
by, 90, 236, 504

Learned, Charles, var. orig. with, 530

Leavell, B. S., var. orig. with, 478

Lee, George, var. orig. by, 306

Lee, W. M., var. found by, 345

Leffel, A. D., var. orig. by, 173, 389

Lehman, S. J., var. orig. by, 478

Lermig, var. orig. by, 479

Lennox Nursery, var. introd. by, 215

Leonard, var. introd. by, 479

Lewis, Robert N., var. orig. with, 421, 457

Leyerle, Jake, var. orig. by, 118

Libis, L. J., var. introd. by, 426

Liepe, George H., var. orig. by, 207

Lightfoot, W. H., var. introd. by, 219

Lincoln, B. F., var. orig. with, 406

Lindley, Joseph B., var. orig. by, 118

Linnaeus, species of Rubus named by, i

Lippincott, James, Jr., var. introd. by, 490; var.
orig. with, 466

Little, James, seedlings raised by, 480; var. grown

by, 514
Little, John, var. orig. by, 167, 437, 534, 558
Little, Joseph, var. introd. by, 118
Locke, Otto, var. found by, 235
Logan, Judge J. H., account of origin of loganberry

by, 200; var. orig. by, 59, 60, 221
Lohr, D. S., var. introd. by, 343
London Horticultural Society, list of raspberries

published by, 6; status of raspberry culture in

1826 given by, 6
London Horticultural Society Catalog, species and

varieties of currants named in, 246
Longenecker, T. P., var. introd. by, 153
Longworth, Nicholas, history of Ohio Everbearing

raspberry by, 14; var. introd. by, 14; var. named

by, 12
Lonnen, R. P., var. found by, 282
Loomis, J. W., var. orig. by, 514
Lord, var. orig. with, 550
Lord, E. W., var. found by, 172
Losee, J. K., var. found by, 417
Loudon, Prank W., var. orig. by, 119, 131, 451, 468
Lovett, Captain Josiah, letter by, on the cultivation

of the blackberry, 183
Lovett, J. T., var. introd. by, 109, 114, 132, 134,

151, 168, 173, 176, 213, 217, 219, 220, 229, 286,

342, 344. 351, 397; var. orig. by, 390
Lovett, R. P., var. found by, 464; var. orig. with,

418
Lower, Byron, var. orig. with, 482

Lubke, Edward L., var. orig. by, 413

Lucas, Col., var. found by, 105

Lucas, J. L., var. orig. by, 430

Lum, H. F., var. introd. by, 116; var. orig. by, 168

Lunt, Charles, var. orig. with, 492

Lupton, M. D., var. orig. by, 483

Luther, August, var. orig. by, 483

Luther, R. D., var. found by, 220

Lyons, William, var. orig. by, 488

McAvoy, D., var. orig. with, 484

McCaEErey, John, var. orig. with, 417, 418

McConnell, H. L., & Son, var. orig. with. 452

McCracken, var. found by, 220

McCrimmon, J. D., var. orig. with, 535

McDowell, R. H., var. orig. with, 388

Mack, J. M., var. found by, 492; var. orig. by, 227,
228

McKinney, E. R., var. orig. by, 475

McMahon, Bernard, currants mentioned by, 249;
cultural directions for the cultivation of currants
given by, 249; discussion of varieties of red rasp-
berries by, 7; mention of Yellow Antwerp rasp-
berry by, 152

McMath Bros., var. orig. by, 385

McMillan, T. & S. B., var. orig. with, 417

Macomber, L. M., var. introd. by, 142; var. orig.
by, 86, 149

Madison, James, var. introd. by, 124

Magoon, W. J., var. orig. with, 485

Mallory, N. E., var. orig. by, 162

Mallory & Downs, var. introd. by, 126

Mandlin, Dr. S., var. orig. with, 438

Manwell, A. D.. var. orig. with, 486

Marshall, Sylvester, var. orig. with, 453

Martin, H. M., var. orig. with, 548

Marvin, D. S., var. found by, 290

Marvin, Harry, var. orig. by, 489

Maryland Agri. Exp. Sta., var. orig. by, 446, 474, 559

Mason, var. orig. by, 109

Matthews, F. E., var. orig. with, 490

Mawe, Thomas, list of kinds of gooseberries, given
by. 3151 ten currants mentioned by, 245

Mawe, Thomas, and Abcrcrombie, John, varieties of
raspberries described by, 5

Maxson, Dr. E. R., var. found by, 113

Maxwell, A. C, var. found by, 222

May, var. found by, 297

Mayes, John, var. found by, 238

Maynard, C. C, var. found by, 222

Mead, O. E., var. orig. with, 491

Mead, Peter B., var. orig. by, 491

Meek, James, var. orig. with, 492

Merceron, P. P., var. orig. with, 448

Merrells, Henry, var. found by, 226

Merryfield, var. orig. by, 109, 144

Mersereau, J. M., var. orig. by, 222

Metcalf, A. B., var. found by, 507

Meuli, Martin, var. found by, 210

Michel, George, var. orig. with, 493

Michel, T. G., var. orig. with, 391

Middleton, CM., var. orig. by, 480

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

585

Middleton, C. W., var. found by, 167

Miehl, Jacob, var. found by, 217

Miller, var. orig. by, 91, 122

Miller, Amos, var. orig. by, 423, 434, 450, 539

Miller, D. J., var. orig. by, 157, 170, 222, 444, 473,

494, 498, 501, 533, 549
Miller, George L., var. orig. with, 505
Miller, Isaac, var. found by, 169
Miller, J. B., var. orig. by, 524, 542
Miller, Samuel, var. found by, 411; var. introd. by,

156, 160, 161, 386, 489; var. orig. by, 102, 159,

424, 466, 500, 516
Millet, John W., var. orig. by, 130
Mills, Charles, var. orig. by, 169, 171
Mills, Z., var. orig. with, 450
Miner, var. orig. by, 238
Miner, Dr., domestication of dewberries started by,

194
Miner, T. B., var. orig. by, 494
Minn. Hort. Soc, var. introd. by, 242
Minn. State Fruit Breeding Farm, var. orig. by,

118, 122, 326, 414, 426, 430, 434, 494, 504
Missovui Currant, com. name of R. odoratum, 270
Missouri Gooseberry, com. name of G. missouriensis.

274
Mitchell, A. A., var. orig. by, 445
Mitchell, Rachel D.. var. orig. by. 174
Mitting, E. De Roo, var. orig. by, 121
Mohler, D. M., var. introd. by, i5o; var. orig. by,

169
Molka, com. name of R. chamaemorus, 25
Momm, Charles W., var. orig. by, 441, 526
Monroe, William H., var. orig. by, 420, 505
Moon, William H., var. introd. by, 134
Moore, J. B., var. orig. by, 398, 412, 459, 551
Moore, Jacob, var. orig. by, 285, 291, 294, 295
Moore, S. R., var. introd. by, 499
Moore, S. W., var. orig. with, 384
Moore Seed Co., var. introd. by, 415, 517
More, C. J., var. orig. by, 497
Morgan, J. A., var. found by, 426, 509, 531; var.

orig. by, 496, 497
Morley, Mrs. E., var. found by, no
Morris, J. H., var. orig. by, 482
Morris & Snow Seed Co., var. introd. by, 128
Morrison, J. P., var. orig. by, 123
Mote, L. S., var. orig. by, 123
Mount, Samuel, var. found by, 497
Mowry, T. B., var. found by, 123
Moyle, W. J., var. orig. with, 476, 484
Muhl, Jacob, var. orig. by, 173
Mullen, Matthew, var. orig. with. 479
Mumma, Z. T., var. orig. by, 388
Hunger, Timothy, var. orig. by, 170
Mimson, T. V., var. described by, 230; var. found

by, 174; var. introd. by, 213, 241, 512
Murrell, S. S., var. orig. by, 499
Myatt, var. orig. by, 407, 436
Myer & Son, var. found by, 499; var. introd. by,

92; var. orig. with, 404
Myers, T. J., var. orig. with, 429

Nation, C, var. introd. by, 416

Needham, J. S., var. introd. by, 223

Neff, J. C, var. introd. by, 211; var. orig. with, 413

Neff, William D., var. orig. with, 520

Negley, Gen., var. orig. by, 107, 162

Nehring, W. F., var. orig. by, 501

Nellis, J. H., var. found by, 501

Ness, H., seedlings sent out by, 239

Neuman, var. orig. by, 501

New Ulm Nurseries, var. introd. by, 86

New York Agri. Exp. Sta., hybrid raspberries raised
by, 17; opinion by workers at the, regarding
origin '.f cultivated strawberries, 364; studies of
the currant by, 250; var. orig. by, 94, 100, 114,
119, 120, 121, 127, 129, 141, 385, 387, 389, 390,
392, 393. 396, 404, 405, 485, 524, 525; work by,
in breedin,? strawberries, 364

New York State Fruit Testing Assn., var. introd.

by, 91, 125, 127, 129. 141, 396, 404
Newland, var. orig. with, 525
Newman, C. P., var. orig. by, 125
Newman, Jonas, var. found by, 223
Nicaise, Dr., var. orig. by, 428
Nichols, A. M., var. orig. with, 452
Nichols, G. W., var. orig. by, 503
Nickerson, John F., var. found by, 445; var. orig.

by, 472
Nigh, J. W., var. orig. by, 401, 503
Nimon, James, var. orig. by, 217, 427, 512
Noble Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 310
Noland, J. P., var. orig. by, 504
Norman, E. J., var. found by, 104; var. orig.

by, 213
Normand, var. orig. by, 224
North Jersey Nurseries, var. introd. by, 504
Northern Gooseberry, com. name of G. hirlella,

276
Northern Red Currant, com. name of R. rubrum,

260
Norton, Robert, var. found by, 113
Noten, Pierson, var. found by, 239
Occidentales, series of Idaeobatus, 43
Ogle, J. M., var. introd. by, 345
Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., var. orig. by, 454
Ohmer, N., var. introd. by, 223
Older, var. found by, 171
Ontario Hort. Exp. Sta., var. orig. by, 150
Orange, John B., var. found by, 204; var. orig. by,

209, 210, 211
Oregon Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 209
Oreobatus (syn. of Anoplobatus), 29
Oreobatus deliciosus (syn. of R. deliciosus), 32
Orewiler, Henry, var. orig. with, 509
Orientales, series of Idaeobatus, 39
Orobatus, subgenus of Rubus, 29
Ossman, F. L., var. orig. by, 458
Otis, L. S., var. orig. by, 499
Overman, E., var. found by, 402
Paddock, Louis, var. found by, 151
Page, Prof. C. G., var. orig. by, 231
Pain, J. A., var. orig. by, 389

586

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Palmatier, Nathaniel, var. found by, ii i

Palmer, F. R., var. introd. by, 165; var. orig.

by, 172
Palmer, L S., var. orig. by, 508, 511
Palmer, William, var. orig. by, 534
Parcell, G. A., var. orig. by, 436, 511
Parker, J., var. orig. by, 233
Parker, Lucius, var. orig. by, 512
Parkinson. John, account of gooseberries by, 313;

pomological orchard and garden of, 2-4
Parks, J. W., var. orig. by, 414
Parmalee, William, var. orig. with, 422
Pamell, var. introd. by, 88; var. orig. by, 130
Parry, William, var. introd. by, 122, 132, 486;

var. orig. by, 130, 213, 232, 404, 480, 512
Parsons, James H., var. orig. by, 481
Parsons, R. G., var. orig. with, 513, 558
Peabody, Chas. A., var. orig. by, 447, 514
Peak, Ellwood, var. orig. with, 514
Pease, J. H., & Son. var. introd. by, 531
Peck, Charles H.. species named by, 16
Peck, H. J., var. orig. with, 511
Peck, J. R., var. orig. by, 413, 457, 49°
Peckham, W. U., var. found by, 514
Pedrick, Elwood, var. orig. with, 450
Peffer, George P., var. introd. by, 230
Pennell; John W., var. orig. by, 515
Pennock, Charles E., var. orig. by, 172
Penwill, var. found by, 130
Perkins, John, var. found by, 204
Perkins, S. G., var. introd. by, 106
Perry, George. & Sons, var. orig. by. 516
Perry, John W., var. orig. by, 174
Perry, William, var. orig. by, 488
Petzold, var. found by, 295
Pfaender, William, var. orig. by, 482
Phillips, Henry, purposes for which currants were

grown one hundred years ago, given by, 246
Phillips, W. H., var. orig. by, 517
Pierce, Joshua, var. introd. by, 94
Pierce, L. B., var. orig. by, 213
Piers, F. L., var. found by, 159; var. orig. with, 458
Pierson, A. W., var. orig. with, 517
Pioneer Nursery Co.. var. introd. by, 482
Piper, D. J., var. orig. by, 452, 518
Pliny, early writer to record wild raspberries, 2
Popenoe, Wilson, species introd. by, 46
Porter, var. orig. with, 520
Poscharsky, P. W., & Son, var. orig. with, 523
Potter, D. L., var. found by, 392
Powell, E. P., var. orig. by, 218, 287, 291
Pratt, Charles S., var. introd. by, 425, 427, 442, 453,

488, 533; var. orig. with, 542
Prettyman, Dr. P., var. orig. by, 342
Price, Caleb, var. orig. with, 521
Prince, William, account by, of red raspberries in

America, 8; list of red raspberries for sale by, in

177I1 7; list of strawberries offered for sale by,

in 1771,. 366; mention of currants by, 249; var.

import, by, 98, 100, 105, 130; var. orig. by, 133,

389, 390, 407, 421, 423, 427, 435, 497

Prince, William Robert, detailed account by, of
raspberries grown in the U. S., 8; eight Old World
varieties of red raspberries mentioned by, 9;
purple-cane raspberries mentioned by, 15; var.
described by, 9; var. import, by, 87; var. introd.
by, 293, 470; var. orig. by, 385, 475, 476, 478,
480, 483, 500, 513, 516, 522, 523, 524, 525, 548,

552, 553
Prince Nurseries, varieties of ciirrants offered for

sale by, in 1770, 249
Pringle, C. G., species collect, by, 63
Printz, Arthur B., var. introd. by, 385
Prosser, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 92, 475
Prouty, K., var. orig. by, 525
Pungentes, series of Idaeobatus, 38
Purdy, A. M., var. found by, 119; var. introd. by,

98, 219, 471
Purdy & Johnson, var. introd. by, 174
Purple Raspberries, 54

Pyne, George, var. orig. by, 97, 99, 129, 136, 138
Quillen, Charles, var. orig. by, 174
Quimby, S. L., var. introd. by, 97
Racster, John, var. introd. by. 397
Ramsey, F. T., var. found by, 241; var. introd. by,

210
Ramsey, F. T., & Son, var. introd. by, 241
Rankin, Dr. W. H., fungous wilt of raspberries
described by, 22; leaf-curl and streak diseases of
raspberries described by, 21; methods of com-
bating mosaic disease given by, 21; mosaic
disease of raspberries described by, 20
Rapp, W., var. orig. with, 528
Raspberries, black, i

commercial regions where grown. 20
common name of Rubus occidentalis, 43
cultivated varieties of:
Ada, 153

