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SMITHSONIAN

MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS,

VO. XET.

“EVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES,

AND EXPERIMENTS PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN.’’—SMITHSON,

WASHINGTON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1874.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XII.

PAGE

Advertisement . % ; ; ; . ; : : .

ARTICLE I. (No. 181.) Review or AmeRIcAN Birps, iv THE MUSEUM
oF THE SmiTHsoNtAN Institution. PartI. By S. F.
Barrp. 1864-1872. Pp. 484.

ARTICLE II. (No. 255.) Tue Constants or Nature. Part I. SpPx-
CIFIC GRAVITIES; Bortinc AND Mettine Ponts; AND
Cuemicat Formuta. Compiled by F. WiceLesworTH
CLARKE, S.B. December, 1873. Pp. 272.

ARTICLE III. (No. 263.) TELEGRAPHIC ANNOUNCEMENTS OF ASTRO-
NoMICAL DiscovERIEs. By Prof. JosepH Henry. April,
1873. Pp. 4.

vil

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ACD VEER TT Seaver Ne Tt:

THE present scries, entitled ‘Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections,” is intended to embrace all the publications issued directly
by the Smithsonian Institution in octavo form ; those in quarto con-
stituting the ‘Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.” The
quarto series includes memoirs embracing the records of extended
original investigations and researches resulting in what are be-
lieved to be new truths, and constituting positive additions to the
sum of human knowledge. ‘The octavo series is designed to con-
tain reports on the present state of our knowledge of particular
branches of science: instructions for collecting and digesting facts
and materials for research: lists and synopses of species of the
organic and inorganic world: museum catalogues: reports of ex-
plorations: aids to bibliographical investigations, etc., generally
prepared at the express request of the Institution, and at its
expense.

The position of a work in one or the other of the two series will
sometimes depend upon whether the required illustrations can be
presented more convenientiy in the quarto or the octavo form.

In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the
present series, each article is separately paged and indexed, and
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While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution to insure a proper standard of excellence in its publications,
it will be readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible
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most cases to verify their statements.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary S. I.

( vii )

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
181

REVIEW

OF

ANE Le AN: BR DS;

IN THE MUSEUM OF THE
SMITLBSONLAN INSTLTUTILON,

PART I.

BY
Ss. F. BAIRD.

WASHINGTON:
‘ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1864—1872.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE Review of American Birds, of which the present work, by
Prof. Baird, constitutes the first part, is intended to serve as a
descriptive catalogue, with critical commentaries, of the species of
American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution;
giving, at the same time, a list of the specimens, their localities,
and donors. As indicated by the date at the beginning of each
signature, it was published, sheet by sheet, between June, 1864,
and June, 1866, and has been extensively in use by ornithologists,
although not regularly distributed to Libraries and Societies. It
is now reissued for that purpose, and, for the first time, with the
list of species described, and with an alphabetical index.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary S. I.
Wasuineton, D. C.,
NovemBeEr 21, 1872.

PHILADELPHIA:
COLLINS, PRINTER.

INTRODUCTION.

THE primary object in undertaking the present work was to
furnish a list of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian
Tnstitution, with their localities and donors; and, as many of them
are of considerable rarity, and others new to science, the opportu-
nity has been embraced to give synoptical tables and descriptions
of some of the genera and species. The signatures were distributed,
as printed, to the leading ornithologists of the day, beginning June,
1864, and ending June, 1866; and the “Review” has been exten-
sively quoted by writers.

It was at first proposed to confine the ‘‘ Review” to North’ and
Middle America, but gradually the plan was extended until, in the
later monographs, all procurable American species were included.

The present part of the “ Review” includes aJl the slender-billed
Oscines, with the exception of the Cerebidx, which would have
been added but for the difficulty of presenting a satisfactory defi-
nition of the genera, as compared with the allied forms.

A second part of the ‘ Review” will be published as soon as it
can be prepared. ;
SPENCER F. BAIRD,

Assistant Secretary 8S. I.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
NoveMBER 20, 1872.

! The southern boundary of the United States, but also including the
whole Peninsula of Lower California, is here taken as that of North America;
while by Middle America is to be understood the region intervening between
the United States and the southern end of the Isthmus of Darien, and em-
bracing the whole West Indies, excepting Tobago and Trinidad.

( ili)

TABLE OF

ADVERTISEMENT : “ . e

INTRODUCTION . ° ° .
Pace
ToRDIDE . : é 3 caeeel
TURDINZE . : : . | oe
Catharus, Bon. 6
Catharus, Bon. 7

CONTENTS.

Malacocichla, Scl. . 10

Turdus, L. : el
Hylocichla, Baird . 13

Planesticus, Bon. . 23

Merula, L. 2 oll
Hesperocichla, Bd. 32

Platycichla, Bd. 32
Semimerula, Scl. . 33
Mimocichla, Sci. 35
Ramphocinelus, Lafr. 41
Mimin& 2 4
Margarops, Scl. 41
Oreoscoptes, Bd. 42
Harporhynchus, Cab. 43
Mimus, Bote 48
Galeoscoptes, Cab. 54
Melanoptila, Sed. 55
Melanotis, Bon. ° 56
Donacobius, Sw. 57
CincLipsz : : : 59
Cinclus, Bechst. 6 OD
SAXICOLIDE . : , : 61
Saxicola, Bechst. ; 3) Ol
Sialia, Sw. 2 . = 62
SYLvIDz : : 64
Regulus, Cuv. . 65
Polioptila, Sel. 67
CHAMHZADZ. ; 75
Chameza, Gambel 76

Page

° . ° e ° ° eet
. ° ° ° ° ° ee til
PaRIDz 2 a : : edad
PARINE ; ' : 77
Lophophanes, Kaup . 77
Parus, Linn. do
Psaltriparus, Bon. 84
Auriparus, Bd. : 85
SITTINZ : : é 86
Sitta, Linn. s ; 86

| CERTHIADA . a 89
Certhia, Linn. . 89
TROGLODYTIDA ; 9 91
Rhodinocincla, Hartl. 91
Heleodytes, Cab. 95
Campylorhynchus, Spix. . 96
Salpinctes, Cab. . 109
Catherpes, Bd. <0
Cinnicerthia, Less. op lilt
Cyphorinus, Cab. 2
Microcerculus, Scl. . als.
Heterorhina, Bd. SLD
Thryothorus, Vierll. . . 120
Thryothorus, Vieill. 123
Thryomanes, Scl. . 126
Thryophilus, Bd. 2 24
Pheugopedius, Cab. . . 134
Troglodytes, Vieill. . 2 137
Troglodytes, Vieill. 138

Anorthura, Rennie . 144

Cistothorus, Cab. . 146
Cistothorus, Cab. . 146
Telmatodytes, Cub. 147
MoracILLin& A : . 150
Motacilla, Zinn. . 151

(v)

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page , Pace

Anthus, Beciist. : : - 152 | Progne . : ° eal
Anthus, Sechst. , ee loo Progne, Bove . . 272
Neocorys, Scl. . : . bd Pheoprogne, Bd. . 283
Notiocorys, Bd. . 156 Petrochelidon, Cab. . . 286
Pediocorys, Bd. . 157 hirundo, Linn. : . 293
SYLVICOLIDE ; ¢ : . 160 Hirundo, Linn. . 294
SYLVICOLINE. . 4 2 a Tachycineta, Cab. . 296
Mniotiltee . : “ - 166 Callichelidon, Bryant 803
8 Mniotilta, Vierll. : - 166 Atticora, Bote . : « 305
Parula, Bon. . : . 168 | Atticora, Bote . 305
Vermivoree . : A . 166 Notiochelidon, Bd. 306
Protonotaria, Bd... 3 Le Neochelidon, Scl. . 307
Helminthophaga, Cab... 173 | Pygochelidon, Bd. . 308
Helmitherus, Raf. . +. 179 | Stelgidopteryx, Bd.. =. 312
Sylvicolern . . «~ ~~ 166| Gotyle, Bore at ee eens
Perissoglossa, Bd. . - 180 | VirEoNIDz . . 2 ° . 322
Dendroica, Gray. . 182 Vireosylvia, Bon. . - 326
GEOTHLYPINE . : ° . 214 Vireosylvia, Bon. . 327
Seiuree ; : ; . 166 Lanivireo, Baird . 345
Seiurus, Sw. . : . 214 | Vireo, Vieill. . ; . 350
Oporornis, Fd. ‘ . 218 Vireo, Vieill. . . 353
Geothlypee . 7 : . 166 Vireonella, Baird . 369
Geothlypis, Cab... . 210 Neochloe, Scl. . , seul
IcTERIAN : : : sea 2Bhl Hylophilus, Temm. . . 312
Icteriece : : : . 166 Laletes, Sclater 6 . 682
Icteria, Vieill . ; . 228 Cyclorhis, Swains . . 384
Granatellus, Dubus . . 230 Vireolanius, Dubus . - 395
Teretristee : : . 166) AMPELIDE . 5 “ . - 400
_ Teretristis, Cab. . : pEaOD Doin ; : ; - 401
SETOPHAGINE . : : . 335 Dulus, Vieill. . 6 . 401
Myiodioctes, Aud. . - 238) AMPELINE : . . - 403
Basileuterus, Cab. . . 241 Ampelis, Linn. . - 403
Basileuterus, Cab.. 241 PTILOGON ATIN ° . 408

Idiotes, Bd. . . 247 Ptilogonys, Sw. ° . 410
Myiothlypis, Cab. . 251 Ptilogonys, Sw. . 412
Setophaga, Sw. . C e203 Sphenotelus, Bd. . 412
Setophaga, Sw. - 256 Phenopepla, Sci. . - 415
Myioborus, Bd. . 257) MyrapeEstine : : - 417

Euthlypis, Cab. . 262 Myiadestes, Sw. : . 418
Cardellina, Dubus : . 268 Cichlopsis, Cab. . ~453
Cardellina, Dubus . 263 Platycichla, Baird . 436

Ergaticus, Bd. . 264 | Lannpz : ‘ : 437
HIRUNDINID, id Sy ede 267 Collurio, Vig. . 2. Se 4857

List of Species described

e . e . e . e . . 451
Alphabetical Index

e e e e e e e . e . 465

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
181

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS

IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.’

BY

Scab yb AG RD.

PART I.
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

OSCINES.
Famity TURDID%.?

Tue American Turdidx, Saxicolide, and Cinclide are all closely
related to each other by the presence of common characters, which
distinguish them from the other allied American families of Oscines

' The present work is intended as a catalogue of the birds of Northern and
Middle America in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, with such
critical notices of the same as appear to be called for, and a list of the speci-
mens, or of such of them as best show the geographical distribution of the
species. Species not in the Smithsonian collection, but which I have had
the opportunity of personally examining and comparing, are also included.
Species mentioned vy authors, but which I have not seen, will be mentioned
at the end of the genera or families to which they are supposed to belong.

As understood in the present work, the term ‘‘ North America” is intended
to cover the region in and north of the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, or
north of a line drawn from the mouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico,
to that of the Yaqui, near Guaymas, on the east side of the Gulf of California,
and embraces the peninsulas of Florida and of Lower California and Greenland.
Middle America extends from the same line southward to the continental
part of South America, including Mexico, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua,
Honduras, Costa Rica, the Isthmus of Panama and of Darien, and the whole
of the West Indies, excepting Trinidad and perhaps Tobago.

Any specimens which may serve to extend the list of the species enumerated
as belonging to the Institution, or furnish additional material for investigation,
will be thankfully received.

2 For a synopsis of the American Turdidx, See Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859.

1 June, 1864,

2 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART i

having uncovered nostrils and with ten primaries, the first of which
is either spurious or much shorter than the second, agreeing in this
respect with the Sylvicolide having nine primaries only. The most
striking of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft toes,
of which the outer is united by the basal joint alone to the middle
toe, while the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first
joint.t| The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the
very nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately
slender, and usually notched at tip; the culmen moderately curved
from the base, and the mouth well provided with bristles, except
in a few cases. Usually the scutelle covering the front and sides
of the tarsus are fused into one continuous plate, or else scarcely
appreciable, except on the inner edge only; in the Mocking Thrushes
they are, however, distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly
equal, the outer rather the longer. With these as some of the prin-
cipal characteristics, they may be distinguished from each other as
follows :—

A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, ar inter-
spersed with bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles.

Saxicolidz. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the
middle of the short square or emarginated tail, and one and a half
times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very
short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing the
outer secondary reaches only about two-thirds the length of longest
primary.

.

Turdidz. Wings moderate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle
of the often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the
latter, usually more nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half
the length of second quill; the second quill shorter than the fourth.
In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches three-fourths or more
the length of longest primary.

' Ina perfectly fresh specimen of Turdus mustelinus, the basal half of the
first phalanx of the inner toe is connected with the Ist joint of the middle toe
by a membrane which stretches across to within two-fifths of the end of the
latter; there appears however to be no ligamentous adhesion. The basal
joint of the outer toe is entirely adherent, and a membrane extends from nearly
the basal half of the second joint to the distal end of the first joint of the
middle toe. When this connecting membrane becomes dried the division
of the toes appears considerably greater.

When the toes are all extended in line with the tarsus, the hind claw
stretches a little beyond the lateral and scarcely reaches the base of the
middle claw.

The plates at the upper surface of the basal joints of the toes are quadran-
gular and opposite each other.

TURDID. 3

B. Nostrils linear, in lower edge of nasal membrane. Loral and frontal
feathers soft and downy, and no bristles or bristly points whatever
about the mouth.

Cinclidz. Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and
concave.

The American Sylviadx are in some respects very closely related
to the Saxicolidx, but may be distinguished by their much smaller
size, more slender and depressed bill, more strongly bristled rictus,
ete. ; on which account they are more strictly “ fly-catchers,” taking
their prey in great part on the wing.

Of the three families, the Turdidz contain a great variety of forms,
and exhibit widely different characters, rendering it exceedingly diffi-
cult to arrange them in any systematic or regular sequence, or to
accurately define their boundaries. In my work on the Birds of North
America, I placed the Mocking Thrushes among the Wrens, on ac-
count of the distinct tarsal scutelle, and other characters. I am
now, however, inclined to believe, with Dr. Sclater, that their place
is with the recognized Turdide ; and among other reasons, on the
ground of their more deeply cleft toes, and greater extension forward
of frontal feathers. On the other hand, I have included Donacobius
among the Thrushes, on account of the deeply cleft toes ; although,
as in the Wrens, the open nostrils are considerably in advance of
the frontal feathers.

The following synopsis of such American forms of Turdide as I
have had the opportunity of examining, may serve to determine the
genera artificially, even though their natural affinities be somewhat
violated. Nowhere is it more difficult than here to furnish in linear
series, trenchant and positive characters which shall at the same
time express and illustrate their true relationships. Cichlerminia
and Cinclocerthia, which I have not seen, are placed by Dr. Sclater
the one between Turdus and Margarops, the other between Rham-
phocinclus and Harporhynchus. The primary division is into
Turdine, or species with the tarsi ‘“ booted,” that is, having all the
scutelle fused into a continuous plate covering the front of the tarsus
and extending half way round on the two sides; and Mimine, or
those with this same anterior half of the tarsus covered by a suc-
cession of imbricated overlapping scales, usually seven in number.
In one species of Mimocichla, placed in the first section, the division
of the scutelle are appreciable, although they are all fused into one
plate ; while in the Cat-bird the scutelle, in some specimens (as No.
20,396), are quite indistinguishable—the leg here being as much
“booted” as in the true Thrushes ; in others, however, they are per-

4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

fectly distinct. Even in the first section individuals, in nearly all
the species, may be noted with indications of separate scutelle.

The Zurdus gigas of Fraser has been placed among the typical
Thrushes, but really differs in many important points, as does still
more the 7. aurantius of Jamaica, in shorter wings, much longer
Ist primary, very long tarsi, and other characters of Mimocichla.
I have accordingly been obliged to consider as a good genus the
section Semimerula of Sclater, although I would prefer to consider
aurantius as the type rather than gigas and its allies :—

A. Turdinz.—Tarsus covered anteriorly with a continuous plate.

1. Wings decidedly longer than the tail,' which is nearly
even. Bill considerably shorter than the head.
First quill one-half to one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus longer than the head; out-
stretched toes reaching beyond the tail . . Catharus.
First quill usually not one-fourth the second. Wings
pointed. Tarsus hardly the length of head, but
yet longer than middle toe; outstretched toes
falling short of tip of tail , ; : . Turdus.
Wings as in Turdus. Tarsus shorter than middle
toe. Bill short and very broad; width greater
than distance from nostril to tip. : . Platycichla.?
First quill more than one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus considerably longer than
head ; outstretched toes falling short of tip of
tail. Billlengthened . a P 7 . Semimerula.
‘2. Wings about equal to the tail, which is somewhat
graduated. Bill stout, nearly as long as the head.
Tarsus lengthened, considerably longer than mid-
dle toe and claw.
First quill more than one-third the second. Rictal
bristles very short . ; ; 6 : . Mimocichla.
3. Wings longer than the tail, which is considerably
rounded. Bill longer than the head, and slightly
decurved.
First quill more than half the longest . z . Rhamphocinelus.

B. Miminee.—Tarsi scutellate anteriorly ; scutelle seven.

4. Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly
even. Tarsus as long as the head.

Tarsus hardly longer than middle toe and claw.

Bill about equal to the head, decidedly notched ;

' In the present work the length of the tail is measured from the coccyx,
inside of the skin, and not, as usually the case, from the base of the quills at
their insertion. The wings are measured from the carpal joint, with dividers.

2 Possibly Cichlopsis, Cab., but differing much from his description.

TURDID®. 5

wings rounded; 1st quill more than half the
second; 5th longest. Claws very strong and
much curved. Rictal bristles very short . . Margarops.
Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely
notched; wings pointed; 1st quill less than
half the second; 3d and 4th longest. Claws
not peculiar. Bristles prominent. Tarsus con-
siderably longer than middle toe and claw . Oreoscoptes.
5. Wings decidedly shorter than the tail, which is con-
siderably graduated ; Ist quill half or more than
half the second.
Tail firm, the feathers moderately broad: the ex-
= terior with outer web near the end, less than
one-third the inner.
Bill lengthened ; sometimes much decurved; no

notch at tip. : : : < . . Harporiynchus.
Bill notched, shorter than head; straight.
Scutelle very distinct . . 3 : . Minus.
Scutelle more or less obsolete : : . Galeoscoptes.

Tail rather soft: the feathers broad; the exterior with

outer web near the tip rather more than one-

third the inner (except in Donacobius).
Rictus without any bristles whatever . : - Melanoptila.
Rictus with well developed bristles . Melanotis.
Divisions of tarsus mostly obsolete. Rictus well

bristled. Lateral tail feathers scarcely more

than half the central; width of its outer web

half the inner . . 3 ; 3 3 . Donacobius.

Of the family Turdide, as here given, the genera are all peculiar
to America, with the exception of Zurdus; and even here our species
Helong to sections scarcely if at all represented in the Old World,
except by stragglers from the American Continent.

The sexes are all similar in the American species, except in some
divisions of Turdus, in its most general sense.

A very remarkable peculiarity of form is observable in some of the
species of Oreocincia, an Old World genus of Turdide, consisting
in the possession of more than twelve tail feathers, a character
quite unique, I believe,,among the land birds.t Sundevall, in a
communication on the subject to Cabanis’ Journal fiir Ornithologie
(1858, 159), gives O. varia and malayana as having fourteen tail
feathers: the other species twelve. A specimen of O. varia, how-
ever, in the Smithsonian collection, received from the Philadelphia
Academy, and of uncertain locality, has fifteen tail feathers, and has
probably lost a sixteenth.

! See also Cabanis’ Museum Heineanum, I, 150, 6.

6 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

CATHARUS, Bonap.

Catharus, Bonar. Consp. I, 1850, 278. (Type Catharus immaculatus, BonaP.)
Malacocichla, Goutp, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1854, 285. (Type M. dryas, Goup.)

The genus Catharus has been made by Dr. Selater to include two
groups: Catharus proper, in which the species have a close re-
semblance in coloration to the small American Thrushes, as 7. fus-
cescens, ete., but without any spotting on the breast, and without
crest; and Malacocichla of Gould, in which the upper parts, or at
least the head, are black, and with the feathers of the head above and
nape, moderately elongated, so as to form a bushy, rounded crest.

The species of Catharus proper, as just stated, closely resemble
such small Thrushes as Turdus fuscescens, nanus, ete. in coloration
and external appearance. The bill is very similar, both in shape
and character of bristles, which are perhaps not quite so long in
some, longer in others. The plumage is, however, softer and
fuller; the tarsi appreciably longer, the tail shorter, the feathers nar-
rower. The principal difference is in the wings, which are short,
rounded, and concave. The Ist quill in C. melpomene is nearly or
quite half the 2d, which about equals the 8th quill. In C. occiden-
talis the wings are more pointed, the Ist quill about one-third the
2d, which is between the 7th and 8th in size. Here the bristles are
shorter; while in C. frantzdi they are unusually long. C. occidentalis
forms the transition to the smaller spotted Turdi. In C. (Malaco-
cichla) maculatus the Ist primary is shorter.

In all the skins I have seen the outstretched legs reach either
very nearly to the tip of the tail or beyond it.

In one specimen of C. melpomene, from Mr. Lawrence’s collec-
tion, the divisions of the tarsal scutelle are distinctly definable on
the anterior face, while they are confluent on the sides. It is possible
that at one stage of development the tarsi, which are covered with
a “boot,” or a continuous plate, are distinctly scutellate—the scutelle
melting subsequently into a single plate. The occasional persistence
of this immature feature in an adult bird may thus be explained
without invalidating the importance of the character as Kaup has
endeavored to do in the case of Turdus migratorius.

As Dr. Sclater has furnished an excellent synopsis of the species
of American Turdidez (Pr. Zool. Soe. 1859), it will not be necessary
here to do the same,

CATHARUS. q

Catharus.
Catharus melpomene.

Turdus melpomene, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 5 (Xalapa). —Catharus
melpomene, Sci. P. Z. S. 1859, 323.—In. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1,
No. 1.—Casanis, Jour. 1860, 322.—Satnvin, Ibis, 1860, 29.

Catharus aurantitrostris, ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (not of Hartnavs).

Hab. Mexico (Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala; Costa Rica.

Specimens vary somewhat in the shade of coloration and the in-
tensity of the rufescence of tail and wings. The bill is generally
(in the dried skin) bright yellow, sometimes orange, a little dusky
towards the tip above; sometimes this latter shade encroaches on
the culmen; in one specimen (No. 22,362) the whole upper mandible
is light brownish, and in No. 2 of Mr. Lawrence’s Collection it is
nearly as black as in C. occidentalis. Some specimens have a shade
of grayish in the feathers of the chin; but in none is there any in-
dication of the yellowish-brown of the jugulum of occidentalis. The
legs are always yellowish, though varying in the shade of this color.
The rump and tail are always more rufous than the back, as in
Turdus pallasii and its allies, though the contrast is not so striking.

A specimen (30,484) from Costa Rica, in imperfect plumage,
differs in the prevalence of a grayish olive shade in the back, and a
less intense shade of rufous on the rump and tail.t It is not im-
probable that this may be the true C. aurantiirostris of Hartlaub,
which is said to differ in the more olive back. Although Hartlaub
describes the whole upper parts as uniformly olivaceous, including
the wings and tail, his figure represents the latter as being more
rufous.

If the species of Hartlaub and Cabanis should hereafter prove to
be the same, it is somewhat of a question to which of their names
the priority should be assigned. The date of the aurantiirostris
is March, 1850, exactly coeval with Bonaparte’s ‘‘immaculatus.”
The name ‘‘melpomene” appears on page 5, of sig. 1, of Museum
Heineanum, but without any signature date affixed—this practice
not having been introduced until the appearance of the fourteenth
signature, where the date of Jan. 1851 is printed at the bottom of
page 107. There is nothing whatever to show that even if the first
signature was published in 1850, it appeared as early as March.

' Turdus aurantiirostris, Harruavs, Rev. Zool. March, 1850, 158 (Vene-
zuela); Is. Jard. Cont. Orn. 1851, 80, pl. Ixxii. Catharus aurantiirostris,
Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 323. Catharus immaculatus, Bon. Consp. March, 1850,
278 (Caraccas).

8 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Norr.—Additional specimens received from Costa Rica—none in
very perfect plumage—agree in being all rather grayer, with less con-
trast of back and tail coverts than Mexican and Guatemalan. They,
however, vary considerably among themselves—some being quite
decidedly olivaceous on the back. The most olivaceous specimens
have the most brightly orange-colored bills. In some of the others
the bill above is light horn color. No. 33,259 has an unusually
large first primary—more than half the longest.

List oF SPECIMENS.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ic Received from Collected by
ollected.

No. No. | Age.

22,362 | 33,122) .. Cordova, Mex. eters Werresux 9 Tg eines

16,841 a a Mexico. aisle TuGouldy i 6 Mil) 205 eee wicias

29,201 6S |) ee Orizaba, Mex. nee Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast.
32,451 Soo se Ale ie cc os

32,453 68| .. af os 6 «“

7,951 .. |Juy.| Guatemala. Sb J. Gould. § | sevese
13,661 ae on “ Bete DreSclaters) 9) SO Po Ferealels
30,650 30) oss Duenas, Guat. \Sept. 1862. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.
30,482 TG sce San Jose, Costa aoe Dr. Frantzius. J. Carniol.

: TEA Ne se Mexico. [Rica. slots Cab. of G. N. Law-| D’Oca.
2| .. | Guatemala. eae ‘ce airences|| © az cee
109| .. ee Sieve | Drs Pramtcius. 9) 4) 7 sieesee
TVOs|) <s.0." | sf ses Sci e eae eeeae| RRR ocNer aye ata
& ‘Ss | are SRCAPNIOL AW We yi) Be scleieter
“ “ee
eo u i “ fata

16,841. Upper mand. black; rufous of wings very intense.—29,201. Bill orange red, in skin
yellowish.—33,259, 1st primary very large.

Catharus occidentalis.
* Catharus occidentalis, ScuatER, P. Z. S. 1859, 323, 370.—Is. Cat. Am.
Birds, 1861, 1 (No. 2).
Hab. Mexico (Oaxaca and Totontepec (Sclater) ; Orizaba).

This species may readily be distinguished from C. melpomene by
several characters. The general color above is much the same ; but
while the rump, tail and wings are little, if at all more rufous than
the back, the head above and nape are decidedly so. There is an
indication of streaks on the jugulum and throat, the feathers being
pale buff at base, broadly streaked centrally, and tipped with plum-
beous ; while in melpomene there is no indication of the buff, nor of
streaks, the feathers being pure plumbeous, except where the whitish
basal portion shows on the chin and throat. The legs are darker
and more olivaceous. The bill is dark brown, almost black, except
the yellowish basal portion of lower jaw. The wings are longer and
more pointed, the longest primary exceeding the 10th by .65 of an
inch, instead of .35 to .40. The spurious primary is smaller and
narrower, its exposed portion reaching over scarcely more than one-

CATHARUS. 9

.
third of that of the 2d quill, instead of nearly or quite one-half. The
bill is shorter and more slender (.36 or less from tip to nostril, instead
of .42). he tarsi and toes are absolutely and relatively about the
same length as in melpomene (tarsus 1.25, middle toe and claw .85
in No. 22,361; a little less in 29,202).

It will be seen from the specimens indicated as from Orizaba, that
this species is not confined to the west coast, as supposed.

List oF SPECIMENS.

jl
Smith- Collec-| Sex |
|

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Ree Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. .
22,361 |40,760 | .. Mexico. elsts Verreaux.
QGDO2i s2O2|| 2 ,< Orizaba, Mex. eYoye Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast.
32,454) -202 | .. es UG a
32,455 | 202 | .. es sai ts sé
32,456] 202] .. ‘s eee fe oe
32,457 | 202) .. sf eats ff BS
32,458 | 399 | ce sere ss oe
|

22,361. Not exactly like type.

Catharus frantzii.

Catharus frantzii, Cas. Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860 (pub. Jan. 1861), 323
(Costa Rica).

Hab. Costa Rica.

No. 30,482. First primary about half the 2d. Above rufescent
olive, a little more rufous on the rump and tail, still more so on the
head above and nape; the outer edge of primaries a little grayer
than the back. Beneath plumbeous gray, darkest on the front and
sides of the breast, under wing covers, and thighs. Edges of throat
feathers perhaps a little lighter. Sides of head grayish. Flanks,
middle of belly and anal regions white ; under tail coverts pale rusty,
some of the feathers faintly edged with plumbeous. Upper mandible
black; lower yellow, but rather brownish at tip; legs pale brown.
Length, 7.60; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.20; bill, from nostril to tip, .41;
tarsus, 1.36; middle toe and claw, 1.00; 5th or longest primary,
.47, longer than the tenth.*

Another specimen (No. 30,483), although quite different, appears
to be a more immature stage of the same species. The upper parts
are darker and tinged with a more brownish rufous ; the breast and
sides are also strongly marked with the same.

The Catharus frantzii is intermediate between C. melpomene and
occidentalis. The back is more olivaceous and darker than in the
latter, the head of much the same color. Different from either, the
outer webs of the primaries are grayer than the back, instead of

10 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ [PART I.

more rufous. There are no streaks on the throat as in occidentalis,
or else they are very faintly indicated; and the plumbeous of the
under parts is much darker than in melpomene. ‘The bill and feet
are colored as in occidentalis, the feet still darker than in the latter
species. The bill is proportionally as large as in melpomene ; the
bristles apparently very long.

List oF SPECIMENS.

Smith- Collee- Sex | When

sonian| tor’s and | Locality. Goliected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | :
30,482 | 89 ee Costa Riea. fara Dr. Frantzius. | Dr, Frantzius.
33,254 | 90 “ at oe “oe
30,483 | 148 Jur a “ “
Malacocichla.

Catharus dryas.
Malacocichla dryas, Goutp, P. Z. S. 1854, 285, pl. 79 (Guatemala).—
Scnater & Sanviy, Ibis, 1859, 7.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 324.

Hab. Guatemala.

Above slaty olive-green; the top and sides of the head, including
lower jaw, continuous and deep black; beneath light ochry yellow,
becoming yellowish-white on the belly and anal region; crissum
tinged with brown; sides of body and inside of wings somewhat like
the back ; small indistinet spots of olivaceous on the chin and throat,
which become larger and more rounded on jugulum and breast. Bill
and legs yellow.

Length, 6.00; wing, 3.60; 1st primary, .96 ; tail, 2.75; bill from
nostril, .40, from gape, .92; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, .96.

This species is easily distinguished from C. maculatus' of Ecua-
dor, by the much more olive back (not dark ash) and ochry yellow
breast. The wings are longer and the tail shorter in proportion (in
maculatus measuring respectively 3.50 and 3.00).

I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for the opportunity of examining his
cabinet specimen of this species, lent me for the purpose. (No. 31,
Salvin coll. Tileman, Rio Potochic, Guatemala, Jan. 1861.) It does

! A specimen of Malacocichla, in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from the Napo,
with a general resemblance to a type Napo skin of MV. maculatus received from
Mr. Verreaux, is in some respects more like M/. dryas. Thus the upper parts,
instead of being grayish sooty, are more olive, the under parts more ochrace-
ous yellow. The crissum, however, instead of being yellowish-white, like the
anal region, is of a snuffy brown. The tail is much longer (3.30).

TURDUS. 11

not agree exactly with Mr. Gould’s description, but is probably the
same species.

Catharus mexicanus.
Malacocichla mexicana, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Nov. 1856, 998
(Xalapa).—Catharus mexicanus, ScuaTeR, P. Z. 8. 1859, 324.—Is.
Catal. 1861, 1, no. 4.

Hab, S. Mexico; Guatemala.

Above yellowish olive, with a tinge of rufous in the rump and
base of tail. Top and sides of head black, this color not extending
to sides of lower jaw, which are dark ash. Beneath ashy; the chin
and throat whitish ; middle of belly and crissum white; breast and
sides tinged with olive. Bill yellow; dusky along culmen; tip
brownish yellow or very pale corneous.

Length, 6.00; wing, 3.55; Ist primary, .90; tail, 2.80; bill, from
nostril, .40, from gape, .90; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, .88.

Specimen examined, No. 32 of Mr. Salvin’s collection, Rio Poto-
chic, Tileman, Guatemala, Jan. 1861 (lent by Mr. Salvin).

This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the yel-
lowish olive back, black head, and absence of spots beneath. The
olive has a more gamboge tinge than in dryas, and the black of the
head does not extend over the lower jaw. There is nothing of the
ochry yellow of the under parts, nor the spots of dryas.

TURDUS, Liny.
Turdus, Lixn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 168. (Type J. viscivorus of Europe.)

The genus Turdus is an exceedingly cosmopolitan one, embracing
species from nearly all parts of the world excepting Australia.
There are many minor variations in external anatomy and style of
coloration ; but the transition is so gradual from one form to another
as to render it exceedingly difficult to separate them generically to any
considerable extent. They agree in the conical subulate bill, shorter
than the head; the tip gently decurved and notched (except in
Hlesperocichia) ; the rictus with moderate bristles ; the wings rather
long and pointed, with small Ist primary (less than one-fourth the
second) ; considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even,
with broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull,
the scutelle fused into a continuous plate; only in rare individual
instances showing indications of the lines of separation.

The following arrangement of the genus is proposed as expressing,
with some accuracy, the characters of the American species :—

12 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Sexes similar.

Hylocichla. Smallest species. Bill short, broad at base ; much depressed.
Tarsi long and slender, longer than middle toe and claw by the additional
length of the claw; outstretched legs reaching nearly to tip of tail.
Body slender. Color: above olivaceous or reddish, beneath whitish ;
breast spotted ; throat without spots.

Turdus. Bill stouter and higher. Tarsi short, scarcely longer than middle
toe and claw. Body stout, geyerally whitish beneath and spotted. (2d
quill longer than 5th ?).

Planesticus. Similar to preceding. (2d quill shorter than 5th?). Beneath
mostly unicolored ; unstreaked except the throat, which is whitish with
dark streaks.

Sexes dissimilar.

Merula. Similar to Turdus. Male usually more or less black, especially on
the head; females brownish, often with streaked throats. Bill distinctly
notched.

Hesperocichla. Similar to Turdus. Male reddish beneath, with a black
collar. Bill without notch.

Of the preceding sections into which I have divided Turdus, the
first one is possibly entitled to full generic rank. It is intended to
include the small North American species, with Turdus mustelinus,
Gm., at the head as type, which are closely connected on the one side
with Catharus, by their lengthened tarsi, and with Turdus by the
shape of the wing. The bills are shorter, more depressed, and broader
at base than in typical Turdus, so much so that the species have
frequently been described under Muscicapa.

The section Turdus, as well as the entire genus itself, has as its
type Turdus viscivorus of Europe. We have no native representa-
tive of this group—one species only, Turdus ctliacus, coming into
the American fauna from its occurring in Greenland. =

Planesticus, first announced, as far as I can ascertain, by Bona-
parte in his Notes on Delattre’s Collection, 1854, 27, appears to have
as its type 7. yamacensis (T. lereboulleti of Bonaparte, erroneously
eredited to Colombia instead of Jamaica). It is among these species
that we find the closest relationships to the large European Thrushes,
as viscivorus, etc. The legs are short and stout. In the best known
species— 7. migratorius—there is an occasional indication of sepa-
rate scutelle on the lower part of the tarsi, to which Kaup has
called attention in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. I find the same
feature in a specimen of 7. viscivorus, No. 18,716, in T. torquatus,
18,944, and many other species, and consider it merely a condition
of immaturity of development.

TURDUS, 13

The type of Merula (Leach, 1816) is Turdus merula of Europe.
It differs from the American species I have seen in having the claws
much longer and less curved.

Turdus nevius should be removed from its position among the
Planestici and placed either among Merula, or even assigned to a
separate division. It agrees with Meru/a in the dissimilarity of color
in the sexes; but differs from all the American true Thrushes in a
much more subulate and slenderly conical bill, without any notch at
the tip. The claws are longer and straighter than in 7. migratorius,
more like typical 7. merula. In form it is perhaps nearer 7. tor-
quatus than other species of Merula.

It is somewhat of a question as to what name should be given to
the section of Turdus, of which nevius is the type. Bonaparte,
in his Notes on Delattre, states that Turdus nevius, Gm., is the type
of his new genus Lxvoreus, and that it is not a Thrush at all, but a
true Teniopterien. Dr. Sclater, to whom Bonaparte exhibited his
supposed species, 7. nevius, states (Pr Zool. Soc. 1859, 331) that
it proved to be the Tenioptera rufiventris, of South America, a
bird of an entirely different order. Now, on the one hand, Turdus
neevius, Gm., is positively stated by Bonaparte to be the type of his
genus Ixvoreus. Dr. Sclater, however, explains Bonaparte’s errone-
ous ideas of its affinities by showing that he had in view an entirely
different species, a fact which only accidentally comes to light.
Under these circumstances, if Zvoreus is not to be applied to nevius,
must it not be assigned to Tenioptera rufiventris, in case that
species should need a new generic appellation; or should it be
dropped altogether? On the whole I am inclined to adopt the latter
view, and accordingly propose the name Hesperocichla.

It will be understood, of course, that the preceding arrangement
of Turdus is only provisional, and merely intended to hint at the
affinities of the American species. Without a full series of the Old
World Thrushes, I can only base my notices on the species I have
before me.

Hylocichla.
Turdus mustelinus.
Turdus mustelinus, GmMEuin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817.—Avpvson, Orn.
° Biog. I, 1832, 372, pl. 73.—Is. Birds Am. III, 1841, 24, pl. 144.—
D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 1840, 49.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
212.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.—Is. Catal. 1861,
2sNOs 6.
Turdus melodus, Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 35, pl. ii.

Turdus densus, Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XXVIII, 1853, 2.—In. Notes
Delattre, 1854, 26 (Tabasco).

14 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Additional figures: Vrerttot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lxii.—Wunson, Am.
Orn. I, pl. ii.

Hab. U.S. east of Missouri plains, south to Guatemala. Cuba, La Sacra;
Honduras, Moore (Pr. Z. 8. 1859, 55).

This species varies less in its markings and shade of color than
perhaps any of our small spotted Thrushes. In some there is a faint
tinge of pale buff on the under parts, which are nearly pure white in
others, with the wash of buff restricted to the breast. Some speci-
mens appear more spotted beneath than others, but this is the case with
Northern skins (as 1569, from Carlisle) equally with more Southern ;
in fact specimens from Guatemala and Mexico exhibit precisely the
same variations in this respect. I am, therefore, not disposed to
consider Turdus densus, of Bonaparte, as a good species, unless
possessing distinctive characters not mentioned by that author, and
other than that of being more thickly spotted beneath, with the spots
larger and the bird smaller.

The young Turdus mustelinus is like the adult, except in having
rusty yellow triangular spots in the ends of the wing coverts.

Dr. Sclater gives Jamaica as one of the winter localities of this
Thrush. Mr. March has never met with it; and is of the opinion
that the bird referred to by Gosse is the Mimus hillii, at one time
supposed by the Jamaican Ornithologists to be the 7. mustelinus.

List oF SPECIMENS.

|

Smith-|Collee-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age. .

| 8

4,650 : Ss Fort Pierre, Neb. | May 3,1855.| Col. Vaughan. Dr. Hayden.

8,390} 96 | Q | Independence, Mo. | June 22,’57.| W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper.
22,356 |34,414 Mexico. feta Verresux:' Wi" se dAsese \

7,947 | | Guatemala. se JGOnTa se) Ih, meses

aa, 3 | as | ssje Cab. Lawrence. | _— ......

20,392) 377 | Coban, Vera Paz. oor O. Salvin. Constancia.

§,390. Iris brown.

Turdus pallasii.

Turdus pallasii, CABANIs, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1847 (1), 205.—Is. Jour-
nal f. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 212.—
Scuater, P. Z, S. 1859, 325.—Is. Catal. 1861, 2, No. 7. ®

Turdus solitarius, Wiusox, Amer. Orn. V, 1812, 95 (not of Liynaus).—
SciateErR, P. Z. S. 1857, 212.

Turdus minor, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72.

Turdus guttatus, Capanis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruviana, 1844, 187 (not
Muscicapa guttata of PALuas).

TURDUS. 15

Additional figures: Avp. Birds Am. III, pl. cxlvi.—Is. Orn. Biog. I,
pl. lviii.
Hab. Eastern North America. Cuba, Cas. Mexico?

A large series of specimens from the northern parts of the United
States shows considerable variations in color, etc. In all, of course,
the rump and tail are rufous, in decided contrast with the rest of the
upper parts. The shade of color here varies considerably, however :
generally it is of reddish olive, sometimes as bright and of the same
shade as in 7’. fuscescens (as in 7591, Washington), though generally
a little less intense. In two specimens only does the back have the
olive rather than reddish shade predominant (28,225, Washington ;
29,649, Maine), as in 7. swainsonti and nanus. These specimens are
almost as small as nanus, but have the large bill and fulvous tinge
of sides and crissum of pallasiz. In many specimens there are vestiges
of the lighter spots on the ends of the wing coverts.

The under parts do not vary much, although sometimes the tinge
of pale buff across the breast is more decided; sometimes nearly
wanting. The size is pretty constant ; the wing rarely exceeds 3.75,
in one case only (2,092, Carlisle) measuring 3.85; in half the speci-
mens it is about .20 less. The bill, ‘too, is pretty constantly .40
from tip to nostril. The tarsi measure about 1.15.

A young bird has all the feathers of the head, back, and wing
coverts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish.

I have seen no specimen of this bird from south of the limits of the
United States. Mr. Sclater quotes one from Orizaba; but it may
be the auduboni, as Prof. Sumichrast has sent a specimen referable
rather to the latter variety.

List oF SPECIMENS.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. jc eee Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. oiee

22,610} 505 Fort Simpson, B. A. Sep. 6, 1860, Iai ascy . 9 UP TAaRocD

Fort, Peel’s River. CUPVGAUd6ta Til) © muicicisiec
Ft. Rae, Slave Lake. | Clark Sra we |) a wclee'le
Jaboekhants 9 A veces

|

i
31,413 ae Ft. Resolution, “ |
al all

Turdus nanus.
Turdus nanus, Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 201, pl. eci.—Bairp, Birds N. A.
1858, 213.—Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1859.—Is. Catal. 1861.
? Turdus aonalaschka, Gmetrn, 8. N. I, 1788, 808.
2? Muscicapa guttata, Pauuas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 465.

Hab. Western North America (south of Columbia R. ?) to Rocky Mountains,
south to Cape St. Lucas.

16 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have little to add to the remarks on this species in the Birds of
North America, except that the predominant shade in the back is
the olive of swainsonii rather than the reddish of fuscescens, as in
T. pallasii. I have, however, not mentioned the difference in the
bill, which, besides being smaller, is much more depressed, as in
Anthus. The height of the bill at the base just back of the nostrils
in pallasii is from .17 to .19 of an inch, while in nanus it is only .15.
The distance from tip of bill to nostril is .385 or .86; the length of
tarsus, 1.07 to 1.10; the wing, 3.30 to 3.48. The clear plumbeous
cast of the flanks and thighs, and the white crissum of nanus, con-
trast characteristically with the rufous tinge of the same parts in
pallasii. The legs are rather darker and considerably more slender.

Pallas, in his Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1831 (?), 465, de-
scribes a Muscicapa guttata from Kodiak, an island of the Russian
American Archipelago, collected by Billings. This was, in all pro-
bability, a young Thrush in the immature spotted plumage, and if
any described North American species, may, from its size and colora-
tion, be referred to Turdus nanus, rather than to any other Thrush.
Should this be substantiated, the name guttatus must take prece-
dence ; but as there is still some uncertainty on the subject, I prefer
to make no change at present until young birds of the species can
be procured. A young 7. pallasii shows some rather marked differ-
ences from Pallas’ description.

List oF SPECIMENS.

Smith- |Collee-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ae Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. 5

83168) = .. | Sacramento Valley. Sa0 Lt. Williamson. Dr. Newberry.
16,143 | 353 © | Fort Crook, Cal. May 20,2595 J: Feilmer 9 9 |) 9 coerce
10,885 | od | Fort Bridger. April 29 Co Drexlers yore

Su'70)| ane -. | Frontera, Tex. May 8. Major Emory. Chas. Wright.

32,165 |10,781| o¢ | San Gertrude Mt.,
| Cape St. Lucas. | Jan. 1861. J; Xantuss: 2 (PV wesw se

Turdus auduboni.

Turdus auduboni, Bairp.

Merula silens, Swainson, Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 369 (not Turdus silens of
Vieiiiot, Encycel. Meth. I, 1823, 647, based on 7. mustelinus, Wits.
= T. fuscescens).—Is. Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, 1831, 186.—Bairp,
Birds N. Amer. 1858, 213, and 922.—ScuiarTser, P. Z. S. 1858, 325
(La Parada), and 1859, 325 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861,
2, no. 9.

Hab. Rocky Mountains, from Fort Bridger south into Mexico.

Since my article on the genus Z'urdus was published in the Birds

TURDUS. 1%

of North America, I have seen several other specimens of the large
race of Turdus pallasii. The back is rather more olivaceous than
in pallaszi, the rump paler and less rufous, and the colors generally
much as in nanus. In the largest specimen (10,886, from Fort
Bridger) the wing is 4.18 inches ; tail, 3.60; bill, from tip to nostril,
.45; tarsus, 1.26. Other specimens from Mexico and Guatemala
are a little smaller, but all exceed pallaszi in size.

This species or race appears to belong to the high table lands of
North America; the skin collected by Mr. Drexler, at Fort Bridger,
and that from Cantonment Burgwyn (both localities in the Rocky
Mountains), being however the only specimens recorded from the
United States. On the other hand, it seems to be rather common
in Mexico and Guatemala.

A specimen from Orizaba agrees with the others referred to in the
grayer plumage above, although not larger than many of the true
pallasii. It is probably the same variety that Dr. Sclater refers to
as T. pallasit from Orizaba.

Whether the present bird be specifically distinct from 7. pallasii
or not, there is no doubt of its being a decidedly marked race, of
larger size and grayer plumage above. While, as defined, the true
T. pallasii is confined to eastern North America, possibly not mi-
grating south of its limits, the 7. auduboni belongs to the central
North American plateau, ranging from Fort Bridger to Orizaba.

As the name of 7. silens is pre-occupied in the genus by Vieillot,
I have ventured to affix the name of 7. awduboni to the present bird,
basing the name upon the largest specimen from Fort Bridger
(10,886).

List oF SPECIMENS.

Smith- \conee-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality.
No. No. | Age.

10,886 | 483 g Fort Bridger?

none Received from Collected by

May, 2 28, 758. Dr c Drexlersig anlage oe ccreisre

11,734 are Cantonment Bur- | SW WePAM eran) Ti taeracicre

7,990 ste .. |Mexico.[gwyn,N.M. J. iGoutas PEGE asabod
13,579 ore re te Led ameter mead ical sere
S580) 4. a “ Comal Mica ae a dy, evctshatnis
32,459?) 355 .. |Orizaba. Prof, Sumichrast.j|)) | a..0.8

10,886. Type. No. 11,734. 8; 11.25; 3.75.

Turdus fuscescens.

Turdus mustelinus, Witson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 98, pl. 43 (not of Get).
Turdus fuscescens, StEpHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool. Birds, X, 1, 1817, 182.
Cas. Jour. 1855, 470 (Cuba).—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 214.—
Sciater, P. Z. S. 1859, 326.—In. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 2, no. 10.
Turdus silens, Vin1tu. Encyclop. Méth. II, 1823, 647 (based on ZT. muste-

linus, Wits. ).

2 June, 1864,

18 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Turdus wilsonii, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 73.
Turdus minor, D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 1840, 47, pl. v (Cuba).

Hab. Eastern North America; Cuba; Panama (winter).

There is not much variation in the color, and but little in the size
of this species. The spots on the breast are sometimes more distinct
than common, but less so than in 7. ustulatus, and they never extend
so far back.

It is a matter of some geographical interest that Mr. Drexler
obtained the true 7. fuscescens at Fort Bridger, in the Rocky
Mountains, instead of 7. ustulatus, its western representative.

The collections of the Smithsonian Institution do not contain
specimens of this species from any point north of Fort Garry, nor
south of the limits of the United States, although Mr. Lawrence has
a skin from the Isthmus of Panama. I do not find it quoted as from
beyond the United States by recent authors.

List oF SPECIMENS.

|

emith-|Coltec-| Sex | When
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Received from Collected b

No. No. | Age. | y Collected. y

2 ere

22,299 |" .. we) | Halifax, Nas: WaGo Winton: cect
18,683 16 Portsmouth, N. H. FeiCOUSS a me yn tlh ee tersiery—
13,132 | Red River Settle- Ci Sse bbard || aisicletas
18,522 23 aie “*Tment, B.A. avele IDS (Ewin TE We | eas
13,698 ee 3 | Rainy Lake. May 29. Rikennicott.) ise emleieae

4713| .. -- | Mo. of Vermilion. ists Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
10,881 ee @ | Fort Bridger, Utah.| May 27,’58.| C. Drexler. | __......

ae 8 Q | Panama. Soke Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.

13,132. No. 2,256. Eggs.

No. 8. Cabinet of G. N. Lawrence.

Turdus ustulatus.

Turdus ustulatus, Nurrauy, Man. I, 1840, 400 (Columbia River).—Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 215, pl. lxxxi, fig. 1.—Coorsr & Sucktey, P. R.
Rep. XII, 11, 1860, 171.

Additional specimens of this bird, received since the publication
of the “ Birds of North America,” have satisfied me of the validity
of this species. Of the diagnostic characters there enumerated, I
find that of the fulvous or yellowish brown of the axillars (and to
some extent of the tibis), as compared with their purer ash in fus-
cescens to be a constant one. The spots on the breast are much
better defined, darker, and extend farther back on the breast. The
sides are more of a yellowish-brown. The bill is much darker,
being dark brown except at the base of the lower mandible, which is
yellowish, and in marked contrast to the remainder ; while in fusces-

TURDUS. 19

cens the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish
(sometimes scarcely appreciable) towards the end.

This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of the
limits of Washington Territory and Northern Oregon, nor as far east
as the Rocky Mountains—the most eastern point being Chiloweyuck
Depot, of the Northwestern Boundary Survey (as 15,931, July 3,
1859, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly.
The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of J. swainsoni, being
thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its nearest relative,
T. fuscescens.

Turdus swainsonii.
Turdus swainsonii, Cas. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188.—? =P Beha
rtER & Savin, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).—Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1858,
451 (Ecuador); 1859, 326.—Is. Catal. 1861, 2, no. 11. pe
Birds N. Am. 1858, 216.—Gunptacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba).
Turdus minor, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (in part).
Turdus olivaceus, GrrAup, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Liyy.).
(2) Turdus minimus, LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. 1848, 5.—Sciarer, P. Z. 8.
1854, 111.—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 226 (Bogota).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.)
Hab. Eastern North America; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia,
north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador.

There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of
this species from different parts of the United States. There is a
strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck,
a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same
extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni-
form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade; sometimes a little
grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually
almost inappreciable.

Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce
a resemblance to 7. aliciz ; but here the persistence of the yellowish
ring round the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally
determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye
and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex-
istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainsonii.
It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be
hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions
where both breed abundantly.

The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35
from front of bill to nostril; in one or two specimens in the series,

as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as

20 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

aliciz. One specimen (5,657) from Kansas, has the bill only .50
from nostril to tip; the tarsi, .99; wing, 3.80; tail, 2.88. In an
average specimen from Carlisle (2,639) the bill is .40; tarsus, 1.12;
wing, 3.75; tail, 2.85.

A specimen from Panama, belonging to Mr. Lawrence’s collection,
and which he refers to the Z'urdus minimus of Lafresnaye, is smaller
than the average of northern specimens, with shorter bill. It is a
very little less than the Kansas specimen, with the bill a little longer ;
but several Carlisle and other northern specimens have the wings
and tail still shorter. I am, therefore, disinclined to consider the
specimen as anything more than T. swainsoni, perhaps a short
billed variety to which the Kansas specimen may also belong.

If the Turdus minimus of Lafresnaye be properly described, it
would appear to be different from any of the varieties of 7. swain-
sonit.

This species has been found to occur farther to the west than was
formerly supposed. Mr. Drexler obtained specimens at Fort Bridger,
Dr. Cooper in the Bitterroot Mountains, and Dr. Kennerly, of the
N. W. Boundary Survey, found it in Washington Territory. North-
ward it reaches almost to the Arctic Ocean, along the Mackenzie,
and across from there to Fort Yukon; in fact it occurs throughout
the whole northern heavily wooded region. I have seen no speci-
mens from Labrador, where, however, 7’. aliciz seems abundant.

Having had the opportunity of examining the specimen from Bo-
gota, which Dr. Bryant referred to the species of Lafresnaye (no. 92
of Dr. Bryant’s collection), I am able to corroborate the remarks of
the former relative to its peculiarities. The spots are larger than
common in the North American birds, and appear to extend farther
back on the breast and sides, where, in fact, they are as dark as those
on the jugulum, instead of being fainter and grayer of tint. The
flanks are darker, and colored like the back, instead of being much
lighter. The line from bill to eye, and probably the ring round the
eye, are of a much more brownish-yellow.

I am, however, not ready to conclude that this specimen is specifi-
cally distinct from Turdus swainsonii, as North American skins
vary a good deal in their characters, some of them approaching
it in one direction and some in another. The size is nearly equal to
the average of swainsonii, the skin being pressed up so as to seem
shorter than it should be. It measures but 5.90, but should be at
least 6.50; the wing is 3.80; the tail 2.95; bill to nostril, .36;
tarsus, 1.04; all dimensions readily paralleled in the North American
bird. The bill is fully as large.

TURDUS. 21

The Turdus minimus of Mr. Lawrence, from Panama, is even
more like typical North American birds.

It is quite possible that neither of these specimens belongs to the
true 7. minimus of Lafresnaye, as this author speaks of his bird
being of a smoky brown tinge above, “just as in Sevwrus aquaticus
(noveboracensis),” a decidedly different color.

List oF SPECIMENS.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age.| hee castiat

- | —— al a

23,622 ae .. | Moose Factory, H. CAE J. Mackenzie. «||, seve’
20,616 79 a5 ss [Bay.|July 3, ’60. | C. Drexler, C. Drexler.
20,614| 485 | .. | Fort George. |July 11,’60. ey Bae ee ole Sewer:
23,288... | .. | St. Stephens, N. B. aie G. A. Boardman,} —.......

2,206 a 3 | Carlisle, Pa. May. ost84o5iS. Ba Baird:) 9) sisieieis
22,250} 544 .. | Washington. ae DmWererentisss! ti) 1) feecece
27,189 86 Q | Fort Yukon. June 20. Jas: Lockhart. 9) 9 “jccemce
27,182 1,190 | ¢ te “ UKEnmicothmen te it eee
23,221 ate .. | Fort Good Hope. stele Ro We Mi Marlane. || 1 + icin...
27,188 a Q | Fort Simpson. at BiH ROSS wl) lal MN liy cictsmece
22,612| 649 -. | Big Island. ests s Jno. Reid.
19,479 es -. | Fort Resolution. May 2. aI<enniCOuls met te sfelei< (<i>
17,980 62 .. | Saskatchewan. 1859. Sc ee AP wet Narwraterata
11,585 Ss .. | Red River Sett. stare DSGunn ee SP cs.

5,818 ae od | Black Hills. Sept. 18. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.

8,302 15 .. | Independence, Mo. |Mar. 27,’57.| W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,993 ete o | St. Louis, Mo. May 15, ’57.| Lt. Bryan. W.S. Wood.

4,324 Ie .. | Caleasieu, La. 1854. GuiWiurdemanns. peo. vee.
12,199 fe -. | Red Fork of Arkan- ayets Dr. S. W. Wood-

sas. ONMSCs ek itis Oh ea cretslavare

8.215} 147 .- | Fort Laramie. Sep: LO574| Drs J..G.Coopern|) = seers
10,887 a & | Fort Bridger. May 275158.) CsDrexlersg) (Olli) cece
22,037 93 -. | Bitter Root Valley. |Sep. 3, ’60.| Dr. J.G.Cooper.| ......
21,916 | 549 o | Clark’s Fork of Col. Sets A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
21,917 | 538 2 oe [River. ee sf se
W377, ote -. | Mexico. BAG JeeGOwldaee an) )| ee eretiogs

7494.3 | (etal [ae “ ie cee CG [TR
13,578 ate -. | Guatemala. eye SSS eee Reta een Dee tacts
20,393 me .. | Coban, Vera Paz. ase OriSalwints 7)" Llalitiay meneee

5 -- | Panama. 1862. Cab. Lawrence.' M’Leannan.

(2,206.) 7.40; 12.08; 4.08. (8,302.) Iris brown.

Turdus aliciz.

Turdus aliciz, Barkp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 217, pl. 81, fig. 2.—Covxs, Pr.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Aug. 1861, 217 (Labrador)

The validity of this species, first established in 1858, in the ‘ Birds
of North America,” has since been substantiated, and its geographical
distribution ascertained by numerous specimens in the Museum of
the Smithsonian Institution.. Labrador and the Lower Mackenzie
River, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and to the
south, Costa Rica, have all been added to the regions known to be
inhabited by it. It is, in fact, a very remarkable circumstance, that
for two or three years past it has been more abundant around Wash-

! Type of minimus of Lawrence.

i)

2 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ington than swainsonii itself. It certainly is much more common
now than formerly, as none of the older collections embrace it among
their species, while it is frequently met with at the present time.

As originally described, it differs from swainsonii in larger size,
longer bill, feet, and wings especially, straighter and narrower Dill.
The back is of a greener olive. The breast and sides of the head
are entirely destitute of the buff tinge, or at best this is very faintly
indicated on the upper part of the breast. The most characteristic
features are seen on the side of the head. Here there is no indica-
tion whatever of the light line from nostril to eye, and scarcely
any of a light ring round the eye—the whole region being grayish-
olive, relieved slightly by whitish shaft-streaks on the ear coverts.
The sides of body, axillars, and tibie are olivaceous gray, without
any of the fulvous tinge seen in swatnsonit. The bill measures .40,
from tip to nostril sometimes more ; tarsi, 1.21; wing, 4.20; tail,
3.10—total, about 7.50. Some specimens slightly exceed these
dimensions ; few, if any, fall short of them.

At the time that this species was described, in 1858, the only
known localities were Illinois and the line of the Missouri River
along the mouths of the Vermilion and the James Rivers. Since
that time its distribution has been found to be much more extensive.
Although not yet found west of the Missouri, nor on it above Fort
Union, it is abundant along the Lower Mackenzie, and especially
about Fort Anderson, on Anderson River. It is rare on the Youkon,
as well as on Slave Lake, except perhaps at the western extremity.
Mr: Coues found it abundant in Labrador. It is now particularly
common in the spring about Washington, and a few specimens have
been obtained about Philadelphia.t | South of this it has not been
noticed with the single exception of the specimen recorded below.
Dr. Bryant, however, thinks he has seen it in Dr. Gundlach’s Cuban
collection.

In a word, its distribution in North America, as at present known,
is from the Missouri River and the Mackenzie on the west, to Wash-

' Mr. J. A. Allen, in a paper on the Birds of Springfield, Mass. (Pr. Essex
Institute, [V, 1864, 56), speaks of Turdus aliciz as abundant about Springfield,
and as grading so insensibly into the 7. swainsonii, as not to be entitled to
consideration as even a strongly marked variety. Iam inclined, however, to
think, from the nature of his remarks and comparisons, that he has not seen
what I call T. alicix.

During the many years I collected birds about Carlisle, and in the course
of which I killed large numbers of 7. swainsonii, I never saw an aliciz, although
I observed the same variations in shade and color of the former referred to by
Mr. Allen.

TURDUS. 23

ington and Philadelphia on the east, and northward to the shores
of the Arctic Ocean, where, however, it is confined within narrow
limits of longitude.

| { {
Smith- Collec-| Sex | Wh |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll Ged | Received from Collected by
No. | No. |Age. | Mester
- -| _—_ —_— |
27,328 | 194] Q | Fort Youkon. | June 30, “61. | JC Leckbarerer eae these
27,203 | 1,420 | .. | La Pierre’s House. | .... B. R. Ross. J. Flett.
ste 3 Fort Anderson. | mete R. Macharlanes 9/9 3.66)
22,607 oe Q | Fort Simpson. septs 10) 60x BieRs JOSS: gant MMaliei Ml Gist cies
18,072 100 | ¢ | Grosvater Bay, Lab. | 1860. PELOt Conese 9 te alla) erctre nce
4,708 xe do | Mo. of Vermilion. | May 8, ’56. | Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
10,084 mes a W. Northfield, Ill. | BAG R. Kennicott. Alice Kennicott.
22,288 we -. | Ohio. | wae Js MM. Wiheatons (|b Pit ferries
22,246 oe .. | Washington, D.C. | BBE C. Drexler: 0 esecicei-
30,485 91 | .. | San Jose, Costa Rica. | tele Dr. A. Vv. Frantzing:| | 9. ss sie-'s
|

(27,323.) 7.20; 12.10; 4.10. (10,084.) ‘Type.

Turdus iliacus.
Turdus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 168, and of European
authors.—Reinuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).

The occurrence of this well known European species in Greenland
brings it within the limits of the American Fauna. Two Greenland
specimens are recorded by Dr. Reinhardt: one of them shot at
Frederickshaab, Oct. 20, 1845.1

Planesticus.
Turdus jamaicensis.
Turdus jamaicensis, Gein, S. N. I, 1788, 809.—Gossz, Birds Jam.
1847, 142.—Bon. Consp. 1850, 271.—Marcn, Pr. A. N. 8. 1863,
292.—Sciater, P. Z. §. 1859, 327.—Is. Catal. 1861, 3, no. 13.

Turdus capucinus, HARTLAUB, Bp. Consp. 271.
Turdus lereboulleti, Be. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, Jan. 1854, 3.

Hab. Jamaica.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gent Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. 7

22,144 ate -. |Spanish town, Jam. Sere Wreebaiiarchyn i) 0 Seccse.

1 This species is smaller than our Robin (7. migratorius), but of a similar
grayish-olive above, including the head. The under parts are white; the
feathers of the lower throat and breast streaked with brown. The sides,
axillars, and inner wing covert are reddish cinnamon. A conspicuous white
streak over the eye and extending as far back as the nape. Bill black, yel-
low at base of lower jaw. Legs pale-colored. Second quill longer than fifth.
Length, about 8.25; wing, 4.64; tail, 3.45; bill, from gape, 1.07, from nostril,
.44; tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.15. Specimen described: 18,718,
%,, received from the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich.

24 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Turdus leucauchen.
Turdus leucauchen, Scuater, P. Z. 8, 1858, 447.—Scuarer, Ibis, 1859,
6.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 3, no. 16.

Hab. Guatemala. Mexico?

Description of No. 30,647. (Compared with type.) Above black-
ish ash, with tinge of olivaceous; wings and tail blackish brown,
almost black. Beneath pale brownish ash; axillars and under wing
coverts tinged with yellowish ; flanks rather darker ; middle of abdo-
men and crissum white. Inner edges of the quills towards base not
lighter than elsewhere, but brown. Chin and upper throat white,
the feathers streaked centrally with black ; a conspicuous pure white
patch at lower end of throat. Legs horn color; bill yellowish,
tinged with brown along culmen towards the tip.

Length, 9.25 (skin); wings, 4.80; tail, 4.20; bill, from nostril, .50 ;
tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.10; longest primary (4th and
5th), 1.10, longer than the shortest; 2d intermediate between 6th
and 7th.

Specimens from Costa Rica, compared with 30,647, are smaller ;
the back more olivaceous ; the median line of the belly whiter; the
crissal feathers longer and more edged with plumbeous; the bill
more tinged with brown. <A triangular yellowish spot in the larger
coverts apparently indicates a slight immaturity.

smith- |Collee- Sex Wh
sonian” tor’s | and Locality. Coll ted Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Beret:

22,360 |43,465 | .. ‘* Mexico.”’ wae ES ViOrreswxe. | | ti esicinele
32,684 |43,468 2 es efais Sie ime all) es) Mceieieieraie
20,588 | 1,452 | .. Choctun, Vera Paz, | Jan. 1860. OFSalvin ee vali ea wetetcisle’s
30,647 | 3,011 ae sf [Guat. ce Oe en | oto ofa Te

= Tas Guatemala. ats Cab. of G.N. Law-| —..... se
33,263 23| fo | Dota Mts., Costa Jan. 27,’64.| J. Carniol. [rence.) —......
33,264 23 | og be [Rica. es 5 ee Bel EM forstofora

30,647. ‘““Compared with type.’’ 33,263. Length, 9; extent, 13. Iris yellowish-brown.
33,264. Iris brown.
Turdus assimilis.

Turdus assimilis, CAB. Mus. Hein. 1850, 4.—Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 202 ;
1859, 370 (eggs).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 3, no. 15.

Hab. Mexico (Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Oaxaca). Guatemala.
No, 22,351. Upper parts uniformly yellowish-olive, very much

as in the brighter varieties of Turdus swainsonii. Wing and tail
feathers (concealed portions) brown, of similar shade, without the

TURDUS. 25

olive. Beneath pale grayish fulvous, rather darker on the flanks,
where the color is much as on the back. Belly to crissum white.
Chin white, the feathers streaked centrally with blackish brown; a
whitish region posterior to the streaks.

Axillars yellowish fulvous, as also to a rather less degree, the in-
side of the wings, including the basal portion of inner webs of the
quills. Bill and legs horn color, the under mandible paler.

Length, 8.75; wing, 5.20; tail, 4.30; bill to nostril, .57; tarsus,
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30; longest primary
exceeds the shortest by 1.20; second quill intermediate between the
6th and 7th (.16 longer than the latter).

This specimen, in color of upper parts, wings and tail, is very
similar to Turdus grayi, although readily distinguishable by the
white abdomen, darker throat-streaks, ete.

Turdus leucauchen is distinguishable at a glance from 7. assimi-
lis, by its colors, almost black above, not fulvous; light plumbeous
ashy beneath, not pale fulvous; uniform brown of inner webs of
quills, and dark axillars, not decidedly paler and fulvous; greater
amount of white on the throat; yeltow bill; shorter and more
rounded wings, ete.

I have been thus detailed in showing the differences between what
I consider characteristic specimens of assimilis and leucauchen, to
introduce a series of specimens exactly intermediate between the two,
all labelled assimilis: 18,564 from Orizaba, by Dr. Sclater; 30,648
from Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin; 22,357, Mexico, by Mr. Verreaux.
In 22,351, the size, proportion, and color are more like leucauchen ;
the wings and tail are nearly as dark; the back, however, is green-
ish-olive; the under parts similar, but paler; the axillars with a
little more fulvous; the bill is as yellow. In 18,564, the relation-
ship to assimilis is shown by a still lighter tinge above, the axillars
almost as fulvous as in assimilis. Some dark shaft spots and streaks
in the feathers of the breast are indications of a certain degree of
immaturity.

The gradation of these specimens between assimilis, as described
above, and leucauchen, is so perfect, that in coloration No. 18,564
would, I think, be referred to the former, and 22,357 to the latter.
With this, No. 30,648, from Guatemala, recently received from Mr.
Salvin, also agrees quite closely—the axillars only being rather more
fulvous. °

It is quite possible that these specimens referred to as intermedi-
ate forms may, as labelled, all belong to Turdus assimilis ; while
22,351 may be another species. In this case I must leave the

26 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

question to be decided hereafter. Mr. Selater evidently refers to
this intermediate form in P. Z. S. 1859, 370.

Smith-. Collee-| Sex |

: a : When .
ee po as Locality. Collected: Received from Collected by
22,351 | 40,790 | @ Mexico. Verceaux:. ) . i) 1) Geena:
22,357 | 40,789 | se | 6 0 RUE ON SE
18,564 oe | Orizaba, Mex. slave Dr. Sclater. Botteri.
30,648 Ee Ae Duenas, Guat. 1860. OriSalvin:’ — 9 "i" 2 URoNaee
a 6 | ec Xalapa. ee Cab. Lawrence. D’Oca.

Turdus grayi.

? Merula tristis, Swains. Philos. Mag. 1827, 369.—Turdus tristis, SCLATER,
P. Z. 8. 1856, 294; 1859, 330.

Lurdus grayi, Box. P. Z. 8. 1837, 118.—Is. Conspectus, 1850, 272.—
Scrater & Satviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 5 (eggs).—Scrater, Catal. 1861, 4,
no. 22.—Casanis, Journ. for 1860, 323.

2 Planesticus luridus, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 4 (New
Grenada).

Turdus casius, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XLI, 1855, 657.— Turdus cesius,
Scrater, P. Z. S. 1859, 330.—Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 326
(Panama).

Hab. Mexico (Xalapa, Cordova, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Vera Paz); Costa
Rica.

In a rather large series of specimens I find some differences in
individuals, which, however, do not appear of specific value, espe-
ciaily as the separation in one character does not correspond with that
based on another; nor are there any appreciable geographical rela-
tionships. The length of the wing, tarsus, and bill, as well as the color
and width of the latter, vary in specimens from the same localities.
In some the inner edges of the quills towards their bases are of the
same light cinnamon as the inner coverts; this color sometimes
sharply defined as a margin. In others, again, this is less distinct ;
while im some these edges are only of a paler gray, with the faintest
trace only of cinnamon, and no margin is traceable.

In most specimens of this bird the edges of the inner webs of the
quills towards the base are light cinnamon, like the axillars, forming
a conspicuous and well defined edging. In No. 30,646, however
(a female bird), this character is almost inappreciable.

No. 30,559, from Acajutla, differs in being larger (length, 10.00 ;
wing, 5.15; tail, 4.80; bill to nostril, .60; tarsus, 1.25). The colors
are paler, upper parts more olive, and the inner edges of the quills

TURDUS. 27

only very slightly fulvous, without any well defined edging. This
is also the case with some Costa Rica skins.

Mexican specimens seem to have shorter bills than Guatemalan.
Tn all there is a decided bare space behind the eye, less marked,
however, especially around the eye, than in 7. gymnophthalmus.
The latter species is otherwise somewhat similar, differing mainly in
the absence of the cinnamon tinge to the under parts of the body.

Male and female specimens from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence’s col-
lection, exhibit both extremes of coloration of the quills as referred
to above.

I do not consider the evidence before me favorable to the separa-
ration of J. cesius from the original grayi; and therefore, for the
present, prefer to unite the two species. Planesticus luridus, Bon.
Notes Orn. Delattre, 28, New Grenada, probably, as suggested by
Sclater, belongs here also.

It is difficult to say to which of the Mexican Planestict the Turdus
tristis of Swainson belongs. His description of ‘olive brown, be-
neath whitish ; chin with black spots; under wing coverts pale fer-
ruginous; bill and legs brown,” really suits 7. lewcauchen better
than gray, to which it has generally been referred, but is too far
from the truth to admit of being identified with either.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex WI
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Coll ate Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | oes:
13,664 | .. .. | Xalapa, Mex. | Jar P. L. Sclater. D’0ca.
33,570 165 | .. | Mirador, Mex. | Noy. 1865. Dre Sartoriusie | 0 eerste’
22,359 |40,793 | Q Cordova? Mex. eta Vierreauxs: ae sli) aol iescc oe
32,686 |14,080 | 2 | Mexico. rie 5 ee a ee oY <vcrs
ot Gg | J | Jalapa. (Guat. nbn Cab. Lawrence. | ......
20,394 | 1,449 | .. | Tactic, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860. OF Salvin ie mit ssaieter
30,646 | 3,015 | @ | Coban, ** [dor. 1861. Coy Linig femal Mea Marshes
30,859 srs ¢o | Acajutla, San Salva-) Aug. 11,’63.| Capt. J.M. Dow. | _......
30,481 17 |... | San Jose Costa Rica. Sexe Dr. v. Frantzius. Carniol.
33,260 eye a ss ire DeCarniol ae Wee hers clarcts
33,262 Kg oh sf aor SCA Gale Sete Par P jects rac
33,261 VAT er sé ists Drj Vie, PEADUZIUS We) jvetelisere
bi 8| .. Guatemala. ayate Cab. Lawrence. | ......
11} 2 Panama. mete ee DR eeicicletets
10| ¢ eC cs De ii ceties
Be 4.80; 1.25; 1.05. Inner edges of quills cinnamon; sharply defined.
re 7 i oe “ee “e “ee
22,359. 4.70; 1.30; 1.10. se < Me a
9 4.70; 1.30; 1.13. Cinnamon; not sharply defined.
20,394. 4.60; 1.18; 1.15. re sharply defined.
30,646. 4.80; 1.25; 1.15. Paler, only a trace of cinnamon.
30,859. 6.15; 1.30; 1.17. fe es ot
30,481. 4.75; 1.20; 1.12. Cinnamon; sharply defined.
8. 4.50; 1.22; 1.10. fe ss ss
11. 4.40; 1.20; 1.05. Paler, not edyed with cinnamon.
10. 4.85; 1.20; 1.10. es Ke ee

1 T. casius, Lawr.

28 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Turdus obsoletus.
Turdus obsoletus, LAwRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1862 (%, Panama).

Hab. Isthmus of Panama.

Male: Second quill between 6th and 7th; 4th and 5th longest.
Color above dark brownish olive, deepest on the head; beneath show-
ing a considerably paler shade of the same, but darkest on the sides ;
throat similar, but with a grayish tinge, the centres of the feathers
obsoletely darker. Region about the vent and under tail coverts
pure white. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges of the
quills cinnamon rufous. Greater coverts with a spot of cinnamon
at the end (an indication of immaturity?). Bill and legs uniform
brown.

Length, 8.10; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.80; bill from gape, 1.15, from
nostril, .58; tarsus, 1.17; middle toe and claw, 1.15.

I owe the opportunity of examining this species to the kindness
of Mr. Lawrence, the description being taken from his type speci-
men No. 12, collected by Mr. M’Leannan in 1862. The peculiar
dark lines crossing the feathers on the back, described by Mr. Law-
rence, are purely optical in character, being similar to the watering
of silks, ete. The under parts, too, are quite uniform, the edges of
the feathers being possibly a little ferruginous.

This species may be the female of one of the black species as
suggested by Dr. Sclater, in a letter to Mr, Lawrence; but I am
unable to assign it to any of those described, and the bird is marked
as a’ male by Mr. M’Leannan.

Turdus migratorius.

Turdus migratorius, Linn. 5. N. 12th ed. 1766, 292.—Scrater, P. Z. S.
1856, 294; 1859, 331.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 4.—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 218.—Coorer & Sucktey, P. R. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 172.

Figures: Vrieiniot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lx, lxi.i—Witson, Am. Orn.
I, 1808, pl. iii—Doveury, Cab. N. H. I. 1830, pl. xii.—Aupvuson,
Birds Am. III, pl. 142; Orn. Biog. II, pl. 131.

Hab. The whole of North America; Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordova); Cuba, very
rare (Gundlach) ; Tobago (Kirk).

In highly plumaged specimens from the east the feathers of the
inter-scapular region are frequently, even generally, tinged with
blackish in their centres, passing gradually into ash on the edges,
and the black of the head ceases to be sharply defined. There is also
usually a well defined whitish tip, half an inch long, to the outer tail
feathers.

TURDUS. 29

In Rocky Mountain skins, the tail is either black except a very
narrow whitish edge, or the white tips of eastern specimens are re-
placed by a dull gray. The black of the head, too, is better defined,
the interscapular feathers more uniformly ash, and the upper parts
without the faint brownish wash so frequently seen in eastern speci-
mens. There are, however, some exceptions to these features, in the
series from each locality. The eolors generally of western birds
appear to be paler.

It may be proper to state that, while in spring adult specimens
the bill is yellow with the extreme tip dusky, in immature, and per-
haps winter dress, there is every gradation from this to a uniformly
dusky bill. The entire culmen is frequently tinged with brown.

In none of the specimens before me is the head entirely destitute
of its brown or blackish color, although the edges of the feathers
are frequently so much tinged with ash as greatly to obscure this
character.

The bills vary considerably in length—the shortest measuring .50
from tip to nostrils, the average being barely .60.

A specimen from Mirador, Mex. (No. 23,908), agrees generally
with skins from the United States, but the throat anteriorly is so
closely streaked with black as to exceed the.white in amount, this
color being restricted principally to the chin.

This species is found throughout the whole of North America,
north to the Arctic Ocean, wherever collections have been made,
and as far south as the latitude of Vera Cruz. No species are more
generally distributed in North America than this bird and Dendreca
zstiva. I find no mention of its occurrence south of Mexico.

I mention only the extra limital specimens of the many skins in
the Smithsonian collection.

Smith-| Collec-| Sex Wien | ; |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ,
7,949 33 we Mexico. | iets A KeOUGE. 1) ei Ue eeeeAR
13,581 50 a se etek se J. Taylor
23,908 ee Ne Mirador, Mex. | ree i DreCe Sartorius, |) ~~ nec.

Turdus confinis.
Turdus confinis, BarrD, 0. s.
Hab. Todos Santos, Cape St. Lucas.

No. 23,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uni-
form grayish ash, with perhaps a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than
in eastern specimens of 7. migratorius. The central portions of the

30 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [ PART I.

feathers of the top of head are rather darker than the edges, though
almost inappreciably so, and not imparting a general dusky appear-
ance. The chin and throat are white, streaked with ashy brown.
The jugulum and breast are pale yellowish buff; the axillars, inner
wing coverts and sides of the breast similarly, but rather more de-
cidedly colored. The belly and edges of the crissal feathers are
white, the hinder parts of the flanks ashy. There is a distinct
whitish stripe from the lores over, and a quarter of an inch behind
the eye; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail feathers are
worn, but there is an indication of a narrow white tip. The
feathers of the jugulum, especially of the sides, are tipped with
ashy like the back, as in immature specimens of 7. migratorius.
The greater wing coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is
yellowish; the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with
dusky. The feet are pale brown.

The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is much drawn
up. The wing, however, measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40
beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4.10; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe
and claw, 1.07; exposed portion of culmen, .92; from tip to open
portion of nostrils, .60.

The specimen with a general resemblance to an immature 7’
migratorius (especially the western variety), in the white superciliary
streak and general markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of
the many skins of 7. migratorius before me; there being none of
the dark chestnut or cinnamon shade, but rather a light buff; the
belly and flanks are much more purely white. The superciliary
stripe extends farther behind the eye; indeed in most specimens of
migratorius the white is nearly confined to the eyelids. The bill
and wings are rather longer than usual in mdgratorius ; the middle
toe, on the other hand, appears shorter.

The specimen lacks entirely the reddish-brown back of 7. flavi-
rostris, in which latter also the breast and sides are like those of
migratorius. The white of the belly is even more extended. It
has a whitish superciliary streak, entirely wanting in flavirostris.
The upper part of the jugulum is not streaked. The wings are
longer and more pointed, and the primaries extend considerably
farther beyond the secondaries. The bills are of the same size ; the
tarsus is 1.20, or longer than the middle toe and claw ; while in flavi-
rostris (although a larger bird) the tarsus is only 1.00, and shorter
than the middle toe and claw (1.20).

Upon the whole, it may be that the specimen before me represents
an abnormal plumage of 7. migratorius; but its rather different

TURDUS. 3l

proportions, much paler ground color beneath, greater extent of
white on the belly, absence of black or dusky on the head, etc., leads
me to consider it as distinct. Its being a summer bird of Cape St.
Lucas is also an additional argument for this view. It is decidedly
not to be referred to 7. flavirostris.

| |
Smith- |conee-| Sex |

| Tv
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | ae Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. 2
23,789 |Todos Santos, C.8. L.| Sum. of 1860. J. Xantus. J. Xantus.
|

Turdus flavirostris.

Turdus flavirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369.—Sciater, P. Z.
8. 1859, 332.

Turdus rufopalliatus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1840, 259 (erroneously quoted
as from Monterey, Cal.). f

Turdus palliatus, Bonar. Conspectus, 1850, 272.

Hab. Western Mexico.

This species appears to be but little known to ornithologists at
the present time, none having been obtained by Boucard, Salle,
D’Oca, and other collectors. Mr. Xantus, however, procured nume-
rous specimens, in 1863, about Colima, Mex., which would seem to be
its centre of abundance. It appears to vary but little in color with
sex and season, and may readily be identified by Sclater’s diagnosis.

Smith- |Collec-} Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. @ollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :
12,864 95 | oF Ist. Tehuantepec. | May 17. T. C. Martin. A. J. Grayson.
29,349 104] ¢ Colema, Mex. Jan. 1863. J. Xantus. J. Xantus.
29,350 | 100] ¢ xe ee te “ “
29,351 | 102| ¢ ee < “ “ «“
29,352 | 101] ¢ . “ «“ “ «“
“e “ee oc “ec “ce
ze eso le dal ales pn ; “ :
30,134 | 103] ¢ ss a «“ «“ “
30,137 | _ 143 | es e Feb. 1863. « «
31,818 | B71 | s « Aug. 1863. « «
——— eee
29,349. Length, 8.50. Iris brown. 29,354. Iris brown.
29,350. fe 8.50. ‘* reddish. 30,134. Length, 8.50. Iris brown.
29,351. * brown. 30,137. fs 9.25. ‘ ef
29,352. cca 31,818. “ee
29,353. sf ge
Merula.

Turdus infuscatus.
Merula infuscata, Larres. Rev. Zool. 1844, 41.—Turdus infuscatus,
Scrater & Satviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 6.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 334,
362.—Is. Catal. 1861, 5 (no. 33).

Hab. Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca). Guatemala.

32 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith- \Collee-|

Sex When .
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No: | No: | | Age. i
13,657 Sc Xalapa. aioe Dr. P. L. Selater. | D’Oca.
30,649 | 4,440 Vera Paz, Guat. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

Turdus rufitorques.
Turdus rufitorques, Hartuaus, Rev. Zool. 1844, 214.—Scnarer, P. Z. S.
1859, 334; Ibis, II, 1860, 29; Catal. 1861, 6, no. 35.
Hab. Guatemala; Duejias.

|

Smith-|Collee-) Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ‘
20,391 401 | cg Duenas, Guat. Aug. 3, 1859. O. Salvin. | siaieeele
Hesperocichla.

Turdus nevius.
Turdus nevius, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 817.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 4; 1859,
331.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 219.—Cooper & Sucktey, P. R.
R. R. XI, u, 1859, 172.
Orpheus meruloides, Ricn. F. B. A. I, 1831, 187, pl. xxxviii.
Other figures: Virrniot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, pl. Ixvi.—Avp. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, pl. 369, and 433.—Is. Birds Am. III, pl. 143.

This species is not recorded as found elsewhere than on the north-
west coast of America, from California northward to Russian America.
Richardson obtained a single specimen on Great Bear Lake, described
as Orpheus meruloides ; and Mr. Kennicott found another in the
Rocky Mts., on Porcupine River (No. 27,221, August 28, 1861, col-
lector’s number 1,612).

It is proper to state that the specimen collected by Mr. Kennicott
(of which only the head and wing were preserved) exhibits a decided
notch in the bill. Nothing approximating to this character, how-
ever, could be discerned in over fifty other specimens examined ; in
all of which, if any indication of notch existed, it was of the most
obsolete character, and was, in most instances, not to be found at all.

PLATYCICHLA, Bairp.
Platycichla, Barrp, n. g. (Type P. brevipes.')

Among the South American Thrushes in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution is one (No. 23,954) for which I am unable

1 Platycichla brevipes, Barrp. The upper parts are greenish-olive, with an
appearance of darker edges to the feathers of the head and back. The under

PLATYCICHLA—SEMIMERULA. 33

to find a name generic or specific, and which differs so very con-
siderably from any other I have met with as to be well entitled to
a new generic appellation. It was obtained by Dr. G. R. Horner,
U.S. N., during the cruise of the Delaware many years ago, on the
coast of South America, probably in Brazil. Two specimens similar
to it are in the Philadelphia Academy. This may possibly be the
Cichlopsis leucogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 54, or an allied species ;
but I cannot reconcile it with the description of either genus or
species by Cabanis.

With the general appearance of a Planesticus, it differs markedly
in having a short and very broad deeply cleft bill, much depressed
at the base, and with moderate bristles. ‘The diameter of the jaw
across the base of lower mandible is .42, much greater than the
‘length of gonys (.31), and at least equal to the distance from
nostrils to end of bill, very different from what it is in Turdus migra-
torius. The feet are weak. The tarsi are very short, being less
than the middle toe and claw ; they are booted, or without transverse
divisions. The wings and tail are much as in Turdus migratorius.

In external form this bird exhibits quite an approach to the Ampe-
lide, especially to Myadestes, although evidently a Thrush; but its
short broad bill and weak feet, with short tarsi, distinguish it from
all others.

SEMIMERULA, Scrater.
Semimerula, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 332. (Type Turdus gigas.)

Size large. Wings rather short and rounded, decidedly, but not
considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded. First
quill in 7. gigas nearly one-half the 2d, in awrantius two-fifths ; 2d
about equal to the 8th, or shorter than 7th; 5th longest. Bill large,
in some specimens as long as the head. Legs stout and strong.
Tarsi decidedly longer than the head. Color dusky all over. Sexes
similar.

parts are yellowish-olive ; crissum paler; the middle of belly and anal region
whitish ash ; the throat feathers with shaft streaks and arrow spots of dusky,
obscurely indicated on the jugulum; under wing coverts cinnamon; middle
coverts with an occasional cinnamon spot. Total length, 8.40; wing, 4.45 ;
tail, 3.80; exposed portion of first primary, .95; of second, 3.05; of longest
(fourth, measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.30; bill: length
from forehead, .80; from nostril, .43; along gape, .95; width of gape, .55 ;
legs: tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .29; hind toe and
claw, .68; claw alone, .35.
3 July, 1864.

34 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Among the species of Turdus, of Dr. Sclater, I find in his section
Semimerula a group which, in its characters, differs so widely from
Turdus and Merula proper, that I cannot help considering it of
generic rank. At one end of the section is Dr. Selater’s type, 7.
gigas of Ecuador, in which the wings differ most from Turdus in
being broad and much rounded; the Ist primary very large, and
almost half the 2d, which about equals the 8th—the 6th quill longest.
The bill is shaped like that of 7. migratorius, but rather larger.
The legs are stout and strong. In 7. aurantius the wings are rather
more pointed, but considerably less so than in 7. migratorius. The
lengthened tarsi, considerably longer than the head, form a conspicu-
ous feature. The general appearance of aurantius is very like that
of Mimocichla, the principal apparent difference being in the shorter
and less rounded tail. The style of coloration, too, is much the
same.

Mr. George R. Gray places Cichlopsis, of Cabanis, among the
Thrushes, with 7. awrantius as the type. The true type, however,
is Turdus leucogenys, Licht. Berlin Mus., which is generically very
different from the Turdus leucogenys, Latham (— T. aurantius, Gr.).

Semimerula aurantia.

Turdus aurantius, Gu. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.—Scrater, P. Z, 8. 1859,
333.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 37. (Semimerula.)

Turdus leucogenys, Latuam, Ind. Orn. I, 341.—Gossr, Birds Jam. 1847,
136.—Is. Illust. no. 23.

Hab. Jamaica.

The sexes do not appear to differ in this species, although the bills
vary greatly in size. Thus in 24,340, %, the bill measures .60 from
tip to nostril; while in 22,142, 2, it measures .75, with the same
width at base or even rather narrower. Thus, as in other large
Thrushes, I find that the bill varies considerably in size, although
the average in a large number of specimens may furnish good specific
characters.

A young bird exhibits nothing of the spotted plumage of the im-
mature North American Thrushes, differing from the adult merely in
a wash of ferruginous on the under side, as well as on the top of
head and back.

Measurement of 24,340, & : Length, 10.00; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.35;
bill from head, 1.00, from nostril, .60, from gape, 1.20; Ist primary,
1.10; 2d primary, 3.20; tarsus, 1.54; middle toe and claw, 1.28.

MIMOCICHLA. 35

Smith- ‘Collee-| Sex | | When

|
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | | Collected. |

13,670 | Iiuaers | Jamaica. | Drs Sclaterae | al csisiserre
23,302 | Keg Juv, Trelawney, Jam. Saly 9, 9, 59. a W. Osburn.
22140) 2. || | Spanishtown, Jam.| 3 Wry chose March. ai) 7 crelsciers
22,141 linear: oa CEE LY ue tert,
22,142 Ios | Q “ aie SRM ghey:
22,143 | “se a siete ie lie” inaeese

| ¢ Goshen, St. Annes,| Oct. 10, ’61. ee WE. Pasenaas

24.340 jee 28

MIMOCICHLA, Scuarer.
Mimocichla, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 336. (Type Turdus rubripes, Tem.)

Form.—Bill large, about as long as the head, without apparent
notch in some species. ictal bristles inconspicuous, those near the
angle of the mouth reaching scarcely more than half way to the
nostrils. Tarsi lengthened, equal to the middle toe and two lengths
of its claw, either entirely smooth (or “ booted’) anteriorly, or with
obsolete indications of scutelle on the exterior face. Wing a little
shorter than the tail, rather pointed; the Ist primary large, broadly
faleate, more or less obtuse, and contained from two and a half to
three times in the 2d primary, which is nearly equal to the 8th quill;
the 4th and 5th quills longest, the 3d and 6th little shorter. Tail
somewhat graduated; the lateral feathers about three-quarters of an
inch shorter. A naked ring round the eye.

Cotor.—In the four species known to me the prevalent color is a
uniform slaty or plumbeous, as in the Cat-bird (mus carolinensis).
The extreme chin is white, the throat with a black patch, either uni-
form or interrupted with white. The lores and space beneath the
eye blackish. The lateral tail feathers have a terminal patch of
white on their under surface for nearly half the exposed length,
obscured on the outer web by a plumbeous tinge on the upper sur-
face. All the feathers of wings and tail black, the former with the
exposed or outer surface margined broadly with plumbeous in abrupt
contrast (the black shows externally on the ends of the quills). First
and 2d quills black, without external margin. ‘Tail feathers margined
at the base.

The species may be thus distinguished :—

Bill black ; whole under parts, including vent and crissum,

uniform slaty . ; ; - plumbea.
Bill reddish-black ; under parts piambeods, ‘except vent and
crissum, which are white : : ; . schistacea.

Bill reddish-black ; beneath plumbeous ; emer abdomen and
thighs cinnamon red; crissum white. : : - rubripes.

36 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Bill yellow; breast light cinereous, shading into a white ab-
domen and crissum; throat white, with narrow central
streaks of black (in all others uniform black) ° . ardosiacea.

This genus—a strongly marked one among the American Thrushes
—is confined to the West India Islands, and may possibly include
more species than those here enumerated. These have been in a
state of much confusion until disentangled by the discovery, on the
part of Dr. Bryant, of the true 7. plumbeus, of Linnzus, as shown
by him in his paper presented to the Boston Society of Natural
History.

Mimocichia plumbea.

Turdus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1758, 169, not of, ed. XI, 1,
294 (except reference to Caressy), nor of Gmeuin, 814, 12, which
does not belong to the series at all, being a mixture of different
forms.

Mimus rubripes, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859, 114. (Blue Jay and
Blue Thrasher of inhabitants.)

Mimokitta plumbea, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1863.

Turdus viscivorus plumbeus, Catessy, Carol. I, tab. xxx.

Hab. Bahamas.

Bill from base of skull about as long as the head. No indication of a ter-
minal notch, or at best a very faint one. Commissural edge of upper jaw
straight as far as the nostrils, then concave to the tip. Bristles about gape
very short and inconspicuous, those at the angle of the mouth extended for-
ward, reaching only half way to the nostrils. A narrow membranous ring
round the eye, with a small naked space behind.

Tarsi lengthened, rather more than equal to one and a quarter times the
length of middle toe and claw. Scutelle indistinctly evident, almost oblite-
rated and fused together, most distinct on the external face, eight in number
to the base of middle toe. Outer lateral toe and claw the longer, reaching to
base of middle claw, about equal to the hind toe and claw.

Tail graduated ; lateral feathers .60, shorter than the middle ones. Wings
a little shorter than the tail, moderately rounded ; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
3d and 6th little shorter; 2d intermediate between 7th and 8th, .45 shorter
than the longest; Ist quill with its exposed surface one-third the length of
the 2d, slightly falcate, broadest in the middle, but with the sides about
parallel to the end, where it is obliquely truncate with the corners rounded.

General color slaty gray (like that of Mimus carolinensis), including crissum,
tibia, inner wing coverts, etc.; rather lighter beneath. Feathers of crown
with concealed dark central streaks. Lores, space beneath the eye, fading
out behind and a broad square patch on the chin and throat widening
a little behind, black, without any edging of white. Space between the rami
of lower jaw, and a patch on its outer side white; the latter duller in color
and continued beneath the eye, becoming more plumbeous, and forming an
Sudistinct line of separation between the black of throat and that below the

9

MIMOCICHLA. Bit

eye. Wings and tail black, the coverts and outer edges of the quills light
hoary plumbeous, margining and abruptly contrasting with the general black
(ist and 2d primaries not margined). Rather more than the terminal fourth
(1.20 inches) of lateral tail feathers with a white patch, the portion on the
outer web plumbeous; this patch diminishes in size on the others until on
the two inner on each side it forms only a slight plumbeous tip. The bill is
black ; the legs reddish.

Tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw from base, .30; bill from
base of head, 1.09, from nostrils, .61; commissure, 1.10; wing, 4.68; tail,
5; 1st quill, 1.00 long, .20 wide.

As shown by Dr. Bryant, this is the true Turdus plumbeus of
Linneus, based upon the Turdus viscivorus plumbeus of Catesby
(I, pl. xxx), a Bahama bird not recognized by naturalists until the
visit of Dr. Bryant to the Bahamas, in 1859. In the 10th edition
Linneus confines his citations entirely to Catesby ; in the 12th, he
includes Brisson’s description of Merula americana cinerea, a differ-
ent species. In their endeavors to find in Catesby’s bird one or
other of the species belonging to the West Indies, authors found
a great stumbling block in the black bill represented in his figure
and description ; and Vieillot insists that Catesby must have been
in error, This is, however, one of the most strongly marked
characteristics of the species.

|
|
| ‘

Smith-|Collec-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | iar Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. : i
33,168 | 15 Q Nassau, N.P. | Ap. 22,°64.| Lt. Fitzgerald, |} |... 0.5

| ne Cab; Dre Bryant: |) docs

33,168. Legs, inside of bill, and iris orange red ; bill black.

Mimocichila schistacea.

Mimocichla schistacea, BatrD, n. s.

(17,713.) Bill very large and stout, about as long as the head; commissure
very nearly straight. Bill decidedly notched. Rictal bristles short; not
reaching as far forward as the nostrils. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw; no indication of scutellation anteriorly. Wings rather shorter
than tail; Ist primary much developed, almost half the 2d, broad-falcate,
rather pointed. Tail somewhat graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than
central.

Color dark plumbeous, scarcely paler on the rump. Centres of feathers of
head and back darker (concealed). Tibie plumbeous, vent and crissum
white. A broad patch on throat extending to the jugulum, lores, and space
beneath the eye, black; chin and short stripe along the side of lower jaw,
with concealed basal edges of the throat feathers, white. Tail feathers with
a terminal white patch, largest externally, and diminishing to the central

38 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ones. Wings and tail black. Outer edges of wing feathers, except Ist and
2d primaries, and of tail feathers at the base, plumbeous. Bill in skin red-
dish-black ; legs apparently reddish. Iris in life light brown.

Length of skin, 10.50; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.10; longest quill, .50 longer than
2d; Ist quill 1.55 long, .20 wide; 2d, 3.40; bill from forehead, 1.20, nostril,
-71; commissure, 1.31; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.21, claw alone,
.30; hind toe and claw, .§1.

T have not been without a suspicion that this bird might be the
M. rubripes, without any reddish on the belly. In view, however,
of the close resemblances among the West India species, and certain
apparent differences of form, I am more inclined to the opinion that
they are distinct. The size is about the same, but the bill is
conspicuously larger and heavier ; middle and hind toes longer, with
their claws longer; the lst primary longer. There is none of the
cinnamon red of the belly; the plumbeous of the belly extends
farther down to the vent, and includes the flanks and tibia. The
general color of the body is much darker, and the rump is scarcely
lighter than the back.

It is, however, proper to state that, while two of the three speci-
mens before me are as described, a third (No. 17,112) shows but
little plumbeous on the thighs, which are of a dirty whitish. Both
the Monte Verde birds, nevertheless, were killed in May, and are
apparently in full plumage, and none were met with having cinnamon
colored bellies. In a large collection of the true rubripes, from
another part of Cuba, all the individuals were fully marked, as above
indicated, with cinnamon red.

One specimen of this bird is in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy.

Smith-/|Collec-| Sex

sonian]| tor’s | and Locality. Gees Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

17,112 a .. | Monte Verde, Cuba.| May 6. Chass Wright:© ||| 7, “Pi qacces

17,113 ¢ e a cen Ek = Tee

(17,112.) Length, 10.25. (17,113) Length, 10.00.

Mimocichila rubripes.

Turdus rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 409.—Vicors, Zool. Jour. II, 1827, 439.
—De ta Sacra, Cuba, is, 1839, 46, pl. iv.—GunpLacu, Boston
Jour. VI, 1853, 318.—Mimus rubripes, Be. Consp. 276.— Galeoscop-
tes rubripes, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 82.—Is. Journ. III, 1855,
470.—Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 336.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6,
no. 40 (Mimocichla).

Haid. Cuba.

MIMOCICHLA. 39

(31,978.) Bill from base of skull about as long as the head, with a distinct
terminal notch. Rictal bristles short; those at the angle of mouth reaching
scarcely more than half way to the nostril. A distinct membranous ring
round the eye.

Tarsi lengthened. No traces of scutelle in most specimens; the faintest
possible (perhaps fallacious) indications in others.

Wings rather rounded, shorter than the tail; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
2d between 7th and 8th; Ist quill slightly falcate, rather obtuse at the end,
contained a little more than two and a half times in the 2d quill. Tail
moderately graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than central.

General color slaty or plumbeous gray, darker on the back and head. Lores,
space beneath the eye and extending on the ears, and a large patch on the
throat, black; chin, and a short patch from the side of lower jaw as far back
as its articulation, together with the concealed bases of the black throat
feathers, white. Posterior part of belly and flanks, with the tibia, light
cinnamon red. Crissum and terminal half of exposed surface of tail white.
Wing and tail feathers black, except as described, abruptly margined ex-
ternally with plumbeous (in the latter on the concealed bases of the feathers).
Legs apparently red in life, fading into yellowish. Bill in the dried skin
dusky, possibly in life of a dark reddish color.

Length, 10.20; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.20; longest quill, .60 longer than the
2d; Ist 1.25 long, .21 wide; tarsi, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw
alone, .28; bill from forehead, 1.08; nostrils, .65; gape, 1.25.

In a considerable number of specimens before me I find quite a
variation in size (No. 31,979 measuring 9.20, wing, 4.75), with but
little in form; the Ist primary is sometimes rather smaller in pro-
portion than as described. The colors, too, are very constant.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | arvens | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

a | as a | eee
1,816 at te Cuba. ere 8. F. Taunlpade Dep. AFUE Ea Pa Sonicer
31,978 eis £s = Jj ASHHUrsts: een lek miele
31,979 ‘cp me lms | ies SS ae oi eer

| !

Mimocichia ardosiacea.

Turdus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. XI, I, 1766, 294 (not of 10th ed.
excl. reference to CATESBY).—VIEILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 2,
pl. lviii.—Is. Nouv. Dict. XX, 1818, 242.—? Galeoscoptes plumbeus,
Sauue, Pr. Z. 5. 1857, 231.—Galeoscoptes (Mimocichla) plumbeus,
Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 336.

Turdus ardosiaceus, Vietuu. Encyclop. Méth. II, 1823, 648 (St. Domingo).

Le Merle cendré d’ Amérique, Brisson, Ornithol. II, 1760, 288 (St. Do-
mingo).

Hab. St. Domingo.

Bill from base of skull shorter than the head. Lower edges of upper jaw
straight to the middle, and then scarcely curved to the tip where there is a

40 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

very slight notch. Bristles at base of bill very inconspicuous. But a slight
indication of the conspicuous membranous ring round the eye of plumbea.

Tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of middle toe and claw.
Scutelle visible on the exterior side, but the edges there fused; seven obsery-
able to the base of the toes (one less than in plumbea). Outer lateral toe the
longer.

Tail graduated ; the feathers rather obtusely pointed ; the lateral about half
an inch shorter than the central. Wings a little shorter than the tail, moder-
ately rounded ; 5th quill longer than 4th, 6th, and 3d; 2d between 7th and
8th; Ist quill falcate, broadest in the middle, but pointed (not obtuse, as in
plumbea) ; exposed portion 1.14 in length, .21 in breadth, contained three
times (or one-third) in the length of the 2d.

General color rather dark plumbeous gray above and on the inside of wings
and axillars. Beneath with the jugulum, upper part of breast, and flanks light
ashy gray, passing insensibly into the almost pure white of the middle of the
belly, anal region, and crissum. Tibia plumbeous. Throat and chin white,
with narrow V-shaped streaks of black on the central third of the feathers,
which extend a little into the ashy of the lower throat. Loral region and space
beneath the eye dusky. An indication of a white streak from the side of
lower jaw, margined below by a rather continuous line of black. Wings
black, with their upper exterior exposed surface abruptly like the back, but
lighter. Tail black, with a terminal patch of white on the outer feather
(about 1.20), becoming less on the others, the posterior edge nearly trans-
verse ; the upper surface on the outer webs dark plumbeous. Bill and feet
apparently bright yellow, perhaps faded from red.

Bill from base of skull, 1.14; from nostril, .70; gape, 1.34; tarsi, 1.55;
middle toe and claw, 1.15; claw alone, .31; wings, 5.20; tail, 5.25.

The only specimen I have seen of this species is in the museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is
labelled “ 7. plumbeus, South America.”

In form this species exhibits a close resemblance to M. plumbea ;
but the colors are very different. The bill is yellow, not black, and in-
stead of a uniform slaty gray over the whole body above and below,
including the crissum, the middle of the belly, vent, and crissum are
white. Instead of a uniform square black patch on the throat, this
has white as its predominant color, with narrow central streaks of
black.

Vieillot figures and describes this bird quite accurately and un-
mistakably, giving it as an inhabitant of the Antilles; but his
accounts are evidently based on the species as observed in St. Do-
mingo, and to which it may possibly be confined. The specimen
belonging to the Academy has no indication of locality other than
“« Amer.-Meérid.”

Vieillot gives the bill and feet as red.

RAMPHOCINCLUS—MARGAROPS. 4]

RAMPHOCINCLUS, Larresnaye.
Ramphocinclus, Larr. R. Z. 1843, 66. (Type Turdus brachyurus, ViEtL1.)

Bill longer than the head, notched; culmen and commissure considerably
decurved from the base ; gonys slightly so. Rictus with short bristles. Tarsus
lengthened, longer than the head or the middle toe; the scutellz fused into
one plate, or faintly indicated. Wings rather pointed, longer than the tail;
Ist primary more than half the longest; 2d about equal to the 9th. Tail
rounded, the lateral feather graduated ; the feathers generally rather narrow,
with quite narrow outer web.

This interesting genus is well marked among its fellows, and will
readily be recognized The single species in pattern of coloration
closely resembles Melanotis hypoleucus, and should perhaps be
placed very near it, having sooty brown where the other has blue.
It differs, however, in much more curved, and longer bill; shorter,
narrower, and less rounded tail, with narrower outer webs, ete.

Ramphocinclus brachyurus.

Turdus brachyurus, Vie. Nouv. Dict. XX, 255.—Is. Encycl. Méth.
1823, 655.—Ramphocynclus brachyurus, Lar. R. Z. 1843, 66.—
Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 338.—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 44.—Cinelo-
certhia brachyura, ScuateErR, P. Z. 8. 1855, 213.

Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. 259.

Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.50; graduation, .45; outer web of
lateral feathers one-fourth the inner; exposed portion of lst primary, 1.60;
of 2d, 2.50; of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.00;
length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .70 ; along gape, 1.34; tarsus,
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .72;
claw alone, .37.

Smith- | Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. pe Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. pa

32,690 |46,887 | of Martinique. sfele Kd Verreauxes 9) ecccce

MARGAROPS, ScuaTER.

Margarops, ScuatER, P. Z. 8. 1859, 335. (Type Turdus fuscatus, VIEILL.)
Cichlalopia, Bon. R. Z. 1857, 205, not of C. R. 1854, XX XVIII, 1 (which
was based on Turdus vulpinus, Hart. =: Rhodinocincla rosea).

Bill very large and stout, with a distinct notch; longer than the head;
culmen curving gently from base, and more abruptly towards tip; commis-
sural edge of upper jaw also much curved, so that the whole lower jaw,
except at the base, falls inside of the chord connecting the two ends of the
arc. Rictal bristles short, and scant; more so than in Mimocichla.

42 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Wings rounded; the inner secondary quills apparently uncommonly long ;
4th quill longest, next 3d and 5th; 2d between the 6th and 7th; Ist quill
more than half the 2d, broad and rather falcate ; 2d quill .70 shorter than 4th.

Tail rather shorter than wings, rounded ; the lateral feathers half an inch
shorter than the central ones.

Legs short and stout; tarsus barely longer than middle toe and claw; dis-
tinctly scutellate over anterior half of circumference, the plates well defined,
and six or seven in number; claws all very stout and much curved, almost
like those of a Woodpecker; hind toe and claw decidedly longer than the
lateral.

Margarops fuscatus.

Turdus fuscatus, Vie1LLoT, Ois Am. Sept. II, 1806, 1, pl. lvii, bis.—Is.
Encyclop. Méth. II, 1823, 639.— Cichlerminia fuscata, Newton, Ibis,
1859, 141, eggs, pl. xii, fig. 8 (Sta Cruz).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. 5.
1860, 376 (St. Thomas).—Margarops fuscatus, Scuater, Pr. Z. §.
1859, 335.—In. Catal. 1861, 6, no. 38.

Colluricincla fusca, Goutp, P. Z. 8. 1836, 6 (see Newron, Ibis, 1859, 142).

Hab. St. Domingo and Porto Rico (Vieill.); St. Thomas; Santa Cruz
(Newton).

Length (of 30,405), 11.40; wing, 5.20; bill from head, 1.30; nostril, .78 ;
gape, 1.50; tarsus, 1.41; middle toe and claw, 1.30; claw alone (chord), .35 ;
hind toe and claw, .95.

Iris pearly white; bills varying much in size; eggs blue (Newton).

|

Smith- | Collec-| Sex When |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. con
30,405 | .. ee St. Thomas. errs | Acad. Nat. Sciences. R. Swift.
30,406 Sf Sc sf So0 ss cs
14 ae Gs at kere Cab. Lawrence. ce

|

OREOSCOPTES, Bairp.
Oreoscoptes, BAirp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 346. (Type Orpheus montanus, Towns.)

Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent,
their tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little
longer than the tail. First quill not half the second, about two-fifths the
longest ; 3d, 4th, and 5th quills equal and longest; 2d between 6th and 7th.
Tail but slightly graduated ; the feathers narrow. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw by an additional claw ; scutellz distinct anteriorly.

Only one species is at present known of this genus.

Oreoscoptes montanus.

Orpheus montanus, TowNsEnD, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, 11, 1837,
192.—Avp. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 194, pl. 139.—Turdus montanus,
Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 437, pl. 369, fig. 1.—Mimus montanus,

HARPORHYNCHUS. 43

Bonar. Consp. 1850, 276.—Oreoscoptes montanus, Bairp, Birds N.
Amer. 1858, 347.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 340.—Is. Catal. 1861,
8, no. 30.

Hab. Rocky Mts. of United States, west to Pacific, south to Cape St. Lucas.

Specimens from Cape St. Lucas, as usual, are smaller than more
northern ones.

A young bird from Ft. Bridger is precisely like the adult, differ-
ing only in having the edges of the dorsal feathers lighter, causing
a streaked appearance. The wings and tail are considerably darker
than in an adult.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex leewinen
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. (Collected: Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. |
— a ee —$——$ |
8,251 | 213 .. | Fort Laramie. Sept. 2855 7a12 Drs JeGt Cooper: |.) sencae
8,821 | .. Q Black Hills. Bors | Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
11,070 ats o Fort Bridger. PAprild3, 58.) C. Drexler. || 7 Gases.
19,226 | 21 EA Rattlesnake Hills. | May 16. | Capt. Reynolds. Dr. Hayden.
19,347 a .. | Willow Springs. | May 14 $s G. H. Trook.
13,309 39 Jo Kobe Valley, Utah.) May 22 59. | Capt. Simpson. C. 8. M’Carthy.
13,308 30 2 S. Fork of Hum- | May 19, ‘59, | ee “
12,446 me d Zuni Mts. [boldt.| ad 26, ’57.| Capt. Sitgreaves. Dr. Woodhouse.
11,531 68 og Lower Colorado. | Lt. J. C. Ives. Mollhausen.
11,532 48 o Fort Yuma. AG B ce
8,143 ee Q | Los Angeles. | Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
8,129 Oe o oe ee ns oe
25,791 |3,348 od Cape St. Lucas. Nov. 5, "59. | Johnyexantuss = i We eaeede.
82,164 |2,429 ot | oe Nov. 11, ’59. | Ce ee ork eed
|
|

11,531. Iris yellow. 32,164. Length, 8.60. Iris orange.

HARPORHYNCHUS, Casanis.

Toxostoma, WaGuER, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type 7. vetula, Wacu., not
Toxostoma, Rar. 1816.)

Harpes, GAMBEL, Pr. A. N. S. Phila. II, 1845, 264. (Type Harpes redi-
vivus, GAMB., not of Gotpruss, 1839.)

Harporhynchus, Casanis, Archiv f. Naturg. 1848, t, 98. (Type Harpes
redivivus, GAMB.)

Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head; becoming
more and more decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a
notch. Rictus with the bristles extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsus long
and stout, appreciably exceeding the middle toe and claw, strongly scutellate
anteriorly. Wings considerably shorter than tail, much rounded; the Ist
quill more than half the 2d; 4th or 5th longest. Tail large, much graduated ;
the feathers firm.

There are few genera in Ornithology where the difference in the
comparative length and shape of the bill is so great in the different
species; and yet the transition from the short straight form in H.
rufus to the very long and much decurved one in H. redivivus is

44 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

so gentle that few persons would ever think of separating them
generically. Even in individual specimens of the long billed species
there is much difference in this respect, showing that so far from
furnishing generic characters, it is not entirely available even for
specific indications.

Harporhynchus rufus.

Turdus rufus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169, based on CateEspy,
tab. 19.—Is. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 293.—Harporhynchus rufus, Cas.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 82.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 353.—Sciater,
P. Z. 8. 1859, 340.—Is. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 48.—Mimus rufus, Pr.
Max. Cab. Jour: 1858, 180.

Figures: VigILuor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lix.—Wziuxson, Am. Orn. II, pl.
xiv.—Aovp. Orn. Biog. pl. exvi.

Hab. United States, east of Rocky Mts., north to Lake Winnipeg.

In the “ Birds of North America” I have called attention to the
fact of the larger size, with disproportionately longer tails, and
rather more curved bills of specimens from the high plains beyond
the Missouri River.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.
Weoee & Carlisle, Pa. April 22, ’44.| S. F. Baird. 8. F. Baird.
2,261 2 “ May 16, °45. “ “
12,182 od Washington. May list59o 8 (Co Droxlori) 8 8) avec sesc
32,284 te Jv Macon, Ga. March, 1848.) Prof. Jos. Leconte.| ~—......
6,948 3 ae Ft. Garry, Red Riv. Sele Donald Gann. || <eeoce
32,392 | -.. ap “ ai OP ee ge ee ae
4,433 aé BE Quasquiton, Iowa. ee E.C. Bidwell.[son.| —_......
13,311 8 te Fort Leavenworth. siete Capt. J. H. Simp- C. 8. M’Carthy.
8,292 ats .. | Independence, Mo. | May 26, 57. | W. M. Magraw. Dr. Cooper.
8,819 or Ss Loup Forks. Aug. 6. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
5,283 se Zc Fort Lookout. June 22, ’56. ft Be
5,652 | 357 as Republican Fork. |Sept. 26, 56.) Lt. Bryan. W.S. Wood.
19,346 Ie oR Stinking R., Sage | June 13, ’60.| Capt. Reynolds. G. H. Trook.
[Creek.

(1,377.) 11.20. (2,261.) 9.75. (8,292.) 12.75. Iris orange. (8,819.) 12.00. Iris yellow.

Harporhynchus longirostris.

Orpheus longirostris, LaFr. R. Z. 1838, 55.—Is. Mag. de Zool. 1839, Ois.
pl. i.—TZoxostoma longirostre, Cas. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, 1, 207.—
Mimus longirostris, Scuatser, P. Z. 8. 1856, 294 (Cordova).— Harpo-
rhynchus longirostris, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 81.—Bairp, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 352, pl. liii—Scuarer, P. Z. 8S. 1859, 339.—Is. Catal.
1861, 8, no. 47. :

Hab. Eastern Mexico; north to Rio Grande, Texas.

Among the specimens before me is one (28,030) from Mirador,
Mexico, which differs from the rest in rather deeper rufous above ;

HARPORHYNCHUS. 45

the feathers of crissum rufous, edged with pale brownish-yellow
(instead of their being dirty white). The bill is very different,
being longer, slenderer, more pointed towards the’ end, and more
gently decurved than that of H. curvirostris. Its dimensions are
as follows: From forehead, 1.40; from gape, 1.52; from nostril,
1.00, measured with dividers. In 4,016, from Brownsville, the
measurements are: From forehead, 1.25; from gape, 1.32; from
nostril, .83.

Without more specimens to establish a permanent difference in
these respects, I do not feel at liberty to suggest a difference of
species, especially as the skin referred to belongs to the region in-
habited by typical H. longirostris.

Smith- | Collec-) Sex
sonian | tor’s | and Locality. Feta Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ; :

4,016 Lh Sst Brownsville, Tex.

tp Ne Couch i'! Werte

BRI as srs Lower Rio Grande.| Sept. 1853. | Major Emory. A. Schott.
22,390} 29,742 | ff Mexico. erate WVCLTORUXS Cleebemlly ua sc cere
32,460 OSuiee Orizaba, Mex. ofaye Prof. Sumichrast; ||) ..200s

? 28,030 B00 || e556 El Mirador, Mex. fel Dr CYSartorius; |i f sie.s ai

ADs |mere Xalapa. | acts Cab. Lawrence. D’Oca.

(4,016.) 10,25. Eyes brownish-yellow. (28,030.) Long billed variety.

Harporhynechus curvirostris.

Orpheus curvirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369 (eastern Mexico).
—M’Cat, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1848, 63.—Mimus curvirostris, GRAY,
Genera, 1844-49. — Toxostoma curvirostris, Bonar. Conspectus, 1850,
277.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1857, 212.—Harporhynchus curvirostris,
Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 81.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 351, pl.
li.—HEERMANN, P. R. R. Rep. X, Parke’s Rep. 1859, 11.—Scuarer,
P. Z. 8S. 1859, 339.—In. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 46.

Pomatorhinus turdinus, Temm. H. Col. 441.

? Toxostoma vetula, WAGuER, Isis, 1831, 528.

Hab. Mexico, from the United States line, southward (Oaxaca, Cordova,
Orizaba, Mirador) ; Mazatlan; Colima.

Specimens from Mazatlan and Colima differ from those in the col-
lection from eastern Mexico, in having heavier and thicker bills, and
perhaps stouter legs. In 31,819, the height of the bill at the nostrils
is .28 of an inch, while in 4,023 it is .26—both being females. The
wing in 31,819 is longer and more pointed than usual, measuring
4.50. I, however, cannot think that there is any specific difference :
a large number of specimens from either side of Mexico probably
exhibiting the same variations.

The specimen, No. 8,128, mentioned on page 352 of the Report

46

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[PART I.

on Birds as differing from the others in the collection, still remains
quite unique in reference to some characters.

Smith-|Collec-) Sex ANG
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. /Age. i
4,023 24! 2 | Brownsville, Tex. | Feb. 1853. | Lt. D. N. Couch. | ......
7,200 sie od | Ringgold Barracks,
Tex. Maj. W.H.Emory.| J. H. Clark.
7,101 .. | Eagle Pass, Tex. Ae ss A. Schott.
4.022 © | Tamaulipas, Mex. 1853. taCouch. - se .e |e eects
78,128 .. | New Mexico. ak Lt. J. G. Parke. Dr. Heermann.
23,783 He .. | Mazatlan, Mex. 1861. JP MAMGUS:) | 2) || Weisisicres
31,819 | 1,001 Q | Mts. of Colima. June, 1863. Ce Oi eee ee
18,568 oe .. | Eastern Mexico. aisie P. L. Sclater.
22,391 117,363 | o - Verreaux.
Re 19 | .. | Orizaba, Mex. Cab. Lawrence.

(4,023.) 10.00. (7,200.) 11.50. (4,022.) 10.00. Eyes yellow. (31,819.) 11.00. Iris orange.

Harporhynchus cinereus.

Harporhynchus cinereus, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Se. 1859, 298.—Bairp, ib.
303.—SciatTer, Catal. 1661, 8, no. 49.

12,960. Bill as long as the head; all the lateral outlines gently decurved from
the base. Bristles not very conspicuous, but reaching to the nostrils. Wings
considerably shorter than the tail, much rounded. First primary broad,
nearly half the length of the 2d; the 3d to the 7th quills nearly equal, their
tips forming the outline of a gentle curve; the 2d quill shorter than the 9th.
Tail considerably graduated, the lateral feathers more than an inch the
shorter. Legs stout; tarsi longer than middle toe, distinctly scutellate, with
seven scales.

Above ashy brown, with perhaps a tinge of rusty on the rump; beneath
fulvous white, more fulvous on the flanks, inside of wing, and crissum. Be-
neath, except chin, throat, and from middle of abdomen to crissum, with well
defined V-shaped spots of dark brown at the ends of the feathers, largest
across the breast. Loral region hoary. Wings with two narrow whitish
bands across the tips of greater and middle coverts; the quills edged ex-
ternally with paler. Outer three tail feathers with a rather obsolete white
patch in the end of inner web, and across the tips of the outer.

Spring specimens are of rather purer white beneath, with the spots more
distinct than as described.

Length of 12,960 (skin), 10.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.65; Ist primary, 1.60;
2d, 2.50; bill from gape, 1.40, from above, 1.15, from nostril, .90; tarsus,
1.26; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30.

This species is curiously similar in coloration to Oreoscoptes mon-
tanus, from which its much larger size, much longer and decurved
bill, and the graduated tail, of course readily distinguish it. It
agrees in some respects with H. rufus and longirostris, but it is
smaller, the bill longer and more curved; the upper parts are
ashy olivaceous brown instead of rufous, ete.

HARPORHYNCHUS. 47

‘call |
Smith- Collec-|} Sex | When

| |

1 |
Sonia tor’s | and Locality. lecoilseted: | Received from | Collected by

No. | No. | Age. | |

16,511 | 1,090 | ¢ Cape St. Lucas. TS59 Youn aewedeexantass: eval, Bese
12,957 | 496 | ¢ a | 2. eR Tails Re at:
13,090 | 764| ¢ ce | 500 Sa || Ue atctoray aie
26,310 | 1,089 | ¢ fs | Spring, *59. ee Pill) Fsisieistare

!
t
\ '

(12,957.) 10.50. Iris orange. (13,090.) 11.00. Iris orange.

Harporhynchus lecontei.

Toxostoma leconteit, LAwr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, Sept. 1851, 109 (Fort
Yuma).—Harporhynchus lecontei, Bonar. C. R. XXVIII, 1854, 57.—
Is. Notes Delattre, 39.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 350, pl. 1.

Hab. Gila River; Fort Yuma.

The specimen upon which the species was based by Mr. Lawrence,
collected at Fort Yuma, by Dr. Leconte, still remains unique, and
of H. crissalis a second specimen only has been obtained. It is not
a little remarkable that two species so large and conspicuous should
be both from the same region, and so very rare. With much the
same shade of coloration, H. crissalis is a little darker, the under
tail coverts deep chestnut instead of rusty fulvous; the bill is much
longer and more slender, the tail also much longer.

No. 53. Fort Yuma. Cab. of Geo. N. Lawrence.

Harporhynchus crissalis.
Harporhynchus crissalis, Henry, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858.—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 350, pl. lxxxii.
Hab. Region of the Gila River, to Rocky Mts.

A second specimen (11,533) of this rare species is larger than the
type, but otherwise agrees with it. Its dimensions are as follows :—

Length before skinning, 12.50; of skin, 12.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 6.50; its
graduation, 1.45 ; Ist quill, 1.50; 2d, .41; bill from forehead (chord of curve),
1.65, from gape, 1.75, from nostril, 1.30; curve of culmen, 1.62; height of
bill at nostril, .22; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, 1.12.

The bill of this species, though not quite so iong as in redivivus,
when most developed, is almost as much curved, and much more
slender—the depth at nostrils being but .22, instead of .26. The
size of this specimen is equal to the largest of redivivus (3,932); the
tail absolutely longer. The feet are, however, considerably smaller,
the claws especially so; the tarsus measures but 1.30, instead of
1.52; the middle claw .29, instead of .36. With these differences
in form, however, it would be impossible to separate the two
generically.

48 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex |

sonian | tor’s | and | Locality. pe Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age.

8,127 | .. Mimbres. re Dee Gueurys | Sees

11,533 32 o Fort Yuma, Cal. Sere Lt. J.C. Ives. H. B. Millhausen.

8,127. Type; now in museum Phila. Acad, (11,533.) 12.50. Iris yellow.

Harporhynchus redivivus.

Harpes rediviva, GamBEL, Pr. A. N.S. Il, Aug. 1845, 264.—Torostoma
rediviva, GAMBEL, J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. I, 1847, 42.—Cassin, Illust.
I, 1855, 260, pl. xliii—Harporhynchus redivivus, CABANIS, Archiv
Naturg. 1848, 98.—Barirp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 349.—SciateEr,
P.. ZS. 185955339.

This species has hitherto only been found in the coast region of
California, whence numerous specimens have been received by the
Smithsonian Institution.

MIMUS, Botrr.

Mimus, Bore, Isis, Oct. 1826, 972. (Type Turdus polyglottus, Linn.)
Orpheus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 167. (Same type.)

Bill not much more than half the length of the head ; gently decurved from
the base; notched at tip; commissure curved. Gonys straight, or slightly
concave. Rictal bristles quite well developed. Wings rather shorter than
the tail. First primary about equal to, or rather more than half the 2d; 3d,
4th, and 5th quills nearly equal, 6th scarcely shorter. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers stiff, rather narrow, especially the outer webs, lateral
feathers about three-quarters of an inch the shorter in the type. Tarsi longer
than middle toe and claw by rather less than an additional claw ; tarsi con-
spicuously and strongly scutellate ; broad plates seven.

Mimus polyglottus.

Turdus polyglottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169; 12th ed. 1766,
293.—Mimus polyglottus, Bore, Isis, 1826, 972.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8.
1856, 212.—Is. 1859, 340.—Is. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 51.— Barrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 344.

2 Orpheus leucopterus, Vicors, Zool. Beechey, 1839.

Figures: Witsoy, Am. Orn. II, 1810, pl. x, fig. 1.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I,
1831, pl. xxi.—Is. Birds Amer. II, 1841, pl. 137.

Hab. North America, from about 40° (rare in Massachusetts, Samuels), south
to Mexico. Said to occur in Cuba.

No. 12,511. The general proportions will best be illustrated by the table of
measurements. The 3d and 4th quills are longest; the 2d equal to the 8th;
the 1st more than half the 2d (in some specimens about half, in others half
the 3d, as in No. 614.)

MIMUS. 49

The upper parts are ashy, with a tinge of brown, the color purest on top of
head. The lores are dusky. The under parts are white, purest on throat
and middle of belly; a tinge of ashy across the breast, of yellowish-brown
or faint fulvous on flanks and crissum. There are some obscure shaft streaks
of brown on the flanks, mostly concealed under the wings. There is a slight
indication of a dusky stripe on each side of the chin, caused by a range of short
black bristles, the feathers themselves not appearing to be colored.

The wings and tail are dark brown, not black; the large feathers edged
externally with ashy. There are two bands of white on the wing on the tips
of the greater and middle coverts ; the ends of the secondaries are also edged
with white. In addition to this the basal portion of all the primaries is
white, restricted to the extreme base in the outer ones, and encroaching suc-
cessively in the rest until in the three innermost ones it occupies the basal
two-thirds of the feather, or more, extending farthest forward on the inner
web, the shafts remaining black. The small coverts overlying the bases of
the primaries are also white, with a brown streak near the ends; this forms
a conspicuous white patch on the outer surface of the wing.

The outer tail feather is white, slightly mottled in one or two places with
brown, especially along the shaft near the end, and towards the base of the
inner web. The next feather is white at the extreme base, and for about the
terminal third of the inner web, and the end of the outer web. The third
has a similar but much smaller patch of white along the middle of the inner
web near the end; the fourth has no white. The bill and legs are black.

The markings of the wings are as described in most specimens, although
in some the amount of white is less. There is, however, considerable differ-
ence in the white of the tail feathers. In a small proportion only of the
whole number examined from eastern North America, is the outer feather
pure white, and again sometimes the faint mottling on the inner web near the
middle web becomes a conspicuous dusky patch. In several specimens the
whole inner web of the second feather is white, with slight mottling along a
portion of the inner edge (32,162). In 12,445 the white spot in the end of
the 3d feather extends along the inner side of the shaft into a patch at the
base. In this specimen the outer feather is entirely white; the whole inner
web and the basal portion of the outer web of the second. In all the speci-
mens before me the outer web of the second tail feather is black, except at
the extreme base and tip. In none is there any white on the fourth feather.!

No. 12,511. Length, 9.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.90, its graduation, .70; 1st
primary, 1.50; 2d primary, 2.70; bill from above, .63, from nostril, .50;
tarsus, 1.25; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw, .30.

' Since writing the preceding description, I have met with one specimen
(19,089, male, from Arkansas) which differs very considerably from any other
I have seen in an unusual amount of white, which extends farther along
the primaries so as to be very conspicuous. The two outer tail feathers are
entirely white, except a slight edging at the end of the second; the third is
white on the shaft and along the greater part of the inner web. The fourth
has a small white patch on the end. The dimensions are: Length, 10.00;
wing, 4.70; tail, 5.00.

4 July, 1864.

50 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have not had an opportunity of examining the supposed JL
polyglottus of Cuba. If, however, the description of Orpheus poly-
glottus, in De la Sagra’s Cuba (Oiseaux, 53), be correctly drawn
from a Cuban specimen, it may very readily be different, as the
North American bird can certainly not be said to have the tail
brown with a white spot towards the extremity of the lateral tail
feathers, nor is there any white on the secondary quills. The rump
cannot be called grayish-blue, in contrast with a pale grayish-brown
of the remaining upper parts.

Mr. Richard Hill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Aca-
demy, has suggested the idea that the name of polyglottus should
be applied to the Jamaican rather than to the North American bird.
The first citation of Linneus is to Sloane’s Jamaica, the second to
Catesby, and the third to Kalm. As, however, the only locality
given by Linneus is “ Virginia,” and no mention is made of Jamaica;
and as his next species is the Jamaican orpheus, it will perhaps-be
no violation of the most rigid rules of nomenclature to pass over
the citation of Sloane as irrelevant, and confine the reference strictly
to the continental species. The Turdus orpheus, of Linneus, is
based on the species of Brown and Edwards, both unmistakably the
small Jamaican bird, and not the targer, M. hillzi, as intimated by
Mr. Hill.

In the “ Birds of North America” I have adverted to the peculi-
arities of western specimens in having a longer tail than eastern.
The tail is more graduated also, the lateral feathers being 1.25
inches or more shorter than the central. The whole bird, in fact, is
larger ; the wings being also longer, but the disproportionate length
of the tail is quite decided.

} |
“Smith- Collec-| Sex Whe |
sonian)| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | ae}
12,443) .. ¢ | Pennsylvania. “ine Nat. Institute. Dr. G. Leib.
2 SAOW nes ¢ | Washington, D.C. sete | “ | J. F. Callan.
19,089 | 57 | & | Fort Cobb. | May 24,°60. | J. H. Clark. | ©. S. M’Carthy.
19,091 | 141 .. | Adaline Creek June 18, ’60. | “ “
20,295 | 48 -. | Fort Stockton, Tex. | May 26,’60.|° P. Duffy. = | ......
20,296 a eal | “ Mar. 12, ’60. | Ue gee AR Aan pe
11,530 51 | Big Canon, Col. Riv. ates | Lt. J. .C: Ives. Mollhausen.
17,120 oe aie | Cape St. Lucas. 1859. 1) Joh nexantussae oils les cteeiete
17,445 |3,317 Jo s Oct. 31, 759. | SUE emer e a) 7. © id vache
23,750 54 -» | W. coast America. atere Nat: Institute: i 0 Gece ne.
23:913 |" 28 -- | El Mirador, Mex. ware le DrieCl Sartorius.) ~ “styrene
33,570 | 153% | Q | se Nov. 1863. | 4 ie Ta ball Wa hueiccriase
|

19,089. Unusual amount of white on wings and tail.

Mimus orpheus.

Turdus orpheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. I, 1758, 169.—Is. 12th ed.
1766.—ViertuoT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 12, pl. lxviii.—Gosss,

MIMUS. 51

Birds Jam. 1846, 144.—Mimus orpheus, Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 341.
—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 9, no. 52.—Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863,
290 (eggs).

Mimus polyglottus, Hr, Pr. A. N. Se. 1853, 304.

Turdus sp. 2, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 1756, 469 (Jamaica).

Turdus cinereus minor, Epwarps, Av. II, tab. lxxviii (Jamaica).—SeEtic-
MANN, IV, pl. li.

2 Turdus dominicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 295 (based on
Merula dominicensis, Brisson, St. Domingo).

Hab. Jamaica; St. Domingo?

(No. 22,159.) In form, size, and coloration this species is exceedingly similar
to M. polyglottus; the only marked difference in shape being an apparently
more graduated tail than in the eastern specimens of the latter—the differ-
ences between the lateral and central feathers amounting to from one inch to
one and a quarter. The differences in coloration between the two are much
as if an additional tail feather entirely white had been provided for M. orpheus,
the 2d, 3d, and 4th feathers being marked as the Ist, 2d, and 3d in M. poly-
glottus. There are the same variations in markings in the corresponding
feathers of these two series in both species. The two outer feathers are usu-
ally entirely white; the 2d sometimes a little streaked; the 3d sometimes
entirely white, always so on the inner web, generally partially so on the outer.
The 4th has sometimes the whole inner web white ; sometimes this is restricted
to a patch towards its end. There is a very small spot of white on the end
of the fifth feather.

The under parts are of a purer white than in polyglottus, and the ash of the
breast is less distinct. The loral region also is conspicuously whiter. The
two species can, however, at once be distinguished by the dusky outer web
of the second tail feather in polyglottus, which is entirely white in orpheus.

Length, 9.90; wing, 4.35; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, 1.00; tarsus, 1.25.

This species can hardly be considered as less in size than poly-
glottus; indeed, the measurements of the specimen selected fcr de-
scription are larger than those of the type of my description of the
eastern variety of polyglottus. I have, in fact, not met with a
skin so small as that described by Dr. Sclater.

I have never seen a specimen of I. dominicus, from St. Domingo,
and can express no opinion as to its relationships to IZ orpheus.
It is described as having the outer three tail feathers white as in
orpheus.

smn: (Colles: Sex wih
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gélectea Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Jollected.

| : | |

22,156 | Spanishtown, Jam. store Wake March cso lt. slmpersticres
22,157 | EG ters 55) 5) Oy Elbo eeeloinics
SOT 5 8h, Le aoe “« aM 6G oer
24,374 | 30 og ie Oct. 10, 61. SEN ie OA NBAR tiers fafetcts
24,375 | 30 | Q ‘ “ to he i no

52 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Mimus bahamensis, Bryant.
Mimus bahamensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, Sept. 1859, 114.

Bill shorter than head. Rictal bristles reaching rather beyond the nostrils.
Curvature of commissure gentle from base to near the notched tip, where it is
increased. First primary large, rather falcate, just half the 2d; 4th quill
longest ; 3d and then 5th but little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and
8th, half an inch less than the longest. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; plates
seven. Tail moderately graduated (.70).

Color above brownish-gray, each feather showing a brown centre, and gray-
ish or ashy edges less distinct and more soiled on the lower part of the back.
Beneath soiled grayish-white, the breast more gray, the feathers being ashy
with lighter tips. The feathers of under parts with brown shaft-streaks, want-
ing on the throat and middle of the belly, partially concealed across the
breast, more evident on the sides of belly, and broad and conspicuous under
the wings, where the axillars are similarly streaked. Wing feathers brown,
all margined with pale ashy; the greater and middle coverts with white,
forming two bands. Tail feathers ashy above, suffused with brownish towards
the borders, and edged with whitish. All have a whitish patch at end, on
the inner web, and on the extreme tip of outer. This white is about half an
inch long on the outer feather, a little less on the rest. Bill and legs black.

There is an obscure dusky line on each side of the throat ; the ear coverts
are dusky; the space between bill and eye is grayish-white. The whitish
feathers of the cheeks are edged with dusky at the tips.

Length, 11.00; wing, 4.80; tail, 5.70; graduation, .70; Ist quill, 1.76; 2d,
3.28; bill above, 1.10; from nostril, .72; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw,
1.34: claw, .35; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .50.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Aes Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. a i
13,505 ae ae Bahama Key. 1859. Drs Bryants 9! ~ case.

13,505. Type.

Mimus hillii.
Mimus hillii, Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov. 1863, 291 (Jamaica).
Mimus orpheus, Hinu, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 304.

(No, 24,376.) General form and characters as in M. bahamensis. Fifth
quill longest; 4th and 6th a little shorter, then 3d; 2d shorter than 8th,
about equal to the 9th, .65 shorter than the longest. Tail considerably
graduated.

In some specimens the 3d quill is a little longer than the 8th; in all it is
shorter than the 7th.

The colors are as described in M. bahamensis. The only appreciable differ-
ence is in the purer white of the under parts, and especially across the breast,
where the feathers are of the same soiled white to their plumbeous bases, or
for half the length, instead of being ashy to the scarcely appreciable lighter
edges. There are no faint dusky shaft streaks on the feathers in front of the

oo

MIMUS. 5

jugulum, the shafts being white; on its sides alone are there indications of
these, which on the sides of the breast and belly become more distinct than
in M. bahamensis, owing to the purer white of the under parts. There is
rather more white on the end of the tail feathers, this covering .70 in the
outer one.

An immature specimen (26,802) is similar to the adults, but has a little
more white on the end of the tail, and the feathers of the breast and jugulum
show triangular spots of brown at the ends.

Length (of 24,376), 11.75; wing, 4.90; tail, 6.30; graduation, 1.00; Ist
quill, 1.50; 2d quill, 3.00; bill from nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.51; middle toe
and claw, 1.22; claw, .35.

This species is very closely related to the IZ bahamensis, but
appears to differ in some appreciable features. The distinction in
coloration has already been adverted to. It is a larger species, and
the tail is more graduated—the difference in length between the
lateral and middle feathers being 1.00 instead of .70. The wings
are more rounded ; the 5th quill longest instead of the 4th; the 2d
shorter than the 8th, instead of longer.

A larger series of specimens of Jf bahamensis will perhaps be
necessary fully to ascertain the relationships between the Bahaman
and Jamaican birds, and prove whether they be really distinct or not.
How they stand in reference to MZ. gundlachi, of Cuba, it is even
more difficult to determine, as our only guide is the brief comparison
by Cabanis of his species with MW. saturninus of Brazil. To this,
however, there is very little resemblance on the part of the Jamaican
and Bahaman birds, as shown by comparing them with a specimen
presented by the Berlin Museum. Cabanis speaks of the white
tip of the tail feathers being but 3-4 lines long in gundlachi ; in the
others it is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch.

Of the South American Jimi in the museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, the relationship is closest to MZ. thenca, of Chile, much
more than to saturninus.

Mr. Hill thinks that this species is the Turdus orpheus of Linneus.
A careful examination, however, of the descriptions of Brown and
Edwards, upon which the species was founded, will, I think, show
conclusively that both authors had in view the small Mocking bird
of Jamaica, rather than the large one.

Smith-|Collee- Sex | When |

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. y | Collected. |

24,376 29 ¢ Port Henderson, | Novacon Gls} We La March? 7 \|s s0 meme. ace

24,377 29 2 ss [Jam. | se | Sev D9) Se eeerarate =<

26,804 | 29 o ss Oct. 1862. 60 Meee oe

26,802 29 |Juv.9! G. Salt Pond, Jam.| Nov. 1, ’62. Se 1S et =) stn/<7<

26,803 ale od ee Oct. 31, 762. ee mS OlscaoaE

54 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Mimus gracilis.

Mimus gracilis, Casanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 83 (Honduras).—Sciater &
Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 5.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 343.—In. Catal. 1861,
9, no. 58.—Cas. Jour. 1860, 410 (Costa Rica).—Tayor, Ibis, 1560,
110 (Comayagua).

Hab. Honduras, Guatemala; Costa Rica.

|

Smith-|Collec-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Re Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

— | —— a
30,651 43 .. {San Geronimo, Guat.| Dec. 1859. OlSalvini= = i) 9 emeler's

GALEOSCOPTES, Casanis.
Galeoscoptes, CABANIS, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82. (Type Muscicapa carolinensis, L.)

Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Rictal bristles moderately
developed, reaching to the nostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail,
rounded ; secondaries well developed ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 6th
little shorter; Ist and 9th about equal, and about the length of secondaries ;
1st quill more than half the second, about half the 3d. Tail graduated ;
lateral feather about .70 shorter than the middle. Tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw by about an additional half claw; scutellate anteriorly, more or
less distinctly in different specimens ; scutelle about seven.

The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes,
with the bare space behind it, not appreciable.

I find little difference in form between the single species of Galeo-
scoptes and Mimus polyglottus, beyond the less degree of definition
of the tarsal plates; and but for the difference in coloration (uniform
plumbeous instead of gray above and white beneath), would hardly
be inclined to distinguish the two generically.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328.—Turdus caro-
linensis, Licut. Verz. 1823, 38.—D’OrBicny, La Sagra’s Cuba Ois.
1840, 51.—Mimus carolinensis, GRAY, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1859,
346.— Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82 (type
of genus).—Is. Jour. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).—Scuarer, Catal.
Birds, 1861, 6, no. 39.

Figures: Aup. B. A. I, pl. 140.—Is. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 28.—Vreror,
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lxvii.—Wzutson, Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv, f. 3.

Hab. United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, west to head of Columbia,
south to Panama R. R.; Cuba.

In some specimens there is a tendency to obsolete narrow trans-
verse bars at the ends of the outer tail feathers. The shade of colora-

GALEOSCOPTES—MELANOPTILA. 55

tion varies somewhat. Rocky Mountain specimens appear a litile
larger than others. The smallest is 29,222, from Orizaba; in this
the wing measures 3.40, the tail 3.80. A female, 10,352, from
Florida, is also very small. There is considerable difference in the
length and thickness of the bill in different specimens. In some
specimens the tarsal scutelle are perfectly well defined, in others
indistinct on the sides of the tarsus.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollectadse| Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | |
1,123 | g |Carlisle. Pa. July 15, °43.| §. F. Baird. S. F. Baird.
10,352 | Q |Indian Key, Fla. | Jan.12. | G. Wurdemann. | Sah
: 2 |Tortugas, Fla. BOC Capt. Woodbury.! —_—..........
ASST 6 ¢ | Fort Garry, Red Riv. | eis iCecAe Hubbard: ||) gee meetceee
18,506 | 32 a hs | July 10. Donaid'Gunn, | stances
13,306 | .. .. |Leavenworth, Mo. | May 16. imGaptade: EeySimmp-h| teens
pr280) i. ¢ |Ft.Lookout, Mo. Riv.) June 4, ’56. | Lt. Warren. [son.| Dr. Hayden.
22,045 | 120 .. |Cceur d’Alene Mis’n. Be jeDrade Ga Coopers!) ssepear
21,960 | 481 ¢o |Sinyakwateen De- |
pot, W.. T. | June 27, ’60.! A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
21,961 | 566 od |Campon KootenayR.)| July 28, ’60. es oe
21,962 567 ee a ES ss ce
SRK as sala .. |Nassau, N. P. April 22,’64.| Lt. Fitzgerald. | ......
20165 ee .. |Cuba. sae CRWinigh tag cea) Oo ee
30, 868 | 76 .. |El Mirador, Mex. Bits DreCaSartorings |! % sees.
29,222 | 300 .. |Ovizaba, Mex. [jole. So caurofsumichrast;|)9 9 <<cctes
see | a0 .. {Panama R. R. Fri- da6 J. MiLeannan, 3! ~~ usesns
| 15 -. |Guatemala. siele Cab. Lawrence. | ......

(1,123.) 9; 11.50; 3.50, (10,352.) 8.25. (11,888.) 8.50. (13,137.) With eggs, 2,258. (5,285.)
Eyes brown.

MELANOPTILA, ScuaTer.
Melanoptila, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 275. (Type M. glabrirostris.)

As there is but a single known species of this genus, I give the
generic characters with the specific.

Melanoptila glabrirostris.

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 275 (Omoa, Honduras,
with figure of head and wing).—Is. 1859, 337.—Is. Catal. Am.
Birds, 1861, 7, no. 41.—Scuarer & Satviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 7.

Hab. Honduras.

Bill shorter than the head; quite similar in shape to that of Mimus caro-
linensis, but apparently without any trace of rictal bristles (the specimen
before me has the tip broken so that I am unable to speak as to the notch).

Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, scutellate on the anterior
half, though not very distinctly ; claws rather weak.

Wings broad, much rounded, a little shorter than the tail; secondaries
elongated, longer than the 2d quill; 5th and 6th quills longest, forming the
middle of a gentle curve with the 3d and 4th on one side; the 7th and Sth
on the other; 2d quill shorter than the 9th, and rather less than secondaries ;

56 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Ist quill rather more than half the 2d. Tail rather broad, graduated; the
lateral feather .60 shorter than the central; the feathers rather soft and
broader than usual on the outer webs.

Color glossy black; wings and tail with a greenish lustre; rest of body
glossed with steel blue. Bill and legs black.

Length, 7.60; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.90; gape, .87; tarsus, 1.05; middle toe
and claw, .92.

Smith- Collec-| Sex

sonian tor’s and | Locality. | es | Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. |
30,652 | 33 .. | Half Moon Key, Br. | May 10, ’62. O. Salvin. ‘Salvin & Godman.
| [Honduras. |

MELANOTIS, Bonar.
Melanotis, Bonav. Conspectus, I, 1850, 276. (Type Orpheus cerulescens, Sw.)

Bill elongated, rather slender, compressed, as long as the head. Commissure
nearly straight to the decurved, notched tip. Rictal feathers moderate,
reaching to the nostrils.

Wings decidedly shorter than the tail; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 6th and
7th a little shorter than the 3d; 2d shorter than the secondaries ; nearly as
much shorter than the 4th as it is longer than the lst; 1st quill two-thirds
the 2d, half as long as the longest. Tail long, broad, and graduated ; the
feathers soft, with outer webs unusually broad, as in Melanoptia; lateral
feathers 1.25 less than the central.

Legs rather weak, but the tarsus longer than middle toe ; distinctly scutel-
late on anterior half, with seven broad scutelle. Claws strong, and well
curved.

The type of the genus is the Orpheus cerulescens of Swainson.
The second assigned species, I. hypoleucus, differs somewhat in
form. The bill is shorter and less attenuated ; the wing apparently
shorter and more concave; the legs and the claws are stouter,
and the tarsus is but little longer than the middle toe and claw.
Both species are slaty blue, with the side of the head black. In
cerulescens the blue extends over the inferior surface, which in
hypoleucus is white with the exception of the blue crissum.

Melanotis cz#rulescens.

Orpheus cxrulescens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, 369 (Mexico).—Mimus
cxrulescens, ScLaTER, P. Z. S. 1856, 294.—Melanotis cxrulescens,
Bonar. Consp. 1850, 276.—Scuiater, P. Z. S. 1859, 337 (Cordova,
370; Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 42.

? Turdus erythrophthalmus, Licut. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 83.

Turdus melanotis, Tem. Pl. Col. 498.

Hab. Mexico generally.

MELANOTIS—DONACOBIUS, it

Measurement (26,374). Length, 10.75; wing, 4.80; tail, 5.40; bill from
gape, 1.35; nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.18 ; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .30.

Smith-|Collee- Sex See
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. , 75
| ee eee sep saepencenenaengesamensemsansasena I tascam ee eeenee passes mmscmens!|
26,374 ae ct Xalapa. ean | John Krider. | D'Oca.
29,554 |4,282 38 Mexico. Berlin Museum. |) 9 2. .<..
29,719 aie as i DekSaussune:) 747 eitereare
28,031 35 ae Mirador, Mex. ae Dr. C:/Sartorius: || «<x...
29,355 99 oc Colima, Mex. JaNeeLOGSs yew OD CUSse en 8 icy a Sy cre1s
30,135 | 151 | ¢ cc Feb. 1863. | SGSh Wo By Nihal a Sec:
34,013 | 183 2 Mazatlan. June, 1862.| A.J. Grayson. | .....-
84,014 | 184 | ¢ uf “ AT me Term ete
a6 17 fs Xalapa. | Cab, Lawrence. D’Oca.

(29,355.) Length, 10. Iris brown. (30,135.) Length, 10.50. Iris brown.

Melanotis hypoleucus.

Melanotis hypoleucus, HartLAus, R. Z. Oct. 1852, 460.—In. Jour. f.
Ornith. 1853, 30.—Sciater & Satvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 7 (eggs).—Ib.
II, 1860, 29.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1859, 337.—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 43.

Hab. Guatemala.

Total length, 10.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.90; difference of tail feathers, 1.25;
exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.50; of 2d, 2.40; length of bill from forehead,
1.15, from nostril, .68; along gape, 1.32; tarsus, 1.26; middle toe and claw,
1.10; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .37.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When °
sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Gollectad Received from Collected by
No. No. Age,

20,395 373 me Coban, Vera Paz. a ORSalvini o eee oe aeeee
16,843 Guatemala. ore Jz Goulds iuiad ess |e mg Perseietore
Sie 18 « Gab. Lawrence; | 9 | s.c.0.

DONACOBIUS, Swainson.

Donacobius, Swaryson, Class. Birds, II, 1831, 236. (Type D. vociferans,
Sw. = Turdus atricapillus, L.)

Bill as long as head, notched. Bristles distinct, reaching to nostrils. Nasal
groove broad, filled by a plane, tense, naked, thin edged membrane; the
nostrils pervious, occupying the anterior extremity of the groove, bordered
behind only by membrane ; broadly oval, the axis rather oblique. A large, bare
naked space on each side the neck. Wings shorter than the much graduated
tail. First primary about half the longest (fifth); 2d shorter than the
secondaries. Tail feathers broad; outer webs of lateral feathers having their
outer webs half as wide as the inner. Graduation excessive; outey feather
about half the middle.

Tarsi little longer than middle toe and claw, with six scutelle anteriorly
fused into a continuous ungrooved plate on the outer side. Claws lengthened,
moderately curved. Inner toe cleft to base.

58 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 4.20; graduation, 2.00; exposed por-
tion of lst primary, 1.27, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (measured from exposed base
of Ist primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .63;
along gape, 1.26; tarsus, 1.32; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .37 ;
hind toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .43.

The genus Donacobius has been variously placed by authors, by
some among the Thrushes, by others among the Wrens. The notched
bill, the bristled rictus, and above all the deeply parted toes, with
the general coloration, appear however decidedly opposed to the
latter view of its affinities; and I have accordingly inserted it here.
It is a very strongly marked genus, and the only one of the family
without any representatives in Northern or Middle America.?

Having thus enumerated the species of Turdidz from the region
embraced in the present work, which I have had the opportunity of
examining in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, or else-
where, I proceed to mention the remaining species which have been
given by other authors. The names used are generally those of Dr.
Sclater’s Catalogue of American Birds, where the precise synonymy
will be found :—

Turdus pinicola, Sciarer, Catal. 1861, 6, no. 36. Xalapa.

plebeius, Casanis, Jour. 1860, 323. Costa Rica.
nigrescens, Cas. Jour. 1860, 325. Costa Rica.

1 Most authors admit of but one species in the genus Donacobius, placing
the Bolivian D. albo-vittatus, of D’Orbigny, as a synonym of D. atricapillus.
Specimens in the Smithsonian collection, however, seem to indicate a decided
difference in the much larger size of the Bolivian bird (length, 9.00; wing,
3.50; tail, 4.50—instead of 8.25; 3.20; 4.00). There is also a very con-
spicuous and distinct white stripe from the upper edge of the eye along the
side of the head to the nape. This stripe is only faintly indicated, generally
not at all in the atricapillus. The synonomy will be as follows :—

1. Donacobius atricapillus. Hab. Eastern South America.

Turdus atricapillus, Linn. S. N. I, 295.—Donacobius atricapillus, Bon.
Consp. 277.—BurMeIstER, Th. Bras. Aves, II, 129.

Turdus and Donacobius brasiliensis, vociferans, etc.

Fig.: Swarnson, Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. xxvii.

Specimens from Brazil.

2 Donacobius albo-vittatus. Hab. Bolivia.

Donacobius albo-vittatus, D’Ors. Mag. de Zool. 1837, 19.
Donacobius albo-lineatus, D’Ors. Voyage, IX, Atlas Zoologique, 1847,
pl. xii.—Bon. Notes Delattre, 1854, 40.

Specimens Nos. 16,832, 16,833. Bolivia, W. Evans.

CINCLUS. 59

Margarops densirostris (V1e1Lt.), ScuaTeR, P. Z. 8.1859, 336. Guada-
loupe and Martinique.
montanus (Larr.), Sci. P. Z. 8. 1859, 336. Guadaloupe.
Cichlerminia bonapartii (Larr.), Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 335.
Guadaloupe.
Cinclocerthia ruficauda (Govutp), Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 7, no. 45.

Guadaloupe.
gutturalis, Scrater, P. Z. S. 1859, 358. Martinique.

Mimus dominicus, Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 341. St. Domingo.
sundiachi (Cas.), Scuarer, P. Z. 8S. 1859, 342, Cuba.

Harporhynchus ocellatus, Sciarter, Catal. 1862, 358, no. 49. Oax-
aca, Mex.

The following species are mentioned as occurring in Tobago and
Trinidad. All of them are in the collection of the Institution from
South America :—

Turdus phzopysus, Scrarer, Catal, 1861, 3. Tobago; Venezuela, etc.
symnophthalmus (Cas.), Scr. Catal. 1861, 4. Tobago;
Venezuela, etc.
xanthoscelis, Jaxpvine, Scr. Catal. 1861, 5. Tobago (Bogota,
Verreaur).

Mimus melanopterus, Lawn. Sct. Catal. 1861,9. Trinidad; Venezuela.

Famity CINCLIDA.

CINCLUS, Becusr.

Cinclus, Becust. “ Gemein. Naturg. 1802.” (Type Sturnus cinclus, L.)
Hydrobata, Virti. Analyse, 1816.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229.!

There are three well marked species of this genus in America:
one entirely dusky (C. mexicanus); one dusky, with white head

! After a careful consideration of the subject I have come to the conclusion
that as followers of the Linnzan binomial system of nomenclature, we are not
authorized to adopt any genus which is not based by its author upon some
particular object having a specific name avowedly used in the Linnzan bi-
nomial sense. For this reason I begin my reference to the genera of Linneus
with the 10th edition (1758) of the Systema Nature (the first in which the
binomial system is presented) ; not adopting a name from an earlier edition
of the same author, where it would conflict with the one mentioned. This is
substantially the rule of the British Association, which, however, selects the

60 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

and throat, from Bolivia (C. lewcocephalus, Tschudi) ; and one dusky,
with white head, back, and under parts, from Ecuador and New
Grenada (C. leuconotus, Scl.). Of these, specimens of leucocephalus
are in the Smithsonian collection, from Bolivia; and Mr. Lawrence
possesses (. leucanotus, from Ecuador.

Cinclus mexicanus.

Cinclus pallasii, Bon. Zool. Jour. II, 1827, 52 (not the Asiatic species).

Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, 368.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 10.
—Hydrobata mexicana, Bairp, Birds N. Am, 1858, 229.—Cooper
& Suckey, Rep. P. R. R. XII, 11, 1859, 175 (nest).

Cinclus americanus, Ricu. F. B. A. II, 1831, 273.

Cinclus unicolor, Box.; C. mortoni, Towns.; C. townsendii, “ Aub.”
Towns.

Figures: Bonaparte, Am. Orn. II, 1828, pl. xvi, fig. 1.—Aud. Orn.
Biog. pl. 370, 435.—Is. Birds Amer. IJ, pl. 137.

Hab. Found through the mountainous region of the central part of North
America, from Fort Halkett south into Mexico. None received from the coast
region of California.

A Mexican specimen, from Xalapa, representing the species as
established by Swainson, is rather darker below than skins from the
United States, and the feathers exhibit none of those whitish edgings
so common (but not universal) in the latter. The smoky brown of
the head and neck is sharply defined against the plumbeous of the
back, but below shades off insensibly in a wash over the breast.
The bill is black; the legs dark brown.

In a young bird from Chiloweyuck Depot, the chin and throat are
of a dirty white, and the head is plumbeous without any of the
smoky brown tinge.

Smith- |Collec-) Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ee Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

31,119 | 800 .. | Fort Halkett, B. A. | Dec. 10, ’62. J. Lockhart. Mr. Brass.
31,120 801 ifs “e “ce oe oe

11,419 ae .. | Frazer’s Riv. B. Col.| Mar. 1858. A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
11,806 | 215 .. | Chiloweyuck. Shie | ie ae

19,197 | 227 .. | Deer Creek, Neb. Jan. 4, 60. || Capt. Raynolds. | Dr. Hayden.
11,467| .. | .. | Fort Mass. N. M. oie

Capt. Bowman. | eras
|

12th edition as the starting point, instead of the 10th, though without any
apparent good reason.

As Meehring is not a Linnean binomialist, only adopting the generic or uni-
nomial idea, and not the binomial, I do not consider his names as tenable,
and consequently do not find that his use of the name Cinclus, in 1752, for
another genus, is a pre-occupation, as rigidly understood.

SAXICOLA. 61

Famity SAXICOLIDA.

SAXICOLA, Becust.

Sazicola, Becustern, ‘‘Gemein. Naturg. 1802.’’ (Type Motacilla enanthe, L.)

Saxicola coenanthe.

Motacilla enanthe, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 186.—Sazicola enanthe,
Becust. ‘‘Gemein. Naturg. 1802,” and of European authors.—
Horii, Orn. Green. (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland).—Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 220 (Europe).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859,
28 (Bermuda). meres Pr. A. N. 8. 1861, 218 (Labrador).—Ren-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland).
2Sazxicolu enanthoides, oriatas Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19 (N. W. Ame-
rica).—Cassin, Ill. I, 1854, 208, pl. xxxiv (Nova Scotia).
Hab. A European bird abundant in Greenland, found as an autumnal mi-
grant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, etc. Occurs also in Behring
Straits. I have not seen any from the United States.

This “species of late years has been frequently detected in the
eastern portions of North America, and may be legitimately con-
sidered as belonging to our Fauna. The specimens collected all
appear to belong to the Greenland. race (see Coues as above), which
is considerably larger than that of central Europe, and it is most
probable that they have reached North America by the Greenland
route. I have never seen a full plumaged spring specimen, all being
in autumnal livery, and it is not at all improbable that those hitherto
detected in America are merely winter visitors from Greenland
(where it is abundant), and to which they return to breed. The
bird may, however, nest in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The specimen described by Vigors, from the N. W. coast of
America, is considerably smaller even than skins from central
Europe, and may be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Coues.

| |

Smith- Cottee Sex oe

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. : | Received from Collected b
No. No. | Age. ake: Collected. | y

|

Grosvater Bay, Lab. ue: 24, *60. | Elliot Coues.
Quebec. (land. ae w Couper.

18,075 | 206 | o¢

piceit| a0 (memtacatmmapeercens: (| 7... | WilliameGoll. Lyell ears
{

(18,075.) 7.00; 12.60; 4.30.

Godthaab, Green- Williams Coll. Lye.

62 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

SIALIA, Swarnson.
Sialia, Swarnson, Zool. Jour. II], Sept. 1827,173. (Type Motacilla sialis, Linn.)

Sialia sialis.

Motacilla sialis, Linn. 8. N. 1758, 187 (based on Caressy, I, pl. 47).—
Sialia sialis, BAirp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 222.—Boarpman, Pr. Bost.
Soc. 1862, 124 (Calais, Me. ; very rare).

Sialia wilsonii, Swainson, Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 173.—Cas. Jour. 1858,
120.—GunpLacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324.—Jonrs, Nat. Bermuda,
1859, 28, 66 (resident in Bermuda).

Sylvia sialis, Lata. ; Ampelis sialis, Nurr.; Erythraca wilsonii, Sw.

Figures: VierLuor, Ois. Am. Sept. IJ, pl. ci, cii, ciiiimWus. I, pl. iii.
—Auvp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. exiii.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 184.—Doveury,

Cab. I, pl. xii.

Hab. Eastern United States ; resident in Bermuda; Cuba (rare), Gundlach.

As far as the indications of the large number of specimens in the
Smithsonian Museum extend, this species is confined to the eastern
faunal region of the United States and the Provinces, not extending
up the western tributaries of the Missouri into the region of the sterile
plains, nor northward beyond Lake Winnipeg. It is a rare bird in
the West Indies—Gundlach recording it as scarce in Cuba. It is
resident in Bermuda, whence the eggs have been received by the
Institution.

From the fact of the rarity of this species as a winter migrant in
the West Indies, and its not occurring at all on the western plains,
I am.inclined to believe that the difference in shade of color shows
the Mexican and the Guatemalan species to be distinct from the
North American, and entitle it to a specific appellation.

Smith- Collec-| Sex | | When

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected. : Received from | Collected by
NO: 4). No: Age. | | |
27,015 ete | .. ,Selkirk Settlement. steys , Donald Gunn. |feueeee Bie telatere™=
8,882 | 23 & | Loup Forkof Platte. | July 3. | Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
13,163 | g@ |St.Joseph’s, Mo. | ... | Lt. Mullan. | J. Pearsall.
6,560 | si -. |Fort Riley, Kansas. j Bee DrW Aname= {95d eisicieiae
1,285 | .. |Carlisle, Pa. Mar. 9,44. S.F.Baird.[mond.| —_......... =
3,865 | . | Prairie Mer Rouge L. ss | Jas. Fairie. le) PP sss <
|

Sialia azurea.
Sialia azurea, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 369.
Sialia wilsonii, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova).—Is. 1858, 299
(Oaxaca—high lands).—Is. 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—Scuater, Ibis,
1859, 8 (Guatemala).—Is. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 65.—Taytor, Ibis,
1860, 110 (Honduras).—Oweny, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala), nest.

Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

SIALIA. 63

(28,021.) Similar to S. sialis, but differing in shade of blue, which is
greenish, not purplish. Whole upper parts, with sides of head and lower
jaw, greenish-blue ; beneath brownish-red, except abdomen to crissum, which
are white. Female with the plumage duller, the outer web of second primary
abruptly edged with white.

Total length, 6.70; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.20; bill from nostril, .35; along
gape, .80; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .84.

I was not a little surprised, on comparing a series of four Mexican
and Guatemalan Blue Birds with about fifty from the United States,
to find certain uniform differences in coloration and form, warranting
the specific separation that Swainson hints at in the reference cited
above. The shade of blue is appreciably different : instead of being
of the rich dark purplish pure blue of S. szalis, it is of almost
the very shade of greenish-blue seen in S. arctica, without the
purplish lustre of the latter. The abrupt white margin of the outer
primary in female(?) specimens I have not noticed in the North
American bird. Of about the same length of body and wing, the
tail is decidedly longer, measuring in the type specimen 3.20, instead
of 2.75 or 2.80, the usual length in S. szalis.

Although Swainson did not describe this species in such manner
as to entitle him to it, I have preferred to adopt his name rather
than present a new one.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. d

28,021 | 11 ays Mirador, Mex. ets Dr. ChSartoriue:s.| +> bess

28,022 | 11 fe sf Byers ae ecm | NRC cictorclais

28,023 ll 56 ss o65 she ee | Pmt or Solero 3

30,661 tin a Tactic; erarkaz. | Nove 5,209) || O..Salvins, | |) 9) fos...

(Guat.

Sialia mexicana.

Sialia mexicana, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 202.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1856,
293 (Cordova) ; 1857, 126 (California) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—Is.
Catal. 1861, 11, no. 66.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 223.—Coorrr
& Suckiry, P. R. R. XII, m, 1859; 173.

Sialia occidentalis, Towns., Aup. ; Sialia cxruleocollis, Vicors.

Figures: Aup. B. A. II, pl. 135.—Is. Orn. Biog. V, pl. 393.—Vicors,
Zool. Beechy Voy. 1839, pl. iii.

Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not
noticed on the Missouri plains, British America, or Cape St. Lucas. Found
at Xalapa and Cordova, Mex. (Sclater).

64 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

\
Smith- Icottee- Sex | When |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. | Coll A Received from Collected by
INTE EI OunEIWATES! ollected.
| | Ag
SS Ss
7,617 | 265 | | Fort Steilacoom. | M Mar: 1856. 9) "DrsSuckleyars | 2); e-ciersel
Te 930 | 4 | Columbia Riv. S. F. Baird. J K. Townsend,
a 903 es | Q | San Diego, Cal. a Lt. Parke. Dr. Heermann.
7,633 Gila River. Dec. 30, 54.| Major Emory. A. Schott.
18,315 | 766 hie + Hellgate, Idaho. 1860. Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall.
13,282 | .. go | Sweet Water. Aug. 19, ’58.| Capt. J. H. Simp-| C.S. M’Carthy.
5,051 | Na , a Fort Fillmore, N. M. Capt..Pope. [son:| ~~ 3.5...
4,020 | ie

| Saltillo, Mex. May, ‘1853. Tits Couch... 9 5 5|\ Memeo

|

Sialia arctica.
Erythraca (Sialia) arctica, Swains. F. B. A. I, 1831, 209, pl. 39.—
Sialia arctica, Nutraut, Man. II, 1832, 573.—Batrp, Birds N. Am.
1858, 224.—Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 11, no. 67.
Sialia macropteru, Barrp, Stansbury’s Rept. 1852, 314 (larger race with
longer wings).

Hab. Central table lands of North America, east to mouth of Yeliowstone.
One individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on
the Pacific slope; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort
Crook, and San Diego. Not recorded as found in Mexico.

| |
Smith-|Collec-| Sex | When

|
|
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. l@ollected: Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. | | |
1,875| .. | Gg ; Fort Union, Neb. | July 1,°43. | 8. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon.
3,706) | “<: ¢ | Salt Lake City | Mar. 21, °51. | Capt Stansbury, |) 0)! errr
21,918 | 487 ». | Kootenay Riv. W.T. ae A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
27,428 ae :. | Simiahmoo, W.T. | an ns “
17,999 406 .. | Fort Crook, Cal. Johbnereilner y wile) eeeees
28,131 | 207 aa a | Mar. 10, 2620) De Rene arkinsone|( = Ty scl
4,425 a ae San Diego, Cal. April, 1855. | Lt. Trowbridge. | —_—.......
|

: (3,706.) Lype of S. macroptena,

Famity SYLVIIDZ.

Bill slender, broad and depressed at the base, distinctly notched and de-
curved at the tip. Culmen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal feathers reaching
to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung—not
concealed—by a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending
beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe
attached its whole length externally, half-way internally. Primaries ten:
spurious primary about half the 2d, which is shorter than the 7th. Lateral
toes equal.

The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the Paride,
by the slender bill, notched and decurved at tip; much bristled
gape, sharp-ridged culmen, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes,

REGULUS. 65

etc. They are much smaller than the Turdide and Saxicolide,
with much more slender, depressed bill, longer rictal bristles, ete.
The short outer primary, with the primaries ten in number, distin-
guish them from the Sylvicolide.

Of the two subfamilies, Reguline are more nearly related to the
Saxicolide, and Polioptiline to the Paride; and have, by many
authors, been respectively thus assigned. I agree with Cabanis,
however, in uniting them into one family. They may thus be dis-
tinguished :—

Reguline. Wings longer than the emarginate tail. Tarsi booted or with-
out scutellar divisions.

Polioptilinz. Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsi with dis-
tinct scutelle.

REGULUS, Cov.

Regulus, Cuv. ‘“‘Lecons d’Anat. Comp. 1799-1800.” (Type Motacilla
regulus, LINN.)

Reguloides, Buytu. 1847. (Type “RR. prorequlus, PAuu.,’’? GRAY.)

Phyllobasileus, CAB. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 33. (Type Motacilla calen-
dala, Linn.)

Regulus satrapa.

Regulus satrapa, Licur. Verz. 1823, no. 410.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1859,
227.—Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).—Bapexer, Cab. Jour.
IV, 33, pl. 1, fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador). —Pr. Max. Cab. Jour.
1858, 111.— Cooper & Sucxztey, P. R. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 174
(winters in W. Territory).

Sylvia requlus, Wins. ; Regulus cristatus, ViELu. ; R. tricolor, Nurt., AuD.

Figures: Aup. B. A. I, pl. 182.—Is. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 183.—Visrut.
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. evi.

Hab. United States and the Eastern Provinces.

This species is found throughout the entire region of the United
States and the Provinces, though hitherto not noticed in the fur
countries. On the Pacific slope it is abundant from the Puget
Sound country (where it is found in winter), south to Fort Crook ;
but no specimens are in the collection from more southern points,
not even Fort Tejon, nor any from the middle table land or Rocky
Mountain region anywhere.

The western specimens are much brighter and more olivaceous
above, especially on rump and tail, than the eastern, and may
possibly constitute a different race, or variety olivaceus. Sctater
records it as found at Orizaba, Mex. This may, however, prove to
be a different species.

Young birds, as with R. calendula, are without the colored crown.
5 July, 1864.

a
ao

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I,

|
Smith- |Collec-| Sex Conn
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | Received from | Collected by
Collected. | :
No. | No.- | Age. ‘ | | |
-| _ SS —_—
10,237 | Sherborn, Mass. Ses OS=s'Babcock; |)" sieeniesis~
828 a Zo Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 22) 149) Sek Baird.) #7) Wixi.
32, 224 ie ov Liberty Co., Ga. Profs dGeconte: |) Fi eisce=
11,801 | 200 2 Simiahmoo, W. T. | Nov. 23. A, Campbell. Dr. Kennerly
7,176 | 130 |Juv.} Steilacoom. A Dr./Suckley. 9 =|) Wiese
16,151 | 244 J Fort Crook, Cal. Capt. J. Feilmer. | = sccece

Regulus cuvieri.

Regulus cuvieri, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 288, pl. 55, ete.—Barrp, Birds
N. Am. 1859, 228.

Hab. “Banks of Schuylkill River, Penn. June, 1812.” Aud.

This species continues to be unknown, except from the description
of Mr. Audubon, as quoted above.

Regulus calendula.

Motacilla calendula, Linx. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337.—Regulus calendula,
Licut. Verz. 1823, no. 408.—Bairp, Birds N. Amer. 1858, 226.—
Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 202.—In. 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaca).
—Ip. 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—Is. Ibis, I, 1859, 8 (Guatemala). —
Cooper & Sucktey, P. R. R. XII, u, 1859, 174.—Reingarpt, Ibis,
1861, 5 (Greenland).

Regulus rubineus, Viet. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 49, pl. civ, ev.

Other figures: Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, pl. v, fig. 3.—Doveury, Cab. I,
pl. vi.—Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 195.—Is. Birds Am. I, pl. 133.

Hab. Greenland ; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala.

This species of Regulus appears to lack the small feather which,
in satrapa, overlies and conceals the nostrils, which was probably
the reason with Cabanis & Blyth for placing it in a different genus.
There is no other very apparent difference of form, however, although
this furnishes a good character for distinguishing between young
specimens of the two species.

=a

Smith-|Collee.| Sex j When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. i
18,083 157 | 2 | Grosvater Bay, Lab.| Aug. 6,’60. | Elliot Cones. [| = ...ee5
20,621 486. | oi | Fort George, H. B. | July 11, ’60.| C. Drexler, | = ws...
19,482 459 | oS Fort Resolution. May 17. Readsennicott..) |) wasleretele
27,222 |1,389 + .. | « a BisRi Ross. fe) aseseaes
1,343 jase do | Carlisle, Pa. Aprili0s44:)) (SSR. Bairds 1 P aocceets
32,222); .. | og | Liberty County, Ga.| Mar. 1848. iProfsLeconte: {iy ra seeseiss
13,520 295 | 9 Simiahmoo Bay. April 23,’59.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly
ore i Fort Tejon, Cal. sate JeeXentus:: see al meet sT
4,564 | San Diego, Cal. | Lt: Trowbridge. |) meeuanict.
7,172 Espia, Mex. Major Emory. Dr. Kennerly
13,631 is Guatemala. J. Gould.

POLIOPTILA. 67

POLIOPTILA, ScuaTenr.
Polioptila, Sctater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 11. (Type Motacilla cerulea, L.)

Since the note on this genus was published by Mr. Sclater, in 1855,
enumerating four species, their number has greatly increased, as at
the present time at least nine or ten may be considered as perfectly
well established, possibly more. The species are very closely allied,
and can only be readily distinguished by an examination of the
males. In all the upper parts are plumbeous gray ; the under white,
more or less tinged with plumbeous. The tail feathers black, with
the outer three or four more or less varied with white; the quills
black ; the primaries edged with ashy, the secondaries with white.
The males all have black on the head ; either the whole hood is black,
or else gray, with a narrow line of black margining it above the eye,
or a broad line through the eye.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the males of the
different species of American Polioptila :—

Whole top of head above black.
No white between eye and bill or above it.

Outer tail feather black, except on outer web and extreme

tip (about one-sixth or seventh). Hab. Rio Grande

and Gila. : : : . : : : . melanura.
Outer tail feather white, except portion hidden by under

tail coverts. Second feather white for terminal third ;

outline of white oblique, or along the fibres of the

feather. Tarsus, .75; tail, 2.20. Hab. N. W. Mexico nigriceps.
Outer tail feather black at base, but with more white than

last; outlines of white directly transverse. Tarsus,

.69; tail, 2.45. Hab. Brazil 2 ; & . leucogastra.
Outer tail feather entirely white; 2d and 3d white nearly
to base. Hab. Guiana and New Grenada ; . buffont.
Lores white ; eyelids black. '

Outer tail feather black at the base. Hab. Central Amer. albiloris.
Lores and short supra-ocular stripe white.

Inner web of outer tail feather white almost to base; next

with basal third black: this color extending little

further on the inner than the outer web. Hab. Panama superciliaris.
Inner web of outer tail feather black for basal third; next

with basal half black: this color extending much

more on inner than outer web. Size considerably

larger. Hab. Carthagena . : : : , - bilineata.

Sides of head black; top gray.
Under parts plumbeous, lighter than back. Hab. Eastern La

Plata States ; 5 ; 7 ‘ : : - dumicola.
Under parts white, tinged with plumbeous. Hab. Bolivia . boliviana.

68 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Top of head gray; sides whitish.

A black frontal line extending backwards over the eye. Lateral
tail feather white, except at the base. Tail slightly
graduated. First primary much less than half the
second. Hab. North America . . - :

A black crescentic line beginning at top of eye and bordering
the ear coverts. Lateral tail feather black for basal
half on inner web. Tail much graduated. First pri-
mary more than half the second. Hab. Cuba . - lembeyii.

A black line above the eye, not reaching the bill or ear coverts.

Lateral tail feather black on nearly the whole of inner
web. Tail moderately graduated. First primary more
than half the second. Hab. Arizona : : - plumbea.

cerulea.

Polioptila melanura.
Culicivora atricapilla, LAwRENcE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, Sept. 1851, 124
(not of Swarnsoy).
Culicivora mexicana, Cassin, Illust. I, 1854, 164, pl. xxvii (not of Bon.).
Polioptila melanura, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Dec. 1856, 168.—
Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, 382.—HrEERmAnN, P. R. R. R. vol. X
(Williamson), 1859, 39.

Hab. San Diego to Fort Yuma and Cape St. Lucas.

Specimens of this species from Cape St. Lucas differ from those
of San Diego described in the P. R. R. Report (7191), in having
the whole of the outer web of the outer tail feather white, and in a
rather larger white tip. The colors beneath are a little less ashy,
though not of a pure white. The ash of the back is rather lighter
and purer. The lores are rather lighter. The 1st primary is a little
larger and broader.

It is possible that the restriction of the white of the outer web
of the exterior tail feather to the outer half only is an unusual
circumstance, as both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence, in their de-
scriptions, speak of the entire outer web being white—the second
feather being of the former character. Under these circumstances
there will be little specific difference between the tails of P. melanura
and plumbea. The female bird will then be separated by the light
superciliary line and much shorter tarsi of P. plumbea—the latter
measuring .63, instead of nearly .70 of an inch.

| |
Smith-| Collec-| Sex

sonian | tor’s | and Locality. iewaees Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | :
7,191. i dg San Diego, Cal. | Siete Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
7,192 a5 Q ares i; -
12,966 | 323 t Cape St. Lucas. | J. RaNCUSS 1 ee eewertctete.
9 | “ aise coovin hcg od seuds een

16,961 | 1,346

POLIOPTILA. 69

Polioptila nigriceps.

Polioptila nigriceps, Bairn, n. s.

*,. Above clear pure light bluish gray ; beneath pure white, including the
flanks. Entire top of the head and sides, including lower eyelids, lustrous
black. A slight ashy tinge on the sides of the neck. Only a few feathers
in the eyelids white. Outer tail feather white, except for the basal con-
cealed third, as is also the outer web, except at the base, and the terminal
fourth (or .65 of an inch) of the next. Third feather with the inner web
tipped with white for about a quarter of an inch: perhaps in the unworn
feather extending a little on the outer web. First primary broad, about half
as long as the 2d. No white on secondaries, or else worn off in this specimen.

Length, about 4.50 inches; wing, 1.95; tail, 2.15; bill above, .48; from
gape, .32; tarsus, .75.

Hab. Mazatlan.

This interesting new species of Polioptila resembles P. melanura
in general appearance, but will be readily distinguished by the white
outer tail feather and much purer white of the under parts. The
gray above is lighter and clearer; the bill is larger (equal to that of
cerulea), and the tarsi are longer. he black cap seems to extend
farther down the side of the head, and along the nape.

The species appears well characterized by the length of the tarsi,
which exceed those of any other species known to me; the bill is
not so stout as, and decidedly shorter than that of P. albiloris (32,556),
and there is no trace of white in the lores, or between eye and bill.
The tail is longer; the lst primary only half the 2d.

From leucogastra it differs in the smaller size, shorter bill and
longer tarsi, narrower tail feathers and less amount of white on the
tail, as well as different geographical distribution. P. buffoni has
the outer tail feather entirely white, and the 2d and 8d white almost
to the base. The tail is considerably shorter.

|
Smith-| Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Rees Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

23,781 | 294 | ¢ Mazatlan. | July, 1861. J. Xantus.

23,781. Type.

Polioptila leucogastra.

Sylvia leucogastra, Max. Beit. III, 1830, 710.—Polioptila leucogastra,
Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 12 (in part).—Is. Cat. 1861, 12, no. 74.—
Culicivora leucogastra, Burm. Th. Bras. Vé-el, 1856, 111.

Culicivora atricapilla, Sw. Zool. Ill. N. 8. pl. lvii (not of LAWRENCE).

Culicivora dumecola, Box. Consp. 1850, 316 (not of Vremior).

70 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [ PART 1.

(No. 57, Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Bahia.) Above lead gray, darker
towards the rnmp; top of head and sides to lower edge of the eye glossy
black. Beneath clear white, with a tinge of plumbeous across breast and
sides. Quills black, edged like the back, the alula and inner secondaries
broadly with white. Tail feathers glossy black, except the three exterior,
of which the outermost is black on the basal half of the inner web (rather
less on the outer) ; the next has the black extended nearly half as much more
(on the basal two-thirds) ; the next is black, with the terminal fourth white.
The shafts throughout are black.

The length of the outer primary cannot be given, as the wings are not quite
perfect.

Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 2.35; bill from forehead, .57, from
nostril, .35; along gape, .64; tarsus, .71; middle toe and claw, .45.

Polioptila buffoni.
Polioptila buffoni, ScuaTER, P. Z. 8. 1861, 127.—Is. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 73.

This black-headed species I have not seen. It is said by Dr.
Sclater to differ in a considerably smaller size (length, 4.00; wing,
1.90; tail, 1.80; bill from gape, .60), a longer bill, and in having
the outer tail feather entirely white, the second and third white
almost to the base. In leucogastra the black is much more extended,
as will be seen above.

Polioptila albiloris.
Polioptila albiloris, Sanyin, P. Z. S. 1860, 298 (Guatemala).

“This species has the pileus black, the lores white; the outer three tail
feathers tipped with white, decreasing gradually in amount (none entirely
white). There does not appear to be a superciliary stripe. Length, 4.30 ;
wing, 1.90; tail, 2.00.”—Salvin.

Hab. West Coast Central America.

In the collection before me are several skins from Central America
which possess, to a certain extent, the characters of the specimen
given above—the one coming nearest to it (32,556) having the back
of a light gray color, the whole top and side of the head down to
the lower edge of the eye black. There is a short white line from
nostril towards, but not reaching the eye; the lores themselves are,
however, black. The outer tail feather is white, except on the con-
cealed base of the inner web, which is black; the next has this black
reaching beyond the middle of the feather; the third has an oblique
white tip. The bill is long; the Ist primary is little more than half
the 2d. Length, about 4.00; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .67 ;
bill from nostril, .35.

A second specimen (30,555) is very similar, but shows only the

POLIOPTILA. eal

slightest trace of the white near the bill—an occasional feather only
being tipped with this color.

A female referred to this species is similar in general character,
but without the black head; the bill rather larger. The whole
loral region to bill and the eyelids are white.’

|
Smith-|Collec- Sex | When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.

32,556 | 24S | g | Grenada, Nicar. 304 Acad: Naty SCiaiin sualeent ater

30,555 : | ¢ | W.coast Cent. Am. ae Captisd. MisDoweae 90) seceen

30}5540 (ioe | Q | Realejo, C. A. July 16, ’63. | $0515) AR AC es cre

34,101 | .. 3 og | “ Feb. 1864. | ot | ee

Polioptila superciliaris.

Polioptila superciliaris, LAwRENcE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 304, 322
(Panama).

First primary broad, and more than half the second, which is equal in
length to outer secondaries. Color above light ashy (paler than in leuco-
gastra) ; secondaries margined with white. The top of the head and nape
are glossy black; the sides, however, are white, excepting a short black line
from the eye backwards, running into the black of the nape. In other words,
a conspicuous white line from the bill over the eye (which is situated about
opposite its middle) and involving the whole loral region. The tail is glossy
black ; the outer tail feather is entirely white to the base; the next is white,
except for the basal third; the next white for rather Jess than the terminal
third; the fourth feather has a narrow white tip. The shafts of the white
portions of the tail feathers are white.

' Since the preceding article was written Mr. Salvin has kindly transmitted
to me for examination his type specimens of P. albiloris, from Guatemala, and
skins labelled P. buffoni, from La Union, Salvador. The former agree very
well with the first described specimen of ‘“ a/biloris,” except that the bill is
not so large nor so much decurved at the end, the lores are more nearly
white—there being only a few blackish feathers in front of the eye (more
perhaps on one side than on the other) ; the white of the tail feathers extends a
little farther towards the base. No. 34,101, also received recently, agrees with
the type, except in having the larger bill. I can see very little difference
between Mr. Salvin’s specimens of “ albiloris” and of “ buffoni,” excepting in
the color of the lores, and those described above, form two stages of inter-
mediate gradation. I am, therefore, not disinclined to the impression that
they all form one species. They all differ from P. buffoni, of Cayenne and
Bogota, as first described by Dr. Sclater, in having nearly the basal third of
the inner web of outer tail feather black, not white; the basal half of the
inner web of the second, and the basal three-fourths of that of the third
feather black, instead of being white, almost to the base.

The P. nigriceps differs from all these specimens in the longer tarsi and the
oblique markings on the tail.

e

72 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The female resembles the male, except in having the black of head replaced
by ash, like the remaining upper parts. The white on the side of the head
is not so distinctly defined as in the male, but the short superciliary stripe is
distinctly appreciable.

Total length, 3.80; wing, 1.76; tail, 1.75; exposed portion of Ist primary,
-63; of 2d, 1.15; of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),
1.40; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .33; along gape, .55;
tarsus, .57.

Hab. Isthmus of Panama.

This beautiful species, perhaps the least of the genus, is closely
related to P. bilineata, from Carthagena. Sclater, however, describes
this as having the tips of the outer lateral tail feather white, on
which account Mr. Lawrence makes it distinct. As, however, Bona-
parte, in his diagnosis of P. bilineata (Conspectus Avium, I, 1850,
316), gives the outer tail feathers as white, the question remains to
be decided by reference to the type in the Berlin Museum.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.

51 ¢ Isthmus Panama. esis Cab. Lawrence, | ~ s.oci.
a 51 2 ee esc 4, ile parece oot Se eave
34,097 of o “ Fei Geo. N. Lawrence.| J. M’Leannan.
51. Type.

Polioptila bilineata ??

Culicivora bilineata, Br. Consp. 1850, 316 (type from Carthagena, in
_ Berlin Museum).—Polioptila bilineata, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1855, 12;
* 1860, 273.—Is. Catal. 1861, 13, no. 75.

Hab. 8. America: Carthagena; Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Babahoyo, Sclater).

A female specimen (No. 9,110) received from Mr. Verreaux, and
referred to in the “ Birds of North America,” 381, as possibly the
bilineata, has the characters of the species in the white lores and

! Since writing the preceding I have been favored by Dr. W. Peters, Direc-
tor of the Berlin Museum, with a diagram of the outer two tail feathers of
the type specimen of P. bilineata, and of their markings. He states that
“the two outer tait feathers are white except at the base, which is black, in
such a manner that the black extends much more on the inner part at the
vexillum than on the outer part.” The diagram represents much broader
tail feathers than those of superci/iaris, with considerably more black at the
base; this color on the inner web extending a quarter of an inch further than
on the outer, in the first feather covering more than one-third, in the second
about one-half of the web. In superciliaris the amount of black is consider-
ably less, and extends little more on the inner than on the outer web.

POLIOPTILA. 53

the superciliary stripe; but the locality assigned, of ‘‘ Mexico,” is
opposed to the idea of its being the true bilineata. It is much
- larger than the female of superciliaris, with the white on side of head
much purer, though otherwise similar. The outer tail feather is
entirely white, except at the concealed base; the next has basal
half of inner web black, this color extending much beyond the black
of outer web; the third is white for the terminal fourth or fifth. The
Ist quill is more than half the 2d. It is specifically distinct, with-
out doubt, from superciliaris, and if not bélineata, and really from
Mexico, probably indicates the existence of a third species with
black head. Compared with a supposed female of P. albiloris, the
bill is weaker, size larger, more white on the head and tail, etc.!
Total length, 4.50; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.10; exposed portion of Ist primary,
-68, of 2d, 1.28, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.44;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32 ; along gape, .60; tarsus, .70.

Smith-| Collec-} Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gea Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age °

OF? **Mexico.”’ ateye Werreaux. emi) 0 cas.

9,110 | 31,390

Polioptila dumicola.

Sylvia dumicola, Viztuu. Nouv. Dict. <I, 170.—Is. Encycl. Méth. II,
1823, 433.—Poltoptila dumicola, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 12.— Culi-
civora dumicola, Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 473 (Montevideo
and Parana).

2Culicivora boliviana, ScuateER, P. Z. S. 1852, 34, pl. 47 (Bolivia).

Hab. La Plata States; Bolivia ?

IT am by no means satisfied that the boliviana, of Sclater, is not
a different species from dumicola, at least Smithsonian specimens
from the two localities are readily distinguishable. The La Plata
bird is nearly uniform lead gray below, including the lining of the
wing; on the throat and breast not very much lighter than on the
back, becoming paler posteriorly, but nowhere white. In the Bolivian
the under parts may be called dull white, with a slight tinge of
plumbeous on the throat, and a rather deeper shade of the same
across the breast; the cheeks below the black patch are quite clear
white, and not dark plumbeous. The light edgings on the wings
are more conspicuous.

' The tail feathers are almost too much worn for comparison with the dia-
gram furnished by Prof. Peters, but they do not appear materially different.

T4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex Wh
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Coll cea Received from Collected by
NG Noe Agel ; Collected.
- - | — — =- ——
12,376 Sanath Buenos Ayres. ake Capt JaPage: | ~ eaeene
12372/ 8 | 9 “ As etre i
16,338?} 5t 2 Paraguay. June, 1859.
16,336 54 2 Brazil. Oct. 1859.
16,848 ee g Bolivia. sere Walter Evans,
2 oe oe

16,847

12,376. Steamer Argentina. 12,372. Do. 16,338? Expl. of Parana. 16,336. Do.

Polioptila plumbea.

Polioptila plumbea, Barry, Pr. A. N. Sc. VII, June, 1854, 118. —Is. Birds
N. Am. 1858, 382, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1.

FTab. Arizona.

The only specimens received additional to those mentioned in
Birds N. A. are Nos. 11,541 and 11,542, collected at Fort Yuma,
by Lt. Ives. The species appears to be confined to Arizona.

Polioptila caerulea.

Motacilla cxrulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337 (based on Motacilla
parva cerulea, Epw. tab. 302).—Culicivora cxrulea, Cas. Jour.
1855, 471 (Cuba).—Polioptila cerulea, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 11.
—In. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 70.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 380.

Motacilla cana, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 973.

2Culicivora mexicana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 316 (not of Cassin), female.—
Polioptila mexicana, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363, 373.—Is. Catal.
1861, 12, no. 71.

Figures : ViEiLu. Ois. II, pl. 88.—Witson, Am. Orn. II, pl. xviii, fig. 3.
—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 84.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 70.

Hab. Middle region of U.S., from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala. Cuba, Gundlach and Bryant.

A winter specimen, from near Cape St. Lucas, of P. cerulea, has
the ash of the back washed with a brownish tinge. I have not seen
this in any other specimens to anything like the same extent.

After a careful examination of Mexican specimens, labelled P.
mexicana by Mr. Verreaux, and of others received from Guatemala,
T am unable to distinguish them from P. cerulea. One of these,
No. 22,418 (38,658 of Verreaux), has the bfack frontal line, and the
same pure bluish ash of northern specimens. The lores are perhaps
a little whiter than usual, not more so than in specimens from
Tamaulipas and Illinois.

All these specimens from the south agree with northern caerulea
in the small, rather narrow, falcate first primary, scarcely two-thirds

CHAMMADA. 15

the exposed portion of the second. In all the other species before
me this primary is larger, broader, and as long as or longer than the
remaining exposed portion of the second.

Smith-/|Collec-) Sex | When
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. :
504| .. | .. | New York. a BURY Bards an malities eanct
1,835 ws at Philadelphia. alors Spi TT REBAR Rh stot oe (e\s
GUSH) meee g | Washington, D.C. | April5, ’42. S Wm. M. Baird.
616 i ats 2 | “se “ee oe oe
29,483 | 1,164 | Q | ss Apriliié:761),,|| He Cowes... tess te ieee
OM40L a ees .. | Savannah, Ga. 1845. SuE! Baird, Bai uilite Bremen.
8,671 ne g¢ | Indian Key, Fla. Aug. 227,257. Gay Wurdemann. oi 0 cic = .
10,213 fe | Union County, Ill. | April 20. i. Kennicotts =) Hiim py meters
10,214 ¢ | South Mlinois. May 15. SS ATTSY A Taal Peay Wyereretezets
4,682 fare o | Bald Island, Neb. | April 25,56.) Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
5,641 15 | g | East of Fort Riley. | June16,’56.} Lt. Bryan. W.S. Wood
7,188 a .. | Fort Thorn, N. M. aise Dryle CS Henry. |i, we teccietsic
7,193 ats 2 | Organ Mts., Tex. aca Major Emory. J. H. Clark
4,593 | 34 | 9? Colorado Riv., Cal. oe | ee A. Schott.
21,371 ss Be Yreka, Cal. May 26. WeNuilles 9) |) 8 siests
29,748 | 1,790 | ¢& | Maryville, Cal. Aprili24,’63:|RaGruber,, 9 | | sss een
13,742 209 | ¢ | Fort Tejon, Cal. | ase Joe Nantus.ee eel ete teeters
31,888 | .. g | San Diego, Cal. Dec. 5, 61. | Geol. Surv. Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper.
16,960 | 5,249 | .. | Cape St. Lucas. OctelOwoow We xantuss 9 i) se ctac
17,290 | 3,409 | .. | OL rile: GS a eon cee ere
3,985 ve ¢ | Tamaulipas, Mex. 1853. Tits Couch amet (| hates cistaiats
31,823? 1,636 | g | Colima, Mex. Aug. 1863. CO aE ete cca
91293) |) 5. .. | Mexico. we JZGould wh ek) sea oe
22,418 /38,658 | g | Coban. b6¢ VERNER Sm Nils sess.c
NOI TE ie .. | Guatemala. es JAGouldeey Pe Me Pitan

9,223. ‘P. mexicana.”

Famiry CHAMAADZ.

Bill compressed, short, rather conical, not notched nor decurved. Culmen
sharp-ridged. Nostrils linear, with an incumbent scale. Rictal bristles reach-
ing beyond nostrils, which are scantily overhung by bristly feathers. Loral
feathers bristly and directed forwards. Tarsi booted, or covered with a con-
tinuous plate anteriorly, with faint indications of scutelle on the inner side.
Basal joint of middle toe attached for about half its length on either side.
Primaries ten; 6th quill longest. Plumage very lax.

I have found it impossible to assign the genus Chamea to any
recognized family of American birds, and have accordingly been
obliged to give it independent rank in this respect, although it may
properly belong to some old world group with which I am not ac-
quainted. In its general appearance it approaches the Paridz in
loose plumage, bristly lores, want of notch to bill, ete. ; but differs
in the very much bristled rictus,; sharp-ridged culmen, linear nostrils,
booted tarsi, less amount of adhesion of the toes, ete. It approaches

76 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

the Sylviidex in the sharp-ridged culmen and bristly gape, but is
otherwise very different. The excessively rounded wing is a peculiar
feature, the sixth primary being the longest.

The family may, perhaps, be best placed between the Sylvizde and
Paride.

CHAMZ5A, GAMBEL.
Chamza, GAMBEL, Pr. A. N. Sc. III, 1847, 154. (Type Parus fasciatus.)