Adams Black Perfection, 153
Ak-Sar-Ben, 153
Alaska, 153
American Black, 153
American Everbearing, 153
American White, 153
Arctic, 154
Babbit, 154
Beebe, 154
Belle, 154
Belmont, 154
Beyer, 154
Bishop, 154
Black Pearl, 154
Bonanza, 155
Bronze Queen, 155
Burkhart, 155
Bums, 155
Calyx, 155
Canada, 155
Carman, 155
Centennial, 156
Champion, 156
Chapman, 156

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

587

Raspberries, black — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Chesterfield, 156
Clark. 156
Coloma, 156
Conrath. 156
Corinth, 156
Cottier Everbearing, 156
Crawford, 156
Cream, 157
Cromwell, 157
Cumberland, 157
Daily Bearing, 157
Davis, 157
Davison, 157
Diamond, 158
Doolittle, 158
Doomore, 159
Duncan, 159
Earhart, 159
Early Prolific, 159
Ebon Beauty, 159
Edmunds. 159
Elsie, 159
Emperor, 160
Eureka, 160
Everbearing (I). 160
Everbearing (II), 160
Everlasting, 160
Everj'day, 160
Fadely, 160
Fairmount. 160
Fancy, 160
Famsworth, l5o
Fay, 161
Femdale, 161
Florence, 161
Freseman, 161
Galloway, 161

Garden, 161

Gardiner, 161

Gault, 161

General Negley. 162

Giant, 162

Gibraltar, 162

Gold Dollar, 162

Golden Cap, 162

Golden Thomless, 162

Green, 162

Gregg. 162

Hale, Early, 163

Hamilton, 163

Hannibal, 163

Hanover Pink, 163

Harrison, 163

Haskell Yellow, 164

Hawkeye, 164

Hawkins Orange, 164

Hilbom, 164

Hixon, 164

Hoag, 164

Raspberries, black — ■ Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Honeysweet, 164
Hoosier, 165
Hoosier Mammoth, 165
Hopkins, 165
Idaho, 165
Ideal, i6,s
Indiana, 165
Ironclad, 166
Johnson Sweet, 166
Kansas, 166
Kellogg, 167
Kerr White, 167
Kimball, 167
King of the Cliffs, 167
Kumri, 167
Lawrence, 167
Leffcl, 167
Lindsey, 167
Little, 167
Livingston, 167
Lotta, 168
Lovett, 168
Lum Everbearing, 168
McCormick, 168
Mammoth, 168
Manwaring, 168
May King, 168
Miami, 169
Midwest, 169
Miller Daily, 169
Mills, 169
Mills No. I, 169
Minnesota, 169
Missouri, 169
Mohler, 169
Moody, 169
Mulatto, 170

Munger, 170

Munson Everbearing, 1 70

Mystery, 170

Nemaha, 170

New American, 170

New Haven, 170

Norfolk, 170

Northfield, 170

Ohio, 171

Ohio Everbearing, 171

Older, 171

Onondaga, 171

Ontario, 172

Oregon, 172

Othello, 172

Ozark, 172

Palmer, 172

Pennock, 172

Perpetual King, 172

Phoenix, 172

Pioneer, 172

Plum Farmer. 173

588

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Raspberries, black — Continued
cultivated varieties of:

Prairie Queen, 173

Pride of Ohio, 173

Pride of the West, 173

Queen of the West, 173

Quillen, 174

Rachel, 174

Ransom Everbearing, 174

Rex, 174

Rowena, 174

Rundell, 174

Sam Stewart, 174

Saunders No. 60, 174

Savanna, 174

Scarff, 174

Seneca, 175

Smith, 175

Smith Giant, 175

Smith (I), 175

Smith (ID, 175

Smith Prolific, 175

Souhegan, 175

Spanish, 176

Springfield, 176

Spry Early, 176

Stone Fort, 176

Success, 176

Summit, 176

Surprise, 176

Surrey, 176

Sweet Golden, 177

Sweet Home, 177

Thompson Sweet, 177

Townsend No, 2, 177

Tye, 177

Tyler, 177

Uncle Tom, 177

Virginia, 177

Wade, 178

Wallace, 178

Watson Prolific, 178

Wellesley, 178

Westchester, 178

Wilmot, 178

Windom, 178

Winfield, 178

Winona, 179

Wonder, 179

Woodside, 179

Yellow Pearl, 179

Yosemite, 179
Raspberries, black:

domesticiation of, but commenced, 1 1 ; domestica-
tion of, enhanced by improved methods of

propagation, 14; start made in domestication

of, 14
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

Acme (syn. of Palmer), 172

American Black (syn. of Doolittle), 158

American Improved (syn. of Doolittle), 158

Raspberries, black — Continued

s>Tionyms of cultivated varieties of:
Beebe Golden (syn, of Beebe), 154
Beinor (syn. of Pioneer), 172
Black Diamond (syn. of Diamond), 158
Brackett No. 101 (syn. of Lotta), 168
Butler (syn. of Cromwell), 157
Davison Thornless (syn. of Davison), 157
Earharl Everbearing (syn. of Earhart), 159
Extra Late (syn. of Hannibal), 163
Fay Thornless (syn. of Fay), 161
Griggs Daily Bearing (syn. of Daily Bearing),

157
Harkness (syn. of Hoag), 164
Jackson's May King (syn. of May King), 168
Joslyn (syn. of Doolittle), 158
Kentucky (syn. of Duncan), 159
Key's Prolific (syn. of Johnson Sweet), 166
Lovelt's Early (syn. of Lovett), 168
Ulammoth Cluster (syn, of McCormick), 168
Manwaring No. I (syn, of Manwaring), 168
Mills No. 7 (syn, of Onondaga), 171
Mills No. IS (syn. of Mills), 169
Progress (syn, of Pioneer), 172
Sinton (syn, of Davison), 157
Smith Ironclad (syn. of Smith), 175
Stahelin (syn. of Rowena), 174
Waters' Success (syn. of Success), 176
White Cap (syn, of American White), 153
black, where found wild, 1 1
cultivated:

date of first record of, 2; first record of, by
Turner, 2 ; four groups of, I ; four groups of,
named by Thomas Hitt, 5; running-out of,
20-22; table showing acreage, yield, and
value of, in the U. S., 18
group name of Idaeobatus, 32
hybrid, 15-18; commercial region where grown, 20
magnitude of the culture of, 18
purple, 54
purple-cane, I, 15
red, I

account of, in America by William Prince, 8;
commercial regions where grown, 20; com-
mon name of Rubus idaeus, 47; derivation of,
1 ; discussion of varieties of, by Bernard
McMahon, 7; eight Old World kinds
mentioned by W, R, Prince, 9; first native
raspberry to attain prominence. Common
Red, g; first pure-bred native red Rubus
to be domesticated, Canada Red, 9; history
of, in America, 7-1 1 ; history of, in Europe,
1-6; list of kinds for sale by William Prince
in 1 77 1, 7; parentage of Van Fleet, 40, 41
red and hybrid:

cultivated varieties of:
Abundance, 86
Addison, 86
Alexandra, 86
All Seasons, 86
All Summer, 86

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

589

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid:

cultivated varieties of:
Allen, 86

Allen Red Prolific, 87
Allsmeyer, 87
Alpine, 87

Amelior^e Congy, 87
American Red, 87
Areola, 87
Arnold Orange, 87
Arnold Red, 87
August Black, 88
Autumn Black, 88
Babcock, 88
Bagley Perpetual, 88
Baker, 88
Bamet, 88
Barter, 88

Bateman Early Red, 8i
Bath Perfection, 89
Baumforth I, 89
Baumforth II, 89
Baumforth III, 89
Beckner, 89
Beckwith, 89
Beehive, 89
Beehive Improved, 89
Belle de Fontenay, 89
Belle de Palluau, 90
Berkeley, 90
Biggar, 90
Black Antwerp, 90
Black Hills, 90
Blair, 90
Brady, 90
Bountiful, 90
Boyle, 91
Bradley, 91
Brandy wine, 91
Brant, 91

Brentford Cane, 91
Brentford Red, 91
Brighton, 91
Brilliant, 92
Bristol, 92
Buckeye, 92
Burlington, 92
Burns, 92
Canada Red, 92
Canadian Red, 92
Cardinal, 93
Carleton, 93
Caroline, 93
Carter Prolific, 93
Cassel, 94
Catawissa, 94
Cavalier, 94
Cayuga, 94
Champion, 95
Champlain, 95

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid:
cultivated varieties of:
Charles the Bold, 95
Chilische, 95
Christine, 95
Citizen, 95
Clarke, 95
Cline, 95
Cluster, 95
Cole Prolific, 95
Coleman, 96
Colonel Wilder, 96
Colossal, 96
Columbian, 96
Common Red, 97
Condor, 97
Cook, 97
Cope, 97
Count, 97
Coutant, 97
Craig, 97
Cretan Red, 98
Crimson Beauty, 98
Crimson Cluster, 98
Crookston, 98
Cushing, 98
Cuthbert, 98
Deacon, 99
Delaware, 99
Devon, 99
Diadem, 99
Dictator, 100
Donboro, 100
Dora, 100

Double Bearing, 100
Downing, 100
Duhring, 100
Duncan, 100
Dyack Seedling, 100
Early Prolific, 100
Eastern King, loi
Eaton, loi
Elizabeth, loi
EUisdale, 102
Elm City, 102
Elsie, 102
Emily, 102
Emmett, 102
Empire, 102
English Black, 103
English Giant, 103
English Globe, 103
English Red Cane, 103
Erie, 103

Erskine Park, 103
Eureka, 104
Everbearing, 104
Everbearing Feldbrunnen, 104
Excelsior, 104
FastolfT, 104

590

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid:
cultivated varieties of:
Fastolff Improved, 105
Fewthorn, 105
Fillbasket, 105
Flesh Colored, 105
Four Seasons Red, 105
Four Seasons Yellow, 106
Framboise Americaine, 106
Franconia, 106
French, 106

French Everbearing, 106
Fullerton, 107
Fullmer Colorado, 107
Fulton, 107
Ganargua, 107
Garnet, 107
General Negley, 107
General Patterson, 107
Genesee, 107
Gold, 107

Golden Alaska, 107
Golden Cluster, 107
Golden Drop, 108
Golden Queen, 108
Goliath, 108
Goodwin, 108
Gordon, 108
Grant, 109
Grape, 109
Grapevine, 109
Great American, 109
Guinea, 109
Hailsham, 109
Hampton, 109
Hansen, 109
Harris, 109
Haymaker, no
Heebner, 1 10
Helston, no
Henrietta, no
Henry, no
Herbert, no
Herstine, in
Highland Hardy, 1 1 1
Hildreth, ni
Hillside Favorite, 112
Hiram, 112
Hornet (I), 112
Hornet (H), n2
Hudson River Antwerp, 112
Hudson River Red, n3
Huntsman Giant, 113
Hybrid Crimson Mammoth, 113
Hyde, n3
L X. L., n3
Idaho, 113
Imperial, 113
Imperial Red, 113
Imperial White, 114

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid:
cultivated varieties of:
Iowa, 114
Jewell, 114
Johnson, n4
Jouet, U4
Jumbo, 114

Jumbo (of Canada), 114
June, n4
Kathrine, n5
Keighley Queen, 115
Kenyon, 115
Kevitt Hybrid, ns
Keystone, 1 1 5
King, ns

King of the Market, 116
Kirriemuir Fillbasket, 1 16
Kirtland, 116
Knevelt Giant, n6
Koch, 117
Kreigh, n7
La France, 1 17
Lady Anne, 1 1 7
Large Fruited Monthly, n7
Large White, 117
Latham, 117
Leyerle, 118
Lindley, n8
Little Prolific, n8
Lloyd George, 118
Longworth, 119
Lord Beaconsfield, 119
Lome, n9
Lost Rubies, ng
Louboro, 119
Loudon, 119
Louis Bonne, 120
Magnum Bonum, 120
Manitou, 120
Marlative, 120
Marlboro, 120
Marldon, 121
Mary, 121
Mary Lewis, 121
Mendocino, 121
Meredith, 121
Merkel, 122
Michigan, 122
Mildred, 122
Miller, 122

Miimesota No. i, 122
Minnetonka, 122
Mitchell, 122
Montclair, 123
Moonbeam, 123
Morrison, 123
Mote Everbearing, 123
MowTy, 123
Mrs. Ingersoll, 123
Mrs. Wilder, 123

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

591

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid:

cultivated varieties of:
Mrs. Wood, 123
Muriel, 124
Muskberry, 124
Muskingum, 124
Naomi, 124
Narragansett, 124
Nature, 124
Nelson, 124
N,ew Rochclle, 125
Newman, 125
Newman No. 20, 125
Niagara, 126
North Ward, 126
Norwalk, 126
Norwich Wonder, 126
Norwood, 126
Nottingham Scarlet, 126
November Abundance, 126
October Giant, 127
Ohta, 127
Olathe, 127
Ontario, 127
Orange, 128
Orange d'Automne, 128
Oronoco, 128
Osceola, 128
Owasco, 128
Panhandle, 129
Papier, 129
Paradise Berry, 129
Park Lane, 129
Pamell, 130
Parry No. I, 130
Parry No. 2, 130
Pearl, 130
Peerless, 130
Pennsylvanian, 130
Penwill Champion, 130
Percy, 131
Perfection, 131

Perfection (of New York), 131
Perpetuelle de Billiard, 131
Perry Golden, 131
Philadelphia, 131
Phoenix, 132
Pilate, 132
Pomona, 132
Pride of Geneva, 132
Pride of Kent, 132
Pride of the Hudson, 132
Prince Globose, 133
Price of Wales, 133
Princess Alice, 133
Prior Prolific, 133
Profusion, 133
Purple Cane, 133
Purple Raspberry, 133
Queen, 133

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid :
cultivated varieties of:
Ralph, 134
Rancocas, 134
Ranere, 134
Rapid City, 134
Reader Perfection, 134
Red Alpine, 135
Red Antwerp, 135
Red Cane, 135
Red Cluster, 136
Red Cross, 136
Red Diamond, 136
Red Jacket, 136
Red Magnum Bonum, 136
Red Peari, 136
Red Queen, 136
Red Rose, 136
Red Sweet, 136
Redfield, 137
Reeder, 137
Reliance, 137
Rex, 137
Ridgeway, 137
Riehl Perpetual, 137
Riley Early, 137
Rivers Orange, 137
Rochester, 138
Round Antwerp, 138
Royal, 138
Royal Church, 138
Royal Purple, 138
Ruby, 139

Ruby (of New York), 139
Russell, 139
Salzer Everbearing, 139
Saint Louis, 139
Sarah, 139
Saskatoon, 140
Saunders, 140
Saunders (of Ontario), 140
Scarlet Gem, 140
Segrist, 140
Semper Fidelis, 140
Seneca, 140
Serridge House, 141
Shaffer, 141
Sharpe, 142
Shinn, 142
Shipper Pride, 142
Short-jointed Cane, 142
Silver Queen, 142
Sioux, 142
Sir John, 142
Smith Purple, 142
Smooth Cane, 142
Souchetti, 142
Southern, 143