Bill much shorter than head, conical compressed. Culmen much curved ;
gonys less so. Nostrils linear, covered and nearly hidden by an incumbent
scale, as in some Wrens. Wings much rounded, about two-thirds the tail ;
the 6th primary longest; the 3d equal to the secondaries. Tail very Jong and
much graduated, the lateral feathers not two-thirds the central; feathers nar-
row, with narrow outer webs.

The genus, as far as known, embraces but a single species.

Chamea fasciata.

Parus fasciatus, GAMBEL, Pr. A. N. Sc. Aug. 1845, 265 (California).—
Chamza fasciata, GAMBEL, Pr. A. N. Se. III, 1847, 154.—In. J. A.
N. Se. 2d series, I, 1847, 34, pl. viii, fig. 3.—Cananis, Wiegmann’s
Archiv, 1848, I, 102.—Cassin, Illust. I, 1853, 39, pl. vii.—Batrrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 370.

Hab, Coast region of California.

(5,924, 4%, California.) Total length, 6.20; wing, 2.30; tail, 3.50, gradua-
tion, 1.20; exposed portion of Ist primary, .85. of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 6th
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.80; length of bill from fore-
head, .52, from nostril, .30; along gape, .60; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe and claw,
.78; claw alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .39.

Smith-| Collee-| Sex

: ; When .
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b
Moi cave. ¢ lage: y Collected. yi

3,339 ere -. | California. Siete S. F. Baird. Dr. Gambel.
7,163 ae -. | Sacramento Valley. stele Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermaun.
5,924 ate od | Sta. Clara, Cal. Rise Dr! Coope rtm elt ea wee ei..6
25,369 | 607 do | Fort Tejon, Cal. Sept. 1857. JOHNEXANGUS el) ble) Metelolctets
31,890 | 699 -. | San Diego, Cal. Dec. 5, ’61. | Geol. Surv. Cal. Dr. Cooper.

3,339. Type specimen. (31,890) 6.60; 7.12; 2.25. “Iris white.”
es

LOPHOPHANES. TT

Famity PARIDA.

Bill generally short, conical, not notched nor decurved at tip. Culmen broad
and rounded, not sharp-ridged at base. Nostrils rounded, basal, and con-
cealed by dense bristles or bristly feathers. Loral feathers rough and bristly,
directed forwards. Tarsi distinctly scutellate; basal joints of anterior toes
abbreviated, that of middle toe united about equally for three-fourths its
length to the lateral: in Parine forming a kind of palm for grasping; outer
lateral toe decidedly longer than the inner. Primaries ten: the lst much
shorter than the 2d. Tail feathers with soft tips.

With Cabanis I include the Nuthatches in the same family with
the Titmice, and have prepared the above diagnosis to include both
groups. They agree in having a conical bill, not notched nor de-
curved, with much rounded culmen, and nearly straight commissure,
and rounded nostrils covered with dense bristles. These characters
will readily distinguish them, in connection with the ten primaries,
and tarsi with scutelle on the anterior half only (as compared with
Alaudidz), from any other American Oscines.

The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished :—

Parinz. Body compressed. Bill shorter than the head. Wings rounded,
equal to, or shorter than the rounded tail. Second quill as short as the
10th. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, which are about
equal to the hinder; soles of toes widened into a palm. Plumage rather
soft and lax.

Sittinze. Body depressed. Bill about equal to, or longer than the head.
Wings much pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. Tarsus
shorter than the middle toe and claw, which are about equal to the
hinder. Plumage more compact.

4

Among the Parine are several extremes of form, but the American
species are sufficiently allied to allow them to be united into one
subfamily.

Supramity PARINA.

LOPHOPHANES, Kaocp.
Lophophanes, Kaur, Entw. Gesch. Europ. Thierw. 1829. (Type Parus cristatus.)
Bzolophus, Capayis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850-51, 91. (Type Parus bicolor, L.)

Cabanis, as quoted above, makes a new genus for our Tufted Tit-
mouse, on the ground of a difference in the crest, and in having

78 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

stouter bill and feet, and longer legs. As, however, our other species
vary considerably in this respect, I can hardly consider these as
more than specific differences.

Lophophanes bicolor.

Parus bicolor, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 340 (based on Parus
cristatus, CaTESBY, I, pl. 57).—Pr. MAx. Cab. Jour, VI, 1858, 118.—
Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. List Birds Europe, 1842.—Barrp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 384.—Scuiarer, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 87.+Bexolophus
bicolor, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 91 (type of genus).

Lophophanes missouriensis, BAirD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 384 (var. from
Missouri River).

Figures: Witson, Am. Orn. I, pl. viii, fig. 5.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 301.
—Is. Birds Am. II, pl. 125.

Hab. United States, from Missouri valley eastward.

~

Smith-/Collec-) Sex Whe
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc Tested | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Coe eal
823 ¢ Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 20,42. | S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird.
1,292 2 “ May 11, 44. | CONS PE 1 | Ae Sekernee
28,958 | 575 a Washington, D.C. | Jan.16,’60. | Dr. E.Coues. | ~~ ......
29,956 oe Oe Sept. 24, 760. | D2 W. Prentiss. 3/9" 2aasee
32,281 eve 2 Liberty Co., Ga. arate l.abrok, J-elecontenj| ease
20,921 ee a Illinois. | “ReKennicott.,; 7)” aise. ck
29,675 on is Springfield, Ill. ers |) (PAM Springer ule seem ccc
4,730 eee rags Fort Leavenworth.| April 21,’54.| Lt. D.N.Couch.| —......
Gi7620 |) an || ae we Jan. 20, °55. | ‘COPED, | Men teres
4,731 se os St. Joseph, Mo. April 22,’56.| Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.

(823.) 6.25: 10; 3.17. (1,292.) 5.66; 9.66; 3.08. (28,958.) 6.30; 10.30; 3.20. (32,281.) 5.80;
9.50; 3.00. 6,752. Type of var. missouriensis. 4,731. Eyes dark-brown.

Lophophanes atricristatus.

Parus atricristatus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. V, 1850, 103, pl. ii (Texas).
Lophophanes atricristatus, Cassin, Ill. Birds Texas, etc. I, 1853, 13,
pl. iii.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 385.

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande, south.

|

Smith-| Collec-| Sex Whe

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll ted Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Deas

12,107 ¢ San Antonio, Tex. | April13,’51.| Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse.
6575631 sos s Fort Clarke, Tex. Siar Lt. J. G. Parke. Dr. Heermann.
3,974 9% | o New Leon, Mex. ate hewD: Ne'Couch. |) 9 7. 2.88
3,975 97] 2 ss Ete fee eae
911 |29,713a) Mexico. Sco Werreaux., - |i i hiieere

22,416 | 29,856 | .. en ee ky ||| | mmacararereiste

Lophophanes inornatus.

Parus inornatus, Gampet, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. Aug. 1845, 265 (Upper
California).—Is, J. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pl. vii. —Lopho-

PARUS. 79

phanes inornatus, Casstn, Ill. 1853, 19.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
386.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. $8.

Hab. Southern United States, from Rocky Mts. to Pacific.

Smith-|Collec- Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and

No. No. | Age.

Locality. lacoliaciad | Received from a. Collected by

5,515 ae gd | Petaluma, Cal. Portas VE) samnale Same] sSieieea | ee es clecj-:0

5,923 Ss .. | Santa Clara, Cal. | Dri JA Ga Coopers i ge versre's:6
12,904 | 104 .. | Napa Valley, Cal. | | A. J. Grayson. eieratels's

4,951 18. Se San Jose, Cal. Bee eS hag a OS ce | a es ere
25,354 |1,496 o | Fort Tejon, Cal. Jan 1858;. |) Js eXantuss 0) wae Pee teeters
12,106 Rye 3 | San Francisco Mts. | Oct. 9. Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse.
11,543 81 do | Fort Defiance, N. M. ale Lt. J. C. Ives. H. B. Millhausen.
6,753 ne .. | Fort Thorn, N. M. ier Dri, TAC Henry || ae Peserieice

Lophophanes wollweberi.
Lophophanes wollweberi, Bon. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478.—WestErR-
MANN, Bijdr. Dierkunde, ITI, 1851, 15, plate.-—Barrp, Birds N. Am.
1858, 386, pl. liii, fig. 1.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299 (Oaxaca,
high lands).—Is. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 89.
Parus annexus, Casstx, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 103, pl. i.
Lophophanes galeatus, CABANIS, Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 90.

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains of U.8., and along table lands through

Mexico, to Oaxaca.

No additional materials relative to this species have been received
since 188.

Smith- ‘Collee- | Sex Wien

sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. alee ;

6,794 i Copper Mines, N. ou ie A Col. J.D. Graham.| J. H. Clark.
6,797 | Fort Thorn, N. Dr. DG; Henry ip! sce
6,795 | 50 Pueblo Creek, N. 7 Jan. ‘99, *54.| Lt. A.W. Whipple.| Dr. Kennerly.
9,221 ee ae Mexico. J. Gould. | ieetes

es

PARUS, Lixyy.

Parus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. (Type Parus major.)—Is. Fauna Suecica,
238. (Type P. major.)—Is. Syst. Nat. 1758, 189. (Type Parus
eristatus. )

Parus septentrionalis.

Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. Sc. II, 1845, 300,—Cassrn,
Illust. I, 1853, 17, 80, pl. xiv.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 389.—
Scuater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82.— Parus septentrionalis, var.
albescens, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxvii.

?Parus atricapillus, Pr. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 119.

Hab. Region of Missouri River to Rocky Mts.

80 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Thus far I have seen none of the common Black-capped Titmouse
(P. atricapillus), from the line of the Missouri River and westward
to the Rocky Mountains, that were not referable to the long tailed
species. Specimens vary in amount of white on the wings and tail,
but the real characters are pretty constant. The specimens at
present in the collection, however, are not in sufficiently good con-
dition, nor numerous enough, to exhibit the exact limitations of the
two species.

I\have already referred (B. N. A. 389) to specimens from the
southern Rocky Mountains (Fort Massachusetts), in which the
white markings are of a plumbeous tinge. Some others, since re-
ceived, exhibit this same character, and it is not impossible that it
may indicate a specific form. The specimens, however, are not in
sufficiently good condition to settle the question, but their general
appearance is more that of Parus meridionalis, than the North
American Black-caps.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When | |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. | |
19,557 | 147 ®. | FeSimpson, WH. B.T..| Aprili23,’60"/"B.oR. Ross. | 7 seein
20,266 | 254 os fs Oct. 19, °59. | R. Kennicott. ht | Selsoddec
19,558 | 306 -. | Fort Liard. Jan. 12, 60. | a tl ueisisreveyss
MS5700 i) Fe .- | Lake Winnipeg. June 6, 759. es [Pe ew stsleceio'e
27,049 | .. | Fort Garry. fs | Donald Gunn. {fei saiayeteietsys
6,765 .. | Fort Leavenworth. oe ht eCouchi Fee) 0 aeuwetere cies
4,733 | a & | Mo. of Big Nemaha. | April 2, °56. | Lt. Warren. | Dr. Hayden.
20/338] .s. .. | Fort Randall. mee |Capt.J.P.M’Cown.) _—.........
5,873 | ss | Fort Riley. 1856. | Jno, Xantus. ML gtias etolers
13,175 | 89 .. ; Near Fort Benton. Sei Lt. Mullan. | J. Pearsall.
17,551 | 261, Q | Teton River. aia fs es
LLO82\\' Me BE Fort Bridger. April10,’58.' C. Drexler. ap tossteters
22.049 | 78 .. | Hellgate, Idaho. Aug. 28, 60. Dr. Cooper. Ned petra .000
8,828 | .. .. | Black Hills. Sept. 15. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
13,779 | 15 | .. | Fort Massachusetts, ea Gapts AS We'Bow- | i) (ae
13,780 an ts ss [N. M. one “s [mians|se 7 eetaere
11,472 = 2; ‘ en 66a is Gy |e a
11,473 ve ae ee ere SC i Stu sts erei cre
11,474 fe a sf eee ee eiererere ste

8,828.) 5.50; 2.75. (11,472) Plumbeous variety. (11,473.) Do. 11,474.) Do.

i

Parus atricapillus.

Parus atricapillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 341 (based on Parus atrica-
pillus canadensis, Brisson, III, 553, tab. xxix, fig. 1).—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 390.—Scriater, Catal. 1861, 13, no. 80.—Pecila atri-
capilla, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

Parus palustris, Nurr. Man. I, 1832, 79.

Figured by AupuBon, WILSON, etc.

Hab. Eastern North America.

PARUS. 81

Smith- |Collec- Sex When |
ore tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected’ by
No. | Age. ; (eater ess
18,694 al Q | Portsmouth, N. H. | Jan. 8. | BlliotiGouesss feces
12851 | .. | g | Brooklyn, N. Y. ta 2 Tact RADNER WP oes
830 | .. | Q | Carlisle, Pa. Ociv22 2420S he Baindemige |e eves mcc-2
29,676? | | | Springfield, Il. nas |) SPO MeSpringersgt|) 0 | sice<jee
29,668? | | | Temiscamingue, .
| | Can. [H. B. p Thos) Richards, |) | se.=<
32,344 | | Moose Factory, 1862, J. Mackenzie. | .....-
(830.) 5.00; 7.75; 2.50.

Parus occidentalis.
Parus occidentalis, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 391 (W. Territory).—
SciateEr, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82.

Hab. Northwest coast region of the United States.

No specimen of this species has been received for several years.

Parus meridionalis.

Parus meridionalis, Scuater, P. Z. §. 1856, 293 (El Jacale, Mex.).—In.
1857, 81; 1858, 299.—Is. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 83.—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 392.
Not figured.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

As already shown in Bifds N. Am., this bird is very different
from the United States species in the absence of any lighter edgings
on the greater wing coverts (seen in all the others), in the almost
entire absence of whitish edging to the quills and tail, and in the
ashy, instead of the rusty, flanks and crissum. The size is about that
of the Parus atricapillus.

Smith-|Collec-} Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ; Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.

10,203 Ae = Mexico. [region.) Ses Dre Pela Sclaterss || wi © © ksrercis sis

32,470 392)| =. Orizaba. (Alpine nce Prof. ¥F.Sumichrast.| ......

32,736 |44,730 | .. Mexico. mes SViCTTC2 UXcp mn meme Pisses) ch

Parus carolimensis.

Parus carolinensis, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 474, pl. 160.—Is. Birds Am.
II, 1841, 152, pl. 127.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 392.—SciatEr,
Catal. 1861, 13, no. 81.—Pecila carolinensis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

Hab. South Atlantic and gulf region of U. S.
6 August, 1864.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When
sonian} tor’s | and Locality. : Received from Collected b

No. No. | Age. Collected. y
10,514 “ | Cape May Co., N. J. te | Jee Townsend: =) wiciereers

607 @ | Washington (D5C: {|)Rebs.22. 742.5) (Wee Raird’ | [i/o Gea

706 ac ot April 5, ’42. Yo Wd Oe A PAooooS
11,971 a 2 ss Mayol, ?59)|| C= Drexlers af) )Ujk) = Wdectsctee
29,962 | 301 2 es se | DiiWeiprentigs:, si} co) macelcris
19,088 60 ¢ | Fort Cobb, Ark. May 20, '60.| J. H. Clark. C. S. M’Carthy.

0. (706.) 4.60; 7.00. (11,971.) 4.80; 7.32.

er |

(607.) 4.25; 6.2

Parus montanus.

Parus montanus, GAmBeEL, Pr. A. N. Se. April, 1843, 259 (Santa Fé).—
Is. Jour. A. N. Se. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pl. viii, fig. 1.—Barrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 84.

Hab. Mountain regions of Middle and Western United States.

Several variations in coloration and other characters will be found
mentioned in the Birds N. Am., as quoted above, but nothing appa-
rently of specific value.

Smith- Collec-| Sex | | Wien |
soniant tors | and || Locality. Gallectads.| Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. | a

4,390 | 171 | Fort Dalles, Oregon. | Rebs l8o5,, |), DreSuckleyze | 9) =) lowes
21,959 | 582 Colville Depot, W.T. | Mar. <0, oO A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
21,957 | 593 | a | July 15, °60. | ee rs
22 04N a8 4 . Bitter-root Mts. ; Sept 3, 760. | DriwinGe Coopers) |) we) Liseenet
17,556 | 614 ao “ | eae Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall.
16,206 | 60 | g Fort Crook, Cal. | John Meine! | Woe laaeciys
21,466 | el se | tees DUB Parkingon. | asec. ¢
25,710 1,266 | .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Dec. 1860. Jobnexantus: ~ | Go sceene
10,544) 64 ¢ }San Francisco Mts. -- ,_ | Capt. J.C. Ives. Mollhausen.
5,643 | 222 Q | Medecine, Bow.Cr’k.} Aug. 6,°56. | Lt. Bryan. [man.| W. 8. Wood.
11,475 .. | Fort Massachusetts. 5 CaptarAy Ww Bowsll, | sees
10,712 | | Ft. Burgwyn, N. M. IDPSAWis Ws eA OY=|(foe a yu taclcterste

! | [son.

(22,041.) Iris brown.

Parus hudsonicus.

Parus hudsonicus, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430.—Avp.
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 543, pl. 194.—Is. Birds Am. II, 1841, 155, pl.
128.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 395.

Hab. Northeastern portions of North America.

Specimens from the most northern localities appear larger than
those from Maine and Nova Scotia, with proportionally longer tails
(3.00 inches, instead of 2.40). I can, however, detect no other
difference, although I have access to but a few skins from southern
points. This difference is much the same as between P. atricapillus
and septentrionalis ; to which variety the original P. hudsonicus

PARUS. 83

belongs, yet remains to be determined, and to which, if any, a new
name is to be given.

The Parus sibiricus, of Europe, is very similar in coloration and
characters to the P. hudsonicus. The principal difference is seen in
the cheeks, which in sibiricus are pure white, this color extending
along the entire side of the neck, widening behind, and extending
round towards the back. In hudsonicus the cheeks behind the eyes
and sides of neck are ash gray, the white being confined to the region
below or near the eye. The smoky gray of the upper part of head
and neck in szbiricus is in a stronger contrast with the brighter
rufescent gray of the back, and is separated from it by an obscure
concealed whitish dorsal half collar, represented in hudsonicus only
by a dull grayish shade in the plumage.

Smith- \cottee- Sex | | When

"No. | ‘No tor’s Bao Locality. | Collected. | Received from Collected by

18,087 | 157 Rigolet, Lab. July 13, ’59.| E. Coues. |

P70) os a Halifax, N. S. 5 J.R. Willis. |

2,926 - Eastern N. America. state S. F. Baird. |

27,349 ii, 308 Ft. Youkon. February. R. Kennicott. |

19,559 | 256 | | Ft. Simpson. | Oct. 19, 759. ss

27,346 |1,918 | 9 April. B. R. Ross. |

195530 erst oma oe | Ft. Liard. Jan. 20. R. Kennicott. |

19,566 ae Big Island, G. 8. L. as Seelam LTE My ccercs

22,276 | 920 Ft. Rae, @, sei May, 1860. TeClarke, Ire) |) 9 ans..
|

Parus rufescens.

Parus rufescens, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VU, 1, 1837, 190.—Avp.
Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pl. 353.—Is. Birds Am. 1841, 158, pl. 129.
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.—Cooprr & Suck .ey, P. R. R. Rep.
XII, m, 1859, 194 (nesting).—Sciarer, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 86.—
Pecila rufescens, Bonar. Consp. 1850, 230.

Hab. Western United States near Pacific coast.

Smith- Collec-| Sex | When
sonian|} tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. el ;

17,444 437 || 2. ‘Simiabmoo, W.T. | Dec. 23, ’59.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
11,812 222! .. | Chiloweyuck, W. T. Bene 27. sc a
21,955 = .. | Kootenay Camp | ss a
6,778 | Ft. Steilacoom, W. T.| Mar, 1856. | Dr. Geo. Suckleye |) | meess
6,786 AU os, lt. Vancouver. Dee. 29, °53.| Gov. I. I. Stevens.) Dr. Cooper.
2,931 ers | a Columbia River. | S. F. Baird. _ J. K. Townsend.
1,924 E « | BPs ‘ lle, penny
6,784 ae .. | San Francisco? | Sins Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
22,415 |40,752 | g | California. | Woerreaux )j 2) | |e aens Fact

84 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

PSALTRIPARUS, Bonar.

Psaltriparus, Bonar. C. R. XXXI, 1850, 478. (Type P. melanotis.)
Ayithaliscus, Capanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 90. (Type Parus erythrocephalus.)

Psaltriparus melanotis.

Parus melanotis, HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool. 1844, 216.—Pecila melanotis, Br.
Consp. 1850, 230.— Agithaliscus melanotis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I,
1850-51, 90.—Psaltria melanotis, WESTERMANN, Bijdrag. Dierk.
1851. — Psaltriparus melanotis, Bonar. C. R. XXXVIII, 1854.—
Sciater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 386, pl.
liii, fig. 3.

Psaltriparus personatus, Bonar. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478.—Psaltra
personata, WESTERMANN, Bijd. Dierk. 1851, 16, plate.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

Smith- Icotlec- Sex

Mexico. Cab. Lawrence, | so checr

3 When :
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | Collected. :
29,711 Jo | Cayuilalpam, Mex. | Dec. 1860. fA. SOULE Oro) Basis Wemractors

Psaltriparus minimus.

Parus minimus, Townsenp, J. A. N. Se. VU, 1, 1837, 190.—Avp. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 382, pl. 382, figs. 5, 6.—Is. Birds Am. II, 1841, 160,
pl. 130.—Pecila minima, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.—Psaltria minima,
Cassin, lust. 1853, 20.—Psaltriparus minimus, Bon. C. R. XX XVIII,
1854, 62.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 397.—Coorprr & Suck ey,
Pp. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 1859, 195.

Hab. Pacific coast of United States.

|
Smith- |Collec-| ' Wien
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ar
6,758 336° oa) Ft. Steilacoom, W. T. 55 |) DrSuckloys | i) ie senna.
6,760 o |Sacramento Valley, Sars | Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
12,895 : Napa Valley. [Cal. Bits A. J. Grayson: i) “ooes.
29,745 1,191 .. |Auburn, Cal. Dec. 10, g2.| Ferd. Gruber. | ......
Ee ee a3 Fort Tejon, Cal. sere | fo eANERS Ae WW cocces
99,417 |40,844 | ¢ | California. aa | Verreaux. | apie

Psaltriparus plumbeus.

Psaltria plumbea, Barrp, Pr. A. N. 8. VII, June, 1854, 118 (Little Colo-
rado).—Psaltriparus plumbeus, Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 398, pl.
xxxiii, fig. 2.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861, 398, no. 77.

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountain region of United States.

PSALTRIPARUS—AURIPARUS. 85

Smith- Collec-| Sex Wher | |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Colle £ oi | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Cee: |
6,774 og |e Camp 120, Arizona. | Feb. 12,'54.| Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly.
6,777 63 we Soe oe Feb. 1, ’d4. ns “
33,003 40 5 Little Colorado. Nov. 1853. oe se
11,729 ce -. | Cantonment Bur- [son.
gwyn. siete Drs Wie Wee Ander= | my cicysieiis
6,770 ots .. | Fort Thorn, N. M. eis Dre CHentyaan) men eee

(6,774.) Iris yellow. (6,777.) Iris black. (33,003.) Iris black.

AURIPARUS, Bairp.
Auriparus, Bairp, n. g. (Type A githalus flaviceps, SunpD.)

In the “ Birds of North America,” p. 399, while defining the generic
characters of Paroides, I showed that the Agithalus flaviceps, of
Sundevall, differed very materially from the P. pendulinus, the type
of the genus. The discrepancy, in fact, is too great to permit the
two species to be associated, and I have consequently been obliged
to establish a new generic name. The peculiarities authorizing this
course will be found detailed in the work cited above. They con-
sist, as compared with other American forms, in the long pointed
quills, and the very small claws; the tarsi are much shorter than
in Psaltriparus.

The single known species of the genus builds a covered nest of
stiff, short pieces of grass, with a hole in the side, in bushes. The
eggs are spotted, as in the Black-headed Titmice, not white, as in
Psaltriparus minimus.

Auriparus flaviceps.

Aigithalus flaviceps, SuNpEVALL, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Foérh. VII, v,
1856, 129.—Psaltria flaviceps, Sci. P. Z. S. XXIV, March, 1856, 37.
—Psaltriparus flaviceps, Scu. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 13, no. 79.—
Paroides flaviceps, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 400, pl. —-, fig. 2.—
Auriparus flaviceps, Barrp.

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawnence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. May, 1851, 113, pl. v,
fig. 1 (Texas).

Hab. Valleys of the Rio Grande and Colorado: Cape St. Lucas.

This interesting species appears confined to the basins of the Rio
Grande and Gila, extending to Cape St. Lucas, where it is very
abundant. An immense number of its curiously shaped nests were
collected by Mr. Xantus. Cape St. Lucas specimens of this, as
of the other species, are much smaller than those from the more
northern localities: thus, in No. 12,967, %, the wing measures 1 90,

86 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

the tail 1.80; while in 6,764 (87), from El Paso, the wing is 2.15,
and the tail 2.25. The Cape St. Lucas specimens are brighter, and
the top of head just behind the forehead has the feathers strongly
tinged with reddish-orange.

Smith-/Collec-| Sex When |

|

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. | | Collected.

re ite ais Matamoras. | siete Lt. Couch. Dr. Berlandier.
6,774 24 ac El Paso, Mex. | Dec. 26, 754. Maj. Emory. J. H. Clark.
4,015 | 218 Bs Saltillo, Mex. | isle Gt. Couche (9 |) (ee een
11,545 ate 2 Fort Yuma, Cal. | Lt. J. C. Ives. Moillhausen.
11,546 aie ee ss | ss “s
12,967 11 3 Cape St. Lucas. | John Xantus; | 9 feniesne
12,968 72 o ce | ST? mie ooqden

SusrAmiLy SITTINA.

SITTA, Linyzus.

Sitta, Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1735 and 1758, 115. . (Type S. europxa.)—
ReIcCHENBACH, Handbuch, No. IX, 1853,149. (Monograph of genus.)

Sitta carolinensis.

Sitta europea, var. y, carolinensis, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 440.

Sitta carolinensis, Latu. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 262; also of all other Ame-
rican writers.—RericuEnBAcn, Handbuch, Abt. II, 1853, 153, tab.
dxiii, figs. 3,563-4.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 374, pl. xxxiii,
fig. 4.—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 106.

Sitta melanocephala, Vieiuu. Gal. I, 1834, 171, pl. clxxi.

Other figures : Witson, Am. Orn. I, pl. ii, fig. 3.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl.
152.—Is. B. A. IV, pl. 247.

Hab. United States and the Provinces; west to valley of the Missouri.

Smith-|Collec-} Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ‘

26,934 a a Nova Scotia. efetel WG eWintons” 9) 8 Wenner
1,645 3 A Carlisle, Pa. Sly 1, 244.) SBS Baird’ s 7) 9 se cien
1,761 = 2 ss Jan. 1845. Ne oe

28,954 | 1,004] .. Washington, DiC. Oct: 13) 760: |) EeCoues eee yo Adee

29,952 602 | ¢ ee Oct.14,°61. | D. W..Prentiss. | ......

30,996 115| ¢ es Oct.,28; 262: |: BoSchmidt! ) Gj." 5.5...

29,785 te 2 Peoria, I11. Bais Bishopran 08. ville. 9 —esicee
8,337 62] 0: Independence, Mo. | June 6, ’57. | W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper.
6,802 W705 | (terete Fort Leavenworth. | Dec. 24,’54.| Lt. Couch. =#§#| _......
5,871 28 | o East of Fort Riley. | June18,’56.| Lt. Bryan. [mond.| W. 8. Wood.
5,871 st a Fort Riley, Kans. ci Dr. Wi. A: Ham= |) ©, ji:cesesie

(1,645.) 6.08; 10.89; 3.68. (1,761.) 6.00; 11.25; 3.75. (28,954.) 5.90; 11.10; 3.40. (29,252.)
5.80; 10.90; 3.50. (30,996.) 6.00; 11.00.

Sitta aculeata.
Sitta aculeata, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. VIII, Oct. 1856, 254.—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 375, pl. xxxiii, fig. 3.

SITTA. 8T

2 Sitta carolinensis, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova) ; 1858, 300
(Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca).

Hab. Western and Middle United States, south to Cordova, Mex.

As remarked in Birds N. Am., the only appreciable difference
between this species and the preceding is in the much slenderer bill.
The Mexican White-bellied Nuthatches seem to belong here rather
than to the carolinensis ; at least the specimens I have seen do so.
It is very difficult to express this difference appreciably ; but a com-
parison of large series from the two localities will readily illustrate

the fact as will the figures cited in B. N. A.

Mr. Sclater calls attention to the inferiority of size of his speci-
mens from Oaxaca; this might be anticipated from their southern
locality as resident birds.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex | When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ree teGs
21,948 | 590 3 | Colville, W. T. Mar. 1860. A. Campbell. George Gibbs.
21,949 | 601 -- | Moogie R., W. T. Aug. 1860. oi Dr. Kennerly.
21,950 | 604 2 | Kootenay R., W. T. ES cs us
6,811 | 258 .. | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T. Drasuckleyigs oe ii) p.. se senws
16,185 | 274 & | Fort Crook, Cal. Jnoswhevlners «Ne | stesieee
22,083 50 se | st DAE Parkinson, || 9 sen.
§,502 | 280 -» | Petaluma, Cal. HeySamiulelss 5] creicrercie
6,806 26 -. | San Francisco, Cal. Re S CUtts ay Merl |Wely willis, sco
4,944 ae ate Sau Jose, Cal. ate AIRE GOTRY SOM a) la)” tsrlereie's
25,328 | 113 o | Fort Tejon, Cal. June 857.0 Ie Manus a ea ee See cee
29,747 {1,161 seeiaAuburn, Cal: (Ildah: | Dec. 15762. | "RerdiGruber® ) Fi teen.
18,423 12 .. | W. of Fort Benton, | April, 1860.| Lt. Mullan. Hildreth.
17,548 | 615 Q | Bitterroot Valley. wen es J. Pearsall.
11,081 as ¢ | Fort Bridger, Utah. | May 30. Cr Drexiters 7 |) a tec
19,228 | 166 od | Sheyenne River. Oct. 29. Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden.
11,731 ote Cantonment Bur-
gwyn, N. M.[Ariz. eieke IDr-sAndersonts w ||| pee elect
12,102 &% | San Francisco Mts., |Oct. 14, ’52. | Capt. Sitgreaves. Dr. Woodhouse.
6,807 26 -. | 100 miles west of
Albuquerque. Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly.

13,673? | Xalapa, Mex. P. L. Sclater. R. M. D’Oca.
13,589 Mexico. Jee GOULGS ie eee | een befetc aero

Sitta camadensis.

Sitta canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 177.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,
pl. 108.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 248.—Reicu. Handb, Abt. II, 1853,
152, tab. dxiii, figs. 3,561-2,—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 376.—
ScuaTer, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 91.

Sitta varia, Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 40, pl. ii.

Hab. Whole United States and British Provinces.

88 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith- |Collee- Sex wuihen
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | aie
- aa —— | ——————SS— —— |
20,878 ae a East Bethel, Vt. ere Wak iselet nS ee akon
818 oh od | Carlisle, Pa. Oct.19, 2425S.eba Baird.) 2 vi) Meese
28,409 a6 ae Washington, D.C. Bie Gr Drexler] gas eaccane
13,190 as o& | Upper Georgia. Ber A. iGerhardt.. | 9 7 gaemee'-
11,608 ae .. | Riceboro’, Ga. seis Protsleconte:s ii) mi imeccetster
6,937 11 .. | Selkirk Settlement. a Donald Gunn. | ......
17,543 | 609 2 Bitterroot Valley,
Rocky Mts. i Sete Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall.
18,424 ne is W. of Fort Benton. | Feb. 6, ’60. oe Hildreth.
11,078 oe ¢ | Fort Bridger. May 19.2683) (C.Drexler” a) Ji) Wa enc cel
8,840 se .. | Black Hills. Sept. 30. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
5,280 < ¢ | Cedar Island, Mo. ke ss ss
21,951 bee ais Kootenay R., W. T. | April, 1860. | A. Campbell. George Gibbs.
22,046 49 .. | Rocky Mountains. | Aug. 15,’60.| Dr. J.G.Cooper.| —....- -
16,190 | 273 des Fort Crook, Cal. ee Jno; Feillner: 6% *})_ 7 Peirce
6,838 | .. an Sacramento Valley. See Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
11,538 ts a Fort Yuma, Cal. ae Lt. Ives. Mollhausen.

Sitta pusilla.

Sitta pusilla, Latu. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 263.—Wis. Am. Orn. II, 1810,
105, pl. xv.—Auvp. Orn. Biog. I, 1834, pl. 125.—Is. Birds Am. IV,
pl. 249.—Reicu. Handb. 1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,567-8.—Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 377.—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 15.

Hab. South Atlantic—and Gulf States.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gallected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

3,086 sts 2 Liberty Co., Ga. 1846. S. F. Baird. W. L. Jones.
2,399 ae = Savannah, Ga. 1845. se Jos. Leconte.

Sitta pygmeza.

Sitta pygmea, Vicors, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. 1839, 25, pl. iv.—Avup. Orn.
Biog. V, 1839, pl. 415.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 250.—Reicu. Handb.
1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,365-6.—Newserry, P. R. R. Rep. VI,
Iv, 1857, 79.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 378.—Scuater, P. Z. 8.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).—Is Catal. 1861, 15, no. 93.

Hab. Western and Middle United States; south to Xalapa.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. doveona Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. |

Washington Terri- | Oct. 1853. Gov. I. I. Stevens.| Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,840] ..
21,953 | 884 Kootenay Riv.[tory.| Mar. 20, 60.) A. Campbell. Geo. Gibbs.
22,047 82 Bitterroot Valley. ters Dr. J. G. ‘Cooper: |, cecwne
16,192 | 199 ¢ | Fort Crook, Cal. ee Jno. Feilner. , | “un <cses-
21,448 35 sis ss olats D. F. Parkinson. | “;> ..«...
3,729 ae .. | ? Monterey, Cal.[Ar. aye W Hutton: ©) | we eeetermce
6,803 43 .. | San Francisco Mts., | Dec. 27, ’53.| Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly.
11,730 AG .. | Cantonment Bur- ators Dr. W. W. Ander-| wn eee

[gwyn, N. M. {son,

CERTHIA. 89

Famity CERTHIAD#®.!

CERTHIA, Linyazus.

Certhia, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 112. (Type C. familiaris.)
(See Reicuensacu, Handbuch, I, 11, 1853, 256, for a monograph of the genus.)

Plumage soft and loose. Bill as long as head, not notched, compressed ;
all its lateral outlines decurved. Nostrils not overhung by feathers, linear,
with an incumbent thickened scale, as in Troglodytes. No rictal bristles, and
the loral and frontal feathers smooth, without bristly shafts. Tarsus scutel-
late anteriorly, shorter than middle toe, which again is shorter than hind toe.
All claws very long, much curved and compressed ; outer lateral toe much the
longer; basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent to adjacent ones. Wings
rather pointed, about equal to the tail, the feathers of which are much pointed
with stiffened shafts. Primaries ten; lst less than half the 2d.

Of the Certhiadxe but one genus belongs to America— Certhia,
with its two recognized species. The characters above given include
both family and generic characters, derived from this one genus.
This is readily distinguished by the decurved, compressed bill ;
absence of notch and bristles ; exposed linear nostrils with incum-
bent scales ; connate middle toe, very long claws, short tarsi, pointed
and stiffened tail feathers, etc.

Certhia americana.

Certhia familiaris, Viriuu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 70 (not the European
bird?) ; also of Witson and AupuBoN.

Certhia americana, Bonar. Comp. List, 1838.—Rericu. Handb. I, 1853,
265, pl. dexv, figs. 4,102-3.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 372.—Max.
Cab. Jour. 1858, 105.—Cooprer & Suckiey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, u,
1859, 192.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 94.

With much additional material to that used in preparing the article
on this species in the Birds N. Am., I find it still difficult to make
the specimens from western America different from eastern. The
bill is perhaps longer on an average, although single eastern speci-
mens may be found exhibiting the maximum condition in this respect.
The white of under parts appears purer, the light line over the eye

! See Reichenbach, Handbuch der Orn. I, 11, 1853.

90 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

more distinct; the colors above possibly a little darker, with more
reddish.

The series at my command of the European C. /amiliaris is
not sufficiently large nor perfect enough to permit any very satis-
factory comparisons. The bill, however, appears longer and higher
than in eastern C. americana. The claws are longer, and the tai]
shorter, not equalling the wings, instead of exceeding them. The
first quill is longer, its exposed portion being half that of the second,
instead of considerably less. The coloration is exceedingly similar;
the central light streaks of the feathers above are, however, less
distinct, being not so white, and more pervaded by the ferruginous.
The under parts are more ashy, and the rusty of the crissum perhaps
less prominent.

Certhia coste is, in reality, more nearly related than C. familiaris
to our species in color and length of tail. This differs again in still
larger bill and claws, and in a purer white of the under parts. The
three, however, are so very closely related as almost to be entitled
to consideration as races of one species.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Se eas
827 3 | Carlisle, Pa. Oct QATAR TSR Baind’) Paes Y Lkek icc
TASS 7 ie Q “ April 5, 744. Ep aaAO RS 7 | | een, ea
28,948 | 728 3& | Washington, D.C. | April24,°60.| E.Coues. = = 8 | esse.
29,947 | 109 oO oe Dec. 28,59. | D. W. Prentiss. | = ss.ue
32,283 wie J Liberty Co., Ga. cine Jos.;beconte, )- io | facnakte
11,587 te .. | Red River Settlem’t. | April 9. DEG Weller We Rersterarers
20,920 es ae Illinois [Sound.|- ... R.ikennitott. | = saves
17,430 | 461+ gd | Simiahmoo, Puget | Jan. 1860. A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
7,155 ae .. | Ft. Steilacoom, ‘ sieTa Drsuckley; | || FV lacecrr.
16,174 174 @ | Fort Crook, Cal. ete John Heiner) (il) Oe ees ere
22,090 GUmalheecs oe Bere D; ES Barkinson: ||) sein
12,323 Sie da Fort Tejon, Cal. Bere OCS: | ey || umietactsrete
13,743 144 o “Towyn, N. M. Siete is [sone|” i eecece.
11,314 ae Q | Cantonment Bur- ae Dre WW), ANGers|" 9 ee erlaere
7,154 47 se Pueblo Creek, N. M.| Jan. 22, ’54.| Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly.

(827.) 5.40; 7.80; 2.60. (1,337.) 5.00; 7.60; 2.50. (28,948,) 5.30; 8.00; 2.50. (29,947.) 5.00;
7.30; 2.30. (32,283.) 5.50; 7.80; 2.70.

Certhia mexicana.

Certhia mexicana, “Guocer, Handbuch,” Retcnensacn, Handbuch, I,
1853, 265, pl. dixii, figs. 3,841-2.—Scnarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 290;
1858, 297; 1859, 362, 372.—In. Catal. 1861, 15, no. 95.—Batrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 373 (under C. americana), pl. 1xxxiii, fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico; perhaps extending along the table lands into the U. States.
This species will be readily recognized on comparison with the

United States species by its much darker color above, and especially
the deeper shade of brown on the rump, and apparently its greater

TROGLODYTID&. 91

extension up the back. The throat alone is white; the remaining
under parts, the flanks especially, having an ashy brown tinge, not
noticed in the other species.

| | |
Smith-| Collee-| Sex | When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected: | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | rel
8,176 aie | Mexico. ateic Js Gould eee i) Feces
13,688 | .. | | ac aie Cree wen MMR eens:

Famity TROGLODYTIDA.

Rictal bristles wanting; the loral feathers with bristly points; the frontal
feathers generally not reaching to nostrils. Nostrils varied, exposed or not
covered by feathers, and generally overhung by a scale-like membrane. Bill
usually without notch. Wings much rounded, about equal to tail, which is
graduated. Primaries ten, the first generally about half the second. Basal
joint of middle toe usually united to half the basal joint of inner, and the
whole of that of the outer, or more. Lateral toes about equal, or the outer a
little the longer. ‘Tarsi scutellate.

The impossibility of defining any large group of animals, so as to
separate it stringently and abruptly from all others, is well under-
stood among naturalists; and the Troglodytide form no exception
to the rule. Some bear so close a resemblance to the Mocking
Thrushes as to have been combined with them; while others again
exhibit a close approximation to other subfamilies.*

' The genus Ithodinocichla has, by most of our systematic writers, been
placed among the Dendrocolaptidx, and thus as not belonging to the Oscines
at all. Taking all this for granted, I deferred any investigation of the species
until I had finished the Oscines. A casual examination has, however, recently
convinced me that the genus is truly Oscine, and possibly one of the Troglo-
ditide. Dr. Sclater coincides in this view, and is inclined to place it very
near //eleodytes. As it is now too late to introduce it in its proper place, I
defer further consideration of the subject to the Appendix, and merely give
the principal synonyms :—

Rhodinocichla rosea.

Furnarius roseus, Lesson, ll. Zool. pl. v.—Rhodinocichla rosea, HARTL.
Cab. Jour. 1853, 33.—Sczt. Pr. 1855, 141; 1846, 140.—Is. Catal.

92 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The structure of the feet, however, as far as my observations
extend, furnishes a good character for limiting the family, and espe-
cially of distinguishing it from the Turdide. In the latter the basal]
joint of the outer lateral toe is united to the middle toe ; sometimes
only a part of it and the inner toe is cleft almost to its very base, so
as to be opposable to the hind toe, separate from the others. In
the Troglodytide, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its
basal joint to the middle toe ; sometimes by the whole of this joint,
and the second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into
this union, instead of the basal only. In addition to this character,
the open exposed nostrils, the usually lengthened bill, the generally
equal lateral toes, the short rounded wings, the graduated tail, ete.,
furnish points of distinction. In the skins before me there appear
to be considerable differences in the structure and appearance of
the nostrils, which may serve to aid in defining the genera with con-
siderable precision. The exact characters, of course, cannot be very
readily ascertained from dried specimens, and I may have erred in
the interpretation of the appearances presented ; although a careful
examination of a large number of representatives of the species has
been made. All the forms agree pretty well in the character of the
wings and tail, which differ in relative size and in shape less than
in most families; the feet are quite similar, and the bills only
moderately varied ; so that, without an examination of the nostrils,
it would be difficult to establish intelligibly some of the genera.

In general there is a thin, vertical, imperforate septum in the
median plane of the nose, separating the nasal cavities of opposite
sides. Some skins of Campylorhynchus exhibit an aperture in this
septum, but I am unable to satisfy myself that this has not been
caused artificially by passing a string through the nostrils to fasten
the two jaws together. Besides this, however, there is what may
be called the lateral septum (a modification of the turbinated bones
of the nose) on either side of the median, which either projects a
short distance into the posterior portion of the nasal cavity, with a
nearly vertical edge (seen in Thryothorus), or is continued along

1861, 147, no. 891.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 292.—Can.
& Hein. M. H. II, 1859, 23.
Turdus vulpinus, Harti. R. Zool. 1849, 276.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1850, 276, plate.

Originally described from Venezuela and Caraccas, Mr. Lawrence has
received it from the line of the Panama R. R., while the Smithsonian Insti-
tution possesses specimens from Colima and Mazatlan. A note by Col. Gray-
son, attached to a Mazatlan skin, states that it is one of the sweetest singers
of that vicinity, fully equal in this respect to any species of Thrush.

TROGLODYTID A. 93

the roof of the cavity to its upper anterior extremity, constantly
diminishing in depth (as in Thryophilus), or is carried still further
round to the lower anterior end, as in Salpinctes, where if is arched
outwards so as to be parallel with the external scale. This septum
is not noticeable in the specimen of Heleodytes before me ; in all
others where the nostrils are sufficiently open it is quite appreciable.
This lateral septum is sometimes vertical or parallel to the median
septum ; in Cinnicerthia, however, it is slightly revolute, showing a
free edge perpendicular to the median plane, which forms a low wall
dividing the oval nasal cavity into two parts, but not coming to the
surface. In Heterorhina this wall is higher, reaching the level of
the nostrils, but not adherent to the edges; while in Microcerculus,
if the indications of the poor specimens of JZ bambla before me are
not misinterpreted, this septum is united to the edges, forming a
bridge separating two cavities.

In most forms of Troglodytidex the nostrils occupy the lower side
of the nasal groove, and are more or less elongated, and overhung
by a valvular convex or vaulted projection of the nasal membrane,
which is thickened and rounded at the edges. ‘This varies in de-
velopment, least in Campylorhynchus, more distinct in Thryothorus ;
while in Pheugopedius, it seems almost to close the aperture. In
Thryophilus, however, this scale-like projection appears to be
entirely wanting, leaving the nasal cavity broadly open, and the
lateral cavity much exposed. In Heleodytes, and in some forms of
Campylorhynchus, the nasal aperture, as in Donacobius, has its
anterior half resting in the end of the nasal groove, bordered only
behind and by thin membrane only, and with no lateral septum visi-
ble. In Cyphorinus, the nostril is small, circular, and entirely sur-
rounded by membrane. In the others, it rests against the lower
side of the nasal groove at its anterior extremity, with membrane
avove and behind it only.

The bill, in most species, is long, slender, subulate, and decurved ;
in Cinnicerthia, it is more conical. It is generally without notch
at the end, except in Cyphorinus, Microcerculus, Heterorhina, and
Thryophilus. ‘The feathers of the forehead do not come as far for-
ward as the nostrils, as a general rule.

The lateral toes are about equal, the outer very little the longer ;
in Salpinctes and Catherpes, however, the discrepancy is very
marked. In Heleodytes the tarsus is as short as the middle toe, or
shorter; in all others it is longer, generally considerably so. The
legs are very stout in Heleodytes, Campylorhynchus, and Cinnicer-
thia ; in the others they are more slender.

94 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Contrary to the opinions of most Ornithologists, I have placed
the genus Donacobius among the Thrushes, rather than the Wrens:
the reasons for this are given on page 58.

With these preliminary general remarks, I proceed to present a
brief synopsis of the genera and subgenera of American T’roglody-
tide, which, however artificial, may serve to aid in their determina-
tion. The fuller characters will be found detailed under each genus :—

A. Nostrils broadly oval, not overhung; anterior half rest-
ing in the end of the nasal groove; no lateral septum
visible. Bill not notched. Tarsi as short as midde toe
and claw. Legs stout . : : : : : . Heleodytes.
B. Nostrils quite broadly oval, without distinct lateral sep-
tum, this being concealed by the narrow scale which
margins the nostril above. Bill not notched. Legs
stout; claws strong, much curved; tarsus longer than
middle toe and claw. Tail about equal to wings . . Campylorhynehus.
C. Bill slender, not notched. Nostrils elongated, in lower
side of nasal groove, overhung by an arched portion of
nasal membrane, thickened, with rounded edges. Inner
lateral toe considerably shorter than outer.
a. Inner lateral toe equal to hind toe. Lateral plates
along posterior half of tarsi divided into smaller
ones . : : : : ; ; : . Salpinctes.
b. Inner lateral toe considerably shorter than hind
toe. Plates of posterior half of tarsus continuous,
or not divided into smaller ones . . . Catherpes.
D. Nostrils broadly oval, divided by a low wall perpendicu-
lar to the median nasal septum, but not coming to
the surface; bordered above by scarcely thickened
membrane, placed in end of nasal groove. Legs very
stout. Bill short, broad at base, without notch. Cul-
men much curved. Tail much graduated, about equal

to the wings : : : : ; : : . Cinnicerthia.
E. Bill distinctly notched at end (not notched in any other
Troglodytidz).

a. Bill distinctly notched, very high, and much com-

pressed. Nostrils small, truly circular, opening

in the middle of the nasal membrane. Tail much

shorter than (about two-thirds) the wings . . Cyphorinus.
b. Bill distinctly notched, quite high and compressed.

Nostrils apparently double, the single aperture

being divided by a bridge. Tail scarcely more
» than half the wings ; : : ; . Microcerculus.
e. Bill faintly notched, scarcely higher than broad at

the base. Nostrils broadly oval, with membrane

above, but no thickened seale; divided by a

septum coming to the surface, which, however,

HELEODYTES. 95

does not form a bridge. Tail about two-thirds
the wings . 7 : : . Heterorhina.
d. Nostrils broadly open, al seeds not overhung
by a scale, and showing a lateral vertical septum
extended forwards above; anterior half in the
end of nasal groove. Bill distinctly notched.
Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw. Tail
about equal to the wings . : : : . Thryophilus.
F, Bill not notched, slender, or very deep. Nostrils linear,
on lower edge of nasal groove, and overhung, sometimes
concealed, by an arched or vaulted thickened mem-
brane with rounded edges. Lateral toes about equal.
a. Bill very stout and deep, as long as the head;
height about one-third the length above. Wings
about equal to the tail : . = : . Pheugopedius.
b. Bill slender. Tail about equal to the wings, or, if
shorter, only moderately graduated (outer at
least four-fifths of central). Hind claw shorter
than the rest of the toe. A lateral nasal septum,
vertical and projecting into the posterior portion
of the nasal cavity.
1. Bill as long as the head. Tail feathers
broad, about as long as the wings.
Tail equal to the wings . . . - Thryothorus.
Tail longer than the wings . : . Thryomanes.
2. Bill shorter than the head. Tail feathers
narrow. Colors plain.
Tail equal tothe wings . : : . Hylemathrous.
Tail shorter than the wings. ; - Troglodytes.
c. Bill slender. Tail shorter than the wings, very
much graduated. Lateral feathers about two-
thirds the central. Hind claw as long as rest of

toe.
1. Bill as long as the head. Hind claw longer
than rest of toe . : : : . Telmatodytes.
2. Bill shorter than the head: Hind claw
equal to the rest of the toe. ‘ s . Cistothorus.

; HELEODYTES, Cazanis.
Heleodytes, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 80. (Type Furnarius griseus, Sw.)

Bill longer than head, without notch or rictal bristles. Nostrils broadly
oval, in the anterior extremity of nasal groove, bordered behind by a naked
membrane as in Donacobius. Commissure curved gently, not angulated ;
gonys straight. Wings about length of tail. First primary considerably
more than half the longest ; second longer than secondaries. Tail moderately
graduated ; outer feather about five-sixths the middle ; outer web of exterior
feather about one-third the inner. Tarsi scarcely longer than the middle toe.

Colors plain, without dark spots or bars,

96 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Although the genus Heleodytes is not represented within the
region covered by the present review, I introduce a brief mention
of it with the view of completing the history of the family, as well
as of illustrating the peculiarities of the species of Campylorhynchi
having very similar nostrils. The relationships between the two
genera are very close, and it is almost a question whether they can
be separated trenchantly from each other. The specimen before me,
from Mr. Lawrence’s collection, is from Bogota; and, as it may be
different from the species of Guiana and Venezuela, I subjoin a brief
description.*

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, Spix.

Campylorhynchus, Sprx, Av. Bras. I, 1824, 77. (Type C. scolopaceus,
Sprx = Turdus variegatus, GMEL. ) .

Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than the head, without notch
or rictal bristles; culmen and commissure curved; gonys nearly straight.
Nostrils in the antero-inferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal
feathers, with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thryothorus ;
sometimes, as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge along the upper side of
the nasal groove. Lateral septum not projecting below or anteriorly into the
nasal cavity, but concealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than
middle toe and claw; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp; middle
toe with basal joint adherent almost throughont. Wings and tail about
equal, the latter graduated ; the exterior webs of lateral feathers broad. *In
size the largest of the family.

' Heleodytes griseus.

Furnarius griseus, Swatsson, Anim. in Menag. 1858, 325 (23 Centen.
No. 134), fig. 67, 6 (bill), Guiana.—Campylorhynchus griseus, Cas.
Schomburgk, Reise Guiana, III, 1848, 674.—Heleodytes griseus, CAB.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 80.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 16, no. 97.

Whole upper parts, including wings and tail, plain brown, without bars
or other markings, as also a line from behind the eye; the nape and inter-
scapulum blackish-brown, the top of head lighter, the lower back and rump
reddish-brown. Entire under parts, including lining of wings, tibia, and a
broad line from bill over the eye, soiled white. All the tail feathers, except
the two central, with a broad subterffinal bar of white, diminishing in width
from the outer feathers to the inner, but at the same distance from the tips.

Total length, 8.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.45; graduation, .45 ; exposed portion
of Ist primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, fourth (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, 1.16, from nostril,
-66; along gape, 1.26; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone,
-30; hind toe and claw, .87; claw alone, .38.

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 97

There are some points of difference in different groups of Campy-
lorhynchus in the character of the nostrils and some other features.
In the type, as remarked, the nasal scale is reduced to a mere ridge
on the upper side of the nasal groove—the cavity being oval. In
jocosus it is similar, with the cavity more linear. In megalopterus,
ornatus, brunneicapillus, and their allies, the scale is more developed,
as in tropical Wrens. In C. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis, ete., the
nostril is more like Donacobius and Heleodytes, namely, at the an-
terior end of the nasal groove, bordered behind by membrane, and
not above. In these the tail is shorter and less graduated than in
the type. C. capistratus is placed by Cabanis under Heleodytes, on
account of its peculiarities of nostril; it differs, however, in shorter
tail, shorter bill, weaker legs, and the middle toe shorter than the
tarsus, not longer.

The following table exhibits the peculiarities of the species before
me in reference to the nostrils :—

A. Nostrils rather linear, horizontal, in lower side of nasal groove, and over-
hung broadly by membrane thickened at edges: C. brunneicapillus, affinis,
pallescens, bulteatus, megalopterus, zonatus, pardus.

B. Nostrils more oval, the overhanging membrane reduced to a ridge on upper
edge of nasal groove: C. variegatus, brevirostris, zonatoides, jocosus (nostrils
more linear), albibrunneus.

C. Nostrils as in Heleodytes ; broadly oval or rounded, in anterior end of nasal
groove, with thin membrane behind: C. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis.

The transition, however, from one to another form, is very gradual,
and it is quite difficult to say, in regard to some species, whether they
belong more properly to one section or to another. Without more
specimens therefore at my command, I prefer to consider all as
identical generically.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the Middle Ameri-
can species, and their nearest 8S. American allies, by their colors :—

A. Upper parts uniformly brown, without bands or spots.
Head and neck with whole under parts white c . C. albibrunneus.

B. Top of head and post-ocular stripe reddish-brown; back

streaked longitudinally and linearly with white. All the

feathers beneath conspicuously spotted. Crissum and

flanks with rounded or elongated spots. Nostrils in-

ferior, linear, overhung by a scale.

a. Spots much larger on throat and jugulum than

elsewhere. Inner webs of 2d—-5th tail feathers

(between middle and outer feathers) black, except

at tips. : 5 6 F ; ; ; - brunneicapillus.
7; August, 1864,

©
eo

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [ PART L

). Spots on throat and jugulum little larger than else-
where. Inner webs of intermediate tail feathers
banded with white like the outer . ; : . affinis.
C. Top of head nearly uniform yellowish-gray. Upper parts
and all the tail feathers banded transversely with
brownish-black and whitish. Rounded black spots on
the throat and breast.
a. Body beneath reddish-brown posteriorly, with
sparse rounded spots on belly and crissum; gemi-
nate rounded spots on flanks . ; : - zonatus.
b. Body grayish-white beneath, and Seuauiononale
banded transversely everywhere posteriorly.

Wings longer than the tail . c : : . pallescens.
Wings shorter, or not longer than the tail . . balteatus.
D. Top of head with well defined streaks of whitish and
brown; otherwise much as in two last species ; . megalopterus.

E. Top of head and post-ocular stripe blackish. Tail feathers,
except the central, black, terminated broadly by soiled
white.
a. Nape rufous.
Interscapulum unicolor. Beneath entirely unspot-
ted (or unicolor), as are also the outer webs of the
intermediate tail feathers . : . capistratus.
Interscapular feathers banded with baat ‘apa.
separated by whitish streaks. Crissum banded.
Outer webs of intermediate tail feathers banded
with whitish . ; : : - rufinucha.
b. Nape streaked black and ais, not brateae.
Beneath with conspicuous rounded black spots.
Crissum banded. Tail tipped with soiled white . jocosus.
. Beneath plain whitish, immaculate. Tail without
white tips . c : , é 7 2 . nigriceps.
F, Top of head reddish-brown. Back with geminate black
spots, not with linear streaks. Bill very short. Nostrils
anterior, rounded, in end of nasal groove.
a. Post-ocular stripe reddish-brown, Beneath un-
spotted. Crissum banded. Exterior lateral tail
feather alone spotted on both webs ; : humilis.
b. Post-ocular stripe black? Beneath with fount
black spots. Two outer tail feathers spotted on both
webs : : _ ; ; : A : . gularis.

Campylorhynchus albibrunneus.
’ Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawn. Ibis, IV, Jan. 1862, 10.—In. Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 1862, no. 322 (Isthmus of Panama).
Not figured.
Hab. Line of Panama Railroad.
Head and neck all-round and under parts, including lining of wings, pure
white; rest of upper parts, with wings and tail, uniform liver brown. The

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 9%

feathers of crissum are tinged with rusty, and with a central brownish streak.
Bill horn-color, lighter along the commissure and beneath. Legs light-brown.

Total length, 7.60; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.60; graduation, .82; exposed portion
of Ist primary, 1.32, of 2d, 2.20, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of Ist primary), 2.60; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, 1.65 ;
along gape, 1.10; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .23;
hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.

This species is quite closely allied to C. unicolor, of Lafresnaye,
which is pretty uniformly brown above, dirty white beneath, with a
few brownish spots on the crissum.

There is very little in the species to distinguish it generically from
the type of Campylorhynchus.

as a ————— ee

|
Smith-| Collec-| Sex | sumer
sonian}| tor’s | and Locality. Ie Gatlected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ;
ee ee pots en ——s ee
16,852 Je as Frijole, P. R. R. | ste JOM’ Geannan: 9 |o ac.enc
ss Th ine Panama R. R. | sere Cab. Lawrence. | —_—........
(74.) Type.

Campylorhynchus brunnmeicapillus.

Picolaptes brunneicapillus, LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pl. xlvii.
—Lawe. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, 1851, 114.—Cassin, Birds Cal. Tex.
1854, 156, pl. xxv.—Heermann, J. A. N. Se. II, 1853, 263.—C.
brunneicapillus, GRAY, Genera, I, 1847, 159.—Bp. Consp. 1850, 223.
—Scu. P. A. N. S. 156, 264.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 355.—
Hrermann, P. R. R. X, 1859, Williamson’s Report Birds, 41 (nest-
ing). (E. of Tejon Pass, etc.)

Hab. Adjacent borders of the United States and Mexico, from mouth of Rio
Grande to the valley of the Colorado; San Diego. Replaced at Cape St. Lucas
by C. affinis.

I find it quite impossible to reconcile Lafresnaye’s description of
C. brunneicapillus, much less his figure with the North American
bird. This is described as having five white spots on the outer web
of the lateral tail feather, and three on the inner; the next with
two on the outer and three on the inner web (perhaps three outer
and two inner); the third and fourth with marginal points instead
of spots.

This particular pattern of coloration I have not observed in any
specimens of our bird, and the spots are larger than as described,
although the markings of the tail vary a good deal. Lafresnaye,
however, describes the under parts as pale rufous from the upper
part of the breast to the tail (represented also in the plate), instead
of having this rufous confined to the abdominal region. The speci-

100 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part I.

men described is said to have probably come from California, though
possibly from Peru.

I do not feel warranted in changing Lafresnaye’s name, though
it will not be at all surprising to find that he had quite a different
species from the North American bird before him. It may be that
Gould’s species guttatus belongs more particularly to the latter.

| Pais |
Smith- Collec-| Sex
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Bana Received from Collected by

No.» | No. | Age. A : |

TAS See RG Ringgold Barracks,
Tex. sete Major Emory. J. H. Clark.
3,966 6| 4 173 | o Monterey, Mex. April, 1853. MteCouch:- ye ya ale ea cleisielers
7, 14 | g | California. Bao Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
7,1é 50 | : | Q | Los Angeles. stele es os
31,894 776 |; og | San Diego. Mar. 2, 62. Prof. Whitney. Dr. Cooper.

(3,966.) Eyes reddish-yellow. 8.00; 10.75; 3.40. (31,894.) 8.00; 11.50; 3.75. Iris blood-red.

Campylorhynchus affinis.

Campylorhynchus affinis, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Se. 1859, 298 (Cape St.
Lucas).—Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 303.—Scu. Catal. 1861, 17,
no. 108.

Not figured.

Hab. Only observed at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Cap of head reddish-brown ; the concealed centres of feathers dusky. Rest
of upper parts grayish-brown, all the feathers of body and scapulars with
broad central or shaft streaks of whitish edged with black; the streaks
irregular in outline, on some feathers nearly linear, in others widening at
intervals along the shaft. Outer webs of the wing feathers crossed by about
geven rows of whitish semicircular spots, with corresponding series of more
circular‘ones on the inner web. Tail feathers black. all of them with a series
of about eight quadrate white spots on each web, which are alternate to each
other, not opposite, and extend from or near the black shaft to the edge; the
extreme tips of the feathers black; the two central feathers, however, more
like the back, with irregular mottling of grayish and black. Upper tail coverts
barred transversely with black.

Under parts white, faintly tinged with rusty posteriorly; each feather
spotted with black, excepting on the immaculate chin. These spots are rather
larger and more quadrate on the jugulum, where they are sometimes on the
sides of the feathers (on one or both sides) ; posteriorly, however, they are
elongated or tear-shaped, and strung along the shaft, one or two on each. On
the crissum they are large and much rounded, three or fcur on each longer
feather. Legs rather dusky. Bill lead color, pale at the base below; “iris
reddish-brown.” A broad white stripe from bill over the eye and nape,
edged above and below with black ; line behind the eye like the crown ; cheek
feathers white, edged with blackish.

Immature specimens exhibit a tendency to a whitish spotting in the ends
of the feathers of the cap. A very young bird does not, however, differ ma-

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 101

terially, except in having the spots less distinct beneath ; the white streaks
less conspicuous above; the white of the wings soiled with rufous. Speci-
mens vary considerably in the proportional as well as absolute thickness
and length of the bill; thus, No. 32,167 measures .80 from nostril to end
of bill, instead of .60, as given below for No. 12,965.

12,965. Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.40, its graduation .45; ex-
posed portion of lst primary, 1.42, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, or 4th (measured
from exposed base of lst primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.07; tarsus, 1.02; middle toe and claw, .90;
claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .76; claw alone, .35.

This species is most nearly allied to C. brunneicapillus ; the most
apparent difference at first sight being in the greater concentration
of black on the throat and jugulum in brunnetcapillus, and the much
smaller size of the remaining spots on the under parts, with the de-
cided light cinnamon of the posterior portion of the body. The outer
and central tail feathers alone are marked as in C. affinis, the inter-
mediate ones being entirely black, with the exception of a white
subterminal band.

This is one of the most characteristic birds constituting the
isolated Fauna of Cape St. Lucas. Like nearly all the species
peculiar to this remarkable locality, it is exceedingly abundant,
breeding in immense numbers. It has not yet been detected else-
where, though it may possibly be found on the lower Colorado.

Smith-/| Collec-| Sex WHET al

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. el

12,961 632 J Cape St. Lucas. sae Je eX ANEUSH Serer

12,965 190 Ss a ase Sie Fah AN oeateraer

12,963 | 656 | 9 «6 er, cevAD PY ylang

16,959 |1,463 | Juv. i see ef cFeee

32,166 4,988 | ¢ ‘6 April 25,°60. es | meee

32,167 at J pe 1861. sO SO Beare tose

(12,963.) Iris reddish-brown,

Campylorhynchus pallescems.

Campylorhynchus pallescens, LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. 1846, 93 (Mexico) ;
not of ScraTEeR (=C. balteatus).

Campylorhynchus megalopterus, ScuatER, P. Z. S. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca) ;
1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 371 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 105;
not of Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. 1856, 264 (which is true megalopterus).

Hab. Southern Mexico.

(No. 13,659.) Body varied with brown and soiled white; no reddish. Top
of head brownish-ash, showing more or less the pure brown centres of the
feathers ; nape streaked with black and white; rest of upper parts banded
transversely with soiled white and blackish in about thirteen or fourteen

102 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

nearly equal zones of each color from nape to end of tail coverts ; more obscure
posteriorly, and the white changing rather to light brownish-ash. Wings
blackish, with about five series of brownish-white spots extending over outer
webs; quills edged internally (not spotted) with the same. Tail feathers
black, with about seven transverse light bands, narrower than their inter-
spaces ; whitish on the outer webs and ed_es of the inner ; sometimes obscured
and irregular medially ; most distinctly transverse on the lateral feathers, and
most obsolete on the inner webs of the central feathers. Beneath whitish ;
chin immaculate; throat and jugulum first with large rounded, then cordate,
light-brown spots, which, on the breast, become transverse bands or zones
covering the remaining under parts to end of crissum ; more obsolete, with the
ground color soiled with brownish, on the middle of the belly: these bands
quite similar in size and proportion to those on the back. A white band from
bill over the eye to nape, with a brown one behind the eye; sides of head
finely streaked with brownish.

(13,659.) Total length, 7.00; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.40 ; graduation, .60 ; exposed
portion of Ist primary, 1.30, of 2d, 2.30, of longest, 4th (measured from ex-
posed base of Ist primary), 2.65; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .53; along gape, 1.00; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .82; claw
alone, .27; hind toe and claw, .80; claw alone, 37.

This species is very similar in markings and coloration of the
upper parts to C. zonatus; the principal difference being in the
absence of the rufous tinge of the rump, a more distinctly banded
tail, and the inner edges of the quills being continuously edged with
brownish-white, not spotted with reddish-white. Beneath the differ-
ence is very strongly marked, in the continuous transverse bands on
the body: the absence of the reddish color of belly, flanks, and
crissum, ete. : the longer wings, and other peculiarities of proportion.

To @. zonatoides, of Bogota, the resemblance above is almost per-
fect, and beneath it is quite close; the spots of black instead of pale
brown, absence of zones on flanks and crissum (although the spots
are transversely elongated), and the rufescence of the posterior region
of body will, however, distinguish them. C. zonatoides also lacks
the longitudinal streaking of blackish and white on the nape seen in
pallescens, megalopterus, and zonatus.

In the museum of the Philadelphia Academy I find specimens of
a Campylorhynchus, labelled ‘“ Picolaptes megalopterus, Lafr.,
Amérique Merid.,” which agree perfectly with Lafresnaye’s descrip-
tion, apd are those referred to by Dr. Sclater, in his paper published
in Proceedings Phila. Academy, 1856, 264. These differ very
appreciably from the present species in having the light bands above
of a purer white and more sharply defined, the feathers of the hood
dark-brown, conspicuously streaked centrally with grayish-white
(with a reddish tinge on the occiput) ; the nape similar, the central

«

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. , 103

light stripe, however, wider and whiter. The under parts are very
similar. The bands on the tail are not so decidedly transverse, but an
edging of brown along the shafts often divides the light bar. In the
other species it is the concealed centres of the hood feathers that are
brown (showing only occasionally), with yellowish-gray edges. The
nape is much less conspicuously streaked. C. megalopterus is con-
siderably larger also, measuring 8.50 inches, the wing 3.70, tail 3.90.
This may be a Mexican bird, as stated by Lafresnaye, but more
probably it is South American.

I am by no means decided as to what is the true name of this
Mexican species, after setting aside that of megalopterus. A
specimen in the Phila. Acad., from Guayaquil, and labelled “ nalles-
cens,” by Mr. Sclater, agrees very well with a Smithsonian skin
from Piura, Peru, No. 11,748. This differs from the Mexican bird
in a larger size, and in having a longer tail and shorter wings—tail
half an inch longer than the wings instead of being a little shorter
or not longer. The top of the head is purer gray, or with less of a
yellowish-red tinge ; the nuchal streaks much wider and more promi-
nent. The most striking differences, however, are in the proportions
above mentioned, as well as the very different geographical distri-
bution.

The question now remains as to which of these two species the
name pallescens should be applied. As, however, Lafresnaye, in
comparing pallescens with zonatus, says that it differs especially in
form from the latter by longer wings; and as while the Mexican
bird has much longer wings than the South American, which are
just equal to those of zonatus, it seems proper to name the Mexican
bird pallescens, especially as Lafresnaye gives Mexico as the pre-
sumed locality of his species. The South American bird (the C.
pallescens of Sclater’s Catal.) may then be called Campylorhynchus
balteatus.

Campylorhynchus nuchalis is easily distinguished by smaller
size; broader stripes on the neck, extending on the back ; the rounded
marginal white spots, not bands, on the tail, ete.

Smith- Collee- Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Gollectad Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | _
13,659 [aise | ay | Xalapa, Mex. iat Dr. Sclater. D’Oca,
13,672 ate eS aeis) ss .
26,366 se ot efete J. Krider. sé
76 os “¢ [region.) Boe Cab. Lawrence. ee

32,471 | 377 Ag Orizaba. (Alpine aere Prof. Sumichrasts|) acess

104 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Campylorhynchus zonatus.
Picolaptes zonatus, Lesson, Centurie Zoologique, Jan. 1851 (at end of
description), 210, pl. 1xx (erroneously “ California’’).— Campylo-
rhynchus zonatus, GRAY, Genera, I, Mar. 1847.—Bonap. Consp. 1850,
223.—Sciater, Pr. A. N. Se. 1856, 264.—Is. P. Z. S. 1856, 290;
1859, 363.—Is. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 103.—Scxi. & Saty. Ibis, I,
1860, 29 (Guatemala).

Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex

: ) * When é |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from | Collected by
Nat No. | Age. Collected. : |
a pe ee
18,569 ws Ss Mexico. ae P, L. Selater. | F. Sumichrast.
30,870 | 123 | .. | Mirador, Mex. Jan. 1863. | Dr. C. Sartorius. |...
20,397 | 1,445 -- | Choctun, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1860 OVSalivans 9 © hl Deere
ai Salvin & Godman.

30, 653 93 os Alotepeque, Guat. Dec. 1862.

80 ae Guatemala. Cab. Lawrence.

(30,870 ) Iris brown.

Campylorhynchus capistratus.

Picolapics capistratus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, 174 (Realejo).—C. capis-
tratus, GRAY, Genera, I, 1847.—Scu. Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.—Is.
Catal. 1861, 17, no. 111 (in part).

Hab. Confined to Pacific coast region of Central America ?

(30,654.) Whole top of head and nape black. Sides of the lower neck and
dorsal surface of body uniform cinnamon red (darkest anteriorly), with the
upper tail coverts only obsoletely banded with blackish. On raising the
feathers, however, those on the lower part of the back are seen to be streaked
longitudinally with white, having the usual blackish suffusion externally.
Greater wing coverts and, to some extent, the scapulars, like the back, but
with one or two pairs of rather obsolete rounded black spots, separated
obscurely by a pale shade of the ground color. Alular feathers black, edged
with whitish. Quills black, with five or six pale yellowish-red spots on the
outer webs ; internally edged irregularly with whitish. Innermost or exposed
secondaries with transverse dusky bars. Tail feathers black, broadly termi-
nated by white, which is much soiled with brownish at the end; the lateral
feathers with quadrate white spots on the outer web; the central feathers
black with rather narrow transverse bands of pale brownish.

Whole under parts uniform yellowish-white, without streaks or spots, soiled
with reddish behind; tbroat purer white; a conspicuous white line from
nostrils over eye to nape; lores, and a broad line behind the eye, blackish ;
rest of cheeks white. Bill black; the inferior edge of lower jaw at base
whitish. Legs dark plumbeous.

A second specimen, 29,428, is very similar, excepting in having concealed
spots on the dorsal feathers, similar to those described on the scapulars and
wing coverts of the preceding. The under parts are entirely immaculate.
This probably represents the spring plumage—the former the autumnal

Young specimens not yet fully fledged, in the museum of the Philadelphia

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 105

Academy, from San Carlos and elsewhere, exhibit not the slightest trace of
spots or other markings on the under surface, and no longitudinal light streaks
on the back.

(30,654.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.65; graduation, .35 ; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, 1.10, of 2d, 1.60, of longest, 4th (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 2.00; length of bill from forehead, .92, from
nostril, .56; along gape, 1.06; tarsus, 1.06; middle toe and claw, .80; claw

or

alone, .27; hind toe and claw, .70; claw alone, .30.

Smith- |Collee-| Sex | , | |

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. wien Received from Collected by

= ~ | Collected.

No. | No. | Age. |
30,654 | 84 Savana Grande,Guat. 1862. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.
29,428 @ |Punta Arenas, C. R. | May, 1863. | Capt. J. M. Dow.|] ~......

Campylorhynchus rufinucha.

C. rufinucha, Larr. R. Z. 1845, 339 (Mexico).—Picolaptes rufinucha,
Less. Desecr. 1847, 285 (Vera Cruz).—C. capistratus, Scu. P. Z. S.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).

Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico ?

I am unable to say whether the following references belong to ca-
ptstratus or rufinucha :-—

Picolaptes capistratus, Des Mors. Icon. Orn. pl. lxiii.— Campylorhynchus
capistratus, Scu. P. Z. 8. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).—Is. Ibis, I, 1859, 9
(Honduras and Belize).

Authors have, I think, been mistaken in referring the Picolaptes
rufinucha, of Lafresnaye, from eastern Mexico, to the P. capistratus,
of Lesson, from, and apparently confined to the west coast of Central
America. The specimens before me are not in very good condition,
but they indicate, both in coloration and proportion, differences which
are not readily reconciled. In both species the whole top of the
head, with the line back and in front of the eye, are blackish. In
rufinucha, however, the exposed feathers of the back and scapulars
are streaked conspicuously with soiled whitish, with the blackish
external suffusion, the black sometimes forming large rounded spots
on each side the shaft. The spots on the wings are whitish, rather
than brownish-yellow. The tail feathers are black, broadly ended
with white, soiled at the end, but the outer webs of all (except the
two central), exhibit a series of six or seven quadrate white spots,
instead of being fewer in number and confined to the outer feather.
The under parts are soiled whitish; each feather, as far as can be
ascertained, except perhaps the chin and throat, with two or three
very small spots, usually in pairs, The crissum shows conspicuously

106 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

three or four black bands on each feather—something similar being
seen on the tibie. There is a small narrow black line along the
edge of the lower jaw. Nothing like these markings are visible in
the Smithsonian specimen of C. capistratus. The eyes are red,
according to Dr. Sartorius.

The differences in proportion are still more striking. The tail is
considerably longer, exceeding the wings; and the tarsus is much
shorter, being but little longer than the middle toe and claw. The
bill is rather longer. The first primary also longer.

Of the two specimens in the collection one has the feathers worn,
and is probably in summer dress. ‘The other is moulting and in
autumnal livery, thus matching the two Central American skins of »
capistratus.

Total length, 6.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.80; exposed portion of lst primary,
1.15, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),
2.00; length of bill from forehead, .95, from nostril, .57; along gape, 1.05;
tarsus, 87; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw,
.62; claw alone, .30.

Smith-|Collec-) Sex | Wien |
sonian) tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | : |
28,041 | Mirador, Mex. ce Dr. Sartorius. | ......
a Oct. 1862. “ | sleeterets

any 124 | .. |

(30,869.) Eyes red.

Campylorhynchus jocosus.

C.-jocosus, Scu. P. Z. S. 1859, 371 (Tehuacan, Oaxaca).—Is. Catal.
1861, 17, no. 109.
Not figured.

Hab. State of Oaxaca, Mex.

(No. 22,381, type.) Bill lengthened. Upper part of head, line from bill to
eye, and a stripe behind it blackish-brown ; a little lighter towards the occi-
put. Upper parts grayish-brown, the feathers of the back and scapulars
white, with one or two pairs of large rounded blackish spots, separated by
whitish or white shaft streaks and shaft spots. On the nape the black and
white in streaks, rather than spots, predominate to the exclusion of the ground
color. Wings showing six or seven bands of brownish-white across outer
webs; inner webs edged with grayish-white. Tail feathers (except central)
black above, broadly tipped with white, soiled at the end with brown; the
outer webs with four or five quadrate spots of white; the lateral feather with
a white patch at end of inner web, next to the terminal white. Markings of
central feathers much broken, without regular bands. Upper tail coverts
banded transversely. Beneath quite pure white, a little brownish behind,
and each feather, except on the chin, with a conspicuous but isolated rounded

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 107

spot of black, becoming a transverse bar on the flanks and crissum. No
distinct bands on the thigh. Sides of head white except the post-ocular
stripe, and another along the lower edge of the lower jaw. A white line from
bill over eye. Bill black, rather paler at the base below ; legs dark-brown.
Total length, 6.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; graduation, .41 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.26, of 2d, 1.90, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of lst primary), 2.20; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .69 ;
along gape, 1.16; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .78 ; claw alone, .21 ; hind

toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .31.

This species will be readily distinguished from its black-headed
allies by lacking the rufous and unstreaked nape, and by having
conspicuous black spots beneath. The bill is longer than in the rest
of its allies, and the shape of the nostril is somewhat different.

Smith-| Collee- | Sex

sonian, tor’s | and Locality. see Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.
22,381 | 40,711 2 S. W. Mexico. mete Verreaux. Boucard ?

(22,381.) Type.

Campylorhynchus humilis.
~ C. humilis, Scu. Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. 1856, 263 (Mazatlan).

Hab. Both coasts of Mexico? On west side north to Mazatlan.

(29,225.) Top of head and nape light brownish-red, the feathers anteriorly
pointed, and with conspicuous black centres. Back light grayish-red, the
feathers with rather irregular black spots in pairs on opposite sides of the
webs, with occasional much lighter intervals. The marking much as in C.
rufinucha, but showing less of the linear streaks, except behind. Markings
generally of the wing, tail, and under parts much as in this species. Under
parts soiled brownish-white, purer anteriorly, with very obsolete indications
of transverse darker bars, and occasional spots on the flanks. Crissum dis-
tinctly banded with blackish, tibie less so. A conspicuous white line from
bill over eye along side of head edged above and below with black. A nar-
row dusky line from bill to eye, and a reddish-brown one behind it, streaked
on its edges with black; sides of neck streaked with black, and a short black
line along lower edge of the lower jaw. Bill dark plumbeous black, paler at
the base below. Legs dusky.

Total length, 6.40; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.80; graduation, .40; exposed portion
of lst primary, 1.06, of 2d, 1.65, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of lst primary), 1.95; length of bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .55 ; along
gape, .98; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .20; hind toe
and claw, .66; claw alone, .20.

This species is readily distinguished from C. capistratus, rujfinucha,
and jocosus, by the reddish head and post-ocular stripe. Its banded
crissum and the spots on the outer webs of the interior tail feathers

108 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I,

separate it from capistratus. It is less spotted beneath than ruji-
nucha. The bill is considerably shorter than in any of these species ;
the tarsi as short as in rufinucha.

The specimens before me agree sufficiently well with the descrip-
tion by Dr. Selater of C. humilis, based on a bird in the museum
of the Phila. Academy. Although No. 29,225 is larger than the type,
a skin received from Mr. Verreaux, 22,382, agrees more nearly with
it in this respect. A skin collected by Mr. Xantus, near Colima, and
belonging to the same region as the Mazatlan specimen, is undis-
tinguishable from the Orizaba skin, upon which the description above
given is based. In this the iris is said to be red-brown. In the
brown head and other characters, as well as the short bill and tarsi,
it is related to C. gularis, of Sclater, although this appears to pre-
sent other distinctive characters.

Nore.—Since writing the preceding description, I have had the
opportunity of examining Mr. Sclater’s type in the Phila. Academy,
from Mazatlan. The species appears to me the same, the type differ-
ing only in being of rather duller plumage above, the markings not
so well defined, and in having the bars of the crissum less distinct,
and externally reduced somewhat to a central spot. There are no
distinct spots on the flanks.

Smith-| Collec-| Sex | Whe

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Goltected Received from Collected by
No. No. |Age. ce ;

3128204) 120134), tas Colima, Mex. June, 1863. Jsexantusiy 9 (Pierce

22,382 | 40,710 | .. Mexico. Ho WMerreauxe) 5 |) | ajererre

29,225 95 | he Orizaba. | ae | F.Sumichrast. | —......

(31,820.) Iris red-brown.

The following species of Campylorhynchus I have not had the
opportunity of examining :—

Campylorhynchus guttatus, Larr. R. Z. 1846, 94.—Thryothorus
guttatus, GouLp, Pr. Z. 8. 1836, 89 (Mexico).

This species, which has not been referred to by recent writers,
belongs to the same section as C. brunneicapzillus, etc., with reddish-
brown head, and back striped longitudinally with white. The
throat and breast are said to be spotted with black, the abdomen
and sides with smaller spots of the same. Length, 6.75 (probably
more) ; wings and tail three inches each. The description of the
tail is not very distinct ; but in several respects there is a close re-
lationship to C. brunneicapillus, of Lafr., and it is not impossible
that it refers to the same species. If from Tamaulipas, like the

SALPINCTES. 109

Troglodytes leucogastra described by Mr. Gould on the same page,
it is certainly the same, as the C. brunneicapillus is the characteristic
species of that region of Mexico.

Campylorhynchus nigriceps, Scrarer, P. Z. 8. 1860, 461.—Is.
Catal. 18, no. 112 (near Vera Cruz, Mex.).

This species has a black head and post-ocular stripe like capis-
tratus and rujfinucha, but differs in the black nape like jocosus. The
back is reddish, barred transversely with black. The body is un-
spotted white beneath, reddish posteriorly ; the tail feathers black,
barred on the outer webs, and more obsoletely on the inner web of
the lateral, with fulvous, but without the white tips seen in the allies.

Campylorhynchus guiaris, Scriarer, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Mexico).

This is a very short-billed species, closely allied to C. humilis in
this respect, as well as in the reddish-brown head. The post-ocular
stripe, however, is said to be black, as well as a rictal one. The
tail is broadly tipped with white. The two lateral tail feathers have
large white spots on both webs (not on the outermost only). The
under part, except the throat, with round black spots; in this also
differing from humilis.

SALPINCTES, Cas.

Salpinctes, Cas. Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1847, 1, 323. (Type Troglodytes
obsoletus, SAY.)

This genus is sufficiently characterized in the “ Birds N. Am.,” as
well as in the general synopsis of the family in the preceding pages,
for my present purposes. It is, however, especially peculiar among
all its cognate genera by having the usual two continuous plates along
the posterior half of the inner and outer faces of the tarsus divided
transversely into seven or more smaller plates, with a naked interval
between them and the anterior scutelle. At the upper end of the
outer plate these divisions or lines of junction are obsolete, becoming
more distinct below, and near the inferior extremity the plates are
reduced to oval scales. The plate along the inner face is also divided
into two or three plates, sometimes more, usually less distinct than on
the outer. The posterior edge of the tarsus, instead of being sharp,
is usually, though not always, blunted, by the bending round of the
outer plate. The lateral toes are quite disproportionate in size, the
inner with its claw scarcely reaching beyond the end of the second

110 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

phalanx of the middle toe. The tail feathers are as in Catherpes,
broad and soft.

Salpinctes obsoletus.

Troglodytes obsoletus, Say, Long’s Exped. II, 1823, 4 (South Fork of
Platte).—Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, pl. 360.—Is. B. A. II, pl. 116.—
Newserry, P. R. R. Rep. VI, 1v, 1857, 80.—HEERMaAnNN,'’P. R. R.
Rep. X, 1859, 41.—Salpinctes obsoletus, Cas. Wiegmann’s Archiv,
1847, 1, 323.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357.—Scuater, P. Z. 8.
1859, 371 (Oaxaca).

? Troglodytes latisfasciatus, Licut. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, no. 82.

Hab. Central regions of the United States, to Mexico. Cape St. Lucas. Not
recorded from Pacific slope.

Mexican specimens seem to differ in having the under tail coverts
more distinctly and broadly banded; the outer primary half the
longest, instead of being considerably less than half. My materials,
however (two skins), are not sufficient to decide whether these differ-
ences are characteristic, and accompanied by any others.’

Young birds, fully grown, differ from adults in the entire absence
of any marking on the under surface, not even on the crissum.

A specimen from Cape St. Lucas is decidedly smaller than the
more northern ones. :

No specimens have been received from the Pacific slope of Cali-
fornia, excepting from Fort Tejon, which is near the dividing line.
Dr. Heermann speaks of its being common throughout California.

Smith- | Collec- | Sex Wien if
sonian ee s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. 0. | Age. | ollected.
1,857 | ¢ Fort Union, Dak. July 8, 743. 8. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon.
8,832 Black Hills. Sept. 19. | Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
11,074 ae 9 | Fort Bridger, Utah. | July 15, *58. C-Drexierh) Ge yt motes
22,044 65 | .. | Hellgate, Idah. | Aug. 22,’60.| Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall.
11,534 -.- | o& | Fort Defiance, N. M. | Sfoyesieve ue «+ i|leenomercmeree
12,116 .- | Q | San Francisco Mts. | Oct. 9. "59. | Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse.
BF 3670)) 1.090") <5 Fort Tejon, Cal. Nov. 29, °57. | Js <antues © ll} ee seece
32,169 | 2.882 | 2 | Cape St. Lucas. | Jan. 1860. iy Sai een Ms Soler
23,383 |40,722 ¢ Mexico. sae Verreaux. “= il © aosses
22/387 |40,723 | 9 “ | | oie, Oe ee ee

CATHERPES, Bairp.

Catherpes, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357. (Type Thryothorus mexi-
canus, SWAINSON.)

This genus shares with Salpinctes the great inequality of the
lateral toes. The sides of the tarsi, however, as in all the Jroglo-

CATHERPES—CINNICERTHIA. lil

dytidz, excepting Salpinctes, are covered with a continuous strip,
instead of being divided into small plates.

Catherpes mexicanus..
Thryothorus mexicanus, Swatnson, Zool. Ill. 2d series, I, 1829, pl. xi
(Real del Monte, Mex.).—Salpinctes mexicanus, Cas. Wiegm. Arch.
. 1847, 1, 323.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1857, 212; 1858, 297 (Oaxaca).—
Troglodytes mexicanus, HEERMANN, J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. II, 1853, 63.
—Is. P. R. R. Rep. X, 1859, 41.—Cassrn, Ilust. Birds Cal. I, 1854,
173, pl. xxx.— Catherpes mexicanus, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 356.
—Scu. Catal. 1861, 18, no. 115.
?Troglodytes murarius, Licut. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, no. 80 (fide Cas.,
speaks of light-blue tail!).
Thryothorus guttatus, Larr. R. Z. 1839, 99 (Mexico).
Certhia albifrons, GirAuD, Texas Birds, 1841, pl. viii (N. E. Mexico).
Hab? Central region of North America, from boundary of United States
southward into Mexico. Oaxaca. Extends up valley of Colorado.

There is a very great difference in the length of the bill in different
specimens of this species. The longest (20,871) measures .75 from
nostril, and 1.15 from gape; while in another the bill is .15 shorter.

I have not seen specimens of this bird from any point west of
Fort Tejon, although it is said to occur in the Sacramento Valley.

Smith-|Collec-) Sex Wihen |
sonian]| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ; | .

Fort Tejon, Cal. aie | J; xantusty 9 | AN e eaacsec
7,116 66 xe New Mexico. Feb. 4, 54. | Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kenneriy
3,969 |° 175 o New Leon, Mex. ante LtyCouchs™ yeh ee obsisee ce
31,821 | 2,040 ac Rio Coahuayana, | Sept. 1863. | J. Xantus. Vide aos havcreses
20,871 26 ne Mirador. [Colima.| Oct. 1862. DriSartorins” | Serene

(3,969 ) Eyes dark-brown. (31,821.) Iris brown.

CINNICERTHIA, Lesson.

Cinnicerthia, “ Lesson, 1844,” Gray. (Type Limnornis unirufus, LAFR.)
Presbys, CaBanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 80. (Type P. canifrons = preceding ?)

Bill short, conical, high at base, not notched at tip. Culmen much curved.
Nostrils in anterior extremity of nasal groove; broadly open and oval, but
with a narrow membrane above. Internal lateral septum apparently revolute,
so as to be perpendicular to the central septum, its exposed edge crossing
the nasal aperture obliquely forwards. Legs very stout; hind toe and claw
nearly as long as the middle, which are much shorter than tarsus. Wings
about equal tothe much graduated tail. Plumage Wren-like ; uniform brown,
with dusky lines on wings and tail.

I introduce the diagnosis of the genus merely to complete the

112 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

history of the family, as no species belong to Middle or North
America. I quote the date of the genus from Gray, not knowing
where it is described, unless it be in the Dese. Mamm. et d’Ois. of
Lesson, a book to which I have not access.

Two well established species are C. unirufa (Lafr.), Bogota, and
C. unibrunnea, Lafr., Ecuador, both of which I have had the eppor-
tunity of examining. '

A young bird of C. unibrunnea differs from the adult in having
the anterior portion of body brown, instead of reddish; the basal
portion of gape and lower jaw yellowish, not black.

CYPHORINUS, Can.

Cyphorinus, CaBanis, Tscuup1, Fauna Peruana, 1845-46, 183. (Type
C. thoracicus, Tscu. = Thryothorus modulator, D’OrRB.)

Body short and stout. Tail rounded, very short, scarcely more than half
the wings, and falling short of the outstretched toes. First primary about
half the longest; secondaries developed, nearly as long as the primaries.
Bill distinctly notched, but without rictal bristles ; about as long as the head ;
much compressed, and elevated at the base (greatest depth about one-third
length), where the culmen is angulated and quite sharp. The nostrils are
not in the anterior end of the nasal groove, but in the middle of the nasal
membrane against its upper edge, and forming a small, truly circular tubular
opening, surrounded by a low wall, the axis of the opening directed apparently
obliquely downwards (not horizontally). Legs well developed ; tarsi rather
longer than middle toe and claw; lateral toes equal, hind toe shorter than the
middle. Tarsi 6-scutellate, the scutelle not very distinct; the sides of legs
in one plate. Outer lateral toe with basal joint, and half the next, adherent
to basal joint of middle toe; inner lateral with half its basal joint similarly
adherent ; or, to express the relation otherwise, the whole outer edge of basal
joint of middle toe, and half the inner, adherent to the lateral toes.

I have not the opportunity of examining the species upon which
the genus was based by Cabanis, but have selected a near ally, C.
lawrencii, Scl., as probably having the same peculiarities. The
genus is a very remarkable one, and not easily mistaken for any
other, on account of the characteristics of the circular nostrils sur-
rounded by membrane, ete.

The genus Cyphorinus, as given by Dr. Sclater, includes two
subgenera—Cyphorinus and Microcerculus. I find, among his
species of Microcerculus, two quite strongly marked sections, of
which bambla and prostheleucus are respectively the types, and for
the latter I propose the name of Heterorhina. A larger number of
specimens will be required to decide as to the permanence and value
of the characters which appear to present themselves in the skins

MICROCERCULUS. 113

before me, and to determine whether the sections shall be considered
as of generic or merely subgeneric importance. For the present it
will be more convenient to consider them as genera.

Cyphorinus lawrencii.
Cyphorinus cantans, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 293 (not of CaBanis).
Cyphorinus lawrencit, Sct. MSS. Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII, 1863,
no. 373.

Hab. Isthmus of Panama.

Above reddish-olive, the feathers very obsoletely, almost unappreciably,
streaked and waved with dusky. Exposed surface of wing and tail barred
distinctly with black. Feathers of forehead tinged with reddish at base.
Chin, ears, throat, and upper part of jugulum brownish-red ; rest of under
parts grayish-olive, tinged on the sides and crissum with rufous. Lining of
wing like throat, but paler. The angle of the chin and the side of the lower
jaw dusky. A female specimen is similar, but smaller, and lighter on the
middle of the belly.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 1.55; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.04; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .93;
hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35.

This species was first referred by Mr. Lawrence to C. cantans (=
musicus), but on sending specimens to Dr. Sclater, this gentleman
decided them to belong to a new species which he named C. law-
rencii. C. musicus (Cayenne) differs in having the breast and belly
yellowish-white ; the ears streaked with black and white (Bur-
meister). C. modulator (Peru, ete.) is more like it, but much larger,
and has the rufous of throat extending further down the body, and
passing into whitish.

| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Sere
|

When

Collected. Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age.

Cab. Lawrence.
“se

87 oc Panama R. R IR: ee M’Lean. & Galb,
2 ae

87

(87.) Type.

MICROCERCULUS, Sciater.
Microcerculus, ScuatEr, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861,19. (Type Turdus bambla, Bopp.)

General appearance of Cyphorinus, the tail still shorter, in type less than
half the wings, the feathers soft; the end of outstretched tibia reaching the
tip of tail. Bill compressed ; the height about one-fourth the length ; culmen
nearly straight, not angulated or gibbous at base ; tip notched, quite abruptly
decurved. Nostrils apparently double, or with two openings on each side.

8 August, 1864.

114 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have not had the opportunity of examining the JZ. bambla—
type of the genus—and have taken the philomela, a near ally, as
the standard of reference. This has the general appearance of
Cyphorinus, but with still shorter and more rudimentary tail ; a bill
less compressed, and elevated at base, and more decurved at tip ; the
wings more rounded. The most remarkable peculiarity is seen in
the nostrils, which, instead of being single, as is usual among birds,
are double, or with two openings. The specimens of philomela do
not show the characters very satisfactorily, but one opening is appa-
rently crescent-shaped, against the lower side of the nasal groove
near the anterior extremity; the chord of the are nearly parallel
with the commissure. The upper border of the aperture is thus
formed by a semi-lunar valvular scale, which may fit down close,
leaving only a free rounded aperture behind. Above the posterior
end of this opening’ is another one, shorter, more circular, and
against the upper edge of the nasal groove. The septum or bridge
between the two is narrow: sometimes reduced to a subjacent ridge,
in which case the nasal aperture appears single externally.

It is possible that I have misinterpreted the indications of the
specimens before me, and that the characters of the nostrils is suffi-
ciently like that in Cyphorinus not to authorize generic separation.

The species assigned by Sclater to Microcerculus, excepting C.
albigularis, which is a Pheugopedius, form two sections: one with
bambla as type, with tail soft and less than half the wings; the bill
higher; the culmen more elevated and nearly straight above. The
second with leucostictus as type: the tail firm, and two-thirds the
wing; the bill still lower than in the last, and more Wren-like; the
nostrils not so much doubly perforate, as with one large oval aper-
ture in the anterior extremity of nasal groove divided by a nearly
horizontal septum, which shows in the aperture without being
united to it, constituting a free septum rather than a bridge ; some-
times reaching up to the level of the aperture, and sometimes low
and inconspicuous. The tarsal scales are sometimes distinct on the
outer side, sometimes completely fused into one with the lateral
plates (leucophrys). To this second section, perhaps generic form,
I propose to give the name of Heterorhina.

Microcerculus philomela.
Cyphorinus philomela, Sauvin, P. Z. S. 1861, 202 (Guatemala).—Sci.
Catal. 1861, 358 (Microcerculus).—Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII,
1862; Birds Panama, IIT, no. 311.— Cyphorinus bambla, LAwr. Aun.
N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320, no. 185 (iris brown).

Hab. Guatemala to Isthmus Panama.

HETERORHINA. 115

A specimen, apparently of this species, in Mr. Lawrence’s collec-
tion, from Panama, differs from a type specimen and Mr. Salvin’s
description in being entirely without the fuliginous shade of the
under parts; these are grayish along the median region, obso-
letely varied with dusky; the sides much like the back, the same
color tinging all the under parts of body. The blackish margins
of the dorsal feathers are scarcely or not at all appreciable; the
spots on the coverts are very obsoletely indicated. It is probably
a more adult bird than as described by Mr. Salvin.