Souvenir de Desire Bruneau, 143
Spineless, 143

592

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Raspberries — Continued
red and hybrid:
cultivated varieties of:
Starlight, 143
Stay man No. i, 143
Steel Victoria, 143
Stoever, 143

Storrie Excelsior Perpetual, 144
Sucr^e de Metz, 144
Sugar Hybrid, 144
Sunbeam, 144
Superb, 144
Superlative, 144
Superlative Improved, 145
Surpasse Fastolff, 145
Surpasse Merveille, 145
Surprise, 145
Surprise (of Breese), 145
Surprise (of California), 145
Surprise d'Automne, 146
Sweet Yellow Antwerp, 146
Syracuse, 146
Talbot, 146
Talcott, 147
Tall Red Cane, 147
Teletaugh, 147
Thompson, 147
Thompson Early Pride, 147
Thomber, 147
Thunderer, 147
Thwack, 147
Todd Perfection, 147
Trusty, 148

Turcks Neue Rothe, 148
Turner, 148

Twentieth Century, 148
Twice Bearing, 149
Twilight, 149
Van Fleet, 149
Vermont, 149
Victoria, 149
Victory, 149
Viking, 150

Viking (of Ontario), 150
Virginia Red, 150
Vorster, 150
Wagner, 150
Walker, 150
Wallace, 150
Walton, 150
Wauregan, 151
Welsh, 151
Wetherbee, 151
White Magnum Bonum, 151
White Mountain, 151
White Queen, 151
Williams, 151
Wilmot, 151
Winant, 152
Woodward, 152
Worthy, 152

89

89

Antwerp),

Raspberries — Contimied
red and hybrid:
cultivated varieties of:

Yellow Antwerp, 152

Yellow Canada, 152

Yellow Chili, 152

Zetler, 152
Raspberries, red and hybrid:

synonyms of cultivated varieties of:
Abundance (syn. of Bath Perfection),
Allen Antwerp (syn. of Allen), 86
Alton (syn. of Eaton), loi
Amazon (syn. of Belle de Fontenay),
Antwerp (syn. of Hudson River

112
Arnold's No. 2 (syn. of Arnold Red), 87
Arnold's No. 3 (syn. of Arnold Orange), 87
.Arnold's Yellow (syn. of Yellow Canada), 152
Bagley's Everbearing (syn. of Bagley Perpetual),

88
Baumforth's Seedling (syn. of Baumforth I), 89
Blanche Souchet (syn. of Souchetti), 142
Brinkles Orange (syn. of Orange), 128
Churchman Superb (syn. of Superb), 144
Cincinnati Red (syn. of Kirtland) 116
Crystal While (syn. of Crystal), 98
Cutbush's Prince of Wales (syn. of Prince of

Wales), 133
Early King (syn. of King), 115
Early Pride (syn. of Thompson Early Pride),

147

English Red Cane (syn. of Allen), 86

False Red .Antwerp (syn. of Allen), 86

Filby (syn. of Fastolff), 104

Flaming Giant (syn. of Ohta), 127

Fontenay (syn. of Belle de Fontenay), 89

Gladstone (syn. of Erie), 103

Goliath (syn. of Hyde), 113

Griesa (syn. of Cardinal), 93

Grosse Blanche (syn. of Large White), 117

Iowa (syn. of Eaton), loi

Jumbo (syn. of Hyde), 113

Large Red (syn. of Bamet), 88

Late Bearing Antwerp (syn. of Red Antwerp),

135
Marvel of the Four Seasons (syn. of Four

Seasons Red), 105
Meredith Queen (syn. of Meredith), 121
Merveille des Quatre Saisons (syn. of Four

Seasons Red), 105
Merveille des Quatre Saisons (syn. of Four

Seasons Yellow), 106
Merveille Rouge (syn. of Four Seasons Red), 105
Michigan Early (syn. of Michigan), 122
Miller Early (syn. of Miller), 122
Miller Red (syn. of Miller), 122
Miller's Woodland (syn. of Miller), 122
Minnesota No. 4 (syn. of Latham), 117
New Fastolff (syn. of Surpasse Fastolff), 145
New Red Antwerp (syn. of Hudson River

Antwerp), 112

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

593

Raspberries, red and hybrid — Continued
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

North River Antwerp (syn. of Hudson River
Antwerp), 112

Northumberland Fillbasket (syn. of Fillbasket),
105

Norwood Prolific (syn. of Norwood), 126

October Red (syn. of Four Seasons Red), 105

October Yellow (syn. of Four Seasons Yellow),
106

Palluau (syn. of Belle de Palluau), 90

Perfection (sjti. of Marlboro), 120

President Cope (syn. of Cope), 97

President Walker (syn. of Walker), 150

Prosser (syn. of Burlington), 92

Pyne's Royal (syn. of Royal), 138

Queen of the Market (syn. of Cuthbert), 98

Quimhy Favorite (syn. of Cuthbert), 98

Red Thornless (syn. of Turner), 148

Redpath (syn. of Latham), 117

Rivers' New Monthly (syn. of Large Fruited

Monthly), 117
Rivers Yellow (syn. of Rivers Orange), 137
St. Regis (s3'n. of Ranere), 134
Scarlet (syn. of Allen), 86
Shaffer Colossal (syn. of Shaffer). 141
Southern Red Thornless (syn. of Turner), 148
Southern Seedling (syn. of Turner). 148
Stayman No. 5 (syn. of Olathe), 127
Susqueco (syn. of Brandy wine), 91
Thompson Early (syn. of Thompson), 147
Thompson Early Prolific (syn. of Thompson),

147
Thompson King (syn. of King), 115
Van Turocks New (syn. of Tiircks Neue Rothe),

148
Vice-President French (syn. of French), 106
White Antwerp (syn. of Yellow Antwerp), 152
White Canada (syn. of Yellow Canada), 152
White Transparent (sjm. of Souchetti), 142
Wilmington (syn. of Brandy wine), 91
Yellow Magnum Bonum {sya. of White Magnum

Bonum), 151
Yellow Superlative (syn. of Guinea), 109
Raspberry, American black, history of, 11-15
Arctic, 27
Dwarf, 28
Flowering, 30
Golden Evergreen, 42
Hawaian Giant. 35

Ohio Everbearing, first named black raspberry, 12
Rocky Mountain Flowering, 32
Strawberry, 36
Rathbun. L. G., & Son. var. introd. by, 226
Ray, F. L., var. introd. by, 556
Rea, John, currants mentioned by, 245; discussion
of small fruits by, 4; gooseberries described by,

315
Read, W. H., var. orig. with, 450
Reasoner, J. R., var. orig. by, 428, 431
Reasoner Bros., var. introd. by, 238
38

Red Currant, com. name of R. sativum, 258

Red Raspberry, com. name of R. idaeus, 47

Reeder, var. found by, 137

Reimers, var. orig. by, 84

Ribes, key to the subgenera of, 255; specific

description of, 255
Ribes acerifolium (syn. of R. houghtonianum) , 259
Ribes acerifolium (syn. of R. sativum var. macro-

carpum), 258
Ribes altissimum (syn. of R. petraeum var. altissi-

mum), 264
Ribes americanum, 268
Ribes americanum var. intermedium, 269
Ribes americanum nigrum (syn. of R. americanum),

268
Ribes atropurpureum (syn. of R. petraeum var. atro-

purpureum). 264
Ribes atropurpureum (syn. of R. petraeum var.

litwinowii) , 264
Ribes auct (syn. of Grossularia), 271
Ribes aureum, 271

Ribes aureum (syn. of R. odoratum), 270
Ribes aureum var. chrysococcum, 271
Ribes aureum fructu rubra (syn. of R. odoratum var.

intermedium), 271
Ribes aureum ginkoefolium (syn. of R. odoratum), 270
Ribes aureum grandifolium f. revolutum (syn. of R.

odoratum), 270
Ribes aureum intermedium (syn. of R. odoratum var.

intermedium), 271
Ribes aureum tenuiflorum (s^'n. of R. aureum), 271
Ribes Biebersteinii (syn. of R. petraeum var. cau-

casicum), 264
Ribes bullatum (syn. of R. petraeum), 263
Ribes campanulatum (syn. of R. americanum) , 268
Ribes carpathicum (syn. of R. petraeum forma

carpathica) , 263
Ribes caucasicum (syn. of R. petraeum var. cau-

casicum), 264
Ribes caucasicum (syn. of C. reclinata), 279
Ribes cynosbati (syn. of G. cynosbati), 273
Ribes divaricatum (syn. of G. divaricata), 275
Ribes domesticum (syn. of R. sativum), 258
Ribes flavum (syn. of R. aureum), 271
Ribes floridum (syn. of R. americanum), 268
Ribes floridum grandiflorum (syn. of R. americanum),

268
Ribes floridum parviflorum (syn. of R. americanum),

268
Ribes fragrans (syn. of R. odoratum), 270
Ribes futurum, 260

Ribes gracile (syn. of G. cynosbati), 273
Ribes gracile (syn. of G. hirtella), 276
Ribes gracile (syn. of G. missouriensis), 274
Ribes grossularia (syn. of G. reclinata), 279
Ribes grossularia var. atlantica (syn. of G. reclinata),

279
Ribes grossularia var. pubescens (syn. of G. reclinata

var. uva-crispa), 279
Ribes grossularia var. uva-crispa (syn. of G. reclinata
var. uva-crispa), 279

594

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Ribes grossularia vulgare (syn. of G. reclinata), 279

Ribes hirtellum (syn. of G. hirtella), 276

Ribes hortense (syn. of R. sativum), 258

Ribes houghlonianum, 259

Ribes huronense (syn. of G. hirtella), 276

Ribes inodorum (syn. of R. aureum), 271

Ribes intermedium (syn. of R. americanum var. inter-
medium), 269

Ribes intermedium (syn. of R. odoratum var. in/er-
medium), 271

Ribes jasminiflonim (syn. of i?. aureum), 271

/^iJei lithuanicum (syn. of J?, rubrum), 260

/?J6ei longiflorum (syn. of i?. odoratum), 270

i?i6ff5 macrobolrys (syn. of i?. petraeum var. caw-
casicum), 264

iJiiei missouriense (syn. of i?. americanum), 268

i?j6ei missourievsis (syn. of G. missouriensis), 274

i?i6ei nigrum, 266

K^■6(!i nigrum var. aconitifolijim (syn. of i?. nigrum
var. heterophyllum), 267

J?i6e5 nigrum var. apiifolium, 267

i?rifi nigrum var. chlorocarpum, 267

i?!6« nigrum var. dissectum (syn. of i?. nigrum var.
apiifolium), 267

i?;&« nigrum vav.fructu viridi (syn. of i?. nigrum var.
chlorocarpum), 267

iJifiei nigrum var. heterophyllum, 267

i?iiei nigrum var. laciniatum (syn. of i?. nigrum var.
heterophyllum), 267

iJJAei nigrum var. panciflorum, 267

i?i6es nigrum var. xanthocarpum, 267

i?zJei nigrum pennsylvanicum (syn. of i?. ameri-
canum), 268

i?i6e5 odoratum, 270

J?i6e.s odoratum var. intermedium, 271

i?j6ei Oregoni (syn. of i?. odoratum), 270

i?i6« oxyacanthoides (syn. of G. hirtella), 276

iJiici oxyacanthoides (syn. of G. oxyacanthoides) , 278

i?z6ei oxyacanthoides calcicola (syn. of G. hirtella),
276

7?i6e5 oxyacanthoides saxosum (syn. of G. hirtella),
276

i?!6« panciflorum (syn. of i?. nigrum var. panci-
florum), 267

iJj'iei pennsylvanicum (syn. of i?. americanum), 268

i?j6ei petraeum, 263

i?26ej petraeum forma alpina, 263

Ribes petraeum forma carpathica, 263

Ribes petraeum forma pyrenaica, 263

iJiJfi petraeum var. altissimum, 264

J?i'6f5 petraeum var. atropurpureum, 264

i?r7)ei petraeum var. Biebersteinii (syn. of i?. petraeum
var. caucasicum), 264

i?^6ei petraeum var. bullatum (syn. of i?. petraeum),
263

i?i6ei petraeum var. caucasicum, 264

i?i6es petraeum var. litwinowii, 264

i?j6ei petraeum var. tomentosum, 265

i?J6e5 pubescens (syn. of J?, rubrum). 260

iJj'iei reclinatum (syn. of G. reclinata), 278

i?Jiei recurvatum (syn. of i?. americanum), 268

i?z6«5 revolulum (syn. of i?. odoratum), 270

i?!&e^ rotundifolium (syn. of G. missouriensis), 274

Ribes rubrum, 260

/?i6ei rubrum (syn. of J?, sativum), 258

i?i6ei rubrum var. glabellum, 261

i?j6e5 rubrum var. hispidulum, 261

/?i6si rubrum var. pahewskii, 261

iJiipj rubrum var. pubescens, 261

/?/iei rubrum var. sativum (syn. of i?. sativum), 257

iJi'ifi rubrum var. scandicum. 261

i?;ft?5 rubrum pseudopetraeum (syn. of i?. rubrum

var. scandicum) , 261
iJ/ifi rubrum sylvestre (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
ijjjfi rusticum (syn. of G. rustica), 277
Ribes sativum, 257

i?/ftes sativum var. macricarpum, 258
/?i6fi saxosum (syn. of G. hirtella), 276
/?/i«i scandicum (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
i?!6ei Schlechtendahlii (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
i?/6« Schleaendalii (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
i?!feei silvestre (syn. of i?. sativum), 258
iJi'Afj Suksdorfii (syn. of G. divaricata) , 275
i^/ftfs sylvestre (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
J?!'ie5 tenuiflorum (syn. of i?. aureum), 271
i?!'6ei tomentosum (syn. of G. divaricata), 275
J?!6«i «;i7e (syn. of G. utilis), 274
i?j6ei uva-crispa (syn. of G. reclinata var. uva-crispa),

279
i?jic5 villosum (syn. of G. divaricata), 275
i?i6M vulgare (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
i?iAe5 vulgare (syn. of i?. sativum), 258
J^ifies vtdgare var. macrocarpum (syn. of i?. sativum

var. macricarpum), 258
i?j6M vulgare sylvestre (syn. of i?. rubrum), 260
i?iipi warscewiczii, 262
Ribesia, subgenus of Ribes, 256
Ribesium (syn. of Ribes), 255
Rich, O. W., var. introd. by, 150
Richardson, J., var. orig. by, 527
Ricketts, J. H., var. orig. by, 334
Ridgeway, M. H., var. introd. by, 107; var. orig. by,

504, 528
Reid, E. W., var. orig. with, 411, 540
Riehl, E. A., var. found by, 217, 224; var. introd.

by, 120; var. orig. by, 530
Riehl, E. W., seedlings sent out by, 528; var. orig.

with, 388, 432, 466, 484, 515
Ritz, Louis, var. import, by, 144; var. orig. by, 428
Rivers, Thomas, black raspberry seedlings raised

by, 12; var. import, by, 117; var. orig. by, 88, 137
Robbins, George M., var. orig. with, 390, 434
Robbins, J. H., var. orig. by, 179
Roberts, var. orig. by, 324
Robertson, Allen, var. found by, 419
Robinson, J. G., var. orig. by, 529
Robinson, J. M., var. orig. by, 510
Robinson, Willard, var. orig. by, 225
Robsonia (syn. of Grossularia), 271
Rock Currant, com. name of i?. petraeum, 263
Rockhill, Harlow, var. orig. by, 389, 444, 465, 524,

529, 540

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

595

Rocky Mountain Flowering Raspberry, com. name

of R. deliciosus. 32
Roclcv' Mountain Thimbleberry, com. name of R.

parviflorus, 31
Rodgers, R. E., var. orig. with, 438
Roe, E. P., var. introd. by, 95. 132, 347; var. orig.

by, 338
Roesch, Lewis, var. found by, 326; var. introd. by,

287
Rogers, var. found by, 241
Romeyn, M., var. orig. by, 529
Rosaefolii. series of Idaeobatus, 36
Rosebud Xurser>', var. introd. by, 142, 214
Roser, E. L., var. orig. by, 530
Ross, Alexander, var. orig. by, 530
Rothe, Emil, var. orig. by, 557
Ruark, E. M., var. orig. by, 442
Ruhacer (syn. of Anoplobatus) , 29
Rubacer cohimbianus (syn. of R. odoratus var.

columbianus) , 30
Rubacer odoratum (syn. of R. odoratus), 30
Rubacer pannflorum (syn. of R. pareiflorus) . 31
Rubacer lomeniosum (syn. of R. parviflorus var.

velutinus), 31
Rubus, genus, discussion of, 23; key to the subgenera

of, 24; specific description of, 23
Rubus aborigittum (syn. of R. flagellaris) , 61
Rubus acalyphaceus (syn. of R. idaeus var.

acalyphaceus), 53
Rubus acaulis. 27
Rubus adenophorus, 40
Rubus allegheiiieiisis, 72
Rubus alumnus. 74

Rubus amabilis (syn. of R. amicalis), 71
Rubus Americanus, mentioned by Prince, 15
Rubus americanus (syn. of R. pubescens) , 28
Rubus amicalis, 71
Rubus amnicola, 81
Rubus andrewsianus , 76
Rubus arcticus, 27

Rubus arcticus (syn. of R. acaulis), 27
Rubus arenicola, 63
Rubus argutus, 76

Rubus argutus var. floridus (syn. of R.floridus^. 81
Rubus argutus Randii (syn. of R. randii), 71
Rubus arizonensis, 63

Rubus arizonicus (syn. of R. idaeus var. arizonicus) . 50
Rubus arundelanus, 80

Rubus Baileyanus (syn. of R. flagellaris), 61
Rubus bernardinus, 45
Rubus betulifolius, 82
Rubus biflorus, 38
Rubus caesii, 56
Rubus canadensis, 70

Rubus canadensis (syn. of R. flagellaris), 61
Rubus canadensis var. invisus (syn. of R. flagellaris

var. invisus), 62
Rubus canadensis var. roribaccus (syn. of R.

flagellaris var. roribaccus), 61
Rubus carolinianus (syn. of R. idaeus var. cana-
densis), 52

Rubus carpinifolius (syn. of R. continentalis), 66
Rubus chamaeynorus, 25

Rubus columbianus (syn. of R. odoratus var. colum-
bianus), 30
Rubus continentalis, 66
Rubus corchorifolius, 34
Rubus coreanus, 42
Rubus crataegif alius, 34
Rubus cubitans, 67
Rubus cuneifolius, 68
Rubus deliciosus, 31

Rubus dumelorum (syn. of /?. caesii), 56
Rubus egglestonii (syn. of i?. idaeus var. egglestonii),

Rubus elegantulus, 71

Rubus ellipticus, 42

Rubus enslenii, 63

Rubus eriocarpus, 45

Rubus flagellaris, 60

Rubus flagellaris var. geophilus, 62

Rubus flagellaris var. invisus, 62

Rubus flagellaris var. michiganensis, 62

Rubus flagellaris var. roribaccus, 61

Rubus flavinanus, 73

Rubus floricomus, 77

Rubus floridus, 81

Rubus franciscanus, 35

Rubus frondisentis, 75

Rubus frondosus, 79

Rubus geophilus (syn. of i?. flagellaris var. geophilus)

62
Rubus giraldianus, 41
Rubus glaucifolius, 45
Rubus glaucus, 46

Rubus hedycarpus (syn. of i?. procerus), 84
Rubus lielleri, 58
Rubus hispidus, 66
Rubus hispidus subsp. (?) continentalis (syn. of

i?. continentalis), 66
Rubus idaeus, I, 47; named by Linnaeus, i ; varieties

of, referred to by McMahon, 7
Rubus idaeus (syn. of i?. idaeus var. vulgatus), 48
Rubus idaeus subsp. melanolasius (syn. of i?. idaeus

var. aculeatissimus), 50
Rubus idaeus var. acalyphaceus. 53
Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus, 50
Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus (syn. of i?. idaeus

var. strigosus), 51
Rubus idaeus var. arizonicus. 50
Rubus idaeus var. canadensis, 52
Rubus idaeus var. egglestonii, 52
Rubus idaeus var, heterolasius, 52
Rubus idaeus var. maritimus, 50
Rubus idaeus var. melanotrachys, 50
Rubus idaeus var. nipponicus, 49
Rubus idaeus var. peramoenus, ,51
Rubus idaeus var. strigosus, 50
Rubus idaeus var. viburnif alius, 51
Rubus idaeus var. vulgatus, 48
Rubus idaeus anomalus, 49
Rubus idaeus strigosus, i

596

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Rnbus idaeus vulgatiis forma angustifolius, 49

Rubus idaeus mdgalus forma denudatus. 49

Ruhus idaeus vulgalus forma ohtusifolius, 49

Rubus illecebrosus, 36

Rubus inermis (syn. of R. idmifolius), 85

Rubus innoniinalus, 40

Riibus innoniinalus (syn. of R. Kuntzeanus), 41

Rubus invisus (syn. of R. fiagellaris var. invisus), 62

Rubus jacens, 67

Rubus Kuntzeanus, 41

Rubus lacinialus, 82

Rubus lasioslylus, 38

Rubus laudatus, 77

Rubus leucodermis, 44

i?H6j(i leucodermis (syn. of i^:. biflorus), 38

Rubus leucodermis var. trinitatis, 44

Rubus Linkianus (syn. of i?. rusticanus), 83

Rubus loganobaccus, 59

Rubus Inuisianus, 78

Rubus lucidus, 66

Ruhus macraci, 35

Rubus macrocarpus, 29

Rubus macropetalus, 57

Rubus melanolasius (syn. of /?. idaeus var. aculea-

tissimus), 50
Rubus mesogaeus, 47

Rubus microphyllus (syn. of i?. palmalus), 33
Rubus Millspaughii (syn. of i?. canadensis), 70
Rubus mississippianus, 65
Rubus neglectus, 54; name of species given by

Peck, 16
Rubus nigerrimus, 46

Rubus nigrobaccus (syn. of i?. allegheniensis) , 72
Rubus nigrobaccus var. salivus (syn. of i?.

allegheniensis), 72
Rubus niveus, 41
Rubus nobilis, hybrid between i?. odoralus and i?.

idaeus. 31
Rubus nulkanus (syn. of /^. parviflorus), 31
Rubus obovalis (syn. of i?. hispidus), 66
Rubus occidentalis, I, 43; varieties of, referred to by

McMahon, 7
Rubus occidentalis var. leucodermis (syn. of i?.

leucodermis) , 44
Rzibus occidentalis var. vel subsp. mexicanus (syn.

of /?. pringlei), 45
Rubus odoratus, 30
Rubus odoratus var. albidus, 30
Rubus odoratus var. columbianus, 30
Rubus oligospermus (syn. of /?. arizonensis), 63
Ruhus orarius (syn. of i?. pergratus), 75
Rubus palmalus, 33
Rubus parviflorus, 31
Ruhus parviflorus var. fraseriana, 31
Rubus parviflorus var. velutinus, 31
Rubus paxii, 40

Rubus Pennsylvanicus, mentioned by Prince, 15
Rubus peramoenus (syn. of i?. idaeus var. pera-

moenus), 51
Rubus pergratus, 75
Rubus persistens, 82

Rubus phoenicolasius, 39

Rubus plicalifolius, 63

Rubus pringlei, 45

Rubus probabilis, 69

Rubus probus, 37

Rubus procerus, 84

Ruhus procumhens (syn. of i?. fiagellaris), 61

Rubus procumhens roribaccus (syn. of i?. fiagellaris

var. roribaccus) , 61
Rubus pubescens, 28
Ruhus randii, 71
Rubus recun<ans, 79
Rubus recurvicaulis, 81
Rubus recunicaulis var. inarmalus, 8i
Rubus rhodophyllus, 82
Rubus Roezli (syn. of i?. deliciosus), 31
Rubus roribaccus (syn. of J?, fiagellaris var.

roribaccus), 61
Rubus rosaefolius, 37

Rubus rosaefolius (syn. of i?. illecebrosus), 36
Rubies rosaefolius var. coronarius, 37
Ruhus rossbergianus, 81
Rubus rusticanus, 83

Rubus sagatus (syn. of i?. adenophorus) , 40
Rubus salivus (syn. of i?. allegheniensis), 72
Rubus saxililis var. americanus (syn. of i?.

pubescens), 28
Rubles semiereclus (syn. of i?. jacens), 67
Rubus sempervirens (syn. of i?. hispidus), 66
Ruhus sorbifolius (syn. of i?. illecebrosus) , 36
Rubus spectabilis, 35
Rubus spectabilis var. Menziesii (syn. of i?.

franciscanus), 35
Rubus stellalus, 27

Rubus strigosus (syn. of i?. idaeus var. slrigosus), 51
Rubus subarcticus (syn. of i?. idaeus var. canadensis),

52
Rubus subuniflorus (syn. of R. fiagellaris), 61
Rubus titanus, 59
Rubus titanus var. espinatus, 60
Rubus trifrons, 67
Rubus triviales, 65
Rubus ulmifolius, 85
Rubus urbanianus, 68
Rubus ursinus, 59

Rubus ursinus var. vitifolius (syn. of i?. vilifolius), 58
Rubus velox, 64
Ruhus vihurnifolius (syn. of i?. idaeus var. viburni-

folius), 51
Rubus villosus (syn. of i?. allegheniensis), 72
Rubus villosus (syn. of R. fiagellaris), 61
Rubus villosus (syn. of i?. plicalifolius), 63
Rubus villosus var. frondosus (syn. of i?. frondosus),

79
Rubus villosus var. michiganensis (syn. of i?.

fiagellaris var. michiganensis), 62
Rubus villosus var. Randii (syn. of i?. randii), 71
Rubus villosus var. roribaccus (syn. of i?. fiagellaris

var. roribaccus), 61
Rubus villosus var. salivus (syn. of i?. allegheniensis),

72

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

597

Rubus vilifolius, 58

Rubtts vilifolius (syn. of R. tnacropelalus), 57

Rubus xanthocarpus, 28

Rundcll, Charles, var. found by, 174

Running Swamp Blackberry, com. name of R.

hispidus, 67
Russell, Harvey, var. orig. by, 531
Russell, Dr. G, W,, var. orig. by, 139
Russell, Z. T., var. orig. by, 496
Ryckman, George F., var. found by, 532
Salmonberry, com. name of R. chamaemorus, 25; R.

parviflorus, il; R. spedabilis, 35
Salter, John, var. orig. with, 470
Salzer, John A., var. introd. by, 398, 432, 439, 515,

520, 549, 557
Salzer, John A., Seed Co., var. introd. by, 107, 139,

209, 215
Sampsel, S. A., var. orig. with, 557
Sand Blackberry, com. name of R. cuneifolius, 69
Saunders, A., var. orig. with, 534
Saunders, Dr. William, life of, 336; var. orig. by, 91,
95> 97, 99, 100, 107, no, 117, 119, 121, 124, 131,
139, 140, 142, 148, 174, 284, 285, 302, 304, 305,
306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 323, 325, 327, 329, 330,
336, 339, 342, 344, 345, 346. 347, 348, 354, 411
Saunders, William, var. orig. by, 513
Scantling, C. W., var. orig. with, 537
Scarlet Strawberry, com. name of F. virginiana, 382
Scarfif, B. B., var. introd. by, 179
Scarfl, W. N., var. introd. by, 92, 170, 175, 214;

var. orig. by, 487
Schauber, George R., seedlings sent out by, 535;

var. introd. by, 419
Scheepers, John, var. introd. by, 117
Schild, H. J., seedlings sent out by, 535; var. introd.
by, 415; var. orig. by, 86, 384, 386, 389, 400, 402,
403, 419, 424, 425, 431, 451, 452, 460, 464, 465,
470, 475, 516, 518, 519, 520, ,526, 551
Schlessler, Charles, var. found by, 113
Schmitz, Gerhard, var. orig. by, 498, 515
Schnadelbach, Julius, var. introd. by, 414; var.

orig. by, 386, 400, 526, 541
Schneike, var. orig. by, 481
Schnell, Henry, var. found by, 466
Schroeder, H., var. orig. by, 506
Schuckhardt, Percy, var. orig. by, 489
Schwichtenberg, Charles, var. found by, 543
Scobs, John, var. orig. by, 154
Scott, John C, var. orig. by, 407, 452, 476, 535
Seabrook, W., & Son, var. introd. by, 309
Seacor, Lewis A., discoverer of the Lawton black-
berry, 184
Sears, R. M., var. found by, 472; var. orig. with, 538
See, H. S. & A. J., seedlings sent out by, 535
Segrist, Samuel, var. found by, 140
Semple, John, var. orig. with, 420
Seneclause, Adrien, species introd. by, 259
Setosi, 68
Sewall, W. W., var. orig. with, 455, 519, 528, 533,