M. philomela is said by Mr. Salvin to differ from IZ bambla in
having the wing coverts spotted, instead of being banded with white.
M. albigularis, of Sclater, is said to differ from both in the white
throat, and from philomela in the white bands of the wing.

Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.15; graduation, .33; exposed portion
of lst primary, .80, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of Ist primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .76, from nostril, .48,

along gape, .82; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .74; hind toe and claw,
-65; claw alone, .30.

Serene Sex |

| |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Gioa | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | ae mi
30,660 | 101 | .. | Vera Paz, Guat. | | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.
68 | Q@ | Panama. | Cab. Lawrence. | M'Lean. & Galb.

HETERORHAINA, Bairp.

FHleterorhina, Batrp. (Type Scytalopus prostheleucus, ScLATER. )

In the introductory synopsis, and in the preceding remarks rela-
tive to Microcerculus, I have sufficiently indicated the characters
of this genus. The following synopsis may serve to distinguish the
allied species :—

A. Back brownish-red; head darker; sides of head black,
spotted with white.
a. Throat pure white, continuous with pure white on
the breast and belly; wing coverts spotted with
white.
1. Top of head reddish-brown, or like the back.
Breast and belly soiled white ; tarsus .84 . prostheleuca.
Breast and belly pure white; tarsus .90 . Jleucosticta.
2. Top of head black. (Specimen from the Napo.)
5. Feathers of throat white, edged with black; breast
plumbeous ; coverts unspotted.
1. Top of head reddish or olive brownish; tarsus .90 griseicollis.
2. Top of head black; tarsus 1.00. : - leucophrys.

116 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

B. Back and top of head nearly uniform grayish-brown ; sides
of head whitish, varied with light-brown. Size very small pusilla.

Heterorhina prostheleuca.

Scytalopus prostheleueus, ScuaTEr, P. Z, 8. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— Cypho-
rinus prostheleucus, ScLATER, P. Z. 8S. 1858, 64, 96; 1859, 363, 372
(Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 20, no. 125.—Sanviy, Ibis, IH, 1860,
272 (Guatemala).

(28,042.) Above brown, passing into deeper rufous to the upper coverts,
and into reddish olivaceous on top of head. Chin and throat pure white,
passing into a duller white behind ; the sides of breast plumbeous ; sides of
belly, with the crissum, rufous brown like the rump. A distinct white line
from bill over eye to nape, bordered above by an obscure black band. All
the feathers of side of head and neck are black, with a rounded white spot
near the end; there is quite a distinct black line from base of lower jaw
margining chin and throat; the lores are black. The tail feathers and ex-
terior webs of secondary quills are rufous, with narrow black bars (these bars
narrower than the interspaces). The primaries black, with brownish-gray
spots along their outer edges (outermost edged continuously with gray). The
greater and middle wing coverts are blackish, many of them with a small
white spot near their tips. The bill is black; legs biown.

Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.60; exposed portion of Ist primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.70;
length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .44, along gape, .80; tarsus, .84;
middle toe and claw, .70; hind toe and claw, .61; claw alone, .27.

In No. 28,042, one of the tail feathers is entirely white, and there
is a white feather on the scapulars; this, however, is evidently
abnormal.

Other Specimens, from Mexico and Guatemala, are similar, but
vary somewhat in the degree of purity of white beneath, and in the
shade of rufous above. One (91, Lawrence collection) has the black
band margining the top of head wider, so as to leave only a small
central interspace of brown. ‘This specimen, too, has the bill longer
than in others.

|
Smith-|Collec-| Sex ee | |
|

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected: Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.

20,339 | 1,431 | .. | Choctum, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1860. | O. Salvin. | pieetonte

22,389 co | Mexico. . Werreaux: 7! a aereeretere

28,042 27 .. | Mirador, Mex. ue Dr. C. Sartorius.| =...
x 91 .. | Guatemala. Sore Cabs Lawrences, |) sicen er

HETERORHINA. PLT

Heterorhina leucosticta.
Cyphorinus leucostictus, Cas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, 1, 206 (Guiana and
Mexico).—Scuiarer, P. Z. 8. 1858, 63, 96.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 1861, 320 (Panama).

Hab. Isthmus of Panama, to Guiana and Ecuador.

A specimen from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, labelled
C. leucostictus, has the breast and belly pure white like the throat,
and the white spots on side of head larger. The size is considerably
less than in prostheleucus, while the tarsi are longer. The shoulders
are less spotted with white.

Another specimen from the Napo (32,693), labelled C. leucostictus,
differs from the last in having a longer, slenderer bill. The whole
top of head is black; the black bars on the inner or superior secon-
daries are quite obsolete, those on the outer webs of the exterior
ones being changed to dentations. The spotting of the shoulders is
restricted to the alular feathers and edge of the shoulders.

Cabanis, in his description of C. lewcostictus, gives Guiana and
Mexico as localities, thus referring also to C. prostheleucus. The
small size of the specimen described, and the whiteness of all the
under parts, would appear to show that the description was based
on the Guiana specimen.

(No. 90, from Panama.) Total length, 3.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.30; exposed
portion of lst primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25; length of bill from forehead, .67, from
nostril, .43, along gape, .76; tarsus, 90; middle tue and claw, .73; hind toe
and claw, .62.

(No. 32,693, from the Napo.) Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.30;
length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83; tarsus,
-91; middle toe and claw, .76.

Smith- Collee-| Sex When | |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Gollectaa Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. | | ; ae

¢ | Rio Napo, Ecuador.
do | Panama R. R.

Verreanx, Wt bh Reasce

32,693 |34,925
re 90 Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.

Heterorhina griseicollis.
Merulaxis griseicollis, LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. 1840, 103 (Bogota).—
Cyphorinus griseicollis, ScuatTER, P. Z. S. 1860, 64 (Ecuador).

Hab. Ecuador; Bogota; Guatemala to Mexico ?

(30,658.) Above reddish-brown, with the top of head and nape grayish-
olive. Chin and upper part of throat white, passing insensibly into plumbeous
gray on the remaining under parts, excepting sides of belly and crissum, which
are reddish-brown like rump. A distinct white line from bill over eye to nape,

118 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

with a suffusion of black above it on each side of the vertex. Cheek feathers
white, narrowly edged all round with black ; lores and stripe behind eye black.
A black line on each side the chin and upper part of the throat, all the feathers
of which are faintly and inconspicuously edged with black. Exposed surfaces
of secondaries like back, with obscure transverse lines of black, still more
indistinctly seen on the greater coverts. Tail feathers similarly marked.
No white spots on the coverts, aud but faint indications on the alular feathers.

The grayish feathers of the belly have generally a lighter tip, or obscure
terminal light spot; sometimes with a faint appearance of broad bars of
whitish and gray.

Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.30; exposed portion of 1st primary,
87, of 2d, 1.33; length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .40, along gape,
.75; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .76; hind toe and claw, .64.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Guatemala, differs
in a much deeper and more purplish rufous on the back.

Specimens from Mexico are similar, but differ in having the top
of the head and nape reddish-brown, similar to the back, only a shade
lighter, instead of olive-gray. Should this be constant, as a geo-
graphical difference, the Mexican form will be entitled to a distinctive
name. None of the specimens agree very well with the description
by Lafresnaye of his Merulaxis griseicollis, and may all be really
distinct, especially in view of the widely different localities.

This species, with a close resemblance to prostheleucus and leu-
costiclus, may be readily recognized by the plumbeous ashy under
parts, the narrow, scarcely appreciable black edgings of the throat
feathers, the absence of white spots on the wing coverts, ete. The
bill is smaller and more slender.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. hemes

26.369 50 s Xalapa, Mex. | ete J. Krider. D’Oca.

22,389 |37,661 Jd A Viernenux. 9 5 iB ey Beste
Sa Ds | Meret hh Gaeetieetate crate (Guat. oe Cab. Lawrence | D'Oca.

30,658 135 Volean de Fuego, | Nov. 1861. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm.
aye 92s) a Guatemala. aire Cab. Lawrence.| _—_........

(22,389.) ‘*C. prostheleucus.”’

Heterorhina leucophrys.
Troglodytes leucophrys, Tscuvp1, Conspectus Fauna Peruana.— Cypho-
rinus leucophrys, CAB. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, 1, 206.—Scuater, Catal.
1861, 19, no. 123.
Troglodytes guttatus, Hart. Verz. Mus. Brem. 1844, 28.
Hab. Peru to Costa Rica?

(30,486.) Above dark rufous brown, brightest towards the rump; top of
head dusky blackish, the feathers obscurely suffused at the ends with olivace-

HETERORHINA. 119

ous. A white line from bill over the eye along nape ; lores, and a stripe back
of the eye, black; all other feathers of the cheeks, chin, and throat, white,
narrowly bordered with black. Jugulum dark ashy, middle of breast paler;
whole sides of body from and including axillars, the posterior part of belly,
anal region, and crissum, dark rufous cinnamon. Exposed surface of secon-
daries and tail feathers rufous, with transverse dark lines; primaries similar,
externally dentated with black and rufous. Bars on tail much broken up.
No spots on the coverts ; the alular feathers and bend of wing streaked with
yellowish-brown.

Total length of skin, 4.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.55; exposed portion of Ist
primary, .91, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .45,
along gape, .81; tarsus, .95 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .67;
claw alone, .32.

This species is readily distinguished from H. leucosticta and
prostheleuca, by its ashy jugulum, want of spots on the coverts,
and streaked throat. From them and griseicollis it differs in larger
size, much greater extent of rufous on the sides and anal region,
darker head, etc. The feathers of chin and throat are edged much
more conspicuously with black than in H. griseicollis. The outer
face of the tarsus forms one continuous plate without division or
groove of any kind.

I refer this species to the C. leucophrys of Tschudi, although the
locality of the specimen is much farther north than heretofore given,
and the bird has not been recorded from Panama. As I have not
seen a South American specimen, it is possible that a careful com-
parison may reveal a specific difference.

Smith c ul S

mith- |Collee-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Garang Received from Collected by
No No. | Age. 7

30,486 80 -- |San Jose, Costa Rica. siete Dr. Wer Erantzinsse|i sis wecceiccis

Heterorhina pusilla.
Cyphorinus pusillus, ScLatTER, P, Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal.
1861, 20, no. 126.
Hab. Western Mexico (Oaxaca).

Of this diminutive species, which differs considerably in appear-
ance from its allies, the only specimen before me is somewhat de-
fective, especially about the bill, so that I am unable to say how
closely it agrees, if at all, with the other Heterorhine in their peculi-
arities. The upper parts are of a grayish-brown, rather brighter
behind ; the wings and tail obsoletely marked with transverse dark
lines. A line from bill over eye, and urder parts dull white; the

120 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

flanks, anal region, and crissum somewhat like the back, but paler ;
the sides of the breast tinged with plumbeous. Length, 3.50;
wing, 2.05; tail, 1.35.

Smith- | Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ea Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. i

22,386 |40,727 | of Mexico (Oaxaca?) Bers Verreaux. | Bielaketate

(22,386.) Type.

THRYOTHORUS, Viet.

Thryothorus, Virittot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type Troglodytes arundi-
naceus, “ Troglodyte des Roseaux,” Vien. Ois. Am. Sept. IH, 1807,
55 = Sylvia ludoviciana, Latu.)

Bill compressed, rather slender ; height about one-fourth the length above.
Culmen and commissure gently curved throughout ; gonys straight; tip very
obsoletely notched. Nostrils in the lower edge of anterior extremity of the
nasal groove, narrowly elliptical, overhung by a stiff scale-like roof of the
thickened membrane of the upper part of the nasal groove, the crescentic
edge rounded. The septum of nostrils imperforate ; the posterior part of the
nasal cavity with a short septum projecting into it parallel with the central,
not perpendicular as in Microcerculus. Wings and tail about equal, the latter
moderately rounded ; the first primary more than half the second, about half
the longest. Tarsi rather short, scarcely exceeding middle toe. Anterior
scutelle distinct, rest of each side of tarsi in a continuous plate. Lateral
toes equal.

The type of the genus, as established by Vieillot, is his 7’roglo-
dytes arundinaceus, by G. R. Gray and others referred to the Cisto-
thorus palustris, but while the account of the nidification and general
habit applies best to the latter, the description and figure unquestion-
ably relate to 7. ludovicianus. (See also Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 359.)

As remarked elsewhere, the Wrens formerly included in the genus
Thryothorus are found to embrace several distinct groups character-
ized by the form of the nostrils, and to some extent by the shape of the
bill and the degree to which this is notched at the tip. As restricted,
the species of Thryothorus, characterized by the linear nostrils
moderately overhung by a thickene@ scale, all belong to North
America, and constitute two sections: one with 7. ludovicianus as
type; the other (Thryomanes, Sclater) with slenderer, longer Dill,
and the tail longer than the wings, its feathers broacer, best repre-
sented by bewickii. The other divisions—Pheugopedius and Thryo-
philus—are peculiar to Middle and South Arierica.

THRYOTHORUS. 12]

The characters of these two divisions will be found detailed in
the introductory remarks, and under their respective heads. T’roglo-
dytes, with its cwo sections, is very closely related to Thryothorus,
as restricted, so much so that it is very difficult to draw the line.
The supposed differences referred to by many authors resulted from
the comparison of Zroglodytes with Thryophilus, rather than with
true Thryothorus.

In the following synopsis I present an artificial key to the species
of Thryothorus, Pheugopedius, and Thryophilus, found in North
and Middle America, with their nearest South American allies, and
based entirely on color and markings. 7. pleurostictus I know only
by description, and may not have worked it in properly. A more
natural arrangement, based upon the peculiarities of structure, fol-
lows the first.

Synopsis of Species.
A. Head above and back of much the same color.

a. Crissum barred transversely; rest of under parts
spotted or banded conspicuously with black (ex-
cept in feliz).

1. Outside of wings banded; head like the

back.
2. Throat white; rest of under parts black,
finely banded with white. ; - fasciato-ventris.

&. Under parts pure white; sides from
neck to crissum banded with black . — pleurostictus.
2. Outside of wings plain; head more rufous
than the back. Sides of head and neck
white, conspicuously streaked with black;
wings longer than tail, except in feliz.
a. Beneath white, spotted with black from
chin to belly. Flanks rusty ‘3
&. Chin and upper throat black, spotted
with white; rest of under parts plain

maculipectus.

rufous : : : : : - rutilus.
y- Beneath whitish, unspotted; on sides
brown, Upper tail covert barred. Tail
longer than the wings . ; : feliz
b. Crissum barred transversely; rest of under parts
plain.
1. Upper tail coverts and exposed surface of
wings barred.
a. Tail feathers reddish-brown, barred
with black. Greater wing coverts spot-
ted with whitish.
1. Beneath rusty white . . - ludovicianus.
2. Beneath rusty brown . , - _ berlandieri.

122 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

@. Tail feathers, except central, black;
the exposed surface and tips only varied
with white.

1. Bill and legs very stout, the former
longer than the head. Wings longer
than tail. A concealed nuchal half
collar of white streaks.

Color much as in 7. bewickii, but
whiter beneath. Outside of
wings very obsoletely banded

2. Bill and legs more slender ; some-
times the bill shorter than head.
Tail longer than the wings. Nocon-
cealed nuchal half collar.

Above dark rufous brown; be-
neath plumbeous white; flanks
tinged with brown. Rumpand
exposed secondaries distinctly
banded. Quills and middle
tail feathers brownish-black .

Above ashy-brown; beneath, in-
cluding flanks, clear white;
rump ashy, and, like seconda-
ries, very obsoletely barred.
Quills and middle tail feathers
grayish-brown : . .

Colors intermediate between the
two last. Bill longer, from
nostril, .50, from gape .81, in-
stead of .39 and .70 : .

2. Exposed surface of wings barred; upper tail

“ coverts not barred. Beneath white. Tail
feathers reddish-brown, banded with black,
except in petenicus.

a. Above quite uniform reddish-chestnut.

1. Sides ashy . . a ‘ A

2. Sides brownish . . : ;
@. Grayish-brown above, rump rufescent.
1. Sides brownish . 3 ‘

c. Crissum plain, without bands.
1. Outside of wings obsoletely banded. Beneath
white; flanks and crissum fulvous.
a. Bill shorter than tarsus : :
2. Outside of wings and wing coverts distinctly
banded. Beneath white; flanks and anal
region very pale fulvous.
a. Bill longer than tarsus F ° .
3. Similar to last above; throat white; rest of
under parts fulvous.

[PART I.

petenicus.

bewickit.

leucogaster.

spilurus.

poliopleura.
rufalbus.

sinaloa.

moaestus.

albipectus.

bo
eo

THRYOTHORUS. ]

a. Wings considerably longer than tail ;

bill shorter than tarsus : : - — galbraithi.
8. Wings little longer than tail; bill
longer than tarsus heats : - _longirostris.!
B. Head black, with white cheek-patch ; rest of upper part
deep chestnut.
a. Throat white, passing into chestnut behind. Sides
obsoletely banded with black . : z - castaneus.
b. Beneath white, tinged with rufous on abdomen.
Throat plain; rest of under parts barred trans-
versely with black. : : : ; - nigricapillus.
c. Beneath white, tinged with chestnut on flanks and
anal region. Whole under parts from bill to tail
banded transversely with black : : - schottii.

The following is the more natural arrangement of the species just
mentioned, as based upon their peculiarities of form :—
Thryophilus: rufalbus, poliopleura, sinaloa, modestus, albipectus, galbraithi,
striolatus, longirostris, castaneus, nigricapillus, schottit.

Pheugopedius: /fusciato-ventris, pleurostictus? maculipectus, rutilus, felix,
corayd, melanos.

Thryothorus: /udovicianus, berlandieri, petenicus.

Thryomanes: bewickii, spilurus, leucogas‘er.

These are followed by the species of Troglodytes, Anorthura, Cisto-
thorus, and Telmatodytes, synopses of which will be given
further on.

The following species of the group of Troglodytide I have not had
the opportunity of examining :—

Thryothorus pleurostictus, Scuarer, Ibis, 1866, 30 (Guatemala).—Is.
Catal. 1851, 21, no. 136. See page 121 (Gulf of Nicoya,” Salvin in letter).

Thryothorus murinus, Harriavs, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1852, 4 (Rio Frio,
between Puebla and City of Mexico). (How near petenicus and albinucha?)

Troglodytes albinucha, Casot, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258 (Yuca-
tan). Possibly 7’. petenicus, and if so, prior to it.

a. THRYOTHORUS.

Thryothorus ludovicianus.

Sylvia ludoviciana, Latu. Ind. Orn. If, 1790, 548. —Troglocytes ludo-
vicianus, Licut. Verz. 1823, 35 ; alsoof Bonaparte and AupuBoN.—
Prince Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 110.— Thryothorus ludovicianus,
Bon. List, 1838, ete. —Can. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 78.—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 361.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 20.

1 See note on longirostris and its allies, under 7’. galbraithi, p. 132.

124 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Troglodytes arundinaceus, Viriuu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 55, pl. eviil.
(Certainly this species: the habits those of C. palustris.)

Certhia caroliniana, Witson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 61, pl. xii, fig. 5.

Thryothorus littoralis, Viritu. Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1619, 56.

Thryothorus louisiane, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, 262.

Additional figures: Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 77.—Is. Birds. Am. II,
1841, pl. 117.

Hab. Eastern Province United States, from New York southward to the Gulf.

Smith- Collec-) Sex | when
sonian| to’s | aud Locality. l@elleated Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Cees
W113 at Philadelphia. | ee John Cassin, | eevee
1,785 se Maryland, Seek Baird, ~ 9 |) Wed teceteret
1,097 ¢ WaShington, D.C. | June 12, °43. Ss Wm. M. Baird.
28,934 |} fod ee | Aug. 6,’58.| Dr. E.Coues. | «eee
32,285 | Jc Macon, Ga. | 4 Prof, J Teconte. |) 9 7 etree
7,120 | . | Rockport, IL. |Jan.2,°52, | Dr. Kirtland. | ....0-
10, 204 d South Illinois. Muay 9. Rokennieott: - eo ks ssrc<
7,118 50 Ft. Leavenworth. | Jan 20,°55.| Lt. Couch, = | — ......
12,113 g Red Fork of Ark, 1850. Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse.
12114 g Cherokee Nation. | Aug 4, ‘49. Es | “

Thryothorus berlandieri.
Thryothorus berlandieri, Couch MSS. Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, 362, pl.
Ixxwiii, fig. 1 (New Leon).

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande.

No additional specimens of this species have been noticed since
the publication of the “ Birds of North America.” The differences
there indicated appear sufficient to distinguish the species from the
allied 7 ludovicianus. The characters of the two are as follows :—

Common CHaracters.—Above reddish-brown; rump, exposed surface of
wings and tail rather faintly barred with black. Crissum strongly barred
with the same. White supra-ocular stripe bordered above by black. Sides
of neck much spotted with the same. Wing coverts spotted with whitish.

Beneath whitish, with an occasional wash of reddish.

Sides plain. Bill from nostril, 45. : : . ludovicianus.
Beneath rufous ; lighter on throat and on median line.

Sides obsoletely barred with dusky. Bill from nos-

’

tril. 56 . 3 : ; ‘: : 2 : . berlandieri.
al | |
Smith-|Collec-| Sex “ihan
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collesicd Received from | Collected by
No. No Age. 7 .
7,122 142 g New Leon, Mex. | April, 1853. ieee Coueh. eases
7,223 148 co os i ie toekeverers
7 TDA D3); 2) ae San Diego, Mex. | Mar. 1853. se ie sais

(7,122.) Eyes brown.

THRYOTHORUS. 125

VThryothorus petemicus.

Thryothorus petenicus, Sauyin, Pr. Z. S. May, 1863, 187 (Peten).

(Mr. Salvin’s type, No. 112.) Bill longer than the head; tail and wings
about equal. Color above reddish-brown ; more rufous on the rump. Upper
tail coverts grayish-brown, rather obscurely banded with black. Cuter edges
of primaries marked with grayish and black, of secondaries and whole exposed
surface of wing with very obsolete, almost inappreciable dusky bars. Under
parts whitish, nearly pure on throat and middle of belly, tinged with fulvous
(and with the feathers very slightly tipped with dusky) across the breast ;
the sides more like the back, but paler. Crissum with broad white and black
bars ; flanks obscurely barred with dusky. A broad line of white, edged
with black, from bill over eye to nape: those of opposite sides connected by
a concealed series of black-edged white streaks on the nuchal feathers, which
form a half collar with more distinctly marked feathers on the side of neck
behind the ear coverts, which are like the back. Lower part of cheek feathers
white, edged with dusky. Tail feathers black; the outer webs and tips
spotted or blotched with dirty white; the middle feathers ashy-brown, with
spotted broken bars of black, about one-third their interspaces. Rump with
concealed spots of white. Bill longer than the head.

(Type.) Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; graduation, .26; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, .90, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (ineasured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .§5, from
nostril, .55, along gape, .92; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .65; claw alone, .27.

This species is very similar in coloration and general appearance
to the typical styles of 7. bewickii, from the eastern United States.
The bill, however, is much larger and longer, the legs much stouter,
and the wings and tail about equal, instead of the latter being longer.
In these points it agrees more nearly with 7. ludovicianus, as well
as in the character of the nostrils. The white spots of the nape are,
however, wanting in bewicki, in which also the wing is more dis-
tinetly barred ; the bands on the upper surface of the tail twice as
numerous; the white markings quite similar; the crissal bars nar-
rower and less prominent.

This species appears closely related to Thryothorus albinucha, of
Cabot, and murinus, of Hartlaub, though differing in some respects
from their descriptions. It is quite possible that the two latter may
prove to be the same species, even if different from pefenicus. All
seem to agree with 7. bewickii in the black tail feathers, varied a
little with white.

For the opportunity of examining this species J am indebted to
Mr. Salvin, who kindly transmitted his unique type for the purpose.
(No. 112, Sakleek River, near Peten, Guatemala, April, 1862.)

126 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

b. THRYOMANES.?

There are three strongly marked geographical varieties, if not
species of ‘‘ Bewick’s Wren,” separable by quite constant characters.
Of these the Mexican (/eucogaster) and the typical form from eastern
North America (bewicki7) differ most in coloration, while the western
(spilurus) is intermediate in this respect, but with a longer bill than
in the other two. The peculiarities of the three forms may be ex-
pressed by the following diagnosis :—

Var. bewickii.—Above dark rufous-brown; rump and middle tail feathers
sometimes a little paler, and very slightly tinged with gray, and together
with the exposed surface of secondaries distinctly barred with dusky.
Beneath soiled plumbeous whitish; flanks brown. Crissum banded;
ground color of quills and tail feathers brownish-black.

Var. leucogaster.—Above ashy-brown; rump and middle tail feathers
brownish-ash—the former nearly pure ash; without appreciable bars ;
bars on secondaries obsolete. Beneath, including inside of wing, pure
white, with little or no brownish on the sides. Crissum banded ; ground
color of the quills and tail feathers grayish-brown.

Var. spilurus.—Similar to bewickii in color, the bill considerably longer.
Length from nostril, .50, gape, .81, instead of .39 and .70.

Young birds from all the localities differ from adults merely in
having the feathers of the throat and breast very narrowly and in-
conspicuously edged with blackish.

Thryothorus bewickii, var. bewickii.
Troglodytes bewickii, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 96, pl. xviii.—Is. B. A.
II, 1841, 120, pl. 118.—Thryothorus bewickii, Bonar. List, 1838.—
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 363.—Telmatodytes bewickii, Cas. Mus.
Hein. I, 1850, 78.

Hab. Eastern province of* United States.

| |
. |
Smith- Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ase Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.
25,262 | ¢ | Carlisle, Pa. | april30,°46.| §.F. Baird. | ......
\1,722 | dg Liberty Co., Ga. eres IProfseconter |) scree ste
32, 282 | Macon, Ga. Oct. 1848. Se haat Mey Meath oe
| |

Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus.
Troglodytes spilurus, Vicors, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 18, pl. iv,
fig. 1 (California).
' Thryomanes, Scuater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 22. (Type Tvroglodytes
bewickit, var. spilurus.) |

THRYOPHILUS. 127

Troglodytes bewickii, NewBerny, P. R. R. Rept. VI, tv, 1857, 80.—Coorer
& Sucxiey, ib. XII, u, 1860, 190.—Thryothorus bewickit, ScLATER,
Catal. 1861, 22, no. 141 (in part).

Hab. Pacific slope of United States.

t

|
Smith- Collec-| Sex 7
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ance Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. :

9,517 52 aye Simiahmoo, W. T. | Oct 19,°57. | A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
7,126 | 253 te Ft. Steilacoom. Feb. 18056. DriiGySuckleyagelp peewee
7,133 5 ie San Francisco, Cal. Bers Fol eh 5 eee a avace oe enn | MRR Shotts tors
5,516 | 2 Petaluma, Cal. Mar.5;756:5])) 2. 9aMUelsam ) ha aaihe inn wycktetoiae

|} 14 te Fort Tejon, Cal. are J: Mantus, | 7 (|| some testes
| Los Nogales, Mex. | Jan. 1855. Major Emory. Dr. Kennerly.

Thryothorus bewichii, var. Leucogaster.

Troglodytes leucogastra, Gouxp, P, Z. S. 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas).—Bon.
Notes Delattre, 1854, 43.
? Thryothorus bewickii, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca).

Hab. Southern borders of United States, into Mexico.

| |
Bae lcaiae Sex | Wien |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No A se. | tees
: s
12,115? At oO | San Antonio, Tex. | April15,’51.| Capt. Sitgreaves. Dr. Woodhouse.
7,130 x .. | Ringgold Barracks, | Jan. 15, ’53.| Major Emory. J. H. Clark.
3,971 41 | @ | Sta. Rosalio, [Tex.
Tamaulipas, Mex. | Mar. 1853. Lt. Couch.
3,970 158 | .. | New Leon, Guya- | April, 1853. fe
9,119 }29.906 | .. | Mexico. [puco. ;
22'388 |29.907 | # | “

a eeeee

VIEL TCA ee MEN P INN velcracstare
ee

(3,971.) Eyes dark-brown. (3,970.) Do.

THRYOPHILUS, Barrp.
Thryophilus, Barrpv. (Type Thryothorus rufalbus.)

Bill of Thryoihorus, but more notched. Nostrils imperforate, broadly oval,
situated in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, bounded behind by
bare membrane, but elsewhere by the bony outline of the nasal groove (at
least apparently so in the dried skin). The overhanging membranous scale
of Thryothorus appears thus to be entirely wanting, or reduced to a very rudi-
mentary condition. The vertical septum spoken of in Thryothorus as project-
ing into the posterior extremity of the nasal aperture here appears to be con-
tinued forward along the upper edge of the interior cavity of the nostrils to
the anterior extremity. Other characters much as in Thryothorus.

In the introductory remarks on the Troglodytidx I have already
alluded to a genus of American Wrens, the species of which have
hitherto been included in the genus Thryothorus. They differ, how-
ever, in having a much more distinctly notched bill, and in the
peculiarly open nostrils, which seem to lack the overhanging scale

128 RUVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

or membrane of Thryothorus and Pheugopedius, leaving the nasal
aperture to occupy the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, with
the internal lateral septum exposed, but vertical, and extending for-
ward to the anterior extremity of the nostril, not ending abruptly
behind. This is a peculiarity very easily appreciated in most cases.

The generic name of Zhryothorus belongs to T. ludovicianus as
type. Prince Maximilian has used Hylemathrous for a South Ame-
rican Wren (his platensis); which, however, Cabanis assures us is
strictly congenerie with Troglodytes «don (Journal fiir Orn. 1860).
Finding, therefore, no name ready at hand for this group, I am com-
pelled to make a new one.

The genus differs from Campylorhynchus in having a notched bill,
and a more open nostril, lacking the supra-nasal ridge or sometimes
scale seen in nearly all excepting C. capistratus, and its allies; and
from this it differs in having the lateral septum exposed, not con-
ceaied by the nasal membrane behind ; the legs also are much more
feeble. Heleodytes has much stouter legs, an unnotched bill, the
tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw.

A synopsis of the principal species will be found under Thryothorus.

Thryophilus rufalbus, var. rufalbus.

Thryothorus rufalbus, LAFRESNAYE, R. Zool. 1845, 337, Mexico? (more
probably S. America).—LAwrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1863 (Pana-
ma).—CaBaAnis, Jour. Orn. 1860, 408 (Costa Rica).—Scuarer, P. Z.
S. 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui).

? Troglodytes cumanensis, Licut. Cab. Jour. 1860, 408 (Carthagena).

Hab. Isthmus Panama; New Grenada; Costa Rica?

Thryophilus rufalbus, var. poliopleura.

Thryophilus poliopleura, Barrp.
Thryothorus rufalbus, SchaTeR & Satyin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala) ; not
of LAFRESNAYE.

Hab. Guatemala.

I find, on comparison of a series of Wrens labelled 7. rufalbus
from different localities, some important differences which appear,
taken in connection with the geographical distribution, to be almost
of specific value. Cabanis has already suggested a difference of
species, although not exactly on the same grounds that present them-
selves in the specimens before me.

As Cabanis remarks, the typical species of Lafresnaye is probably
to be found from northern New Grenada—the locality given of
‘““Mexico” being most likely erroneous. The Bogotan specimens
differ in smaller size, less extent of white beneath, and greater

THRYOPHILUS. 129

amount of rusty brown on the sides; the sides of the head and neck
more streaked with black. These differences are, perhaps, not in-
compatible with an identity of species, but the Guatemalan bird
differs from both in some decided characteristics.

A fine adult Guatemalan specimen, received from Mr. Salvin, has
the under parts ashy-white, the flanks almost pure ashy. The under
tail coverts are white, banded sharply with black. In all the more
southern specimens before me, the under parts are more yellowish-
white, the flanks conspicuously pale rufous; the white interspaces
of the black crissal bars more suffused with rusty. The legs of the
Guatemalan bird appear to be shorter, and the bill lower and smaller.

The following diagnosis may serve to illustrate these differences.
In all the specimens the upper parts are bright reddish, or cinnamon
brown, less vivid towards the head; the wings and exposed surface
of the tail with black bands, much narrower than their interspaces.
The upper tail coverts without bands. Beneath white, without any
bands, except on the crissum, which is broadly marked with black.
A white line from bill over eye, and a brown one behind narrowly
margined with black; the sides of the head with the white feathers
edged with black; a black line from lower edge of lower jaw bor-
dering the chin :—

Var. rufalbus.—Beneath clear white ; the sides washed with reddish-brown ;
black bands on tail about half the width their intervals.

Var. poliopleura.—Beneath ashy-white; sides ashy without rusty wash ;
black bands on tail about one-third their intervals.

As already suggested, the Bogotan bird differs from both the pre-
ceding, though most closely allied to the former.

(93, rufalbus, Panama.) Total length, 5.80; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.45; length
of bill from forehead, .86, from nostril, .53, along gape, .97; tarsus, 1.02;
middle toe and claw, .88.

(30,656, poliopleura.) Total length, 5.90; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.50; length of
bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .48, along gape, .91; tarsus, .93 ; middle
toe and claw, .80.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex | When
sonia sae ee Locality. | Gollected: Received from Collected by
poliopleura.

30,655 | 109 Tee Retaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm.,

30,656 | 104 Ad. | Savana Grande, “ 1862. :
rufalbus.
3 g Panama R. R. Bate Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb.
of ve ‘ CSO a ORE wee he rr se
32.694 |38,360 | ¢ | Cote ferme. oer Werreaux.,, st]. Nelsctene
“e

32,692 131,485 | Bogota.

9 September, 1864.

150 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Thryophilus sinaloa.
Thryophilus sinaloa, Baird, 0. s.
Hab. N. Western Mexico.

(Type 23,786, ¢.) Bill shorter than the head. Gonys straight. No scale
over the nostril. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Tail well developed ; the
feathers broad, nearly even, the lateral only graduated ; the tip extending a
little beyond the outstretched feet. Wings but little longer than the tail.

Above dark olive-brown, with slight reddish tinge ; the rump rufous or dark
cinnamon; the tail feathers with a shade of the same, still slighter on the
outer webs of the secondaries. Tail feathers with six or eight pretty well-
defined narrow, transverse black bands (each about half the width or less of
the interspaces) ; these most regular on the outer feathers, and apt to be
broken near the tips of some. The outer primaries edged with grayish; the
outer webs of the other quills with a series of dusky spots. The under parts,
lores, and a stripe over the eye are white. The feathers of the sides of the neck
are white, edged with black, as are the posterior feathers of the superciliary
stripe running into this neck patch. The ear coverts are grayish-white, ob-
securely and faintly edged with dusky. The flanks are plain brown, rather
lighter than the back. The under tail coverts are white, with three or four
well defined black bands, not quite so wide as their interspaces, and suffused
along their edges with reddish-brown. Bill light horn color; the lower
mandible, except the tip, whitish. Legs lighter than the bill.

(23,786, male.) Total lengthy 5.00; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.15; graduation, 22;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .72,
from nostril, .40, along gape, .84; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .70; claw
alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .60; claw alone, 26.

This species is most closely related to 7. rufalbus, in the white
under parts and banded crissum. It is, however, much smaller ; the
upper parts are grayish, instead of cinnamon red; the sides of the
neck much more conspicuously streaked with black. The lores are
whitish ; the greater coverts spotted with whitish. 7. ludovicianus
has different nostrils ; upper parts purplish red ; beneath tinged with
yellowish. TT. petenicus, besides many other differences, has the
tail black, the outer feathers varied only with white. The banded
and white crissum, more striped neck, deeper bars on the wings, ete.,
distinguish it from modestus.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex Whe
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. a

23,780 287 cv Mazatlan. TulySUSsl Ss Kantwss ~~ ele eieccer
28,786 | 280] ¢ 2: | se | tee MlRe le Meeceeee
34,016 fe J S June, 1862. | Col. A.J. Grayson.|. _—...........
29,361 120. | ov Colima, Feb: 18635 | 3. Xantusi Vil Se eaeeren
31,822 | 1,657] of Ke ee Goo ET eR ROU Ce Ue teeny ere

(23,786.) Type. (34,016.) Iris brown. (29,361.) Iris brown. (31,822.) Iris reddish-brown,

THRYOPHILUS. 131

Thryophilus modestus.

Thryothorus modestus, Cas. Jour. 1860, 409 (San Jose, Costa Rica).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863, no. 375.

Hab. Guatemala to Panama.

(No. 33,266.) Above reddish-brown ; grayer on the top of head; brighter
behind. Exposed surface of wings obsoletely barred with dusky, scarcely
appreciable except on the inner (superior) secondaries. Upper surface of tail
reddish-brown, with narrow bars of black, about one-third the width of the
interspaces, the upper tail coverts plain. Beneath, including bend and inside
of wings, with sides of head, white; the sides of body, anal region, and
crissum fulvous, without any bars. A white line over the eye, and a black-
ish one through it. A few of the ear coverts scarcely appreciably edged with
dusky.

Total length of dried skin, 5.10; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.30; graduation, .75;
exposed portion of Ist primary, .85, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead,
.72, from nostril, .47, along gape, .77; tarsus, .91; middle toe and claw, .74;
hind toe and claw, .60; claw alone, .25.

Mr. Lawrence’s specimens, from Isthmus of Panama, are similar,
but smaller and paler, with shorter bill.

| |
Smith-|Collec-| Sex Wier |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. ; |
30,657 | 120 as Duenas, Guat | 1862. O. Salvin. | Salvin & Godm.
33,266 sl Ac San Jose, C. RK. | aan Drigvedirantzinssleee eee ee
G 98 d Panama R, R. | Cab. Lawrence, M’Lean. & Galb.

Thryophilus galbraithi.
Thryothorus galbraithi, LAwRENcE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861, 320, no.
192 (Panama R. R.).
, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193.

Hab. Isthmus of Panama and Carthagena.

Thryothorus

(No. 100,% .) Above reddish-olivaceous, nearly uniform, except towards and
on the tail coverts, which are more rufous. Entire exposed surface of the wings,
including coverts, conspicuously barred with black, this color rather narrower
than the interspaces ; lesser coverts more obsoletely. Chin and throat above
white; rest of under parts, including lining of wing, at first pale fulvous,
becoming much deeper on the flanks, anal region, and crissum. No indica-
tions of any bars beneath. Sides of head, including a line from bill over the
eye, white; a brownish line behind the eye, scarcely continued through the
whitish lores. Ear coverts white, obscurely edged with dusky. Tail reddish-
brown, lighter than the back, with rather broad transverse bars of black about
half the width of interspaces. In the male the upper tail coverts are obsoletely
barred, like the tail; the female shows no traces of it.

Specimens from the Atrato region are similar, but less intense in coloration,
paler beneath, and in this respect approaching albipectus.

(No. 100, %, Mr. Lawrence’s type.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.45; tail,

132 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

2.10; graduation, .46 ; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .50, along
gape, .85; tarsus, .92; middle toe and claw, .82; hind toe and claw, .68; claw

alone, .30.

This species will be readily distinguished from 7. modestus, by
the very distinct bars on the wings; the broader bars on the tail ;
the deeper fulvous color beneath, extending over the belly and
breast ; and the fulvous, instead of white, edge and lining of the
wing. The tail is shorter; the toes longer. It is somewhat similar
to a species from Paraguay; but is larger, more rufous above,
redder, and more regularly barred on the tail, etc. In external
appearance it is very much like the Zhryophilus longirostris, but
the bill of the latter is much longer.t

| | | |

Smith- | Collec-| Sex | ore |
sonian | tor’s | and Locality. Golllected Received from | Collected by

No. | No. | Age. | : |
21,744 | 330 .. | Turbo, N. Grenada, as Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
21,686 344 Zo 4 sie tl) te A lWiniciciey= ole Sahl erm Rrotcae torte
21,687 346 ~ se aoe || a eNeicicretes em Ml em terete
21,692 309 2 ss acct am ME fy ie Felerasrse TMM), Bl atocteote
21,693 ae 2 Carthagena. SM) oodddd. ll bo sasdes

no 100 Jo Panama R. R. ce Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.
100 2 ae Seve “ee e

(100, ¢.) Type. (100, 9.) Do.

' T find, in the collections of Mr. Lawrence and of the Philadelphia Academy,
three quite well marked species of long-billed Wrens (with the bill longer
than the tarsus). They all agree in the entire absence of bands or spots on
the under parts, and in having the top of head more dusky than the back,
rump, and tail coverts. They may be characterized as follows :—

T. striolatus (Max.).—Dark reddish-brown above, but little lighter be-
neath, except that the throat and cheeks are white; the jugulum and
middle line of the abdomen yellowish-brown. Cheek feathers edged with
black. Tail with broad black bands wider than their reddish intervals ;
those on wings about as wide as their intervals. Bill from forehead,
1.12, from nostril, .78 ; tarsus, about .95. Hab. Rio Janeiro. Cab. A. N. Se.

T. longirostris (VieILu.).—Generally similar to preceding, but much paler.
Lining of wings fulvous. Dark bands on wings and tail much narrower
than their interspaces. Cheek feathers edged with black. Bill from
forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .76; tarsus, .90. Hab. Bahia. Cab. G. N.
Lawrence.

T. albipectus (Cas.)—Above still paler than preceding. Top of head appre-
ciably more dusky; bands on wings and tail about equal to their inter-
spaces. Beneath, including lining of wings, white, slightly soiled with
brownish-yellow on the sides and behind. Cheeks pure, continuous
white. Bill from forehead, .99, from nostril, .65; tarsus, .98 Hab. 2
Cab. A. N. Se. (This specimen differs somewhat from Cabanis’s descrip-
tion, especially in the pure white cheeks, and may really be different.)

THRYOPHILUS. 133

Thryophilus castaneus.

Thryothorus castaneus, LAawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861, 321, no. 193
(Panama R. R.).

Hab. Line of Panama R. R.

(No. 99, 4.) Above dark chestnut-brown ; the wings and tail black, their
exposed surfaces, except perhaps middle and lesser coverts, banded with
chestnut; the two sets of bands about equal on the wings; on the tail the
black ones nearly double the others. The second and third lateral tail
feathers not banded internally, except at tip. No bands whatever on back
and rump. Top and sides of head black; a line from bill over eye, eyelids,
and a band from side of lower jaw curving round over the ears, white—the
latter bounded inferiorly by a black line from lower jaws bordering the ear
behind, and running into the black of the nape. Chin and upper throat
white, passing insensibly into reddish-fulvous on the jugulum, and posteriorly
into deep chestnut. The breast, sides, and crissum are barred transversely
with black, less distinct along the middle line. Inside of wings chestnut.

The white crescent on the side of head is separated from the white lower
eyelid by a black space.

Female similar, but smaller, with shorter bill.

Male: Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.40; graduation of tail, .70;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.00; tarsus,
1.03 ; middle toe and claw, .90; hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.

Female: Bill from forehead, .80; nostril, .49; gape, .91.

SRcuee Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. |Age. | :
34,093 ue Panama R. R. Ade Geo. N. Lawrence.| J. M’Leannan.
ae 99 ¢ ne Cab. Lawrence. M’Leau. & Galb.
99 | @ “ ‘ “

(99, ¢.) Type. (99, 2.) Do.

Thryophilus schottii.

Thryophilus schottii, BAIRD, n. s.
Thryothorus nigricapillus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Truando).
Not of ScnaTEr.

Hab. Isthmus of Darien.

Markings above and on the head precisely similar to those of 7. castaneus.
Under parts, from chin to anal region, white, the flanks and crissum tinged
with chestnut; the whole extent from chin to tail, including inner wing
covert, barred transversely and distinctly with black, the black bars a little
the narrower.

No. 17,901. Total length, 5.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.25; graduation of tail,
.65 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .95, of 2d, 1.50, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.00; length of bill from nostril, .50 ; along
gape, .90; tarsus, .96; middle toe and claw, .85; hind toe and claw, .70.

154 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

As stated, this species is very similar above to castaneus; the
black bars on the tail are rather more continuous. The under parts,
however, are white, except flanks and crissum—not chestnut; the
bars much more decided, and extending forward over the jugulum,
throat, and chin, instead of being unmarked. The resemblance to
T. nigricapillus, Sclater, from Heuador, is-still closer; this, how-
ever, has the throat pure white, instead of being barred with black.

Smith- Collec-! Sex When

sonian,) tor’s | and | Locality. : Received from Collected by
No. | Nova | acest Collected. |

17,901 | 172 | .. |Truando River, N.G Lt. N. Michler. A. Schott.

21,688 | 218 | ste | Truando Falls, ‘‘ cy £6

PHEUGOPEDIUS, Casanis.

Pheugopedius, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 79. (Type P. genibarbis = melanos.)

General characters of Thryothorus. The bill, in typical species,
much thicker and stouter, as in Cyphorinus ; height about one-third
length above ; culmen nearly straight to the rather abrupt extremity.
Owing to the greater breadth of the nasal membrane, the overhang-
ing roof of the nostrils becomes more valvular; and, in the dried
specimen at least, is very apt to close the nostril, or to leave a very
narrow crescentic slit, thus distinguishing the genus very readily
from Thryophilus. The tail appears more graduated, and exhibits
a tendency towards being slightly deeurved or arched above and not
plane.

I have taken the characters above given partly from P. melanos,
the type, and partly from P. fasciato-ventris. The transition, how-
ever, from Thryothorus to Pheugopedius is quite gradual, through
such species as rutilus and maculipectus. ‘. felix is more like
a Thryothorus in the bill, and nearest Pheugopedius in the tail. <A
synopsis of the principal species will be found under Thryothorus.

Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris.

? Thryothorus fasciato-ventris, Larres. Rev. Zool. 1845, 337 (Bogota).—
Cyphorinus fasciato-ventris, LAWRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861,
320, no. 186 (Panama),

Cyphorinus albigularis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1855, 76, pl. 88 (Panama).

Hab. Bogota to Isthmus of Panama.

(89, 4.) Above rather bright reddish-brown (especially on the lower
back) ; the exposed surface of wings, including greater coverts, and upper

PHEUGOPEDIUS. 135

tail coverts, barred obscurely with black. Lores and ears sooty. Chin, throat,
and jugulum white—this color extending round behind the ears. A scarcely
appreciable white line over and but little behind the eye. Rest of under
parts, including crissum, sooty black, barred transversely and narrowly with
white ; the flanks strongly washed with rufous. The upper part of the breast
almost uniform blackish—this color extending forward so as to margin the
white of the neck, but not crossing the white of the cheeks. The tail is
blackish, the exposed surfaces narrowly barred with reddish-brown (about
one-third their interspaces). Inside of wing spotted with blackish. Bill above
blackish ; the tip, tomia, and under side horn color. Legs blackish.

The bill in this species is considerably stouter, perhaps higher, than in
the type, P. coraya, but is otherwise much the same.

Females similar, but smaller, with the white of neck scarcely bordered with
black; the white bands beneath less distinct.

(89, 5.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50; its graduation, .80;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .54; along gape, 1.00; greatest
height, .27; width at angle of mouth, .40; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw,
-92; claw alone, .28; hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35.

Female: Length, 5.80; bill from nostril, .47; gape, .91.

A Rivoli specimen in the collection of the Phila. Academy, from
South America, agrees well with those from Panama.

|
Smith-|Collec-| Sex

; | : When :
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b
No. No. | Age. Collected. y
89 | g | Panama R. R. as Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.
“is 89 es se ee &
34,095 Santa Martha, N. G. Soa Geo. Ni Gawrences|) 9 .ciietee

Pheugopedius rutilus.
Thryothorus rutilus, Vier. Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1817, 56.—Is.- Nouv.
Dict. II, 627.—Burm. Syst. Ueb. II, 1856, 134 (Brazil).—Scuarter,
Catal. 1861, 21, no. 134.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861,
320, no. 189.
Thryothorus rutilans, Sw. Birds Braz. pl. xv.

Hab. N. Brazil and Venezuela, to Isthmus of Panama.

Smith- | Collec- | Sex

: ; When .
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.
97 o Panama R. R. eyes Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.

Pheusopedius maculipectus.
Thryothorus maculipectus, LArr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 338 (Mexico).—Scra-
TER, P. Z. 8. 1856, 290 (Cordova).—Is. 1859, 363 (Jalapa), 372
(Oaxaca).—IR. Catal. 1861, 21, no. 133.—Scuater & Satvin, Ibis,
II, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz, Guat.).
Hab. South Mexico to Guatemala.

136 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex wWihien
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. 1 7 Received from Collected by
Collected,

No. No. | Age.
22,384 |10,721 | .. Mexico. aa Wenreatrxs; 2 9 (| 0 tices
10,205 xs oe Guatemala. mets Jeol vey She wi Re weer acre
20,398 | 1,437 | .. Cajabou, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. OD Salvinss 95 Ai | wicletstciere

Sts 96 {| +. Guatemala. Riors Cab. Lawrence. | —_.......

Pheugopedius felix.

Thryothorus felix, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal.
1861, 21, no. 136. ‘

Hab. West coast of Mexico (Oaxaca to Mazatlan).

(No. 15, Coll. Salv.) Bill about the length of head; tail longer than the
wings, much graduated, the lateral feathers about two-thirds the central.
Color of the upper parts light-brown, with a very slight tinge of rufous, which
becomes very decided on top of head. Upper tail coverts obscurely barred ;
wings, however, perfectly plain throughout. Chin and throat white, gradually
becoming soiled with fulvous on the median line of body ; the sides and flanks
of a shade of brownish, paler than the back. Edge of wing white, inside
tinged with fulvous. Crissum ashy-white, barred about equally with black.
All the feathers of sides of head and neck (including side of lower jaw)
white, edged with black, either on both sides or on one only ; the black some-
times involving the whole web on one side. <A superciliary white stripe from
the bill is obscured by the black and white markings. Upper surface of tail
feathers light-brown, like the back, with transverse bars of black, one-half to
one-third their interspaces, generally interrupted along the median line, some-
times broken up into spots, especially at the ends, the intervals between the
bars in places sometimes paler than the ground color. Legs and bill dark
plumbeous.

Total length, 5.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.70; exposed portion of 1st primary,
-90, of 2d, 1.38, of longest, 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.75; length of bill from forehead, .68, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83;
tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw,
-59; claw alone, .25.

This species is closely related, in coloration, to P. rutilus and
maculipectus ; especially in the color of the back, becoming more
rufous on the head and not on the rump; the peculiar and very
distinct black and white markings of the entire side of the head, the
perfectly plain wings, the banded crissum, the much graduated tail,
and wings (the 5th or 6th quills longest), ete. It will, however, be
very easily distinguished from rutilus, by the absence of black spots
on the chin and throat, and of the red of the jugulum; and from
maculipectus, by the lack of black spots on the breast; from both
by the presence of bars on the upper tail coverts. The bill has less
of the characters of Pheugopedius—being lower, and nearer typical

TROGLODYTES. 137

Thryothorus ; in fact, connecting the two; the tail is considerably
longer than in the two species mentioned, more as in 7. ludovicianus.

For the opportunity of first examining this species, I am in-
debted to Mr. Osbert Salvin (No. 15, Salvin’s collection, from
Oaxaca, type specimen received from Sallé). Since the above de-
scription based on this specimen was written, the Institution has had
a skin from Mazatlan, agreeing in all essential respects.

Smith-|Collee-| Sex Wihen

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll ted Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. OLSELES

34,015 8 | J Mazatlan, Mex. June, 1862. A. J. Grayson. A. J. Grayson.

(34,015.) Iris brown.

TROGLODYTES, VIEILLor.

Troglodytes, VintuuoT, Ois. Am. Sept. IT, 1807,52. (Type Troglodytes xdon.)

By most European authors the European Wren is considered as
the type of the genus Troglodytes—Gray giving 1807 as the date
of its creation by Vieillot. In the Ois. Am. Sept., however, the
true type is the edon there first named—the European species not
being mentioned at all.

The characters of the genus are difficult to define, as they differ
but little from Zhryothorus, and some species connect the two very
closely. The nostrils are as in Thryolhorus, having an incumbent
thickened scale overhanging the rather linear nostrils. The bill is
shorter, or not longer than the head; straight, slender, and without
notch. The tail is considerably graduated, generally shorter or not
longer than the wings, which are much rounded.

The bill is straighter, shorter, and more slender than in Thryo-
thorus ; the size of the species much smaller; the colors plainer,
more uniform, and almost entirely without the distinct light super-
ciliary line so general in Thryothorus and Thryophilus.

The Winter Wren, 7. hyemalis, agrees with the European species
in proportionably much smaller and narrower tail, only about two-
thirds the wing. T. brunneicollis agrees with it, to some extent, in
this respect. In the others the wing and tail are nearly equal.

The following synopsis may serve to illustrate some of the peculi-
arities of the species :—

138 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

A. Tail and wings about equal.

a. Beneath grayish-white. Crissum and flanks dis-
tinctly barred. Wing coverts spotted with whit-
ish. Dark bars of tail about half the width of
their interspaces.
First primary nearly half the longest. Color
above dark-brown, rufous towards tail . e&don.
Wing similar. Above paler brown : - «don, var. aztecus.
First primary half the second. Above paler
brown : : : - parkmanni.
Somewhat similar to Bae bat darker. "Sides
of head dark, without obscure superciliary
streak : : . . : americanus.
6. Beneath all over yellowish-brown. Crissum tend:
ed; flanks indistinctly so or not at all. Wing
coverts not spotted. Dark bars of tail more
numerous, about equal to their light inter-
spaces. Inside of wings plain.!
First primary little more than half the second.
Beneath darker fulvous. Bars of flanks in-
appreciable , ; ; z . intermedius.
First primary more than half the longest.
Beneath pale fulvous. Flanks quite dis-
tinctly barred . : : . = - ainquietus.
c. Throat and breast dark yellowish-brown, con-
trasting with the whitish belly and strongly
barred flanks. Inside of wings banded. Bars
on tail one-fourth their interspaces. Wing
coverts spotted, and scapulars banded with
whitish . : : ° : . ° . brunneicollis.

B. Tail very short; only about two-thirds the wing.
a. Pale reddish-brown; dusky bars of upper parts

with whitish spots or interspaces. : - hyemalis.
6. Dark rufous above and below; upper parts with
few or almost no whitish spots : ; . hyemalis, var.

pacificus.

a. TROGLODYTES.

Trogliodytes wdon.

Troglodytes edon, Virttu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 52, pl. evii.—Is.
Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 506.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 366.—
Scrater, Catal. 1861, 22, no. 145.—Hylemathrous edon, Cab. Jour.
1860, 407.

1 The South American species resemble those mentioned in this division ;
but beneath are Ta banded slightly on the crissum only, or not at all even
there.

TROGLODYTES. 139

Sylvia domestica, Witson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 129, pl. vii.
Troglodytes fulvus, Nurv. Man. I, 1852, 422.
Other figures: Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 83.—In. B. A. II, 1841, pl. 120.

Hab. Eastern province of United States, from Atlantic to the Missouri River.

Autumnal and winter specimens have sometimes a slight fulvous
tinge on the breast.

As usual, southern specimens of this species are the smaller, as
illustrated by the following measurements.

(28,944, 4, Washington.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.02; tail, 2.05; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, .74, of 2d, 1.30, of 3d, 1.50, of longest (aneasured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.51; length of bill from forehead, .60,
from nostril, .87, along gape, .70; tarsus, .66; middle toe and claw, .64; hind
toe and claw, .56; claw alone, .25.

(8,641, %, Florida.) Fresh specimen before being skinned: Total length,
4.50; expanse of wings, 5.75; wing from carpal] joint, 1.75. Prepared speci-
men: Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.80; tail, 1.76; exposed portion of 1st pri-
mary, .70, of 2d, 1.22, of 3d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 1.38; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .39, along
gape, .70; tarsus, .65; middle toe and claw, .61; hind toe and claw, .50;
claw alone, .24.

Smith- |cottee-| Sex

a nie : When ea
ponien| pre Nee | Locality. Gollected: Received from | Collected by
1,084 g | Carlisle, Pa. June 14, ’43.| 8S. F. Baird. ea Wig vores,
12,110 a o | Washington, D.C. | May 1, ’59. A. J. Falls. | weraistes
28,94f | 113 ¢ ce June U2 5S)|, HlLotiConesan yl) | wackicee
28,404 56 bis “ Be CHeDrexlery |p nl seninns
32,286 55 Q | Macon, Ga. here Rrofecontes ai wmeie cactettels
6,512 oe .. | Indian Key, Fla. wets Ga Wiurdemann sii vessane
8,612 x -. | Cape Florida. Oct. 30, ’57. De
8, 641 3 “ Oct. 23, °57. ee
13,154 ts ~ | Nebraska City, Neb. 3 Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall,
13,185 ts Q | Sioux City. “ ce

Troslodytes cwdon, var. aztecus.
Troglodytes «don, var. aztecus, BAairp.

Hab, Eastern Mexico, from Rio Grande southward.

In a series of Mexican Wrens before me, in addition to well
marked specimens of 7. hypedon and brunneicollis, I find a number
which I cannot distinguish satisfactorily from 7. adon. They have
the same proportions with adon, as compared with parkmanni—
approaching the latter in a paler shade of upper plumage, in which
respect there is a slight difference from adon. In most specimens
there is a brownish tinge on the breast (very different, however, from
hypexdon) not common in the skins usually seen of adon, but agree-
ing very well with autumnal skins (as 728, Carlisle, and winter skins

140 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

from Florida). No. 26,368, however, probably killed in spring, has
the breast gray, and, as in some specimens of edon, the feathers
faintly spotted with brownish.

From the paler shade of the upper parts, and possibly a rather
smaller size, I am inclined to consider these Mexican specimens as
residents, and not migrants from the north.

A specimen (7,139) collected south of the Rio Grande, by Lt.
Couch, agrees better with the Mexican variety, than with 7. park-
manni, to which I had referred it.

Cab. Lawrence.

Smith- Collec-| Sex wihen
Bouin eee and | Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
vo. | No. | Age. | ;

7,139 54 | v Charco Escondido,

Tamaulipas. ee Tita DSN. Conch) 99 1) vse
29,206 | 106 | .. Orizaba, Mex. ane E: Sumichrast:;9 4] <.....
30.872 | .. | .. | Mirador, Mex. Dec. 1862. | Dr.Sartorins. | ......
26,368 Xalapa, Mex. aes J. Krider. D’Vea.

}

| 110
|

(7,139.) Eyes dark-brown. (30,872.) Iris brown

Troglodytes parkmanni.

Troglodytes parkmanni, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 310.—Is. Synopsis,
1839, 76.—Is. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 133, pl. 122.—Bairp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 367.—Cooper & Sucktey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 1860,
191 (nest).—SctatTeErR, Catal. 1861, 23, no. 146.

Troglodytes sylvestris, GAMBEL, Pr. A. N. Sc. III, 1846, 113 (California,
quotes erroneously Aup. 7. americanus).

Hab. Western and Middle provinces of United States..

Although the differences between the eastern and western House
Wrens, as stated in the “ Birds N. Am.,” are not very appreciable;
yet a comparison of “an extensive series shows that they can hardly
be considered as identical. The general color above is paler and
grayer, and there is little or none of the rufous of the lower back
and rump. The bars on the upper surface are rather more distinct.
The under parts are more alike, as while edon sometimes has flanks
and crissum strongly tinged with rufous, other specimens are as pale
as in 7. parkmanni.

Perhaps the most appreciable differences between the two species
are to be found in the size and proportions of wing and tail. The
wing in parkmanni is quite decidedly longer than in edon, measur-
ing, in males, 2.12 to 2.15, instead of 2.00 to 2.05. This is due not
so much to a larger size as to a greater development of the primaries.
The first quill is equal to or barely more than half the second in

TROGLODYTES. 141

parkmanni ; and the difference between the longest primary and the
tenth amounts to .32 of an inch, instead of about .20 in adon, where
the first quill is nearly half the length of the third, much more than
half the length of the second.

The original description of 7. parkmanni mentions a more reddish
tinge than I detect in any specimens before me, perhaps because the
type was younger, or in autumnal dress. The dimensions agree
very well.

(7,136, 4, Steilacoom.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.12; tail, 2.12; gradua-
tion, .32 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .67, of 2d, 1.34, of 3d, 1.53, of longest
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.55; length of bill from fore-
head, .65, from nostril, .40, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .67; middle toe and claw,
62; hind toe and claw, .53; claw alone, .24.

Smith-|Collec-) Sex When |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. |. No. | Age. ‘ :
( | g
15,960 | 317 Q | Chiloweyuck Depot, |
W. T. | June 17 A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
7,136 | 363 & | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T. | May 3, 756. Dresuckley.; Mi | “een. se
16,172 | 366 .. | Ft. Crook, Cal. sete Lt. Feilner.
25,351 237 ae Fort Tejon, Cal. June30,’59., John Xantus.
13,678 se .. | Colorado Riv., Ar. ae Lt. Ives.
32,170 |3,446 3g | San Jose, C. St. Lu-| Dec. 5,59. | John Xantus. | ~~ ....-.
13,781 8 .. | Ft. Mass., Col. [cas. Sac ll CaptsBowman: | jess
17,199 te .. | Cant. Burgwyn. ays | Dr. Anderson, | — ....--
11,075 ak + Fort Bridger, Utah. | June10,’58.| ©. Drexler, $| ....;.
4,739 fe .. | Council Bluffs. | April 29. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
5,275 Se .. | Blackfoot Country. | July, 1855. ce “6

(32,170 ) Iris dark-brown.

Trogliodytes americanus.
Troglodytes americanus, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1834, 452; V, 1839, 469, pl.
179.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 123, pl. 119.—Barrp, B. N. A. 1858, 368.

Hab. Northeastern United States.

IT am unable to throw any more light upon the relationship of the
Wood Wren to the Common Wren, than that presented in “ Birds
N. Am.” It is somewhat similar to 7. parkmanni in size and pro-
portions, but instead of being paler than adon is much darker.

| |
Smith- Collec-| Sex ae

sonian, tor’s | and Locality. 1 Received from Collected b
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y
Pi do c United States. ae S. F. Baird. | J. J. Audubon.
1,906 | =r “ “ec “
1,200 |

afoye |
a nae | a J. Cassin.

142 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Troglodytes intermedius.

Troglodytes (Hylemathrous) intermedius, Cas. Jour. 1860, 407 (San Jose,
Costa Rica).

Troglodytes hypedon, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 (southern Mexico and
Guatemala).—lIs. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 147.

Troglodytes edon, ScuaTeR, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—Scnater &
Savin, Ibis, I, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).

Hab. Costa Rica, Guatemala, and southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Sel.).

(No. 33,265.) First primary very nearly half the third. Tarsus and middle
toe about equal. Above reddish-brown, with a tinge of olivaceous; very
obsoletely banded with dusky ; a little brighter on the ramp. Wing and tail
very dark-brown, banded with the color of the back, the black bands rather
the narrower; dusky bands rather more conspicuous on upper tail coverts.
An obscure line over eye and the under parts brownish-fulvous, paler on
throat and middle of belly, darker on sides ; entirely free from bars, except the
faintest possible indication on the side of the anal region. Crissum similar,
with distinct black bars ; the light interspaces whitish in spots. Bill dusky,
yellowish at base below.

Total length of the dried specimen, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.72; gradua-
tion, .385; exposed portion of lst primary, .74, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.48, of
longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill
from forehead, .62, from nostril, .40, along gape, .71; tarsus, .73; middle toe
and claw, .69; hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .25.

A type specimen of hypxdon, labelled by Dr. Sclater, and received from M.
Sallé, agrees in general appearance with the Costa Rican bird, but the bill is
stouter and plumbeous below. The color generally is lighter; the quills paler,
and their inner edges instead of being ashy, are grayish-white. The wings
are shorter.

This species may be easily distinguished from 7. don, and all other
more northern allies, by the decided fulvous tinge of the under parts,
and the almost entire absence of bars on the flanks or under parts,
excepting crissum. /The upper parts are more faintly barred. The
quills and tail feathers are much darker, without the whitish spotting
on outer edge of former; the dark bars on tail more numerous, and
nearly as wide as their interspaces, instead of half the width, ete.
From most of the smaller South American Wrens, which closely
resemble this species in color, it differs in the more decidedly barred
crissum, more numerous dark bars on tail, ete.

|
Smith- conec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. : :

33, 265 | | San Jose, C. R. Bick J. Carniol. |e Wes See

27.948 | | -- | Mexico? Bob Sclater?ty |) ctyetne

29,710 | o | Totontepec, Oaxaca.| Jan. 1858. A. Salle. {|e eeerereiae

(29,710.) Type of hyp@don, labelled by Dr. Sclater.

TROGLODYTES. 143°

Troglodytes imquietus.

Troglodytes inguietus, LAWRENCE, MSS.
Troglodytes hypedon, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320
(Panama R. R.).

Hab. Isthmus of Panama.

(109, 9.) First primary much developed ; more than half the longest. Color
above brown, with a grayish tinge towards the head, and slightly rufous on
the rump. Exposed surface of wings and tail barred with black (more obso-
letely on wing coverts), the dark bars rather the narrower. The back faintly
barred. Beneath pale fulvous whitish, lighter on throat and middle of belly ;
tinged with brown on sides, the posterior parts of which are faintly barred.
Crissum barred conspicuously with black, the interspaces yellowish-brown to
whitish. Quite a distinct superciliary line. No spots on wing coverts.

Of the two specimens, the 4 is considerably lighter, almost white beneath.

(109, 9, Panama R. R.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.85 ; gradua-
tion, .45 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .85, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.55; length of bill from forehead, .67,
from nostril, .43, along gape, .76; tarsus, .76; middle toe and claw, .72; hind
toe and claw, .59; claw alone, .26.

This species was at first considered by Mr. Lawrence to be the
same with hypzdon (intermedius) ; but a careful comparison with
type specimens has shown their distinctness. It is considerably
larger, with longer bill and legs. The first primary is much larger.
The colors beneath are paler; the lower part of sides distinctly
barred. The upper parts are considerably grayer.

None of the other small American allied Wrens before me (except
T. brunneicollis) have a first primary decidedly more than half the
length of longest, and their tails are longer. The coloring above re-
sembles almost exactly that of 7. parkmanni and the Mexican var.
of T. zedon, although the dark bars are more numerous. The under
parts are more fulvous; the bars on sides anteriorly less distinct ;
- the bars on the crissum more regular, and better defined. There
are no light spots on the wing coverts as in the North American
species.

This species comes nearest edon and its allies ; while intermedius
is more like the South American species, with their comparative
absence of bars.

re lS Lear : *

Smith- |Collec-| Sex

an
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc wan Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. © : |
ets 109 | oc Panama R. R. acai Cab. Lawrence, M’Lean. & Galb.
aie as 2 s¢ ae a ss

09.) Type.

144 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Troglodytes brunneicollis.

Troglodytes brunneicollis, ScuaTeR, P. Z. 8. 1858, 297 (Parada ; Oaxaca).
—Is. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 150.

Hab. Southern Mexico.

Bill short, compressed, and straight. First primary more than half longest.
Upper parts reddish-brown, brighter on the rump. The back, rump, and
wings barred rather distinctly with dusky. The dark bars exhibit a ten-
dency to be succeeded by another bar lighter than the ground color, on the
scapulars almost white. Greater wing coverts with a spot of whitish in the
end. Beneath, from chin to breast, brownish-buff ; middle of belly dull white,
with scant spots of brown. Lower part of sides and crissum tinged with
dark-brown, banded with suffused whitish and dusky—the dark bars, as on
the scapulars, being succeeded by a whitish bar lighter than the ground color.
Inside of wings similarly banded. Tail feathers reddish-brown, with zig-zag
narrow bars of black; innermost (superior) secondary quills with contour lines
of dusky, instead of transverse bars.

(29,709, 4%.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.85; graduation, .45 ;
exposed portion of Ist primary, .83, of 2d, 1.26, of longest (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.45; length of bill from forehead, .60, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .69; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .71; hind toe
and claw, .59; claw alone, .27.

This species somewhat resembles 7. hyemalis, from which, how-
ever, its larger size, much longer tail, and browner breast distinguish
it. In none of its allies do we find the bands on the under side of
the wings, the whitish bars on the scapulars, and the general ten-
dency to have the dark bars succeeded by a whitish one. The legs
are unusually stout, the middle toe lengthened, and the Ist primary
longer than in any others, except inquietus.

|
Smith- Collec- Sex : When ;
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks.
No. | No. | Age. - s

29,709 | 7 | ¢ | La Parada, Mex. | Jan. 1861. A. Sallé. Type.
29,208 | 131 a Orizaba, Mex. S04 F.Sumichrast. | ..-.06«

b. ANORTHURA.?

Troglodytes hyemalis.

Sylvia troglodytes, Witson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 139, pl. viii, f. 6.— Troglo-
dytes hyemalis, Vier.uot, Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 514.—Avp. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 430, pl. 360.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 128, pl. 121.—
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 369.—Scnater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290
(Cordova, Mex.).—Is. Catal., 1861, 23, no. 152.

1 Anorthura, Rennie, 1831. (Type Motacilla troglodytes, Linn.)

TROGLODYTES. 145

Troglodytes europeus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 127.—Nurrauu, Man.
I, 1832, 427.

Hab. Eastern United States, from Mississippi River. Cordova? Sclater.

(No. 31,045, 5, Washington.) Fresh specimen before being skinned: Total
length, 4.10 ; expanse of wings, 6.00; wing from carpal joint, 1.90. Prepared
as dry skin: Total length, 3.50; wing, 1.86; tail, 1.31; graduation, .20; ex-
posed portion of lst primary, .6%, of 2d, 1.20, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 1.42; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .65; claw alone, .18;
hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .26.

Smith- Collec-| Sex Witten
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ‘
127 as ls Carlisle, Pa. OchalSv40 8S. E. Baird: jl i, cesses
1,379 ae g sé April 22,’44. owe meme TYP 2 al vtatetreine
29,945 | 625 o Washington. Novil4):615) | De We-Prentiss,: “{) Ss. cr
S1O45y |e ee Nae ee Dec. 28, 60. | Chas. E.Schmidt.| —......
10,206 cs a Cook Co., Ill. - Bere Re Wennicottey yuh aain ts cemce
10,207 ae ts Miss. Bottom, IIl. Sisie cee Mee PN, oP cits. cat

Troglodytes hyemalis, var. pacificus.
Troglodytes hyemalis, Coor. & Suck. P. R. Rep. XII, 1860, 191 (W. T.).
Hab. Pacific coast U.S.

I find, on comparing series of eastern birds with those from the
Pacific slope, that the latter are considerably darker in color above,
with little or almost none of the whitish spotting among the dusky
bars so characteristic of eastern specimens. The under parts are
more rufous, the tarsi appear shorter, and the claws decidedly larger.
The two forms seem quite as distinct as 7. adon and parkmanni ;
and there is usually no difficulty in at once deciding from which of
the two regions any specimen has been derived. The differences are
certainly greater than those existing between the eastern 7. hye-
malis and the European Wren, which, as far as [ can judge from the
single specimen before me, consist mainly in the rather paler colors
of the under parts in the latter species, which also are perhaps not
so much spotted and barred beneath. The superciliary stripe, too,
is lighter and more distinct.

(No. 17,434, 5, Puget Sound.) Total length, 3.60; wing, 1.84; tail, 1.31;
graduation, .28; exposed portion of Ist primary, .62, of 2d, 1.20, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.40; length of bill from fore-

head, .56, from nostril, .35 ; tarsus, .68; middle toe and claw, .65; claw alone,
.22; hind toe and claw, .54; claw alone, .27.

10 September, 1864.

146 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ;
7,143 | 267 j .. | Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.) Mar. 1854. DrySUckleye || ieee
17,434 | 436 ¢ | Simiahmoo, W. T. | Dec. 22,’59.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.

4,601 si ae Columbia River. VAN 202 OO eat Wcece| oe 8 fel ea meeet are
10,637 |1,117 g¥ | Fort Tejon, Cal. oe

CISTOTHORUS, Casanis.
Cistothorus, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 77. (Type Troglodytes stellaris,
Licut., Naum.) — Telmatodytes, CABANIS, Mus. Hein. 1850, 78.
(Type Certhia palustris, Wiuson. )

a. CISTOTHORUS.

Cistothorus stellaris.
Troglodytes stellaris, “ Licut.”” Naumann, Vogel Deutschlands, III, 1823,
724 (Carolina).—Cistothorus stellaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 77.—Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 365.—Scuater, Catal. 22, no. 142 (in part).
Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutr. Man. I, 1832, 436.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II,
1834, 427, pl. 175.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 138, pl. 124.

Hab. Eastern province of United States. °

(No. 3,073, Georgia.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.75, its gradua-
tion, .70 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .65, of 2d, 1.06, of longest (measured
from exposed base of lst primary), 1.25; length of bill from forehead, .45,
from nostril, .29; tarsus, .65; middle toe and claw, .61; hind toe and claw,
.55; claw alone, .26.

1
Smith- Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.
Osi el Carlisle, Pa. Sept.20,°45.. §.F. Baird. | ......
3,073 | .. | .. | Liberty Co., Ga. 1846. | e Jos. Leconte.
8,829 = .. | Loup Forkof Platte. | Aug. 30. | Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.

Cistothorus elegans.
Cistothorus elegans, ScLaTER & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

I have not a very good series of specimens before me, although
they seem to indicate that the C. elegans of Sclater & Salvin is really
distinct from the northern bird, and that these authors have been
hasty in re-combining them. If not different species they at least
are well-marked varieties. The bill of elegans is considerably
stouter and larger than that of sfellaris, and the tarsi decidedly
longer—the birds themselves being of much the same size. On the
back the white streaks do not reach so far back (nearly to the rump

CISTOTHORUS. 147

in stellaris), and the rump and tail coverts are plain, or with very
obsolete markings.

The characters derived from my present materials are as follows,
and will probably be substantiated by additional specimens :—

C. stellaris.—White dorsal streaks extending to the rump, which is con-
spicuously banded with brown, and somewhat spotted with whitish.
Beneath, including lining of wings, light cinnamon-brown; throat and
belly paler, almost white; sides and crissum very obsoletely barred
with darker, and faintly spotted with whitish. Feathers of jugulum like
sides, but with the color obscured by the paler edges. Tarsus, .65 long.

C. elegans.—Streaks on back confined to interscapular region; rump and
upper tail coverts almost plain reddish-brown. Beneath much paler than
in stellaris, without any appreciable indication of bars or spots on sides
and crissum, or of the fulvous of the jugular feathers. Inside of wings
snowy white. Tarsus, .72 long.

(No. 29,207, Mexico.) Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.72; tail, 1.70; graduation,
-60; exposed portion of Ist primary, .65, of 2d, 1.09, of longest (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.35; length of bill from forehead, .55, from
nostril, .31; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .62; hind toe and claw, .54;
claw alone, .27.

Smith-/Collec- Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gees | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. cl
O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

29,207 BOGullees Orizaba, Mex. || BS, Sumichrast.) |f0 9 ‘scness

30,689 | 140 | .. | Duefias, Guat. | Aug. 21, °59.
|

(30,689.) Type.

b. 'TELMATODYTES.

Cistothorus palustris.

Certhia palustris, Witson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 58, pl. xii, fig. 4 (Penna).
—Troglodytes palustris, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, no. 66.—Aup. Orn.
Biog. I, 1831, 500, pl. 100.—In. Birds Am. II, 1841, 135, pl. 123.—
Rermuarnt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Godthaab, Greenland).— Thryothorus pa-
lustris, Nutr. Man. I, 1832, 439.—Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palus-
tris, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 364.—Scnarer, Catal. 1861, 22.

Thryothorus arundinaceus, Virinu0t, Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 58 (not

Trog. arundinaceus, VirttL0oT).—Thryothorus arundinaceus, Bon.
Consp. 1850, 220. —Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cas. Mus. Hein.
1850, 78.

Hab. Eastern United States, from the Missouri River; Greenland (Rein-
hardt); Mexico, and Guatemala ?

(No. 1,456, §.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.95; graduation, .62;
exposed portion of lst primary, .78, of 2d, 1.22, of longest (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .67, from

148 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

nostril, .46, along gape, .83; tarsus, .84; middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone,
.22; hind toe and claw, .63; claw alone, .32.

Smith-|Collec- Sex Wh on
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. 2 Received from Collected by
N | Collected.
o. | No. | Age.

1,456 | g | Carlisle, Pa.. May 4, *44. SER Baird ary alte Ween
1,556 ; “ May 20, °44. eC SOS | Mee
28,936 | 891 og | Washington, D. C. | May 21, ’60. Dr; see COoues lyme tresses
12,111 oc #8 May 19, ’59. ©. Drexiers = ||) ie serene
11,886 .. | Whitfield Co., Ga. A Gerbardt.. Wil Seamer

May 4, 756, Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.

4.7447 2. | 2. | Mouth of Big Sioux.

Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola.
Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola, Bairp.—Troglodytes palustris,
News. P. R. Rep. VI, rv, 1857, 80 (Pacific region).— Cistothorus pa-
lustris, Cooper & Suckuey, P. R. Rep. X, 1, 1859, 190 CW. T.).

Hab. Pacific coast United States.

In comparing a series of Marsh Wrens of eastern North America
with western, I find that they differ appreciably in certain character-
istics, which may perhaps be expressed by the following diagnoses :—

Var. palustris.—Bill lengthened, equal to tarsus. Tail coverts above and
below either perfectly plain, or with very obsolete bands, reduced to
obscure spots beneath. Bands on tail broken; scarcely appreciable on
the middle feathers.

Var. paludicola.—Bill shorter than tarsus. Tail coverts distinctly banded

all across. Bands on tail quite distinct; appreciable on the central
feathers.

How far these differences in size of bill, ete., will be found persist-
ent through larger series of specimens, I am unable to say.

I am unable at present to say to which variety the Mexican bird
(Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 290), and the Guatemalan (Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, 8) belong.

(No. 7,141, Washington Territory.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 1.96; tail,
2.00; graduation, .45; exposed portion of lst primary, .63, of 2d, 1.25; of
longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill

from forehead, .60, from nostril, .38, along gape, -70; tarsus, .78; middle toe
and claw, .61; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .26.

|
Smith-|Collee-| Sex | When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | Collected. |
7,141 110 -» | Shoalwater Bay. Oct. 31, 54. Goy. Stevens. Dr. Cooper.
16,173 51 Q: | Fort Crook, Cal. Soe it. Neilners ||) iaeteesiccte
7,140 ae do | Sacramento Valley. set Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.
25,350 ate -. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Oct. 23, ’57. Jno. Kantus 7 |)" eee.

cae A silk re

CISTOTHORUS. 149

From a careful examination of the data furnished by the tables
and indications of localities in the preceding pages, it will be seen
that a few species, as Turdus mustelinus, Suscescens, swainsoni,
aliciz, and migratorius, Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Mimus polyglot-
tus? of the Turdide, with Sialia sialis, of the Saxicolide, and Poli-
optila caerulea of the Sylviidx occur in the West Indies as winter
visitors. The remaining species of these families (except some
peculiar to the islands), with the whole of the Cinclidx, Paride,
Certhiaa, and Troglodytide, are entirely wanting. Even the
species just named appear to be confined to Cuba—none of them
occurring, as far as known, in Jamaica or the other islands, and
probably visiting Cuba only as stragglers from Florida, or en route
to Mexico and Guatemala via Yucatan.

Of the Turdidz there are several genera peculiar to one or other
of the West India Islands. Of North American genera, Mimus has
peculiar species in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and St. Domingo,
and Polioptila in Cuba.

It will be seen hereafter that these generalizations of distribution
are widely different from what prevails among the Sylvicolide, a
much larger proportion of the species being spread in winter over
many of the West Indies, with several resident species peculiar to
one or more of the group.

Thryothorus albinucha.—Since the preceding sheets on the
Troglodytide were printed, I have had the opportunity of exam-
ining the type specimen of Dr. Cabot’s Troglodytes albinucha,
Pr. Bost. N. H. Soe. II, 1847, 258, from Yalahao, Yucatan, April,
1842. I find it agrees almost exactly in size and proportions with
Thryothorus petenicus of Mr. Salvin, being only a very little smaller,
The coloration and markings are precisely similar, the only difference
being in the tail. The middle (exposed) feathers in petenicus are ashy
brown, with spotted or broken bars of black, most distinct and con-
tinuous across the middle. The other feathers are black; the exterior
webs of the outer two and the ends of outer three marked with quad-
rate spots of whitish, sometimes tinged with plumbeous. In albinucha
the upper surface of the tail has a slightly more reddish tinge, and
the bars are more broken and irregular. The quadrate whitish or
grayish blotches on the inner webs of lateral tail feathers extend
nearly to the middle of the feather, instead of being confined to the
tips. I do not observe any trace of the dusky tips to the feathers of
breast, nor of the obscure dusky bars on the flanks seen in petenicus.

These differences are, however. not incompatible with the identity —

10* — October, 1864, r

150 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

of the two species, being fully represented in specimens of 7. bewickii,
and I think it will be necessary to make petenicus a synonym of albz-
nucha, and to call the species Thryothorus albinucha. The ap-
proximation, too, of the localities, is an additional argument in favor
of this conclusion.

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.15; exposed portion of Ist primary,
.90, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from exposed base of lst primary), 1.69;
length of bill from forehead, .82, from nostril, .54; along gape, .90; tarsus,
.84; middle toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .61; claw
alone, .26.

Famity MOTACILLID.2.

Bill slender, conical, nearly as high as wide at the base, with slight notch
at the tip; the culmen slightly concave above the anterior extremity of the
nostrils; short bristles at gape, which, however, do not extend forward to
nostrils. Loral feathers soft and dense, but with bristly points ; nasal groove
filled with naked membrane, with the elongated nostrils in lower edge; the
frontal feathers coming up to the aperture, but not directed forward nor over-
hanging it. Wings lengthened and sharp-pointed ; the primaries nine (with-
out spurious first), of which the first three to five, considerably longer than
the succe, fedingorm the tip; the exterior secondaries generally much emargi-
nated at the ends; the inner secondaries (so-called tertials) nearly equal to
the longest primaries. The tail rather narrow, emarginate. Tarsi length-
ened, scutellate anteriorly only, the hind claw usually very long, acute, and
but slightly curved (except in Motacilla). Inner toe cleft almost to the very
base, outer adherent for basal joint only.

The combination of naked nostrils, notched bill, and nine primaries,
with the tarsi scutellate anteriorly only, will at once distinguish the
Anthinge of this family from the Alaudide, which they so closely
resemble in coloration, habits, and lengthened hind claw. The
lengthened, slightly curved hind claw, much pointed wings, emargi-
nated secondaries—the inner ones nearly as long as the primaries—
distinguish the family from the Sylvicolide, with which also it has
near relationships.

The following synopsis will serve to define the American genera
or subgenera of Motacillide, although it will not apply to the family
as represented in all. its old-world members :—

MOTACILLID®. 151

Motacilla.

Tail longer than the wings; hind claw comparatively short,
and considerably curved. Feathers of back without lighter
edges ; no spots nor streaks on breast. Tail doubly forked, or
the central feathers nearly equal to the lateral, and longer
than intermediate ones. Tip of wing formed by outer three
primaries ; the distance between the 3d and4th about one-
third that between the 4th and 5th. Tarsi lengthened ;
claw small; hind toe and claw shorter than the middle, its
claw short, considerably curved, less than the toe alone;
lateral toes nearly equal. : z ° : : - Motacilia.

Anthus.

Tail decidedly shorter than the wings ; less than half the whole
length of bird ; simply emarginate and rounded. Hind claw
lengthened; only slightly curved. Feathers of back with
paler edges ; breast streaked with dusky.

a. Wings much pointed, and lengthened.

Point of wing formed by four outer primaries, of which the
4th sometimes a little shorter than 3d. Hind toe and claw
as long as middle, shorter than tarsus, the claw alone
usually a little longer than the toe itself, and slightly
curved ; inner toe and claw longer than the outer; out-
stretched toes falling short of the tip of tail; hind toe and
claw shorter than tarsus : fs : - : - Anthus.
Point of wings formed by four outer primaries, the Ist
longest, or as long as others. Legs’stout, the outstretched
toes reaching almost to tip of tail. Hind toe and claw
longer than tarsus, the claw very long, but equal to the
toe proper 0 , ; : . ss 3 : - Neocorys.

b. Wings short, rounded.

Point of wings formed by four outer primaries of nearly
equal length . . : . 7 : A : . Notiocorys.

Point of wings formed by five outer primaries, the 1st shorter
than 3d . ; 2 ; 5 s a fs - Pediocorys.

MOTACILLA, Linn.
Motacilla, Linn. 8. N. 1735. (Type Motacilla alba.)

The first mentioned species under Motacilla, in the 10th edition
of the Systema Nature of Linneus, is Juscinia, or the European
Nightingale. If this work be taken as the starting point of the
Linnxan binomial nomenclature, it will be necessary to find some
other name for the genus, perhaps Pallenura, Pauuas (fide Gray).

152 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Motacilla alba.

Motacilla alba, Lyn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 331.—Keys. & Bras.
Wirb. Europ. 1840, xlix, and 174.—Dercianp, Orn. Europ. I, 1849,
433. —Reinuarpt, Isis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).— Newton, Baring-
Gould’s Iceland, 1863, App. (“rather plentiful’).

Figure: Govu.p, Birds Europe, 143.

Hab. Continental Europe, rarer in England; Iceland; Greenland (only two
specimens seen) ; Siberia; Syria; Nubia.

(9410, 4, Niirnberg.) Forehead as far back as above the eyes, with sides
of head and neck, white; the remaining portion of head and neck above and
below to the jugulum, black; the rest of under parts white. Upper parts ashy
gray, including rump; the upper tail coverts tinged with black. Wings with
two conspicuous bands and the outer edges of the secondaries white. Tail
feathers black; the outer two white, edged with black internally. Bill and

legs black.
Length, 7.30; wing, 3.45; tail, 3.90; bill from nostril, .37; tarsus, .86;
hind toe and claw, .50.

Motacilla yarrelli, a closely allied species, by some considered a
variety only, differs in having the rump black, the ashy of the back
glossed with blackish, and with the black edging of the lateral tail
feathers broader.

I have given a description of this species on account of its occur-
rence in Greenland, and thus a member of the Fauna of North
America. The specimen described is from Niirnberg, Germany.

ANTHUS, Becusr.

Anthus, Becust. Gemein. Naturg. Deutsch]. 1802 (Agassiz). (Type
Alauda spinoletta).—Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 232.

I do not find the generic characters employed by European authors
to subdivide Anthus very satisfactory or constant. They consist
mainly in the varying size of the bill, the relative proportion of the
innermost secondaries to the longer primaries, and that of the hind
claw to the toe proper. In examining series of the North American
species I find considerable variations in this respect among different
individuals : in Neocorys, for instance, one specimen has the longest
secondary equal to the 6th primary ; in another nearly equal to the
4th. Similar differences occur in Anthus ludovicianus, where also
the hind claw is sometimes shorter than the toe itself, sometimes
longer.

The most permanent and appreciable characters seem to be those
based on the length of the outer primaries: thus in one group, to
which we may restrict the name Anthus, this tip is formed by the

7 —

ANTHUS. 153

outer four quills, the fifth being abruptly shorter. To this belong
A. ludovicianus, and the European spinoletta, obscurus, pratensis,
and cervinus. In a second section, of which there appear to be no
American representatives, the tip is formed by the outer three
feathers only, and to it belong arboreus, campestris, and richardt.
Each of these has been made the type of a genus: Pipastes, Agro-
doma, and Corydalla, respectively, of which the latter has priority
of date. A. arboreus has the hind claw rather shorter and more
curved than the rest.

All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see,
excepting Anthus ludovicianus, appear to belong to quite a different
type from the European. First among them is the northern Neo-
corys, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed wings, and the
outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but differing in
considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the
tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the
South American species again, while most nearly related to Neocorys
in these respects, differ from both Neocorys and Anthus in the less
pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tip
of the wing formed by four primaries (Notiocorys) ; the other (Pedio-
corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing,
the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad; of
this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to
A. bogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it
belongs another species from Uraguay, which I have not attempted
to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species.

Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit-
larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have
at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections
above named. If, however, Neocorys be retained as a genus, in dis-
tinction from true Anthus, I cannot well avoid considering the South
American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question
on a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all
these names in a subgeneric sense only.

a. ANTHUS, Bechst.

Anthus ludovicianus.

Alauda ludoviciana, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 793.—Anthus ludovicianus, Licut.
Verz. 1823, 37; also of Aupuson & BonapartE.—Bairp, Birds N,
Am. 1858, 232.—Covss, Pr. A. N.S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).—Scuater,
P. Z. 8. 1856, 296 (Cordova).—Is. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.—Sct.

lo4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

& Satyv. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—-Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859,
29, autumnu.—Braxiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).

Alauda rubra, Gu. ; Alauda rufa, Wis. ; Anthus spinoletta, Bon., AUD. ;
Alauda pennsylvanica, Briss. ; ?Alauda pennsylvanica, Bonn. Encycl.
Méth. I, 1790, 319.

2?Motacilla hudsonica, Lats. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503.—Vrertnor, Encyel.
Méth. II, 1823, 447.

Anthus pennsylvanica, ZANDER; Anthus aquaticus, AuD.; Anthus pipiens,
Avp.; Anthus rubens, MERREM. ; Anthus reinhardtii, HOLBoLL, Fauna
Greenland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland).

Figures: Aup. B. A. III, pl. 140.—Is. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 80.—Witson,
V, pl. 89.

Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba,
Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. ((Gétke). Not noted in
West Indies.

In spring the colors are purer than in autumn; the upper parts
more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost
entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under
parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The bill and legs also
appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast
more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autumnal
specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does also
the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller.

An Anthus labelled A. rupestris (obscurus), from Greenland, is
not app¥eciably different from true ludovicianus; the legs being
paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this
respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the
same. As the obscurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green-
land bird, and the ludovicianus (reinhardtii of Hélboll) is said to
be common, I presume there is an error in the label.

This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of
North America, and probably far into South America, as there are
specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, which,
in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish
from typical ludovicianus. A single instance is recorded of its
occurrence in Europe; nainely, in the island of Heligoland, in the
North Sea, where Herr Giitke has found so many stragglers from
America and Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe.

Specimens are in the collection from various localities throughout
the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacifie coast, as also
from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Labrador, Fort
Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon
or Fort Anderson). Others are as follows :—

ANTHUS. 155

Smith-|Collee- Sex ™
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Wien Received from Collected by
Collected.
No. No. | Age. |
18,5922]. .. .. | Greenland. nisi Copenhagen Mus.|] ___......-.-
u P -
32,176 | 3,398 dv Cape St. Lucas. |Nov. 23, ’59.| J. Xantus. J. Xantus.
32,462 189 | Orizaba, Mex. sere Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast.

(18,592?) Labelled 4. rupestris.

Anthus pratemsis.

Alauda pratensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 287.—Anthus pratensis, Brcust.
Deutsch. Vogel, III, 1807, 732.—Krys. & Buas. Wirb. Europas,
1840, 172.—ZanveEr, Cab. Jour. I, extra ed. heft, 1853, 60.—PavtL-
sen, ed. Hétsott, Faun. Gronlands, 1846, 24.—Reinuarpr, Ibis,
1861, 6.—Newton, Goutp’s Iceland, 1863.
Figures: Gouxp’s Birds Europe, pl. 136.
Hab. Europe generally; accidental in Greenland; common in Lapland
(Newton).

This species in general form resembles the A. ludovicianus, the
fifth primary in both being abruptly and considerably shorter than
the outer four; the bill and legs quite similar. The average size
appears much the same. The upper parts are, however (especially
the head and back), more distinctly streaked with dusky; the edge
and inside of wing greenish-yellow, not white, and the upper plumage
and outer edges of the quills decidedly olive-green. The shafts of
the middle tail feathers above are whitish, not dark-brown ; the under
parts greenish-white, conspicuously streaked with dark-brown. The
bill is dusky, the base and edges paler; the legs dusky flesh color,
not dark-brown.

I introduce this species here as having been found in Greenland,
although Reinhardt mentions only one instance of its occurrence.
The specimens examined are from Denmark.

b. Nerocorys, Sclater.

Neocorys, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857,5. (Type Alauda spraguei, Aup.)—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 233.

Anthus spraguei.
Alauda spraguei, Aup. B. A. Vil, 1843, 335, pl. 486.—Agrodoma spragquei,
Barrp, Stansbury’s Rep, 1852, 329.—Neocorys spraguei, SCLATER,
P. Z. S. 1857, 5.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 234.—Buaxistoy,
Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).

Hab. Plains of Yellowstone and Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan.

156 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The description of this species, as given in the Birds of North
America, was taken from a type specimen received from Mr. Audu-
bon. <A second skin, collected by Capt. Blakiston on the Forks of
the Saskatchewan, differs in having the tertials nearly as long as
the primaries (about one-tenth of an inch shorter). The hind claw,
too, is considerably longer, measuring .53 of an inch, instead of .46.
In other respects the specimens appear similar. <A similar discre-
pancy in length of hind claw is seen in Anthus ludovicianus, where
it is sometimes considerably longer than the toe alone.

| | |

Smith- | Collec-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. ae
No. No. | Age. | ;

Received from Collected by

S. F. Baird. | J. J. Audubon.
Capt. Blakiston.

1,884 | .. | .. | Fort Union, Dac. 1843.
16,766 | Saskatchewan. f

|
{

(1,884. ) Type specimen.

ce. Notrocorys, Baird.

Notiocorys, Baipp. (See page 151 of present work.)

Anthus rufus.

?Alauda rufa, Gh. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 798 (based on petite Alouette de
Buenos Ayres, Burr. pl. enl. 738, 1).

2Anthus rufus, Burm. Syst. Uebersicht, III, 1856, 118 (Brazil).

Anthus rufus, LawkENcE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).

Hab. Isthmus Panama (and eastern South America ?).

(277, Lawr. coll., 4.) Outer four primaries very nearly equal and longest,
the 5th mediate between 4th and 6th. Inner secondaries nearly equal to
primaries. Hind toe and claw nearly equal to the tarsus; the claw rather
longer than its digit, sharp, moderately curved ; outstretched toes reaching
the end of tail.

Above dusky brown, the feathers edged laterally with pale fulvous; most
so on the hind neck, least on the middle of the back. Beneath soiled white,
with a faint tinge of yellowish; perhaps very faintly fulvous on crissum and
on breast. A pale line over the eye; ear coverts and sides of neck as de-
scribed on the hind neck; rest of cheeks slightly specked with dusky.
Jugulum and sides of breast, and edge of wing on the inside, with shaft
streaks of dusky, which at the ends widen into arrow-shaped spots. Wing
feathers edged as described, the Ist primary more gray, the secondaries more
olivaceous. Outer tail feathers white, with a streak of dusky along the edge
of inner web for basal half, the next similar, with the dusky streak extending
nearly to the end of the inner web, and nearly as wide as the white portion.
(Third feather wanting in the specimen.) Bill dusky above, pale below, be-
coming darker to the tip; legs flesh coor.

ANTHUS. 157

Total length, 4.35 ; wing, 2.26; tail, 1.94; difference between Ist and 6th
quills, .32; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, .35, along gape,
.61; tarsus, .77; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .20; hind toe and
claw, .70; claw alone, .40

This species is much like Neocorys spraguez in appearance, though
much smaller (an inch and a half shorter), and with a greenish-yellow
gloss on the under parts, wanting in the former. The coloration is
otherwise very similar. The wings are shorter and not so much
pointed, the 5th quill being half way between the 4th and 6th, instead
of being two-fifths of the total distance from the 6th, and three-fifths
from the 4th. The hind toe and claw are perhaps not quite as long,
but still about equal to the tarsus. Whatever, therefore, be the
validity of the genus Neocorys, the N. spraguei appears to be the
nearest relative of the present species, agreeing with it in shorter
tail and longer legs compared with Anthus, but differing from both
in the shorter, more rounded wings.