555, 557
Seymour. George, var. orig. by, 457

Shady Lawn Nurseries, var. introd. by, 208

Shaffer, George, var. orig. by, 141

Shank, John, var. found by, 557

Sharpless, J. K., var. orig. with, 536

Shaw, James, var. orig. with, 440

Shaw, R. M., var. orig. by, 401

Sheppard, E. S., var. orig. by, 537

Sherrington, A. E., var. orig. by, 170

Sherwood, A. H., var. found by, 155

Shideler, J. E., var. orig. by, 288

Shirtz, E. J., var. orig. with, 537

Shockley, H. W., var. orig. with, 400

Shoemaker, W. E., var. orig. with, 556

Shook, W. A., var. orig. with, 537

Shull, Charles, var. orig. by 510

Shuster, S. S., var. orig. by, 537

Sibert, A. B., var. orig. by, 415

Sickler, first mention of Yellow Antwerp by, 152

Simon-Louis Freres, var. found by, 105, 106; var.
orig. by, 144, 145, 146

Sitton, S. P., & Son, var. introd. by, 211

Slaymaker & Son, var. introd. by, 208, 455

Smalley, B., var. orig. by, 544

Smeltzer, F. H., var. orig. with, 538

Smith, var. orig. by, 521

Smith, A. M., var. orig. by, 126, 175, 432, 499

Smith, B. F., var. found by, 142

Smith, Benjamin M., var. orig. by, 401, 451, 533

Smith, Daniel, var. orig. by, 522

Smith, Dr., var. orig. by, 348

Smith, Ezra G., var. found by, 175, 558

Smith, Fred E., var. orig. with, 515

Smith, K., var. orig. by, 487

Smith, L., var. orig. with, 538

Smooth Gooseberry, com. name of G. hirtella, 276

Snider, var. orig. with, 424

Snow, F. E., var. orig. by, 548

Snyder, Henry, var. found by. 226

Sochet, var. orig. by, 112, 143

Sonderegger Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 227

Sons, James, Jr., var. orig. with, 399, 439, 496,

516, 538
Southard, M., var. orig. with, 539
Spaulding, var. orig. by, 227
Speakman, var. orig. with, 419
Spectabiles, series of Idaeobatus, 34
Speece, B. W., var. orig. by, 515
Spry, John, var, found by, 176
Stahelin, F, C, var. found by, 174; var. orig. with,

471, 5,39
Stahl, William, var. orig. with, 476
Stam, Charles W., var. found by, 211
Stanley, Luther L., var. orig. by, 540
Staples, Isaac, var. orig. by, 540
Stark Bros., var. introd. by, 170, 174, 217
State Nursery & Seed Co., var. mentioned by, 348
Staward, Richard, var. orig. by, 291
Stayman, Dr, James, var. found by, 98; var. introd.
by, 227, 522; var. orig. by, 127, 140, 143, 387, 390,

415, 417, 449, 456, 459, 467, 471, 474, 481, 485,
492, 500, 513, 536, 539, 540, 546, 559

598

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Steele Bros., var. introd. by, 132

Sterling, John F., var. found by, 227

Stevens, Abel F., var. mentioned by, 331; var. orig.

by, 296
Stevens, Arthur, var. orig. by. 477
Stevens, C. L., var. orig. by, 284
Stevens, M., var. orig. by, 510
Stevens, S. D., & Sons, var. orig. with, 541
Stevenson, var. orig. by, 506
Stevenson, E. B., var. orig. by, 426, 487
Stevenson, E. V., var. orig. with, 549
Stevenson, Edward, var. orig. with, 541
Stinger, W. H., var. orig. by, 541
Stoever, Jefferson E., var. found by, 143
Stokes, Ezra, var. orig. by, 108
Stone, C. C, var. orig. by, 410, 429, 441, 447, 5i8,

541
Storer, W. B., var. found by, 449
Storrs & Harrison, var. introd. by, 161, 324
Strawberries, adaptability of, to varying climates

and soils, 355; common, of Europe, 356; com-
mon wild, taken to Europe in the seventeenth

century, 360; cultivated, the evolution of,

355-369; cultivated, the evolution of, accord-
ing to Bailey, 363
cultivated varieties of:

A- 1, 384

Abington, 380, 384

Abington Blush, 384

Abundance, 384

Abundance (of Stevenson), 384

Abundant, 384

Accident, 384

Accomac, 385

Acme, 385

Ada, 385

Adams Favorite, 385

Addison, 385

Adonis, 385

Advance, 385

Advance (of Printz), 385

Advancer, 386

Advocate, 386

Afrique, 386

Afton, 386

Agnes, 386

Agriculturist, 386

Aishkum, 386

Akasa, 386

Alabama, 386

Alaska, 386

Alaska (of Stayman), 387

Alden, 379, 387

Alfonso XVIII, 387

Alice, 387

Alice (of Hancock), 387

Alice Hathaway, 387
Alice Maud, 387
All Season, 387
Allen, 387
Allie, 388

Strawberries — Contimted
cultivated varieties of:
Almo, 388
Almond, 388
Alpha, 388
Alpha (of Riehl), 388
Alton, 388
Alvin, 388
Amanda, 388
Amateur, 388
Amateur (of Painl, 389
America, 389

America (of Virginia), 389
American, 389
American Queen, 389
Americus, 389
Amwell, 389
Angelique, 389
Angola, 389
Anlo, 389
Anna Forest, 389
Anna Kennedy, 390
Annie Hubach, 390
Annie Laurie, 390
Apache, 390
Arabine, 390
Arcade, 379, 390
Arena, 390
Argyle, 390
Ariadne, 390
Arizona, 391
Arkansas, 391
Arkansas Traveler, 391
Arlington, 391
Arnold Pride, 391
Amout, 391
Aroma, 391
Arrow, 392
Ashland, 392
Ashton, 392
Athens, 392
Atkins Continuity, 392
Atlantic, 392
Auburn, 393
Augwick, 393
Aurora, 379, 393
Austin, 393
Australian, 393
Auto, 393
Autumn, 393
Autumn Belle, 393
Autumn King, 394
Avery, 394
Bachelor, 394
Backett Prolific, 394
Bailey, 394
Baldwin Pride, 394
Baltimore, 394
Baltimore Scarlet, 394
Banana, 394
Bancroft, 394

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

599

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Banner, 395
Banquet, 395
Barkley, 395
Barnes Mammoth, 395
Barrymore, 395
Barton, 395
Battenburg, 395
Bauer, 395

Bayne Extra Early, 396
Bayne Incomparable, 396
Bayside, 396
Beacon, 396
Beaderarena, 396
Beal, 396
Beauty, 396

Beauty (of Haynes), 396
Beaver, 397
Beavers, 397
Beder Wood, 380, 397
Beebe, 397
Beecher, 397
Beede, 398
Beidler, 398
Belle, 398

Belle (of Moore), 398
Belle de Bordelaise, 398
Belle of La Crosse, 398

Belmont, 398

Belt, 398

Ben Davis, 399

Benancie, 399

Benjamin, 399

Bennett, 399

Benoy, 399

Benson, 399

Berlin, 400

Beriin (of Schild), 400

Bertrand, 400

Beseck, 400

Bessie, 400

Bessie (of Schnadlebach) , 400

Best, 400

Bethel, 400

Bethel (of Thomas), 401

Better Belt, 401

Beverly, 401

Bickle, 401

Bid well, 401

Big Ben, 401

Big Bob, 401

Big Bob Baby, 401

Big Bobs, 401

Big Early, 402

Big Late, 402

Big Rock, 402

Big Wonder, 402

Billy Sunday, 402

Bird, 402

Bisel, 402

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Bishop Orange, 402
Bismarck, 403
Bittner Early, 403
Bixler, 403
Black Beauty, 403
Black Defiance, 403
Black Giant, 403
Black Prince, 403
Black Prince (of Cuthill), 404
Blaine, 404
Bliss, 379, 404
Blizzard, 404
Blonde, 404
Bobolink, 404
Bomba, 404
Bonanza, 405
Boquet, 405
Boston Pine, 405
Boston Prize, 405
Bostonian, 406
Boudinot, 406
Bouncer, 406
Bountiful, 406
Bowman, 406
Bradley, 406
Brandywine, 406
Bright Ida, 407
Brighton Pine, 407
Brilliant, 407

British Queen, 407

Brooklyn Scarlet, 407

Brownie, 407

Brunette, 408

Bryan, 408

Bryant, 408

Bubach, 408

Buist Prize, 408

Bull Mooce, 409

Bun Special, 409

Burnett, 409

Burr, 409

Burr New Pine, 409

Bush Cluster, 409

Bushel Basket, 409

Buster, 410

Buster Brown, 410

California, 410

California (of New Jersey), 410

Cameron, 410

Cameronian, 410

Campbell, 410

Canfield, 41 1

Captain Jack, 411

Cardinal, 411

Cardinal (of Streator), 411

Carleton, 411

Carmi, 411

Carmichael, 411

Caroline, 412

6oo

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued

cultivated varieties of:
Carrie, 412
Carrie Dumas, 412
Carrie Silvers, 412
Cassandra, 412
Catherine, 412
Centennial Favorite, 412
Cetywayo, 412
Chairs Favorite, 412
Challenge, 413
Champion, 380, 413
Champion (of Lubke), 413
Champion Klondike, 413
Charles I., 413
Charles Downing, 413
Charles Newman, 413
Charlie, 414
Chaska, 414
Chellie, 414
Chenango, 414
Cherokee, 414
Chesapeake, 380, 414
Chesapeake Wonder, 415
Chester, 415
Cheyenne, 415

Childs, 415

Chipman, 415

Chippewa, 415

Chippewa (of Sibert), 415

Chorlton, 415

Cinderella, 416

Clara, 416

Clarence, 416

Clarence (of Black), 416

Clark, 416

Class A, 416

Class B, 416

Cleveland, 416

Clifton, 417

Climax, 417

Clingto, 417

Clinton, 417

Clinton (of Iowa), 417

Cloud, 417

Clyde, 417

Cobden King, 417

Cobden Queen, 418

Cohansey, 418

Colfax, 418

Collingwood, 418

Collingwood (of Lovett), 418

Collins, 418

Colonel Cheney, 418

Colonel Ellsworth, 418

Colossus, 419

Columbia, 419

Columbia (of Wild), 419

Columbian, 419

Columbus, 419

Comet, 419

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Commander, 419
Commission, 419
Commonwealth, 420
Compton, 420
Connecticut Queen, 420
Consensus, 420
Consort, 420
Continental, 420
Cooney, 420
Cooper, 420

Cooper (of Michigan) , 420
Copernicus, 421
Cordelia, 421
Corinne, 421
Cornelia, 421
Cornucopia, 421
Country Gentleman, 421
Covell, 421
Cowing, 421
Crawford, 421
Cream, 422
Crescent, 422
Crimson Cluster, 422
Crimson Cluster (of Maryland), 422
Crimson Cone, 422
Crimson Favorite, 423
Crimson Pine, 423
Crockett, 423
Crosby, 423
Crozier, 423
Crystal City, 423
Gulp, 423
Cumberland, 423
Cushing, 424
Cutter, 424
Cyclone, 424
D & D, 424
Daisy, 424
Daisy (of Zane), 424
Dakota, 424
Damask Beauty, 424
Danby, 424
Daniel Boone, 425
Dariing, 425
Darlington, 425
Davis, 425
Dawn, 425
Dayton, 425
De Wet, 425
Deacon, 425
Deephaven, 425
DeLancey, 426
Delaware, 426
Delaware Pride, 426
Delecto, 426
Delicious, 380, 426
Delicious (of Michigan), 426
Delia K, 426
Delmar, 427

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

60 1

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Desdemona, 427
Dew, 427
Dewdrop. 427
Dewey, 427

Dewey (of Nimon), 427
Diadem, 427
DicW, 427
Dighton, 427
Discovery, 428
Dixie, 428
Dixon, 428
Dr. Burrill, 428
Doctor Xicaise, 428
Doctor Warder, 428
Dole, 428
Dollar, 429
Dollar Junior, 429
Dora, 429
Dorchester, 429
Double Cropper, 429
Douglas. 429
Downer Prolific, 429
Downton, 429
Drought King, 430
Dual, 430
Dubois, 430
Duchess, 430
Duff, 430
Duluth, 430
Duncan, 430

Duncan (of New Jersey), 430
Dundee, 431
Dunlap, 380, 431
Dunmore, 431
Durand, 431
Durand Favorite, 431
Dutter, 431
E. P. Roe, 432
Eagle, 432
Earliana, 432
Earliest, 432
Earliest (of Salzer), 432
Eariiest of All, 432
Early Beauty, 432
Early Bird, 432
Early Bird (of Warren), 432
Early Canada, 432
Early Golden, 433
Early Harvest, 433
Early Hathaway, 433
Early Howard, 433
Early Hudson, 433
Early Jack, 433
Early Jersey Giant, 433
Early Market, 433
Early Miller, 434
Early Queen, 434
Early Queen (of Townsend), 434
Early Robbins, 434

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Easypicker, 380, 434
Eaton, 380, 434
Eberlein, 434
Echo, 434
Eclipse, 435
Edgar Queen, 435
Edith, 435

Edmund Wilson, 435
Edwards, 435
Edwards Favorite, 435
Effie, 435
Ekey, 435
Elate, 436
Eldorado, 436
Eleanor, 436

Eleanor (of Coombe), 436
Eliza, 436
Elma, 436
Elmira, 436
Elton, 436
Emerald, 437
Emily, 437

Emily (of Thomas), 437
Emma, 437
Emperor, 437
Empress, 437
Endicott, 437
Enhance, 437
Enormous, 437
Epping, 438
Equinox, 438
Ernest, 438

Ernest (of Townsend), 438
Ernie, 438
Essex County, 43S
Estelle, 438

Ettersburg Seedlings, 438
Eureka, 439

Eureka (of Hubach), 439
Eurisko, 439
Evans, 439
Evening Star, 439
Everbearer, 439
Evergreen, 439
Ewell, 439
Excelsior, 440
Excelsior (of Shaw), 440
Exquisite, 440
Fae, 440
Fairdale, 440
Fairfield, 440
Fairmount, 441
Family Favorite, 441
Fantastic, 441
Fams worth, 441
Felton, 441
Fendalcino, 441
Fendalemo, 441
Fendall, 441

602

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Femdale Giant, 441
Fifer, 441
Fillbasket 442
Fillmore, 442
Finch, 442
First Prize, 442
First Quality, 442
Fisher, 442
Fleming, 442
Flora Bell, 443
Florella, 443
Florence, 443
Flush, 443
Ford, 443
Forest Rose, 443
Fort, 443
Forward, 444
Fountain, 444
Four Seasons, 444
Frances Cleveland, 444
Frances Willard, 444
Francis, 444
Free Silver, 444
Fremont Williams, 444
French, 445
Friendship, 445
Fuller, 445
Galceron, 445
Ganaugua, 445
Gandy, 445
Ganto, 446
Garden, 446
Gardner, 446
Garibaldi, 446
Garretson, 446
Garrison, 446
Geisler, 446
Gem, 446

General Meade, 446
General Putnam, 446
General Scott, 447
Genesee, 447
George Washington, 447
Georgia Mammoth, 447
Germantown, 447
Gersonde, 447
Gertrude, 447
Giant, 447

Giant (of Gardner), 447
Gibson, 447
Gill, 448
Gillespie, 448
Gladstone, 448
Glastonbury, 448
Glauer, 448
Glen Mary, 448
Glen Saint Mary, 449
Glendale, 449
Glenfield, 449

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Glenwood, 449
Globe, 449
Glossy Cone, 449
Gold, 449
Gold Coin, 449
Gold Dollar, 450
Golden Defiance, 450
Golden Gate, 450
Golden Seeded, 450
Goldsborough, 450
Goliath, 450
Good Luck, 450
Goodell, 451
Goodwin, 451
Goree, 451

Governor Hoard, 451
Governor Rollins, 451
Graham, 451
Grand Marie, 452
Grand Prize, 452
Granger, 452
Granville, 452
Gray, 452

Great American, 452
Great Pacific, 452
Great Scott, 452
Greek, 453
Green Prolific, 453
Greensboro, 453
Greenville, 453
Greenwood, 453
Grove End Scarlet, 453
Gypsy, 454
Haight, 454
Hall Beauty, 454
Hall Favorite, 454
Halley, 454
Ham, 454
Hammer, 454
Hampden, 454
Hanbach, 454
Hanks, 454
Harlem Orange, 455
Harmon, 455
Harrison, 455
Hart Minnesota, 455
Hartnell, 455

Hatch Experiment Station, 455
Hatfield, 455
Hathaway, 455
Hattie Jones, 455
Hattie Warfield, 455
Haverland, 380, 456
Hawaii, 456
Hayden, 456
Hayes, 456
Hazel, 456
Heflin, 456
Heflin and Hanbach, 457

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

603

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Helen, 457

Helen Browning, 457
Helen Chapman, 4,S7
Helen Davis, 457
Helen Gould, 457
Henderson, 457
Henry, 457
Herald, 457
Herbert, 458
Herbst, 458
Hercules, 458
Heritage, 458
Hermia, 458
Hermit, 458
Hero, 458

Hero (of Bauer), 458
Hersey, 458
Hervey Davis, 459
Hiawatha, 459
Hiawatha (of Warren) , 459
Highland, 459
Highland King, 459
Hilton, 459
Hinman, 459
Hoffman, 459
Holland, 460
Homestead, 460
Honey, 460
Honeymoon, 460
Honor, 460
Hooker, 460
Hoosier, 460
Horsey, 460
Hovey, 460
Howard, 379, 461
Howard (of Black), 461
Howard (of Michigan), 462
Howell, 462
Hub, 462
Hubach, 462

Hubach and Hathaway, 462
Huddleston, 462
Hudson Bay, 462
Hughson, 462
Hummer, 463
Hundred Dollar, 463
Hunn, 463
Hunterdon, 463
Huntley, 463
Huntsman, 463
Hurlbert, 463
Hustler, 463
Ida, 464
Ideal, 464

Ideal (of Cooper), 464
Ideal (of Haynes), 464
Idora, 464
Ima, 464
Indiana, 464

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Indiana (of Teas), 465
Ionia, 465
Iowa, 465

Iowa (of Rockhill) , 465
Iowa Beauty, 465
Irena, 465
Irene. 465

Irene (of Illinois), 466
Isabella, 466
Island, 466
Itasca, 466
Ivanhoe, 466
James, 466
James Todd, 466
James Vick, 466
Jarbalo, 467
Jay Gould, 467
Jenny, 467
Jenny Lind, 467
Jerry Rusk, 467
Jersey Market, 467
Jersey Queen, 467
Jessie, 467
Jewel, 468
Jewell, 468
Jewell Improved, 468
Jim, 468
Jim Dumas, 468
Joe, 468

Joe Crampton, 469
Joe Wheeler, 469
John H. Cook, 469
Johnson, 469
Johnson Late, 469
Jones Seedling, 469
Jopp, 469
Jucunda, 470
Jucunda Improved, 470
Judith, 470
Judsonia, 470
Julia, 470
Julien, 470
July, 470
Jumbo, 471

Jumbo (of Farmer), 471
Kalicene, 471
Kansas, 471
Kansas Prolific, 471
Karl, 471
Katie, 471
Keens Seedling, 471
Kellko, 472
Kellogg, 472
Kentucky, 472
Kevitt, 472
Kevitt Best, 472
Keystone, 472
Killamey, 472
Kincks, 473

6o4

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
King Edward, 473
King Philip, 473
King Solomon, 473
King Wealthy, 473
King Worthy, 473
Kissena, 473
Kittie Rice, 473
Klickita, 474
Klondike, 380, 474
Knight, 474
Kossuth, 474
Kramer, 474
Kuropatkin, 474
Kyle, 474
La Baron, 475
La Belle, 475
La Bon, 475
La Constante, 475
Lacon, 475
Lady Corneille, 475
Lady Finger, 475
Lady Franklin, 475
Lady Jane, 475
Lady of the Lake, 476
Lady Rusk, 476
LaFollette, 476
Lanah, 476
Large Climax, 476
Large Early Scarlet, 476
Late Bittner, 476
Late Champion, 476
Late Globe, 476
Late Jersey, 477
Late Prolific, 477
Late Prolific (of Durand), 477
Late Prolific (of Rapp), 477
Late Stevens, 477
Late Thompson, 477
Latest, 478
Latest of All, 478
Laurel Leaf, 478
Laurella, 478
Lawrencia, 478
Laxton's Latest, 478
Lea, 478
Leader, 478
Lea veil Beauty, 478
Leavell Favorite, 478
Legal Tender, 479
Lehigh, 479
Lehman, 479
Lennig, 479
Leon, 479
Leonard, 479
Leroy, 479
Lester Lovett, 479
Leviathan, 480
Lexington, 480
Liberty Bell, 480

Strawberries — Conthiued
cultivated varieties of:

Lida, 480

Lillie Monroe, 480

Lincoln, 480

Linnet, 480

Little Jap, 480

Little Monitor, 480

Little Seedlings, 480

Livingston, 480

Lizzie Randolph, 480

Lnge, 481

Logan, 481

Long John, 481

Long John (of Wilde), 481

Longfellow, 481

Longfellow (of Webb), 481

Longfield, 481

Long worth, 481

Lord Salisbury, 481

Louella, 481

Louis Ella, 482

Louis Gauthier, 482

Louis Hubach, 482

Louise. 482

Lovett, 482

Lower, 482

Loyal, 482

Lucas, 482

Luckhurst, 483

Lucky Boy, 483

Lucky Cross, 483

Lucky Strike, 483

Lucretta, 483

Lupton, 483

Luscious Scarlet, 483

Luther, 483

Luxuriant, 483

Luxury, 484
Lyons, 484
McAlpin, 484
McAvoy Extra Red, 484
McAvoy Superior, 484
McKinley, 484
McNeil, 484
Maggie, 485
Magic Gem, 485
Magnate, 485
Magnus, 485
Magoon, 485
Maida, 485
Malinda, 485
Mammoth, 486
Mammoth Beauty, 486
Mammoth Bush, 486
Manchester, 486
Manhattan, 486
Manokin, 486
Manwell, 486
Maple Bank, 487
Marconi, 487

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

605

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Margaret, 487
Margaret (of Beavers), 487
Marguerite, 487
Mariana, 487
Marie, 487
Mark, 487
Mark Hanna, 487
Marsden Perry, 488
Marshall, 488
Marshall Improved, 488
Marston, 488
Martha, 488
Marvel, 489

Marvel (of Kellogg), 489
Marvin, 489
Mary, 489
Mary Stewart, 489
Maryland, 489
Maryland Prize, 489
Marylandica, 489
Mascot, 489
Mastodon, 490
Matilda, 490
Matthew Crawford, 490
Matthews, 490
Maud Muller, 490
Maximus, 490
Maxwell, 491
May King, 491
Mayflower, 491
Maytrott, 491
May wood, 491

Mead, 491

Mead (of New Jersey), 491

Meek, 492

Mele, 492

Mellie Hubach, 492

Meridian, 492

Metcalf, 492

Meteor, 492

Methven Scarlet, 492

Mexican Everbearing, 492

Miami, 493

Michel, 493

Michigan, 493

Michigan (of Engle), 493

Middlefield, 493

Midnight, 494

Miller, 494

Millionaire, 494

Mineola, 494

Miner, 494

Minnehaha, 494

Minnesota, 494

Minnetonka, 495

Minnie, 495

Minute Man, 495

Miranda, 495

Miss Boston, 495

Strawberries — Contintied

cultivated varieties of:
Missionari,-, 495
Missouri, 496
Model, 496
Mollie, 496
Monarch, 496
Monitor, 496
Monitor (of Russell), 496
Monmouth, 496
Monroe, 496
Monroe Scarlet, 497
Montevideo Pine, 497
Montmorency, 497
Moore Prolific, 497
More Favorite, 497
Morgan, 497
Morning Star, 497
Mount, 497
Mount Holyoke, 498
Mount Vernon, 498
Moyaraensing, 498
Mrs. Fisher, 498

Mrs. Garfield, 498

Mrs. McDowell, 498

Mrs. Mark Hanna, 498

Mrs. Miller, 498

Mulberry, 499

Multnomah, 499

Murray, 499

Murray (of Smith), 499

Muskingum, 499

Myer, 499

Myriad. 499

Myrtle Murrell, 499

Mystic, 500

Nan, 500

Nanticoke, 500

Naomi, 500

Naomi (of Stayman), 500

Napoleon III, 500

Nash, 500

Nathalie, 500

Necked Pine, 500

Nehring, 501

Nellie Gray, 501

Nellis Triumph, 501

Neptune, 501

Nettie, 501

Neunan, 501

Neverfail, 501

New Dominion, 502

New Early, 502

New Home, 502

New Jersey Scarlet, 502

New Shuckless Wonder, 502

New York, 502

Nicanor, 502

Nicaragua, 502

Nich Ohmer, 503

Nichols, 503

6o6

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Nigger, 503
Nigh, 503
Nim, 503
Nimrod, 503
Nina, 503
Ninety-Six, 503
No. 999 Giant, 503
Noble, 504
Nokomis, 504
Noland, 504
Nonesuch, 504
Nor-J, 504
Norma, 504
Norman, 504
North Jersey, 504
North Shore, 505
Northfield, 505
Norwood, 505
Notre Dame, 505
Oak, 505
Ocean City, 505
Odessa, 505
Ohio, 505
Ohio Boy, 505
Ohio Centennial, 506
Ohio Mammoth, 506
Old John Brown, 506
Old Pine, 506
Old Scarlet, 506
Olga Petrovka, 506
Olive, 507
Oliver, 507

Oliver Goldsmith, 507
Olympia, 507
Omega, 507

Omega (of Indiana), 507
Omega (of Maine), 507
Ona, 507
Oneida, 508
Onward, 508
Oom Paul, 508
Ophelia, 508
Orange County, 508
Orange Prolific, 508
Oregon, 508

Oregon Everbearing, 508
Oregon Ironclad, 509
Orem, 509
Orewiler, 509
Oriole, 509
Orphan, 509
Oscar, 509

Oscar (of Hubach), 509
Ossie, 510
Oswego, 510
Oswego Queen, 510
Otsego, 510
Outlander, 510
Ozark, 510

Strawberries — • Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Pacific, 511
Page Seedling, 511
Palmer, 511
Pan American, 511
Panic, 511
Parcell, 511
Parcell Late, 511
Paris King, 511
Paris Queen, 512
Parker, 379, 512
Parker Earle, 512
Parker Earle, Jr., 512
Parry, 512
Parsons, 512
Patagonia, 513
Patrick, 513
Patuxent, 513
Paul Jones, 513
Pauline, 513
Paulinus, 513
Pawnee, 513
Peabody, 514
Peabody Seedling, 514
Peach, 514
Peak Emperor, 514
Pearl, 514

Pearl (of New Jersey), 514
Peckham, 514
Peerless, 514

Peerless (of Hubach), 515
Pennell, 515
Pennsylvania, 515
Pennsylvania Dutchman, 515
Perfection, 515
Perfection (of Kellogg), 515
Perfection (of Salzer), 515
Perfection (of Smith), 515
Perfection (of Sons), 516
Perfumed Pine, 516
Perfumed Scarlet, 516
Perpetual, 516
Perpetual (of Burbank), 516
Perry Seedling, 516
Pet, 516
Pewamo, 516
Phelps, 516
Phenomenal, 516
Phil Krates, 516
Phil Sheridan, 517
Philadelphia Beauty, 517
Phillips, 517
Phipen, 517
Phoenix, 517

Phoenix (of Arizona), 517
■ Photo, 517
Pickerproof, 517
Pierson Seedling, 517
Pilgrim, 518
Pine Hill, 518

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

607

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:

Pineapple, 518

Pioneer, 518

Piper, 518

Pitchers Overland, 518

Pittsville, 518

Plow City, 518

Plumb Bob, 518

Plymouth Rock. 5:9

Pocahontas, 519

Pocomoke, 519

Pokagon, 519

Polly Warfield, 519

Pomona, 519

Ponderosa, 520

Pontiac, 520

Portage, 520

Porter, 520

Portia, 520

Porto Rico, 520

Posey, 520

Prairie Fanner, 520
Prairie Queen, 520
Premium, 521
President, 521
President Harding, 521
President Harrison, 521
President Lincoln, 521
President Roosevelt, 52 1
President Wilder, 521
Price, 521
Pride, 522

Pride of Albany. 522
Pride of Cumberland, 522
Pride of Michigan, 522
Pride of Ohio, 522
Primate (I), 522
Primate (II), 522
Primo, 522
Primordian, 522
Prince, 523
Prince Albert, 523
Prince of Berries, 523
Princeps, 523
Princess Ena, 523
Princeton Chief, 523
Productive, 523
Professor, 523
Profit, 523
Profuse Scarlet, 524
Profusion, 524
Progressive, 524
Prolific, 524
Prolific (of Miller), 524
Prolific Hudson, 525
Prosperity, 525
Prosser, 525
Prouty, 525
Providence, 525
Purdue, 525

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Puritan, 525
P>Tamidal Chilian, 525
Quality, 525
Quality (of Ohio), 525
Random, 526
Rear Guard, 526
Reba, 526
Red Bird, 526
Red Cross, 526
Red Jacket, 526
Red Prolific, 526
Regina, 526
Reliance, 526
Remington, 527
Rena, 527
Repeater, 527
Rewastico, 527
Richardson Early, 527

Richardson Late, 527

Richmond, 527

Richmond (of Thompson), 527

Ridgeway, 528

Riehl Seedlings, 528

Rio, 528

Rip Snorter, 528

Rippowam, 528

Rival Hudson, 528

Roadside, 528

Rob Rusk, 528

Robbie, 528

Robinson, 529

Robusta, 529

Rochester, 529

Rockhill, 529

RockhiU Seedlings, 529

Romeyn, 529

Roosevelt, 529

Rose Ettersburg, 529

Roseberrj', 530

Roser, 530

Ross Phoenix, 530

Rough Rider, 530

Royal Sovereign, 530

Ruby, 530

Ruby (of Henderson), 531

Ruinark, 531

Rural Gem, 531

Rush, 531

Russell, 531

Russell Advance, 531

Ruth, 531

Ryckman, 532

Sadie, 532

Saint Joseph, 532

St. Louis, 532

St. Louis (of Bauer), 532

St. Mertin, 532

Salem, 533

Salisbury, 533

6o8

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Salter, 533
Sam Sperry, 533
Sam Wherry, 533
Sample, 533
Sampson. 533
Sandoval, 534
Saratoga, 534 .
Satin Gloss, 534
Satisfaction, 534
Saunders, 534
Saunders Success, 534
Scarlet Ball, 534
Scarlet Cone, 534
Scarlet Melting, 534
Schauber Seedlings, 535
Schild Seedlings, 535
Scott, 535
Scriver, 535
Seaford, 535
See Seedlings, 535
Seek-No-Further, 535
Senator Wilson, 535
Seneca, 536
Seneca Chief, 536
Seneca Queen, 536
Seth Boy den, 536
Sharpless, 536
Shawnee, 536
Shenandoah, 537
Sheppard, 537
Sherman, 537
Sherman (of Cooper), 537
Shipping King, 537
Shirtz, 537
Shropshire, 537
Shuster, 537
Shyster, 538
Silver Coin, 538
Silvia, 538
Sionilli, 538
Smeltzer, 538
Smith, 538
Snowball, 538
Somerset Maid, 538
Sons Prolific, 538
Southard, 539
Southern Beauty, 539
Sparta, 539
Splendid, 539
Springdale, 539
Springdale (of Stayman), 539
Staderman, 539
Stahelin, 539
Standard, 540
Standpat, 540
Stanley, 540
Staples, 540
Star, 540
Stayman, 540