Iam by no means certain of the correctness of identification of
the specimen. No South American birds are, perhaps, in a greater
state of confusion than the Titlarks; and in the absence of accurate
indications of the proportions of the quills, etc., so necessary in de-
fining species which vary so little in color, it is exceedingly difficult
to come to an accurate conclusion on the subject. It is not at all
improbable that the present species may prove to be undescribed, as
it is its diminutive size, rather than anything else, that has caused
its reference to the Alauda rufa of Gmelin.

Smith-| Collec-| Sex
i : When :
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.

86 | ¢ | Panama R. R. | a | Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb.

d. Prpiocorys, Baird.
Pediocorys, Batrp. (See page 151 of the present work.)
Although there are no members of the present section known with
certainty to belong to North or Middle America, I describe the two

South American species before me as a contribution to the history
of the genus.

Anthus bogotensis.

Anthus bogotensis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1855, 109, pl. 101 ; 1858, 550 (Bo-
gota and Ecuador).

158 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Anthus rufescens, D’Ors. & Larr. Mag. Zool. 1836.—D’Ors. Voyage,
226 (Bolivia). Not rufescens of Temminck.

(30,912, Quito.) Plumage very dense and full on the under parts; wings
broad, their point formed by the outer five primaries, of which the 4th is
longest ; then 3d, and 5th equal 2d, little shorter; the first .14 shorter than
the 5th, and .20 longer than 6th, about equal to the longest secondary. Tail
moderately forked, rather shorter than the wings. Hind claw quite consider-
ably curved, and short, about equal to its digit.

Feathers of upper parts light brownish-yellow, streaked centrally and con-
spicuously with dark-brown ; scarcely appreciable on the wing coverts, which
are more rufous. Ocular regions with under parts pale buff, lighter posteriorly
and on chin and lores; darker on the inside of the wings. Sides of neck streaked
with dark-brown, and a series of scarcely appreciable dusky spots in the tips
of the feathers across jugulum, very few in number (scarcely more than one
row). Quills broadly edged internally with dull cinnamon. Outer tail feathers
rufous, or brownish-white at tip and for about exterior half, including the
region both sides the shaft ; second feather with slight streaks of the same
along the end of the shaft; other feathers dark-brown, edged like the back.
Bill brown, whitish at base below. Legs flesh color.

A second specimen (35,035) agrees much better with Dr. Sclater’s descrip-
tion, in being paler on the belly and crissum; darker above; the hind claw
longer (.55). The wing formula differs in being 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, and the 6th quill
is exactly midway from the 5th and 7th (.17 of an inch).

Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.35; tail, 2.90; length of bill from forehead,
.62, from nostril, .37; along gape, .80; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .83;
hind toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .40.

Smith | Cotte | Sex |

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gs Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. 7 nel

30,912 ata Quito, Ecuador. tate | C.R. Buckalew. | ~~ ......

35,035 | be | Ecuador. | J. Akhurst. Seiatsicts

Anthus ————.

(21,035, 41, Uruguay.) Wings not much longer than the tail; the rounded
point formed by five outer primaries; wing formula 3.4=2, 1, 5, the latter
which is one-fourth the distance from 4th to 6th. Inner secondaries rather
shorter than the 5th quill. Feet much as in Neocorys ; the hind claw nearly
straight, rather longer than its digit.

All feathers of upper parts blackish-brown, conspicuously margined on each
side (but not at tips) with brownish-yellow, which becomes grayish towards
the ends (except perhaps on the lower back); these margins proportionally
widest on the hind neck. Under parts soiled white, with a pale brownish or
buff (not yellow) tinge; palest on throat, crissum, and middle of belly, deepest
on inside of wing and inner margin of quills; the feathers of jugulum, upper
breast, and sides of body with conspicuous shaft streaks of blackish-brown ;
feathers on the sides tinged throughout with pale brownish. Loral, ocular,

ANTHUS. 159

and superciliary region grayish-white ; rest of cheeks speckled with brownish.
The blackish ground color of upper surface of wings almost concealed by the
broad edgings of yellowish-brown, varying in shade of color, and becoming
much paler on the outer primaries, inner secondaries, and greater wing coverts.
Tail feathers dark-brown ; the outer brownish or soiled white on the outer web,
and on the inner web along the shaft from near the base, widening to the end
so as to embrace the tip; next feather with outer web and a short terminal
streak only white, the remaining feathers narrowly edged externally with the
same. Bill dusky, except at base below ; legs flesh color.

Total length, 5.70; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.65; difference between 3d and 5th
quills, .10; between 3d and 6th, .36; length of bill from forehead, .56, from
nostril, .35; along gape, .65; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .75; claw
alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .96; claw alone, .52.

A specimen (26,362) which was sold to Dr. Leidy, as from western
North America, is scarcely distinguishable in any respect, except the
purer white of tail and rather paler colors; and I am inclined to
think that it really came, like the preceding bird, from Uruguay, as
it is of precisely the same ‘make up” of skin, and was obtained
from the father of the collector (Chr. Wood), who accompanied
Capt. Page. It is, however, proper to state that a brother of this
same collector (W. 8. Wood) obtained many specimens of birds
from the plains east of the Rocky Mountains; and if the bird in
question really came thence, it will be necessary to introduce the
species into the Fauna of North America.

This species is quite similar in external appearance to Neocorys
spraguei, and of about the same size. The wings are, however,
considerably shorter and more rounded; the point of the wing
formed by five, not four quills. The legs are much the same. There
is a much greater preponderance of reddish-brown on the upper
parts, and of buff below; the axillars are brownish, not grayish-
white, and there is much less white (and of less purity) on the tail.

Smith-| Collec. Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. es
21,035 100 | J Uruguay. Aug. 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Chr. Wood.
26,362 oo | oe Uruguay? a Dr. Leidy. ? ?
|

160 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Famity SYLVICOLID#:!

The Sylvicolide are essentially characterized among the Oscines
with nine primaries,? by their small size, the usually slender and
conical insectivorous bill, shorter than the head, without angle in
the gape near the base ; the toes deeply cleft so as to leave the inner
one free almost to its very base (except in Mniotiltex), ete. The
shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of a deeply fissured tip,
distinguishes the family from the Cerebide, to some of which there
is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt hook

1 A diagnostic table of families will be given as an appendix to the work.

2 Although we speak of the absence of the outer or first primary, and the
presence of nine only as characterizing most of the Oscines, the expression is
not strictly correct, as in all cases where I have made a careful search, I have
never failed to find the first primary in a rudimentary condition. Indeed
the gradation from the very short, though evident spurious primary of some
of the Vireos, to the stage in others of the genus where this primary appears
entirely wanting, is merely the difference between its being placed so as to rest
on the inner side of the basal portion of the shaft of the outer large feather
or moved round so as to lie on its outer side. It occupies the terminal
joint of the wing, just as when well developed, and is only overlooked be-
cause confounded with the coverts of the primaries. Its presence can easily
be demonstrated by comparing the wing of a Thrush, with distinct first pri-
mary, and that of a Sparrow, Swallow, or other bird, in which this primary is
wanting (very well seen in Quiscalus). In the Thrush, for instance, there will
be seen the usual coverts on the outside of the primaries, each one with its
sheath inserted into that of the corresponding primary, and resting a little on
the external side of the barrel of the quill. The first quill lacks a covert;
all the rest, nine in number, have one each. The first covert is usually much
shorter than the rest, and stands singly when there is a distinct, though
abbreviated first primary, asin Zurdus. In a Sparrow, however, or Quiscalus,
there appears to be a second short covert, immediately beneath the one just
referred to, but which, on examination, is seen to occupy the true place of the
deficient first primary. Whenever, therefore, there are apparently only nine
primaries, it is probable that two of these short stiff feathers will be found,
and with ten distinct primaries only one will be found. When there is any
peculiar coloration of the primaries, not seen in the other feathers of the
wing, this second of the short feathers will have it, and not the outside one,
as will be referred to more particularly hereafter, especially under Vireo

Jflavifrons.

SYLVICOLIDA. 161

and notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the Vireonida
as have nine primaries. ‘To the Tanagride, through the slender-
billed forms as Chlorospingus, Nemosia, Chlorochrysa, etc., the
relationship is very close; so much so that, by many, both families
are included in one. What the real differences are, | may hereafter
be able to point out more satisfactorily than I can at present.

The American Motacillide are distinguished by the emargination
of the outer, and the great elongation of the inner secondaries, as well
as by other features referred to under that family. Anthus, in par-
ticular, differs in the lengthened and slightly curved hind claw.

There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer
than to the Cerebidx. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of
a somewhat similar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at
that many species in each family have been indifferently assigned to
either. The genus Helminthophaga, for instance, can scarcely be
so defined as to distinguish it from Conirostrum, excepting by the
characters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a skin. What the
external features of distinction are, I hope to show hereafter. I am
by no means sure that some species even now retained among the
Sylvicolide would not be more appropriately placed in Cerebide,
as Helminthophaga bachmani, Parula gutturalis, ete.

The tongue in the Sylvicolide is horny for the greater portion of
its extent; more or less deeply bifid at the tip for about one-fourth
or one-fifth the length, the branches fringed or lacerated along their
external margin. It is short and rather broad at the base, and not as
extensible, as in the Cxrebide. The essential difference in structure
from that of the Caerebide seems to be that, in some of the latter,
as Glossiptila and Certhiola, there is a second vertical plane erected
along the inner edge of the bifurcation or division of the tip of the
tongue, and more or less perpendicular to it, which is itself lacerated
or fringed, so as to increase materially the size of the terminal brush.
In Chlorophanes and Dacnis this vertical plane is folded outward
upon the horizontal lamina, and perhaps partially or entirely ad-
herent, and thickening considerably the inner portion of the fork.
The primary bifurcation of the tongue, however, in all the Cerebide,
is also much deeper (about one-third the whole length), and the
lateral fringe extends much further along the base. There are other
differences in the tongues of the Cerebide, of generic import, which
will hereafter be dwelt on more at length.

To the general character of the tongue in the Sylvicolide, however,
that of “Dendroica tigrina” forms a striking exception in its approxi-
mation ta the Cerebine character, especially that of Certhiola. The

11 November, 1864.

162 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

tongue, in this instance, is much longer, and narrower than usual ;
bifid for more than one-third its length, and fringed at the end, much
asin Cerlhiola. It differs from other Sylvicolide, also, in having
the sides of the tongue, from the middle, folded over and down on
the upper surface, though not adherent, nor does the lap extend quite
to the tip. This characteristic of the fold, and the absence of a ver-
tical fimbriated lamina adherent to the inner edge of the horizontal
bifurcation of the tongue, appears essentially peculiar to this bird.
This difference of the tongue in “Dendroica tigrina” is so funda-
mentally great, as compared with all other Sylvicolide, that were
the other characteristics of seasonal changes of plumage, geographi-
eal distribution and migration, pattern of coloration, etc. more
similar, it would almost warrant our removing it to another family,
if not making it the type of a new one. As it is, it becomes neces-
sary to establish a new genus (Perissoglossa) for it, left now among
the Sylvicolide, but perhaps hereafter to be transferred elsewhere.
The following diagrams of tongues of some of the Cerebide,
Sylvicolidx, and Vireonide have been drawn, at my request, on
wood under the microscope by Dr. W. Stimpson; to whom, also, I
am indebted for the accompanying remarks' relative to their charac-

' «The tongues are all fissured, or bifid at the extremity, by a slit of variable
depth ; one-third the length of the tongue in Glossiptila, Certhiola, and Perisso-
glossa, but only one-sixth its length in Vireo; in the others averaging about
one-fourth its length. By this slit two forks are formed, which are depressed,
corneous, laminiform, and incised along the extremity and outer edge by
more or less numerous fissures which form a fringe of flattened sete con-
tiguous at base, but becoming narrowed and thus separately projecting in the
same plane at their extremities. The lateral sete are transverse or even
curved backward in Glessiptila, but point obliquely forward in all the other
species.

‘“‘The inner edge of the fork is always much thicker than the external
laminar expansion, and generally ends in a sharp spine, far stronger than the
proximate sete. But in Glossiptila and Certhiola this inner edge is itself
expanded upward into a narrow lamina, which is either in a plane perpen-
dicular to the lateral expansion or folded over toward it, and this second
lamina is also divided into oblique or longitudinal sete toward its extremity.
At the extremity of the fork the two laminz are confluent, continuous, and
regularly fimbriated around the curve.

“Tn Certhiola and Perissoglossa the sides of the tongue at the base of the
forks are folded over and inward, but in Certhiola the folds are soldered down
to the base and inner edge of the forks; while in Perissoglossa they are not
soldered, but open outward again anteriorly before the edges become fimbri-
ated, so that the extremity of this tongue (Perissoglossa) is broad, and the
sete nearly longitudinal.

7

——

SYLVICOLID®. 163

teristics as they appeared to him from a purely microscopical yoint
of view.

7
e 7 (.
8 9

nny J
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Glossiptila ruficollis. Jamaica. 6. Dendroica striata. Nassau.
9. Certhiola bahamensis, Nassau. 7. Helminthophaga celata. Arctic America,
3. Ohlorophanes atricapilla. Trinidad. 8. Teretristis fornsii. Cuba.
4. Dacnis cayana. ne 9. Vireo barbatula, Nassau.
5. Perissoglossa tigrina. Nassau.

The following figures represent one branch of the bifurcated tip
of each tongue more highly magnified. The references are the same
as in the preceding figures.

7a Sa 9a

Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6 were drawn from alcoholic specimens; 1, 5, 7, 8, and 9 from tongues
removed from the dried skin, and therefore perhaps not perfectly accurate.

“The base of the tongue is bifid and armed with teeth pointing backward
to prevent the escape of food. The largest teeth are at the extremities of the
two points. In Certhiola, Perissoglossa, Dendroica, and Teretristis the teeth
are all sharp, with the intermediate teeth nearly as large as the terminal
ones, and there are two or three teeth on the outer sides of the points. In
Glossiptila there is only one tooth on these outer edges. Vireo differs from
all the rest in having a broad and shallow excavation between the two points,
which are short, stout, and blunt; and the edge of this excavation is armed
with very minute, equal teeth, while there are no true teeth on the outer
edges of the points.” —Stimpson.

164 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

In further illustration of the character of the tongue in the Sylvi-
colide, I here present the result of an examination of alcoholic
specimens of other families, some of these, unfortunately, in poor
condition.

Turpipa: Turdus migratorius and swainsoni have the tongue
rather acute, and fleshy, with horny edges and tip, which is almost
entire or very slightly bifid, and its sides very little, if at all, lacerated.

Saxicotip#: Sialia sialis. Tongue similar to last, perhaps still
less lacerated.

Sytvupm: Regulus satrapa. Tongue rather broad; very slightly
Jacerated around the ends of the horny part, but apparently not bifid.

These three families seem to agree pretty well in having the tongue
either entire at the end, or very slightly bifid or notched, with the
edges nearly entire. The appearance of laceration may, to a con-
siderable extent, be due to the softening of the membranes of the
horny portion of the tongue, which allows the apparently fibrous
basis to be liberated around the edges.

In the Motacillide and Sylvicolide the tongue differs in being
more horny, more deeply bifid at tip, and the outer edges and tip
of the two portions lacerated or coarsely divided into a fringe, usu-
ally in the ends, to a less degree on the sides, and in a direction
nearly parallel with the axis of the tongue, or radiating from the
bottom of the notch. The horny part of the tongue is quite con-
siderable, and the notch involves generally about one-third or one-
fourth of it (less of the entire tongue). In making this generaliza-
tion I have examined the following species :—

Moracinitip#: Anthus ludovicianus.

Sytvicotip“#: Mniotilta varia; Parula americana; Proto-
notaria citrea; Geothlypis trichas; Icteria virens; Teretristis
fornsti; Seiurus aurocapillus and noveboracensis ; Dendroica
virens, canadensis, coronata, blackburnia, castanea, pennsylvanica,
striata, estiva, maculosa, ‘tigrina,” palmarum, discolor ; Helmintho-
phaga celata and ruficapilla ; Myiodioctes mitratus, pusillus, cana-
densis ; Setophaga ruticilla—twenty-six species in all. I have not
had the opportunity of examining any species of Helmitherus or
Oporornis ; nor of Dendroica superciliosa, which I much regret.*

' Tam indebted to Prof. Agassiz for the opportunity of examining [Zelmin-
thophaga ruficapilla.

SYLVICOLIDA. 165

Icteria and Teretristis do not differ from the rest, although it has
been suggested to place the latter genus in Cwrebide.

The Pariw# (Parus septentrionalis, Auriparus flaviceps, Psal-
triparus minimus, Sitta canadensis) have the tongue thicker and
more fleshy than in Sylvicolidx ; only moderately horny at ends and
tips, and only slightly bifid and lacerated, much less than in Sylvico-
lidx, and about as in Turdidex, but less horny.

The Hsrunpinip& (7. horreorum and bicolor) have the tongue
short, broad, triangular, quite fleshy, with a shallow notch at end, the
sides scarcely or not at all lacerated.

The VirEoNID# (V. crasstrostris and barbatula) have the tongue
more like the Paridz than the Sylvicolide.

The characteristics of C#REBID®, as far as I have been able to
examine their tongues, I have already referred to in detail. The
other families of Oscines will hereafter be referred to.

In the TYRANNID# the tongues of Muscivora mexicana, Pitangus
derbianus, and Todirostrum are horny for most of their length,
nearly linear, or gently tapering to a blunt, almost truncated tip,
which is not bifid, but has several short incisions in the end.

In the Topip# the tongue of Yodus viridis is broad and linear
to the blunt tip (shaped like the bill), and throughout horny, thin-
edged and entire.

In GALBULIDA a Galbula from South America has the tongue
equally horny, but long, narrow, tapering gently to a point, and
without any incision whatever.

In the “ Birds of North America” I have dwelt at much length
upon the characters by which the North American genera of Sylvico-
lide are distinguished, and refer to that work for particulars, repro-
ducing here only some of the diagnostic tables, with a few modifica-
tions. ‘These can doubtless be much improved ; but I have not time
at present to attempt to work them over again, and must content
myself here with dwelling in detail only on the forms of Middle and
South America. It will be noticed hereafter that while the Sylvico-
line proper belong essentially to North America, it is in Middle and
South America that the Setophagine have the greatest development.

The following synopsis is an attempt at defining the higher sub-
divisions of the Sylvicolidx. In the large number of species, their
close relationships, and the very gradual transition from one form to
another, I have found it very difficult to make any arrangement by

166 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT I.

which one unacquainted with the subject can readily determine the
group to which a species or genus may belong.

e

Bill conical; its bristles very short, or wanting.

Sylvicoline. Bill conical, or about as high as wide, or even
higher, opposite the nostrils. Gape with short bristles, not
reaching beyond the nostrils ornone. Tip of bill not hooked ;
with or without a faint notch; commissure nearly straight.
Wings long and pointed; considerably longer than the
narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak; tarsi not
as long as the head (except in Mniotilia).

Basgl joint of inner toe adherent for its basal half; basal
joint of outer toe, and part of the next, adherent (in all
other Sylvicolide the inner toe cleft nearly to the base,
and second joint of outer toe free). Hind toe lengthened,
nearly equal to the middle ; the digit considerabiy longer
than the claw. Creeping Warblers. Genera: Mniotilta, -
Parula A : 5 : , 5 ; : - Mniotiltece

Hind toe but little, if any, longer than the lateral; the
digit about equal to the claw.

Bill entirely without notch, except Protonotarius ;
norictal bristles. Swamp Warblers. Genera: Pro-
tonotarius, Helminthophaga, Helmitherus ; . Vermivoree.

Bill notched. Rictus with distinct bristles, reaching
nearly to the nostrils. Wood Warblers. Genera:
Perissoglossa, Dendroica. : : : . Sylvicolee.

Geothlypine. Bill muchas in Sylvicoline ; with distinct notch ;

slender, or stout, the culmen gently curved; the commis-

sure nearly straight. Legs much developed; tarsi longer

than the skull. Bristles of rictus short, but appreciable.

Ground Warblers.
Wings pointed ; longer than the nearly even tail. Genera:
Seiurus, Oporornis : ; = : ¢ : . Seuiree.

Wings much rounded; shorter than the graduated tail.

Genus: Geothlypis : . : : : : - Geothlypec.

Icteriane. Bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Culmen and
commissure much curved. Wings much rounded; shorter
than the tail.
Bill very high. Tail graduated. Outer toe deeply cleft.
Genera: Jcteria, Granatellus . 6 a 6 : . Icteriec.

Bill slender. Tail nearly even. Outer toe adherent for
basal half. Genus: Teretristis . 5 : : . Teretristee.

MNIOTILTA. 167

Bill depressed ; rictus with long bristles.

Setophagine. Bill much depressed ; considerably broader than
high; the tip more or less hooked, with distinct notch.
Bristles lengthened, reaching half way or more from the
nostrils to tip of bill.

The synopsis of the sections and generic characters of the Seto-
phaginz will be found further on under the head of that subfamily.

As already remarked, the species of Sylvicolide, as here re-
stricted, are all of very small size, scarcely exceeding six inches in
length, usually less ; dcterza alone is larger.

Supraminy SYLVICOLINA.

MNIOTILTA, Viertt1.

Mniotilta, Vinitiot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type Figuier varié, Burr.
(Motacilla varia, Liny.)).

Mniotilta waria.

Motacilla varia, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 333.—Certhia varia, Virm.or; Av-
puBon.—Mniotilta varia, Vietiot, Gal. Ois. I, 1834, 276, pl. 169.
—Aovp., GossE.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 235.—Scuarer, P. Z. S.
1858, 298 (Oaxaca, Xalapa) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 1855, 143 (Bo-
gota) ; 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mex.).—Is. Catal.
1861, 25, no. 162.—Scr. & Saty. Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).—New-
ToN, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).—Cas. Jour. III, 475 (Cuba;
winter).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1859 (Bahamas; April 20).—
Gossz, Birds Jam. 134 (Jamaica; winter).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda,
1859, 29 (October).—Cas. Jour. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.; winter).—
Gunpu. Cab. Journ. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).

Certhia maculata, Wits.—Mniotilta borealis, Nur.

Mniotilta varia, var. longirostris, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxi, no.
167.—Is. Catal. in 8vo. 1859, no. 167*.

Figures: Aup. Orn. Biog. V, pl. 90; Birds Am. II, pl. 114.—Wuzsoy,
Am. Orn. III, pl. xix.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, and north to Fort Simpson.
Both coasts of Mexico (as far north as Mazatlan, on west side), and south-
ward to Bogota. Whole West Indies and Bermuda.

Localities quoted. Bahamas; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Santa Cruz; W.
Indies ; Cordova, Xalapa, Oaxaca, Mex. ; Guatemala; Panama R. R. ; Bogota.

168 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have nothing especial to add to the account of this species con-
tained in the “ Birds of North America,” except to say that. the
differences there referred to in the length of the bill are seen in the
more recent specimens, and belong more particularly to southern
skins. Dr. Brewer considers the eggs of the southern bird so differ-
ent as to warrant their specific separation. I find it, however, very
difficult to express the differences other than as consisting in longer
bill and less degree of black beneath.

This species is remarkable as occurring at Mazatlan and Colima,
and not in California or the Rocky Mountains.

Smith- Collee-| Sex hen
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. z
32,622 | 997 .. | Fort Simpson. May28,"61.|| Bock. sRoss:) 7 ila wie. oie
18,685 oe ¢ | Portsmouth, N. H. iste Drei COCK. 2 mill Win i keieereisre
4,680 .. | Mo. of Vermilion. | May 5. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
68 od | Carlisle, Pa. May, 1839. SSE Baird (27) © Ase niciee
10,105 .. | South Illinois. April. Re ennicotts mel | puccsteee
32,227 gd | Liberty County, Ga. Sia Prof. Leconte.) ||, ——wejsis'oa
8,673 .. | Cape Florida. Sept. 25,’57.| G. Wurdemann. | __......
22,145 Q | Spanishtown, Jam. mies Wiese Murc hep ellie J versie
24,356 26 Jo ss Nov. 4, ’61. A, Gee Si WERAe Atcrefaterore
23,308 ¢ | Trelawney, Jam. Jan. 13, ’59.| Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.
ete .. | Santa Cruz. Mar. 21,°57.| Alfred Newton. | _......
23,516 ais o& | Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan.17,’61.} Chas. Wright. | ~~ ......
34,019 | 126 .. | Mazatlan. sists ‘AD. GTBYSON:. |, " — taisiaicisie
29,357 122 & | Colima, Mex. Feb. 1863. Johmeantwes ss) WN 2 veeretercs
30,666 | 179 .. | Retaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.
30,667 177 bie Duenas, Guat. aie Le Sn aidennis
34,102 as gd | Punta Arenas, C. R.| Jan. 1864. Capt iDowsne . jl) ascii
33,268 61 .. | San Jose, C. R. siete Dri Ver erantzimsy|) 9 szctelclers
54,646 as og | Angostura, C. R. Mar. 9, ’64. DRCALNION “seal eo ices

PARULA, Bon.

.

Chloris, Bo1xz, Isis, 1826, 972 (not of Maurine, 1752). (Type Parus
americanus, L.)

Sylvicola, Swaryson, Zool. Jour. III, July, 1827, 160 (not of Humpurey,
Mus. Calonnianum, 1797, 60). (Same type.)

Parula, Bon., Geog: Comp. Cat. 1838. (Same type.)

Compsothlypis, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 20. (Same type.) (Parula
rejected as contrary to the Linnean canons of nomenclature.)

If Mcehring’s genera are rejected as made prior to the establish-
ment of the Linnean binomial nomenclature, and by a non-binomial
author, there is, perhaps, no reason why Boie’s name Chloris should
not be adopted for this group. I, however, leave the matter in
abeyance for the present.

PARULA. 169

The following synopsis may aid in determining the species of
Parula :—

A. Color above plumbeous blue, with a triangular interscapular
patch of olive; beneath yellow anteriorly. Lateral tail
feathers with a square patch of white on inner webs.

Yellow reaching only to breast. Feathers of jugulum
clouded with dark brownish. Eyelids only white.
White patches on three lateral tail feathers. Two white

bands on wings 5 + americana.

Yellow extending over the belly. Jugulum only slightly
varied with ochraceous. No white on side of head.
white patches on two lateral tail feathers. Two white
bands on wings. Forehead and lores black . - pityayumt.

Similar to last, but without white on the wings. Jugulum

not ochraceous 3 5 : : ; 5 . inornata.

B. Above ashy. No white on wings and tail, except on inner

margins of lateral tail feathers. Beneath yellow or red
anteriorly.

From chin to breast yellow, with a well defined brown
crescent on throat. Whole back olivaceous. A stripe

over eye, and eyelids white . ° : . : - superciliosa,

From chin to jugulum plain orange-red. A crescentic
saddle of black on the back. No white on side of head.

Lores black : ° “ : . . - gutturalis.

Parula americana.

Parus americanus, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. I, 1758, 190.—Motacilla am.
Gmeuin.—Sylvia am, Latu., Aup.— Sylvicola am. Ricu., Avp.—
Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1839, 59.—Parula am. Bon. List Birds N. A.
1838.—Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 154 (Jamaica).—Bairp, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 238.—Scuater, P. Z. 8S. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).—In. Ibis,
1859, 10 (Guatemala).—In. Catal. 1861, 26, 163.—NeEwron, Ibjs,
1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1860, 376
(St. Thomas).—Gunpracu, Cub. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very com-
mon),— Compsothlypis am. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 20.—Is. Jour. III,
1855, 476 (Cuba).

Ficedula ludoviciana, Brisson. —Motacilla lud. Gm.—Motacilla eques,
Bopp.—Sylvia torquata, Viriw..—Thrysthorus torg. StEPHENS.—
Sylvia pusilla, Wins.—Sylvicola pus. Swarns.

Figures: Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. xv.—Is. B. A. II, pl. 91.—Viert. Ois.

Am. II, pl. 99.—Wits. Am. Orn. IV, pl. xxviii.—Burron, pl. enl.
fol, figs, (09. fig.

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to the Lakes, west to the
Missouri Valley ; in winter south to Guatemala (not seen on the west coast
of Mexico). West Indies; Bahamas ; Cuba; Jamaica; St. Croix; St. Thomas.

170

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[PART I.

a

|
Smith- Collec-
sonian tor’s

No.

22,301
2,219

bo

| No.
|

338 |

8,647
4,671
29,629
24,341

30,669

35

132

Sex
and
Age.

¢

> 8,705, 5 40

|
Locality.

| Halifax, N.S.
| Carlisle.

| Cape Florida.

Mo. of Platte River.
Fermina, Cuba.
Spanishtown, Jam.
| Santa Cruz.

| Coban, Vera Paz.

Parula pitiayumi.

When
Collected.

May 3, 45,
May 1, *41.

Sept. 27, ’7.
April 27,’56.

Feb. 18.
Nov. 6, ’61.

Mayr. 24, ’57.
Nov. 18, ’59.

Received from

W. G. Winton.

S. F. Baird.

G. Wurdemann.
Lt. Warren,

C. Wright.

'W. T. March.

A. & E. Newton.
O. Salvin.

Collected by

Salvin & Godman.

Sylvia pitiayumi, Virittot, Nouv. Dict. Il, 1816, 276.—Compsothlypis

pit. Cas. Mus. Hein. 21.—Parula pit. Scuarer, Cat. 26, no. 165.

Sylvia venusta, TemM. Pl. Col. 293, fig. 1.—D’Ors. Voy. IV, 1844; Ois.

218.—Sylvicola ven. Burm. Uebers. III, 116.

Sylvia plumbea, Swarys. Zool. Ill. II, 1821-2, pl. 139.
Parula brasiliana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 137;

1860, 273.— Compsothlypis bras. ScuateER, P. Z. 8. 1855, 143 (Bogota).

Hab. South America, generally to Paraguay ; Ecuador; Bogota; Trinidad.

(20,972.) Above plumbeous-blue, with a patch of olive-green in middle of

back, as in P. americana.

Beneath rich yellow; slightly ochraceous on the

jugulum ; the inside of wings, anal region, and crissum snowy white. Frontal
band and loral region black ; ears dusky. Two patches of white on the wing.
A square patch of white on inner web of outer tail feather near the end; a

smaller one on the next feather.

and smaller.

Females scarcely different, though duller

Length, 4.25; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.00.

This species differs from P. americana, to which it is nearly allied,
by the greater extension backwards of a deeper yellow, and absence
of the decided brown mark of jugulum; the black frontal and loral
patch ; less amount of white on wing,
tending to the third feather.

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. Newton, has the
breast and jugulum more ochraceous than any other before me.

and the spots on tail not ex-

Smith- Collee-

sonian
No.

20,972
16,335

1,819
32,698
24,967
30,612

tor’s
| No.

56
99

40,430

Sex

and |
Age. |

2
g
:

Locality.

Parana River.
Brazil.

“
“6

Bogota.
Trinidad.

Mar., 1860.

When
Collected.

Aug. 1859.

Received from

Capt. Page.

S. F. Baird.
Verreaux.

L. de Geofroy.
M. Galody.

Collected by

C. Wood.
“ee

PARULA. Vel

Parula inornata.

Parula inornata, BARD.
Parula brasiliana, Scuater & Saty. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Coban, Guatemala).
Not of Licur.

Hab. Guatemala and Costa Rica.

By the kindness of Mr, Salvin I have been enabled to examine a
specimen of the supposed P. pitiayumz, from Guatemala (no. 187
(1,488) Salvin’s coll., Choctun, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860), and find that
it differs sufficiently from the South American bird to entitle it to a
specific name. Mr. Salvin’s specimen is probably a female; but
compared with females of the old species it is decidedly smaller, the
tail especially, and with its feathers narrower. The tarsi are shorter.
The under parts are paler yellow, with very little or no ochraceous
on the breast. The edge of the wing is blue, not white, and the
wing lacks the two sharply defined white bands across the coverts—
their presence being only indicated by a scarcely appreciable lighten-
ing of the blue in the region of the bands.

Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.95; tail, 1.75; width of outer feather, .20;
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29; tarsus, .62; middle toe
and claw, .48; hind toe and claw, .37.

The comparison of this specimen has been made with an extensive
series of P. pitiayumi, from Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, and Paraguay.

Nore.—Since writing the preceding article, specimens received
from Mr. Carmiol fully substantiate the distinctness of the Central
American Bird. One of these shows a little whitish on the edges of
the greater coverts, but none on the median,

Smith-|Collec-) Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollectad Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. é ‘
187) ‘ BA ;

5 1,4886| °° Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. Cab. /O.Salyine ||) scence
34,649 as © | Angustura, C. R. Mary 8,64: | J. Carmiolka ys ei) | scan.
35,221 AS do | Dota, C. R. Aug. 27, 64. ESSE SMRMNE etree (ed By 88-75%
35,222 | .. 2 ee ct Si mms covet it

Parula superciliosa.
Conirostrum superciliosum, Hartuaus, R. Z. 1844, 215 (Guatemala).—
Parula superciliosa, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299.—Is. Catal. 1861,
26, no. 164.—Scrater & Satyin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10.
Parula mexicana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310.—Compsothlypis mexicana,
Caznanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 21.

Hab, Mexico (La Parada, Oaxaca, Orizaba) ; Guatemala.

Upper parts ashy ; interscapulum and whole back, except upper tail coverts,
olive-green ; this color tinging the lesser wing coverts. Beneath, from chin

172 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

to breast, yellow; posterior to this whitish, the sides tinged with ashy. A
brown or chestnut crescent across the throat. Line from bill over the eye
along side of head, with eyelids, white. No white markings on wing and tail.
Length, 4.50; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67.
I have seen no skins marked female, but what I consider to be
such differ only in a smaller patch of brown on the throat.

Smith- Collee- Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected | Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. S| |

10,155 | sv of Mexico. ae Ver GOUlG. i ees Mame Mitel tote lore

32,696 | £0,800 a se [region.) alee Werreaux: 1...) smeeecccies

32,465 | 1,159°| 2. Orizaba. (Alpine sere Prof. Sumichrast. | ‘- ..<..-

Parula gutturalis.

Compsothlypis gutturalis, Cas. Jour, Orn. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica).

(30,499.) Above ashy plumbeous; the whole interscapulum crossed by a
black crescent, the convexity posterior and extending a short distance down
the back. Beneath, from chin to breast, bright orange-red ; rest of under
parts, including lining of wings, white; the sides and concealed centres of the
crissum light plumbeous. Lores and cheeks below line of the eye blackish.
Quills blackish; tail feathers not so dark, edged externally with the plumbe-
ous of the upper parts. The inner webs of lateral tail feathers narrowly
edged with white. No other white markings whatever on the wings and tail,
and none appreciable on the side of head. Bill black, yellow at the base
beneath ; legs plumbeous brown.

Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.55; tail, 2.20; length along culmen, .50; from
nostril, .383; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .56; hind toe and claw, .40;
claw alone, .22.

This—one of the most beautiful of the American Warblers—is
so peculiar in coloration as not to require any comparison. It re-
sembles Dendroica blackburnia in the coloration of the throat, but
is otherwise very different. The specimen upon which the species
was based by Dr. Cabanis, was probably a female, or else in autumnal
dress.

It is not at all impossible that anatomical examination may show
this species to be more nearly related to the Cerebidx than to the
Sylvicolide.

Smith- Collec-) Sex

sonian tor’s | and Locality. Gee Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. oe

30,494 | 14 | Costa Rica. [C. R.

85,220 |... | oc | Rancho Redondo,

ers Dr. Frantzius. | J. Carmiol.
Sept.17,’64| J. Carmiol. fS

!

PROTONOTARIA. U3

PROTONOTARIA, Barrp.
Protonotaria, Bartrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239. (Type Motacilla citrea, Bopp.)

Protonotaria Citrea.

Motacilla citrea, Bopp. Tabl. 1783 (Pl. enl. 704, fig. 2).—Protonotaria
citrea, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239.—Scuarser, Catal. 1861, 26,
no. 166.—Gunput. Cub. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).— Hel-
minthophaga citrea, Cab. Jour. 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).

Motacilla protonotarius, Gm.— Sylvia prot. LATH.—VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept.
Il, pl. lxxxiii.—Wutson, Am. Orn. III, pl. xxiv, fig. 2.—Aup. Orn.
Biog. II, pl. iii.— Vermivora prot. Bon.— Helinaia prot. Aup.—Hel-
mitherus prot. Bon.—Compsothlypis prot. Cas. Jour.

Motacilla auricollis, GmEu. I, 1788, 984.—Sylvia aur. Laru., etc. (based
on Le Grand Figuier du Canada, Brisson, Ois. HI, 1760, 508, pl.
xxvi, fig. 1). Female.—Sylvicola aur. Nutr. Man. I, 1840, 431.

Hiab. Eastern province of U. 8. (southern region) ; Cuba, Costa Rica, and
Panama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or Guatemala. Accidental in New
Brunswick (G. A. Boardman in letter).

Smith- \contee-| Sex Wier

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | Collected,
10,112 | xe .. |S. Illinois. May 9. RiKennicottyyeyl) i. , seces-
7,516 J oss .. | Independence, Mo. 1857. W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper.
18,681 | Neosho Falls, Kans. Na Bry Gossia fy ail Wed Woe;
12,146 .. | Cherokee Nation. June 25, Dr: Woodhouse; ||) isetersise
34,102 do | Punta Arenas, C. R.| Jan. 1864. Capt MieDow sell ain teers
as .. | Panama. 1863. Cab. Lawrence. | _.......

(34,102.) Iris dark chestnut.

HELMINTHOPHAGA, Casanis.
Helminthophaga, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850-1, 20. (Type Sylvia ruficapilla, Wis.)

The discovery, since the article on Helminthophaga in “ Birds N.
Am.” was written, of two new species, allied to ruficapilla, in having
a concealed brown patch in the crown, renders a new diagnosis de-
sirable of section B.

B. Tail without any conspicuous white patch, and wings without
light bands.
Concealed patch in crown orange-brown. Color uniformly
olive-green above and yellowish beneath 5 . . celata.

Concealed patch in crown chestnut-brown.
Olive-green above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath,
including lining of wings, bright yellow. Wing and
tail feathers edged with olive . . : ; . ruficapilla.
Cinereous above; the rump and crissum yellowish.
Beneath, with lining of wings, dirty white, tinged

174 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

with yellow on throat and breast. Wing and tail

feathers edged with ashy . : : : . virgini@.
Cinereous above; whitish beneath. Upper tail coverts

chestnut-brown, as in the vertex. A dull patch of

white on outer tail feather. : : : . lucia.

No concealed patch in the crown.
Olive above; the head and neckashy. Beneath, with
lining of wing, white. A dull patch of white on
outer tail feather . : ‘ . é : . peregrina.

From an examination of the recorded localities of Helminthophaga
it will be seen that, of the eight known species, one (celata) belongs
to the western and middle provinces—straggling into the eastern,
especially along its borders; two (virginiz and luciz) are confined
to the southern region of the middle province ; while the other five
belong exclusively to the eastern province, most of them rather
southern in their range. Of these five, pinus and ruficapilla have
no West Indian localities given ; the others, chrysoptera, bachmani,
and peregrina are very rare there, and found only in Cuba. Their
distribution in Mexico and Central America is varied; but they
hardly belong at all to western Mexico. The most notable feature
in the distribution of both Helminthophaga and Helmitherus, is
their not occurring in the West Indies at all except in Cuba, which
may be merely a stepping stone in the migration between Florida
and Central America, by way of Yucatan.

Helminthophaga pinus.

Certhia pinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 187.—Sylvia pinus, Latu., VIEILL.
(not of Witson).—Helminthophaga pinus, Bair, Birds N. Am. 1858,
254,—Scriater, & Savin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Sciater,
Catal. 1861, 28, no. 176.

Sylvia solitaria, Witson, Am. Orn. II, pl. xv.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl.
xx.—Sylvicola sol. Rica.—Vermivora sol. Sw.—Helinaia sol. Avon.
B. A. I, pl. cxi.—Helmitherus sol. Bon.—Scuater, P. Z. 5. 1856,
291 (Cordova).—Helminthophaga sol. Cas.

Hab. Eastern province of U.S. (rather southern): Eastern Mexico; Guate-
mala. Mecorded localities: Cordova, Mex.; Coban, Guat. Not noted from
West Indies.

Smith-|Collec-] Sex Wh
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll ted Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. eens

“ oe 5 | et
2,229 ae a Carlisle, Pa. May 6, ’45. S. F. Baird. | S. F. Baird.
6,983 61] ¢ | ° St. Louis, Mo. May 12,57.) Lt. Bryan. W.S. Wood.
12,195 | _ .. 2 Creek Nation. Soe Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse.
30,670 | 3,817 | .. | Coban, Vera Paz. 1862. OF Salvin: 9 OS eee
Jd Mexico. Naa VWierresux. siemens

32,708 |32,620
|

HELMINTHOPHAGA. 1s)

Helminthophaga chrysoptera.

Motacilla chrysoptera, Linn. S. Nat. I, 1766, 333.— Sylvia chr. LAtaH.—
Wits. Am. Orn. II, pl. xv, fig. 5.—Bon.—Sylvicola chr. Box.—
Helinaia chr. Aup. B. A. II, pl. evii.—Helmitherus chr. Boy.—
Scrarer P. Z. S. 1855, 143 (Bogota).—Helminthophaga chrysoptera,
Cas. Mus. Hein; Journ. f. Orn. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.—Scrater & Sanvin, Ibis, II, 1860, 397
(Choctum, Guatemala).—Scu. Catal. 1861, 28, no. 177.—LAWRENCE,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 293 (Panama).—Gonpu. Cab. Journ.
1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).

Motacilla flavifrons, Gmeuin.— Sylvia flavifrons, LATH. ©

Hab. Eastern province of U. 8.: Cuba (rare); Guatemala; Costa Rica;
Panama; Bogota. Recorded in West Indies—Cuba only ; not from Mexico.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from
No. | No. | Age. | =
|

Collected by

2,365 5G 3 | Carlisle, Pa. July 8, 1845.) S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird

A .. | Racine, Wis. At Drehe baeboye 4 hi. sees
10,156 os od | Union County, Ill. | May 11. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
659827 een g¢ | St. Louis, Mo. | May 13, ’57.| Lt. Bryan. W. S. Wood.
10,251 .. | Liberty County, Ga. ete Prof. Jos. Leconte.| ——-«.......
30,672 | , Q | Coban, Guat. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm.
30,671 ae co | Choctum, Guat. Jan. 1860. A Ue Ullie- 218 tistes.cr8
32,702 | 43,030} .. | Bogota. sete Werreaux: ee Gasca

(A.) Nest eggs.

Helminthophaga bachmani.

Sylvia bachmani, Avup. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 483, pl. 183.—Sylvicola b.
Ricu.—Vermivora b. Bon.—Helinaia b. Aup. Syn. Birds Am. II,
1841, 93, pl. cviii.—LemsBrye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 36, pl. vi, fig. 1.—
Helmitherus b. Bon.—Helminthophaga b. Cas. Jour. II, 1855, 475
(Cuba, in winter).—Bairp. Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.—Gunp.acu,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).

Hab. Coast of 8S. Carolina and Georgia; Cuba in winter.

|
Smith- \Coltec-| Sex } When
sonian tor’s | and Locality. lnGallacted Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | ie
2,903 | oe | os | Charleston, 8. C. tel S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon.

Helminthophaga ruficapilia.

Sylvia ruficapilla, Wis. Am. Orn. III, 1811, 120, pl. xxvii, fig. 3.—Avp.
Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 450, pl. 89.—Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Batrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 256.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 373 (Xalapa).—
Is. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 178.

Sylvia rubricapilla, Wits. Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 15, General Index.—Nurr.,
Boy.—Sylvicola rub. Rich.—Vermivora rub. Bon. —Reimuarnt, Vid.

175 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Med. for 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).—Brewer, Pf. Bost. Soc. N. H.
VI, 1856, 4 (mest and eggs).—Helinaia rub. Aup. B. A. II, pl.
113.—Helmitherus rub. Bon.—Scu. P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) 3
1859, 363 (Xalapa).—Helminthophaga rub. CaB.—ScuaTer, P. Z. 8.
1858, 298 (Uaxaca; Feb. and Aug.).—Mniotilta rub. Reinnarpr,
Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).

Sylvia leucogastra, Suaw, Gen. Zool. X, u, 1817, 622.

“Sylvia nashville’, ViEtLtor.—Gray.—Sylvia mexicana, HOLBoL.

Hab. Eastern province of N. America, north to line of British America ;
Greenland; south to Mexico; not in West Indies. Recorded from Xalapa,
Cordova, Orizaba, and Oaxaca, Mex.

Smith- Collee-| Sex When

sonian tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b
No. | No. | Age. y Collected. y
26,930 ste se Nova Scotia. Siete W. G. Winton. W.G. Winton.
2,150 é Carlisle, Pa, April 26,’45.| S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird.

2,237 ole =f May 6, 1845. te ie
20,261 22 Lake of the Woods.| May 30, ’60.) R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
20,298 OV.G here Ft. Stockton, Tex. | May 6, 1860.| P. Duffy. P. Duffy.
32,707 |29,935 | Mexico. cen WVerreauxsip wiih a) Y lees
32,703 |29,934 | of ee ae CCCP O gy ©. Aimar h afore coe
29,205 | as Orizaba, Mex. Seis Prof. Sumichrast.| — .....-.

Helminthophaga Ccelata.

Sylvia celata, Say, Long’s Exp. R. Mts. I, 1823, 169.—Bon. Am. Orn. I,
pl. v, fig. 2.—Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 178.—Sylvicola cel. Ricu.—
Vermivora cel. JAnD.—Helinaia cel. Aup. B. A. II, pl. 112.—Helmi-
therus cel. Bon.—Scuiater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).—Helmin-
thophaga cel. Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 257.—Scuarer, P. Z. S.
1858, 298 (Oaxaca; December) ; 1859, 373; 1862, 19 (La Parada).
—Coorer & Suckuey, P. R. R. XII, nm, 1859, 178.—Lorp, Pr. R. Art.
Inst. Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).

Hab. Middle and western provinces of N. America: Youkon and McKenzie
River dist. Very rare in the eastern Province of U. 8.; Cape St. Lucas ;
western Mexico in winter.

On comparing extensive series of specimens from the Pacific coast
(including Cape St. Lucas), and those from the interior of North
America, including Arizona, Utah, Rocky Mountains, Tamaulipas,
and the Hudson Bay territories, I find that the former are of a much
brighter and clearer yellowish beneath and olivaceous above than
the latter. In all these there is much gray mixed with the yellow-
ish tints, clouding and obscuring them—sometimes very considerably.
The concealed orange-brown patch of the crown is also more re-
stricted in extent. These differences correspond with those of ma-
turity of plumage, but even winter and young specimens from the
Pacific coast are more brightly colored than the others in spring.

HELMINTHOPHAGA. Dig

Specimens from the Youkon seem to show traces of hybridity with
peregrina, one skin especially (27,826) in which the cheeks and
forehead are as pure gray as in peregrina, while all the other char-
acters are those of celata. This same apparent tendency to hybrid-
ism in Youkon specimens is seen in other species, as between Junco
hyemalis and oregonus, ete., and may be explained by the fact of this
region being in the boundary line of the breeding grounds of these
closely allied representative species.

A specimen of celata, from Georgia, shows no trace of orange in
the crown, and is much darker in color, and with larger bill than in
western ones.

Mr. Audubon speaks of the H. celata as being common and gener-
ally distributed through the Eastern States, and breeding abundantly
‘in Maine, New Brunswick, etc. I have myself never seen or heard
of any specimens from east of the Mississippi Valley, excepting a
few taken in Georgia and Florida, and near Philadelphia, and these
may belong to a different species. The Institution possesses one
specimen from Dane Co., Wisconsin.

Specimens are in the collection from many localities in the Pacific
region of the United States up to the northern boundary, and east
to the Rocky Mts.

Smith- ICollee-

Received from |

Sex |
L : When

sonian| tor’s | an Locality. Collected b
NUE EEGs ge: | y Collected. y
97,991 |)1,214 | s.. «||. Ft. Youkon. June10,’61.| R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
97'395 | 11300 | 9 | « June ls, ’61. cee 1 nn WO tee
19,241 507 2 | Ft. Resolution. May 22, ’60. SSA IT Ty RS en, es ee tPA
27,228 | 1,301 | Q | Fort Simpson. : B. R. Ross. | B. R. Ross
7,925 | .. 2 | Dane County, Wis. Th. Kumlien. | amen e
12,852 | ee 3 | Georgia. [Lucas. | até J. Ackhurst. ccapeteie
20,442 | 3,408 | .. | San Jose, Cape St. | Nov. 25,’59.| J. Xantus. J. Xantus.
32,706 40,774 | @ | Mexico. | wees

| Verreaux,

(27,325.) With eggs. (12,852.) This and the last the only specimens in the collection from
east of the Missouri River.

Helminthophaga virginiz.

Helminthophaga virginiz, Barrp, Birds N. Am. under explanation of
plates, 1860, xi, pl. 79, fig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, N. M.).

Hab. Southern Rocky Mts. (middle province U. S.).

Similar to H. ruficapilla. Top and sides of head, back, and wings light
ashy plumbeous, with an almost imperceptible wash of olivaceous green ;
quills and tail feathers brown, edged with pure ashy plumbeous, the latter
indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end.
Rump, with upper and lower tail covert bright yellow, in vivid contrast with
the rest of the body. Crown with a concealed patch of orange-brown. Rest

of under parts brownish-white, with indications of yellow from chin to breast,
12 April, 1865,

178 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

perhaps entirely yellow there when mature. Inside of wings and axillars
whitish. A white ring round the eye. Bill and legs dusky.
Length, 5.00; extent, 7.25; wing, 2.50 when fresh. Dried skin: length,

4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67.

Of this interesting species, discovered by Dr. Anderson, and
named after Mrs. Anderson, but a single specimen was known to
collectors, until Dr. Coues obtained it at Fort Whipple, near Pres-

cott, in Arizona (Aug. 15, 1864).

—

|
| |
Smith- | Collee-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.
10,719 Ae | .. | Ft. Burgwyn, N. M. Sue |Dr. W. W. Ander- |Dr. W. W. Ander-
36,977 592 | .. | Ft. Whipple, Ariz. | Aug. 15, ’64.|Dr. E. Coues, [son.|Dr. Coues. [son.
[U.S. A.

(10,719.) The type of species.

Helminthophaga lucie.

Helminthophaga lucia, Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. July, 1861, 120 (Fort
Mohave).

Hab. Fort Mohave, Colorado River (middle province U.§.).

General form and size that of H. ruficapilla. Above light cinereous; be-
neath white, having a soiled, very pale buff, almost white tinge on the throat,
breast, and flanks. A patch on the vertex, as in H. rujficapilla, and the upper
tail coverts dark chestnut-brown. Lores to nostrils, and region round the eye;
like the throat, in rather decided contrast to the ash of the crown. Quills
and tail feathers brown, narrowly edged externally with gray. An obsolete
terminal white patch on the inner web of the outer feather ; this web in most
of the other tail feathers likewise narrowly edged with white. Avxillars and
inner face of wings white. Iris brown. Tarsi blue.

Length, in life, 4.40; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.40. Ofskin, 3.90; wing, 2.33;
tail, 1.86; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, .50; bill above, .35; gape, .50.

Of this species several specimens were collected at Fort Mohave,
on the Colorado River, by Dr. Cooper. The species is dedicated to
Miss Lucy H. Baird.

Smith-|Collec-) Sex |
: : When ;
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b
No. No. | Age. | Collected. y

31,892 |

(31,892.) A type of the species.

Ft. Mohave, Cal. | aieye Dr. J. G. Cooper. | Salctefete

Helminthophaga peregrina.
Sylvia peregrina, Wits. Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 83, pl. xxv, fig. 2.—Avp.
Orn. Biog. II, pl. 154.—Sylvicola per. Ricu.— Vermivora per. Box.—
Helinaia per. Aup. B. A. I, pl. 110.—Helmitherus per. Box.—

HELMITHERWUS. 179

Helminthophaga per. Cas. Mus. Hein. —In. Jour. Orn. 1861, 85
(Costa Rica).—Bartrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 258.—Scrater & Satvin,
Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 373 (Oaxaca) ;
Catal. 1861, 29, no. 180.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322
(Panama).—Gunpuacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, very rare).
Sylvia tennessei, Vieittor, Encycl. Méth. Il, 1823, 452.
2 Sylvia missuriensis, MAx. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 117.

Hab. Eastern province of N. America: North to Fort Simpson, H. B. T. ;
Mexico; Oaxaca ? Guatemala ; Costa Rica; Panama R.R. Very rare in Cuba.

Autumnal specimens and young birds are sometimes so strongly
tinged with greenish-yellow as to be scarcely distinguishable from
H. celata. The wing is, however, always longer, and the obscure
whitish patch on the inner edge of the exterior tail feather, near its
tip, is almost always appreciable. In celata this edge is very nar-
rowly and uniformly margined with whitish.

A young bird of the year, from Fort Simpson (27,228), has two
distinct greenish-white bands on the wings, and the forehead and
cheeks greenish-yellow. A corresponding age of ZH. celata has the
wing bands more reddish-brown, the wings shorter, and no white
patch on the outer tail feather.

It is possible that Mr. Sclater is mistaken in quoting this species
from Oaxaca, the only Mexican locality mentioned by authors.

}
Smith |Collec-} Sex When
soniat| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | .
20, 623 sie o /Moose Factory, H. B.| June 2, ’60. C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
20,624 ie .. |Ft. George, H. B. | July 11, ’60. ue “s
30,639 aie -. |Maine. | 1863. W. F. Hall. | W.F. Hall.
22,627 | 1,010} .. |Ft. Simpson. | May 9, 1861. Bi. Oss! aie Wel Soccer
19,495 | 728] ¢ |Ft. Resolution. ee 17, 60. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
31,421 219 | Q |Ft. Rae. Tis, Clarkes, .1\ WHigustecn es
1,879 a o ‘Upper Missouri, Dac. 1843. 8. F. Baird. J. G. Bell.

790 | ¢ Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 10, °42. “s S. F. Baird.

412 Q | “ | May 21, 41. “ “
10,157 a od |Cairo, Ill. April. R. Kennicott. | R. Kennicott.
30,673 219 | .. |Coban, Guat. [Rica. Nov. 1859. OF Salviny 2 enon eee
33,269 5| & |Dota Mts., Costa Jan. 24, 64. JCarnvoly Wye Wo ertersiete
33,270 “fc -. |San Jose. | Winter. Soak 9 CR Tern Ue kee cs

|

HELMITHERUS, Rar.

Helmitherus, Rar. Jour. de Phys. vol. 88, 1819, 417. (Type Motacilla
vermivora, LATH.)

Vermivora, Swarnson, Zool. Jour. IV, 1827, 170.

Helinaia, Aup. Syn. 1839, 66. (Type Sylvia swainsoni, Aun.)

Helmitherus vermivorus.

Motacilla vermivora, Gmeu. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 951.—2Sylvia vermivora,
Lata. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 499.—Whirs. III, pl. xxiv, fig. 4.—Avp.

180 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxxiv.—Sylvicola vermivora, Ricu.—Helinaia ver-
mivora, Aup. B. A. II, pl. cv.—Lemseys, Av. Cuba, 1850, 35, pl. vi,
fig. 4.—Helmitherus vermivorus, Bon. ; Cas.; Barirp, Birds N. Am-
1858, 252.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861,
28, no. 175.—Scrarer & Satviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala) ; Cab.
Jour. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica); Ib. 1856 (Cuba).—Gunptacu, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; somewhat rare).

Vermivora pennsylvanica, Bon., Gossx, B. Jamaica, 1847, 150.

Helmitherus migratorius, Rar. J. de Phys. 88, 1019, 417.—HArRTLAvB.

Vermivora fulvicapilla, Swainson, Birds, I, 1837, 245.

Hab. Eastern province of U. States (rather southern) ; southeastern Mexico ;
Guatemala; Cuba.

Specimens are in the collection from various points in the eastern
United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and as far west as Inde-
pendence, Mo. ; also from—

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ° ae

291623) per a Fermina, Cuba. | Feb. 17. Cc. Wright. C. Wright.
29,622 38 ste ss : s CE TP | aes We aterererers
30,668 | 3,071 | .. Coban, Vera Paz. | Nov. 1859. Os Salvin) 1h oe Peters

33, 286 - if San Jose, C. R. | 5 Ja Carmioly yo weet.
33,285 : os | ser ol amet clicctre

Helmitherus swainsoni.

Sylvia swainsoni, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 563, pl. exeviii.—Sylvicola
sw. Ricu.—Vermivora sw. Bon.—Helinaia sw. Aup. B. A. II, 1841,
pl. civ (type of genus).—Helmitherus sw. Bon. ; CAs. ; BAtrp, Birds

N. Am. 1858, 252.

Coast of South Carolina and Georgia; Cuba (very rare).

|

Smith- \cottec-

Sex
; : When 2
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
Wo. No. | Age. | Collected.
2,901 Charleston, S. C. Bae S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon.
32, 241 ¢ | Liberty County, Ga. seis Prof, Leconte; Oi) 00) gecenee
as | Cuba. tere Cab. Gundlachiy |i) 2) <tecce

PERISSOGLOSSA, Bairp.
Perissoglossa, Barrp. (Type Motacilla tigrina, Gu.)
Form of Dendroica, but bill slender, acute, with very obsolete notch; the

commissure gently arched or curved from the base; the gonys also straight
or even slightly concave. Tongue lengthened, narrow, deeply bifid (for one-

PERISSOGLOSSA. 181

third), and deeply lacerated or fringed externally at the end; the edge along
the median portion folded over on the upper surface, but not adherent.

On page 161 I have given the reasons for considering “Dendroica
tigrina” as the type of a special genus of Sylvicolidx, and for re-
taining it in this family rather than placing it in Carebidex, to which
there is so much apparent resemblance in the tongue. In the struc-
ture and character of this organ the species differs very widely from
other members of the family, as is shown in the cuts on page 163
accompanying those remarks.

The curvature of the bill in Perissoglossa tigrina is quite peculiar
among the Sylvicolide with notched bills. Some Helminthophagas
(without notch) approximate this character; though in none, except-
ing H. bachmani, is it in equal amount—all the others having the
gonys very slightly convex, instead of straight or even slightly con-
cave. It will be of much interest to examine the tongue of
bachmani, should the opportunity ever offer, as it is quite likely to
exhibit some noteworthy feature.

The peculiarities of the tongue of P. tigrina, and its supposed
relationships to Certhiola, were first brought to notice by Mr. Gosse.

Perissogiossa tigrima.

Motacilla tigrina, Gettin, S. N. I, 1788, 985.—Sylvia tig. Lara.—Den-
droica tig. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861,
33, no. 198; P. Z.S. 1861, 71 (Jamaica; April).—Marcu, Pr. A. N.
Se. 1863, 293 (Jamaica; breeds).—A. & E. Newron, Ibis, 1859, 144
(St. Croix. Notes on anatomy of tongue).—GunpLacu, Cab. Jour.
1861, 326 (Cuba; not rare).

Sylvia maritima, Witson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 99, pl. liv, fig. 3.—Bon. ;
Nort. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. V, pl. 414.—D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cub. 1840,
70, pl. x.—Sylvicola mar. Jarv., Boy., Aup., B. A. II, pl. 85.— Cer-
thiola mar. Gossr, Birds Jam, 1847, 81.—Is. Illust.—Rhimanphus
mar. Cas. Jour. III, 1855, 474 (Cuba).

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Lake Winnipeg and Moose
Factory ; all the West Indies to St. Croix. Breeds in Jamaica. Not recorded
from Mexico or Central America.

It is an interesting fact in the history of this bird, that it breeds
in Jamaica—specimens of the eggs, as well as of the bird itself,
killed in June, July, and August, having been transmitted by Mr.
March. ‘These appear to have longer wings, a larger white spot on
the tail feathers, and more orange-brown on the throat than I re-
member to have seen in North American birds ; but better specimens
will be required to substantiate any real difference.

182 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith- Collec. Sex Then :
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. ;
20,633 33 J Moose Factory. May 28, °60.| C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
10,167 me 2 Racine, Wis. alele Rakennicotty © 9), SWF

942 ~ | Carlisle, Pa. May 12, ’43.] S. I. Baird. S. F. Baird.

678 ae g May 17, 42. cs “
34,510 23 Ac Nassau, N. P. May 14, ’64.] C. L. Fitzgerald. | —......
29,624 | .. | .. | Cuba. ake ChaWrightin ON GIVE Peete
20,289 | 259 ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam.| July 11, ’°63.| W. T. March. W. T. March.
30,288 | 259 | 9 “ ‘ “ “
26,812 22 ¢ ss June 16, 62. cf &e
24,345 36 J ee Noy. 1860. rs &€
26811 | 237 | .. “6 Aug. 12, 62. ‘ 6
30,287 | 259 .. | Healthshire, Jam. | June, 1863 | $s [ton. es

foe eee -- | St. Croix. Mar. 16, ’57.| Cab. A.& E. New-| _—_—_........
36,628} ..° | .. | St. Thomas: Winter. | Robt. Swift, | = ......

\ |

DENDROICA, Gray.

Sylvicola, Gray, Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 32 (not of Humpurey or Swarnsoy).

Dendroica, Gray, Genera, Appendix, 1842, 8. (Type Sylvia coronata,
Latu.).

“Ficedula, Cov. 1799-1800” (not of Ma@urine, 1752).

Rhimamphus, Hartuavs, Rey. Zool. 1845, 342 (not of RAFINESQUE).

The genus Dendroica is represented by a very large number of
species, which vary somewhat in external form, but passing so in-
sensibly from one into the other as to render it exceedingly difficult
to subdivide them. They may, perhaps, be most conveniently
grouped by their colors, as has been done in “ Birds of North Ame-
rica,” to which I would refer, as also for general remarks. Nearly
all the species belong to the United States, going southward in
winter ; several are peculiar to Cuba, Jamaica, or Porto Rico, one to
the West Indies generally, and three to Central and South America.

Dendroica virens.

Motacilia virens, GmeEtn, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 985.—Sylvia virens, Latu.
— Vierttor, Ois. Am. Sept. Il, pl. xciii.— Wits. Am. Orn. II,
pl. xxvii, fig. 3.—Nourr.; Bon.; Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, pl. 399.—
GAtTKE, Naumannia, 1858, 423 (Heligoland, Europe, an original
description ).—Sylvicola virens, Sw.; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 84.—Rery-
rarptT, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 72, 81 (Greenland).—Rhimanphus
virens, CAB. Mus. Hein. Jour. III, 1855, 474 (Cuba; winter).—
Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 291 (Cordova).—Dendroica virens, Bairp,
Birds N, Am. 1858, 267.—Scrater & Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 1 (Guate-
mala).—Sciater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Oaxaca?) ; 373 (Xalapa).—
- Is. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 181.—LawkeEnce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
293 (Panama).—Gunvw. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Mniotilta
virens, RetnHARDT, Ibis, III, 1861, 5 (Julianehaab, Greenlan

DENDROICA. 183

Hab. Eastern province of U. S; Greenland; Heligoland, Europe; south to
Panama R. R.; Cuba. In Mexico, Xalapa, and Oaxaca? Cuba alone in West
Indies.

Specimens received by the Smithsonian Institution from various
localities throughout the whole eastern United States, and westward
to the Missouri; also—

Smith- Iconic. Sex When

eouiae ire [and Locality. Gollectad: Received from Collected by
23,275 14| og | Mirador, Mex. sei Dr. Sartorius. Dr. Sartorius.
30.682 | 3,142 he Tactic, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860, OSalviing 7) Pieter.
30,683 | 3,130 | .. | Coban, “TG@uat.| Nov. 1859. SOE POH ar ctoneretors

g | Guatemala. steie Cab. Lawrence. | ..cove

Dendroica cccidemtalis.

Sylvia occidentalis, TownsenD, J. A. N. Se. VII, nu, 1837, 190 (Columbia
River).—Is. Narrative, 1839, 340.—Avp. Orn. Biog. V, pl. lv.—
Sylvicola occ. Boy, ; Aup. B. A, II, pl. xciii— Dendroica occ. Batrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 268.—Coorer & Suckuey, R. R. Rep. XII, 11,
1859, 178 (N. W. coast). :

Dendroica chrysopareia, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1862, 19.—Is. Catal. 1862,
358 (La Parada, Mex.) (not of P. Z. 8. 1860, 19).

Dendroica niveiventris, Sauviy, P. Z. 8. May 26, 1863, 187, pl. xxiv, fig.
2 (Guatemala).

Hab. Western province U.§8., and Mexico to Guatemala. Not seen at Cape
St. Lucas.

A specimen collected in September last, at Fort Whipple, by Dr.
Coues, of what I consider to be this species in autumnal plumage,
lacks entirely the black of the throat, which is replaced by fulvous
white. The yellow of the cheeks extends over the whole chin. The
upper parts are glossed with olivaceous, and the black streaks of the
back are nearly obsolete.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.

36,978 690 .. | Fort Whipple, Ariz.| Sept. 3, 64. Dr. Coues. Dr. Coues.
5,518 | 703 oO | Petaluma, Cal. April, 1856. | E. Samuels. BE. Samuels.
101 -. | Mexico. [Guat GCabylawrence: |) 9 |. esse.

30,681 232 .. | Volean de Fuego, Dec. 1861. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

(36,978.) 4.90; 7.70. (30,611.) Type of D. niveivertris.

Dendroica chrysopareia.

Dendroica chrysopareia, Scuater & Saryiy, P. Z. 8. 1860, 298.—Iz. Ibis,
1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Hab. Vera Paz, Guatemala.

184 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

(229, Salvin collection.) Head and body above black, the feathers with
olive-green edges, especially on the back, obscuring the ground color; rump
clear black. Entire side of head (extending to nostrils and on lower jaw),
and the partially concealed bases of the feathers on the median line of the
forehead, yellow, with a narrow black line from lores, through the eye, widen-
ing behind, but not crossing through the yellow. Beneath, including inside
of wings, white; a large patch of black covering the chin and throat, and
occupying the entire space between the yellow patches of the two sides of the
head and neck, and extended along the sides in a.series of streaks. Feathers
of crissum with black centres. Wings above ashy, with two white bands
across the coverts, the scapulars streaked with blackish; first quill edged
externally with white, the rest with gray. ‘Tail feathers blackish, edged ex-
ternally with ashy, the lateral with white at the base. Outer tail feather
white on the inner web, except a stripe along the shaft near the end; second
similar, but the white not reaching so far towards the base; third with a
short patch of white in the end. Bill and legs brownish-black.

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40; tarsus, 2.75.

This species agrees with virens and occidentalis, to which it is
closely related in having the under parts white, with a black patch
on the chin and throat. The prevailing black of the upper part,
especially of the head and rump, will easily distinguish it from both
these species. The black stripe through the eye (wanting in occ?-
dentalis) is better defined than in virens, but there is no trace of an
obseure dusky crescent below the eye. D. townsendii differs in a
much broader patch of black through the eye, with a yellow crescent
in it beneath the eye; a much more olivaceous-green back, with
ashy rump; the black of the head obscured by green, and the jugu-
jum deep yellow.

The bill in chrysopareia is much thicker than in any of the allied
species.

The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the allied species
of Warblers with black chins and throat (excluding D. nigrescens,
which is black, white, and gray, with only a small yellow loral spot) :—

Common CHARACTERS.—Upper parts more or less olivaceous-

green, with the feathers streaked centrally with black
(sometimes concealed). Sides of head yellow. Chinand
throat black; rest of the under parts, including inside
of wings, white, with or without yellow on breast. Wings
with two white bands. Inner web of lateral tail feather
almost entirely white from the base.

Above bright olive-green, with concealed black streaks; tail
coverts ashy. Sides conspicuously streaked with black;
crissum unspotted. Jugulum sometimes faintly tinged
with yellowish. An obscure dusky olive stripe through
the eye, and a crescentic patch of the same some distance
beneath it : ‘ : ‘ : : =» : » VITERS.

Or

DENDROICA. 1s

Above olivaceous ashy (rump pure ash), with more distinct

black spots. Top and sides of head clear yellow, the

feathers of the crown tipped with black, or clouded with

dusky plumbeous. No dark markings or stripes on side

of head. No distinct black streaks beneath; black of

throat restricted to front of neck . : 6 ; . occidentalis.
Prevailing color of upper part black, with olivaceous edgings

on the back; rump and upper tail covert pure black.

Sides and crissum streaked with black. A simple black

stripe through the eye; no patch beneath it . ; . chrysopareia.
Above olive-green. Upper tail coverts ashy, with central black

streaks. Feathers of head above black, with olive-green

edges. A broad olivaceous black stripe through eye from

lores, involving the ears, in which is a yellowish crescentic

patch below the eye. Black feathers of throat and chin

edged with yellow. Jugulum and sides of breast also

yellow. Sides streaked with black. No distinct black

streaks on crissum . ° : . ° ‘ A . townsendii.

For the opportunity of describing D. chrysopareia I am indebted
to Mr. Salvin, who kindly forwarded to me his type specimen for the
purpose. The species has not been noted except from Guatemala
(and Mexico ?), but may not improbably be yet found in the Rocky
Mountains of the United States.1_ Mr. Salvin’s specimen (No. {22,°)
was killed at Tactic, Vera Paz, Nov. 4, 1859.

Dendroica townmsendii.

Sylvia townsendii, ‘‘ Nurvauu,”’ TownsEnD, J. A. N. Sc. VI, 1, 1837, 191.
—Avp. Orn. Biog. V,1839, pl. 393.—Sylvicola t. Bon. ; Aup. B. A. II,
1841, pl. 92.—Dendroica t. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 269.—Scr.
P. Z. 8. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca high lands in winter) ; 1859, 374 (To-
tontepec; winter).—ScnaTer & Satvin, Ibis, 1859,11 (Guatemala).
—Coorer & Sucktey, P. R. R. XII, m, 1859, 179 (Cal.).

Hab. Western province of U. S., and Mexico, into Guatemala. Migratory.

I have never seen a specimen of this species in pure spring plu-
mage, and I am not sure that the throat ever becomes pure black as
in virens and its allies. Some specimens have the whole chin and
throat yellow—the feathers of the latter very indistinctly dusky in
the centre.

' A specimen of this bird, or one very closely allied, is said to have been
recently collected near San Antonio, Texas, by Dr. A. T. Heermann.

186 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.
Smith- Collee- Sex Unhen 4
sonian tors | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by

No. No. Age. 3

2.918 Columbia Riy., Or. | Oct. 28, °35. | S. F. Baird. J. K. Townsend,
21,923 Camp Moogie, W. T.| May 2:,’60.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
4,480 | Santa Clara, Cal. 1855. Dr. J. G. Cooper. | Dr. J. G. Cooper.
10,720 | it. Burgwyno, N. M. Sor DriwaweAnder="|)— 0 Araecee

492 | N. E. Mexico. arate S. F. Baird. [son.| J. G. Bell.
8,017 Guatemala. et TE Goulds] Pee | ee eterectsse

(2,918.) Type of species from Mr, Audubon’s collection,

Dendroica nigrescens.

Sylvia nigrescens, Townsend, J. A. N. Se. VII, 1, 1837, 191 (Columbia

River).—Avup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 57, pl. 395.—Vermivora niq.
Bon. ; Nurr.—Sylvicola nig. Aup. B. A. II, pl. 94.—Lhimanphus
nig. Cas. 1850.—Dendroica nig. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 270.—
SchaTeR, P. Z. 8. 1858, 298; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca; high mountains,
in March).—Is. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 183.—HeeErmanny, P. R. R. Rep.
X, 1v, 40.—Cooper & Suckuey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 1, 1859, 180.

?.Sylvia halsevi, Giraup, Birds Texas, 1838, pl. ili, fig. 1, 9 (suggested

by Sclater).

Hab, Western and Middle provinces of U. States. Migratory southward
into Western Mexico (Oaxaca).

An autumnal male from Fort Whipple differs only from No. 1,908
in greater amount of white edging to the wing feathers, wider streaks
on the sides, and absence of black on the back.

Smith- Collee-| Sex hee |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | 5 . | |
7,686 | 378 | .. | Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.| May 6, ’56. } Dr. G. Suckley. | Dr. G. Suckley.
1,908 om & | Columbia Riv., Or. | Junel6,’°35.| S. F. Baird. J. K. Townseud.
2,915] .. og | uo May 14, °35. ss | cc
7,690 We od | Calaveras Co., Cal. ats Lt. Williamson. | Dr. Heermann.
11,518 80 | ¢ | Fort Defiance, ae Lt. J C. Ives. Mollhausen.
31,591 | S02«| @& | San Diego, Cal. April 2,62. | Geol. Surv. Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper.
36,979 | 566 o | Fort Whipple, Ariz.| Aug. 13,’64.| Dr. E.Coues. | ......

(1,908.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon’s collection.

Dendroica czrulescens.
Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 336 (not p. 334, which

is D. coronata).—Sylvia canadensis, Latu. ; Witsoy, II, pl. xv, fig.
7.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 148, 155.—Sauui, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo).—Sy/vicola canadensis, Swains., JARD.; Bon. ; Aup. B. A.
II, pl. 95.—Rhimanphus can. Cas.—Dendroica canadensis, Barrn,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 271.—Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 30, no. 184.—Is.
P, Z. 8. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—Gunpu. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba;
very common).

DENDROICA. 187

Motacilla cxrulescens, Gu. S. Nat. I, 1788, 960.—Sylvia cer. Lau. ;
View. II, pl. 80.—Sylvia car. D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 63,
ploix, fies 15.25

Sylvia pusilla, Wits. V, pl. 43. fig. 3 (Juv.).—Sylvia leucoptera, Wis.

Sylvia palustris, Srepa.— Sylvia macropus, ViEwLor.—Sylvia sphagnosa,
Bon.; Nurrauu; Avp.

Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 162 (female).—Is. Illust.
no. 37.

Hab. Eastern province of United States; Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo
in winter; very abundant. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.

I have been obliged to adopt the name of caerulescens, that of
canadensis being a synonym of D. coronata, of earlier date than as
used for the present species.

Specimens in the collection from eastern United States, west to
Missouri River ; also—

Smith- |cottee-

sonian
No.

22,301
17,715
23.516
23,517
21,653
93,311
24,345

ralteaa | Localit Wien Received from Collected b
whe ee | carne Collected. ee CRY,
é ge.
.. | Halifax, N.S. oe | W.G. Winton. | W. G. Winton.
.. | Monte Verde, Cuba.} April 9. Chas. Wright. Chas. Wright.
Or] se Jan 7. eS oe
Jd | Nouv. Sophie,Cuba.| Dee. 21, ’60. us ae
. g¢ | Tuabuque, Cuba Nov. 13. os ee
69 g | Treluwuey, Jain. Dee. 20, ’59.| BP. L. Sclater. W. Osburn.
41 dg | Spanishtown, Jam. | Dee. 23, ’60. Wi, DeeMarch@ elif = ccoae.

’ Dendroica coronata.

Motacilla coronata, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 333.—Sylvia coronata, Lau. ;
VieiLtor, II, pl. 78, 79.—Wits. I, pl. 17, fig. 4; pl. 45, fig. 3.—
Notr.; Avup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 153.—D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois.
1840, 60.—Sylvicola coronata, Swans. ; Bon. ; Aun. B. A. II, pl. 76.
—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 114.—Jonzs, Nat. Bermuda, 59 (abun-
dant in April).—WVendroica coronata, Gray, Genera, 1842, 2.—
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 272.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 363.—Is.
Catal. 1861, 30, no. 185.—Makrcu, P. A. N. Se. 1863, 292 (Jamaica,
in summer; breeding).—Gunpt. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba ; com-
mon).—Coorer & Sucktey, P. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 180 (Puget
Sound).—Rhimanphus cor. Cas. Jour. 1855, 473 (Cuba).

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. 12th ed. 1766, 334 (Ficedula canadensis
cinerea, Br. III, 524, pl. 27, fig. 1).

Parus virginianus, Linn. 12th ed. S. Nat. I, 1766, 342.

Motacilla umbria, cincta, pinguis, GM.

Sylvia xanthopygia, Vinitu. Ois. Am. Sept. IH, 1807, 47.—Sylvia ran-
thoroa, VIBILL.

Locanities Quotep: S. Greenland, Retnuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 5.— Cordova,
Sct. P. Z 5. 1856, 291.— Xalapa, Is. 1859, 363.— Guatemala, Scu.
& Saty. 1859, 11.—Panama, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIU, 63.—

188 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Cuba, winter, Cas. Jour. III, 473.—Bahamas, winter, Bryant, Bost.
Pr. VII, 1859.—Jamaica, Gossz, Birds Jam, 155.—St. Domingo,
Saté, P. Z. S. 1857, 231.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, and extending sparsely north-
ward along U, 8. boundary to Pacific Ocean ; Ft. Yukon; Greenland; eastern
Mexico to Panama R. R.; western West Indies and Bermuda. Breeds in
Jamaica.

The discovery, by Mr. March, that this species breeds in Jamaica
is an interesting fact in the history of the species: skins and eggs
collected the middle of June have been transmitted by him to the
Institution.

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains ; also—

|
Smith- Collec- Sex When
sonian) tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ;
30,379 | Rigolet, Lab. Sete H. Conolly. H. Connolly.
23,625 ere a Moose Factory, H.B. aoe J. McKenzie. J. McKenzie.
20,627 3) as oe i [Can. | July 1, ’60.| C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
20;626 1/235 .. | Temiscamingue, May 8, ’60. ‘e “
27,329 | 1,191 | .. | Fort Yukon. cae R. Kennicott. |) ssc cne
ae ZZ.) a0 Anderson River. sisie Rak. MeBarlane.||) f.cce
27,247 | 1,389 | .. Fort Good Hope. May 25. B. R. Ross. J. S. Onion.
27,248 | 1,418 | ¢ | La Pierre’s House. <s ss Jas. Flett.
23,133 | 931 | .. | Fort Simpson. crete eae) || ee einiss sic
31,430 | 3 | .. | Fort Rae. June 3, 62. | L. Clarke, Jr. L. Clarke, Jr,
7.671 Sol 3g | Ft.Steilacoom,W.T.) May 1, °56. Dreonekleya. wi) cssncee
30,875 90!" es Mirador, Mex. Noy. 1862. Dr. Sartorius. Dr. Sartorius,
32,463 | 332] .. | Orizaba, Mex. siere Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast.
39,693 | 3,150 | .. | Coban, Guat. Nova 1859" | Os Salvin= ~~" |)" ene
30,694 | 237 é Duenas, Guat. | Feb. 4, °59. Se er O41 Re Pets
30,292 258 Spanishtown, Jam. | June1l,’63.| W. T. March. W. T. March.
36,478 a .. | Porto Rico. Winter. RobertiSwitt, 9) = \seaese
115 | .. | Panama. 1862. Cab. Lawrence. J. M’Leannan.

(7,671.) The only specimen seen from U. S. west of Missouri valley.

.

Dendroica audubonii.

Sylvia audubonii, Townsend, J. A. N. Se. VII, m, 1837.—In. Narrative,
1839, 342.—Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 52, pl. 395.—Sylvicola audu-
bonii, Bon. List, 1838.—Auvp. B. A. II, 184], 26, pl. 77.—Dendroica
audubonii, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 273.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1858,
298 (Oaxaca; October) ; 1860, 250 (Orizaba).—Is. Catal. 1861, 30,
no. 186,—Sciater & Savi, Ibis, 1860, 273 (San Geronimo, Guat.).
—Heermany, P. R. R, Rep. X, 1v, 1860, 39.—Coorer & Suck.ey,
Pp. R. R. Rep. XII, 1, 1859, 181.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City
of Mexico).

TIab. Western and middle provinces of the U. 8.; Cape St. Lucas ; western

Mexico and Orizaba ?

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the western United
States, as far east as the limits of the high central plains; also—

DENDROICA. 189

a
| |

Smith- Collec-| Sex : When ;

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. i

27,287 | 2,454 | Q | Cape St. Lucas. See John Xantus. John Xantus.

32.179 | 3,405 | g | San Jose, C. St. L. | Nov. 25, °59. “ “

23,751 | _:- a Mazatlan. eee National Institntey|i ~~ <r, sf.

35,037 | 2,220 | ¢ | Tonila, Jalisco, Mex.| Oct. 1863. John Kantus, | ecsec-

Dendroica blackburniz.

Motacilla blackburnie, Guru, S. N. I, 1788, 977.—Sylvia bl. Larn. ;
Virixtor, II, pl. 96.—Witson, III, pl. 23. —Nurr. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. II,
V, pl. 135, 399.—Sylvicola bl. Jarv. ; Ricu.; Aun. B. A. II, pl. 87.—
Rhimanphus bl. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19.—Dendroica bl. Batrv,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 274.—Sctater & Satvyy, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guate-
mala).—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; Ib. 1860, 64 (Ecua-
dor).—Is. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 187 (Pallatanga and Nanegal,
Ecuador).

2Motacilla chrysocephala, Gmeuin, I, 1788, 971 (Figuier orangé et F.
étranger, Burr. V, 313, pl. 58, fig. 3, Guiana).

Sylvia parus, Wis. V, pl. 44, fig. 3—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 134.—
Sylvicola parus, Aup. B. A. I, pl. 83.

Sylvia lateralis, StEPa.

? Motacilla incana, Gueu. I, 1788, 976.—Sylvia incana, Laru. ; VIEILL.

2 Sylvia melenorhoa, Viritu. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 180 (Martinique).—
In. Encyel. Méth. II, 444.

Locaities QuoreD: Bogota, ScuaTeEr, P. Z.S. 1855, 143.—Panama, Lawre.
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 62.—Costa Rica, Cas. Jour. 1860, 328.—Ba-
hamas, Bryant, Bost. Pr. VII, 1859.

Hab. Eastern province of U. S.; eastern Mexico, and south to Bogota and
Ecuador; Bahamas alone of West Indies with certainty.

Specimens from the United States generally east of the Missouri
plains; none from north of its limits; also from—

Smith- |Collee- Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ye

82,712 |32,625 | 2 Coban, Guat. WOLPOR UX ep eee felereraia's
32,709 (32,624 co A eats te ON Raticgs
30,684 | SULT NE de es 1861. OMSalwimyey 7 ssverereis'e
30,685 | 247 2 se Nov. 1859. csr I be iaic.< cis
30,490 | 108 | .. San Jose, C. R. efeis Dr.y.Frantzius. | ...-..
SOSA SS hall Ota peters meant. ctfsaeiel Nie Me lwile eal siss. | | lik) tN henefeiereleurny “2AI[EP\ «icicle ac.
33,275 NOS I" oe ally © “Goecgsec”* ASU BaGae wR Se yaucana” © Il. choad
3557749 | reel Oeil aeten tl MNscisreseiceee eNO tecc | Mtneatnesregee Fe ll nictniw ice
SOSA 80uI | lO ier ue ce Un Meio eo. oc, 5 a hewumectcne he ly OF one
33,271 San Jose, C. R. geCarmiol,) | Sea sine

Dendroica castanea.

Sylvia castanea, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 97, pl. xiv, fig. 4. —Bon. ; Norv. ;
Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 69.--Sylvicola castanea, Swarns.: JARD. ; RICH. ;
Bon., Aup. B. A. II, pl. 80.—Rhimanphus castaneus, Cas.—Dendroica

190 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

castanea, BArrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 276.—Scrarer & Satviy, Ibis,
1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Sciarter, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 188.—Cassin,
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Isthmus Darien; winter). — LAWRENCE,
Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Ist. Panama; winter).

Sylvia autumnalis, Wits. III, pl. 23, fig. 2.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 88.

Hab. Eastern province of North America to Hudson’s Bay; Guatemala,
south to Isthmus of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies ;
crosses probably in migrating direct from Florida to Yucatan.

Specimens from United States generally east of Missouri plains ;
also—

ene
Sinith- |Collec- Sex Seen 1 ENE,
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollacted | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. : : ei
20,629 | Re J Moose Factory. June 2, ’60.| C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
32,341 5 Se oes Jee MCIEN ZIG 5 Ul Merete terete
os 112 ue Panama. cree Cab. Lawrence, M’Lean. & Galb.
21,702 | 320 ats Turbo, N. G. ees Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
21,701 af Q Truando, N. G. ss

Dendroica pinus.

Sylvia pinus, Wits. Am. Orn, III, 1811, 25, pl. xix, fig. 4. —Bon. ; Norv. ;

Aup. Orn. Biog. IJ, pl. 111.—Thryothorus pinus, SrerH.—Sylvicola

pinus, Jarp.; Ricnw.; Bon. ; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 82.—Jones, Nat. Ber-

muda, 1859, 59 (abundant in Oct.).—Rhimanphus pinus, Boy.—
Dendroica pinus, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 277.—Scrarer, Catal.

1861, 31, no. 189.—Coves, Pr. A. N. Se. 1861, 220 (Labrador coast).

Sylvia vigorsii, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 153, pl. 30.— Vereo vigorsir, Nurr.

Hab. Eastern province of U. §., north to Labrador; winters in U.S. Not

recorded in West Indies or middle America (except Bermuda ”).

Specimens in the collection from United States generally east of
the Missouri plains and from Labrador; none from south of the
United States.

Dendroica montana.

Sylvia montana, Wits. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 113, pl. xliv, fig. 2 (“ Blue
Mts. of Pennsylvania’’?).—Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 294 (‘“ California” !)—
Sylvicola montana, JARD. ; Aup. B, A. II, 1841, 69, pl. 98.—Dendroica
montana, Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.

Sylvia tigrina, Vie. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 34, pl. 94 (U.S. and St.
Domingo).—Bon.

The only cases on record of the occurrence of this species are
those described by Wilson, Vieillot, and Audubon. I am not aware
that any specimens are now extant in any collection, at least I have
never seen or heard of any.

DENDROICA. 191

Dendroica pennsylvanica.
Motacilla pennsylvanica, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 333, no. 19; Gmuetin.—
Sylvia p. Latu.; Witson, I, pl. xiv. fig. 5.—Dendroica p. Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.—Sctarer & Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 11; 1860,
273 (Coban, Guat. ; November).—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 191.
Sylvia icterocephala, Latu. Ind. Orn. HU, 1790, 538.—Vieint. II, pl. 90;
Boy.; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 59.—Sylvicola ict. Swans. ; JARD. ;
Aup. B. A. II, pl. 81.—Dendroica ict. Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363

(Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca).
Oruer Locauities: Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859.—Costa
Rica, Cas. Jour. 1860, 328.—Panama, winter, Lawn. Ann. N. Y.

Lyc. 1861, 322.

Hab. Eastern province of the U. S.; Bahamas; Guatemala to Costa Rica
and Panama R.R. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies, except Bahamas.

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains; also—

|
Smith- Coltee-| Sex Wien
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
| Collected.
No. | No. | Age.

30,689 | 3,127 .. Tileman, Vera Paz,
|

Guatemala, [Guat. Cab. Lawrence. | _

Jan. 1861. | GUSRIViNie ee |) Pee

Dendroica cx#rulea.
Sylvia cerulea, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 141, pl. xvii, fig. 5. —Sylvicola
c. Swains. ; JARD.; Ric. ; Bon.; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 49 ; Norr.—
Dendroica c. Batrp, Birds, N. Am. 1858, 280.—Sciarer, Catal.
1861, 31, no. 192.—Guwnp.. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very rare).
Sylvia rara, Witsoy, II, pl. xxvii, fig. 2.—Bon. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 49.
Sylvia azurea, StErH. Shaw, Zool. X, 1817.—Bon. Am. Orn. II, 1828,
pl. 27 (9 ).—Auvp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 48, 49; Norv.
Sylvia bifasciata, Say, Long’s Exped. I, 1823, 170.
Sylvia populorum, Viet. Encye. Méth. IH, 1823, 449 (from Wilson).
Oruer Locatities: Bogota, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 18.—Panama R. R.,
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 222.
Hab, Eastern United States, north to Niagara Falls; Cuba (very rare) ;
Guatemala, Panama, and Bogota. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies
(except Cuba).

Specimens in the collection from the United States east of the
Missouri plains, as far north as Carlisle in the east, and Michigan
in the west; also—

|
amine |colles! Sex | When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | Collected.

12,160 | ae od Cherokee Nation. | July 4,1849.| Dr. Woodhouse. | Dr. Wovdhouse,

32,713 |32,713 | & Coban, Guat. Fae Werrea xs)” | aqlan ke oree

ite 104] .. Guatemala, noe Cab. Lawrence. | —_ zee es
34,614 ie a Bogota, nee | Janet FROOMe eee hls Wee ewsterencrs

|

192 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Dendroica pharetra.
Sylvicola pharetra, Gossr, Birds Jam. 1847, 163.—Is. Ilust. Birds Jam.
—Ossurn, Zoologist, 6660.—Dendroica pharetra, ScuatER, P. Z. 8.
1861, 71.—Is. Catal. 1862, 358, no. 193.

Hab. Jamaica only.

As stated by Dr. Sclater, this is a perfectly good species, rather
similar in general appearance to Mniotilla varia, but with the
feet and bill of Dendroica. The resemblance to D. striata is quite
close. The specimens before me are not in very good condition, but
the colors differ from those of Mniotilta varia in having all the
feathers of the crown black, edged with white, causing a fine streak-
ing, instead of having the crown black with white median and lateral
stripe (JZ varia), or entirely black (D. striata). The rump and
upper tail coverts are unstreaked brownish-olive, not black as in MW.
varia, nor streaked with black, as in J. striata. The sides of the
head are streaked or spotted with black ; the streaks are on the front
of the jugulum as well as the sides. There is no large white patch
on the inner web of the outer tail feathers as in the two other species
mentioned, but merely a dirty whitish edging at the ends of the
same feathers. This last mentioned character will probably dis-
tinguish it in any stage of plumage. Bill very stout. Length, 4.70;
wing, 2.554 tail, 2.50.

|
pares Collec-| Sex : When : ; ;
onian} tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. mM
23,310 | so St. Armand, Jam. Store | oP. L. Sclater. W. Osburn.
23,309 | 80 ss Sept. 1859. | os a
27,942 | Trelawney, Jam. | Aug. 24, 59. | ss se

.

Dendroica striata.

Muscicapa striata, Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 383, 428.—Motacilla s.
Gueuin.—Sylvia s. Lata. ; Visio, I, pl. 75, 76.—Wus. IV, pl.
30, fig. 3; VI, pl. 54.—Bon. ; Nurr. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 133.—
LemBeyeE, Av. Cuba, 1850, 33.—Sylvicola s. Swarnson ; Bon. ; Aub.
B. A. I, pl. 78.—Rernuarpt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Green-
land).—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113.—Mniotilta s. Reinu. Ibis,
1861, 6 (Greenland).—Rhimanphus s. Cas. Jour. III, 475 (Cuba).—
Dendroica s. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 280.—Covss, Pr. A. N. Se.
1861, 220 (Labrador coast).—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 193.—
Gunpu. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; rare).

OrneR Locanities Quorep: Bogota, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143.—
Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1839.

Hab. Eastern province of all N. America to Arctic Ocean ; Greenland ; Cuba,
in winter (rare) ; Bahamas; Bogota. Not recorded from intermediate localities.

DENDROICA. 193

Landbeck, in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch. for 1864, page
56, describes as new a Dendroica atricapilla, collected at Valdivia,
Chile, in June 17, 1858. Without expressing a definite opinion on
the subject, I cannot distinguish this bird, by his description, from D.
striata, although the dimensions appear rather smaller.

D. striata, D. coronata, and D. xstiva are the only species of the
genus that occur as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Very many specimens in the collection from the whole United
States east of the Missourj plains, as well as from the interior of
British North America; also—

Smith- Coltec-| Sex When ,
sonian| tor’s | and Lochlity. C A Received from Collected by
rollected.
No. No. | Age.
18,084 80 | g | Grosvater Bay, Lab.| July 17, °59.| Elliot Coues. Elliot Coues.
20,552 .. | .. | Labrador. ae Williams’ Coll. | ~~. ..ea.
20,639 471 | .. | Fort George, H. B. | July 7, '60. Cy Drexler. [Ly.c.|! — isc-2.-
27,330 | 1,215 | Q | Ft. Youkon. Junel0,’61.| R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott
31,12t | | 71 | .. | Peel’s River. or OlPrGaudebe Pl aces
31,423 355 Fort Anderson. June 21. WAR PMcharlanes|gy eb wicciste
22,64) | 586 Fort Good Hope. Sept. 1861. B. R. Ross. J. 8. Onion.
22.641 | 567 | Fort Simpsou. ee Cre PE) VR AL emcrss
22 631 672 | Big Island, S. Lake. Sg6 o J. Reid.
22,800 427.) Fort Rae, <S June 13,’61.| L. Clark, Jr. L. Clark, Jr.
19,504 62 ¢ | Ft. Resolution,“ June 7, *60. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
34,522 .. | Nassau, Bahamas. | May 12, ’64. Ci eBitzgerald. oy sireie ws
105 | @ | Bogota. stots Cab. Lawrence. | a...

(27,330.) With eggs,

Among the American Sylvicolide is a group of what may be
called ‘‘ Golden Warblers,” having, as their common characters, the
body yellowish-green above, golden yellow beneath; the quills and
tail feathers dark brown, margined internally with yellow, externally
with the color of the back; the breast and sides streaked with
orange brown, of which color is also sometimes the head. This
combination of characters is peculiar to the group, and especially
the yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers, which is found in
no other American Warblers. Originally represented by a single
species—the familiar D. estiva of the United States—the list has
recently been largely increased. All except estiva belong to Middle
America, or the northern part of South America, but especially to
the West Indies, where, it is probable, that each large island will be
found to have its own peculiar representative, as is the case to a
greater or less extent with Certhiola, Loxigilla, Saurothera, Todus,
and many gther genera. The diagnostic characters of the male
birds of the best known species are as follow :—

13 April, 1865.

194 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

¥orehead and vertex, with sides of head and throat, yellow.
Lateral tail feather entirely yellow, except a dusky streak
along the shaft towards the end. Inner webs of ail tail
feathers yellow to the shaft, except the sixth or central.
Wings pointed.
First quill nearly the longest, and always exceeding the 4th estiva.

Forehead yellowish ; vertex only brownish-orange, this sometimes
concealed by greenish tips. Sides of head and throat yel-
low. Outer web of lateral tail feather (except on the margin)
dusky. Yellow of inner edge of quills not reaching the
shaft, except perhaps in petechia. Wings rounded.
Second quill longest; 1st longer than the 5th. Larger
wing covert edged with olivaceous, scarcely more yel-
low externally; alula brown, not margined. Yellow
patch on inner web of outer tail feather, not reaching
the shaft; the 5th only narrowly edged with yellow . gundlachii.
Third quill longest; lst shorter than the 5th. The oliva-
ceous edges of larger wing coverts brightening ex-
ternally into golden yellow; alula sharply margined
with yellow. Yellow patch on inner web of lateral
tail feather reaching the shaft ; inner web of 5th feather
with marginal half yellow . : : . . . petechia.
Similar to last, but wings shorter. The 3d quill longest ;
the 1st quill longer than the 4th and 5th. Yellow of
inner webs of tail feathers not reaching the shaft . ruficapilla.

Entire head, including sides and inferior surface, orange-brown.
Yellow of inner edge of quills reaching the shaft. Tail
feathers much as in the last. Wings rather rounded.

Third quill longest; 1st longer than the 5th; edges of wing
coverts brightening into golden yellow. Orange brown
confined to the head and neck. Wing 2.75 long . vieilloti.

Similar to last, but considerably smaller. Orange brown
of head extending inferiorly to the jugulum. Wings,
2.25. ° : : : : : : , . rufigula.

In addition to the species just mentioned the Sylvicola aureola
of Gould, and the S. eoa of Gosse evidently belong to the Golden
Warblers, although their precise relationships cannot be defined for
want of specimens.*

' Dendroica aureola.
Sylvicola aureola, Goutp, Voyage Beagle, Birds, 1841, 86, tab. 28.