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:

Stella, 540

Sterling, 541

Stevens, 541

Stevens (of New York), 541

Stevenson, 541

Stewart, 541

Stinger, 541

Stone, 541

Stouffer, 541

Strickland, 541

Strouse Champion, 542

Success, 542

Sucker State, 542

Simimit, 542

Sunapee, 542

Sunny South, 542

Sunnyside, 542

Sunshine, 542

Superb, 542

Superb (of Albaugh), 543

Superior, 543

Surprise, 543

Sutherland, 543

Swedenberg, 543

Sweetheart, 544

Swindle, 544

Taft, 544

Tama Jim, 544

Tardy, 544

Teddy Roosevelt, 544

Tennessee Prolific, 544

Tennyson, 545

Third Class, 545

Thompson, 545

Tilghman, 545

Timbrell, 545

Tippecanoe, 545

Todd, 546

Tom Walker, 546

Tonga, 546

Topeka, 546

Townsend, 546

Townsend Seedlings, 546

Trebla, 546

Triomphe, 546

Triple Crown, 547

Tubbs, 547

Twentieth Century, 547

Twilight, 547

Twilley, 547

Uitlander, 547

Uncle Jim, 547

Uncle Joe, 548

Uncle Sam, 548

Uncle Sam (of Townsend), 548

Unique Scarlet, 548

Up-to-Date, 548

Valley Pride, 548

Van Deman, 548

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

609

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Van Fleet, 549
Van Sant. 549
Vanguard, 549
Velvet, 549
Venia, 549
Vera, 549

Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury, 549
Victor, 549
Victor Hugo, 550
Victoria, 550
Vineland, 550
Viola, 550

Viola (of Canada), 550
Virgilia, 550
Virginia, 550
Vories, 551
Wabash, 551
Wabesis, 551
Wabi, 551

Waits Perfection, 551
Walden, 551
Waldorf, 551
Waldron, 551
Walker, 551
Wallace, 551
Walnut Stump, 552
Walton, 552
War-Dyke, 552
Ward Favorite, 552
Wardlow, 552
Warfield, 552
Warren, 552

Warren (of Thompson), 553
Warren (of Warren), 553
Wathena, 553
Waverly, 553
Waymego, 553
Wehrley Seedling, 553
Welcome, 553
Wellington Marvel, 553
Welton, 553
Wentzell, 553
Westbrook, 553
Western Queen, 554
Westlawn, 554
Weston, 554
White Alpine, 554
White Novelty, 554
White Sugar, 554
Whitney, 554
Wicomico, 554
Wide-Awake, 554
Wieland, 555
Wilding, 555
Wild wood, 555
Wilkins, 555
Will Warfield, 555
WiUey, 555
Williams, 555

39

Strawberries — Continued
cultivated varieties of:
Williams (of Virginia), 555
Wilson, 555
Wilson, Jr., 556
Wilton, 556
Winchell, 556
Windsor, 556
Wine, 556
Winner, 556
Winnie Warfield, 557
Wisconsin, 557
Wisconsin Seedling, 557
Wonder, 557
Wonder (of Shank), 557
Wonderful, 557
Woodhouse, 557
Woodrow, 557
Woodruff, 557
Woolverton, 558
Wooster, 558
World Champion, 558
Worid Wonder, 558
Wyatt, 558
Wyoga, 558
Wyona, 379, 558
Yale, 558
Yalu, 559
Yant, 559
Yates, 559
Zula, 559
Strawberries, cultivated varieties of, slow to im-
prove in Europe, 358; derivation of generic
name of, 355; derivation of modem, through
hybridization according to Sturtevant, 362;
discussion of cultivated, in Europe by Sturte-
vant, 357; five species of, 356; how propagated,
355, indigenous to North America, 365; magni-
tude of the culture of, in the U. S., 369; not
cultivated in America until the nineteenth
century, 355
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

Abraham Lincoln (syn. of Jucunda), 470
Acme (syn. of Crystal City), 423
Albion White (syn. of Lennig), 479
Alleys No. g (syn. of Hilton), 459
Anna (syn. of Annie Hubach), 390
Arizona Everbearing (syn. of Arizona), 391
Arkansas Black (syn. of Arkansas), 391
Armstrong (syn. of Maximus), 490
Augur No. 70 (syn. of Middlefield), 493
August Luther (syn. of Luther), 483
Austin's Seedling (syn. of Austin), 393
.Austin Shaker (syn. of Austin), 393
Australian Crimson (syn. of Australian), 393
Australian Everbearing (syn. of Australian),

393
Badger (syn. of Tippecanoe), 545
Barllett (syn. of Boston Pine), 405
Barton's Eclipse (syn. of Barton), 395
Bauer No. g (syn. of Bauer), 395

6io

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:

Baym's Early Scarlet (syn. of Bayne Extra

Early), 396
Beckerl's Prolific (syn. of Backett Prolific), 394
Big Berry (syn. of Maximus), 490
Bishop's Seedling (syn. of Bishop Orange), 402
Boyden No. 30 (syn. of Seth Boyden),. 536
Boyden's Mammoth (syn. of Victoria), 550
Boynton (syn. of Crescent), 422
Bubach No. 5 (syn. of Bubach), 408
Buechly's Seedling (syn. of Greenville), 453
Buffalo (syn. of McAvoy Superior), 484
Burpee's Louise (syn. of Louise), 482
Burr's Seedling (syn. of Burr), 409
Burt (syn. of Captain Jack), 411
Cameron Early (syn. of Cameron), 410
Campbell's Early (syn. of Campbell), 410
Carmi Beauty (syn. of Carmi), 411
Carolina (syn. of Old Pine), 506
Chairs Early (syn. of Chairs Favorite), 412
Chambers (syn. of Cumberland), 423
Charleston (syn. of Neunan), 501
Chorlton Prolifx (syn. of Chorlton), 415
Clara (syn. of Florence), 443
Clark's Early (syn. of Clark), 416
Clark's Seedling (syn. of Clark), 416
Cohanzick (syn. of Cohansey), 418
Corsican (syn. of Maximus), 490
Covin's Early (syn. of Covell), 421
Crescent Seedling (syn. of Crescent), 422
Crystal Palace (syn. of Eleanor), 436
Cumberland Triumph (syn. of Cumberland), 423
Daisy Milter (syn. of Daisy), 424
Dan Bisel (syn. of Bisel), 402
Dawley (syn. of Sharpless), 536
Dayton's Early (syn. of Dayton), 425
Dighton Rock (syn. of Dighton), 427
Dixie Belle (syn. of Dixie), 428
Dr. Van Fleet (syn. of Van Fleet), 549
Dollar Mark (syn. of Gray), 452
Daman (syn. of Uncle Jim), 547
Dow's Seedling (syn. of Epping), 438
Downing (syn. of Charles Downing), 413
Downing's Bride (syn. of Kittie Rice), 473
Duchesse de Trevise (syn. of Vicomtesse Heri-

cart de Thury), 549
Durand's Seedling (syn. of Durand), 431
Early Dutchess (syn. of Ducness), 430
Early Idaho (syn. of Clark), 416
Early Ozark (syn. of Ozark), 510
Early Scarlet (syn. of Old Scarlet), 506
Early Virginia (syn. of Old Scarlet), 506
Early Washington (syn. of Iowa), 465
Early Woodroiv (syn. of Woodrow), 557
Eclipse (syn. of Barton), 395
Ella (syn. of Michel), 493
Elton Pine (syn. of Elton) , 436
Essex (syn. of Beauty), 396
Everbearing (syn. of Oregon Everbearing), 508
Feast's Fillmore (syn. of Fillmore), 442

Strawberries — Continued
synonyms of cultivated varieties of:
Finch's Prolific (syn. of Finch), 442
First Season (syn. of Gandy), 445
Flash (syn. of Flush) , 443
Flosch (syn. of Flush), 443
French's Seedling (syn. of French), 445
G. W. Howard (syn. of Howard [of Michigan]),

462
Galerson (syn. of Galceron), 445
Gandy Belle (syn. of Isabella), 466
Candy's Prize (syn. of Gandy), 445
General De Wet (syn. of De Wet), 425
Gen. Fifer (syn. of Fifer), 441
Gen. Joe Wheeler (syn. of Joe Wheeler), 469
General Sheridan (syn. of Phil Sheridan), 517
General Van Sant (syn. of Van Sant), 549
German Seedling (syn. of Maximus), 490
Gibson (syn. of Pocomoke), 519
Golden Queen (syn. of Victoria), 550
Gould (syn. of Jay Gould), 467
Gov. Fort (syn. of Fort), 443
Governor Van Sant (syn. of Van Sant), 549
Gray Dollar (syn. of Gray), 452
Great Ruby (syn. of Ruby [of Henderson]), 531
Greensboro Favorite (syn. of Greensboro), 453
Hale's ii:5Q P. M. (syn. of Midnight), 494
Hall's Seedling (syn. of Flora Bell), 443
Hatlie (syn. of Hattie Jones), 455
Hausmann (syn. of McAlpin), 484
Hayes' Prolific (syn. of Hayes), 456
Heflin Early (syn. of Heflin), 456
Henry (syn. of Marshall), 488
Henry Ward Beecher (syn. of Beecher), 397
Herbst No. 2 (syn. of Herbst), 458
Highland Seedling (syn. of Highland), 459
Hilton Gem (syn. of Hilton), 459
Hinsinore (syn. of Hinman), 459
Holyoke (syn. of Mount Holyoke), 498
Hood River (syn. of Clark), 416
Hooker's Seedling (syn. of Hooker), 460
Hovey's Seedling (syn. of Hovey), 460
Howard No. 2 (syn. of Howard [of Michigan]),

462
Howard No. ly (syn. of Howard), 461
Howell's Prolific (syn. of Howell), 462
Huddleston's Favorite (syn. of Huddleston), 462
Hiuison (of Cincinnati) (syn. of Early Hudson),

433
Hudson's Bay Scarlet (syn. of Hudson Bay), 462
Hugo (syn. of Victor Hugo), 550
Ionia Market (syn. of Ionia), 465
Iowa Male (syn. of Iowa), 465
Ironclad (syn. of Phelps), 516
Island King (syn. of Island), 466
Itaska (syn. of Itasca), 466
James E. (syn. of James), 466
Jenny's Seedling (syn. of Jenny), 467
Joe Johnson (syn. of Joe), 468
Johnson's Early (syn. of Johnson), 469
Jopp's Favorite (syn. of Jopp) , 469

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

6ll

Strawberries — Continued

synonyms of cultivated varieties of:
Reams (syn. of Muskingum), 499
Kellogg s Hercules (syn. of Hercules), 458
Kellogg' s Premier (syn. of Howard), 461
Kellogg' s Prize (syn. of Kellogg), 472
Kevill Wonder (syn. of Kevitt), 472
King Cluster (syn. of Crimson Cluster), 422
King of the North (syn. of Pioneer), 518
King Sol (syn. of King Solomon), 473
Kirkwood (syn. of Mount Vernon), 498
Kissany (syn. of Kissena), 473
Kyle No. i (syn. of Kyle), 474
Labell (syn. of La Belle), 475
Lady Garrison (syn. of Garrison), 446
Lady Thompson (syn. of Thompson), 545
Lady Townsend (syn. of Townsend), 546
Lanahan (syn. of Lanah), 476
Late Globose (syn. of Late Globe), 476
Late Jersey Giant (syn. of Late Jersey), 477
Laxton's Noble (syn. of Noble), 504
Lennig's White Pine (syn. of Lennig), 479
Lincoln (syn. of Jucunda), 470
Linda (syn. of Malinda), 485
Lloyd (syn. of Seaford), 535
Longiuorth's Prolific (syn. of Longworth), 481
Loudon's No. IS (syn. of Governor Hoard), 451
Lovett's Early (syn. of Lovett), 482
Liiella (syn. of Louella), 481
Marquise de Latour Moubourg (syn. of Vicom-

tesse Hericart de Thury), 549
Meek Early (syn. of Meek), 492
Metcalf's Early (syn. of Metcalf), 492
Mexican (syn. of Arizona), 391
Michel's Early (syn. of Michel), 493
Miner's Great Prolific (syn. of Miner), 494
Miner's Prolific (syn. of Miner), 494
Minnesota No. 3 (syn. of Minnesota), 494
Minnesota No. 489 (syn. of Nokomis), 504
Minnesota 1017 (syn. of Duluth), 430
Minnie's Early (syn. of Minnie), 495
Monarch of the West (syn. of Monarch), 496
Moonstone (syn. of James Vick), 466
Morgan Favorite (syn. of Morgan), 497
Morgan No. I (syn. of Morgan), 497
Morgan No. 21 (syn. of Ruth), 531
Mrs. Cleveland (syn. of Frances Cleveland), 444
Myall's British Queen (syn. of British Queen),

407
Myatt's Eleanor (syn. of Eleanor), 436
Myall's Eliza (syn. of Eliza), 436
Nehring's Gem (syn. of Nehring), 501
Neunan's Prolific (syn. of Neunan), 501
New Discovery (syn. of Discovery), 428
Newark Prolific (syn. of Green Prolific), 453
Nigh's Superb (syn. of Nigh), 503
No Name (syn. of Isabella), 466
Oaks Early (syn. of Oak), 505
Old Iron Clad (syn. of Phelps), 516
Olive's Pride (syn. of Olive), 507
Ontario (syn. of Sharpless), 536

Strawberries — Continued

synonyms of cultivated varieties of:
Osceola (syn. of Michel), 493
Palmer's Earliest (syn. of Palmer), 511
Parcell's Early (syn. of Parcell), 511
Park Beauty (syn. of Crescent), 422
Parker Earle Improved (syn. of Parker Earle),

512
Parsons' Beauty (syn. of Parsons), 512
Peabody's New Hautbois (syn. of Peabody

Seedling), 514
Peckham Wotuier (syn. of Peckham), 514
Perkins No. 2 (syn. of Bryant), 408
Phillips' Seedling (syn. of Phillips), 517
Pinchot (syn. of Hustler), 463
Pineapple (syn. of Bonanza), 405; (syn. of

Old Pine), 506
Pineapple Flavored (syn. of Pineapple), 518
Piper's Seedling (syn. of Piper), 518
Porter's Seedling (syn. of Porter), 520
Premier (syn. of Howard), 461
President Lincoln (syn. of Jucunda), 470
Price's Seedling (syn. of Price), 521
Pride of New York (syn. of Chesapeake

Wonder), 415
Pride of the Valley (syn. of Valley Pride), 548
Pri7ice (syn. of Prince of Berries), 523
Princess Alice Maud (syn. of Alice Maud), 387
Prof. Fisher (syn. of Fisher), 442
Prouty's Seedling (syn. of Prouty), 525
Racster (syn. of Beder Wood), 397
Ran Benoy (syn. of Benoy), 399
Reynolds (syn. of Parsons), 512
Riehl No. 6 (syn. of Ruby), 530
Rockhill No. 6 (syn. of Standpat), 540
Rockhill No. 16 (syn. of Progressive), 524
Romeyn Seedling (syn. of Romeyn), 529
Roosevelt (syn. of President Roosevelt), 521
Russell Prolific (syn. of Russell), 531
Salzer's Earliest (syn. of Earliest [of Salzerl),

432
Sampsel (syn. of Wonder), 557
Schneike's Pistillate (syn. of Longworth), 481
Scotch Pineapple (syn. of Crimson Cone), 422
Scotch Runner (syn. of Crimson Cone), 422
Senator Dunlap (syn. of Dunlap), 431
Shaw (syn. of Sharpless), 536
Shuckless (syn. of Mount Vernon), 498
Sinister' s Gem (syn. of Shuster), 537
Sixteen to One (syn. of Ashland), 392
Smeltzer Early (syn. of Smeltzer), 538
Smith Seedling (syn. of Smith), 538
Speece's Perfection (syn. of Perfection), 515
Springdale Beauty (syn. of Springdale [of

Staymanl), 539
Stakeley (syn. of Stahelin), 539
Stayman No. i (syn. of Stayman), 540
Stevens (syn. of Late Stevens), 477
Stevens Early (syn. of Stevens), 541
Stevens Great American (syn. of Stevens [of
New York]), 541

6l2

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Strawberries — Continued
synonyms of cijltivated varieties of:

Stevens' Late Champion (syn. of Late Stevens),

477
Stone's Early (syn. of Stone), 541
Sunrise (syn. of Michel), 493
Tennessee (syn. of Tennessee Prolific), 544
Texas (syn. of Early Hathaway), 433
Thompson No. g (syn. of Rio), 528
Thompson No. 101 (syn. of Clarence), 416
Thompson No. 602 (syn. of Bcidler), 398
Thompson's Earliest (syn. of Earliest), 432
Thompson's Late (syn. of Late Thompson), 477
Three Ws (syn. of Wallace), 551
Tilghman Favorite (syn. of Tilghman), 545
Todd's Late Champion (syn. of Todd), 546
Townsend's Late Champion (syn. of Late

Champion), 476
Triomphe de Gaud (syn. of Triomphe), 546
Truitt (syn. of Surprise), 543
Truitt's Surprise (syn. of Surprise), 543
Trollope's Victoria (syn. of Victoria), 550
Unique Prairie (syn. of Necked Pine), 500
Vick (syn. of James Vick), 466
W. J. Bryan (syn. of Bryan), 408
Walker's Seedling (syn. of Walker), 551
Warfield No. 2 (syn. of Warfield), 552
Western Union (syn. of Bubach), 408
White Albany (syn. of Lennig), 479
White Pineapple (syn. of Lennig), 479
Wild Wonder (syn. of Wonder [of Shank]), 557
William Belt (syn. of Belt), 398
Wilson's Albany (syn. of Wilson), 555
Winchell Beauty (syn. of Winchell), 556
Windsor Chief (syn. of Windsor), 556
Yankee Doodle (syn. of Epping), 438
Young's Early Sunrise (syn. of Michel), 493
Strawberries, table showing acreage, yield, and value
of, in the U. S., 369; typically adapted to cold
climates, 355; varieties offered for sale by William
Prince in 1771, 366; what started the improve-
ment in, 362; what they are and how classified,
356
Strawberry, Alpine, 375; from whence a native,
359; the everbearing strawberry of Europe, 359
American wild, scarlet, or Virginia, 360
Chilean, 361, 378; introduction of the, a land-
mark in strawberry domestication, 361
European or Wood, 356
Fraisier des bois, 373
Hautbois, 359

Hovey, first variety of any fruit to originate from
an artificial cross in this country, 367; origin
of, 367; sensation of its time, 368; weaknesses
of, 368
Scarlet, 382
Virginia, 382
Virginian, cultivation failed to increase size of

361
Walderdbeere, 373
Wood, 373

Strawberry Raspberry, com. name of R. illecebrosus,

36
Streator, George J., var. found by, 411
Street, J. F., var. introd. by, 96; var. orig. by, 147
Strouse, David, var. orig. with, 542
Strubler, Phil, var. grown by, 349; var. orig. with,

507
Stuart, C. W., var. introd. by, 158, 291
Sturtevant, E. L., account by, of the early cultiva-
tion of currants, 247; discussion of cultivated
strawberries in Europe by, 357; discussion by,
of the derivation of the modem strawberry
through hybridization, 362
Sumner, C. H., var. orig. with, 539
Super, Daniel, var. found by, 176
Sutherland, Eugene, var. orig. by, 449, 543
Sutherland, George, var. orig. by, 349
Swabley, Gustus, var. found by, 159
Swampberry, com. name of R. louisianus, 78
Symphocalyx, subgenus of Ribes, 269
Tackett, var. found by, 211
Taggart, Washington, var. found by, 174
Talbot, J. W., var. found by, 146
Talmage, var. orig. by, 518
Tanner, Martha Y., var. orig. by, 502
Taylor, var. introd. by, 229
Taylor, D. W. H., var. orig. by, 522
Taylor, Eliphalet, introducer of the Dorchester
blackberry, 184; introducer of Dorchester, under
name of Improved High-bush Blackberry, 1 86
Teas, E. Y., first to offer Lucretia dewberry for
sale, 198; var. introd. by, 165; var. orig. by, 301,
465
Tennyson, T. R., var. orig. with, 544
Terry, H. A., var. introd. by, 102
Te.xas Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 224
Thayer, Paul, study of cultivated currants by, 250
Thimbleberry, com. name of R. occidentalis , 43
Thivolet, Abb^, var. orig. by, 532
Thobum, J. B., var. found by, 310
Thomas, J. H., var. introd. by, 393
Thomas, John J., mention of early trial of English

gooseberries in America by, 318
Thomas, R. F., var. found by, 401
Thomas, R. G., var. orig. with, 453
Thomas, W. H., var. orig. by, 437
Thompson, D. A., var. orig. with, 545
Thompson, J. T., var. orig. by, 96
Thompson, Mark T., var. introd. by, 170; var. orig.
by, 156, 398, 406, 409. 412. 414. 416, 425, 432,
435> 438, 443. 477, 487. 497, 498, 527, 528, 532,
538, 553
Thompson, R. O., var. introd. by, 221 ; var. orig.

by, 341
Thompson, T., var. orig. by, 115
Thomber, W. S., var. orig. by, 147
Thome, Jonathan, var. orig. by, 151
Thomless or Mountain Blackberry, com. name of

R. canadensis, 70
Thornton, Dr. A. W., var. introd. by, 323; var. orig.

by, 325

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

613

Tibbs, D. C, var. orig. by, 502

Tilghman, W. B., var. orig. with, 545

Tillson, A. J., var. orig. with, 490

Timbrell, H. S., var. found by, 545; var. orig. by, 508

Tingle, L. G., var. orig. by, 518

Tingle's Small Fruit Co., var. introd. by, 518

Todd, W. S., var. found by, 546; var. introd. by,

396; var. orig. with, 482
Townsend, E. W., var. found by, 483; var. introd.

by, 162, 224, 226, 233, 234, 556; var. orig. by,

"5, 394. 438. 476, 546, 552
Townsend, E. W., Jr., var. orig. with, 434
Townsend, E. W., & Sons, var. introd. by, 394, 442,

488, 490, 533, 544, 548
Townsend, George, seedlings sent out by, 546; var.

orig. by, 439, 444, 506
Travis Bros., var. orig. by, 426
Tribble, Claude, var. introd. by, 242
Triviales, 64

Trollop, James, var. orig. by, 387
Trollope, L., var. orig. by, 550
Trowbridge, George W., var. orig. by, 466
Truitt, James, var. orig. by, 543
Tubbs, John, var. orig. by, 547
Tuckerman, John, var. found by, 207
TuU, William, var. found by, 505
Turck, v., var. orig. by, 148
Turner, first record of cultivated raspberries by, 2;

mention of the gooseberry by, 321
Turner, Prof. J.* B., var. orig. by, 148
Tusser, Thomas, mention of gooseberries by, 321
Tuttle, C. S., var. grown by, 502
Tweedway, J. V., var. introd. by, 237
Twilley, W. J., var. orig. with, 547
Tye, Otis A., var. found by, 177
Tyler, Nathan, var. found by, 177
U. S. Dept. of Agri., species introd. by, 29, 36, 52,

275; var. import, by, 131; var. introd. by, 77,

485, 532
Uber, C. A., var. introd. by, 234
Underwood Farm, seedling raised on the, 468
Ursini, 56

Utah Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 291
VaUc, Dr. WilUara W., var. import, by, 283
Van Dusen, Hiram, var. orig. by, 171
Van Fleet, Dr. Walter, species orig. by, 275; var.

orig. by, 149, 351, 433, 435, 469. 477. 5Si
Vance, Edward, var. orig. by, 485
Vaughan, J. C, & Co., var. introd. by, 291
Veitch, James, & Sons, var. introd. by, 126; var.

orig. b}', 84
Ventling, W. M., var. orig. by, 449
Vick's, James. Sons, var. introd. by, 225
Vilmorin-Andrieux Nursery Co., var. introd. by,

442, 444, 478
Vineland Hort. Exp. Sta., var. orig. by, 549
Virginia Strawberrj', com. name of F. virginiana,

382
Vitifolii (syn. of Ursini), 56
Von Chamisso, Adalbert, species collect, by, 59
Vories, T. H., var. orig. with, 551

Wade, John, var. found by, 178

Wadsworth, J. O., var. orig. by, 457

Wagner, J. B., var. introd. by, 145

Walden, Rev. F., var. found by, 155

Walderdbeere, com. name of F. vesca, 373

Waldron, Charles, var. orig. with, 491, 551

Walker, Samuel, var. orig. by, 551

Walker, Thomas C, var. orig. by, 546

Wallace, var. introd. by, 231

Wallace, T. G., var. found by, 150; var. orig.

by, 178
Wallace, W. W., var. orig. by, 551
Wallis, Henry, var. found by, 169
Walton, Silas, var. orig. with, 552
Walworth, C. E., var. orig. with, 465
Ward, L M., var. orig. with, 552
Ward, Thomas H., var. found by, 231
Wardell, L. E., var. orig. by, 102, 139
Warder, Dr. J. A., var. found by, 116
Warfield, C. B., var. orig. by, 534, 552
Warner, var. orig. with, 523
Warner, C. A., var. orig. by, 525
Warren, S. H., var. found by, 553; var. orig. by,

390, 432, 450, 459, 478
Washington Nurser>' Co., var. orig. with, 454
Waters, J. M., var. introd. by, 176
Waters, James, var. orig. with, 485
Watkins, S. L., var. introd. by, 239; var. orig. with,

235. 460
Watkins & Simpson, var. introd. bj', 143
Watson, Ira P., var. found by, 178
Webb, A. D., var. orig. by, 425, 481, 552
Weinheimer, Peter, var. orig. with, 522
Welsh, Isaac, var. orig. by, 151
Wenslick, John, var. introd. by, 156
Wentzell, F. R., var. orig. with, 553
West, T. B., var. orig. with, 529
Westbrook, J. S., var. orig. with, 499
Westbrook, Z. W., var. orig. with, 553
Weston, E. A., var. orig. with, 554
Weston, Joseph, var. orig. by, 329
Wheeler, George F., var. orig. with, 495
Wherry, Sam E., var. orig. by, 533
Wherry, Samuel, & Son, var. orig. by, 526
Whinham, Robert, var. orig. by, 334
White, N. B., var. orig. by, 505
Whitelegg & Page, var. introd. by, 239
Whittman, J. J., var. orig. with, 471
Whyte, R. B., var. found by, in
Wickizer, J. M., var. orig. with, 535
Wightman, C. E., var. orig. with, 397
Wild, J. B., & Bros., var. introd. by, 419
Wild, Henry W., var. orig. by, .419
Wild Gooseberry, com. name of G. cynosbati, 273
Wilde, Thomas, var. orig. by, 443, 481
Wilder, Marshall P., var. import, by, 116; var.

introd. by, 126; var. orig. by, 384, 429, 458, 521
Wiley, Miss Effie, var. orig. with, 435
Wilkins & Co., var. introd. by, 557
Will, Oscar H., & Co., var. introd. by, 130
Willard, J. D., var. orig. by, 394

6i4

THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK

Willard, S. B., var. recommended by, 300

Williams, var. orig. by, 555

Williams, E., var. introd. by, 218; var. orig. with,

423
Williams, E. & J. C, var. orig. by, 123
Williams, George, var. orig. with, 521
Williams, John, var. orig. by, 292
Wilmot, John, var. orig. by, 349, 403
Wilson, var. orig. by, 166
Wilson, E. H., species introd. by, 34, 40, 41
Wilson, James, var. orig. with, 556
Wilson, John, var. found by, 232
Wilson, Samuel, var. introd. by, 242; var. orig. by,

351
Wilquet, Remi, var. orig. by, 300
Winfield Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 178
Winquist, Seth, var. orig. with, 509
Winter & Co., var. introd. by, 89
Wisconsin Nurseries, var. introd. by, 113, 153
Wolfgang, H. G., var. orig. with, 475, 480

Wood, Beder, var. orig. with, 397

Wood, Ezra, var. orig. by, 168

Wood, Mrs. Reuben, var. orig. by, 123, 124

Wood Strawberry, com. name of F. vesca, 373

Woodlawn Nurseries, var. introd. by, 434

Woodruff, Charles H., var. found by, 156; var.

orig. by, 557
Wooster, E. W., var. orig. with, 456, 520, 558
Worsley, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 393
Wragg Nursery Co., var. introd. by, 114
Wright, Charles, var. orig. with, 535
Wright, F. L., var. found by, 235
Yant, John, var. orig. with, 559
Yellow berry, com. name of R. chamaemorus, 25
Yost, D. P., var. found by, 402
Young, B. M., var. orig. by, 242
Young, G., var. orig. with, 447
Young, Henry, var. orig. with, 153, 405, 420, 421,

437, 457
Zane, Thomas G., var. orig. by, 424, 491