“Nape, back, and tail coverts yellowish-olive; wings and tail blackish,
broadly margined with yellow; front and crown yellow, with the tips of the
feathers reddish castaneous ; hind head gray, mixed with yellow, the cheeks
and throat bright yellow; breast of same color, each feather marked down

“"DENDROIGA. 195

Dendroica estiva.

Motacilla estiva, Gu, 8. N. I, 1788, 996.—Sylvia estiva, Lata. ; Vieint.
II, pl. 95.—Bon.; Avup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 35, 93; Nurr.—Sylvicola
est. Swains.; Bon. ; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 88.—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858,
114.—Rhimamphus est. Boy. ; Cas. Jour. III, 472 (Cuba).—Scrarer,
P. Z. 8. 1857, 202. — Dendroica ast. Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
282.—Sciater, P. Z. §. 1859, 363.—Is. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 194
(Ecuador, Cayenne, N. Grenada).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trini-
dad).—Coorer & Suck ey, P, R. R. XII, u, 1859, 181 (N. W. coast).

Sylvia carolinensis, Lata. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 551.

?Sylvia flava, Vieiuuo7, II, 1807, 31, pl. 81.

Sylvia citrinella, Wits. II, pl. xv, fig. 5.

Sylvia childreni, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 35 (young).

the middle with pale reddish castaneous ; sides and middle of the abdomen
whitish. Hab. Galapagos.
“Length, 5 inches; wing, 23; tail, 2,5; tarsus, 19; bill, ,8.”

This species appears to resemble petechia in coloration, but to differ in fewer
and less distinct stripes beneath, in the gray of the head, and lightness of the
abdomen. There is no mention made of the proportions of the quills.

Dendroica eoa.

Sylvicola coa, Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158.—Is. Illustration Birds
Jamaica.

Hab. Jamaica (Crab Pond, Jan. 24).

““Mate. Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of
head marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and
meeting both on the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverts
blackish, with yellowish edges. Tail blackish-olive, with yellow edges; the
outermost two feathers on each side have the greatest portion of the inner
webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump, tertials,
belly, and under tail coverts sparsely marked with undefined spots of pale
orange.”

“FemaLe. Nearly as in the male, but the deep orange is spread over the
whole cheeks, chin, throat, and breast. The head and back are dusky gray,
tinged with olive, and patched with the fulvous much more largely, but irregu-
larly, as if Jaid upon the darker hue. ©

“Length, 5 inches ; expanse, 7.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 1.90; rictus nearly .60;
tarsus, .90; middle toe, .50. Irids dark hazel; feet horn-color; beak pale
horn; culmen and tip darker.” :

The preceding description, copied from Gosse, relates to a Jamaica Warbler,
unknown, excepting from the preceding account, but evidently having a close
relationship to the Golden Warblers. It appears to have the head all round
orange (brown ?), as also perhaps the rump and tertials; and to be marked
(streaked ?) with the same beneath, including the crissum. The inner webs
of the tail feathers are yellow, as in the Golden Warblers.

196 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

?.Sylvia rathbonia, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 65.—Sylvicola r. Aun.
B. A. Il, pl. 89.

?Motacilla rubiginosa, Pauuas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. I, 1831, 496 (Kodiak).

Rhimamphus chryseolus, Box. Bull. Soc. Linn, Caen, H, 1851, 32 (D.
estiva, from South America; Cayenne).

OrueR Locauities: Xalapa, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363.— Guatemala,
Scuater & Savin, Ibis, 1859, 11.—Panama, winter, Lawr. Ann.
N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322.—Turbo, N. Grenada, Cass. Pr. A. N. Se.
1860, 191.—Bogota, Scuater, Pr. 1855, 143.—City of Mexico, Is.
1864, 172.

Hab. Entire North America, into South America as far as Ecuador, Cayenne,
and Trinidad. Notrecorded from West Indies, where replaced by allied species.

No North American bird has a wider range throughout the entire
continent, or is more abundant and familiar, breeding apparently as
far south as Mazatlan if not through Central America. Its range
into South America is also quite extensive, reaching Ecuador through
New Grenada, and eastward as far as Cayenne and Trinidad. I have
sought in vain for tangible characters to distinguish more than one
species, apparent discrepancies in single southern specimens having
been matched by others from the United States.

A skin from Costa Rica (30,487) appears to have more yellow
than usual on the inside of the quills, and a considerable amount of
red on the head ; not more, however, than in upper Missouri speci-
mens. Others exhibit occasional differences from the typical char-
acter, but nothing of apparent specific value. A specimen from
Guatemala, probably female, is much smaller than any other in the
collection, measuring only 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.85.

If there is any feature apparently belonging more to southern
than northern skins it‘is a greater paleness of bill, and a tendency
to a narrow line of dusky along the outer side of shaft of outer tail
feather, reaching to its base, instead of only about half way. Even
this, however, is not constant, and may be more a condition of winter
plumage than anything else.

I have not noticed in young birds the peculiar whiteness of the
throat and ash of the sides of head and nape, seen in D. petechia.

Specimens (about 200 in all) are in the collection from nearly all
regions of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
north to the Arctic Ocean ; from Forts Yukon, Good Hope, Ander-
son, Simpson, Rae (where very abundant), Resolution; Moose
Factory, etc. (None from Cape St. Lucas ?)- also—

DENDROICA. 197

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | Geeta.

35,016 285 |Juv., Mazatlan. Sate | A. J.Grayson. | ~~ .....-
32,712 | 20,167 2 Mexico. | tate RLVOLECR UX em Re illu wl Jesyoieisie
29,356 121 | g | Colima, Mex. Feb. 1863. J. Xantus. J. Xantus.
30,687 259) |) fe Duenas, Guat. ahh |nOwSalvine eee ml) Pieces
31,688 | 3,160 | .. | es | Sept. 1859. | eke NN RRR aes
30,686 | 263 af Petaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. ee Salvin & Godm.
30,553 ae 2 La Libertad, S. S. | Sept. 13, ’63.| Capt. J. M. Dow. Capt. J. M. Dow.
30,487 E305 hc San Jose, C. R. ere Drs Hrantziusy ae lpee se ite\ainic<'<
34,656 Bis ate s Bor J> Carmtols 7) a|feeeetcinss
17,897 340 | ¢ Turbo, N. G. ooh | Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
17,898 329 | ¢ es Boke es oes ;

On ei St Panama. Sat FredsHicks:* "0 |0 9 ittscrercrts
30,601 ls AP Trinidad. ae M.Galody< 4 .> Pili < ive

ee Aa ee eae Cab. A. & E.New-|

[ton.

Dendroica gundlachi.

?Motacilla albicollis, Gmeutn, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 983 (Ficedula domini-
censis, Brisson III, 494, tab. 26, fig. 5, St. Domingo).— Dendroica
albicollis, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192.—Lawrencr, Ann. N. Y.
Lyc. 1860, 18 (Cuba).—Gunpuacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).

2?2Motacilla chloroleuca, Gmeuiy, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 984 (Ficedula domini-
censis minor, Brisson, III, 496, tab. xxvi, fig. 2, St. Domingo).

Sylvia estiva, LemBeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 31, not the figure.—Rhiman-
phus estivus, CABANIS, Jour. 1855, 472 (Cuba).

Dendroica gundlachi, Barb.

Hab. Cuba.

Wings rounded, rather short ; the 2d quill longest ; 3d and 4th successively
very little shorter; Ist intermediate between 4th and 5th; difference between
Ist and 2d quill .07. (The five specimens before me all agree in these
characters. )

(%.-) Upper parts dark yellowish-green, scarcel} brighter on the rump, the
shaft of the feathers perhaps more dusky. Top of the head more and more
yellowish to the pill, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; the central
portions of the feathers tinged with reddish (Mr. Lawrence speaks of a male
bird having the whole crown of a deep orange color). Under parts bright
yellow; the jugulum and sides streaked with reddish. Wing feathers dark
brown; the quills and coverts edged externally with the dull olive of the
back, which scarcely becomes more yellow on the margin of the coverts, as
in petechia ; the marginal color of the primaries towards their ends passing
into gray; the alula uniform brown; the quills margined internally, but not
sharply, with yellowish, which is almost a dull white towards the ends viewed
from above. The upper surfaces of the tail feathers are dark greenish-brown,
margined externally like the rump; the outer four feathers have rather illy
defined yellow patches on their inner webs towards the end, which, however,
on the outer feather does not quite reach the shaft, and is separated on the
others by a greater and greater interval of the ground color; the 5th has the
inner margin alone yellow. The bill is plumbeous, with pale edges; the feet
apparently greenish.

A female bird is quite similar, but with the yellow patches on the tail still

198 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

more restricted. A young bird with much worn plumage belonging to Dr.
Gundlach’s collection, the same as that referred to by Mr. Lawrence, is ashy
above, with patches of olive-green; the under parts creamy white, strongly
tinged with yellow across the breast and on crissum. The yellow patches
of tail feathers much restricted. A young male (34,504), farther advanced,
has the adult plumage, with only a few patches of light ashy on the nape and
sides of neck, and some whitish spots on the chin.

Length of 34,504, $, 4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .88; bill from
nostril, .32.

For the opportunity of examining specimens of this species I am
indebted to Dr. J. Gundlach, who has transmitted five specimens of
different ages and sexes. None of these, however, appear to be in
highest spring plumage, for which reason the comparison with the
allied species cannot be made entirely satisfactory, and the differ-
ences in coloration may not be really quite as great as they now
appear. The difference in the structure of the wing would, however,
alone be sufficient to separate this species from petechia. The tips
of the outer four quills are closer together; the Ist quill not .16 less*
than the 2d; the 2d longest; the 3d and 4th successively very little
shorter ; the Ist longer, however, than the 5th. In petechia the 1st
quill is .20 shorter than the 8d (which is longest) ; the 4th is nearly
as long, and decidedly exceeding the 2d; the Ist shorter than the
5th, or about equal to the 6th.

None of the Cuban specimens before me show the red vertex of
the full plumaged pefechia of Jamaica; the feathers being tinged
centrally like immature males of the latter species; but, from Mr.
Lawrence’s statement,, the reddish crown belongs equally to both
species. The differences in wings and tail, however, exist throughout
the entire series of the species. The colors above are much brighter
and more yellowish in petechia; the wing coverts are broadly edged
with yellowish-green, like the back, which color on the edges, and
still more on the ends of the greater and middle coverts, passes into
almost decided yellow; the edge of the alula and of the wing are
bright golden yellow; all the quills are edged conspicuously and
uniformly on the outside like the back, and inside abruptly with
yellow. Inalbicollis the edging of the wing feathers is much duller
and more uniform, without the bright yellow of the coverts and alula.
The outer edges of the primaries are more inclined to gray; the
yellow of the inner edges of the quills paler, and less abrupt. The
yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers in albicollis is more
contracted ; does not come up so sharply to the shaft, but is usually
separated from it, and the 5th feather has only the inner margin
yellow, instead of being of this color nearly to the shaft. As already

DENDROICA. 199

remarked, however, these differences in coloration may be less appa-
rent with more perfect specimens.

The upper parts are much darker and more olivaceous than in
estiva ; the top and side of the head lack the bright yellow. The
tibie are grayish-olive, not bright yellow; the yellow of the wing
coverts is wanting, and the yellow edging of the quills internally
much less. In exstiva the yellow of the tail is more extended—the
outer feather being entirely of this color, excepting a streak in the
end of the outer web; and even in the fifth tail feather the entire
inner web is yellow, except at the extreme tip. The wing is much
more pointed in exsfiva; the Ist quill being generally longest, and
considerably exceeding the 4th, instead of being less.

The determination of the specific name of this species has been a
matter of considerable perplexity. I am by no means satisfied that
the St. Domingan and the Cuban birds are the same; and even if
identical, the name albicollis is a misnomer, liable to cause a very
erroneous impression, as the throat is golden-yellow, except in the
very young bird, when alone it is dirty whitish. I have, therefore,
thought best to impose a new name, borrowing it from the eminent
naturalist who has given to us a knowledge of the Ornithology of
Cuba scarcely less perfect than that of the eastern United States.

The name of chloroleuca, Gmelin, which may refer to the same
species, unless there be two with rufous crown in St. Domingo, is
equally objectionable with albicollis.

| |
|

Smith-|Collec-) Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. een | Received from Collected hy
No. No. | Age. 3 aunt |

34,502 ate Q Cuba, April, 1864.7) Dr. J. Gundlachs | 9 cece

345503) oe. | et os < oo Os Bee ath lstvarae

34,504 ata Jo Ke ss Oy Via We sichse

34,505 | .. 2 “ ‘ | eee emacs

Dendroica petechia.

Motacilla petechia, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 334 (based on Avicula lutea
vertice rubro, Epwarps, V, 99, tab. 256, fig. 2, erroneously quoted
as from Penna.).—Dendroica petechia, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 71.—
Is. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 195.—Manrcn, Pr. An. Sc. 1863, 292 (Ja-
maica; nesting).

Sylvicola xstiva, GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 157.

Hab. Jamaica.
(No. 22,153, 4.) Above yellowish-green, rather brighter on the rump; the

top of the head from bill, brownish-orange, with the bases of the feathers yel-
low (in some specimens their tips not unfrequently like the back, thus conceal-

200 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT iT.

ing the orange). Under parts, including tibra, lores, and cheeks below the eye,
bright golden-yellow, the jugulum, breast, and sides streaked with brownish-
orange; crissum plain. Wing feathers dark brown, broadly margined ex-
ternally with the color of the back, of nearly the same tint on the edges of
the primaries, but considerably more yellowish towards the edges of the greater
and middle coverts and secondaries. All *he quills edged internally (and the
alula externally) and sharply with sulphur-yellow, like the lining of the
wings, but not reaching the shaft of the feather—being cut off even at the
base of the feather by a very narrow portion of the ground color. Tail feathers
dark greenish-brown, becoming darker centrally, the outer edges like the
back; the shafts black above, white beneath, the inner webs (except in the
two central) bright yellow, except at the tips—the yellow not quite reaching
the shaft on the fourth feather, and extending only half way to it on the fifth.
In specimens of less perfect plumage the shafts of all the feathers are margined
internally with the color of the outer webs, this widening on the more anterior
feather.

The female (and perhaps autumnal male) differs in a more restricted amount
or entire deficiency of the brownish-orange oi the crown, and the more obsolete
stripes beneath, as well as to some extent in the markings of the tail as above
described. Young birds have the throat and chin creamy white, the nuchal
region and the sides of head and neck strongly tinged with light ash. The
Other characters appear much as described.

The wings in this bird are rather short, and much rounded ; the 3d quill is
longest ; the 4th a little shorter than the 2d; the Ist is intermediate between
the 5th and 6th, very rarely equal to, still less frequently a little longer than
the 5th, perhaps never exceeding the 4th. In eight specimens the succession
of length of the quills is expressed by the formula 3. 4. 2.5.1.6; in two,
3.4. 2.1.5.6. The tail is considerably rounded.

Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.62; tail, 2.30, its graduation .15; difference
between Ist and 3d primaries, .22; bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .60; tarsus, .80.

This species, though very similar in external appearance to D.
zstiva, may be readily distinguished on comparison. It is a rather
larger bird, with much (disproportionately) broader quills and _ tail
feathers. Thus the greatest width of the outer primary is .31, in-
stead of .25 to .27. A difference in the proportion of the quills is
constant. As stated, the 3d quill is generally longest in petechia ;
the Ist generally shorter than the 5th, always shorter than the 4th.
In exstiva the wing is much more pointed; the Ist quill is about
equal to the 2d and 3d, rarely a little shorter ; more frequently longer,
and .25 or more longer than the 5th, instead of being less ; and very
nearly equal to the 3d, not .20 shorter.

The differences in coloration consist in the more greenish tinge of
the upper parts in petechia ; the edges of the quills greenish-yellow,
especially the outer primaries, not almost pure yellow. The yellow
of the inner webs of the tail feather, in very perfect specimens, only

DENDROICA. 201

reaches the shaft on the outer three feathers alone, and in fact cven
here the upper surface shows a slight suffusion of the color of the
shaft along its inner edge. The isolation on the fourth feather, how-
ever, amounts to two or three hundredths of an inch, and on the
fifth to half the web. In most specimens, however, there is more
or less brown along the inside of all the shafts. In high plumaged
males of estiva the yellow reaches the shaft in the outer five feathers,
the fifth exhibiting a slight suffusion only in its terminal half; some-
times, however, this suffusion is seen on the fourth. There is con-
siderably less yellow on the inner edges of the quills than in estiva
in which the yellow reaches the shaft near the base.

The orange-brown tinge to the whole top of the head is an im-
portant character of petechia, even though sometimes wanting or
obscured. Not unfrequently, however, traces of the same are seen in
estiva ; and one specimen (4,300, Louisiana) has as much reddish
in the crown as many males of petechia.

I have not noticed, in petechia, the obscure brownish streaks seen
on the backs of high plumaged specimens of estiva ; and the rump
is more uniformly greenish-olive, instead of having the feathers
much edged with yellow. .

| |
Smith- \Collec- Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. a Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Collected. |

23,314 | | Savannah le Mar. | Aug, 2,58. Pe: Selater. | W. Osburn,

23315, 6 | © =| Portland,Jam.[Jam.} April, 1859. ss

24,354 | 196 ¢ |Spanishtown, Jam. | Aug. 28, 61. Wie r. March 9) teen's

26, S08 38 Zo “ Aug. 1862. EE ST Al eee

26, 809 i 238 2 sf ra SOE A ecetniace

24,353 202 cv Se Aug. 28, 61. Oe? OY Ae ete eistenrate

24.352 ee | ae uv. ‘s at ee ee ete

[|
Dendroica

?Motacilla ruficapilla, Gmetin, 8. N. I, 1788, 971 (based on Ficedula
martinicana, Brisson, III, 490, pl. xxii, fig. 4, Martinique).

? Chloris erithachorides, Feurtub, Jour. Obs. Phys. III, 413.

?Dendroica estiva, Newton, Ibis, I, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).

? Dendroica petechia, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).
—?Sylvia petechia, Viritu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 32, pl. 91 (4 U
States”).

I have little doubt that the Golden Warblers of St. Croix and St.
Thomas are specifically different from those inhabiting Jamaica
and Cuba respectively, and would not be much surprised to find
that each of the first-mentioned islands, as well as others of the
West Indian group, possessed a Golden Warbler peculiar to itself.

202- + REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have before me a St. Croix skin kindly lent by Mr. Newton,
and one from St. Thomas, from Mr. Lawrence’s collection, and
have examined other St. Thomas specimens in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy. None of these, unfortunately, are in that
perfection of feather and coloration necessary to exhibit their true
character, and I am unable to indicate these features properly,
though believing them to be different from petechia.

The St. Croix bird, which resembles petechia in the yellow edges
to the wing coverts, is smaller, with considerably shorter wings
proportionally (2.40, instead of 2.65); the wing formula is quite
different, being 3. 2. 1. 4. 5.6, instead of 3. 4.2.5.1.6—the Ist
quill being thus longer than the 4th and 5th, the 2d next to the
longest, instead of the Ist being shorter than the 4th and 5th, and
the 4th second in length. The St. Thomas specimens have much
the same wing formula—3. 2. 4. 1. 5. 6 in most; in two, 3. 4. 2.1.5.6;
they are rather larger, however, with more yellow on the tail.

A specimen, in poor condition, obtained in Barbadoes by Mr.
Gill, and preserved in alcohol (No. 33,766), although apparently an
adult male, is of very small size: length, 4.30; wing, 2.25; tail,
2.00; and has as the wing formula, 3. 4. 5.2.1. The tail has almost
the same amount of yellow as in D. estiva, and much more than in
any of its red-capped allies, viz., the entire inner webs of five ex-
terior feathers, with exception of a terminal streak. On the outer
web of the exterior feather the basal yellow does not extend quite
as far up as in estiva. The entire top ox head is of a deep chestnut-
brown. This bird, therefore, may be a different species again from
those just referred to. The specimen exhibits the unusual anomaly
of having seven tail feathers on one side, and six on the other.

The solution of all the questions connected with this subject will
depend upon full series of specimens in perfect spring plumage, from
all the different West India Islands. It is, however, quite evident
that, while D. petechia, of Jamaica, and D. gundlachi are distinct
species, there is at least one, and perhaps several additional species
in the West India Islands more to the eastward, perhaps one for
each group of islands.

Note.—As the present pages are passing through the press the
Institution has received a series of Golden Warblers from St.
Thomas, collected by Mr. Swift, which, unfortunately, being in
winter plumage, do not furnish the means of making a final com-
parison, though substantiating what has already been said in regard
to the character of the wings.

DENDROICA. 203

|
Smith-|Collec-| Sex / ow hen |
eouiaE iG s pnd Locality. = Collectéd. | Received from Collected by
NO. AN O. Age |
36,621 | ee| St. Thomas. WwW inter. RobertiSwitts jf ~ § wsciees
656290) yon) |e: | “ CuI Yo cet,
36,623 | rs CMe A! 5 3."

|

Dendroica vieilloti.

Dendroica vieilloti, Cassin, Pr. A. a Se. May, 1860, 192 (Panama;
Carthagena).—Sciarer, Catal. 1861, 32, no. 196 (New Grenada
and Mexico).—?Satviy, MSS. ea of Nicoya).

Dendroica erithachorides, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 185%, 283 (not of Fevinui).

?Rhimanphus ruficeps, Casants, Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860, 326 (published
Jan. 1861; see cover) (Costa Rica).

Hab. Mexico to New Grenada.

(No. 10,211.) Above olive-green, rather brighter on the rump; beneath,
including lining of wings, bright golden yellow. Entire head all round, with
broad streaks on the breast and sides, orange-brown. Wings nearly black, the
larger coverts, first primary, alula, and inner secondaries broadly edged with
greenish-yellow; the other quills with olivaceous like the back; the insides
of the quills broadly and sharply margined obliquely with yellow, which
reaches the shaft on the inner secondaries, and in all the quills except the
long primaries, is continued entirely around so as to join the exterior margin-
ing. Exposed surface of the tail feathers (including their outer webs) dark
greenish-brown, edged externally with the color of the back, the outer feather
alone having the outer web yellow, with a dark shaft streak from near the
base. The inner webs of the Ist, 2d, and 3d feathers entirely yellow, except
at the end; the 4th and 5th with more and more dusky along the shaft; the
6th with narrow margin only of yellow. Bill dark horn color. Legs pale.

The colors of the female are much duller; the head only tinged with brown,
especially along the centres of the feathers, and the streaks on the body be-
neath, indistinct. The inner webs of the tail feathers show much more brown
on them.

The wings, in this species, are broad and rounded, as in petechia. The 3a
quill is longest; the 4th and then the 2d a little shorter; the Ist about inter-
mediate between the 2d and 5th, not shorter than the 5th. The tail is con-
siderably rounded. In five specimens the formula is 3. 4. 2.1.5.6; in one,
3. 2.4.1.5.6. The difference between the Ist and 3d quills is about .19.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30; width of outer feather, .35;
difference between Ist and 3d quills, .13; length of bill along culmen, .50,
from nostril, .35, along gape, .63; tarsus, .81; middle toe and claw, .62; hind
toe and claw, .50.

This species, in the broad rounded wings, short first primary, and
wide quill- and tail feathers agrees with petechta much more than
with siva, although it is even larger, and the wings proportionally
longer (including Ist quill) than petechia. The Ist quill, too, is

204 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [ PART T.

longer than the 5th, not shorter. The quills are more broadly
margined than in that species, and all the colors more brilliant. The
entirely red head will readily distinguish it however. The reddish
streaks in the feathers of the chin, and a tinge of the same in the
lores, will distinguish the female bird from all others.

The preceding remarks were based upon the types of D. vieilloti
(all from Lt. Michler’s collection), as described by Mr. Cassin.
Since then I have had the opportunity of examining specimens from
other localities. A series from Mazatlan exhibits some differences,
but the specimens are all moulting, and it is impossible to determine
their true characters. It is, however, quite in accordance with the
general rule in the distribution of American birds, that a species
inhabiting the main land of South America should be replaced
farther north, especially so far as Mazatlan, by a second, closely
allied to it. To which form, if there be two, the ruficeps of Cabanis
belongs, it is difficult to say, as his description refers equally to
specimens before him from Carthagena, Costa Rica, and Mexico ;
most probably, however, to the former, and as such true synonyms
of D. vieilloti.

Smith-/Collee-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. goons Received from Collected by
|

No. | No. | Age.

10,212 5 | Carthagena, N. G. here Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
10,211 6 o “ ae “ “
17,900 5 9? ae bide a ee
17,899 46 & ss siete a ss
21,767 are Juv. New Grenada. ase es [Jr. “¥

as ; oe Caucun, Yueatan. 1842. Cab. Dro Si Cabots||) stacee
33,017 | 280 a Mazatlan, Mex. Auge 1864: Ay JivGraysons |) s.lace
35,018 281 |Juv.¢ sé es Sop Pe Me Il a Seances
35,019 | 282 © ss se oe” ie bensieccivicts

(10,211.) Type. (33,017.) 5.3 7.50,

Dendroica rufiguia,.

Dendroica rufigula, Barron.

Sylvia ruficapilla, “Latn.,” View, Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 228.—Is.
Encyel. Méth. II, 1823, 442 (not of p. 440) (“ Martinique”).—Is.
Galerie Ois. I, 268, pl. 164. (Not ruficapilla of G@meuin and Larnam.)

Hab. ? West Indies; ? Martinique.

Similar to D. vicilloti, but smaller; the rufous of entire head extending
down the neck to jugulum. Wing formula, 3. 4. 2.1.5. 6.

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .52;
hind toe and claw, .45; bill from nostril, .37.

T have already adverted to the possibility that the Brown-headed
Golden Warblers of Mexico and Central America may be different

DENDROICA. 205

from typical vietlloti, from Carthagena. In the collection of the
Philadelphia Academy I find a single specimen labelled ‘“S. rujfica-
pilla,” without indication of locality, which differs decidedly from
.all others I have seen in being much smaller, and in having the
orange-brown of the head and throat extending farther down as a
broad lappet over the neck to the jugulum, instead of being confined
to the head alone. The lateral tail feather has perhaps less yellow
on its outer web, though the markings of the tail and wings are
very similar. The size is considerably less; the wings half an inch
shorter ; the middle toe and claw one-tenth of an inch shorter; the
bill is more slender ; the wing formula is the same. Of its distinction
from vieilloti as a species I have little doubt, and can only regret
the uncertainty in regard to the locality. It agrees very well, espe-
cially in the greater extension of the rufous of the throat, with the
Sylvia ruficapilla of Vieillot, as cited above, from Martinique ; and
it may be really a West Indian species.
Specimen in collection of Philadelphia Academy

Dendroica olivacea.

Sylvia olivacea, Giravup, Birds Texas, 1841, 14, pl. vii, fig. 2.—Sciarer,
P. Z. 8. 1855, 66.—Sylvicola olivacea, Cassin, Ill. Birds Texas, etc.
1855, 283, pl. xlviiii—Rhimanphus o'ivaceus, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1856,
291 (Cordova).—VDendroica olivacea, ScuaTerR P. Z. 8. 1858, 298
(Oaxaca; cold region).—Dendroica olivacea, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859,
363 (Jalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 31, no. 190.

Sylvia teniata, Dusvs, Bull. Acad. Brux. XIV, 1847, 104.—Is. Rev. Z.
1848, 245.—Sylvicola teniata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 309.

ITah. Mexico (both coasts to the southward) ; Guatemala.

Head and neck all round, with jugulum, brownish-saffron, with a greenish
tinge on the nape. Rest of upper parts ashy. Middle and tips of greater
wing coverts white, forming two bands on the wing; a third white patch at
the bases of the primaries (except the two outer), and extending forwards
along the outer edges. Secondaries edged externally with olive green. Inner
webs of quills conspicuously edged with white. Under parts, except as de-
scribed, white, tinged with brownish on the sides; a narrow frontal band, and
a broad stripe from this through eye and over ear coverts, black. Outer tail
feather white, except at base and towards tip; greater portion of inner web
of next feather also white, much more restricted on the third.

Length, 4.60; wing, 2.88; tail, 2.15; tarsus, .75.

A female specimen (14,369), perhaps also in autumnal plumage, has the
saffron replaced by clear yellowish, except on top of head and nape, which
are olive green. The black frontal and lateral bands are replaced by whitish,
leaving only a dusky patch on the ears.

The bill in this species is quite peculiarly slender and depressed,
and the culmen is straighter than in any other Dendroica. The nos-

206 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

trils, too, are much more linear, and the wings unusually long. In
these respects, as well as in pattern of coloration, it forms a very
strongly marked section among the Vendroicas, even if not entitled
to consideration as a separate genus. The saffron brown head, neck,
and breast; the narrow black forehead, with black stripe through
the eye; the white belly, and the two white wing bands and white
patch at base of primaries, easily characterize it specifically.

|
Smith-|Collee- Sex
soniau| tor’s | and Locality. nen Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. eee a

14,369 os 2 Mexico. ace ASallley. 9 CoP Pe we fencesrate

23,374 1 o Popocatepetl. ee Verreaux., . .. li) se eecrees
32,464 391 dé Orizaba (alpine reg.) end ProfSuniichrast. | ~ ‘sc. sen
30,692 | 253 & | Choctum, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1862. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

Dendroica maculosa.

Motacilla maculosa, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 984.—Sylvia m. Lata. ; ViEIL1.
II, pl. 93.—Bon.; Nourr.; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, II, V, pl. 50, 123.—
D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 72.—Sylvicola m. Swarss. ; Bon. ;
Aup. B. A. Il, pl. 96.—Rhimanphus m. Cab. Jour. III, 1855, 474
(Cuba).—Dendroica m. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 284.—Scrarer,
P. Z. 8. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 197.—
Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—Scrarer & Savin,
Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322
(Panama ; winter).—Gouwnp.acu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very
rare).

Sylvia magnolia, Wi1s. III, pl. 23, fig. 3.

Hab. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson; eastern Mexico
to Guatemala and Panama; Bahamas; Cuba (very rare).

Specimens from the Eastern United States genera -y from the
Atlantic to Missouri valley ; also—

Smith-|Collec- Sex When- |
sonian| tor’s and Locality. Received from Collected by
7 Collected.
No. No. Age.
20,634 | od Moose Factory. May 28, ’60. C. Drexler. Why 9 daasetas aye
23,627 ae all cs et J. MacKenzie® | qitpas om ce cmiete
19,519 138 | Q | Fort Simpson. June 12, ‘60. Ba RA-ROsS ye ellie ee peteletcrere
eee ete | Fort Resolution. 1860. R, Kennicotts ill ie Geroctets
32,711 |20,165 | of | Mexico. ee Verreaux 9 Wi) vtec cece
22,363 |32,626 Coban. ae co ee a | eee eteietctete
30,691 273 | Choctum, Vera Paz.! Feb. 1862. O Salvin. 0) de “cyetorotare
|

|

Dendroica kirtlandii.
Sylvicola kirtlandii, Barrp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, June, 1852, 217, pl. vi
(Cleveland, Ohio).—Cassin, Illust. I, 1855, 278, pl. 47.—Dendroica
kirtlandii, BAtrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286.

DENDROICA. 207

Until recently, the only authenticated and known specimen of this
species was the type, No. 4,363, killed by Dr. Kirtland, near Cleve-
land, Ohio, May, 1851, and prepared by myself. I have, however,
lately found a second skin in the collection of Dr. Samuel Cabot, Jr.,
of Boston, taken at sea between the island of Abaco and Cuba. The
plumage is not quite so matured as in the type, and lacks the dark
spots on the jugulum; it is, however, otherwise very similar. A
third specimen (female) is reported in the Ohio Farmer for June 9,
1860, as killed that season near Cleveland, and preserved by Mr.
R. K. Winslow, who states that the late Wm. Case, of Cleveland,
also killed a specimen, but did not preserve it. Dr. Hoy also thinks
he has seen it at Racine. A careful search in the vicinity of Cleve-
land, about the middle of May, will probably be rewarded by the
discovery of additional specimens.

Smith-'Collec-| Sex |
mith- Collec- Sex | 7
sonian| tors and | Locality. eae | Received from Collected by

o. | No. jAge. |
4,363 are gd | Cleveland, Ohio. May 13, °51.| S. F. Baird. J. P. Kirtland.
ie . | a Near Abaco, Baha- eis | CabasaCabots Imi, ss nace
[mas. |

(4,363.) Type of species.

Dendroica carbonata.

Sylvia carbonata, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 308, pl. 60 (Kentucky).—
Noutr.—Helinaia carbonata, Aup. Syn.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 95, pl.
109.—Dendroica carbonata, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 287.

This species continues to be known only by the description and
figure of Audubon.

Dendroica palmarum.

Motacilla palmarum, Gen. 8. N. I, 1788, 951 (based on Palm Warbler,
Latuam, Syn. II, p. 498, no. 131, St. Domingo).—Sylvia p. Lat. ;
VieiLtor, II, pl. 73.—Bon. ; D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 61, pl.
viii.—Sylvicola p. Saurus, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St. Domingo).—
Dendroica p.. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 288.—Scuiarer, Catal. 1861,
33, no. 199.—In. P. Z. S. 1861, 71 (Jamaica; April).—Brvant, Pr,
Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—Gunptacna, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326
(Cuba; very common),

Sylvia petechia, Wus. VI, pl. 28, fig. 4.—Bon. ; Nurr. ; Aup. Orn. Biog.
II, pl. 163, 164.—Sylvicola petechia, Swatns. ; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 90.

Sylvicola ruficapilla, Bon. —Rhimanphus ruf. Cas. Jour. Il], 1855, 473
(Cuba; winter).

Hab. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s
Bay ; Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo in winter. Not noted from
Mexico, or Central America.

208 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART L

Specimens from United States generally from Atlantic to Missouri
valley ; also from—

Smith- Collec- Sex i, “Wien
sonian| tor’s and) Locality. ie Received from Collected by
- ollected,
No. No. | Age
26,9297 .: .. | Stewiacke, N. S. ele W.Go Winton, (|) 7 7 usec
20,625 is .. | North of Montreal. 1860. C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
ae a .. | Ft. George, H. Bay. 1861. Mr. Gladmon. | ~~ «-.e--
22.642 | 568 Q Fort Simpson. ce BakisRoss, ey) ly saucer
19,506 | 592 | ¢ | Fort Resolution. June 1. Rekennicott. § "| 9 cecce.s
19,507 | 726 | @ | S June 20. Otek in bhaticcice es
2 | | | Monte Verde, Cuba. | Jan. 27. Gowirighty | |e" aaoece
ces Bayamo, se Nov. 6, 61. Ce ees ee il) | doasot
a | .. | San Andre, sé Oct. 1859. fe ee ee cosece'
p ae 2 | Remedios, ss Dec. 14, 63.| N.H. Bishop. | — --e--
|

Dendroica pityophila.

Sylvicola pityophila, Gunpuacu, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Oct. 1855, 160 (Cuba).
—Rhimanphus pityophilus, Guypu. Cab. Jour. 1857, 240.

Hab. Cuba only.

Above, including sides of head and neck, uniform plumbeous gray; the
forehead, vertex, and loral region olive green. Chin and fore neck bright
yellow, extending on the middle of jugulum, and bordered by black streaks
towards lower part of neck, most conspicuous on sides of breast. Beneath
dull white, the insides of wings more ashy, the flanks something like the
back. Two dull ashy white bands across the wing coverts; the quill- and
tail feathers edged with paler ash than the ground color. Lateral tail feather
with a whitish patch on the inner web, running forward to a point along the
shaft, including the whole web at the end; second feather with a more re-
stricted patch of the same.

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.20; culmen, .45; bill from gape, .55;
tarsus, .66.

This species in general appearance somewhat resembles D. super-
ciliosa. The black streaks, however, of the sides of jugulum are
not continued along the flanks ; the forehead and vertex, with lores,
are olive green, not black and plumbeous, and there is no indication
whatever of the black and white markings of the side of the head.
There is also some similarity to D. pinus ; but the plumbeous back
and cheeks (not olive green), and the whitish under parts, except on
throat (not greenish-yellow), will readily distinguish them.

Smith- concen Sex | en |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. , Racoiveditran Collected b
No. | No. | Age. | Collected. y

33,079 | ss of Ir Cuba. | sel Dr. J. Gundlach. | qecago

DENDROICA. 209

Dendroica dominica.

Motacilla dominica, L. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 334 (Ficedula dominica
cinerea, Briss. III, 520, pl. 27, fig. 3.)—Dendroica dominica, Batrp.

Motacilla superciliosa, Boppart, Tableau Pl. enl. 686, fig. 1, 1783.—
Dendroica superciliosa, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 289.—Scuarer,
P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca); 1861 (Jamaica);
1863, 368 (Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 33, no. 200.—Scrater &
Savin, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duenas, Guat., Sept.).—Marcn, Pr. A. N.
Sc. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—Gunpuacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba;
very common).

Motacilla flavicollis, Gmewin, 8. N. 1, 1788, 959.— Sylvia fl. LatH. ; WILs.
II, pl. xii, fig. 6.—? Vieinior, Encycl. Méth. II, 1823, 453.

Motacilla pensilis, Gmetin, 8. N. 1, 1788, 960.—Sylvia p. Lavu. ; Vier.
II, pl. 72 (St. Domingo).—Bon, ; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 85; Norv. ;
D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 65.—Sylvicola pens. Ricu. ; Bon. ;
Aup. B. A. I, pl. 79,—Gossx, Birds Jam. 1847, 156 (Jamaica).—
Rhimanphus pens. Cas. Jour. Il, 474 (Cuba).

OrHeER Locauities: Cordova, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 291; St. Domingo,
SaALLeé, P. Z. 8. 1857, 231; Jamaica, Gossz, Birds Jam. 156.

Hab. Eastern province of U. §., north to Washington and Cleveland; in
winter abundant in Cuba; St. Domingo and Jamaica; Mexico (as far north
as Colima on west coast) and Guatemala. Resident in Jamaica ?

Specimens from the West Indies exhibit the same variations in
the extent of black on the forehead, and in the color of the super-
ciliary stripe, as North American. The portion of this stripe
anterior to the eye is sometimes white, sometimes bright yellow,
and sometimes a mixture of the two; but I am entirely unable to
base a second species upon such diversities. All I have seen from
Mexico and Guatemala have this stripe white. There is a great
variation in the length of the bills in different specimens.

There can be no doubt that this is the Motacilla dominica ot’
Linneus.

This species, although not belonging to either the middle or
western provinces of North America, was collected at Colima (west
coast of Mexico), by Mr. Xantus. This is an interesting fact, but
paralleled by the occurrence at Manzanillo, Mex. (the seaport of
Colima), of Larus atricilla and Sterna antillarum (frenata), two
species not known farther north on the Pacific coast, although
occurring along the whole eastern coast of the United States. A
specimen, killed June 4, by Mr. March, in Jamaica, would indicate
that it breeds in that island, as well perhaps as in others of the

West Indies.
14 April, 1865.

210 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.
|
ith- Collec-) Sex |
a a ae | and Locality. When Received from Collected by
7 | | Collected.
No. No. | Age. |}
1.098 .. | 9? | Washington, D.C. 1842. S. F. Baird. W. M. Baird.
3,323 | .. | .. | Liberty County,Ga.| 1846. a W. L. Jones.
7,700 | .. | .. | Cleveland, Ohio. | May, 1849. Dr. Kirtland. Dr. Kirtland.
TORVION | sc 2 | Cairo; TIL April 29. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
se cg | N. Sophie, Cuba. Jan. 25, ’61.| C. Wright. | ©. Wright.
i ¢ | Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan. 16, ’61. my =
26,807 | 37 | ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam. | June 4, ’62.| W. T. March. W. T. March,
D349, | 5. Nov. 1861. sf fe
3,986 7 g Tamaulipas, Mex. cere Lt. Couch. Lt. Couch.
31,824 | 2,043 | ¢g¢ | Near Colima, Mex. | Sept. 1863. John Xautus. John Xantus,
35,036 | 1,705 | .. of Aug. 1863. Pe eh Muah tec ceee
30,690 274 . | Duenas, Guat. Sept.29,’59.| O. Salvin. = | — eeccee

Dendroica graciz.
Dendroica gracia, Cours, MSS.
Hab. Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.

(No. 36,988, 4?) Bill shorter than the head ; gonys slightly convex. Color
of upper parts, with sides of neck, ash-gray; the middle of back, and less
conspicuously, the upper tail coverts, streaked with black. A line from
nostrils to above the eye (passing into white for a short distance behind it),
eyelids, a crescentic patch beneath the eye, the chin, throat, and centre of
jugulum, bright yellow; the rest of under parts, including inside of wing,
axillars, and tibie, white; the border of the yellow, and the sides of body
streaked with black. A line from bill, through the eye, the cheeks (in-
closing the yellow crescent), the sides of the vertex, the forehead, and
the centres of feathers on top of head, blackish. Wings and tail blackish,
the outer edges of the larger feathers pale bluish-gray; two white bands
across the wing coverts. Lateral tail feather white, except the inner web at
extreme base, the shaft, and a narrow streak at the end of the outer web;
the next feather similar, but the basal blackish extending farther along
3d feather with edge of outer web, and a wedge-shaped patch in end of inner
web, only, white. } .

Autumnal specimens similar; the black markings less distinct; the back
tinged with olivaceous.

Very young birds do not differ materially from the adult, showing nothing
of the spotting and mottling of the Turdide.

Total length (fresh specimen before being skinned), 5.00 ; expanse of wings,
8.00. Total length (prepared specimen), 4.60; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30; length
of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .30; along gape, .56; tarsus, .65;
middle toe and claw, .52; claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .40; claw
alone, .19.

This interesting new species, recently discovered in Arizona, by
Dr. Coues, and named by him after a member of his family, is
almost exactly like D. nigrescens in the color and markings of the
back (with its blackish interscapular streaks), wings, and tail, as
well as of the under parts, except that the chin and throat are

DENDROICA. OT

yellow, margined with black, instead of black margined with white.
The heads are very differently marked. To D. dominica there is a
strong resemblance, except that the infra-ocular crescent and eyelids
are yellow, not white; the black of sides of head is much less ex-
tensive, and without the conspicuous white patch behind it. There
is much more white on the tail; the back is streaked with black ; the
bill is shorter and straighter, and the size much less.

The relationship to D. adelaidx, Baird, is much closer, however,
than to any other species. The proportions are rather different—
the wings, tail, and toes being considerably longer; the bills pre-
cisely similar. The coloration and marking of the upper parts, and
of the head, are almost precisely the same, perhaps even to the
dorsal streaks, very obsoletely visible in the winter specimens of
adelaide. The yellow, however, of the under parts does not ex-
tend beyond the jugulum, where it is abruptly defined, instead of
spreading over the whole under parts, excepting perhaps the crissum.
D. adelaide, too, lacks the conspicuous black streaks of the sides ;
and the white of the outer tail feather is merely a quadrate patch in
the terminal half of the inner web.

This species appears to be abundant in Arizona, not less than ten
specimens having been collected by Dr. Coues, though mostly in
very indifferent plumage, owing to the season.

Of the four species, just referred to, the D. nigrescens is readily
distinguished by the black chin and throat ; the diagnostic characters
of the other three will be as follows :—

Common CHaracters.—Upper parts ash gray, the forehead and
sides of vertex black. A line from nostril to above eye
(passing into white behind), chin, and throat, yellow, mar-

' gined laterally with blackish; crissum, inside of wings,
axillars, and two bands on wing, white.

Superciliary line extending to the nape, and white, except-
ing anterior to the eye. Cheeks black, separated from
the ash of the neck by a white patch. Eyelids and
infra-ocular crescent white. Back not streaked. Bill
lengthened, gonys almost concave.

Yellow confined to jugulum; rest of under parts
white; the sides streaked with black . . dominica.

Superciliary line scarcely extending beyond the eye, and
yellow, excepting at extreme end. Cheeks ashy, like
sides of neck; dusky only near the eye, and not bor-
dered on side of neck behind by white. Eyelids and
infra-ocular crescent yellow. Back streaked. Bill
short, gonys slightly convex.

212 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.
Yellow of under parts confined to jugulum ; rest of
under parts white; the sides streaked with
black : : : Q graci@.
Yellow of under parts extending to crissum. Sides
scarcely streaked. 3 7 : s . adelaide.
| z = n
Smith-|Collec- Sex wihener| |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. la . | Received from | Remarks.
. Collected,
No. No. | Age. |
36.984 | 655 ¢ | Fort Whipple, near | Oct. 29, 64.) Dr. E, Coues. 5.20; 8.40
36,985 | 570 od se [Preseott, Ar.| Aug. 13, ’64. es | 5.20; 8.00
26,986 | 567 fe ~ “ oy 5.10; 7.80
36,987 | 568 es a st oe 5.20; 7.90
36,988 534 ae es Aug. 11 ES 5.00; 8.00
36,989 569 Sa ed Aug. 13. ‘ 4.70; 7.80
36,990 | 535 ae Aug. 11. | ee 4.90; 7.70
36,991 597 4 ee Aug. 15. ee 4.85; 7.80
36.992 | 536 ote es Aug. 11. a en) Me Su nooc
36,993 | 433 ¢ | 20 miles S. from Ft. | July 2, ’64. 5.30; 7.90
| [ Wingate, Ar.

(36,988. ) Type. (36,993.) Iris, bill, and feet black; soles yellow.

Dendroica adelaide.
Dendroica adelaide, BAtRD.

Ilab. Porto Rico.

(No. 36,486.) Entire upper parts, and sides of neck as far forward as the
eyes, uniform ash gray. Beneath, including edge of bend of wing, bright
yellow ; lining of wings, axillars, and crissum, white. A broad yellow line
from bill to eye, with the eyelids yellow ; forehead and sides of vertex black.
A black loral line. Wings with two conspicuous white bands; the quills
and tail feathers blackish, edged externally with whitish, internally with
purer white. Three lateral tail feathers with a quadrate terminal white
patch on inner web. Bill black. Legs pale yellowish.

Total length, 4.70 (estimated) ; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.05; lateral feather .20
shorter than middle; difference of longest primary and 9th, .35; length of
bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, 30; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle
toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .39; claw alone, .18.

The ashy feathers of forehead have a central streak of black, seen
The cheeks below and behind the
There is a slight appearance of a

also to less extent in the crown.
eye are ashy like the neck above.
black line or patch separating the yellow and ashy on the side of the
neck, and of a central blackish streak in the yellow feathers of the
side of the breast. The sides of body are more olivaceous, with
very obsolete indications of dusky streaks. The yellow of belly
becomes paler towards the anus, and passes into the white of crissum
and tibie. The wings and tail are almost black; the edging of the
secondaries is more olivaceous, of the primaries more whitish, espe-
cially towards the end. The white internal edging is very distinct.
The anterior border of the white caudal patch is straight and per-

DENDROICA. 213

pendicular to the shaft, the patch covering the posterior two-fifths of
the feather; on the 3d feather it is confined to the tip. The yellow
stripe to the eye is continued a short distance beyond it, but becomes
white.

It is quite possible that mature spring male specimens have the
middle of the back streaked with dusky, as in D. graciz and
townsendit.

This interesting new species of Warbler has several peculiarities
of form which almost entitles it to rank as a type of a separate
genus. The anterior toes are very short, quite like Parula, which
also it resembles somewhat in coloration, but the wings are too
short, and the bill not conical enough. In fact, bill and feet are
much as in Dendroica maculosa. The wings, however, differ in
being much shorter, less pointed, and more rounded. The tail, also,
is much rounded. The nape shows quite a number of long bristles,
with fibrillee at the end, which I have not noticed elsewhere among
the Warblers.

The relationships of the species, as far as coloration is concerned,
are to D. graciz, Coues, and D. dominica, as shown in the preceding
article.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this new species to the
daughter of Mr. Robert Swift, of St. Thomas, a gentleman to whom
the Smithsonian Institution is indebted for a very important collec-
tion of the birds of St. Thomas and Porto Rico, made solely at his
expense, to be used in preparing the present work.

Smith-|Collee- Sex

i ; | When .
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ; Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | | Colleeted.

ee oe eee
36,486 | a ve | Porto Rico. Jan. 1865. Robert: Swifts |" Wy hen a =

(36,486.) Type.

Dendroica discolor.

Sylvia discolor, Viet. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 37, pl. 98.—Bon. ; Aup. Orn.
Biog. I, pl. 14; Nurr.—Lemseyr, Aves Cuba, 1850, 32, pl. vi, fig.
2.—Sylvicola discolor, Jarp. ; Ricu. ; Bon. ; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 97.—
Gossk, Birds Jam. 1847, 159.—Rhimanphus discolor, Cas. Jour. III,
1855, 474 (Cuba; winter).—Dendroica discolor, Batrp, Birds N. Am.
1858, 290.—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 33, no. 201.—NeEwroy, Ibis, 1859,
144 (St. Croix).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—
Gunpuacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common)

Sylvia minuta, Witsoy, III, pl. 25, fig. 4.

Hab, Atlantic region of U. S., north to Massachusetts; in winter very

214 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

abundant throughout all the West India Islands, as far at least as the Virgin
Islands. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.

Specimens from the Atlantic slope only of the United States as
far north as Massachusetts ; also from—

Smith- Collec-| Sex | When
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Goliacted Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ;

Sail aes .. | Bahamas. April, 1564. | bt. Bitzeeralds ~~ ||)" Py iis. cc
26,813 40 | ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam. | June 14,62.) W. T. Mareh. W. T. March.
24,350 40 | Q “ oe rt ne
23,316 43 | Q | Trelawney, Jam. Jan. 10, ’57.| P. L. Sclater. W. Osburn.
32,710 |44,844 | ¢ | Martinique. Siete Verreaux.

36,481 te ss | Porto. Rico: Winter 64. | Robert Swift.
26,975 ere .. | St. Thomas. afels J. Ackburst.

36,627 a a S ee Robert Swift. [ton.
ie St. Croix. oat Cab. A. & E. New-

Suspraminry GEOTHLYPINZ.

SEIURUS, Swatyson.

Seiurus, Swarnson, Zool. Jour. 1827,171. (Type Motacilla auricapilla, L.)
Enicocichla, Gray, List Genera, 1840. (L/enieocichla, Ac.)

Seiurus aurocapilius.

Motacilla aurocapilla, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 334.—Turdus aur. Lata. ;
Wits. Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv, fig. 2.—Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. exliii.—
Sylvia aur. Bon.—Seiurus aur. Swaixson, Zool. Jour. II, 1827, 171.
—Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 260.—Moorg, P. Z. 8. 1859, 55 (Hon-
duras).—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 177.—Jonrs, Nat. Bermuda, 27.—
Henicocichla aur. SctatEer, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 159.—Gunp.acu,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Seiurus aur. D’OrB. Sagra’s Cuba,
1840, 55. ‘

Turdus coronatus, Vier. Ois. II, 1807, 8.

OruerR Locauities Quorep.— Cordova, Scuatrr, P. Z. S. 1856, 293.—
St. Domingo, Sauk, P. Z. S. 1857, 231.— Guatemala, Scuater &
Savy, Ibis, I, 1859, 10.—Santa Cruz (winter), Newron, Ibis, 1859,
142.— Cuba (winter), Cab. Jour. III, 471.—Jamaica, Goss, Birds,
152.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1861, 70.— Costa Rica, Cas. Jour. 1861, 84.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, north to English River, H. B. T.;
whole West Indies; eastern Mexico; Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica ;
Bermuda in autumn and winter (Jones).

I do not observe any special difference between skins of this
species from a wide range of localities, excepting that those from
the Mississippi Valley appear larger, with proportionally longer
wings. The Jamaican, Mexican, and Central American are rather
smaller than the average; the Cuban exhibit both extremes.

SEIURUS. 215

Specimens nave been received from various localities in the whole
eastern United States, as far west as the mouth of the Platte, or
beginning of the high plains, and as far north as English River,
H. B. T. (July 15, Kennicott). The extra-limital localities are as
follow :—

Smith-|Collee- Sex When |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. lnG@ollectad | Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. gx i
34,501 | 21 sen alNassaimeNe e- [May ws, 64.) bt CL. Ritzgerald| va ssaease
DOLG Miia ||) yee 2 Fermina, Cuba. | Feb. 18. C. Wright. C. Wright.
24,366 | 34. ¢ |Spanishtown, Jam. | Noy. 4,’61. | W. T. March. W. T. March.
24,367 A 2 = Ss | ee uC
23,305 Long Hall, Jam. March 11. | P. L. Selater. [ton.| W. Osburn.

as | .. | St. Croix. Marehvl3: | Cab: Al & EB: New- | -- 9 1.222

36,629 ws, | oe u[ists-l Homas: Winter ’64. | Roberi:Swatts =) ol) epee
32,461 366 | .. | Orizaba, Mex. oars | Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast.
32,695 |32,618 | g | Coban, Guat. Sas Werreaxse) eae il eee
30,662 | 3,792 | ¢G | Choctum, Guat. Feb. 1862. | 0. Salvin. Salvin & Godman,
30, 663 162 | .. | Savana Grande,Guat 1862. ae ot
34,647 :. | .. | Barrauea, C. R. April16}'64.| J. Carmiol. =| «......

Seiurus noveboracensis.

Motacilla noveboracensis, GMELIN, 8. N. I, 1788, 958.—Sylvia nov. Latu. ;
VieiLtor, Ois. Am. Sept. I, pl. lxxxii.—Seturus nov. Norv. ; Bon. ;
Avup. B. A. III, pl. 199.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 261, pl. Ixxx,
fig. 1.—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 121.— Henicocichla nov. Cas. Schom.
Guiana, III, 666; Jour. 1860, 324 (Costa Rica).—Scuarer, Catal.
1861, 25, no. 161 (Tobago).—Gunptacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326
(Cuba).—Mniotilta nov. Gray.

2? Motacilla fuscescers, GMELIN, S. N. 984 (based on Ficedula Jamaicensis,
Brisson, III, 512, Jamaica).

Turdus aquaticus, Wits. Am. Orn. III, 1811, pl. xxii, fig. 5.—Avup. Orn.
Biog. 1839, 284, pl. 433.

Sylvia anthoides, Viewmtot, Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 208.—Seiurus tenui-
rostris, Sw. 1827 ; Gams.—Sevurus sulfurascens, D’Orpieyy, Sagra’s
Cuba, 1840, 57, pl. vi.—Seiurus gossii, Box. Consp. 1850, 306 (Ja-
maica).—?Anthus l’herminieri, Less. Rev. Z. 1839, 101 (Colombia).

OrHER Locatities Quotep: Xalapa, Scuatrer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363.—
Guatemala, SctaTer & Sarva, Ibis, 1859, 10.—Panama, Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322.— Carthagena, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. 1860,
191.—Santa Cruz (winter), Newron, Ibis, 1859, 142.— Cuba, Cas.
Jour. II, 471.—Jamaica, Goss, Birds, 151.—Scx. P. Z. 8. 1861, 70.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, north to Arctic Ocean and Yukon,
(westward along northern border of U. 8. to Cascade Mountains); whole
West Indies ; southeastern Mexico ; all Central America; Panama and eastern
South America (Bogota; Carthagena; Brazil).

The examination of a large series of specimens, from widely re-
mote localities, reveals differences of but little moment. Some
skins from Jamaica, killed in August, agree exactly in the strong

216 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

sulphur yellow tinge beneath, and ochry superciliary stripe, as well
as in other characters, with autumnal Carlisle specimens, while others
are much paler. Generally in spring the belly is paler in color, and
the streaks better defined, the eye stripe purer; in autumn more
sulphuraceous ; while later in the winter the colors appear to become
paler and more like the spring plumage.

Skins from Guatemala, and one labelled as from Brazil, have the
concealed median yellowish patch at the base of the forehead rather
more distinct than in North American ones; the under parts, espe-
cially the crissum, with the superciliary stripe, paler, nearly white,
and the streaks apparently encroaching less on the belly. These
characters, however, are matched separately in North. American
skins, and may be merely a peculiarity of winter dress.

A very young bird (22,619), from the north, has the feathers of
upper parts, including wing coverts, distinctly tipped with brownish-
yellow; the sub-terminal portion very dark. In a still older speci-
men, the only difference from the adult is in the presence of dusky
spots on the back, with scattered specks of yellowish.

No North American bird exceeds the present in the extent of its
range: from the Arctic Ocean in the north, to New Grenada and
Brazil to the south.

Specimens from many localities throughout the whole United
States from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River, and north
almost to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Those from points west
of this, and from regions beyond the limits of the United States,
are as follow :—

Smith- Collec Sex ‘ When |
sonian|} tor’s | and Locality. @ollecteds| Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. mere cil ae
27,245 | 1,328 | 9 Youkon River. | June 15,’61.| R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
27,246 | 1,536 | .. | 150 miles 8. W. from
Youkon. isis Oe ee | ee eee ete
28,082 | 1,690 | @ | Fort Norman. DOG B. R. Ross. N. Taylor.
31,121 70 | .. | Fort, Peel’s River. | June 8. C. P. Gaudet. C. P. Gaudet.
27,239 | 1,362 | .. | Fort Simpson. June Bb. R. Ross. B. R. Ross.
27,233 || 1,523.) .. | Fort Rae. es LisClarkexJrsey vols Wiese
20,625 ate od | Moose Factory. Mavt26060:1 C. Drexler. 19) ili =) aalesce
22,039 70 | @ | Hellgate, Idaho. Aug. 26,60. Dr. J. G. Cooper. | Dr. J. G. Cooper.
21,922 ate O. | Camp Moogie, W. T.| July 24, ’60.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly.
23,304 18 | gf | Savannah le Mar. | Aug. 28,°58 | P. L. Sclater. W. Osburn.
36,630 ere .. | St. Thomas. Winter 64. | Robert Swift. | ......
24,368 33 | ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam. | Nov. 4, 61. | W.T. March.[ton.| W. T. March.
¥3 ste -- | St. Croix. Mar. 23, ’58.| Cab. A.& E. New-| —_.......
28,025 a .- | Mirador, Mex. Stele | Drs Sartorines es Vi) © mere
18,566 wie .. | Guatemala. sisi Dr Sclaters paue)|(sae maces
30,664 | 3,050 | .. | Belize, Hond. Decw4 7574), O. Salviny wall 9 scene
24,304 a .. | Nicaragua. ters | Capt. J2.M:., Dowai|) escces
33, 267 ste -. |‘San Jose, C. R. ayers J.\Carmioly” Sey Bit wemernte
34,648 sie .- | Angostura, C. R. Mar. 13, ’64. sO eR EA err
21,754 39 | .. | Carthagena, N. G. 540 Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
7,639 te -. | Brazil. S..E. Baird®, 0 s)| eee acerererters

SELURUS. 217

Seiurus ludoviciamus.

Turdus ludovicianus, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 99, pl. xix.—Seiurus ludo-
vicianus, Bon.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 26%, pl. Ixxx, fig. 2.
—SciaTer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca); 1861,
70 (Jamaica).—Sciarer & Sanviy, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Guatemala).—
FHlenicocichla lud. Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 161 (Orizaba).

?Turdus motacilla, Vien. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 9, pl. 65 (Kentucky).
(Can hardly refer to anything else ; still, markings of side of head
very different.)—Seiurus motacilla, Bon. 1850.—Henicocichla mot.
Cas. Jour. 1857, 240 (Cuba).—Gunpracgu, Jour. Orn. 1861, 326.

Henicocichla major, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850 (Xalapa).

Hab. Eastern province of United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and
Michigan ; Cuba and Jamaica; southern Mexico (Colima) to Guatemala.

Most specimens of this bird from the West Indies, and regions
south of the United States, exhibit a decided ochraceous wash on
the sides and crissum, quite marked in comparison with northern
skins. I am, however, inclined to consider this a condition of late
autumnal plumage, as it is most strongly marked in a specimen from
Cuba, collected in October, by Mr. Wright; while another killed in
the middle of January is quite as free from an ochraceous wash as
spring specimens from Carlisle and Washington.

This species, formerly considered very rare, has been taken, during
the past few years, about Washington, in considerable numbers by
Messrs. Prentiss and Coues. They have also found Jurdus aliciz
abundant in the same time—a species only detected and distinguished
from 7. swainsont in 1858.

Specimens from numerous localities in the United States as far
north as Carlisle, Pa., and Ann Arbor, Mich., and west to Inde-
pendence, Mo. Extra-limital localities are—

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. (Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | 2

23,514 tS | Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan. 17. CR Worle a eine POP recs. sye tte
21,674 g | Tuabuque, Cuba. Oct. 9: eR AE || CRE ateisisvecets
23,303 ea 2 Trelawuey, Jaro. Sept. 5, 59. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.
33-577 | 139 ¢ | Mirador, Mex. Sept. 1863. Dr. C. Sartorius. | Sicisiete
28,024 14 oe He atele pean Bet) Oe aS, ratty
29,362.| 119 g | Colima. Feb. 1863. John Xantus. | mse sitte

30,665 oe oe | Duenas, Guat. 1862. O. Salvin.

218 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART T,

OPORORNIS, Bairp.

Oporornis, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 246. (Type Sylvia agilis, Wis.)

Oporornis agilis.

Sylvia agilis, Wis. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 64, pl. xxxix, fig. 4.—Avp. Orn.
Biog. II, pl. 138 ; Bon. —Sylvicola ag. Jarp.; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 99.
—Trichas ag. Nuvr.— Oporornis ag. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 246,
pl. Ixxix, fig. 2.—? Trichas tephrocotis, Nutr. Man. 2d ed. 1840, 462
(Chester Co., Penn.).

Hab. Eastern province of United States.

A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, killed
by Mr. Krider, has the darker ash of the jugulum of a decided sooty

tinge.
| |
Smith-|Collee-, Sex | Lhe
sonian} tor’s | and Locality. : 2 Received from | Collected by
Woe Now (ae fs | Collected. | ’
No Age. |
1,235 oe ai Philadelphia. | Oct. 1, *43. S. F. Baird. esate
2,309 oe a Carlisle, Pa. May 20, 749. | st 8. F. Baird.
20,876 +. ots Loudon Co., Va. ses | N. Janney. Sancta
31,020 ate a Washington. Sept. 25, °61. C. E. Schmidt. C. E. Schmidt.
12,815 oe a Racine, Wisc. May, 1858. Dr. Hoy. Dr. Hoy.
35,031 8 d Cook Co., Il. May 23, ’64. R. Keunicott. R. Kennicctt.

(35,031.) 5.20; 8.90; 2.90.

Oporornis formosus.

2 Sylvia equinoctialis, Vien. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 26, pl. 81, Penn.
(not of GMELIN).

Sylcia formosa, Wits. Am. Orn. IT, 1811, 85, pl. xxv, fig. 3.—Nortz. ;
Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 88.—Sylvicola formosa, Jarv.; Ricu.; Bon. ;
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113.—Myiodioctes formosus, AuD. Syn.—
Is. B. A. II, pl. 74.—Lemseyeg, Av. Cuba, 1850, 37. —Gunpiacu, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Oporornis formosus, Bairp, Birds N. Am.
1858, 247.—Scrarer & Sanviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).

Orner Locauities Crrep:, Cuba, Cas. Jour. III, 472.—Mezxico, Scuater,
Pr. 1862, 19.—Jsthmus Panama, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 62.

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Washington and Chicago ;
Cuba, Guatemala, and Isthmus Panama. Not recorded from Jamaica and
Mexics.

The Sylvia equinoctialis of Vieillot (but not of Gmelin, which is
Geothlypis aquinoct.) probably belongs here. The name, however,
is geographically inapplicable, and cannot be retained.

GEOTHLYPIS. 219

Smith- Coltee:| | Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and | | Locality. \ Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | y Collected.
zs ——— pe

10,153 ote | | Union County, Ill. | May 15, R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
12,196 a6 | | Cherokee Nation. | July 15,49.) Dr. Woodhouse. | Dr. Woodhouse.
382,236 sé a Liberty County, Ga ae Prof. Leconte. BNaleita\e
30,680 207 | Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860, O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

os lit Guatemala. ere Cab. Lawrence. | _.....--

GEOTHLYFPIS, Cas.

Trichas, Swatys. Zool. Jour. 1827, 167 (not of GnogErR).
Geothlypis, Cas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, 1, 316, 349. (Type Turdus tri-
chas, Linn.)—Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 240.

Species of Geothlypis are found throughout America, some of
them having a wide distribution. Most, however, belong to the
northern and middle sections of the continent. They may be
arranged as follows :—

Forehead crossed by a broad black mask, which passes over the
eyes, cheeks, and ears. Crown and occiput without a pure
ashy patch.
The black mask bordered above and behind by whitish of
more or less extent; nape tinged with brown.
Beneath yellow; belly and anal region whitish in
distinct contrast ; lining of wings white. Mask
narrowly bordered by bluish-gray : . trichas.
Beneath throughout uniform rich yellow; lining
of wings yellow. Mask broadly bordered by
bluish-white ; : i 8 ; . melanops.
The black mask without whitish border, and extending
farther back on the head.
Beneath, including inside of wings, yellow . - speciosa.
Paler green above; brighter yellow beneath than
the last c ; 2 ; A z . semiflava.
Forehead crossed by a narrow black mask, which extends to
the eyes, sometimes through them over the ears; not bov-
dered behind by whitish. Top of head ashy, in decided
contrast. Beneath yellow.
The black extending through the eye over the ears. Eye-
lids black.
Bill slender ; the height less than half the distance
from nostrils to tip; culmen nearly straight.
Ashy of crown extending over side of head
to the black of the ears ¢ . ; . velata,

Bill stouter; height about equal to half the dis-

bo
bo
oO

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1G

tance from nostrils to tip; culmen gently
curved. Ash of head contracted, and con-
fined to the vertex ; the olive of nape extend-
ing to the black of the ears . : . . equinoctialis.
The black of face confined to loral region, and just below
eye, or extending only in a narrow ring behind it.
Eyelids white ?

Bill very stout; height more than half the dis-
tance from nostrils to tip; culmen much
curved. Ash of head extending over nape
and sides of head behind the eyes, and in-
cluding ear coverts : 5 ; 0 . poliocephala.

No distinct frontal black band. Head and neck all round, with
jugulum, ashy ; the feathers on the lower throat and jugu-
lum blackish in the centres. Rest of under parts yellow.

Loral region dusky only; space round the eye
blackish, without white feathers . : . philadelphia.

Loral region blackish ; eyes with a patch of white
feathers on upper and lower lids . : - macgillivrayt.

Geothlypis trichas.

Turdus trichas, Linn. 8. N. 1766, 293.—Sylvia trichas, Lara. ; Aup., ete.
—D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 67.— Geothlypis trichas, Caz.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 16.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 241.—Gunpuacu, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Scrarter, Catal. 1861, 27, no. 167.—Manrcu,
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 293.—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 29.

Sylvia marilandica, Witson.—Trichas mar. Bon.

Regulus mystaceus, StEPHENS.—Trichas personatus, Swainson.— Sylvia
roscoe, Aup.—Trichas brachydactylus, SwAts.

OrueER Locauities Quoted: Xalapa, Oaxaca, Cordova, Scn.— Guatemala,
Sct. & Satv.—Bahamas, Bryant.

FicguRES: VIEILL. Ois. II, pl. 28, 29.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, II, V, pl. 23,
102, 240.—Wius. I, pl. vi, fig. 1.—Burron, Pl. enl. 709, fig. 2.

Hab. The ~vhole United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala, Bermuda (October) ; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica.

(No. 26,024, 5.) Wings a little shorter than the somewhat graduated tail.
Bill slender, the depth contained about two and a half times in distance
from nostrils to tip. First quill about equal to seventh. Forehead to above
the anterior edge of the eye, and across the entire cheeks, ears, and jaws,
and ending in an angle on sides of neck, black, with a suffusion of hoary
bluish-gray behind it on the crown and sides of neck; the occipital and
nuchal region grayish-brown, passing insensibly into the olive green of the
upper parts. Chin, throat, jugulum, edge of wing and crissum, rich yellow
(the latter paler) ; rest of under parts, with lining of wings, yellowish-white,
th sides tinged with brownish ; outer primary edged with whitish, the others
with olive green. Bill black; legs yellowish.

GEOTHLYPIS. 221

Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.30; graduation, .25 ; width of outer
tail feather, .28; difference between Ist and 3d quills, .15; length of bill from
forehead, .52, from nostril, .30; along gape, .60; tarsus, .75; middle toe and
claw, .66; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .48; claw alone, .26.

In autumnal plumage the whitish of thé belly becomes tinged with
yellowish, affording but little distinction from the yellow of the
breast and crissum. The black becomes obscured, especially that
on top of the head, by the extension forward of the brownish of the
vertex. The eyelids are apt to show a whitish ring. There appears
to be a tendency in the bill to become lighter colored, especially the
lower mandible, as in Icterta. I have not yet seen an autumnal
male with the black bill so characteristic of spring specimens.

Specimens vary in the width of the black forehead, in that of the
hoary gray behind it ; the whole crown being sometimes of the latter
color, and the occiput behind it.

In some western specimens the size is a little larger, and the bill
appears considerably stouter than in the eastern, but I cannot see
any other difference.

West Indian, Mexican, and Guatemalan specimens do not present
appreciable differences, except what arises from their autumnal
dress; all have the paler bills referred to above.

The female bird either lacks the black mask entirely, or else it is
only appreciable on the sides of the head; the whole top of the
head is usually strongly tinged with reddish-olive. The feathers on
the eyelids are generally whitish in the female and autumnal male,
quite different from the pure black of the spring male.

I find considerable difference in specimens of this species, both as
to size and extent to which the yellow of the breast reaches over the
abdomen, ete. In some the black frontal band is bordered behind
by a narrow band of gray, abruptly defined against the olive of the
crown (2,535); in others it is of greater extent, and shades more
insensibly into the olive. In 10,957, from Fort Bridger, and some
others, this gray is nearly white, and as broad as or broader than the
black. I am, however, unable to see any permanent characters
looking to a separation into two species. The characters assigned
by Swainson for his Trichas brachydactylus, as distinguished from
T. personatus, appear to be common to all specimens of Maryland
Yellowthroat I have ever seen.

All specimens from Washington appear smaller, with slenderer
bills than others.

As this species is found distributed throughout the entire extent
of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, and up

222 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

to its northern boundary, I do not present the special localities of
any but extra-limital specimens.

ith-|Collec- Sex |
Saube par and Locality. aa Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | r
= |. —$ | ———__——.
¢ | Monte Verde, Cuba.) Jan, 16, 61. CaWiright2 Glee Tee aaaer

Fi 4~ | Remedios, Cuba. | Dee. 14, ’63. INS ERS IShOplee |) Beek. ce eierecace

18 ¢ | Trelawney, Jam. | April 20,°59. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.

31 Q | Spanishtown, Jam. | aoe W. T. March. W. T. March.
24,358 “ | og | “e | Se “a “ce
26,806 ss Se | May 10, *62. es yi
16,950 |3,037 | © | Cape St. Lucas. hOct.. 1. John Xantus. John Xantus.
26,371 ae +s: ||| Mexico: | ets De crIGer sume ae) eects ay
36,510 50 | od | Merida, Yue. | Dec. 22, 64. Gov. Salazar. Dr. A. Schott.
30,678 | 193 .. | Coban, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. Salv. & Godman,
30,679 |3,164 | .. | Choctun, Vera Paz.| Jan, 1861. “ | «

Geothliypis melanops.
Geothlypis melanops, Baird, 0. 8.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

(No. 26,372, %.) Bill slender, conical; culmen nearly straight to the
gently decurved tip. First quill about equal to the 7th. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers broad.

Color much as in G. trichas, with a similar black mask, crossing the fore-
head and passing over the cheeks and ears, through the eyes. This black
mask is, however, bordered internally and above for nearly its own width by
white, very faintly tinged with bluish, the nape only in fact being tinged
with olive brown. The rest of the upper parts are olive green. All the under
parts are pure rich uniform yellow, even including the middle of belly, the
edge and the inside of wings; the sides of body are somewhat tinged with
brownish. Bill black; legs yellowish. .

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.44; tail, 2.60; graduation, .41; width of outer
feather, .33; difference of Ist and 4th quills, .24; length of bill from forehead,
.55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .65; tarsus, .84; middle toe and claw, .75 ;
claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .56; claw alone, .27.

In a series of over one hundred specimens of black-faced Geo-
thlypis, agreeing in general characters with G. trichas, there is one
specimen from Mexico so different from all the rest as apparently to
be entitled to specific separation. It is of considerably larger size
than the average of G. trichas; the tail is longer; its feathers
broader. The feet are larger; the middle toe and claw much longer.
The entire under parts are of a nearly uniform yellow, without the
whitish of the abdomen so characteristic of typical G. trichas. 'The
space above, and inclosed by the black facial mask, is quite pure
bluish-white, of much greater extent than in other specimens.

This species is probably resident in Mexico, as the specimen de-

GEOTHLYPIS. 293

scribed is in full spring plumage, without any clouding of the black
mask. It is very different from G. speciosa, Sel.

| |
Smith-/Collec-) Sex

. ; 3 | When | ‘ :
sonian| tor’s | aud Locality. ln Received from Collected by
Bhai atc | Collected. | i
No. No. | Age. |
Se ——<-—Sia STS ic) foe es ee
26,372 | $ Mexico. oe | “ JEIKri dors e gor Waee Ms.

(26,372.) Type of species.

Geothlypis velata.

Sylvia velata, Viettu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 22, pl. lxxiv.—D’Ors.
Voy. IV, 217.—Trichas velata, Sw. ; Burm. Uebers. III, 1856, 115.
— Geothlypis vel. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 16.—Scuater, Catal. 1861,
21, no. 1703

Sylvia canicapilla, Max. Beit. III, 701 (Brazil).

Fab. Brazil.

(No. 24,042.) Bill slender, conical, much as in G. macgillivray?, the culmen
nearly straight. First quill about equal to the 8th; the 4th longest. Color

Geothlypis speciosa, ScLATER.

Geothlypis speciosa, Scuater, P. Z. 8S. 1858, 447 (Mexico).—Is. Catal.
1861, 27, no. 169.
Hab. Eastern Mexico.

“Bright oil yellow ; head, especially on the sides, with the auricular region,
black; quills blackish-brown; beneath bright yellow, the sides brownish,
under wing coverts yellow ; bill black; feet dusky flesh color. Length, 5.30;
wing, 2.40; tail, 2.30.’’—Sclater.

I have not seen this strongly marked species, which differs from G. trichas
apparently in the wider black mask, absence of hoary margin to the mask,
and in uniform yellow of under parts, including lining of wings. The tarsi,
toes, and claws are longer. In these respects, as well as in the coloration of
the under parts, it agrees with G. melanops; but lacks the white head of the

‘latter, in which, too, the black extends rather less on the forehead than even
in G. trichas.

Geothlypis semiflavus, Sclater (G. semiflavus, Sclater, Pr. Z. 1860, 273, 291.
—Ib. Catal. 1861, 27, no. 168, Ecuador), is said to agree with the last men-
tioned, in most points, but to differ in paler olive above, and purer yellow
beneath. The black of the cheeks extends far down on the sides of the neck,
and on the forehead reaches to above the eyes. The three black-faced
Geothlypi, therefore, of the regions south of the United States, agree in the
purer and more continuous yellow beneath, and longer toes. An interesting
coincidence in this respect is seen with the chestnut-headed Basileuteri—B.
rufifrons and G. trichas, the more northern species having the whitish belly ;
B. dellatrii and G. speciosa, from the middle region, having this more yellow;
while the South American B. mesochrysus and G. semiflavus have the yellow
of greatest intensity.

224 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

above olive green; the forehead, loral region, and sides of head extending a
little above the eyes and over the ears, black; the rest of the head above
ashy, glossed with brown, the color extending over the sides of the occiput to
the black of cheeks. Whole under parts, with edge of wings, rich yellow;
the lining of wings rather paler; the sides tinged with olive green. Upper
mandible black ; lower paler, or whitish. Legs apparently flesh color.

Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.40; graduation, .36; difference be-
tween Ist and 4th quills, .24; length of bill from forehead, .£0, from nostril,
.35; along gape, .62; greatest depth, .16; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw,
.75; claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .27.

In the best specimen before me (24,042) there is a line of whitish
feathers in the fold of skin bounding the lower eyelid inferiorly,
apparently concealed from view in ordinary cases. The feathers on
the extreme edge of the eyelid are, however, black, not white as in
G. macgillivrayt.

|
|
|

Sex | When

Smith-/|Collee- |

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Gollectaden| Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | : aa |

15,223 Veta .. | Brazil. [zil.| esis U. S. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale.

24,042 St. Catherines, Bra- nse a VVCLIS ate eetmel| nen aketasavaye

94 A | Bahia. Be "Cab. lawrence, ||| | <inanee

(94.) This specimen has the bill rather stouter than the preceding.

Geothlypis equinoctialis.

Motacilla equinoctialis, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 972.—Trichas eq. Gray.—
Geothlypis eq. Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 16.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861,
27,no.171 (Trinidad ; Cayenne).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81(Trinidad).

Hab. Northeastern portion of South America (Cayenne ; Trinidad, etc.).

(No. 2,905.) Bill stout; the culmen and commissure gently curved from
the base. First quill about equal to the 9th; 3d and 4th longest. Upper
parts olive green; forehead, with loral region and cheeks, including a short
space above the eye and ear coverts, black. Top of the head ash gray, with
rounded or somewhat pointed outline on the occiput, so that the olive of the
nape extends forward to the black cheeks, cutting off the ashy. Under parts
yellow, with perhaps a faint tinge of ochry along the belly. Upper mandible
dark brown; lower nearly white. Legs apparently flesh color. A line of con-
cealed grayish feathers on the lower eyelid.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.30; graduation, .46; difference be-
tween Ist and 4th quills, .30; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.36; along gape, .65; depth, .19; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .82; claw
alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .30.

The differences between the species of gray-crowned Geothlypis
from Brazil (velatus), and its ally (aquinoctialis) from northern
South America (Cayenne, Guiana, and Venezuela), were first con-
trasted by Cabanis, and appear to be substantially correct as stated.

GEOTHLYPIS. : 9295

The ashy of the crown, in the present species, is more restricted, as
instead of passing down the occiput, and extending straight across
between the black cheeks, its outline is rounded behind, less ex-
tended, and allowing the olive green of the nape to pass forward to
the dusky eyelids. The under parts are of a more ochry yellow.
The bill above is paler. The bill is considerably stouter at the base,
and more curved; the legs, too, decidedly stouter; the middle and
hind toe longer. The tail appears to be a little shorter, or at least
not longer than the wings, instead of decidedly longer.

|
Smith- |Collec-) Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. 5

2,905 | .. | .. |S. Amer.? (“Califor- me So ¥. Baird’ © (@ueu. Audubon.
2,367 = .. | Trinidad. [nia’’? ?) ; SE Pe Rg ane crore Beas
562 ae -. |S. America? Siete cs

(2,905.) Supposed to be type of Trichas delafieldii, and also type of Trichas velata, BatrD,
Birds N. Am,

Geothlypis poliocephala.

Geothlypis poliocephala, Bairp, n. s.
? Geothlypis equinoctialis, ScLaTER & Satvin, Ibis 1860, 273 (Guatemala).
Not of Gm.

Hab. West coast of Mexico, and Central America ?

(No. 34,017.) Bill very stout, with the culmen considerably curved from
the base, and not unlike Jcteria; the depth of bill more than half distance
from nostrils to tip. Tail considerably longer than the wings, a good deal
graduated. Wings short, much rounded ; the Ist quill about equal to 9th.

Above olive green. A narrow frontlet of black, extending over loral region
to the eye, and curving round, passes a short distance below it. Eyelids
white. Top of head and nape, and sides behind the eyes, including most of
ear coverts, ashy. Beneath, including bend of wings, dull yellow; the sides
paler, and tinged with brown. Inside of wings yellowish-white. Outer pri-
mary, as usual in the genus, edged with white, the others with olive. Bill
light brownish above, whitish beneath.

This specimen is marked male, but is in poor condition. One received from |
Mr. Salvin, from Guatemala, differs a little in having the black continued
entirely round the eye, but inferiorly not extending behind its posterior ex-
tremity. There are no white feathers on the eyelids. The sides of head and
ears are ashy, as in the first specimen. The bill is even stouter, and the
culmen more curved, than in 34,017, and exhibits a very striking difference
from that of G. velata.

Length (34,017), 5.40; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.65; its graduation, .50; difference
between Ist and 4th quills, .18; bill above, .50, from nostril, .30, from gape,
-61; depth, .165; tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .68; hind toe and claw, .51.

No. 30,677. Length, 5.35; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.60 (worn); bill above, .56,
15 April, 1865.

226 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

from nostril, .35; greatest depth, .185 ; tarsus, .91; middle toe and claw, .80 ;
hind toe and claw, .60.

The species above described, if its characters are maintained
throughout a series of specimens, appears to me worthy of separation
from velata and equinoctialis, being really more different from them
than are the two latter from each other. Whether the two speci-
mens are identical as species remains to be proved ; the difference

between the white eyelids of the one, with the eye not encircled be-
‘hind by black, and the narrow black border behind the eye of the
other, to the exclusion of the white eyelids, is somewhat analogous
to that distinguishing @. macgillivrayi from G. philadelphia. The
former condition may, however, be only a feature of immaturity, as
the female and young G. philadelphia have whitish eyelids.

The differences from allied species are expressed in the synopsis.
The ash of the head is even more extended than in G. velata—reach-
ing over the nape and on the sides of head, where it replaces much
of the black of the cheeks of the others. The bill is much stouter,
the culmen more curved ; the tail is longer, and the wings shorter and
more rounded. The legs are apparently intermediate in character.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex

eonian | tor’s | po Locality. Arca | Received from Collected by
| No. | Age. |
7 16 | Mazatlan. June 14, ’62. | AL S-Graysom.. || <leisieisye
730, 677 198 ee Petaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. | O.Salvin, | «sees
mi

(34,017 7.) Type of species.

Geothlypis philadelphia.
Sylvia philadelphia, Wis. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 101, pl. xiv; Avp. ; Norr.
—Trichas philadelphia, Janp.—Reinnarpvt, Vidensk. Meddel.: for
1853, and Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—Geothlypis phila. Barry,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 243, pl. lxxix, fig. 3.—Scnater, Catal. 1861, 27
(Orizaba).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Panama).
Figures: Wiss. Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv.—Auvp. B. A. II, pl. 101.
Hab. Eastern province of United States to British America; Greenland ;
southeastern Mexico and Panama R. R. Not recorded from West Indies or
Guatemala.

l l
Smith- Collec-| Sex |

sonian| tor’s and Locality. ae Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age.

18,819 A .. | Stewiacke, Nova W. G. Winton. W. G. Winton.
1,499 ne { Carlisle, Pa. [Scotia. | May 26, 44,| §. . Baivdl S. F. Baird.
1,024 do g | M: ayy 1843. a We

27,033 5a ~ | Selkirk Settlement. Gov. -Mactaivish:) |) 99" sfretete
27,052 | arets Donald Guun. Donald Gunn.

ae g South Illinois. 504 Ry Kennicociee a |saeeatesrcies
7,513 45 .. | Independence, Mo, ort Dr.\Coopery, ay ei) lees

207 Xe | | Panama Re BR, Cab. Lawrence. M’Leannan.

bo
ro
I

GEOTHLYPIS.

Geothlypis macgillivrayi.

Sylvia macgillivrayi, Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 75, pl. 399.—Trichas
macg. Aup.—Geothlypis macg. Batrp, Birds N, Am. 1858, 244, pl.
Ixxix, fig. 4.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861, 27 (Jalapa and Guat.).—Is.
P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa, Oaxaca).—Cas. Jour. 1861, 84
(Costa Rica).—Cooprr & Sucktey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 0, 1859, 177.
—Sylvicola macg. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 118.

Sylvia tolmici, Towns. J. A. N. Sc. 1839.— Trichas tolmiwi, Nurr. Man. I.

Trichas vegeta (Licut.), Br. Consp. 1850, 310; fide Cab. Jour. 1861, 84
(Mexico).

Hab. Western and middle provinces of United States to northern boundary ;
south to Costa Rica.

|
Smith- |Coliee-| Sex When |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collect Received from Collected by
sted.
No. No. | Age. |

7,905 356 | .. | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.| May 3, ’56. | Dr. Suckley. Dr. Suckley.

1,910 | ¢ | Columbia River. | May, 1835. | 8. F. Baird, J. K. Townsend.
15,945 | 321) g¢ | Chiloweyuck Depot| June 20. | A. Campbell. Dr, Kennerly.
25,373 |. 681 | .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Sept. 1857. | John Xantus. | John Xantus.
10,944 | g | Fort Bridger. June 10. | C. Drexler. | CG. Drexler.
10,954 | ..°| .. | Fort Laramie. Aug. 31. | W.M. Magraw. | Dr. Cooper.
32,178 | 2,486 | .. | Cape St. Lucas. Dec. 16, ’59.| John Xantus. | John Xantus.
32,466 | 45 @ | Orizaba, Mex. tele Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast.
32,704 |40,772 | & | Mexico. sieve Verreaux. at eae ee
30,675 | 4,612 | 2 | Coban, Guat. Nov. 1859. OF Salying = 9 eceae
30,674 | 201 | og | Duenas, Guat. Jan. 31, ’58. soto men MALT) UG ce ass.

|

(1,910.) Type of species, (32,178.) Eris dark brown.

Geothlypis

(No. 30,676.) Among some specimens from Guatemala, presented

by Mr. Salvin to the Smithsonian Institution, is one labelled Geo-
thlypis macgillivrayt ; which, however, by no means belongs to it,
and is of a species quite unknown to me. In form it is intermediate
between Geothlypis and Oporornis—having a pointed wing, a little
longer than tail; the 3d quill longest, the 2d a little longer than
the 4th, the 1st about equal to it. The under tail coverts are as in
Oporornis, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. The legs are also
asin Oporornis. The upper parts are olive green, brightest towards
the tail; the head above tinged with brown. The whole under paris
are yellow, less vivid on the throat, and tinged with ashy across the
breast. An obscure line from bill to eye, and the eyelids are
yellowish-white ; a dusky spot before the eye. Bill horn color.
Legs yellow. It resembles the female G. trichas in the yellowish
throat, but the wings are longer and more pointed, ete. Length,
5.00; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.25; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .67.
The wings are much too short for either O. agilis or formosus,
though otherwise similar in form.

228 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIBDS. [PART I.

This may possibly be the female of G. speciosa, Scl., which T have
not seen. It is certainly different from any species known to me, in
combining characters of the two genera mentioned.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. C pee Received from Collected by
ollected.
No. | No. | Age.
30,676 | 3154 re | Duefias, Guat. | Sept. 17, ’59. O. Salvin. | 5 ee

Supramitw ICTERIANA.
ICYERIA, VIEILLorT.

Icteria, Vieituot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, iii and 85. (Type Muscicapa
viridis, Gu., Turdus virens, Linn.)

Bill broad at base, but contracting rapidly and becoming attenuated when
viewed from above ; high at the base (higher than broad opposite the nostrils) ;
the culmen and commissure much curved from base; the gonys straight.
Upper jaw deeper than the lower; bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Nos-
trils circular, edged above with membrane, the feathers close to their borders.
Wings shorter than tail, considerably rounded; 1st quill rather shorter than
the 6th. Tail moderately graduated; the feathers rounded, but narrow.
Middle toe without claw about two-thirds the length of tarsus, which has the
scutelle fused externally into one plate.

The precise systematic position of the genus Jcteria is a matter
of much contrariety of opinion among ornithologists; but I have
little hesitation in including it among the Sylvicolide. It has been
most frequently assigned to the Vireonide, but differs essentially
in the deeply cleft inner toe (not half-united as in Vireo), the partially
booted tarsi, the lengthened middle toe, the slightly curved claws,
the entire absence of notch or hook in the bill, and the short, rounded
wing with only nine primaries. The wing of Vireo, when much
rounded, has ten primaries—nine being only found when the wing
is very long and pointed.

Icteria virens.

Turdus virens, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 171, no. 16 (based on
(Enanthe americana, pectore luteo, Yellow-breasted Chat, CATESBY,
Carol. I, tab. 50).

Muscicapa viridis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 936.—Jcteria viridis, Bon. ;
Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 137.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 248.—? Max.
Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 122.

Icteria dumicola, Viriu.—Pipra polyglotta, Wits.

2Icteria velasquezii, Bon. P. Z. 8. 1837, 117 (Mexico).—ScLATER & Satv.
Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).

ICTERIA. 229

Hab. Eastern province of United States; rare north of Pennsylvania.
Mexico and Guatemala? Not noted from West Indies.

I am still much perplexed in reference to the distinctness of the
Mexican J. velasquezii from I. virens. All the Chats I have seen
from localities south of the United States (four in the Smithsonian
collection) agree in having the bill lighter colored, the upper man-
dible brown with lighter lower edge, the lower nearly whitish. All
have the sides and crissum tinged with brown. The size is rather
less than in viridis, the proportions about the same ; the tail if any-
thing shorter, not longer. In two specimens the bill is shorter,
higher, and the culmen more curved than in any wrens I have seen;
in one it is about the same, and in another (13,601) it is longer and
more slender. The white maxillary patch is rather restricted.

In no adult male specimens from the United States do I find the
bill other than intense black, and the crissum pure white. The
flanks are a little brownish, but less so than in Mexican skins. A
female from Carlisle, Pa., however (2,312; May), has the crissum
and flanks precisely as in southern specimens ; the bill, also, is nearly
as light colored.

L. longicauda has the tail much longer, and the upper parts much
grayer. The mandibular white extends farther back, as does the
white at the posterior corner of the eye. Young birds from Cape
St. Lucas differ from adults in the light-colored bill, and brownish
wash on the flanks and crissum ; but the back, instead of being pure
olive green, has a brownish faded appearance.

Cabanis (Journal, 1860, 403), in summarily uniting all described
Icteria into one species, entirely overlooks the great difference ip
the length of the tail of eastern and western specimens.

Icteria auricollis, of Licht., doubtless refers to [. velasquezii.

Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian museum from
all parts of the United States east of the valleys of the lower Mis-
souri, as far west as Fort Riley and Neosho Falls, Kansas, and
south of Cape May and Carlisle ; also—

Smith- Collee-| Sex

sonian tor’s | and | Locality. Ginn Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | | '

19,080 37 | Fort Cobb, Ark. May 27. J. H, Clark. C. 8, McCarthy.

22,371 |43,775 | .. | Mexico. | siete MGTICENT TS I VT Ga sing
7,954 ; | | Guatemala. sists oe eGould] sO y|/ einen

13,601 | see Aimer ss ae) 1 OE IN Ga eawereevcreee

20,404 | .. | .. | Choctun, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1860. | OMSalviniy) 9 le weenie
| |

23 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Icteria longicauda.
Icteria longicauda, LAwrencr, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, April, 1853, 4.—
Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 249, pl. xxxiv, fig. 2.—Sciarer, Catal.
42, no. 253.
2?Icteria auricollis (Licut. Mus. Berl.), Bon. Consp. 1850, 331.
Hab. Western and middle provinces of United States ; Cape St. Lucas and
Mexico ?

Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian collection from
many points in California and the Rocky Mountains as far north as
Yreka, Cal., to northern Mexico, and east to the Upper Missouri, as—

}
Smith-|Collec-| Sex | areas |

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. | Received from Collected by
No. No: | Age. | Collected. |
5,310 ate g Fe. Lookcut, Mo.Riv.| Junel7, 56.) Lt. Warren. | Dr. Hayden.
4,648 ae 3 Ft. Pierre, ss May 12, ’55. Col. Vaughan. | 4
8,841 te Loup Fork. Aug. 5. | Lt. Warren. ze
16,948 | 3,236 | G¢ |Cape St. Lucas. Oct. 10. | J. Xantus. J. Xantus.
9,109 |34,716 | .. | Mexico. isis | *"Verreaux. 9) 7) 9 eerie

GRANATELLUS, Dvsvs.

Granatellus, Dusus (‘‘Esq. Orn.”’), Bon. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type G.
venustus, DUB.)

Kill shaped much as in /eteria; broad and high at the base, scarcely notched
at tip. Culmen and commissure much curved; gonys slightly convex; the
upper edge of lower jaw much curved, but straight towards the end. Lower
jaw deeper than the upper. Nostrils circular, in anterior end of nasal groove,
with membrane against posterior half, but not above it, and with the nasal
feathers falling short of their edges, as in some Troglodytide and Donacobius.
Rictal bristles inconspicuous ; the throat and chin with bristles interspersed
among the feathers. Tarsi short; the scutellea much fused on the sides.
Wings considerably shorter than the rounded tail, the feathers of which have
rounded tips ; the first quill as short as the secondaries.

T can find no place for this curious form so appropriate as near
to Icteria, as although the style of coloration is very different (ashy
above, sides white, belly red), the structure is much alike. The
bills are quite similar in shape and proportions—being very deep,
and the upper mandible much decurved from the base ; there is, how-
ever, a very slight faint notch, scarcely appreciable in some speci-
mens. <A striking difference is in the disproportionate size of the
lower jaw, which is actually deeper than the upper, anterior to the

nostrils. The naked space just behind the nostrils is also peculiar,
as perhaps the absence of membrane above them.: The tail is more
graduated, and the feathers more rounded than in Icteria.

GRANATELLUS. 951

Four species of this genus are now known, the differences of
which are indicated in the following diagnoses. The characters of
G. sallaei and pelzelnii I borrow from Sclater—not having seen
these species.

Common CHaractEers.—Slaty blue above ; tail black. A broad post-
ocular patch, and sides of body white. Middle region of body
beneath, from breast to crissum inclusive, vermilion red.

Sides of head and neck black; chin and throat white.

Top of head like the back ; forehead and pectoral] col-
lar black; lateral tail feathers tipped with white venustus.

Similar to last, but without black pectoral collar —. francisce.
Top of head black; no black pectoral collar; tail
feathers without white tips . ; 7 . pelzelnit.
Sides of head, with entire chin and throat, plumbeous ; tail
feathers not tipped with white. . a : . sallaei.

Granatellus venustus.

Granatellus venustus, “ Dusus, Esq. Orn. tab. xliv,” Bon. Consp. 1850,
312 (Mus. Bruxell. ex Mexico).—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. Nov. 1864, 607,
pl. xxxvii, fig. 2 (copied from Dubus).
Hab. Western Mexico.

(No. 30,169, 4.) Above bluish slate color. Forehead, sides of head and
neck including edge of vertex, and a narrow pectoral collar, continuous
black. A broad triangular patch of white behind the eye in the black of the
neck. Median portion of under parts, from the black pectoral band to and
including crissum, vermilion red. Avxillars, lining of wings, flanks, chin and
throat (which are bordered by black, as described) white; side of breast
plumbeous. Outer web, and terminal half of inner web of Ist tail feather,
terminal fifth of 2d, and a slight tip of 3d, all white; rest of tail black.
Quills dark brown, edged externally like the back, internally with whitish.
Bill dark plumbeous, paler on the tomia and gonys; legs rather dusky. Iris
white.

A close examination shows a number of black bristles interspersed in the
white of the throat.

Length, 5.40; wing, 2.47; tail, 2.90; graduation, .35; difference between
Ist and 4th quills, .36; bill above, .55; nostril, .36; gape, .65 tarsus, .77;
middle toe and claw, .60.

The differences between this species, G. pevzelnii,t and G. sallae?,
are given below.

! Granatellus pelzelnii.

Granatellus pelzelneit, Scuater, P. Z. 8S. Nov. 22, 1864, 606, pl. xxxvii,
fig. 1 (Madeira River, Brazil).

Supra plumbeus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigris ; vitta post-oculari utrinque

bo
vo

2 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith-|Collee-| Sex |

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. aes Received from | Remarks.
No. No. | Age. ;
30,169 505 ¢ | Sierra Madre, Coli- | April, 1863. John Xantus. Iris white.

{ma.

Granatellus framcesce.

Granatellus francesce, BAIRD, N. S-

Above bluish slate color. Forehead, continuous with a broad stripe above
and beyond the eye, as also the sides of the head and neck, black. A tri-
angular patch of pure white extending from the postero-superior border of the
eye, along the side of the head and continued, though much obscured, across
the nape. Under parts, including inside of wings and side of breast, white ;
the jugulum and median line of body to and including crissum, carmine red.
Wings blackish ; the outer webs more plumbeous, edged with paler, and with
two narrow whitish bars across the coverts; the inner webs abruptly edged
with white. Tail black, the outer feather white, except at base; the black
passing farther along the inner web; the next feather with the black more
extended ; the third with the white confined to the tip; the fourth with a
narrow streak of white in the end; the others all black. Tibize plumbeous.
Bill lead color; paler along the tomia and the gonys. Legs blackish.

Female with the red of under parts restricted to a tinge on the crissum ;
the white replaced by soiled pale buff, as also is the black of the head ; middle
of belly quite white. Young male like female, but with under parts purer
white; the jugulum and under parts with traces of red.

Total length, 6.35; wing, 2.51; tail, 3.40, its graduation, .60; difference of

lata et corpore subtus albis; pectore toto, ventre medio et crisso rosaceo-
rubris ; alis et cauda nigricanti-fuscis, immaculatis ; rostro plumbeo, tomiis
pallescentibus ; pedibus corylinis. Long. corp. 4.50; alz, 2.00; caudex, 2.00.

This species was collected, by Dr. Natterer, in Brazil, Sept. 1829, and while
most similar to G. venustas, differs in the want of the black pectoral band and
of the white tips to the tail feathers, and in the black of top of head. The
white throat separates it from sallaei.

Granatellus sallaei.

Granatellus salluei (Setophaga sallaei, “ Br. & Scu.,” Be. Comptes Ren-
dus, XLII, May, 1856, 957), Sctarer, P. Z. S. July 8, 1856, 292, pl.
exx (Cordova); 1859, 374, 9 (Oaxaca) ; 1864, 607.—ScLareR &
Savin, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cajabon, Guat.).

Hab. South Mexico to Guatemala.

G. sallaei differs from venustus in having the chin and throat plumbeous
instead of white. The black sides of the head, forehead, and pectoral collar
appear to be represented merely by a darker shade of the ground color. The
tail lacks the white tips. The plumbeous ground color, the white post-ocular
stripe, and the red of the breast, belly, and crissum, with the white sides, are
common to both species.

TERETRISTIS. 23

1st and longest primaries, .50; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.373; along gape, .61; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .20;
hind toe and claw, .45; claw alone, .21.

This beautiful and hitherto undescribed species is quite similar to
G. venustus in appearance, but differs in a much longer, broader,
and more rounder tail. The wing is much graduated; the 4th and
oth quills nearly equal; the 3d a little shorter; the 2d about equal
to the 7th; the Ist shorter than the secondaries. The principal
difference in coloration consists in the absence of the black pectoral
collar (although a few concealed spots may be considered as repre-
senting it); in the pure white of the sides of the breast, instead of
plumbeous ; in the narrow whitish bands across the wings; the
greater amount of white on the tail, ete. From pelzelnii it is distin-
guished by the plumbeous crown and white tips of the tail feathers.

This bird is one of a number of new species discovered, during
the past winter, by Col. Grayson, on one of the Three Marias, a
group of Islands off the coast of Mexico, about eighty miles from
San Blas; and I cannot more appropriately dedicate it than to Mrs.
Grayson, to whose encouragement Col. Grayson owes so much of the
persistency and success with which he has prosecuted the study of
the ornithology of California and western Mexico.

Smith-|/Colleec-| Sex | When

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. =e | Received from Remarks,
No. No. Age. | Collected, |
37,312 67 J Three Marias, Mex. | Jan. 1865. | Col. A. J. Grayson. | ‘‘Iris brown.”
) a
37,313] 70 |g Juv. ee fot “ s(asch Des
37,314 | 69 | 2 «“ | “ ae

TERETRISTIS, Casanis.

Teretristis, CABANIS, Jour. Orn. III, 1855, 475. (Type Anabates fernan-
dine, LEMB.)

Bill slender, rather deep and compressed from the base, not quite so long
as the head: the outlines of upper mandible considerably decurved, and
without notch at tip; the gonys straight. Rictal bristles short and incon-
spicuous, not reaching the nostrils. Some scattered bristles in the chin.
Nostrils rather elongated, without membrane above them anteriorly, the frontal
feathers coming up close. Wings shorter than the slightly rounded tail.
First quill shorter than outer secondaries ; 2d about equal to 7th; 3d and 4th
equal and longest. Tail slightly graduated, the feathers acuminate. Inner
toe with basal joint cleft rather more than half; tarsi short, but little longer
than middle toe and claw; the scutelle distinct, or else fused on the outside ;
claws short, considerably curved. Sexes similar. No spots on the tail,

This is another genus the precise position of which is somewhat

234 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

uncertain. The bill is much like that of some Certhiole in shape
and curve, though the mouth is deeply cleft, and the tongue com-
paratively simple (see page 163), as in the Warblers. In the com-
pression, however, and decurvation of the bill, there is a close rela-
tionship to Jcteria, though it is smaller, longer proportionally, and
much more slender. The basal joints of the middle toe are rather
more united than common in Sylvicolide ; not so much as in Vireo.
The tarsi are shorter, and the claws more curved than in Jcteria.

This genus, confined to Cuba, is represented by two known species
which agree in having the upper parts olive gray, the crissum
whitish, the wings and tail not varied by white. The diagnosis is
as follows :—

Head and neck all round yellow (slightly olivaceous above) ;
rest of under parts whitish, tinged with ashy on the sides fernandine.

Head and neck above like the back; sides of head (sharply
defined against the vertex) and whole under parts, except
crissum and anal region, bright yellow. 5 ; « fornsit.

Teretristis fernandine.

Anabates fernandine, LeMBEYE, Aves Cuba, 1850, 66, tab. v, fig. 2
(western Cuba).—Gounpiacu, Bost. Jour. VI, 11, 1853, 317 (eggs ;
Cuba).—Teretristis fern. Cab. Jour. III, 1855, 475.—Gunpuacu, Ib.
1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).—VTelmitherus blanda, Bon. Consp.
I, April, 1850, 314, Cuba (not the species of Lichtenstein, fide
Cabanis).

Hab. Western Cuba.

Head and neck all round olive green above, yellow beneath; the loral
region and eyelids, and edge of wings also yellow. Rest of upper parts ashy
gray, with faint tinge ‘of olivaceous. Under parts pale ashy gray, lighter
across breast; the middle of breast and beily yellowish-white. Lining of
wings white. Bill dark lead color, lighter along the tomia. Legs dark brown.
The bill varies a good deal in size and shape.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.45 ; graduation, .25 ; difference between
Ist and 3d quills, .40; length of bill from forehead: .55, from nostril, .37, along
gape, .60; depth, .15 ; greatest width at angle of rictus, .25 ; tarsus, .74; middle
toe and claw, .62; ‘aw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .45; claw alone, .22.

Smith- Collec-| Sex

Cab.Mr.Lawrence.| _—ay.........

sonian tor s | and Locality. | 7 When Received from Collected b
NG: Not a | Collected. | y
29,636 Hl Fermina, Cuba. | Feb. [iChas: Wrights: 9 ||) ea meter.
29,633 April 2 ). ie eal 8 aah
29,635 | “ | Feb, 19. C6" Gey GN ema cies
29,634 “ bool S| RPO Be paren
33,678 oe as Cuba. Dr. J: Gundlach | earpiece
33,677 Od) Fe le Le | te oraioeore,

E ac
134 | ¢ “

bo
1)
ou

TERETRISTIS.

YTeretristis formsii.

Teretristis fornsii, GunpLacu, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, Feb. 1858 (eastern
Cuba).—Is. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).

Hab. Eastern Cuba.

Entire upper parts light ashy. Beneath, including lores, ocular region, and
a narrow line above it, ears, and edge of the wing, yellow, sharply defined ;
the sides of body, anal region to crissum and tibiz, light dull ash. Inside
of wings white. Bill and legs dark plumbeous.

Length, 4.90; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.35; bill from gape, .60; tarsus,.73. No.
23,511 has a much broader bill than usual.

In proportions this species resembles the fernandine, but the
two are easily distinguished by the color. In the former the head
above is olive green, the yellow of under parts confined to throat ;
in fornsit the whole upper parts are uniform ashy, the yellow of
under part extending over the breast and belly.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | :

17,717 | .. | .. | Monte Verde, Cuba. | a. Chas. Wright. | ......
WTB |» pcere ais pe ofaye Sr ih PP scpocec

23 FOUL cere a He | Sept. 4, 61. Nee eye Yeheus’c
93,512 | .. es “ | en: See rule am oe
33,076 sis da | Cuba. shots Dr JGundlachy ase | setae.

|

|

Susramity SETOPHAGINE.

Sylvicoline birds with the characters of Flycatchers; the bill notched at
tip, depressed and broad at the base, though quite deep; the rictus with well
developed bristles reaching beyond the nostrils, sometimes to the end of the
bill. First quill rather less than the 4th, or still shorter. Size of the species
rarely exceeding six inches. Colors red, yellow, and olive.

The species of this section resemble the small Flycatchers of the
family Tyrannide in the structure of the bill, ete., and in the habit
of capturing insects more or less on the wing, though they are more
restless in their movements, seeking their prey among trees, or in
bushes, rapidly changing their place, instead of occupying a perch,
and returning to it, after pursuing an insect through the air. The
yellow or orange crown found in many species also carries out the
analogy; but the strictly Oscine characters of the tarsal scutelle,
and the nine primaries will serve to distinguish them.

While the Sylvicolee are eminently characteristic of the orni-
thology of North America, in the number of specimens and of
species—few indigenous true Warblers being found south of the

236 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. ’ [PART I.

United States—it is this section that has its highest development
in South and Middle America, the species being almost equally
numerous with the Sylvicolex. It is a curious: fact, too, that the
Setophagex of the United States agree with its Sylvicolee in the
wing being long and pointed, the Ist quill being always longer than
the 5th; while the more southern species have the wing more
rounded, the 1st quill always considerably shorter than the 5th; and
even in the Dendroicas of the West Indies and South America the
1st quill is much shorter than in very near northern allies (as D.
petechia and vieilloti compared with xstiva). The only exception is
in Cardellina rubrifrons of Mexico which has a pointed wing. What
the signification of this more imperfectly developed wing in the
southern members of the Sylvicolidx may be, I am at present unable
to state, or whether a similar condition exists in other families.

As usual, in extensive divisions of birds, the transition from one
generic form to another is so gradual, through the different species,
that it is very difficult to define the genera with precision, or to
establish trenchant characters for separating them. The following
synopsis, however, will be found to express the principal modifica-
tions of structure and characters of the group :—

A. Wings pointed ; the Ist quill longer than the 5th; the 3d as
long as or longer than the 4th. Tail nearly even, or slightly
rounded (the difference of the feathers less than .20); the
feathers broad and firm; the outer webs of exterior feathers
narrow at base, but widening to nearly double the width
near the end,

1. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base and
much depressed ; rictal bristles reaching half way
from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure nearly
straight. Wings equal tothe tail. Tarsi long; toes
short; middle toe without claw, about half the tarsus Setophaga.

2. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base, but

deep and more Sylvicoline; rictal bristles reaching

but little beyond nostrils. Culmen and commissure

straight to the tip. Wings longer than the almost

even tail. Middle toe without claw, three-fifths the

tarsus ° : : : ; : : : - Myiodioctes.
3. Bill from gape much shorter than head, wide at base but

compressed and high; the culmen and commissure

much curved from base, scarcely notched at tip;

rictal bristles reaching nearly half way from nostrils

to tip. Wings about equal to the almost even tail.

Middle toe without claw, about three-fifths the rather

short tarsus. . F . : : , - Cardellina.

bo
eo
al

TERETRISTIS,

B. Wings rounded; the 1st quill shorter than in the preceding
section, always less than the 5th.
1. Bill much depressed, and widened at base. Culmen
and commissure quite straight to near the tip.

a. Bill attenuated towards the end ; lateral outlines
straight or concave. Tail decidedly longer
than the wings. Second quill as long as 6th.

Rictal bristles reaching nearly to tip of bill,
which from gape is rather less than the
length of skull. Tail considerably grad-
uated (.50), the feathers soft, broad ;
the outer web of outer feather wide,
nearly even, and about one-third the
width of inner. A rufous patch on
vertex . : : : : » Myioborus.

Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond mid-
dle of bill, which is elongated, and from
gape about equal to length of skull.
Tail moderately rounded, the feathers
firm; the outer web of outer feather
not more than one-fourth the width of
inner. A yellow stripe on vertex . Euthlypis.

b. Bill broad towards the end; lateral outlines ob-
tuse, like Todtrostrum. ‘Tail very little longer
than the wings. Second quill much shorter
than 6th.
Rictal bristles extending just beyond nos-
trils. Tail graduated, the feathers nar-
row, pointed. Outer webs narrow - Myiothlypis.

2. Bill pointed, depressed, and more or less wide at base,
but deep, and the culmen gently curved from the base.

a. Tail nearly even, the feathers narrow, about equal
to or very little longer than the lengthened
wings (lst quill about equal to the 7th). Bill
thickened, and broad at base. Rictal bristles
lengthened. Tarsi short. Vertex with two
black stripes inclosing a median one of a yel-
low, orange, or ashy color. ; : . Basileuterus.

b. Tail decidedly longer than the abbreviated wings
(st quill not longer than 9th), much grad-
uated, the feathers narrow. Bill rather nar-
row, scantily bristled. Tarsi long. Top of the
head chestnut : 2 : : : . Ldiotes.

ce. Tail about equal to the lengthened wings (1st quill
about equal to the 6th), nearly even, the
feathers broad. Bill very small, and narrow ;
rictus well bristled; prevailing color red. . Ergaticus.

238 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I.

The preceding synopsis is strictly empirical, and intended merely
to aid in distinguishing the genera. A more natural order of
sequence is to arrange the genera into three groups, of which Seto-
phaga, Myiodioctes, and Cardellina respectively may be considered
as types, with several divergent forms, representing each other in
the following order :—

Tail broad, rounded, a little or considerably longer than the wings. Bill
broad and flat :—
SeropHaca. Setophaga,
Euthlypis,
Myioborus.

Tail narrow, nearly even, and about equal to the wings. Bill broad, de-
pressed :—
Myropiocres. Muyiodioctes,
Basileuterus,
Idiotes,
Myiothlypis.

Tail as in preceding. Bill narrow, Parine in appearance. Culmen
curved :—
CARDELLINA. Cardellina,
Ergaticus.

In these three divisions, typical Setophaga, Myiodioctes, and Car-
dellina, respectively, have the wing long and sharp-pointed ; the
others succeeding these have the wing shorter, more rounded, and
exhibit other divergent characters. I am by no means disinclined
to restrict the genera of Setophagez to the above mentioned three,
or at least to four, including Basileuterus, and to consider the others
as only sections or subgenera. There scarcely appears to be any
alternative to this view than to accept all the others mentioned as
of independent generic rank.

MYIODIOCTES, Avpvupon.

Myjiodioctes, Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 48. (Type Motacilla mitrata,
Gu.)—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 291.

Wilsonia, Bonar. List, 1838 (preoccupied in botany).

Myioctonus, Casanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type Motacilla mitrata.)

Bill broad, depressed; the lateral outlines a little concave; the bristles
reaching not quite half way from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure
nearly straight to near the tip. Nostrils oval, with membrane above. Wings
pointed, rather longer than the nearly even but slightly rounded tail; Ist
quill shorter than the 4th, much longer than 5th; the 2d and 3d quills longest.
Tarsi rather lengthened, the scutellar divisions rather indistinct ; the middle
toe without claw, about three-fifths the tarsus.

MYIODIOCTES. 239

This genus differs from typical Setophaga in stouter feet and much
longer toes—the middle toe of S. ruticilla not exceeding the lateral
of JL mitratus. The tail is shorter than the wings, not longer than
or at least equal to them. The bill is differently shaped, being nar-
rower and more cylindrical, though decidedly depressed ; the lateral
outlines are slightly concave, not about straight. The tip is iess
decurved.

M. pusilla and canadensis are quite similar, generically with
rather more tumid bill, and perhaps narrower tail feathers.

The species of Mytodioctes all belong to the United States, and
I have already given a synopsis of their characters in Birds N. Am.

Myiodioctes mitratus.

Motacilla mitrata, Guru, 8. N. I, 1788, 293.—Sylvia m. LAra.—Visn.
II, pl. 77.—Bon. ; Nurr. ; Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 110.—Sylvicola m.
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113.—Sylvania m. Nurraut, Man. I, 1840,
333.—Setophaga m. Jarp.—D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 1840, 89.—
Wilsonia m, Bon. 1838.—Auten, Pr. Essex Inst. 1864.—Myiodioctes
m. Aub. Syn. 1839, 48.—Is. B. A. II. pl. 71.—Scnarer, P. Z. S. 1856,
291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 358 (Honduras).—Is. Catal. 1861, 33, ne. 202.
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858. 292.—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 26
(March).—Scrater & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). —Law-
RENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII, 63 (Panama R. R.).—Gunpnacu, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Myoctonus m. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1851.—Is.
Jour. Orn. III, 1855, 472 (Cuba).

Muscicapa cucullata, Wixson, III, pl. xxvi, fig. 3.

Muscicapa selbyz, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 9.

Hab. Eastern Province of United States, rather southern ; Bermuda; Cuba;
Jamaica; eastern Mexico; Honduras and Guatemala to Panama R. R.

Specimens from various points in the Atlantic and Mississippi
Valley States as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and Cleveland, Ohio -
also—

Smith- Collec-| Sex When |
sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Collected, | Beceived from Collected by
No No. |Age. |

o2 J. B. Smith.
1861, O. Salvin.

30,696 Choctum, Vera Paz.

17,185 ae 2 Jamaica,
og

Myiodioctes canadensis.

Muscicapa canadensis, Linn. 8. N. 1, 1766, 327. (Muscicapa canadensis
cinerea, Brisson, IT, 406, tab. 39, fig. 4) —Gmetin.—Wixtson, III, pl.
xxvi, fig. 2.—Avup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 103.—Setophaga can. Swatns. ;
Ricu. ; Gray.—Myrodioctes can. Aup. B. A. I, pl. 103.—Brewer,

240

Sylvia pardalina, Bon. ;

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART iL

Pr. Bost. Soc. VI, 5 (mest and eggs).—Sciarer, P. Z. 8. 1854, 111
(Ecuador; winter) ; 1855, 143 (Bogota) ; 1858, 451 (Ecuador).—
Is. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 204.—Scrarer & Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 11
(Guatemala). — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, 1862. — Barrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 294.—Euthlypis can. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-51,
18; Jour. Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Rica).

Nurr.—Sylvicola pardalina, Bon.— Myiodioctes
pardalina, Bon.

?Muscicupa bonapartir, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 27, pl. 5.—Setophaga bon.

Setophaga nigricincta, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1843, 292
Hab. Whole eastern province of United States;
mala, and south to Bogota.

Ricu.— Wilsonia bon. Bon. —Sylvania bon. Nurr.—? Myiodioctes bon.
Aup. Syn.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 17, pl. 17.—Barrp, Birds, N. Am.
1858, 295.

; 1844, 79.

eastern Mexico to Guate-
Not noted from West Indies.

Specimens from eastern United States and Mississippi Valley ;

also=—

Smith-|Collee-| Sex Wiha | |
sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Gollected.. | Received from Collected by
No. | No. Age. | | |

29,760 | ie | Ottawa, Otane Can a Wiesel. COLGM aN: ||) wee mersiccies
13,699 | 31 Isle Caroline, Lake June 2 2. | RaKennicott: Hees ws ssc
32,715 |20,170 | 2 | Mexico. [Winnipeg? coe Nerreaux: ©. (il a) Sciseteres
34,001 | 294 | ¢& | Petaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. ORMSALVn se eee ers eiereccte
33,284 | 134] @ | San Jose, C ae Drive vhrantzius: 4] eee sicic
34,621 as Bogota. | Jp He ROOMEGs s5il meatus crises

Myiodioctes pusillus.

Muscicapa pusilla, Witson, Am. Orn. III, 1811, 103, pl. xxvi, fig.

Sylv

Sylv

4.—Wilsonia pus. Bon.—Sylvania pus. Nurt.—Myiodioctes pus.
Bon. Consp. 1850, 315.—Scuarter, P. Z. 8. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ;
1858, 299 (Oaxaca Mts.; Dec.); 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373.—Is.
Catal. 1861, 34, no. 203.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 293.—Scnarer
& Savin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst.
Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (Br. Columbia).—Myioctonus pus. Cas.
M. H. 1851, 18.—Is. Jour. 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).

ia wilsonit, Bon. ; Nutt.—Muscicapa wilsonii, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl.
124,.—Setophaga wilsonii, JARD.—Myiodioctes wilsonii, Aup. B. A.
II, pl. 75.

ia petasodes, Licut. Preis- Verz. 1830.

Motacilla pileolata, Pau. Zoog. Rosso.-Asiat. I, 1831,497 (Russian Am.).

Hab. En

tire kreadth of United States, north to Russian America; Mexico,

to Costa Rica.

Specimens from the Pacific coast are more brightly colored than
eastern, and the yellow of the forehead has a mixture of orange in

it.

The size is rather smaller, and the bill seems rather narrower.

BASILEUTERUS. 241

There are, however, so many intermediate grades between the two
extremes as to render inexpedient any attempt at specific separation.

Specimens in the collection from many localities throughout the
United States from Atlantic to Pacific; also—

Smith- Collee- Sex Wien
sonian, tor’s , and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by

Nos. | Nios UA of .

ge.

20,635 | 474 | .. | Ft. George, H. B. | Sept. 3, 60. | C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
20,636 490 | .. se May 26, 60. Ce en es Rn ccoteter-
22,303 Sel) ies cue MeL alifasccNinS: aoe W. G. Winton. W. G. Winton.
27,291 7 || 3s. (oR Youkon. re J. Lockhart. J. Lockhart.
DTIG2i | VO20n eae se May, 1861. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
27,290 | 1,208 | .. | La Pierre’s House. sisi B. R. Ross. J. Flett.
32,173 | 2,489 | g | Escondida, C. 8. L. | Nov. 1859. J. Xantus. J, Xantus.
32,174 | 6,016 | ¢ | San Gertrude Mts. | Jan. 1861, a ‘
30,138 506 | Q | Colima (Sierra Ma- | April, 1863. ee es
32,467 47 | og | Orizaba, Mex. [dre). seis Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof.Sumichrast.
30,877 SG6r ll ros Mirador, Mex. Nov. 1862. Dr. Sartorius. Dr. Sartorius.
32,716 |32,622 | og | Coban, Guat. se Merreaux.s (0 i) | Stesiers
30697) |) 299k. | Duefias, Guat. OwSalvine Fy 9 ahaa
33,423 129 Sa San Jose, C. R. Sie Drv EPvantzius: | cratelsieie
34,655 sa + Barranca, C. R. FAprille7é64i) J.Carmiol = | seesee
34,656 | ¢ n April 15. ieee ee Me) TAs oe
34,657 | Q ae April 19. che | MRCS Jehtees

Myiodioctes minutus.

Muscicapa minuta, Witsox, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 62, pl. 1, fig. 5.—Avp.
Orn. Biog. V, pl. 434, fig. 3.—Ip. B. A. I, pl. 67.—Sylvia minuta,
Bon.— Wilsonia m. Bon. List, 1838.

Sylvania pumilia, Nurr. Man. I, 1840, 334.

Hab. Eastern United States.

This species continues to be unknown to modern ornithologists—no
specimens being recorded as extant in collections.

BASILEUTERUS, CasanIs.
BASILEUTERUS, Cab.

Basileuterus, Cas. Schomburgk’s Reise Br. Guiana, III, 1848, 666. (Type
Sylvia vermivora, ViEILLor.) (See antea, page 237.)

Bill broad at the base and much depressed, but thick; the culmen curved
gently from the base, the commissure curved for most of its extent. Rictal
bristles variable, but reaching about half way from the nostrils to tip of bill.
The tail is slightly emarginated, and only a little rounded, the lateral feather
sometimes rather graduated, the feathers rather narrow. Wing about equal
to the tail, rounded; 4th quill longest, lst about equal to the 8th. Toes
rather shorter than in Myiodioctes, the middle without its claw nearly two-
thirds the tarsus.

There is a good deal of variation in the size of bill and other
features, with different species; but the broad decurved bill, nearly
even narrow tail with the lateral feather more or less graduated,

wings equal to the tail and much rounded, the 1st quill equal to the 8th
16 May, 1865.

242 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

and 9th, are common to all. The relationship to Myiodiocies is quite
close, especially to canadensis and pusillus ; but the characters just
mentioned will distinguish them. The transition, however, to [dzotes
is very gradual, through such species as J. mesochrysus. Setophaga
is distinguished by a much more depressed and thinner bill, with
the culmen and commissure nearly straight for most of the length,
as well as by other features.

Synopsis of Species of Basileuterus.
Top of head with two black stripes inclosing a median of
yellow or orange. No rufous on sides of head.
Beneath entirel¥ yellow.

Ceutral stripe of head orange brown, mixed
with gray. Back olive green.
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids whitish vermivorus,! Cab
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow
(mot seen) . 4 : 5 . bivittatus, Sel.
Central stripe of head yellow, sometimes mixed
with orange. Back olivaceous-ash.
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow-
ish-green : : r ; . culicivorus, Bp.
Chin and throat gray; rest of under parts yellow.
Back olive. Supra-ocular stripe ash color?
Central stripe of head brownish-orange . . coronatus,?2 Scl.
Central stripe of head yellow; throat darker
ash (not seen) 3 ; 5 : . cinereicollis, Sel.
Top of head with two black stripes inclosing a median of
ash, or nearly unicolor ashy or brown. No rufous on
sides of head. Beneath whitish, or not bright yellow.
Back olive green, uniform with rump.
Top and sides of head ash, scarcely lighter in
centre. Supra-ocular line and eyelids white. [Scl.
Sides tinged with olive green . : - leucoblepharum$

1 A species—B. hypoleucus, Be.—from Brazil, is said to differ in being white
beneath.

2 B. viridicata, Burm. III, 113 (D’Orb. Voyage, IX, 325) appears quite similar,
with the vertex stripe yellow, not orange. In this respect it agrees with cinerei-
collis (ScuateR, P. Z. 8. 1864, 166, Bogota), and like it has a grayish-ashy
throat, tinged with greenish. The difference I am unable to state. Basileu-
terus chrysogaster, of Peru (Setophaga chrys. Tscuunt, F. P. 192), is said to be
yellow beneath, olive green above, a little darker on top of head where the
feathers are yellow at base, and orange*in middle.

3 Basileuterus leucoblepharum, Scu. Catal. p. 36. A Paraguayan, and conse-
quently a typical specimen, has the whole top of head uniform slaty gray,

BASILEUTERUS. 943

Top of head dusky, inclosing a lighter median ashy

stripe. Eyelids and supra-ocular stripe less

distinct. Sides tinged with olive green . superciliosus, Bd.
Similar to last, but creamy white beneath. Supra-

ocular stripe distinct. Sides tinged with rufous

orfulvous. : : : ; : . stragulatus, Sel.

Back dark brownish ; rump and base of tail yellowish semicervinus,'Scl.
uropygialis, Scl.

The following are the better known species of Basileuterus from
South America :—

Basileuterus vermivorus.

Sylvia vermivora, View. Nouv. Dict. I, 1817, 278.—Basileuterus v. CAB.
Schomb. Guiana.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 34, no. 34.
Setophaga auricapilla, Swains. Anim. Men. 1838, 293 (Brazil).

Hab. Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, etc.

Basileuterus hypoleucus.

Basileuterus hypoleucus, Br. Consp. 1850, 313.—Buram. Uebers. III, 1856,
113 (Brazil).

Basileuterus bivittatus.’
Muscicapa bivittata, Lar. & D’Ors. Syn. Av. 1837, 51.—D’Ors. Voyage,

almost inappreciably lighter along the middle of the crown, the white on the
eyelids very distinct. The bill is slender and narrow. Brazilian specimens
exhibit a quite well defined band on each side of the crown from the bill,
bordering.a central stripe of slate gray; the white of eyelids is less promi-
nent, and the bill decidedly broader. These differences, if constant, may
render it desirable to establish the Trichas superciliosus, of Swainson, as a
distinct species, under the name of Basileuterus superciliosus.

'‘ Not having seen a specimen of 5. semicervinus, I am unable to give its
diagnosis. Sclater says that B. uropygialis differs in having the uropygium
and rump more lightly colored ; the back olive, and head cinereous (instead
of brown), almost as in stragulatus, with which, too, it agrees in color of lower
surface.

2 A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy I am unable to
refer to any of the described Lasileuteri. There is a central line on top of
head of pale yellowish-gray, the feathers dull yellowish at the base; on each
side of this a broad black stripe (wider than in vermivorus), the two meeting
on the forehead. A dirty whitish line passes from bill over eye to nape, and
below this is another well defined line of blackish-ash, through and behind
the eye, beginning as a dusky loral spot. There appears to be a whitish patch
on the lowereyelid. The under parts, instead of being bright uniform yellow,
are olivaceous white along the median line, clouded with purer olive on throat
and breast; the sides of belly and body deep olive, like the back.

This may be B. hypoleucus, Bon. Consp. 313 (Brazil) ; but it is not sma!ler
than vermivorus, nor can the under parts be called white.

244 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Ois. 324 (Chiquitos, Bolivia). — Basileuterus bivittatus, ScLATER,
P. Z. 8. 1859, 137.—Is. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 206 (Ecuador).

?Myiodioctes tristriatus, Tscuup1, Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 1.—Is. Fauna
Peruana, 193 (Peru).

Basileuterus coronatus.
Myiodioctes coronata, Tscu. Wiegm. Arch. 1844 (23), Pern.—Basileuterus
cor. Br. Consp. 1850, 314.—Sciarer, Catal. 1861, 34, no. 207.

Hab. Ecuador; Bogota.

Basileuterus viridicatus.
Muscicapa viridicata (Vie1.), D’ORB. Voy. 325.—Basileuterus viria.
Burm. Uebers. IV, 1856, 113.
Muscicapa elegans, D’Ors. & Lar. Syn. Av. 1837, 52.
Hab. Chiquitos, Bolivia.
This hardly appears to be the bird of Vieillot and Azara; if not, the name
of eleyans may be used.

Basileuterus cinereicollis.
Basileuterus cinereicollis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1864, 166 (N. Grenada).

Appears very near Basileuterus viridicatus (elegans), D’Ors. & Lar.

Basileuterus chrysogaster.
Setophaga chrysogaster, Tsca. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 16 (Pern).—Basi-
leuterus chr. ScLATER.—Ib. Catal. 1861, 35, no. 209 (Ecuador).

Basileuterus leucoblepharum.
Sylvia leucoblephara, View. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 206 (from Azara,
Paraguay ).—D’Ors. Voy. Ois. tab. 12, fig. 2.—Trichas leuc. Burm.
Uebers. III, 1856, 114 (Brazil).—Basileuterus leuc. ScLaTER, Catal.
1861, 36, 1fo. 217.

South Brazil and Paraguay.

Basileuterus superciliosus.
Trichas superciliosus, Swain. An. Men. 1838, 295.

North Brazil.

Basileuterus stragulatus.

Muscicapa stragulata, Licut. Werz. 1823, 55.—Basileuterus stragulatus,
Scnater, Catal. 1861, 35, no. 216 (Brazil).

Basileuterus semicervinus.
Basileuterus semicervinus, ScLaTeR, P. Z. $. 1860, 84.—Is. Catal. 1861,
35, no. 215 (Ecuador).

BASILEUTERUS. 945

Basileuterus culicivorus.

Sylvia culicivora, Licut. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 78 (Mexico; Deppe
& Schiede).—Cas. Jour. 1863, 57.—Basileuterus culicivorus, Bonar.
Consp. 1850, 313.—Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 17.

Muscicapa brasieri, Giraud, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. vi, fig. 2.—Basileuterus
braseri, ScLatER, P. Z. S. 1855, 66 ; 1856, 292 (Cordova) ; 1859, 374
(Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 208.—Scuater & Satviy, Ibis,
II, 1860, 274 (Volcan, Guatemala).

Hab. S. Mexico (both sides) ; Guatemala and Costa Rica.

(No. 30,698.) Above greenish-ash, more tinged with olive on the upper
part of back and rump. Beneath yellow, the crissum somewhat tinged with
rufous. Top of head with a black stripe on each side from the bill, the inter-
mediate portion greenish-yellow, passing more into green on the nape, similar
in color to a supra-ocular stripe Lora! region and space below eye greenish,
mixed with yellow. Spot anterior to eye, and a stripe behind it, dusky; all
these markings on the side of head, however, obscure, and poorly defined.

Specimens from Mexico and Guatemala, the former marked male, have the
median stripe of the head yellow. Others again, likewise from Guatemala
and Mexico, have the yellow of each feather passing towards the end more
into brownish-orange, apparently unaccompanied by any other differences.

Length (of 30,698), 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.25; graduation, .16; bill from
forehead, .50, nostril, .30, gape, .56; tarsus, .76; middle toe and claw, .56.

This species differs from Basileuterus vermivorus and bivittatus,
of South America, in having the upper parts ashy instead of olive
green. The markings of the head are more as in biviltatus, as com-
pared with vermivorus. The supra-ocular stripe and other lighter
markings on the side of the head are greenish, and not ashy or gray-
ish in their tinge. The eyelids are yellow, not white. There is much
more yellow in the central stripe on top of heads even mixed with
orange, and the feathers are not tinged with gray at the tips. The
inside of the wing is greenish-yellow, not nearly white as in vermiv-
orus ; nor is there the decided indication of whitish in the chin.

B. bivittatus, Laf., from Bolivia and Ecuador, as above stated,
differs in the olive back, in this agreeing with vermivorus. It agrees
more with culicivorus, and differs from vermivorus, judging from the
description, in larger size, and in the yellowish superciliary stripe
and cireumocular region, instead of grayish-white.

Nore.—Since writing the preceding description, specimens have
been received from Mr. Carmiol, collected in Costa Rica, which
differ slightly in having*a decidedly olivaceous gloss to the upper
plumage, especially on the rump and edge of the quills. I do not
note any other differences, and these may be merely seasonal. There
is, however, in this respect, a greater approximation to the B. bivit-

246 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIBDS. [PART I.

tatus of authors, and it may ultimately be decided that they belong
to that species. All have a slight stain of orange in the end of the
yellow feathers of the crown, not quite so decided as in 26,377

| |
Smith-|Collee-- Sex 7
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Cc wae | Received from
y ollected.
No No. | Age. | oe ase
22,365 143 907 | og | Mexico. ib ae es, oral Verreaux.
26.: “ aa J. Krider.
30,698 303 | Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin.

Gc 120 | ¢ | Guatemala. Cab. Lawrence.
34,651 a cd | Barranca, C. R. Mar. 17, 64.) J. Carmiol.
34,652 ¢ se ‘

34, 653 2 “ March 21. re
(22,365. ) Crow nyellow. (22,377.) Crown orange. (30,698.) Crown yellow

orange. (34,651.) 5; 6}. Crown stained with orange.

Basileuterus uropygialis.
Basileuterus uropygialis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128; 1864, 167.—Is.
Catal. 1861, 35, no. 214.
Basileuterus semicervinus, LAWRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322, Panama
R. R. (not of ScLater, 1860),

Hab. Isthmus of Panama.

(No. 124, Cab. G. N. L.) Upper parts brownish-olive, the head above slightly
tinged with cinereous ; rump, upper tail coverts, and rather more than basal
half of tail, with the under parts, yellowish-fulvous, the latter, however, paler,
and quite light on middle of belly, but darker on the crissum. The sides of
head, neck and body, inside of wings and breast, washed with olive brown.
A line from bill to eye, and eyelids fulvous ; lores, and spot behind eye dusky.
Terminal half of tail brownish-olive, becoming darker to tip. Bill black.
Legs flesh color. First quill equal to the 8th ; the wings longer than the tail,
which is rounded.

Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.10; graduation, .30; difference be-
tween Ist and 4th quills, .28; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril,
.36; along gape, .55; tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .66.

This species was identified by Mr. Lawrence as semicervinus
(from Eeuador) before Sclater’s description of wropygialis (from
Brazil) appeared. It seems, however, to me to agree better with
the description of the latter species. According to Sclater, the
difference of wropygialis from semicervinus consists in having the
uropygium and under parts lighter, the back olive, and the head
cinereous, almost as in B. stragulatus, with which also it agrees in
coloration of lower surface.*

The species is related to B. stragulatus, atthough the bill is broader

! Since writing the above, Dr. Sclater, P. Z. 5. 1864, 167, states that B.
uropygialis was rerroneously assigned to Brazil, and that its true patria is
Panama.

BASILEUTERUS. 247

at base and the tail shorter, so that the outstretched legs reach to
or beyond the tip. The wings are more pointed. The’ colors be-
neath are quite similar, not so pale along the median line ; the upper
parts, however, much darker, the head lacks the blackish, and the
fulvous of rump and basal half of tail are wanting in stragulatus.

| | |
Smith-|Collee-| Sex | ( |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. When | Received from Collected by
| Collected
No. No. | Age. | | =|
34,096 Galbraith.
Bis Cab. Mr. Lawrence. ss

| of | Panama R. R. | aes G. N. Lawrence.

Iprores, Baird.
Idiotes, Barrp. (See page 237.) (Type Setophaga rufifrons, Sw.)

Bill broad at base, but quite deep, being nearly as high as wide; the culmen
curved gently from the base, the lateral outlines straight; the bristles only
moderate, reaching half way from nostrils to tip of bilf. Tail lengthened,
longer than the short wings, and considerably graduated; the 4th quill
longest; the 1st not longer than the 9th. Toes rather lengthened.

The species of this group have generally been placed in Basi-
leuterus. They, however, differ in having the bill narrower at base,
and proportionally deeper, the bristles less developed, although the
culmen is as much curved. The wings are much shorter, and the
tail proportionally longer and more rounded, considerably exceeding
the tail instead of being about equal to it. The transition, how-
ever, is quite gradual through B. belli and I. mesochrysus, which, to
some extent, combines the characters of both.

Synopsis of Species of Idiotes.
Back olive; top of head chestnut (bordered with dusky in bellz).
Cheeks black.

A white superciliary stripe. Beneath whitish . melanogenys.
Cheeks chestnut; lores dusky. A superciliary stripe, and
another beneath eye, white. Throat and breast yellow.
Rest of under parts white, or only washed with

yellowish . : . . . . . - rufifrons.

Entire under parts yellow; crissum more fulvous.
White infra-ocular stripe reaching behind ears.
Chestnut of crown reaching the nape. Wings
equal to lateral tail feather 5 ; b . delattrii.
Under parts and crissum yellow. Infra-ocular white
not extending beyond eye. Chestnut of crown

248 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

scarcely extending over occiput. Wing nearly
as long as middle tail feather. : ; . mesochrysus.

Cheeks, ocular region, and lores chestnut. A superciliary
stripe bright yellow, bordered above by dusky.

Whole under parts yellow ; ; 7 2 belli.

Basileuterus melanogenys.
Basileuterus melanogenys, BAIRD, N. Ss.

Hab. High-lands of Costa Rica.

(No. 30,497.) Above ashy olive, the quills and tail feathers edged with
brighter, edges of the latter slightly tinged with rufous. A square patch of
chestnut brown on top of head. The sides of head black, encircling the eyes,
each feather white in the centre. A broad stripe of white from base of bill
passing over the eye, and margined above by black, which thus borders the
rufous crown externally. The forehead mixed black and white. Beneath
dull whitish, the sides and to some extent the breast, tinged with olivaceous
ash; the chin dusky on account of the blackish tips of the feathers.

The white feathers about the head have all a tendency to black tips and
edges, producing the black markings—very few feathers being entirely black.

The wings are a little shorter than the tail. The bill is more slender, and
the culmen less decurved than in most species of its section.

Total length, 5.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.65; graduation of tail, .35; differ-
ence between Ist and 4th quills, .40; length of bill from forehead, .50, from
nostril, .80; along gape, .58; tarsus, .85.

Sevan cates Sex =
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gea Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :
30/4971) ll) eee Costa Rica (San uae Drv. Prantzius, |) yaiteesje
ee

Nal 118 [eae 6 | [Jose?). | neacee

(30,497.) Type of species. ;

Basileuterus rufifroms.

Setophaga rufifrons, Swainson, Animals in Menageries, 1838, 294.—Bon.
Conspectus, 314.—Sasileuterus rufifrons, Box. Consp. 1850, 314.—
Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).—Is.
Catal. 1861, 35, no, 210.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 296.

Hab. Mexico; northwest to Mazatlan.

Whole top of the head with the ears reddish or chestnut brown; nape and
sides of neck ashy. Rest of upper parts olive green, with an ashy tinge of
greater or less intensity. A white stripe from each side of the bill (meeting
narrowly on the forehead) over the eye, and another pair from lower jaw
meeting on the chin and passing beneath the eye, meets its supra-ocular fellow
behind the ears, their junctions, however, concealed by the chestnut ear
coverts. lLores, and a short space behind the eye dusky. Throat and breast

BASILEUTERUS, 249

bright yellow, abruptly defined against the whitish of under parts. Inside
and edge of wings yellow; flanks and crissum pale brownish-fulvous ; tibie
more ashy. No spots or bands on wings or tail. The feathers along the
middle of forehead and vertex with concealed yellow at the base.

Length, 4.80; wing, 2.00; difference between 1st and 4th (longest) quills,
.24; tail, 2.40; its graduation, .55; bill from gape, .55; tarsus, .80.

This species is sometimes described as quite cinereous above ;
this, however, depends on the state of plumage—perfect specimens
being nearly as olivaceous as in delattrvi. Occasionally specimens
are found in which the line of demarcation behind of the yellow
breast is obscured by the color passing backwards over the belly in
a light wash pervading the whole under parts, the edges of the
feathers brighter yellow, leaving the anal region, however, nearly
white. The flanks, crissum, and tibiz are then tinged with greenish
‘olive.

| |
Sex When

Smith-|Collec-
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected. | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. : in|

13,624]... ||... | Mexico. ae tibeGouldyie te eile “7.5.6
30,876 132 5 Mirador, Mex. Oct: 1862, || Dr. C. Sartorius. | | so...
28,026 | 82 g a SRNR hese sas
28,027 een es se | SC Mt | ATiL ) Baits 2s
26,375 aS re Xalapa. | J. Krider, D’Oca.
26,376 ats we Mexico. [Madre). eel Se ene Smmocy NM ete
34,018 o¢ on Mazatlan (Sierra | Dec. 1861. | AS Je.GLEaysOns ei). sasveme

(30,876.) Iris reddish-brown.

Basileuterus delattrii.

Basileuterus delattrii, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 383.—Is.
Notes Orn. 1854, 63 (Nicaragua).—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1860, 250
(Orizaba).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no. 211.—Sctarer &
Satviy, Ibis, II, 1860, 274, Duefias (Guatemala), May 8.

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala ?

(No. 30,700.) Similar to rufifrons in color of head, the olive green of the
back brighter, this color invading and replacing the ashy of the nape and
sides of neck; the infra-ocular white band, less distinct behind, but appa-
rently extending behind the eyes. Whole under parts greenish-yellow, a
little paler on middle of belly; flanks olive green; the sides behind and
crissum tinged with fulvous. Wings much rounded, about equal to the
lateral tail feather ; 1st quill shorter, or not longer than the secondaries, as is
the case in rufifrons.

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.70; graduation, .52; difference be-
tween Ist and 4th quills (longest), .28; length of bill from nostril, .31 ; along
gape, .60; tarsus, .82.

Since receiving an authentic specimen from Mr. Salvin I have
found that several specimens from Mexico, formerly considered to

250 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

be delatirii, are only varieties of rufifrons; and I am now un-
acquainted with any Mexican examples of the species, although
quoted by Dr. Sclater as from Orizaba.

|
Smith- Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality Golilected: Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.
30,700 | ae Be | Coban, Vera Paz, | Nov. 15, ’59. OMSalvintye no sles Peeace
[Guat.

Basileuterus mesochrysus.

Basileuterus mesochrysus, ScuatER, P. Z. 5. 1860, 251 (Bogota).

Basileuterus delattrii, ScuaTEr, P. Z. 8. 1855, 144 (Bogota).—Cas. Jour.
1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—? Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322
(Panama).

Hab. Bogota, to Costa Rica?

(No. 30,491.) General characters of G. delattrii, but the wings much longer
and more pointed, nearly equal to the entire tail, which is shorter and less
rounded; the Ist quill rather longer than the secondaries. There is no
appreciable white in the chin; that on the side of the lower jaw is scarcely
apparent, and does not extend below the chestnut cheeks. The brown of the
crown does not extend so far back on the head, and hence not behind the
ears. The upper parts are of a purer olive; beneath of a clearer yellow, the
crissum being unicolor with the belly. The quills and tail feathers are darker.

Total length, 4.85; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50; graduation, .24; difference be-
tween Ist and 4th quills, .24; length of bill from nostril, .30; along gape, .55 ;
tarsus, .85.

It is possible that a larger series of typical B. delattrii may show
that the differences mentioned above are not characteristic, and that
the Costa Rican specimens actually belong to delatirit. I think, how-
ever, they are really different.

|
|
Smith- Collee-| Sex

sonian, tor’s | and | Locality. Cc ie Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | oe eesee.

30,491 131 .. |San Jose, Costa Rica. nse Dr ve Erantzins.) || 9 es. <6

33,276 | ; ¢ ss Janwl2, 62.) J. Garmiolo (ay iii Beweens=

30,492 | 15 or se S00 {ene || ev erete cr -ye

84,654 |. es & ae : <9) te UR Bulli stk eee

29,553 | 191 ee ss tere Berlin Museum. | ~~ ......-
123 | .. |Bogota. ar Cab. of Lawrence.| —.......

(29,553,) Labelled “B. delattrii.”’

Basileuterus belli.

Muscicapa belli, Giravp, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. iv, fig. 1.—Basileuterus
belli, SctateR, P. Z. S. 1855, 65; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal.
Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no. 213 (Orizaba).—Sciater & Satviy, Ibis,
II, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).

BASILEUTERUS. O51:

Basileuterus chrysophrys, Bonar. Consp. 1850, 314.—Scrater, P. Z. S.
1857, 202 (Xalapa).

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 32,468.) Above olive green; crown and cheeks orange brown. Entire
under parts, including edge of wings, greenish-yellow, the sides and lining
of wings olivaceous. A broad stripe of yellow from the bill over the eye ;
the two stripes separated on the forehead by black, which is continued, more
obscurely, along the top of head, so as to separate the yellow stripe from the
brown vertex.

The orange brown of the cheeks extends narrowly above, more broadly
below the eye to the bill, involving the lores. The yellow stripe extends on
the nape some distance beyond the rufous crown. Bill black; legs yellowish.
Wings a little shorter than tail.

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50; graduation, .32; difference be-
tween lst quill and 4th, .32; length of bill from forehead, .49, from nostril,
.28; along gape, .55; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .61.

Smith-|Collee- Sex

When

eae tor’s | and Locality. @ollecced Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Sik raiee|

= oe | er I] aS,
26 3 One eal tere Mexico. | es edeukeriday seapmen OI os. Soaa.2
11,758 | lees Orizaba. a, P. L. Sclater. Botteri?
32,468 | 1,162] .. a iets ProfSuntichrast. | 0 se...
30,699 | 321 | fe Coban, Guat. Nov. 1859. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

Myrorutyprs, Cabanis. (See page 237.)

Myiothlypis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 17. (Type Trichas nigrocris-
tatus, LaF.')

Bill much depressed, very flat, the culmen and commissure almost truly
straight, the bill tapering only gradually to near the tip, where it is more
rapidly rounded off, so that the lateral outlines are at first slightly concave,
and then convex at the tip, somewhat as in Todus or Todirostrum, but more
tapering. Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond the nostrils. Wings a little
shorter than the tail; the Ist to 4th quills much graduated, so that the Ist
is equal only to the shortest secondary ; the 2d to the 9th quill; the 3d is be-
tween the 6th and 7th; the 4th and 5th longest. The tail is moderately
graduated, though the feathers are pointed. The legs are stout and strong ;
the outside of the tarsi apparently with the scutelle passing entirely round
to the posterior edge. Head with a narrow pointed crest.

This is a strongly marked genus, and easily distinguished from
Basileuterus by the very flat, straight bill, much broader or less

! Basileuterus nigricristatus.
Trichas nigrocristatus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1840, 230 (Bogota).—Myiothlypis
n. CAB. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 17.—Basileuterus n. ScLATER, Catal. 1861,
36.—Basileuterus nigricapillus, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1860, 74.

252 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

attenuated towards the end than in any other Sylvicolidex, and re-
sembling somewhat species of Todirostrum. The excessive gradua-
tion of the outer quills is another marked feature, although the wing
is rather pointed. The peculiarities of the scutelle, if real and not
apparent, point towards the Tyrannidex ; although, as far as I can
determine, there are but nine primaries. The type species belongs
to the Andean region of Ecuador and New Grenada, and is olive
green above and on sides, yellow beneath; loral spot, and patch
on top of head, black. (30,910. Quito. C. R. Buckalew. )*

' In the Smithsonian collection is a female bird, collected in Paraguay, by
Capt. Page, which resembles somewhat the description by Bonaparte of Myo-
thlypis luteo-viridis, from Bogota, in being entirely olive green above, the under
parts, with a line from bill over eye (becoming duller behind), yellow; bili
horn color; legs yellow. If the /uteo-viridis, however, be the female of JM.
nigricristatus, as suggested by Bonaparte and Sclater, this specimen cannot
belong to it, as it differs entirely inform. The bill resembles that of Kuthlypis
lachrymosa, though not quite so long; it is like that of M. mztratus, also, in
the straight culmen and gape, but is wider at base, and entirely lacks the
Todirostrum character of Myiothlypis nigricristatus. The wings are consider-
ably shorter than the tail, which is narrow, the feathers much pointed and
graduated, as in Myiothlypis, but longer (very much as in Geothlypis). The
wings are less rounded than in J/. nigricristatus, the 2d quill being a little
longer than the 6th, not about equal to the 9th. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.45 ;
difference between Ist and 4th quills, .40; tail, 2.90, its graduation, .35 ;
tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .65; bill from gape, .64. There is no indi-
cation of crest. (16,334. 9. Paraguay, June, 1859. Capt. Page, U.S. N.,
No. 53:)

The relationships of this species are certainly nearest to Myiothlypis, differ-
ing mainly in longer tail, less graduated wing, and differently shaped lateral
outline of bill. To include the two together, the characters of the genus
must be considerably modified ; somewhat as follows: ‘“ Bill much depressed,
very broad at base, but thickened ; the culmen and commissure straight to
near the tip; bristles prominent. Wings shorter than the tail, graduated ;
the 1st quill not longer than the secondaries. Tail considerably graduated,
the feathers acutely pointed.”

Both this bird and M. nigricristatus would be taken for Geothlypis, but for
the broad, depressed, bristled bill. The Paraguay bird may be called, pro-
visionally, M. flaveolus if not luteo-viridis.

ho
On
oo

SETOPHAGA.

SETOPHAGA, Swarnson.
SETOPHAGA, Swains.

Setophaga, Swainson, Zool. Jour. III, Dec. 1827, 360. (Type Muscicapa
ruticilla, L.)—Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 297.
Sylvania, Nurrauu, Man. Orn. I, 1832. (Same type.)

Bill much depressed, the lateral outlines straight towards tip. Bristles
reach half way from nostril to tip. Culmen almost straight to near the tip;
commissure very slightly curved. Nostrils oval, with membrane above them.
Wings rather longer than tail, pointed; 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly equal ;
1st intermediate between 4th and 5th. Tail rather long, rather rounded ; the
feathers broad, and widening at ends, the outer web narrow. Tarsi with
scutellar divisions indistinct externally. Legs slender; toes short, inner
cleft nearly to base of Ist joint, outer with Ist joint adherent; middle toe
without claw, not quite half the tarsus.

The description above given is based upon the type of the genus—
S. ruticilla. Of the many species referred by authors to Setophaga
the only one that corresponds with it in most of these characters is
the Mexican S. picta. This is quite similar in most points, but
differs in the wing being a little less pointed, the Ist quill about
equal to or a little longer than the 5th. The feet are quite differ-
ent—the toes being considerably longer, so that the middle toe with-
out claw is two-thirds the tarsus. The claws are proportionally
longer, perhaps less curved, and the scutelle more distinct on the
outside of tarsus. The South and Middle American species, hereto-
fore assigned to this genus, are all characterized by peculiar features
readily distinguishing them from S. ruéicilla, and are certainly
entitled to subgeneric rank.

As far as I now recollect S. ruticilla is the only one of the Seto-
phage in which the sexes are certainly dissimilar. The rule is the
reverse in the other Sylvicolide.

In the following synopsis I combine the principal species belonging
to Setophaga, Myioborus, and Luthlypis :—

a. End of lateral tail feathers black. Sexes dissimilar.
Belly white. Setophaga.
Ground color black, without vertex spot. Sides of
breast and bases of quills and tail feathers red-
dish-orange in male, yellowish in female . . ruticilla, Sw.
b. Lateral tail feathers, including their tips, white. Sexes similar.

Belly vermilion- or carmine-red.

954 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

Entirely lustrous black, including head and neck.
No vertex spot. A white patch on the wings.
Setophaga.

Forehead black. A broad band on the wings
and almost the whole of outer tail feather
white . : . . . . ‘

Forehead white. A narrow band on the wings
and tips only of lateral tail feathers white

Plumbeous ash, including head and neck. A chest-
nut brown vertex-spot. No white om wings.
Myioborus.

Throat, lores, and forehead continuously pure
black. Spot on vertex uniform dark chest-
nut, scarcely margined on the sides with
black. Inner web of outer tail feather
white for terminal two-fifths ; 3d feather
with a distinct white tip. Tail, 3.00.

Black of head somewhat tinged with plumbe-
ous ; a distinct band of this color extend-
ing from bill over the eye, cutting off
the black of forehead. Spot on vertex
orange chestnut, lighter at base, and
quite broadly margined with blackish.
White on outer tail feather restricted to
terminal third; 3d feather with a small

[PART T.

picta, Sw.

multicolor, Bp.

miniata, Sw.

white tip or none. Tail, 2.75 4 . flammea, Kaup.

Beneath clear yellow, or with a tinge of orange. Crissum
whitish. Vertex with an orange brown spot (except
in melanocephala). Above plumbeous ash. Wings
and tail black. Mzyvoborus.

Head and neck all round like the back.

Breast and belly gamboge yellow. Forehead
and sides of vertex plumbeous. Outer
tail feather white for more than terminal
third - . . ; . : ‘

Breast and belly yellowish-orange. Forehead
and sides of vertex black. Outer tail
feather with less than terminal half white

Head and neck above like the back. Whole under
parts yellow; base of bill above yellow (except
in brunneiceps). A dusky loral spot. No pec-
toral collar.

A cinnamon vertex spot encircled by black,
extending below and upwards into the
eye to the gape. A dusky loral spot.
Circum-ocular region, and line to bill

. verticalis, Lafr.

aurantiaca, Baird.

SETOPHAGA. 255

(continuous with it) yellow. Yellow [Sclater.!
frontlet very narrow. ‘ . 2“ruficoronata,”
Top of head black, without vertex spot. Other-
wise like last, but the blackish of cheeks
not running below the eye into the dusky
lores. (Black confined to vertex, and not [ Tschudi.
reaching occiput as in last ?) : . melanocephala,
Whole top of head cinnamon, without en-
circling black, except a narrow front.
Circum-ocular region and line to bill,
extending very narrowly along the base
of the forehead, white. No yellow at
base of bill. Rest of side of head, with
line over eye, dark aa Middle of back .
olivaceous . : ; 5 - brunneiceps, Lafr.
Similar to the last, but without dusky loral spot, and
with a dusky pectoral band.
Entire cheeks yellow . : . ; - torquata, Baird.
Anterior portion of entire head yellow, bordered be-
hind, above, and on sides by black ; the cheeks,
forehead, and chin entirely yellow, or with more
or less white? . . : : ; : . ornata, Boiss.

c. Extreme tips only of lateral tail feathers white. Sexes similar.
Beneath yellowish; crissum whitish. A median yellow
vertex stripe. Above, including wings and tail, plum-
beous. Luthlypis.
A white spot before the eye. Breast tinged with
fulvous : . : : : : - lachrymosa, Bon.

1 I have followed some authors, and I think Dr. Sclater, in referring this
species to the S. ruficoronata of Kaup; but the description of this author is
very unsatisfactory, and I doubt very much the correctness of the identifica-
tion, as the Phila. Academy specimen, like ornata with chestnut vertex-patch,
answers much better to his diagnosis. Should this suggestion be correct, I am
not aware of any published name that properly belongs to the Ecuador bird.

2 This section includes S. ornata, Boiss., flaveola, Lafr., and leucomphomma,
Kaup, the differences of which are not well established, and it is quite possible
that all these names refer to one species. In the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy is a specimen (without locality) which differs from the common
form of S. ornata in having a decided chestnut brown patch on the vertex,
the anterior feathers in which are tipped slightly with black. The forehead
(broadly), the whole side of the head to just behind the eye, and the entire
under parts are rich yellowish-orange. In some respects this bird agrees
better with S. ruficoronata, of Kaup, than the one referred to above.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART iE;

SETOPHAGA, Sw. (See p. 236.)

Setophaga ruticilla.
Motacilla ruticilla, Linn. 8. N. 10th ed. 1758, 186 (Catesby, Car. tab.

67).—Muscicapa ruticilla, Linn. 8. N. 1, 1766,326.—Gmeun ; V1IEIL-
Lot, I, pl. 35, 36.—Wirts. I, pl. vi, fig. 6.—Bon. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. I,
pl. 40.—D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 87.—Setophaga rut. Swains.
Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 358.—Box.; Aup. B. A.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8.
1854, 111 (Ecuador) ; 1855, 144 (Bogota); 1856, 92 (Cordova) ;
1859, 374 (Oaxaca); 1860, 84 (Ecuador), 292.—Is. Catal. 1861,
36, no. 220.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—Scuarer &
Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
297.—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 186.—Satuf, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo).—Newron, Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix; winter).—Cas.
Jour. 1856, 472 (Cuba); 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Gunpiacu, ib.
1861, 326 (Cuba).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).—Sylvania
rut. Nutratu, Man. I, 1832, 291 (type of genus).

Motacilla flavicauda, Guertin, I, 1788, 997 (2).

Hab. Eastern and in part middle provinces of North America to Fort Simp-
son; most of all the West Indies ; Mexico to Ecuador.

Specimens in the collection from many localities in the eastern
United States as far west as the valley of the Missouri; also—

Smith-|Collee-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | :

20,638 26 2 -| Moose Factory. | May 26, ’60.| C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
20,637 | 669 2 | Rupert House. Sept. 3, 60. sS Se
19,528 | 402 ¢ | Fort Simpson. | June 7. B. R. Ross. B. R. Ross.
19,528 | 532 ¢ | Fort Resolution. | May 23, 60. | R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott.
4,689 Ss .. | Mouth of Platte. ' April 26. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
4,688 as .. | Mouthof Big Sioux. sie se Gs
19,205 24 og | Wind River Mts. May 25, ’60.| -Capt. Raynolds. cs
19,206 | 34 2 ae “cc ee “
11,060 ae ¢ | Fort Bridger, Utah. | May 27. C. Drexler. C. Drexler.
34,512 32 Q |Nassau, N. P. May 14,°64.| Lt. Fitzgerald. | © ......-
23,533 | .. 2 | Monte Verde, Cuba. | Sept. 4, 61. | C. Wright. C. Wright.
23,540 | .. | Monte Libon, Cuba, | Sept. 25, ’61. ss L
21,656 | 2 | Tuabeque, Cuba. Siete ss a
21,658 | gd | Filanthropia, Cuba, | Dec. 8. ce &
23,320 | Le a | Trelawney, Jam. Nov. 20, °58.| P. L. Sclater. W. Osburn.
24,362 | 44 ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam. | Sept. 1861. W. T. March. W. T. March.
26,967 | ae .. | St. Thomas. Beis J.-Akhuret. ey aig aereeees
36,641 | a. ‘s ier Robert Swift.[ton.| =...

ae ae .. | St. Croix. Mar. 16, ’58.; Cab. A.& E. New-| _—_—.....« es
30,706* 3,095 2 Belize, Hond. Deewm4 575) O72 Salvin ey vise wreleleaste
30,706 | 338 J Petaleulu, Guat. Sept. 1862. eae er aldara
34,660 & | Barranca, C. R. Marsis.64.) J. Carmtiol.© Hille an ssccrests
34,661 | 5 a se CW ee art lulp ae Bete ke

Setophaga picta.

Setophaga picta, Swatys. Zool. Ill. 2d series, I, 1829, pl. iii.—Kavp, P.

Z. S. 1851, 50.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 66; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).—
Is. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 221 (Guatemala).—Barrp, Birds N. Am.

SETOPHAGA. 257

1858, 298, pl. Ixxvii, fig. 2.—Scrater & Savin, Ibis, 1859, 12
(Guatemala).

Muscicapa leucomus, Giraup, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. vi, fig. 1.—Scrarer,
Peed co le5os 60s

Hab. All Mexico and Guatemala.

General color, including sides of body, lustrous black. Eyelids, a large
patch on the wing, involving the greater and middle coverts, the edges of the
secondaries, the inside of wings, axillars, crissum, tibiz, outer tail feather
except at base, and a diminishing space on the second and third, white.
Middle of breast and abdomen carmine red. Wings and tail equal.

The white of the crissal feathers is confined to the tips, the rest being black,
sometimes showing in the white. The fourth tail feather sometimes has a
slight white tip ; the second feather is almost entirely white.

I have seen no specimen marked as the female of this beautiful species,
but that sex probably differs only in a less intense coloration, and more re-
stricted amount of white. There is no appreciable difference between Mexican
and Guatemalan skins.

Length (34,020), 5.00; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .65

This species differs in form from S. miniata in longer wings and
shorter tail—the two being about equal, instead of the tail being
considerably the longer. The tarsi of this species are also shorter.

Setophaga multicolor, Bon.,' from Mexico, seems to differ in having
the forehead white, the white of the wings narrower, that of the tail
more restricted, the belly white. The species appears to be entirely
unknown, except from Bonaparte’s description.

|

Smith-|Collec-| Sex | Wier |

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. Age. | Sal |

4,014 144 cv Bogeillo, New Leon.} April, 1853. Lt. D. N. Couch. | aaaee

34,020 113 o Mazatlan. (Sierra | Dee. 1861. Av JGrayson., se cen oe

13,628 S: Guatemala. [Madre.) tee | JiAGoulaly) OA Bile ete.

30,705 | 340 Volcan de ares 1862. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm.

| uat. |

(4,014.) Eyes brown.

Mytozorvs, Baird. (See page 237.)
Myioborus, Barrp. (Type Setophaga verticalis, Sw.)

Rictal bristles very long, reaching to the end of the bill; the toes more
as in ruticilla, though longer, the middle toe without claw about three-fifths
the tarsus. The wings are shorter than the broad, soft, rounded tail, and the
wing is much rounded; the 4th quill longest, the Ist about equal to the 7th.

' Setophaga multicolor.
Setophaga multicolor, Bon. Conspectus, 1850, 312. Mus. Senck.

Hab. Mexico.
17. May, 1865.

258 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The species of this section have been usually referred to Setophaga,
but differ very appreciably as indicated. I have, however, combined
them in the same analytical arrangement under Setophaga for con-
venience of diagnosis. The following are the better known species
of Myioborus from South America (see page 253) :—

Setophaga verticalis.

Setophaga verticalis, Larr. & D’Ors. Syn. Av. 1837, 50.—D’Ors. Voy.
Ois. 330, pl. 35, fig. 1.—Scnarer, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 225.

Hab. Bogota and Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst.,
Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawren

Setophaga ——
?Setophaga ruficoronata, Scuater P. Z. S. 1855, 144, etc., and Catal.
1861, 37, no. 226 (not of Kaup?).

Hab. Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst. (Ecuador,
from C. R. Buckalew), Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawrence.

Setophaga melanocephala.
Setophaga melanocephala, Tscuup1, Consp. Fauna Peruana, 1845-6, 192,
tab. xii (Peru).
Hab. Peru. Cab. Phila. Acad.

Setophaga ruficoronata.

? Setophaga ruficoronata, Kavup, P. Z. 8. 1851, 49.—Bon. Obs. Delattre,
1853, 63.

Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad.

Setophaga ornata.
Setophaga ornata, Botss, R. Zool. 1840, 70 (Bogota. Face and forehead
white). _
Setophaga flaveola, Larr. R. Zool. 1844, 81 (Bogota. Face and forehead
yellow). Cab. Phila. Acad.
? Setophaga leucomphomma, Kaur, P. Z. 8. 1851, 227 (Bogota).
Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad.

Setophaga brunneiceps.

Setophaga brunneiceps, Larr. & D’Ors. Syn. Av. 1837, 50.—D’Ors. Voy.
Ois. 329, pl. 29, fig. 3 (Bolivian Andes).—JSasileuterus brunneiceps,
Bon. Consp. 1850, 314.
Hab. Bolivia: Cab. Phila. Acad.

This bird is quite different in form from the preceding species ; its narrower
bill, shorter wings, color of head and back, etc., approximating it to Basi-
leuterus, although its longer, broad graduated tail, with the white lateral tail
feathers, are as in Myioborus.

SETOPHAGA, 259

Setophaga castaneo-capilla.
Setophaga castaneo-capilla, Cas. Schomburgk’s Guiana, III, 1848, 667
(Roraima, Guiana).

This species has usually been assumed as identical with the preceding,
although judging from the description alone, it appears quite distinct. The
essential features consist in having the crest chestnut brown, the forehead,
sides of neck and back with faint wash of olivaceous. The outer tail feather
has the outer web and the tip of the inner white; the second with a large
white spot inclosed by black; the third white only at tip. Nothing is said
of the black forehead, nor of the white lines of the face and front. There is
much less white also on the lateral tail feathers.

Setophaga miniata.

Setophaga miniata, Swans. Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 368.—Barrp, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 249, pl. lviii, fig. 1.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 292
(Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).—Is. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—In.
1864, 173 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 37, no. 222.

Muscicapa vulnerata, Wactrr, Isis, 1831, 529.—Setophaga vul. Bon.
Consp. 1850, 313.—Setophaga castanea, Lisson, R. Z. 1839, 42.

Muscicapa derhami, Giravp, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. iii, fig. 2.—Scnarer,
P. Z. S. 1855, 65.

Hab. Mexico.

(No. 13,668.) Above dark bluish-ash ; the quills dark brown; the tail black.
A square patch of dark chestnut brown on the vertex; the forehead anterior
to this, lores, circum-ocular region, cheeks beneath the eye, whole fore neck
and sides of jugulum, black; rest of under parts rich carmine red, except in-
side of wings and crissum, which are white. Tibie plumbeous. The exposed
portion of outer web, and exposed half of inner, of the lateral tail feather, white,
the amount of white successively more restricted on the 2d and 3d feathers.
Wings considerably shorter than the tail. Bristles reaching to end of bill.

Female similar to male in color.

Length, 5.10; wing, 2.55; tail, 3.00; tarsus, .75.

A specimen (No. 558, type of Muscicapa derhami) less mature,
or possibly a female, has the black feathers of the forehead and

throat edged with plumbeous ; the sides of the head are plumbeous.
This bird is the one described in Birds N. Am.

|

Smith- Collec-| Sex |
: . When E
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from | Collected b
No. No. Piiees Collected. | y
558) jten eee eee N. E. Mexico. ae S. F. Baird, | . J.G. Bell.
13,668 ae Ab Jalapa. P. L. Sclater. D’Oca.,

37,496 | 62 | 9 Orizaba, Mex. | Jan.30,’65.| Prof.Sumichrast.| ......

(558.) A type specimen of Muscicapa derhami, Giraud.

Setophaga flammea.

Setophaga flammea, Kavup, P. Z. 8. 1851, 50 (Guatemala) ; P. Z. S. 1855,
77 (references to priority).—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 223.—

260 REVIBW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Scrater & Satnvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Casanis, Jour.
IX, 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).
Setophaga intermedia, Hartuavs, R. Z. 1853, 3.

Hab. Guatemala; Costa Rica (Cab.). :

It is with much hesitation that I admit this as a distinct species, and do so
mainly because Dr. Sclater, who has seen many specimens of the two allied
forms, considers them different. The most highly plumaged specimen before me
differs from the S. miniata, as just described, in the red of the belly being more
vermilion than carmine. The black on the throat and forehead is less intense ;
on the side of the head it is mainly confined to the region below and anterior
to the eye, the plumbeous ground color extending in quite a broad and distinct
band from the bill over the eye. The chestnut of the feathers of the vertex
is lighter, and of a yellowish shade at the basal portion, while in miniata it is
unicolored ; it is more restricted in extent, being bordered on each side by
quite a broad band of black. The white of tail is more restricted, only one-
third the inner web of outer feather being involved instead of two-fifths, and
rarely extending on the third feather. The bill is perhaps a little broader,
the tail and wings shorter, the tail feathers narrower.

A female, as marked by Mr. Salvin, differs from the male only in having 2
still greater mixture of plumbeous in the black of the forehead.

Length of 20,400, 4, 5.10; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .72.

The S. intermedia, of Hartlaub, was probably based upon a female
bird—the diagnosis of plumbeous throat, concolor with the back and
forehead, not being applicable to the male. Kaup’s diagnosis of tips
only of the outer three tail feathers white is not very distinctive, as
there is comparatively little difference in this respect from miniata.

From a statement by Mr. Sclater, in the Pr. ZS. 1855, 77, it
appears that the name of Kaup, though presented to the Zool. Soc.
in 1851, was not actually published until after that of Hartlaub, in
1853. Itis, therefore, a question whether the latter should not have
priority. As, however, there is no internal evidence or external in-
dication apart from the claim of Dr. Hartlaub and the unofficial
admission of Sclater to prove the fact, I retain the name of /flammea,
regretting at the same time that the actual date of issue of the sheet
containing the description was not in some way noted upon it.

amith.|Celtec+| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality ben | Received from Collected by
Not No. | Age. Collected. |

13,665 fe a Guatemala. aie | P,L. Selater. | J...5.

18,567 te ye a afore or ie AO ne Pease re steee
8,021 oe ais ss alee Jo Gould. ya yee ereteeere

20,400 | 1,469 | .. Coban, Guat. Noy. 1859. OF Salviny ee e eaccere

20,589 | 1,468 | .. cs ce OVC 6 Phe nae

30,704 S4Sal) ee ss se fs

TOV ere Guatemala, sare | Cab. Jbawrencel i) We pcsece.

SETOPHAGA. 261

Setophaga aurantiaca.

Setophaga aurantiaca, BAIRD, n. 8.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Upper parts, with head and neck, plumbeous, without any tinge of olive ;
wings and tail black, the quills edged slightly with plumbeous. Crown orange
brown, margined on the forehead and above the eyes with black. Fore part
of the neck blackish. Beneath yellowish-orange ; the crissum and inside of
wings white; the tibie and edge of wing plumbeous. Rather less than the
terminal half of outer tail feather, and a diminishing amount on the second
and third feathers, white, the white extending farther towards the base on the
outer webs of the outer feather; the black extending forwards externally on
the edge of the second and third feathers. Iris black.

The sexes do not appear to differ. Some specimens are, however, of a deeper
orange. A young bird (30,493), not fully fledged, is very similar, but lacks
the brown crown. The orange of the under parts is very deep and distinct.

Length (No. 33,280, 9), 5.00; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.57; gape of bill, .60;
tarsus, .75.

This species is very similar to S. verticalis, of Bogota, but differs
in having the under parts yellowish-orange, rather than clear gam-
boge yellow. ‘The throat is apparently darker. The black of the
forehead and sides of the vertex-spot I do not find in the speci-
men before me of verticalis, nor are they mentioned in the descrip-
tions. There is more white on the tail feathers of verticalis, involving
more than half of the inner web and two-thirds of the outer. There
is no trace in awrantiaca of the ashy margins of the tail feathers
mentioned by D’Orbigny.

smith-|Collee- Sex | Whe

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | Géllseted | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. betes: | |

30,493 | 101 | Juv. Costa Rica. els [Drs we Brantzios:, Wy ules. cc'

33,280 8 2 Dota Mts.,C. R. | Jan. 25, 64.) J. Carmiol. J. Carmiol.

33,279 8 s | a se gs

33,277 8 e fs Jan. 23, 64 Se Se

33,291 8 ¢ ‘e Jan. 27, 64. “ «“

33,278 8 ¢ 6c | be “ce ‘c

33, 282 8 2 sf | Jan. 24, ’64. fs se

34,658 ore a San Jose. | Mar. 4, ’64. re Ob

34,659 So

Barranca. Mar. 12, a <6 ee

Setophaga torquata.

Setophaga torquata, BAtRD, n. s.
Hab. Costa Rica.

Upper parts, continuous with a narrow pectoral collar ashy plumb ous,
with a tinge of olive above; the collar more dusky. A narrow frontal line,
entire sides of head, including lores and circum-ocular region, and under parts,
bright yellow. Crissum and inside of wings pale yellowish ; edge of wing darker

262 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

yellow. Vertex with the feathers considerably elongated, and orange brown,
margined all round with black. Quills and tail feathers black, not appreciably
margined. Outer tail feather with all the exposed portion white ; less of this
color on the second, with a margin of black on the outer web near the end ;
third feather with a small stripe of white in the end. Tibia greenish plum-
beous.

In one specimen the forehead only (except the narrow line at base of bill)
is black, and the black line above the superciliary yellow is quite narrow ; in
another, the decumbent brown crest is mainly on the sinciput, the black
anterior and lateral to it being in considerably less extent. An immature speci-
men, not fully fledged, probably of this species, lacks the spot on the vertex ;
the whole jugulum is dusky, this color extending forward along the throat to
the bill; the lores and a crescentic patch beneath the eye are dusky.

Length, 5.50; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.85; bill from gape, .56; tarsus, .80.

The clear yellow face without any dusky marks, and the yellow
under parts crossed by a dusky pectoral collar, appear to distinguish
this species from all its congeners.

Smith-|Collee-| Sex

| |
|
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | Gena | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | :

30,496 97 58 San Jose, C. R. | sate Drove Erantzins., |” Gersisece
30,495 98 aie os ce OT) eeroeteterere
30,494 990 |! ss ee Soe dh) Vili e ostooss
32,283 ats ate S | J. Carmiol. J. Carmiol.

\

Evutuuyrpis, Cabanis. (See page 237.)
Euthlypis, CABANIs, Mus. Hein. 1850,18. (Type E. lachrymosa, Cas.)

Bill much depressed, and lengthened ; from forehead as long as the head,
the lateral outline ratlier concave near the end. Rictal bristles reaching half
way from nostrils to tip of bill. Culmen and commissure gently curved. Tail
rounded, and a little longer than the wings, the feathers moderately broad.
Wings rounded; Ist quill about equal to the 6th; 3d and 4th longest. Pro-
portions of feet about as in the rufous crowned Myioborus.

This subgenus, besides its relations to Setophaga, has characters
belonging both to Myioborus and Myiodioctes. The tail feathers
have the firmness and comparative narrowness of outer web of the
latter, the feet and rounded wings of the former. The bill is more
lengthened than in either.

But a single species of this subgenus is known. It is the largest
of the Setophagee: yellow beneath, plumbeous above, with two dark
stripes on the head inclosing a median yellow one.

CARDELLINA. 263

Setophaga lachrymosa.

Basileuterus lac. Bon. Consp.,1850, 314 (from spec. in Berlin Mus.).—
Euthlypis lac. Caz. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19 (Lagunas, Mex. ; same as
Bonaparte’s spec.)—Sciater, P. Z. 5. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1859,
363 (Jalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 219.—ScnarER & Satvin,
Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, Guat., Sept. 1859).

Setophaga lachrymosa, Bairp.

Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

Above, including top and sides of head, olivaceous-plumbeous ; wing and
tail feathers almost black, edged on outside with plumbeous. Beneath yel-
low, the breast, jugulum, and flanks washed with ochry. Crissum dirty white:
tibie and inside of wings tinged with olive. Feathers along base of upper
mandible, with loral region and two stripes on top of head, black, the latter
imclosing a broader median one of yellow. A spot in front of eye, and eyelids
white. A white spot at end of all the tail feathers, principally on the inner
web, and decreasing in magnitude from outermost to middle. Bill black ;
legs pale.

Length, 6.10; wing, 2.75; difference between Ist and 4th quills, .25; tail,
2.90; graduation, .35 ; bill above, .60, from nostril, .36, from gape, .70; tarsus,
-90; middle toe and claw, .73; claw, .24; hind toe and claw, .50.

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected.

Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age.

ASS WILES et em Se betetenstare

29,705 | hs z Mexico fGuat,
OS Salvin ee Patereserar=

eee ie |
Smith- Collec-| Sex When ee
331 te Savana Grande, 186 2 | Oat

30,701

CARDELLINA, Dvpvs.
CARDELLINA, Dubus. (See page 236.)

Cardellina, “ Dusus,” Bon. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type Cardellina amicta,
Dousus = Muscicapa rubrifrons, GIRAUD.)

Bill Parine in appearance, much shorter than head, high at base, and the
culmen considerably decurved throughout ; the commissure curved and some-
what angulated in the middle. Rictal bristles stiff, but not very long, hardly
reaching half way from the nostrils to tip of bill, which exhibits scarcely any
trace of notch. Wings long and pointed; the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly
equal and longest; the Ist a little longer than the 5th. The tail is shorter
than the wings, nearly even, a very little rounded. Feet small; tarsi short,
the scutellar divisions indistinct externally; the middle toe without claw
little more than half the tarsus.

This form agrees very closely in the characters of wing and tail

with Myiodioctes mitratus. The legs, however, are shorter, and the
bill very differently shaped, more like that of a Titmouse.

264 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS [PART Te

Cardellina rubrifroms.

Muscicapa rubrifrons, Giraup, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. vii, fig. 1 (N. E.
Mexico).—Cardellina rubrifrons, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 66; ib.
1858, 299 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (do.).—Is. Catal. 1861, 37, no. 229.

Cardellina amicta, (“Dusus, MSS.”’), Bon. Consp. 1850, 312.

Parus erythropis, Licut. MSS. (Mus. Berlin).

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 29,708.) Above grayish-ash; a nuchal patch, rump and under parts,
white, more or less tinged with rosy. Head and neck all round bright red,
crossed however by a hood of black on the top of head, passing down over the
ears, leaving the forehead, lores, eyelids, and sides of the neck red. There is
no red on the occiput, the white of the nape immediately succeeding the black.
Inside of wings white, and an ashy white band across the median wing
coverts. Sides of body ashy. Female similar, but duller in color.

Length, 5.00; wing, 2.77; tail, 2.75; graduation, .14; difference between
1st and 3d (longest) quills, .12; bill from forehead, .45, nostril, .27, gape, .48 ;
tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .54.

|

Smith-|Collec- Sex |

: A When A

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ‘ : | Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.

29,708 | | Mexico. ae | A. Sallé | siete ste

30,702 | 360 | Q? Totonicapam, Guat.} Oct. 1862. | OF Salvin 909) eiektsee

Ereaticus, Baird.

Ergaticus, Bairp. (Page 237.) (Type Setophaga rubra, Sw.)

Bill very short, and rather slender; the culmen, however, and commissure
curved from the base. -Rictal bristles well developed, reaching midway from
nostril to tip. Wings rather shorter than the nearly evén, somewhat rounded
tail; the 3d and 4th quills about equal; the Ist a little shorter than the 6th.
Tarsi lengthened; the middle toe without claw half the tarsus.

This form differs from typical Cardellina in much slenderer,
though somewhat similarly shaped bill, greater development of rictal
bristles, considerably shorter and more rounded wings, ete. In some

respects it resembles the section Jdiotes of Basileuterus, but may |
properly be separated.

Cardellina rubra.
Setophaga rubra, Swarns. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 368 (eastern Mexico).—
Cassin, Ill. Birds Cal. Texas, I, 1854, 266, pl. xliii.— Cardellina
rubra, Bon. Consp. 1850, 312.—Scnarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 292 (El

CARDELLINA. 265

Jacale, Mex.); 1858, 299 (Oaxaca); 1859, 363, 374 (Xalapa,
Oaxaca) ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 38, no. 250.
— Basileuterus ruber, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1851, 18.

Sylvia miniata, Larr. Mag. Zool. 1836, pl. liv.

Parus leucotis, Giraud, Birds Tex. 1841, pl. iv, fig. 2 (N. E. Mexico).

Hab. Mexico.

(No. 13,666.) Rich carmine red, rather darker on the back. Ear coverts
silvery white. Wing and tail feathers brown, edged externally with the
colors of the back. Larger inner wing coverts rosy white. Bill pale horn
color, dusky above. Legs pale. Sexes similar.

Length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.55, its graduation, .20; difference between
Ist and 4th quills, .30; bill from nostril, .27, gape, .50; tarsus, .77; middle
toe and claw, .56.

!
aieithilCotlac: Sex wihen |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Goillected Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. : |

a | i | SF eee

561 xe Ao N. E. Mexico. S06 Seb Baird) y, =) |i yp! - ss.
82,717 |45,850 SS Mexico. Oe Merreauxss” | taretne oe
13,666 ai ab Xalapa. aise Sclater. D’Oca.
82,718 te DLs ES Hee Werreaixe ct etn © Sada
35,140 184 | ¢ Mirador (pines). | June 1864.| Dr. Sartorius. | ~~ ......
87,495 112) ¢ Orizaba (high- Ber Prof. Sumichrast.| —......

lands).

(561.) Type specimen: of Parus leucotis, Giraud.

Cardellina wersicolor.

Cardellina versicolor, Sauvin, P. Z. S. May, 1863, 188, pl. xxiv, fig. 4
(Volcan de Fuego, height of 8,000 feet, and Totonicapam).

Hab. Highlands of Guatemala.

(No. 30,703, 9.) General color red ; darker on back, paler on the rump and
beneath ; the feathers of the head and neck all round, and the breast tipped
with silvery rose-color. Wing and tail feathers dark brown, edged externally
with red; lining of wings rosy white. Bill and legs dark horn color. Male
probably similar, or with colors more intense.

Length, 4.80; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.50, its graduation, .24; difference between
1st and 4th quills, .32; bill from nostril, .27; tarsus, .74.

This species is very similar in size and form to C. rubra, differing
in color mainly in having a silvery tinge to the red of the whole
head, neck, and breast, instead of pure silvery ears.

Smith-|Collee-) Sex aes
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. lGollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. 7

30,703 | 397 | Q | Totonicapam, Guat. | Oct. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.

266 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The following are some synonyms of presumed North or Middle
American Sylvicolide of older authors, not satisfactorily identified.

Sylvia decurtata, Bon. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 118.—Pachysylvia decurtata,
Bon. Consp. 1850, 309.
Hab. Mexico.

Probably Hylophilus cinereiceps.

Motacilla fulva, Gueuin, I, 1788, 973.—Sylvia fulva, Laru. Ind. II,
1790, 542 (Louisiana).

Sylvia griseicollis, Virrtuor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 29, pl. 87.

Sylvia ochroleuca, Visit. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 187 (United States).
(Vireo fiavifrons ?)

Sylvia pumila, Vie. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 39, pl. 100 (St. Do-
mingo, Cayenne, etc.).

Sylvia russeicauda, VieiLL. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 17, pl. 71(Penna.).

Sylvia semitorquata, Laru. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 542 (Louisiana).

Sylvia virescens, Vieni. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 42 (America).

Norr.—Specimens received since the preceding account of the
Sylvicolide went to press furnish the occasion for the following
observations and corrections :—

Parula pitiayumi. Page 170.

Among the collections made during the past winter, by Col.
Grayson, in the Tres Marias, Mex., were several specimens of a
Parula, which I cannot separate from the true South American
P. pitiayumi; differing only in rather larger size and less amount
of black in the loral region, which, in fact, is nearly as plumbeous
as the forehead, the space immediately anterior to and beneath the
eye being blackish. The upper parts appear rather paler than
usual. They differ from the Guatemalan and Costa Rican cnornata
in the larger size and possession of two white bands across the
wings. The species has not been identified as occurring on the
main land of Mexico.

Smith-|Collee- Sex
sonian| ¢or’s | and
No. No. | Age.

Locality. | eee | Received from Collected by

Jan. 1865. | Col. A. J. Grayson.
ee ae

Tres Marias, Mex.
oe
|

37,315 | 88
37,316

Seiurus aurocapillus. Page 214.
Among the collections made at Mazatlan, Mex., by Col. Grayson,
is a specimen, 37,317 (876) of this species, not previously recorded

HIRUNDINID.A. 267

as occurring on the Pacifie slope of the continent. In the fact of
its being a bird of the eastern province of the United States during
summer, and in winter crossing the mountains of northern Mexico
to the Pacific coast, it appears to resemble Dendroica dominica,
Mniotilta varia, Larus atricilla, Sterna antillarum and anglica, etc.,
none of which are known on the California coast at any season.

Dendroica chrysopareia. Page 183.

Dr. Sclater has recently stated that the specimens referred to (p.
185) as from San Antonio, Texas, are true D. chrysopareia, and
thus the species is to be included in the fauna of the United States.

Famity HIRUNDINIDA.

Bill short, triangular, very broad at base (nearly as wide as long) and
much depressed, narrowing rapidly to a compressed, notched tip; mouth
opening nearly to the eyes. Primaries nine, graduating rapidly less from the
exterior one; tail feathers twelve.! Feet weak ; tarsi scutellate, shorter than
middle toe and claw. Number of joints in toes normal; basal joint of middle
toe partially or entirely adherent to lateral toes. Wings long, falcate. Tail
forked. Eyessmall. Plumage compact, usually lustrous. All the American
species with a white patch on the sides under the wing?

The Hirundinide form a very well marked group of birds easily
distinguished from all others. They exhibit a close resemblance, in
external appearance and habits, to the Cypselidz ; from which, apart
from the internal structure, they are readily distinguished by the
possession of nine, instead of ten primaries; twelve, instead of ten
tail feathers ; scutellate tarsi, toes with normal number of joints (1.
2. 3. and 4., respectively, exclusive of ungual phalanges), instead of
a different proportion; differently shaped nostrils, ete. In both
families the wings are developed to an extraordinary degree; the
outer primary nearly twice or more than twice the length of the
inner, and enabling its possessor to sustain flight almost indefi-
nitely. The relations of the family among the Oscines appear closest
to the old-world Muscicapide.

The precise character of scutellation of tarsus is somewhat difficult

' Of the two specimens of Aftticora fasciata before me, neither has more
than ten tail feathers. I do not know whether this is characteristic of the
species or not.

268 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

to make out, owing to a tendency to fusion of the plates, although
not essentially different from most Oscines. There is a series of
seutelle along the anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal
plate on each side, meeting but not coalescing behind. The anterior
scutelle sometimes appear to fuse into the outer lateral plate; or
sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided; the inner plate is
generally more distinct from the anterior scutelle, and usually entire,
except perhaps at the lower extremity.

In comparing the wings of the Airundinidx with those of the
Cypselidx, we readily notice one of the essential characters of the
Oscines, viz., that the greater wing coverts hide only half or less
than half of the secondary quills, instead of reaching much beyond
their middle, or nearly to the end. (See Sundevall, Ornith. Syst.)

There are many species of Hirundinidx in America—some more
or less local, others with wide range. One of these species— Cotyle
riparia—is believed to be identical with a European ; and one—JH.
erythrogaster (horreorum, also, if distinct)—is generically insepa-
rable from the European H. rustica. The other genera are not
represented in Europe, though Petrochelidon has at least one Aus-
tralian example (P. nigricans).

Most of the genera of American Hirundinide are widely diffused
over the whole continent—the Alticora group alone not extending
north of Central America.

In America we have nothing corresponding to the European
genus Chelidon (CU. urbica), characterized by having the tarsi and
toes covered with feathers to the claws, as in Lagopus (the soles
bare).

The American Hiryzndinide vary considerably in reference to the
character of the nostrils, whether superior or lateral, with or without
membrane: the comparative length of tarsus, toes, and claws: the
amount of adhesion of middle toe to lateral: the feathering of the
tarsus: depth of fork of tail, etc., these features applying to the
different groups somewhat as follows :—

Nostrils superior; broadly oval; not overhung by membrane on inner and
upper side, especially anteriorly: Progne, Petrochelidon, Atticora, Stelgi-
dopteryx.

Nostrils lateral; overhung or bordered internally by membrane, which is
straight edged above or internally, and directed either parallel with axis
of bill, or diverging from it: Hirundo, Tachycineta, and all other Ameri-
can, genera, except those of first section.

Bill very stout; the culmen and commissure much decurved, so that the
chord of the latter includes lower jaw, in Progne and Pheoprogne. In

HIRUNDINID&. 269

all others the bill weaker, more depressed, the commissure nearly straight
to near the tip.

The middle toe is lengthened ; the tarsus equal to the toe without the claw,
its joint with tibia having overhanging feathers attached, which extend
on the inner face of the tarsus a short distance, in Hirundo, Tachycineta,
Pterochelidon, Progne. Tarsus similarly feathered, but proportionally
longer—being equal to middle toe and half the claw, in Neochelidon,
Atticora, Pygochelidon, and Stelgidopteryx. It is of the same proportion,
but entirely bare of feathers in Callichelidon and Notiochelidon.

In Cotyle alone are there short feathers attached to the posterior face of tarsus
near the lower end. Here also alone the lateral claws are very long,
reaching considerably beyond the base of the middle claw.

In Progne and Pheoprogne the basal joint of middle toe is adherent but little
more than half way externally, about half way internally ; almost the
same on both sides. In almost all the rest it is adherent externally
nearly to the end, and about half way internally, except in Tachycineta
thalassina, where the adhesion is complete on both sides, except at the
end of the inner; in Neochelidon and Notiochelidon, where the basal and
half the middle joint: and in Atticora, where the basal and the whole
middle joint are adherent externally.

In Stelgidopteryx the edge of the wing (outer edge of outer primary) is pro-
vided with a series of stiff recurved hooks; in all other American genera
these are entirely wanting, though said to exist in the African genus
Psalidoprocne, Cab.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the genera and
subgenera of American Hirundinide, although the succession is not
strictly natural :—

Nostrils broadly oval, or circular; opening upwards and for-
ward, and exposed ; without overhanging membrane.
Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout; equal to
middle toe without claw; feathered on the inner
side above. Nostrils almost or entirely without
membraue.

Bill stout; culmen and commissure much
curved. Frontal feathers without bristles.
Tail deeply forked, Color lustrous black ;
belly and crissum sometimes white . . Progne.

Similar to last, only culmen straight to near tip;
tarsus with feathers along inner edge for
basal half or two-thirds. Fork of tail shal-
low. Color mouse brown above; white be-
neath ; : ° : : : - Pheoprogne.

Bill rather weaker; commissure and culmen
nearly straight tonear tip. Frontal feathers
bristly. Tail nearly even. ‘Throat, rump

270 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. —

and crissum, and usually forehead, rufous ;
belly white : 5 ;

Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus longer than in last;
equal to middle toe and half the claw. Nostrils
bordered along posterior half by membrane, but
not overhung internally. Bill very small. Tail
forked. Crissum dusky, except Neochelidon fucata.

Basal and whole of next joint of middle toe ad-
herent externally to outer toe. Tail very
deeply forked.

Tarsus feathered at upper end internally

Basal and half the next joint of middle toe ad-
herent externally to outer toe.

Tarsus entirely bare

Tarsus with feathers on inner face at
upper end : :

Basal joint only of middle toe adherent ex-
ternally, and free at extreme end.

Tibial joint covered with feathers which
extend a short distance along inner
face of tarsus . ‘

Edge of wing armed with stiff recurved hooks. Tarsus
as in preceding (tarsus and toes much as in Pygo-
chelidon). Bill larger and more depressed. Tail
emarginate only. Crissum white * . .

Nostrils lateral; bordered behind and inside, or overhung by
membrane, the outer edge of which is straight, and di-
rected either parallel with axis of bill or diverging from it.

Tarsus short; about equal to middle toe without claw.
Tibial joint feathered; feathers extending along
inside of fipper end of tarsus.

Tarsus bare at lower end. Lateral claws reach-
ing only to base of middle.

Tail very deeply forked, much longer than
closed wings ; lateral feathers linear,
and very narrow at end, twice the
length of central. Upper parts and
pectoral collar steel blue; front and
throat, sometimes under parts, rufous.
Tail feathers with large spots

Tail with shallow fork, not exceeding half
an inch, shorter than closed wings.
Feathers broad. Color blue or green
above, with or without white rump:
white beneath . : °

Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lower end.

[PART I.

. Petrochelidon.

Atticora,

. Notiochelidon.

. Neochelidon.

. Pygochelidon.

Stelgidopteryx.

. LHirundo.

Tachycineta.

bo
=I
—_

PROGNE.

Lateral claws lengthened, reaching beyond
base of middle claw.

Tail slightly forked. Color dull brown
above; beneath white, with brown
pectoral collar . : ; : - Cotyle.

Tarsus long ; equal to middle toe and half claw ; entirely
bare. Tail considerably forked, about equal to
closed wing. Color green above; white beneath . Callichelodon.

The arrangement and subordination of forms which I propose to
adopt in the further consideration of the subject, as expressing more
nearly the affinities of the American Hirundinide, is as follows :—

Progne. Largest size. Commissure sinuated and much arched from base.
(Only here). WNostrils superior. Frontal feathers soft.

Subdivisions Progne, Pheoprogne.
Petrochelidon. Commissure almost straight to near tip. Bill large. Nos-

trils superior, not? overhung. Frontal feathers bristly. Legs bare. (Only
here.) Rump rufous.

Subdivision Petrochelidon.

Chelidon. Nostrils superior, but slightly overhung. Legs feathered to claw.
(Here only.) (European exclusively.) Rump and under parts white.

Hirundo. Nostrils lateral; overhung by membrane. Lower end ofgtarsus
bare. Rump white, or else like the back. Crissum white, or rufous.
Subdivisions Hirundo, Tachycineta, Callichelidon.
Atticora. Smallest size. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Bill very small.

Crissum mostly black. Middle toe usually adherent beyond basal joint,
except Pygochelidon. (Here only.)

j
Subdivisions (Cheramaca?), Pygochelidon, Atticora, Notiochelidon,
Neochelidon.
Stelgidopteryx. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Edge of wing scratchy
and rough. (Here only.) Crissum white.
Subdivisions Stelgidopteryx (Psalidoprocne?).
Cotyle. Nostrils lateral, overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus with

a tuft of feathers, and lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle.
(Here only.) Crissum white.

Subdivision Cotyle.

PROGNE, Bore.

Progne, Bore, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type Hirundo purpurea, L. (H. subis, L.))
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 314.

Body stout. Bill robust, lengthened ; lower or commissural edge of max-
illa sinuated, decidedly convex for basal half, then as concave to the tip, the

272 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART Te

lower mandible falling within its chord. Nostrils superior, broadly open, and
nearly circular, without any adjacent membrane, the edges rounded. Legs
stout. Tarsus equal to middle toe without claw; the joint feathered ; lateral
toes about equal; the basal joint of the middle toe half free internally, rather
less so externally. Claws strong, much curved

The preceding diagnosis is intended to characterize two groups
of Swallows, differing. especially from all others in their thickened
form, robustness of bill and feet, and especially in the elongated,
comparatively powerful bill, the upper jaw degurved, its commissural
edge much sinuated from the base, instead of as in all the others—
being nearly straight to near the tip—so that a line from angle of
mouth to tip will include the whole lower jaw. With these characters
in common, there are two well-marked subgenera, recognizable as

follows :—

Procye. Plumage glossy black above. Tail deeply forked, the lateral feathers
much and gradually pointed. Bill most robust; upper outline convex
from base. Tarsus with a few feathers only at base, on inner face.

PuxoprocNe. Plumage dull mouse brown above. Tail emarginate, or but
slightly forked ; the lateral feathers very abruptly pointed, and rounded.
Bill weaker and more depressed ; upper outline straight to near the tip.
Tarsus with a line of feathers along inner edge for two-thirds the length
from base.

a. PRroGne, Boie.

Bill notched, robust, and deep ; the commissure much sinuated, convex, and
ascending to the nostrijs, then concave to the tip. Maxilla convex above from
base ; lower mandible slightly convex below, much more so above. Frontal
feathers with a few bristles at base; none appreciable in chin. The upper
joint of tarsus covered with feathers slightly adherent along inner face above,
but not extending along the groove. Scutell distinct. Lateral toes about
equal, reaching to base of middle claw ; all the claws very strong, and much
curved. Tail much forked; the feathers much pointed; the wings pointed, .
reaching beyond tip of tail. Plumage compact; glossy black above, with
purple, violet, or blue reflection. Below either similarly colored, or with
white belly and crissum.

I have found it very difficult to come to any definite conclusion in
reference to the species of Progne inhabiting the continent of Ame-
rica, or to determine with accuracy their geographical distribution,
notwithstanding the large number of specimens examined, including
those in the Phila. Acad. of Nat. Sciences. This is due, in great
measure, to the variation of plumage with age and sex—the young
birds of one species representing the adult plumage of another—and

PROGNE. 273

the size varying with the latitude. The absence of indications of
sex, of date, and even of locality, too, tends to confuse very much
all efforts at identification.

All the species of true Progne are lustrous black above, with
blue, purple, or violet reflections. Several species are of this color
all over, differing among each other in size, proportions, and shape
of tail, ete. Others have white bellies and crissum, with the throat
and jugulum either like the back, or brown.

Iam quite satisfied that the impression as to the wide range of
the North American Purple Martin (P. subis) is erroneous, at least
during its breeding season. I have as yet seen no specimens from
South America referable to this species, nor do I find any mention
of it in the more recent lists of species of particular localities in that
continent by Sclater and others. Closely related allies, however,
exist, which will be elsewhere referred to.

The endeavor to identify the specimens before me has been greatly
embarrassed by the absence of specimens unmistakably referable to
the Hirundo chalybea, of Gmelin; this may be what I have called
leucogaster, but it in no way agrees with the original description.

All the species of Progne exhibit very distinctly the patch of
white on the side of the body, covered by the closed wing—appa-
rently, indeed, characteristic of all the American Hirundinide.

Synopsis of Species.

Adult males entirely glossy blue-black all over.
Females and immature birds gray or light brownish
below; the belly and crissum whitish, but more or
less clouded with gray, especially in the central por-
tion of the longer crissal feathers, the shafts generally
dusky. (Perhaps especially applicable only to sudis.)
Feathers about anus with a very small central por-
tion pale whitish-gray. Wings and tail but
slightly glossed. Fork of tail about .80 deep subis.

Feathers about anus and of anterior part of crissum,
with much of their central portion pure, con-
cealed white. Belly of female perhaps much
more white than in last. Wings and tail
glossed almost like the back. Fork of tail
about 1.00 deep. : 0 , G . eryptoleuca.
Females and immature birds as in P. subis ?
Feathers about anus and crissum dark brown in
their concealed portion. Wings and tail dull,

but slightly glossed. Fork of tail 1.10 deep . furcata.
18 May, 1875,

274 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smallest of the group (length, 6.00; wing, 54).
Tail less forked than in subis ‘ : . concolor.

Females and immature males beneath of a uniform brown
or grayish-brown, the edges of the feathers paler . elegans.

Adult males glossy blue-black, except belly and crissum, which
are snow-white.
Females and immature males with the black of under
parts replaced by brown. Shafts of the white feathers
white : ; 4 S z 5 ‘ . dominicensis.

Adult males glossy blue-black above; dull brown or grayish-
brown beneath (?); belly and crissum white.

Females and immature males with the shafts of longer
crissal, and, to some extent, of ventral feathers dusky.
No blue-black patch on each side the breast? Adult
male about 6.50 inches long. Wing about
5.00 7 : ; i : . leucogaster.

A blue-black patch each side the breast? Adult
male about 8.00 long. Wing about 5.50 - domestica.

Progne subis.

Hirundo subis, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. 1758, 192 (Hirundo cerulea cana-
densis, Epwarps, Av. tab. 120, Hudson’s Bay).

H. purpurea, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 344 (HI. purpurea, Catessy,
Car. tab. 51).—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxiii.—Ib. B. A. I, pl. xlv.
—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101.—Yarreut, Br. Birds, II, 232*, 274
(England and Ireland, Sept. 1842).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 34
(Sept. 22, 1849).—Progne purpurea, Bor, Isis, 1826, 971.—Brewer,
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 103, pl. iv, fig. 47 (eggs).—Batrp, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 314.—Scnater, Catal. 1861, 38.—Cooprer & Sucktey, P.
R. R. Rep. XII, 2, 186 (Fort Steilacoom).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863,
65 (Saskatchewan).

Hirundo violacea, Gm. I, 1026.

Hi. cerulea, Vie. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 57, pl. xxvi.

Hi. versicolor, Vizitu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 509 (U.S.).

Hi. ludoviciana, Cuv. R. A. I, 1817, 374.

Hab. The whole United States and the Provinces: Saskatchewan; Cape
St. Lucas and northern Mexico (winter). Accidental in England.

(No. 1,561, 4.) Entirely lustrous steel blue, with a purplish gloss; the
tail feathers and the wings except the lesser and middle coverts, and edge
inside, dull black, scarcely glossed. Tibie dark brownish. A concealed
patch of white on the sides under the wings. Concealed central portion of
anal feathers light whitish-gray.

(No. 1,129, 9.) Above somewhat similar, but much duller. Beneath
smoky brownish-gray, without lustre ; paler behind, and becoming sometimes
quite whitish on belly and crissum, but all the feathers always with dusky
shafts, aud more or less clouded with gray centrally, even though fading into

PROGNE. O75

whitish to the edges. This is particularly appreciable in the longer crissal
feathers. The edges of the dark feathers of throat and jugulum are usually
paler, imparting somewhat of a lunulated appearance, their centres sometimes
considerably darker, causing an appearance of obsolete spots. There is a
tendency to a grayish collar on sides of neck, and generally traceable to the
nape; this, in one specimen (5,492) from California, being hoary gray, the
forehead similar.

The young male of the second year is similar to the female, with the steel
blue appearing in patches.

Total length (of 1,561), 7.50; wing, 6.00; ¢ail, 3.40; difference between
inner and outer feather, .75 ; difference between Ist and 9th quills, 2.88; length
of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .84; along gape, .94; width of gape,
.74; tarsus, .61; middle toe and claw, .80; claw alone, .25; hind toe and
claw, .54; claw alone, .27.

As already stated, I have been unable to satisfy myself as to the
correctness of authors in giving a very wide range to our Purple
Martin. Although Audubon mentions that the species leaves the
United States in autumn and returns in the spring, I can find no
indication in the more recent lists of species by Sclater, Salvin, and
others, of its occurrence in any part of Mexico, Central America,
or Andean South America. It is quoted from Brazil, but no one
has identified it in any part of the West Indies, the only assigned
locality—Cuba—being occupied by quite another and a different
species (P. cryptoleuca). If, therefore, found in South America at
all, it must make a long flight across the Caribbean Sea, without
stopping by the way. In any case I am inclined to believe that the
supposed specimens of this bird breeding in South America belong
to allied species, and if a visitor at all, the present bird is only as a
winter migrant.

In a foot-notet I give the description of certain specimens from

1 Progne elegans.
Progne elegans, BARD, n. 8.
?Progne purpurea, Darwin, Birds of Beagle, 38 (Monte Video (Novem-
ber) ; Bahia Blanca, Buenos Ayres (September), breeding in holes
in an earth cliff).

Hab. Buenos Ayres? Vermejo River; Brazil.(?)

Adult, steel blue all over.

(Young male, No. 21,009.) Above of a blackish-bronze color, with metallic
lustre; beneath uniform dull dark brown, all the feathers edged or squamu-
lated with paler. A few steel blue feathers in different parts of the body show
that the adult male is entirely steel blue.

Another specimen, marked female,(?) has the edges of the feathers still
lighter, those of the crissal feathers nearly white. The steel blue feathers are
in greater number. A third, also marked female, and probably of that sex,

276 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

the Vermejo River, Paraguay, which may belong to the species usu-
ally considered as the resident “P. purpurea” of South America,
but belonging clearly to a different and apparently unnamed species.

Specimens are in the collection from the entire United States

is similarly marked below ; dark brown above, with only faint metallic gloss
towards the ends of the feathers, all the feathers narrowly margined with
light grayish.

(No. 21,009, Paraguay.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 5.40; tail, 3.40; depth
of fork, .84; distance between Ist and 9th primary, 2.30; length of bill from
forehead, .52, from nostril, .32, along gape, .87, width, .62; tarsus, .57;
middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .54; claw
alone, .27.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Bahia (No. 146), and probably
of this species, has nearly attained its full plumage. The color is a steel blue,
with less purple than in P. subis, except about the head and neck, the
lower part of the back showing a good many of the blackish-bronze feathers
just described. The feathers of the under parts posteriorly, although steel
blue, have yet a very narrow border of dull gray. The tibial feathers are gray
at base, tipped with whitish, and there is a good deal of coucealed white in
the middle of the feathers of the anal region, less, however, than in the Cuban
species. As in that bird there is also more lustre on the quills and tail
feathers than in subis; but, owing to these being in moult, I cannot make
any comparison of proportions.

The great difference in the coloration of the young bird distinguishes this
species very satisfactorily from the P. subis, in which, as far as the examina-
tion of many specimens goes, the under parts are never of that peculiar uni-
form dark brown just described. Of this stage of plumage, so marked in the
three specimens from the Vermejo, and in a specimen belonging to the Phila-
delphia Academy, I find no mention by authors.

It is very probable that this is the species usually considered as the P.
subis (purpurea), of South America. That this is not the fact is easily shown
by the difference in size and proportion, as well as in the coloration of the
young birds. It cannot be chalybea, even if this, when adult, be entirely
blue, as it is much larger than as described by Buffon and Brisson, and is
dark fuscous brown beneath, and neither reddish-gray nor grayish-brown. It
of course is none of the white-bellied species, and as far as I can see, lacks a
name.

The “Progne purpurea,” which Darwin found breeding at Bahia Blanca,
Buenos Ayres, in holes excavated in the earth, probably belongs to this species.
This habit I have not heard mentioned in reference to the North American bird.

Smith- Collec- Sex When
sonian tor’s aud Locality. @ollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | ; ; |

Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Pa- Chr. Wood,
wes ss ‘* [rana Expl. Se
ae |

21,009! 32 | ¢
21,010 | 32 | Q
21,011 | 32 | Q «“ «“
|
|

“

from Atlantic to Pacific, as well as from Cape St. Lucas.

PROGNE.

special localities are as follows :—

217

Some

Smith- Collec-| Sex | When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll A ad Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age. | Oe CLeEs

1,561 3 | Carlisle, Pa. May 22,’44.| S.F. Baird. | .«.....
1,129 2 “ July 18, ’43. ce ED eka ae
1,596 a ce JUNC S744. |). aaislereics, |UD Nclelstateye

5, 204 ois ¢ | Mo. of Yellowstone.) July, 1856. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
5,492 | 607 Q | Petaluma, Cal. | April, 1856. Ei Samielsiy 7 il 7p i aicie wie
5,493 576 do sf se roe A AAS TA etaletetsie
5,049 oe o& | Indianola, Tex. Mar. 12, 55. Capt. J. Pope. i 7) sisters
8,952 | 231 od | Coahuila, Mex. May, 1853. Lt Couch,’ “eh” ee siererete
12,951 | 450 & | Cape St. Lucas. erers J) RADCOS 6p Pull eT Seleeeele
26,448 |3,339 Jo ss Nov. 5, 759. es [URSA NG (Ps erfaavere
37,003 | 549 d | Fort Whipple, Ariz.) Aug. 11, ’64. Dir Ee:Coues; nit. e enacts
11,611 ze .. | Riceboro’, Ga. May 22, ’49. Jos: Leconte. |i 9) ietenees

(1,129.) 7.80; 16.50; 5.92. (1,596.) 8.16; 16.60; 6.00.

Progmne cryptoleuca.

Progne cryptoleuca, Bair.
Hirundo purpurea, D’Orx, Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 94 (excl. syn.).—
Progne purpurea, Cas. Jour, 1856, 3.—Gunpiacu, Cab. Jour. 1861.

Hab. Cuba, and Florida Keys? (Perhaps Bahamas.)

(No. 34,242, 4.) Color much as in P. subis—rich steel blue, with purple
or violet gloss ; the wings and tail, however, much more decidedly glossed, and
with a shade of greenish. The feathers around the anus and in the anterior
portion of crissum with dark bluish down at base, pure snowy white in the
middle, and then blackish, passing into the usual steel blue. The white is
entirely concealed, and its amount and purity diminish as the feathers are
more and more distant, until it fades into the usual gray median portion of
the feather. The usual concealed white patch on the sides under the wings.

(No. 34,242.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 5.50; tail, 3.40; perpendicular
depth of fork, .86; difference between Ist and 9th primary, 2.75; length of
bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .86; width, .58; tarsus,
.53; middle toe and claw, .79; claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .52; claw
alone, .25.

This species has a close external resemblance to P. subis, for
which it has usually been mistaken. It is of nearly the same size,
but the feet are disproportionately smaller and weaker; while the
wings are shorter, the tail is as long and more deeply forked; the
feathers considerably narrower, and more attenuated (the outer .40
wide, instead of .46). The colors above are more brilliant, and ex-
tend more over the greater wing coverts and lining of wings, while
the quills and tail feathers have a richer gloss of purplish, changing
to greenish. An apparently good diagnostic feature is the concealed
pure white of the feathers about the anal region, replaced in subis by
grayish, rarely approximating to whitish.

278 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

This is a smaller species than the Progne furcata,' from Chile
(9,112), with the tail, however, nearly as long and proportionately
almost as much forked. It is much more richly colored, however ;
the concealed middle portion of the anal feathers white, not dark
brown, ete. The feet are much smaller.

A Progne collected by Mr. Wright, at Monte Verde, is duller in
color than that from Remedios, but has still more concealed white
below, in the median portion, not only of the anal feathers, but of
those of the entire crissum and of the belly. A female bird, which
I presume to be the same species, can scarcely be distinguished from

1 Progne furcata.
Progne furcauta, BAIRD, n. 8.

Hab. Chile (and other parts of western South America ?).

(No. 9,112, 4.) Color as in P. subis, with rather more of a purple gloss.
Basal portion of the feathers in the anal region dark brownish, without trace
of the whitish of P. subis. Tail deeply forked (for over an inch).

Measurements: Total length, 8.30; wing, 5.80; tail, 3.60; perpendicular
depth of fork, 1.06; difference between primaries, 2.70; length of bill from
forehead, .50, from nostril, .52 ; along gape, .90; width, .60; tarsus, .60 ; middle
toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .24.

This species is like P. subis, but differs appreciably from a large series of
specimens in a considerably longer tail (3.60, instead of 3.40), and a much
deeper fork (1.06, instead of .75.) The bill is considerably narrower than the
average of subs, though not more so than in one specimen (4,773) from the
upper Missouri. The concealed portion of the feathers about the anal region
is much darker than in subis. The size, except of tail, is about the same.

This is probably the species to which Gray (Cat. Br. Mus.) refers as P.
modesta (concolor), from Chile. The P. concolor, the synonyms of which I
give below, is a very much smaller species, with the tail less forked than in
subis, instead of much more so, and is probably peculiar to the Galapagos.

| |

; | | |
Smith- |Collec- Sex | ; Saat el :
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected | Received from Remarks.
No. | No. | Age. | j | |
9,112 | — gad. | Chile. ae | VGrreaiex ey) I) Meaesicic cee

Progne concolor.
Hirundo concolor, Goutp, P. Z. 8. 1837, 22 (James Isl., Galapegos).
Progne modesta, Gouin, Birds Beagle, 39, pl. v. (Same specimen.)

Hab. Galapagos Islands.

Length, 6/’; wings, 5}; tail, 2}; tarsus, 3; middle toe (without claw ?), .35.

Less purple than purpurea. Tail less forked. Nostrils less ; bill much the
same. Feet much less strong.

g

PROGNE. 279

the female of dominicensis, except in the brownish shafts of the
longer crissal feathers, and an almost imperceptible tinge of brown-
ish in the webs of the same feathers. It is almost exactly like the P.
leucogaster, of Mexico and Central America.

A fuller series of specimens than is at present at my command
will be required to determine all the relationships of this species to
its allies.

A Progne, male (10,368), of the second year, from Cape Florida,
I somewhat hesitatingly refer to the same species, as having the
same proportions and dimensions. This is the specimen referred to
in the Smithsonian Catalogue, and Birds N. Am, 923,as Progne

Smith- | cottee: Sex wien |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Remarks.

No. No. Age. 2 |

|

34,242) .. o Remedios, Cuba. May, 1864. | NH. Bishop. Iris brown,

17,729 ze a Monte Verde, Cuba.| May 2. | Chas.Wright,, | ~ ss.ec.

17,730 oe 2 s* be Ey ve ects
710,368 56 Og Cape Florida, Fla. | May 15, "58. G. Wurdemann. | 7.50; 15.; 5.50

Progne domimnicensis.

Hirundo dominicensis, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 1025 (Hirundo dominicensis,
Briss. II, 493; Burr. Pl. enl. 545, fig. 1).—Vrem. Ois. Am. Sept.
I, 1807, 59, pl. 28, 29 (St. Domingo).—? Jarping, Ann. Mag. XVIII,
1846, 120, Tobago (breeds).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166 (Porto Rico).
—Progne dominicensis, Marcu, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 295 (nesting).—
Gossk, Birds Jam. 69.

Mirundo albiventris, Viriwu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 533 (St. Domingo ?).

Hab. Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo ?

.

(No. 30,278, adult male, Jamaica.) General color lustrous steel blue, with
purplish reflections ; the median region only of the under parts, from the
breast to and including crissum, pure white. Feathers of tibia gray at’base,
white at tip. Wings and tail blackish above, scarcely glossed, except on
lesser and middle coverts. A concealed white streak in the sides, hidden by
the wing—this color at the base of the feathers, and not extending to the
_ends. Sill black; feet dusky, perhaps dark flesh-color in life. “Iris hazel”
( Gosse).

(No. 26,815, female.) Much duller in plumage. Above dark brown, or
smoky brown, glossed with dull steel blue; the quills, rectrices and head brown,
almost without gloss. Sides of head neck and body, chin, throat, jugulum,
and inside of wings dull wood brown, without gloss ; the median line of chin
and throat rather paler; rest of under parts white, as in male, and quite
abruptly defined ; tibia gray, the feathers tipped with whitish.

The young male is like the female, with more steel blue on the head, the
throat with blue feathers interspersed. Very young birds are like the female,
and exhibit the same quite abruptly defined white below, with well marked

280 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART te

paler streak on throat. In all stages of plumage the feathers of crissum are
snowy white to their roots, including the shafts.

(No. 30,278.) Total length, 7.00; wing, 5.60; tail, 3.15; difference be-
tween outer and inner feather, .78; difference between Ist and 9th primary,
2.88; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34, along gape, .88 ;
width of gape, .68; tarsus, .55; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .26;
hind toe and claw, .48; claw alone, .23.

The pure white of the belly and crissum, in all stages, will readily
distinguish females and young of this species from those of subis,
in which the white is not pure, and the feathers of the crissum always
clouded with gray in the centres. The adult male is of course
readily distinguished by the snowy white belly, ete.

In size the two birds are not materially different—the dominicensis
rather the smaller. The tail feathers appear disproportionately
narrower and more attenuated—the outer being .40 of an inch wide,
instead of .48. The feet, too, are disproportionately smaller, the
hind toe and claw especially, which measure .48, instead of .54.

I cannot detect any difference between the Jamaica bird and a Porto
Rican skin in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, except that the latter has
a patch of blackish on the outer web of the longest crissal feather.
IT am, however, by no means sure that the Cuban and Porto Rican
birds, either or both, belong to the true dominicensis, of St. Domingo.
They are, at any rate, very different from the species of continental
Middle, or of South America, usually considered as identical.

| |
Smith- |cottec-| Sex | When

poxins tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by
0. No. | Age. |
30,278 18 jad.¢| Spanishtown, Jam.) May, 1863. Wey March "Gaia seca
30,279 | 18 | @ “ te Pyle pisses
30,280 te Q ss July, 1863. co en LAE PM ctotecota ce
26,815 oi a? & July, 1862. ss eeceee
24,378 E | oO. ce July, 1861. ater @ Pellet hie B4adoC

- 14 eae Cab. Lawrence. | —s_ wa eeee

5 ea Porto Rico,

Progne leucogaster.

Progne leucoguster, BAIRD.

Progne dominicensis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 201 (Vera Cruz); 1859,
364 (Xalapa).—Scrater & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—
Saty. Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).—Tayuor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Honduras).

Progne chalybea, CaBanis, Jour. 1860, 402, (San Jose, Costa Rica ; July)
(not H. chal. of Gmein ?).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 318
(Panama R. R.).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 133 (Carthagena).

Hab. From Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Darien, and Carthagena. (N.
eastern South America ?)

(No. 30,718, % -) Upper parts glossy steel blue, as in P. subis; the quills,
greater coverts, and tail feathers blackish, scarcely glossed, with the color of

PROGNE. 281

the back; chin, throat, jugulum, and sides of head (below the centre of teh
eye) neck and body, with inside of wings, grayish-brown, without gloss or
lustre (as in Cotyle riparia), rather lighter along the median line. Rest of
under parts dull white, not very sharply defined, passing behind into pure
white on the anal region and crissum—the latter having the shafts of the
longer feathers dusky, in contrast with the snowy white of the plume. A
concealed white stripe on the sides under the wings, as in other Progne. Tibia
gray, the feathers tipped with whitish.

The female (30,717) is quite similar, with much less gloss above, the white
of the belly apparently passing further forward, and still less sharply defined ;
the throat a little lighter.

(No. 30,718, 4%, Guatemala.) Total length, 6.30; wing, 5.10; tail, 2.70;
perpendicular depth of fork, .53; difference between Ist and 9th primary,
2.55; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .28, along gape, .84;
width of gape, .62; tarsus, .49; middle toe and claw, .73; claw alone, .23;

€

hind toe and claw, .46; claw alone, .22.

This Mexican and Central American species has generally been
considered to be identical with the West Indian P. dominicensis,
but a comparison of large series of specimens shows considerable
differences. It is decidedly smaller, and the depth of fork of tail
only two-thirds as great. As to color, none of the specimens before
me exhibit any trace, on the under surface of the body, of the
glossy steel blue of the back, found in males of dominicensis ; in
this respect resembling females and immature males of the latter
species. From these, however, it may be distinguished by smaller
size—even in the males—and by having the shafts of the longer
erissal feathers dusky, instead of being pure white. The white of
the belly is less abruptly defined against the gray of the breast
(which is darker also), and apparently occupies a wider space.

The male bird (No. 30,718), the measurements of which I have
given, appears to have a disproportionately short foot. In No.
30,717, supposed female, from Duefas, the dimensions of the leg are
as follows: Tarsus, .56; middle toe and claw, .81; claw alone, .27 ;
hind toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .26, or nearly the size of P.
subis with longer middle toe and claw. Other specimens are inter-
mediate somewhat in this respect. Tt may be that the differences
indicate a second species, but I cannot define it from the materials
at my command. ‘The only other difference I note is a greener or
less purple gloss to the back.

It is barely possible that fully adult males of this species may
have steel blue throats, as in true dominicensis, although I find no
allusion to the fact in any description. Even in this case, however,
the smaller size, less deeply forked tail, and dusky shafts of the longer
crissal feathers will distinguish them.

282 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

So far as I can ascertain, this species has never received a dis-
tinctive appellation. Specimens from Panama, apparently identical,
have been labelled P. chalybea, by Mr. Cassin and Mr, Lawrence ;
but as explained below,’ I cannot agree with their conclusions, or
those of Cabanis.

There are in the collection specimens of a closely allied, though
larger species, from Bolivia, which I have referred to the P. do-
mestica, named from Azara.*

1 Progne chalybea.
Hirundo chalybea, Gmeuin, 8. N. I, 1788, 1026 (Hirundo cayanensis, Bris-
son, II, 495, tab. 46, fig. 1; Burr. VI, 675 ; Pl. enl.545, fig. 2, Cayenne).
Hab. Cayenne.

Of this species I have never seen a specimen, or one agreeing unmistakably
with the minute account of the above mentioned authors.

As described by Brisson (L’Hirondelle de Cayenne), it is steel black above,
with the entire under parts grayish-brown. The lateral tail feather exceeds
the middle by six lines. Length, 6 inches ; bill, 9} lines; tarsus, 5 lines;
middle toe and claw,7 lines. Buffon speaks or it as lustrous violet black above,
beneath reddish-gray, veined with brown; lighter on the lower parts of belly
and crissum. Length, 6 inches; bill, 93 lines; tarsus, 5 or 6 lines, ete. The
size is thus much as in Brisson’s bird; the lower parts reddish-gray, varied
with brown, paler behind, instead of grayish-brown. Neither author refers
to any white whatever on under parts. In size the species agrees better with
P. leucogaster than any other true Progne, and it is barely possible the two
may be the same, but I cannot reconcile the apparent differences. It would,
at any rate, be strictly in accordance with the usual law of distribution of
South American birds to find the Cayenne species specifically different from
the Central American.

2 Progne domestica.
Hirundo domestica, Viritu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 521 (Golondrina do-
mestica, D’Azara, Apunt. IT, 1805, 502, no. 300, Paraguay ).—VIEILL,
Eneycl. Méth. II, 1823, 527.—?Progne domestica, Gray, Genera.—
Is. Catal. Fiss. Br. Mus. 1848, 28 (Bolivia).—Casanis, Mus. Hein.
I, 1850-1, 51 (Rio Grande do Sul).—Burmeisrer, Ueb. III, 142.—
Is. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 477 (La Plata).

Hab. Paraguay and Bolivia.

(No. 16,834, young male, Bolivia.) Above steel blue, much as in P. subis.
Beneath, from chin to breast, and on sides, smoky brown. Rest of under
parts white, the shafts mostly dusky. Feathers tipped with steel blue, form-
ing as a kind of collar across the jugulum and along the sides of body; no
trace of them on the chin, throat, and abdominal region, not even in the pin
feathers.

A second specimen, also probably young male, is still lighter on the throat
and breast, almost white on the latter, although clouded with brown, and witk

PROGNE. 283
Smith- Collec-| Sex | Wher
sonian} tor’s | and | Locality. Collec mA Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | | Cece
29,704 | | San Andres,enear |
| | Vera Cruz. | June 1856. Manseyicee 174) soeceds
12,865 | ais 2 | Tehuantepec. | ‘ate T. C. Martin. A, J. Grayson.
39,718 | 363 | go | Cahabon, Vera Paz.! Mar. 1862. O. Salvin. Salv. & Godman.
30,717 | 4,480] .. Duenas, Guat. | Oct. 1861. es -
29j530 Int sie Q | Acajutla, Saly. Mar, 15°63) |) Capt: J. Me Dowie!) lee.
29,432 |... a “ | - CLE a OMnD | aes ce
33,288 | 146 nO San Jose, C. R. Dr. v. Frantzius. Rt ipret tele
17,791? ; .. | Carthagena, N. G. Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
- ?} 143] gf | Panama R. R. Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.
< ? 144 2 eé oe oe

PuMOPROGNE, Baird.

Similar to Progne; the bill and legs weaker. Tail slightly forked, the
lateral feathers not attenuated, and the wing not reaching beyond its tip.
Plumage without the metallic lustre of true Progne. A narrow line of feathers

attached along basal half or two-thirds of the inner side of tarsus.

The species of this group have been assigned by authors both to
Progne and Cotyle, but differ in some respects from both. To

scattered blue-tipped feathers. <A third, perhaps female, has no blue feathers
beneath.

It is difficult to say what may be the color of the under parts in the adult male
bird. It seems as if a jugular or pectoral collar and the sides of body might
be steel blue, the chin and throat smoky brown, and the belly and crissum
white, with more or less concealed dusky shafts to the feathers. Nothing like
this, in adult plumage, however, is described or known.

Closely allied to the P. /eucogaster, this species differs in considerably larger
size; paler, almost whitish chin and throat, tendency to steel blue on the
sides of breast and sides of body, ete.

(No. 16,834.) Total length, 7.70 wing, 5.40; tail, 3.20; depth of fork, .70;
difference between Ist and 9th primary, 2.50; length of bill from forehead,
-49, from nostril, .34; along gape, .90; width, .60; tarsus, .58; middle toe
and claw, .84; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .25.

This is probably the same species as that referred to by Gray as P. domestica;
but without specimens from Paraguay, for comparison, I am unable to say
whether it is the true “domestica,” as based upon a description by Azara.
Burmeister (Reise La Plata, II, 477), in saying that the adult of domestica,
from Paraguay, is entirely steel blue, has possibly confounded with it the P.
elegans, described on a previous page. I see no reason to believe that the
white belly and crissum are ever wanting.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex

,

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eae Received from Collected by
No No. | Age. ‘ ,

16,834 Bolivia. Walter Evans. | «9 «ss.

16,836 Se Sor vec aes Werereseets

oe

ec

284 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Cotyle, however, the relationship, except in coloration, is very slight,
as the nostrils are superior, without overhanging membrane as in
Cotyle ; the lower end of tarsus destitute of feathers (the upper, on
the contrary, being provided with them); the lateral claws short,
much curved, and not reaching beyond the base of the middle. The
bill is much stouter, and the body more robust; the edge of wing
without hooks, in these respects differing from Stelgidopteryx.

With somewhat the fulness of form of Progne, the bill resembles
the latter in having the nostrils superior, exposed, and without over-
hanging membrane. The frontal feathers are soft, but with short
bristles lining the base of the upper jaw, and a few on the side of the
lower, but none in the chin. The bill is more depressed than in
Progne, but similarly shaped ; the lower edge of the upper mandible
much sinuated, or quite convex to the anterior extremity of the
nostril, and then passing into an equally concave curve to the tip.
Both jaws are more depressed, and their upper outlines less convex,
especially towards the base, than in Progne. The feet are weaker,
but the adhesion of the toes much as in Progne—the basal joint of
the median being free for about half internally, a little less externally.
The upper joint of the tarsus is covered with feathers, which are
attached along the inner edge in a narrow line for half the length,
or more than half the length (even three-fourths). This feature is
quite peculiar to Pheoprogne, not existing at all in Progne, nor to
anything like the same extent in any other American Swallows. The
tarsal scutellz are so much fused as to be almost undistinguishable.
The wings are more faleate, the feathers broader and less curved
than in Progne; the tail but slightly forked; the lateral feathers
without the gradual attenuation of Progne.

The species of this group belong strictly to South America, but
are not well determined. I give below the two which seem to be
contained in the specimens which I have examined. None have
any metallic gloss, as in Progne—resembling in color Cotyle and
Stelgidopteryx more than any other genera. The form is more that
of Petrochelidon, the nostrils being equally superior and uncovered,
and the tail is somewhat similar. The bill is, however, much stouter,
longer, and the commissure is sinuated, not nearly straight.

Synopsis of Species.
Common CHARACTERS.—Above and along sides dull smoky brown,
without metallic lustre; a fainter pectoral band of the same.
Rest of under parts white.

Sides of neck white, passing around on the nape into a narrow

PROGNE. 285

hoary collar. Epigastrium with a median line of rounded
brown spots. ; : ; : : . . US CO.

! Progne fusca.

Hirundo fusca, Vieitu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 510.—Is. Encycl. Méth.
II, 529 (based on Golondrina de la parda, Azara, Apunt. II, 1805,
505, no. 301, Paraguay).—Progne fusca, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850-1
(not of Gray ?).

Hab. Region of the Parana.

(No. 12,042, 4.) In coloration and markings an almost exact reproduction
of Cotyle riparia, although much larger. Above rather light smoky brown,
without metallic lustre; the rump not paler than the back; the quills and
tail feathers considerably darker, their upper surfaces with a faint greenish
gloss. All the smaller feathers above with paler edges. Beneath pure white ;
the sides of body and breast, lining of wings, tibiz, and a pectoral band,
brown like the back, the latter glossed with whitish. Feathers along median
line of belly, from pectoral band almost to vent, with large, somewhat con-
cealed rounded blotches of brown, especially on the inner webs. Side of the
neck, with its lower half hoary white, this color extending round above so as
to form a nuchal band, but narrower, and much obscured with brown. Feathers
of crissum and chin, including their shaft, pure white from base. Bill and
legs apparently dark brown.

The boundary between the white and brown on the side of head is in a line
with the commissure, though even below this and on the side of lower jaw
the feathers are tinged with brown. The smaller under wing coverts, and the
feathers along the edge of the wing inside, are rather broadly margined with
white.

(No. 16,341.) Total length, 6.50; wing,4.85 ; tail, 3.00; depth of fork, .32;
difference of primaries, 2.35; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril,
.34; along gape, .85; tarsus, .54: middle toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .25;
hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .24.

The specimens here described, from Capt. Page’s collection, are labelled
“ Brazils,” but were probably taken on the Parana River, in the interior of
the country, and in the region of Azara’s species. It is, however, possible
that the species may be the tapera, as restricted by authors, and the bird I
have considered as ¢apera, true fusca, if not an unnamed species.

A specimen from the Vermejo (21,012) differs in lacking almost entirely the
paler edges of the feathers of upper parts, and in having the sides of the neck
much less hoary. The inside of the wing is less varied with white.

|
Collee-| Sex

Smith-
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. C When Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ollected.
16,341; 120 | 9 Brazil. Oct. 1859. | Capt. Page, Expl. Chr. Wood.
16,343! 120 | ce oe ssa Pearanael.y || 9) wm cecil
12,042 120 | of ce ce Ce ee Rasen
2 Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. ss

221,012, 38 |

286 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Sides of neck and nape brown, like the back, or the former
only slightly hoary. No distinct spots along the middle
of epigastrium : : : 3 3 : ; . tapera.!

PETROCHELIDON, Casanis.

Petrochelidon, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 47. (Type Hirundo melanogaster,
Swans. = P. swainsoni, Sct.)

Bill stout and deep, somewhat as in Progne. Nostrils entirely superior,
open, without overhanging membrane on the inner (or upper) side, but some-
what overhung by short bristles, seen also along base of inner mandible and
inchin. Legs stout; the tarsi short, not exceeding the middle toe exclusive of
its claw; feathered all round for basal third or fourth, though no feathers are
inserted on the posterior face. Tail falling short of the closed wings, nearly
square, or slightly emarginate ; the lateral feathers broad to near the ends,
and not attenuated.

The claws of Petrochelidon are large, and considerably curved.
In peciloma there is a distinct, though short web connecting the

' Progne tapera.
Hirundo tapera, Linn. 8. N. 12th ed. 1766, 345, Brazil (L’Hirondelle
d’ Amérique, Brisson, II, 502, tab. 45, fig. 3).—Progne tapera, Cas.
Schomburgh’s Reise Guiana, III, 672.—Scuarer, Catal. 1861.—
Cotyle tapera, Burm. Uebers. HI, 1857, 143 (Brazil).
?Hirundo pascuum, Max. Beit. III, 1830, 360.
Hab. Brazil? Bolivia? Bogota?

Specimens in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, supposed to belong
to this species, though from Bolivia and Bogota, resemble fusca very closely,
but differ in larger and more attenuated bill, shorter toes, and fewer feathers
on tarsus. The size and color are much the same; but the sides of neck and
nape lack the hoary white collar obscured behind, nor do I observe the line
of elongated rounded, partially concealed large brown spots along the median
line of the belly. The white of the under parts is not so pure.

Whether this be the same with the Brazilian tapera, of authors, I have not
had the opportunity of determining, but would not be surprised to find that
it was distinct. It is also quite possible that, in the absence of specimens
actually from Paraguay, I have incorrectly identified Capt. Page’s specimens
as fusca, and that they are really tapera.

Total length, 6.60; wing, 5.30; tail, 2.85; depth of fork, .45; difference
of primaries, 2.55; length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .38; along
gape, .88; tarsus, .54; middle toe and claw, .72; claw alone, 20; hind toe
and claw, .48; claw alone, .22.

The Hirundo americana tapera, of Sloane (Jamaica, II, 212), the first reference
quoted by Linnzus, cannot be the present species, as it refers to a Jamaican
bird which Sloane compares with the European Swift ; it may be either Progne
dominicensis or Chetura zonaris, quite possibly the latter. It is, therefore, a
guestion how far the name tapera can be retained for the species.

PETROCHELIDON. 287

bases of the inner and middle toes. The lateral toes are nearly
equal, the outer, if anything, slightly longer; the entire basal joint
of the outer adherent to middle; the membrane just referred to ex-
tending along the basal joint of the inner. The basal joint of the
middle is free externally at extreme end. The feathers of crissum are
very full, and reach nearly to end of tail. .

This is one of the most natural genera of American Swallows, em-
bracing a considerable number of species, all characterized by the
rufous ramp. H. nigricans, Vieill. (Coilocalia arborea of Gould),
from Australia, appears to be strictly congeneric, as first suggested
by Cabanis. The development of bristles in the chin and among
the frontal feathers appears quite characteristic, giving a roughness
to the forehead very different from the softness and smoothness of
Atticora and other genera.

The diagnostic characters of the principal American species of
Petrochelidon are as follows :—

Common CHaracters.—Above steel blue; the feathers of the inter-
scapulum with concealed whitish edges; no whitish median
or basal down. Rump and narrow nuchal band chestnut ;
crissum gray brown, tinged anteriorly at least with chestnut ;
the longer feathers and inner side of lateral tail feathers edged
with whitish. Middle region of belly white. Usually with
a whitish or reddish frontal band.

Chin and throat, with side of head, and continuous with
nuchal band, chestnut brown.
Jugulum with large blue-black patch. Chestnut of
throat darker than that of rump.
Frontlet reddish-white, with narrow band of
black along upper mandible . . lunifrons.
Frontlet chestnut brown, without black at
base of upper mandible : ; + swainsoni.
Jugulum plain, without black spot. Chestnut of
throat lighter than that of rump. Frontlet
chestnut brown.

Sides of body only slightly tinged with chest-

nut é . : : , : . fulva
Sides deep chestnut, continuous with that of
breast and crissum. Size smaller - peciloma.

Chin, throat, and sides of head white.

Fore part of breast chestnut, without black spot.
Sides faintly tinged with same.

Frontal band obsolete . 6 : : . ruficollaris.

P. nigricans, of Australia, lacks the nuchal band; the sides of

283 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

head are blackish; the throat grayish-white ; the breast pale chest-
nut, both with dusky shaft streaks. The chestnut of front and rump
is quite pale.

Petrochelidom lumifroms.

Hirundo lunifrons, Say, Long’s Exp. I, 1823, 47 (Rocky Mts.).—Cassin ;
Brewer, N. A. Ool. I, 1857, 94, pl. v, no. 68-73 (eggs).—Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 309.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 317
(Panama R. R.; winter).—VeERRILL, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. 1864, 276
(migration and history).—Lorp, Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
1864, 16 (Br. Col. ; nesting).—Coorrr & Sucxuey, P. R. R. XII, uy,
184 (Wash. Terr.).

H. opifex, Cunron, 1824.—H. respublicana, Aup. 1824.

H., fulva, Bon. (not of Vizmzor).—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 58.—In. B. A.
I, pl. 47.—Maxim. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 100.

Hab. Entire United States from Atlantic to Pacific, and along central
region to Arctic Ocean and Fort Yukon; Panama, in winter. Not noted at
Cape St. Lucas, in Mexico, or West Indies.

(No. 18,322, 4.) Top of head glossy black, with greenish lustre; back
and scapulars similar, but rather duller, and somewhat streaked by the
appearance of the white sides of the feathers—the bases of the feathers,
however, being plumbeous. Chin, throat, and sides of head chestnut brown,
this extending round on the nape as a distinct continuous collar, which is
bounded posteriorly by dull grayish; the chestnut darkest on the chin, with
a rich purplish tinge. Rump above and on sides paler chestnut (sometimes
fading into whitish). Upper tail coverts grayish-brown, edged with paler,
lighter than the plain brown of the wings and tail. Forehead, for the length
of the bill, creamy white, somewhat lunate, or extending in an acute angle a
little over the eye; a very narrow blackish frontlet; loral region dusky to
the bill. A patch of glossy black in the lower part of the breast, and a few
black feathers in the extreme chin, the latter sometimes scarcely appreciable.
Under parts dull white, tinged with reddish-gray on the sides and inside of the
wings. Feathers of crissum brownish-gray, edged with whitish, with a ange
of rufous anteriorly (sometimes almost inappreciable).

(No. 18,322.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.40, nearly even;
difference of primary quills, 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .38, from
nostril, .25, eae gape, .60, width, .50; tarsus, .48 ; middle toe and claw, .72,
claw alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20.

There is some variation m amount and shade of rufous in different
specimens. Usually there is none on the sides of body, and very
little at the base of the crissum. The rufous of the rump is always
lighter than that of the throat, where this color extends down on
the jugulum, with indistinct rounded outline behind, shading into
the smoky, reddish-gray of the sides of the breast.

As in its allies, immaturity is shown longest in the absence or

PETROCHELIDON. 289

dulness of the frontal band. There is no appreciable difference in
the sexes.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Panama, I cannot
distinguish, except in being smaller. Length, 4.80; wing, 4.10;
tail, 2.10. The forehead is nearly white, as usual in lunifrons.}

Summer specimens from the southern Rocky Mts. (Los Pinos,
N. M.) and Carlisle are considerably smaller than those from Fort
Bridger.

Specimens in the collection from throughout the whole United
States to northern border, as also—

Petrochelidon :
?Hirundo americana, Gmeuiy, S. N. I, 1788, 1017 (from Buffon, VI, 698,
La Plata).—Petrochelidon americana, CAs. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 47.
?Hirundo pyrrhonota, Vier. Encycl. Méth. II, 524 (Azara, Apunt. II,
511, no. 305, Paraguay).— Cotyle p. Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861,
477 (Tucuman).

Hab. Brazil? Paraguay ?

In Mr. Lawrence’s collection is an immature bird (No. 148, from Brazil),
much like corresponding stages of P. lunifrons, but differing in considerably
smaller bill, and in the lower tail coverts being much shorter (falling three-
quarters of an inch short of the tip). The rufous of the rump extends further
up the back, and there is a decided wash of reddish over the breast and belly,
sides and crissum, leaving only the abdominal region pure white. The frontal
band is not fully developed, but seems as if it might be whitish; there is a
blackish spot on the lower throat, and a few whitish feathers in the chin. The
chestnut of the throat is lighter than in lunifrons, or of about the same shade
as that of ramp. I think there is no doubt of its being quite distinct from
lunifrons or swainsoni, but in its still immature condition cannot venture to
identify it. There are two names to which it might be referred, the H. ameri-
cana, of Gmelin—P. americana, Cab. M. Hein. I, 47—(based on J/irondelle «a
croupion roux, etc. (from the La Plata), Burron, Ois. VI, 698, La Plata)—
which, however, appears much too large—and Hirundo pyrrhonota, Vie.
Encycl. II, 524; Azara, Apunt. II, 511, Sonnine ed. 104; Cotyle pyrrhonota,
Burm. La Plata, 1,477. This is described by Azara as having black crissum ;
Burmeister, however, says this is grayish, edged with rusty whitish ; the fore-
head, lores, cheeks, and rump rusty brownish-red ; fore-neck, breast, and belly
ash gray, Washed with yellowish, and tinged with reddish about the anus.
Length, 5’. Wings, 4”.

Buffon speaking of his Hirondelle a croupion roux et queue carrée, describes
it as brownish-black above, with green and blue reflections ; rump rufous, the
feathers edged with whitish; under parts dull white, the lower tail coverts
rufous. Another specimen is said to have a rufous throat. No mention is
made of a black spot on the jugulum, or of a frontal band.

19 May, 1865.

290 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS [PART L

Smith- Collee-| Sex | when
bonian) tor’s | and Locality. lGolteetad Received from Collected by
No. No. Age. | cs
jot paeeten ee eee |
20,639 | .. | o | Moose Factory, H.B.| May 17,’60.| C. Drexler. = | ......

Bt iM .. | Carlisle, Pa. [Lake. | Stale SUB Bairds as a |\leeennerss a
27,298 | 1,324 | .. | Fort Resolution, S. | Tete AN MiKenzies | | (eae ee
19.543 Ks oe os June 23. R. Kennicott; | Sesion
27,297 | 1,212 | .. | Big Island, S. Lake. elefe Jeseidy WS ie are) misteretens
27,296 216 | .. | Fort Yukon. Eieye J. Lockhart. Bloleisiere
28,150 x te *t Fate Citta. Pie DAR Bie certs

589 | .. | Fort Good Hope. ane R.MeBarlane,” |)" te dvien:s

qd | Los Pinos, N. M. June 20, '64.| Dr. E. Coues, |) Pen afevorarcte

34,354 | g o iLCe cam: fs CS: gla ee Age | ees ecretate

30,556 | .. o | At sea, W.. coast; | Oct. 20,'63. | Capt. J. M. Dow. | — ......
| 183 | Q | Panama R. R. Sere Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. & Galb.

(34,352.) 5.90; 12.10. (34,354.) 6.00; 11.80.

Petrochelidon swainsoni.

Hirundo melanogaster, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 366 (Mexico).—
Petrochelidon melonogaster, Caz. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 47.

Petrochelidon swainsoni, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 296; 1859, 376.—Is.
Catal. 1861, 40, no. 244. (Swainson’s name changed as inappro-
priate.)

Hab. Highlands of Mexico.

This species is almost precisely like P. lunifrons, but is smaller, and the
frontlet, instead of being creamy or rosy white, is chestnut brown like the
throat; the lores are less dusky, and there is no dusky at base of upper
mandible. In these respects it resembles P. fulva, but will be readily dis-
tinguished by the large glossy black spot on the throat, and blackish chin, as
well as comparative absence of reddish on crissum and sides.

Two specimens, both marked males, differ considerably in size, as
shown by the following measurements. In one (22,376) the forehead
is of the same shade of rufous as the throat, and the black spot on
the throat very small; in the other, which is decidedly larger, the
forehead is considerably paler than the throat, and the throat spot
more distinct, the chestnut of throat and sides of head much darker.

(No. 22,376, 4.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.25; difference of
quills, 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .35, from nostril, .21, along gape,
.55; tarsus, .48; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and
claw, .37, claw alone, .19.

(No. 33,572.) Total length, 4.90; wing, 4.30; tail, 2.20; length of bill from
forehead, .41, from nostril, .22, along gape, .60; tarsus, .53; middle toe and
claw, .66, claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .21.

Smith- Collec-| Sex | , s

soniau) tor’s and Locality. pons | Received from Collected by
No No. Age. | i

oe | eS Eee

22,376 40,745 + Mexico. | Verreaux.

33,572 136 ste | Mirador, Mex. | Aug. 1863. Dr. Sartorius, |

PETROCHELIDON. 291

Petrochelidon fulva.
Hirundo jfulva, Vieiwu. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 62, pl. xxx (St. Do-
mingo).—Is. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 521.—Is. Encye. Méth. II,
1823, 526.—Petrochelidon fulva, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 47.—Is.
Jour. Orn. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba).
Hirundo coronata, LeEMBEYE, Aves de Cuba, 1850, 45.

Hab. Cuba and St. Domingo ?

(No. 34,238, 9.) Top of head, back, and scapulars steel blue, with a
greenish gloss, more violet in some specimens. Forehead from the eyes (not
strictly defined), nuchal bands and rump (but not tail coverts), dark chestnut
brown; chin, throat, sides of breast and crissum, especially near anus, lighter
chestnut brown; the sides of body and inside of wings smoky brown, tinged
with the color just mentioned ; median region of the body white. No blackish
on the breast or on forehead. Wings and tail with their upper coverts lustrous
brown. A dusky spot in the loral region.

(No. 34,238, 9.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.10; perpendicular
depth of fork, .15; difference between Ist and 9th quills, 2.00; length of bill
from forehead, .36, from nostril, .21, along gape, .56, width, .45; tarsus, .47;
middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .19; hind toe and claw, .37, claw
alone, .20.

The feathers of the back have a white patch on each side the shaft,
about the middle, causing white streaks when visible among the
feathers. The forehead and rump are quite dark chestnut; the
chin and throat, with crissum just behind anus, come next in shade,
this color fading still more on jugulum and sides (the jugulum some-
times darker than chin), and scarcely appreciable posteriorly on the
side of the abdomen. The longer feathers of crissum are dark brown,
with reddish-white edges, much paler than near the vent. The white
of the belly is sometimes glossed faintly with chestnut, especially
along the shafts of the feathers. The axillars and lining of wings,
with tibia, are of a smoky gray, with a rufous tinge. The chestnut
nape is narrow, and sometimes quite obsolete ; the color of the neck
behind it is dull and lustreless. The dark chestnut of the rump
extends round on the sides as well as above, continuous with the
paler tinge of the anterior portion of the crissum. The inner web
of the lateral tail feather is edged with whitish near the end.

There is no black band along base of upper mandible, as in Juni-
Jfrons. The chestnut feathers of the front exhibit a tendency to
dusky centres, except near the bill, a feature not noticed in other
species.

‘'Phis bird is much smaller than the North American lunifrons,
and differs in the rufous chestnut (not whitish) front, the absence
of black patch on throat, much lighter rufous of the throat (paler

292 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

considerably than the front), ete. The tarsi are longer in proportion,
being absolutely of the same length, while the feet are much weaker
and the toes shorter.

'
Smith- Collec-| Sex When |
sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ollected.

0. |
SOS ai tre S| Remedios, | FRemodioancan al | April 4, ’64. ans Tico Bishop. Ke keeles
34,256 | May, 1863. Joos Ae te
34,490 Cuba. Ae Dr. J. Gundlach. | een
81.491 |. oo) | se. |) ho” ee see || eee Cena | newer gee

oe Cab. iawioiee | SBOHOL

Petrochelidon poeciloma.

Hirundo peciloma, Gossx, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 64.

Petrochelidon fulva, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72.—Ib. Catal. 1861, 40, no.
245 (Jamaica).—Hirundo fulva, Marcu, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 295
(nesting).

Hab. Jamaica.

Similar to preceding, but smaller; chestnut color darker. Chestnut of
sides very decided, and continuous with that on breast and crissum.

(No. 24,381.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 4.15; tail, 2.05; fork, .10; differ-
ence between Ist and 9th quills, 1.95; length of bill from forehead, .35, from
nostril, .20, along gape, .55; tarsus, .48; middle toe and claw, .64; hind toe
and claw, .38.

A series of specimens from Jamaica differs from Cuban in being
rather smaller in size, and in having the chestnut brown of the under
parts considerably deeper and more marked, extending along the
sides of the body so as to be continuous with that of the sides of the
rump. The chestnut nuchal collar, also, is more distinct. A young
bird from Jamaica differs from the adult in lacking the frontal band
almost entirely, and in having a whitish chin. Ihave not had an
opportunity of examining the St. Domingan species, but would not
be surprised if it proved different from those of Cuba and Jamaica.

A closely allied species is the P. rujicollaris, of Peale.’

1 Petrochelidon ruficollaris.
Hirundo ruficollaris, PEALE, Mammals and Birds U.S. Expl. Exped.
1848, 175.
Hab. Peru.

Head above and back glossy blue-black. Rump above and on sides, fore
part of the breast, and sides of body beneath the wings, chestnut, as also an
indistinct nuchal half collar. Chin, throat, sides of head below the eyes, and
rest of under parts, white ; the crissum tinged with rufous anteriorly, the long
feathers grayish-brown, edged with whitish. Wings and tail dull brown, the

HIRUNDO. 293

Smith-| Collec-) Sex | Wihan |
soni an tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age. eae ollected. |
24,381 | 16 | é Tiispantshtowned: Spanishtown, Jam. | Dee. 1861. | W.T, March, | — ......
24,382 | i. | 3 | 6 | ct a Srreyely oi
See | 9 «“ «“ | ec Meen Dme Mn Siact
O3st |. Q ‘8 = | is
30,281 Rie 0. ss 1863. SS
30, 282 ee ce ee “cc
si Rela «“ | “

| a“

HIRUNDO, Livy.
Hirundo, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 10th ed. 1758,191. (Type H. rustica, Linn.)

Under the generic head of Hirundo I propose to combine several
groups of American Swallows agreeing in moderate, depressed bill,
with straight commissure, and lateral nostrils overhung by mem-
brane; the tarsi feathered only at the upper end, or else entirely
bare ; the lateral claws moderate, not extending beyond the base of
the median; the edge of the outer primary without hooks; the tail
variable in character, from a very deep fork to a slight emargination
only. The relationships to the other genera have already been ex-
pressed in the diagnosis presented in the beginning of the article on
the family.

The following characters express the peculiarities of the different
sections or subgenera of Hirwndo :—

latter with lateral feathers edged internally near end with whitish. Forehead
without frontal band, other than an almost inappreciable gloss of chestnut.

Total length, 4.55; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.15; difference between quills, 1.80;
length of bill from forehead, .30, from nostril, .17, along gape, .54, width, .43.
Feet mutilated.

The well-marked jugular or pectoral band, white throat and cheeks, and
absence of distinct frontlet will readily distinguish this species from lunifrons
and its allies. It may be that a more decided frontlet exists in more perfect
plumage, although there is nothing to indicate that this has not been attained
in the specimen.

This species appears to have been overlooked by all writers subsequent to
Mr. Peale.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex _

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. en Received from Collected by
No. No. Age. | | :

| —_——

14,999 | C 377| o | Callao, Peru. } July 12, 39.| U.S. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale.

(14,999.) Type. Irids brown.

294 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [ PART I.

Tarsi slightly feathered on inner face at upper end ; equal in
length to middle toe without claw.
Tail very deeply forked. : é , 5 . Hirundo.
Tail slightly forked or emarginate. : ‘ . Tachycineta.
Tarsi entirely naked ; lengthened, equal to middle toe and
half its claw.

Tail considerably forked . : : , : . Callichelidon.

Hirvunpo, Linn.

Nostrils lateral. Tarsi short, not exceeding middle toe without its claw;
the upper joint covered with feathers, which extend a short distance along
the inner face of tarsus. Tail very deeply forked ; the lateral feather much
attenuated, twice as long as the middle. Basal joint of middle toe free for
terminal fourth on outside, for half on inside.

In type, and in American species, forehead and throat rufous; a black
pectoral collar; tail feathers with large light spots on inner webs.

‘
But two species, perhaps only one of this subgenus, as restricted,
belong to America. There are, however, quite a number found in
the old world.

Hirundo horreorum.

Hirundo horreorum, Barton, Fragments N. H. Penna. 1799, 17.—Barrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 308.—A. & E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 66 (Sta.
Cruz; transient).—Sciarer & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).
—Sciatrer, P. Z. 8S. 1864, 173 (City of Mex.).—LAwrence, Ann.
N. Y. Lye. 1861, 316 (Panama).—Cooprr & Sucxktey, P. R. R. Rep.
XII, u, 184 (south of Columbia River).

Hirundo rufa, Vieitu.—Cassiy, Ill.—Brewer. N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 91,
pl. v, fig. 63-67 (eggs).—Cas. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba; spring
and autumn).—ReinHArpt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland ; two speci-
mens).—GunpLacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 328 (Cuba; common).

Lirundo americana, Witson, Am. Orn. pl. 38, fig. 1, 2.—Ricu.—LeEMBEYE,
Aves de Cuba, 1850, 44, lam. vii, fig. 2.

Hirundo rustica, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 173.—Is. Birds Am. I,-pl. 48.—
Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (Bermudas ; Aug. and Sept.).

Hab. Whole of United States ; north to Fort Rae, Slave Lake; Greenland ;
south in winter to Central America and West Indies. Not found at Cape St.
Lucas.

The steel blue of the upper parts of this species has a decided
violet tinge, sometimes purplish. The black or steel blue pectoral
collar is very rarely continuous below in adults; when it is, it is
usually formed in the centre by only one or two series of feathers,
which are black to the down. The rufous of throat is a little darker

HIRUNDO. 295

than that of under parts, and more continuous, though sometimes
there is but little difference in the shade. The space just posterior
to the collar generally appears lighter than on the belly. Usually,
however, the rufous wash of under parts is decidedly paler than that
of throat and forehead ; sometimes quite pale; in only one or two
instances as light as European specimens (as 6,020 and 29,294). In
such cases, however, the absence of broad jugular band of continuous
black, and the shorter tail, will distinguish from the European bird.

Phere is an occasional tendency to a widening of the jugular
collar, especially in young birds, but this is so much mixed with
rufous feathers as to be easily understood.

In young birds the frontal chestnut band is considerably reduced
in size, and generally paler and duller in color.

The largest specimen of H. horreorum I have seen is No. 19,542,
from Fort Rae. Here the wing measures 4.90, and the tail 4.50
(the usual length of tail is under 4.00); the next largest specimen
being No. 34,349, from the Rocky Mountains. The maximum length
of tail in specimens of H. rustica, of Europe, before me, is 5.00—
the average being perhaps 4.50.

The series of specimens from western America is not sufficient to
determine whether there is any essential difference ; the bill, however,
appears decidedly smaller.

I regret very much that the specimens from South America‘ at my
command are too few to make a satisfactory comparison with the
North American bird. There appears, however, to be a difference
in a rather smaller bill, and in having the gloss of the upper parts
steel green, rather than purple or violet. I am, however, much
inclined to doubt whether there is any specific difference. The
chestnut brown of the forehead is quite as deep and extensive as in
the northern bird, although Burmeister describes it as whitish, pass-
ing behind into rust-yellow, and speaks of the whole under parts

' Hirundo erythrogaster.
Hirundo erythrogaster, Bopp. Tabl. Pl. enl. (724, fig. 1), 1783, 45 (Cay-
enne).—ScLaTER, Catal. 1861, 39 (Brazil).
HMirundo rufa, Gu. 8S. Nat. I, 1788, 1018 (Pl. enl. 724, fig. 1).—Burm.
Ueb. ILI, 148 (Brazil).
Hirundo cyanopyrrha, Viritt. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 510.

|

Smith- Collec- Sex
sonian| tor’s and Locality.
No. | No. |Age.

When

Collected. Received from Collected by

Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. | Capt. Page, Expl. of Chr. Wood.
ot oc “ee [Parana. ra3

21,007 | 35

¢
21,008 | 35 | Q

296 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

heing rusty yellowish-red, without distinguishing the throat as
darker. These characters certainly do not apply to the Paraguay
skins in Capt. Page’s collection, whatever they may to Brazilian
specimens. These are moulting the large feathers of wing and tail.

The characters given by Burmeister to the North American bird,
viz., ‘under parts white, the anal and crissal feathers alone rusty
yellowish-red,” do not belong to it, as shown above.

In this connection I may state that in the collection is a specimen
of 77. rustica, of Europe, taken at sea during a voyage from Norfolk
to Rio Janeiro, probably carried westward by the prevailing winds
in the equatorial region.

Should, as is very probable, the South American bird prove identi-
cal with the more northern one, the name rufa must be adopted as
having the priority.

Specimens in the collection from the whole United States from
Atlantic to Pacific, and north to the boundary ; also—

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian|} tor’s | and Locality. Gollectad Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. .
19,542 ete .. | Ft. Rae, Slave Lake. | ee L. Clarke; Jr, | Y 7 sss
22.666 vA ae = 1861. cS UF ile eeeeetccccts
34,349 eve 2 | Los Pinos, N. M. June 19, ’64 Drs Ha. COues. =) )\ menases ce
3,956 124 | .. | San Diego, N. Leon. | 1853. LtiCouchsy Vy i sit eies-eae.
8,640 =e Indian Key, Fla. Aug. 28,'57,|, G: Wurdemann. | °#32«......
33,586 .. | .. | Off coast Cuba. Aprile’ 6s. | TDr? He Berendt. (4 ~ (eset.
32,740 |17,443 | .. | Mexico. las Werrea uae yy cease
30,708 fe .. | Duenas, Guat. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm.
: 147 | .. | Guatemala. ere Cab: Lawrence, | 9 caves
30,557 ats Q | Atsea, W.C. Central} Oct. 20, 63. Capt. SM Dow. \)) 7.22. s
| America

_ TACHYCINETA, Cab.

T tchycineta, Cas, Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 48. (Type H. thalassina, Sw.)

Nostr‘ls lateral, overhung or bordered internally by incumbent membrane.
Tarsi with the tibial joint covered by overhanging feathers, adherent a short.
distance along inner face, about equal to middle toe without claw. Lateral
toes equal. Adhesion of basal joint of middle toe variable. Tail emarginate
only, or slightly forked; fork not exceeding half an inch in depth. Color
blue or green above, with or without metallic gloss; with or without white
rump. Entirely white beneath.

Under this head I combine several variations of form which shade
so gradually into each other that I can scarcely define them even as
subgenera. The type (thalassina) differs from all the others in a
small, narrow bill, weak feet, more extensively feathered tarsus, and
in a peculiar softness of the plumage without metallic gloss, seen

HIRUNDO. 297

perhaps only elsewhere in Callichelidon cyaneoviridis. The basal
joint of middle toe is entirely adherent externally, and for more than
half internally, and in this respect agrees with leucoptera and albi-
linea, while in bicolor and leucorrhoa it is adherent for only three-
fourths externally, and about half internally.

The feet of HZ. lewcorrhoa appear proportionally more robust than
in other species, differing in this respect from its miniature, albilinea,
which agrees better with the rest.

The following is a synopsis of the American species; all of which,
as stated, are green above, with or without white rump; white
beneath :—

a. Tachycincta.

Plumage soft and velvety, without metallic gloss. Sides of head,
space around eyes, and whole under parts white; with the
feathers all plumbeous at base. Female duller in plumage.

Above green, with various shades and tinges of violet and

purple . : ° . : : 5 ; - thalassina,

b.

Plumage above compact, and with rich (usually green) metallic
gloss. Sides of head to line with eyes like its upper part.
Beneath white, sometimes with ashy tinge across breast; the
feathers of chin and throat, and generally of crissum, white
to base. A concealed spot in jugulum.

Entire upper parts uniform in color.

Inside of wings and axillars ash color. No concealed
basal white on the upper parts : . bicolor.

Rump white. No white loral line.

Back green. Pure white beneath. Feathers of back
and forehead with much concealed white at base.
Edges of secondaries and greater coverts white albiventris.

“Back bluish or purple. A grayish band across

breast. No white on wing. Feathers of back
—?at base”

Rump white. A distinct white loral line.
Rump plain white. Bases of dorsal feathers ashy.
No shaft streaks beneath. Length, 5.50; wing,

4.50; tail, 4.40 ; : A : : . leucorrhoa.
Rump and under parts with more or less distinct
dusky shaft streaks. Breast and sides with an

ashy tinge. Length, 4.50; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.00 albilinea.

: + meyent.

Hiirumdo bicolor.

firundo bicolor, Vien. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 61, pl. xxxi.—Avp.
Orn. Biog. I, pl. 98.—Is. B. A, I, pl. 46.—Cassin.—Brewer, N. Am.

298 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Ool. I, 1857, 100, pl. iv, fig. 47 (eggs).—Lemsrye, Aves de Cuba,
1850, 46, lam. vii, fig. 2.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 310.—Lorp,
Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, IV 1864, 15 (Br. Columbia ; nesting) .—
Jones, Bermudas, 34 (Sept. 22, 1849).—Cooper & Sucxtey, P. R.
R. Rep. XII, 11, 184.—Petrochelidon bicolor, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857,
201.—Is. 1859, 364 (Xalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 40.—Scuarer &
Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Tachycrneta bicolor, Cas.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 48; Jour. Orn. 1856, 4 (Cuba).—GunpLacu, Jour.
Orn. 1861, 330 (common in Cuba).

Hirundo viridis, Wits. Am. Orn. V, 1812, pl. 38.

Hirundo leucogaster, STEPHENS, Shaw, Gen. Zool. X, 1817, 105.

Hab. Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, south to Guatemala ;
Bermudas; Cuba, common in winter. In summer on table-lands of Mexico.

I find no essential difference in coloration in a large series from
different parts of North America, Mexico, and Guatemala. A skin
from Fort Rae is larger than the rest, measuring—wing, 4.90; tail,
2.65. Carlisle specimens measure 4.75 and 2.50, respectively. In
a single specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, from California, the back and rump have a steel
blue gloss, rather than green—seen to less extent in some Smith-
sonian skins from the West Coast—while others exhibit nothing of
the kind, and I cannot think that there is any good reason for sup-
posing that there may be a western species as distinguished from
an eastern. Western and Mexican skins have perhaps a rather
smaller bill, and the feathers of the tarsus appear to extend farther
along the inner side.

The occurrence of this species in the high region between Orizaba
and City of Mexico, in June, as recorded below, is a fact of great
interest.

Specimens from the whole United States from east to west, and
north to boundary ; also—

| | |
Smith- Collee-) Sex | : When ,
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. Age. | i
20.640 | | | Moose Factory, H.B.| May 26,’60.| C. Drexler, = | ~~ ......
92.342 | .. An a eters J; MiKenzie.. 2 || eee ane.
27,299 | 1,298 | .. | Big Island, S. Lake. ade Jiecd. or, 7 i emercerrre
31,225 * ns see i) sO ercrtee ce
23,134 | eas liane’ Fort Simpson. nies B:.R: Ress: |. euler cae
97,300.) 1,331, | 9 Fort Youkon. June, Rakennicott. paligearececce
4,663 | | ¢% | Matamoras, Mex. eters Lt. Couch. | Dr. Berlandier.
29,203 | % Orizaba, Mex. Sere Prof, Sumichrast. ste eetee
30,71] | 386 | .. | Vera Paz, Guat. oie O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm.
35,134) 185 | %. Pine region above | June, 1864. Dr. Sartorius. | iad Sees
35,135 | 193) .. | “( Mirador, Mex. | ca | opeosee ei © podeac

{

HIRUNDO. 299

Hirundo thalassina.

Hirundo thalassina, Swatsson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 365 (Mexico).—Auvp.
Orn. Biog. IV, pl. 385.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 46.—Brewer, N. A. Ool.
I, 1857, 102 (the fig. pl. v, fig. 74 of egg belongs to another species).
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 311.—Maxam. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101.
—Lorp, Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolw. IV. 1864, 115 (Vancouver Isl. ; nests
in holes of trees).—Coorper & Suckuey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 185
(W. T.).—Chelidon thalassina, Bots, Isis, 1844, 171.— Tachycineta
thalassina, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 48.—Petrochelidon thalassina,
Scrater & Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Scuater, Catal.
1861, 39, no. 239.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1864, 173 (City Mex.)

Hab. Western and middle provinces of United States, south to Guatemala.

Specimens from different localities, as well as from the same place,
vary somewhat in the shade of coloration. Sometimes, as in other
Swallows, the innermost secondaries are edged and tipped with
white, more or less conspicuously. Young birds are uniform lustre-
less grayish-brown above, something like Cotyle riparia, white
below, with perhaps a tinge of ashy across breast; the upper sur-
face of wings and tail with a greenish gloss; the whole side of
head, including loral region and around the eye, dusky, not white as
in the adult. The white feathers on the posterior inner face of the
tarsus are more conspicuous than in the adult, and reach nearly two-
thirds the way to the toes, but do not exist at the lower end as in
Cotyle riparia, which at once distinguishes them. All the feathers
of under parts, even of chin and throat, are gray at base, not white;
those of breast plumbeous to near tips, with a central stripe of lighter
(concealed).

Specimens (probably resident) from Cape St. Lucas are much
smaller than from Upper California, the wing measuring 3.95, the
tail 1.90 inches, while 1,895 measures 4.50 and 2.20, respectively.
No. 29,204, from a typical locality (Orizaba), measures 4.70 and
2.40.

The fully fledged young bird differs so much in appearance from
the adult, that I was at one time inclined to consider them as differ-
ent species. The female is duller than the male, especially on the
head and rump.

300 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.
Smith-/Collec-| Sex | , | ,
sonian| tor’s and Locality. | Gane Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | |
a} - OE
19,350 .. | .. | Gray BullCr’k,Neb.) June 7, ’60. | Capt. Raynolds. G. H. Trook.
19,209 | .. | gy | Wind River, Neb. | May 26, °60. “ Dr. Hayden,
6,965 | 330 Q | Medicine Bow Cr. | July 25,757.) Lt. F. T. Bryan. W.S. Wood.
11,038 ae ¢ | Fort Bridger. May.21,758. | ©; Drexler. 99) ji 0 wearers
EO wd .. | Victoria. ae J. Hepburn. Nesieiece
1,895 a + | Columbia River. July 12, °35.| S. F. Baird. J. K. Townsend.
1,945 - Q ee ac “ec “e
12,885 ss .. | Napa Valley, Cal. sieis A. J. Graysons s ||P 8m © ca.
12,949 | 657 .. | San Jose, Cape St. ee Jia tUSs we mewe ceeticieres
12,950 | 667 38 “* [Lucas, ee ee el eee wretetarste
3,954 | 229 ¢ | Saltillo, Mex. ayer LtiGouch: Gr al) we saciect
13,590 Ko -. | Mexico. boc J. Gould, J. Taylor.

‘ile 51 se a fete CabsLawrencers |) Ol Saecce
29,204 285 ae Orizaba, Mex. ere Prof.Sumichrast.| — ......
30,710 | 385 2 | San Geronimo, Vera oRie O. Salvin. ih at Newice eves
30,712 |3,716 reg te [Paz.| Jan. 1862, fo ie eareerereiete

(1,895.) Type of Mr. Audubon's figure?

Hirundo albilinea.

Petrochelidon leucoptera, LAwRENcE, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 317, no. 156
(Panama) (not of Gmelin).

Petrochelidon albilinea, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII (read April 27),
May, 1863 (Panama).

Petrochelidon littorea, Satyin, P. Z. 8. (read May 21) 1863, 189 (both
coasts of Central America).

Hab. Line of Panama R. R., northward along coast of Central America;
Mazatlan ?

(No. 35,049, 3.) Above glossy compact green, including head, back,
upper tail coverts, and sides of head to the level of the gape and below the
eye; wings and tail similar, but less brilliant. Rump all round, external
edges of the central secondaries, entire under parts, including lining of wings
and axillars, white, with perhaps a faint ashy tinge, especially across the
breast; the shafts inclined to be dusky, especially on the rump. Lores
greenish dusky, bordered above by an obscure white line from base of bill;
the feathers of the hind neck and upper part of back, as well as those of the
forehead, with much concealed white. There is a trace of a narrow pectoral
collar of green on the sides of the breast, entirely interrupted below, however.
The feathers of chin and throat entirely white, of crissum white, except at
extreme bases.

The white of under parts appears perfectly pure on throat, middle
of belly, and crissum ; across the breast there is a shade of ashy, as
also in the sides, most appreciable when the feathers are raised. On
the rump the dusky shaft streaks are most decided, and towards the
end involve the adjacent webs to some extent; below they are
appreciable to a careful examination, except perhaps on the chin
and throat. There is a good deal of white at the base of the tail
feathers on the inner webs. There is also a gloss of violet, in some
aspects, on the wings and tail.

HIRUNDO. B01

(No. 35,049, 5.) Total length, 4.25; wing, 3.75; tail, 1.90; depth of fork,
.25; difference of primaries, 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .35, from
nostril, .22, along gape .55, width of gape, .45; tarsus, .42; middle toe and
claw, .55, claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .15.

The above description is taken from a type of Mr. Salvin’s P.
littorea. Mr. Lawrence’s type of albilinea is almost precisely like
it—a little larger, and with patches of a more bluish gloss on the
back.

This species is very similar to P. leucorrhoa,! of Buenos Ayres,
which is, however, much larger, and lacks the concealed white of the
forehead and hind neck. The greenish-black collar margining the
jugulum in lewcorrhoa is more nearly continuous below, and is in a
measure completed by concealed dusky edges to the feathers across
the breast. There is no dusky appreciable on the shafts of the
feathers of the under parts, and almost none on the rump, and there
is no distinct white at the base of the tail feathers. The outer tail
feather is narrowly edged with whitish.

An albino Swallow, collected by Col. Grayson, at Mazatlan,
belongs, as nearly as I can ascertain, to H. albilinea.

Both these species are distinguished from P. leucoptera of eastern,
and P. meyeni of western South America, by their white loral stripe
or line. I add description of these two species in order to complete
the history of the genus.

' Hirundo leucorrhoa.

Hirundo leucorrhoa, Viritu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 519, and Encycl.
Méth. 1823, 523; Paraguay (Azara, Apunt. II, 509).—Petrochelidon
leuc. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 48.—Cotyle leuc. Burm. Uebers. III,
1856, 144.—Is. La Plata Reise, 1861, 478 (Parana).

Hirundo frontalis, Gouup, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 22.—Is. Birds Beagle,
1841, 40 (Monte Video). -

“Hirundo leucopyga,” Licut. Mus. Berol.—Capanis, Mus. Hein. 48.

Hirundo gouldii, Cassin, Pr, A. N. Sc. 1850, 69 (““H. frontalis,” Gouxp).

Hab. Paraguay and adjacent regions. Nests in hollow trees or holes in
ground.

(No. 12,351.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.45 ; tail, 2.40; depth of fork, .20;
difference of quills, 2.10? length of bill from forehead, .49, from nostril, .25,
along gape, .61; tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .20; hind
toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .21.

Smith- Collec- Sex When
sonian | tor’s and | ocality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | 3
27 | .. | Buenos Ayres. ae Capt. Page, U.S.S. liane ios oats
| Argentina,

12,351

302 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith-/|Collec- Sex r
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Guiesea Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. tid

Col-iGrayson.) ")|\0 a) eecce

34,026? Bel ters Mazatlan. wae
35,049 393 | San Jose, Guat. Jan. 1863. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.
155 J Panama R. R. rare Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.

(34,026?) Albino, (35,049.) Type of Petrochelidon littorea. (155.) Type of species.

Hirundo albiventris.

Hirundo albiventris, Bopp. 1782 (Burr. Pl. enl. 546, 2, Cayenne).—Petro-
chelidon alb. ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 41, no. 247.

Hirundo leucoptera, Gu. 8. N. 1, 1788, 1022 (based on PI. enl. as above).
—Cas. Schomb. Guiana, III, 672.—Petrochelidon leuc. Cas. Mus.
Hein. I, 48.— Cotyle leuc. Burm. Uebers. III, 1856, 143 (Brazil).—
Is. Reise La Plata, I, 1861, 478 (Banda Oriental).

Bill very large; tail much emarginated. Above glossy metallic greenish-
blue on the head, more bluish-green on the back. Rump white (but not tail
coverts, Which are like the back) all round, as also entire under parts, in-
cluding inside of wings. Outer edges of the inner secondaries, and inner
great coverts, most of inner webs of lateral tail feathers and basal portion
of feathers of whole back, hind neck, and forehead also white. No trace of an
interrupted pectoral collar, except concealed basal gray across the breast,
darkest in a median spot. Only occasional and almost inappreciable dusky
shaft streaks. Feathers of chin and throat entirely white, those of the crissum
with the extreme root only plumbeous.

Young birds appear to have more white on the wings.

(No. 35,056.) Total length, 5.40; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.25; fork, .34; difference
between quills, 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .27, along
gape, .68; width of gape, .50; tarsus, 44; middle toe and claw, .60, claw
alone, .19; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .19.

P. meyeni' (leucopyga, Meyen, nec Licht.) I have not seen, though
it is said to be closely allied, but to differ in a steel blue back, a
grayish band across the breast, and the absence of white edges to
the wing feathers, thus probably more like lewcorrhoa, but without
the white loral line, and with a decided grayish pectoral band.

1 Hirundo meyeni (leucopyga).
Hirundo leucopyga, Meyen, Nova acta Ac. L. C. XVI, II, 1834, suppl.
73, pl. x (Chile). —Cotyle leu. Burm. Uebers. III, 1856, 144.—
Hirundo leucopygia, Goutp, Birds Beagle, 1841, 40 (Valparaiso and
Tierra del Fuego).
Petrochelidon meyeni, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 48.—Scuarer, Catal.
1861, 40, no. 246.—Cassin, Catal. Hir. 1853.

Hab. Coast of Chile and Patagonia.

Norr.—If Jewcopyga, as used by Lichtenstein for 1. leucorrhoa, be merely a
museum name, as appears probable, it should stand for the present species,

HIRUNDO. 303

—————

smith- |coltee-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. c
35,056 Pie ae Brazil. ate Acad. Nat.Sciences.| —......-
ae 342 x Bahia. ate Cab: awrenceny ler) Usiecc-.-

CALLICHELIDON, Bryant.
Callichelidon, Bryant, MSS. (Type H. cyaneoviridis, Bryant.)

Nostrils lateral; overhung by membrane. Tarsi lengthened ; equal to middle
toe and more than half the claw; entirely bare of feathers. Basal joint of
middle toe entirely adherent externally, for more than halfinternally. Lateral
toes equal, or outer a little the longer. Tail deeply forked ; the feathers some-
what attenuated; as long as the wings.

Above green, beneath white.

The type of this new subgenus, perhaps entitled to rank as a full
genus, has the same soft velvety condition of the dorsal plumage,
without metallic lustre, as in thalassina. The tail is deeply forked
and the lateral feathers narrow and tapering from the base. ‘The
second species, placed here provisionally on account of the long
bare tarsi, exhibits on the back a strong metallic lustre, and the tail
is less deeply forked.

The legs are longer and more naked than in other American
Swallows—in this respect approaching Cheramaca, of Cab. (C. leu-
costerna, of Australia). Here, however, the outer toe is said to be
shorter than inner; the claws very large, the outer toe but little
adherent at base.

Synopsis of Species.
Above soft velvety grass green, changing to blue on rump.
Beneath pure white. Feathers of chin and throat white
to base . : . : : 2 ; 5 é - cyaneoviridis.

Above metallic golden-green. Beneath white; the chin dusky.
Feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base ; of breast
with large greenish spots, somewhat concealed : - euchrysea.

Hirumdo cyameoviridis.

Hirundo cyaneoviridis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. VII, 1859, 111
(Nassau; N. P., Bahamas; very abundant).—Callichelidon cyaneo-
viridis, Bryant, MSS.

Hab. Island of New Providence, Bahamas.

(No. 11,946.) Upper parts soft velvety green, with a slight occasional
gleam of golden, passing on the wings into greenish-blue, and on the rump

304 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

and upper tail coverts into greenish-blue and violet. Beneath pure white,
the sides and linings of wings faintly tinged with ashy. Ear coverts white,
tinged at ends with dusky ; traces of a narrow dusky collar on the sides of the
jugulum. Feathers of chin and throat white to very base, those of jugulum
and rest of under parts lead color towards roots. The lateral tail feathers
externally are edged narrowly with whitish. The ends of the quills have a
violet tinge. The bases of the feathers of nape and forehead light gray, but
not white.

Total length, 5.80; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.00; depth of fork, 1.00; difference
between primaries, 2.35; length of bill from forehead, .44, from nostril, .23,
along gape, .57, width, .47; tarsus, .49; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone,
.20; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .20.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | 4

11,946 |... | on | Nassau, Bahamas. | April, 1859. Dr. H. Bryant. eatseier

(11,946.) Type.

Hirundo euchrysea.

Hirundo euchrysea, Gossx, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 68 (Jam.).—Is. Ill. tab.
xii.—Mancu, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 295.—Herse euchrysea, Be. Consp.
341.—Petrochelidon eu. ScuateER, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72.—Is. Catal. 1861,
39, no. 240 (Jam.).

Hab. Jamaica.

(No. 23,333, 9.) Above bright and lustrous metallic green and golden,
variously blended; the quills and tail feathers, with lining of wings and
axillars, similar, but duller. Beneath white; the metallic green of the head
extending on the edge of the chin, the middle part of which is grayish; the
jugulum and breast with large dull spots somewhat like the back. Down of
the back of neck and of the back rather dark ashy. Tibie brown. Quill
and tail feathers blackish-brown, glossed as described. Feathers of chin and
throat gray at extreme base.

(No. 23,333, 9.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 4.35; tail, 2.30; difference of
primaries, 2.10? length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along
gape, .47, width, .35; tarsus, .42; middle toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .15;
hind toe and claw, .28, claw alone, .14.

Smith-|Coltee- Sex When |

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. >

23,333 77 2 | Trelawney, Jam. June 19, *59. P. L. Selater. W. Osburn.

Jan. 1863. Wee. Marcle |e ticiercrets

80, 284 | oe .. | Spanishtown, Jam.

ATTICORA. 305

ATTICORA, Bote.
Atticora, Bok, Isis, 1844. (Type Hirundo fasciata, Go.)

Alticora, in its more extended sense, includes a series of small
species (the least of the American members of the family) with
diminutive bills, the nostrils superior and broadly open, bordered
behind by membrane, but not overhung laterally. The tarsi long
in proportion, equalling the middle toe and half the claw; either
slightly feathered above, or entirely bare; the adhesion of the middle
toe to the outer variable, but carried to its maximum extent in some
forms. Tail forked, sometimes very deeply. The subdivisions are
as follows :—

PyGocuEtipon.—Basal joint of middle toe adherent, except at extreme end.
Tarsus feathered at upper end on inner face. Dusky, or else lustrous
black above and on crissum,

Articora.—Basal and middle joints of middle toe adherent externally. Tarsus
feathered above. Tail very deeply forked. Lustrous black, with pectoral
band and tibia white.

NotiocuELipon.—Basal and half of middle joints of middle toe adherent ex-
ternally ; tarsi entirely bare. Top of head, wings, and tail black; brown
on back and crissum.

NEocHELIDON.—Toes as in last; tarsus feathered above. Dull lustreless brown.

In all the species the feathers of chin and throat are plumbeous
at base.

ATTIcorA, Boie.

Nostrils superior, broadly open and circular ; bounded for posterior half by
membrane ; not overhung, however, on the inner side. Frontal feathers soft,
smooth, without any bristles, neither at base of upper mandible nor on chin.
Bill small and delicate. Legs rather large and stout, the toes shorter than
usual; tarsus nearly equal to middle toe and claw, the tibial joint with
feathers attached, and slightly invading and overhanging upper end, but not
extending along inner face. Outer and middle toes connate for half the length
of the latter, leaving only the terminal joints of each (exclusive of claws)
free; the basal joint of middle toe adherent to the outer toe. The claws
sharp and curved; the lateral toes equal.

Tail deeply forked, extending beyond wings; lateral feathers tapering, but
not attenuated, one-half longer than the middle.

Color entirely lustrous black, with white abdominal band and tibia.

The great amount of adhesion of the toes characterizes this sub-
20 May, 1865.

306 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

genus among American Swallows. In two specimens before me I
can make out only ten tail feathers, and cannot say whether more
exist. Neither has the wings perfect, so that I cannot indicate the
number of primaries. The type, and hitherto single representative
of the section, is A. fasciata, of Cayenne.*

NovriocHELIDON, Baird.
Notiochelidon, Barrp. (Type Atticora pileata, GouLp.)

Bill small; nostrils superior, as in Afticora, but less perfectly circular.
Tarsi entirely bare, even on the joint of tibia, rather long--equal to middle
toe and half claw. Lateral toes short; about equal, or the outer a little the
longer; the claws all stout, sharp, much curved. Outer toe adherent for
nearly half its length (two terminal joints free) ; the terminal one and a half
joints, or three-fifths of middle toe free. Inner toe united to basal two-thirds
of middle. Tail deeply forked for about one-third the length, the branches
divaricated.

No metallic lustre, except upon the top of head. Beneath white; the
erissum blackish.

This form differs from typical Adticora in less deeply forked tail,
and in less adhesion of toes—the middle toe being free externally
for one and a half joints, instead of only one, and internally in pro-
portion. The feet are more slender, and the claws less curved; the
tarsus entirely bare, even to the joint.

' Atticora fasciata.
Hirundo fasciata, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 1022 (based on Pl. enl. 724, fig. 2,
(Cayenne).—Sw. Zool. Ill. 2d ser. pl. xvii.—Atticora fasciata,
Bor, Isis, 1844, 172.—Bur. Ueb. III, 1857, 146.—Scuarer, Catal.
1861, 39, no. 236.

Hab. Brazil and Cayenne.

Entirely glossy black, with faint dark steel blue lustre; wings and tail
duller. A sharply defined white band across the sides and middle of breast ;
tibie white. The claws very sharp.

(No. 149.) Total length, 5.40; wing, 3.90; tail, 3.20; depth of fork, 1.20;
length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along gape, .46, width, .38 ;
tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .19; hind toe and claw,
.34, claw alone, .19.

—_

Smith- Collec- Sex

: |
sonian, tor’s | and. Locality. C wv Lees Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | eae
35,097 | 813 | ¢ | Cayenne, en Acad. Nat.Sciences., —......
149 +. | s Cab. Lawrence, 1) > “enone.

|

ATTICORA. 307

Atticora pileata.

Atticora pileata, Gouup, Pr. Z. 8. 1858, 355 (Guatemala).—Scrater &
Saxvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 13.

Hab. Guatemala.

(No. 30,714, 4.) Top and sides of head and neck black, with dull bluish
gloss. Interscapular region and sides of body smoky brown; above passing
rather gradually into blackish-brown of rump, wings, and tail; beneath ab-
ruptly defined against blackish-brown of crissum. Rest of under parts and
tibie white; this color, however, on the chin, throat, and jugulum (the former
two especially) margining the feathers narrowly only, and exposing much of
the smoky brown bases. Tibial feathers brown at base.

(No. 30,714, %.) Total length, 4.75; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.45; depth of fork,
-75; difference of primaries, 1.75; length of bill from forehead, .33, from
nostril, .17, along gape, .43, width, .35; tarsus, .43 ; middle toe and claw, .50,
claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .17.

This species is totally different in appearance from any other known
American Swallow. Cabanis is in error in suggesting that it may
be the young of cyanoleuca.

380,714 377 | of

Smith-|Collec-| Sex” Wien

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ESI |

30,713 | 3,704 | @ | Coban, Vera Paz. | Feb. 1862. O. Salvin, ey (sales Godman.

NEOCHELIDON, Sclater.

Neochelidon, Sctater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, xvi. (Type Hirundo
tibialis, CASSIN.) :
Microchelidon, ScuaterR, Catal. 1861, 39. (Same type; name pre-

occupied.)

Similar to preceding in bill and toes; the tarsus, however, with the joint
covered with feathers, which invade the inner face at the upper end. Tail
less forked ; fork one-fourth the length.

Atticora tibialis.

Petrochelidon tibialis, Cass. Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 370 (Brazil).—Micro-
chelidon tibialis, Scuater, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 238.—Neochelidon
tibialis, ScLATER, Catal. 1862, xvi (Errata).

Hab. Isthmus of Panama to Brazil.
The type of the section is the 7 tibialis, of Cassin. This species

is the least of our Swallows, and resembles a Swift rather than a
Swallow. It is dark smoky or sooty brown above and on crissum,

308 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I.

the rump and under parts paler, the tibia white. A second species
appears to be N. fucata.*

(No. 150, Panama.) Total length 4.00; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.00; depth of
fork, .45 ; difference between Ist and 9th quills, 1.60; length of bill from fore-
head, .27, from nostril, .17, along gape, .43; width at base, .32; tarsus, .35;
middle toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .28, claw
alone, .11.

; aT |
Smith- Collec- Sex / Where a

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ~| Collected. | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. i |

| 150 | fs | Panama R. R. | mere | Cab. Lawrence. | M'Lean. & Galb,

PYGOcHELIDON, Baird.
Pygochelidon, Bairp. (Type Hirundo cyanoleuca.)

Bill minute. Nostrils broadly oval, nearly superior; the plane of their out-
line directed obliquely forwards and inwards; not overhung anteriorly on
inner edge by membrane. Tarsi rather long, equal to middle toe and half
claw ; the joint and upper end on inner face with adherent feathers. Inner
toe slightly longer. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally, except
just at the end; internally for half the length. Tail forked for about one-
fourth the length.

This subgenus differs from its other allies with the nostrils superior,

' Atticora fucata.

flirundo fucata, Temm. Pl. col. 161, fig. 1 (Paraguay).—Burm. Uebers.
II, 145.— Cotyle fucata, Bors, Isis, 1844.—Cas. M. H. I, 49.—Burm.
Uebers. III, 1856, 145.—Is. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Mendoza).

Hab. Paraguay, Argentina, and La Plata basin generally ?

This species has usually been placed in Cotyle, but probably on account of
the dull brown color of upper parts, somewhat like that of C. riparia. The
head and neck all round, with the jugulum, are reddish fulvous, above, how-
ever, only tinging the dark brown of the head. The breast and sides are
brownish, the belly and crissum white, all tinged with reddish; in general
aspect, except the reddish color, much like C. riparia. It differs, however,
in exposed nostrils, more connate and shorter toes, short claws, and absence
of tuft of feathers at lower end of tarsus.

In some respects, however, it differs decidedly from Neochelidon, as in having
some bristles in the chin and along the base of commissure. The outer toe
is a little shorter than inner, not a little longer ; the fork of the tail is shallower,
the feathers broader and more rounded at tip. In many respects there is quite
a close relationship to Petrochelidon, differing chiefly in the shorter and more
adherent toes. The style of coloration is quite similar.

ATTICORA. 309

in having the toes more deeply cleft—the basal joint of the median
being free at its extremity on the outer side, instead of being adhe-
rent to the middle, or even the end of the middle joint. From Peiro-
chelidon it differs in the longer tarsi, which equal the middle toe
and half its claw, not the middle toe alone ; less completely feathered
tarsi at upper end; and in wanting the bristles in the chin and at
base of bill above, which are soft and smooth. While the nostrils
in Petrochelidon appear in the dried skin to be entirely without
membrane, in Pygochelidon they are bordered behind and internally
for a short distance, without, however, being overhung.

Synopsis of Species.
Above and on crissum uniform lustrous blue-black. Beneath

white; the feathers of chin and throat dark plumbeous at
base.

Breast with a black pectoral band. Feathers of back
scarcely white towards their middle portion. Cris-
sum entirely black . : : : 5 : . melanoleuca.

Breast without pectoral band. Feathers of*upper back
white in middle. Crissum with all feathers entirely
black ‘ Cs 5 a 5 : 5 : - cyanoleuca.
(Var. montana with larger bill.)
Breast without band. Crissum white towards anus; long
feathers only black, and towards their tips. Feathers
of upper part of back ash-colored, not white in middle patagonica.
Above and on crissum greenish-black. Beneath dark ashy ; the
feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base.

Feathers of upper part of back cinereous, not whitish in
the middle 6

‘ 3 - murina.

Atticora cyanoleuca.

Hirundo cyanoleuca, View. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 549, and Encycl. Méth.
1823, 521 (based on Golondrina de la timoneles negros, AZARA, Apunt.
Pajaros Par. II, 1805, 508).—Atticora c. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 47.
—Borm. Uebers. II, 1857, 146.—Is. La Plata Reise, II, 1861, 479
(very common in the La Plata country; nests under eaves and
roofs of houses).

Hirundo melampyga, Licut. Verz. 1823, 57 (Bahia).

Hirundo minuta, Max. Beit. HI, 369.—Temm. Pl. Col. 209, fig. 1.

Hab. La Plata basin ? Brazil.

(No. 35,050.) Above and on sides of head and reck to line of gape, steel
blue, including tail- and lesser wing coverts, as well as a patch on side of
breast; wings and tail feathers dark blackish-brown, with faint gloss.
Feathers of hind neck and interscapulum with concealed white in their middle
portion. Beneath white, all the feathers blackish plumbeous at the base, ex-

310 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

tending rather further along on the breast; the feathers in the middle of the
breast with a darker patch on their inner webs, only visible on raising the
feathers. Entire crissum from anus black, glossed on surface with steel blue,
the bases all dark plumbeous. Lining of wings and axillars dark smoky
brown; side of body under wings washed with grayish brown. Tibia brown,
the feathers slightly tipped with whitish.

Immature specimens show traces of a fulvous or rusty yellowish wash on
the under parts.

(No. 35,050.) Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 3.85 ; tail, 2.40, fork, .45 ; difference
of quills, 1.68 ; length of bill from forehead, .31, from nostril, .16, along gape,
.45, width, .32; tarsus, .41; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone, .15; hind
toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .16.

A. melanoleuca' appears to differ principally in having a black
pectoral band. A. patagonica has the base of crissum white; the
interscapular feathers gray in the middle, not white.

Smith-|Collee-| Sex | |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ees Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. : |

35,050 65 |: 9 Bahia Negra. | June, 1859. | Capt. Page, Expl. Chr. Wood.
32,743 ]10,140 | ¢ Brazil. : Ver prea Ia [Parana.| | ase.
15,006 a xd ss | siete U. 8. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale.
15,002 - ae #s a

1504), «. Bahia. es 4 Cab. Lawrence. | ......

Atticora cyanoleuca, var. montama.

Atticora cyanoleuca, var. montana, Bairp.—?Petrochelidon cyanoleucus,
Scuarer, P. Z. 8S. 1858, 551 (Riobamba).—Is. 1859, 138.—Is. 1860,
75 (Quito) ; 85 (Nanegal).—Is. Catal. 1861, 40, no. 241.—Atticora
cyanoleuca, Cas. Jour. f. Orn. 1861, 91.

Flirundo melampyga, Tscuupi, F. Peruana, 133 (not of Licut.).

?Lirundo cyanoleuca, Darwin, Birds Beagle, 41 (Valparaiso; builds in
holes in banks).

Hab. Costa Rica: south along Andes to Chile?

(No. 34,676, 9.) Very similar to A. cyanoleuca, of Brazil, in color and size,
although rather smaller, except that the tail is more deeply forked (.60 deep,
instead of .45); the bill larger, broader, and more depressed (from nostril
.18, instead of .16); the sides of the body under the wings blackish, with
slight steel blue gloss (in true cyanoleuca merely brownish dusky, without
gloss). Upper parts glossed with violet, instead of uniform steel blue, having
a tinge of greenish. A slight, almost inappreciable wash of rusty yellowish
beneath.

' Atticora melanoleuca.
Hirundo melanoleuca, Max. Beit. III, 371 (Brazil). —Temm. Pl. Col. 209,
—Atticora m. BurmeistER, Uebers. III, 1856, 146 (Central Brazil).
Middle of dorsal feathers white; tail 35.
Hab. Brazil.

9

ATTICORA. Sul

(No. 34,676, 9.) Total length, 4.65; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.40, depth of fork,
.60; difference between primaries, 1.65; length of bill from forehead, .52,
from nostril, .18, along gape, .46; tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .50, claw
alone, .16, hind toe and claw, .34, claw alone, .17.

A young bird has the upper parts dull dark smoky-brown, with a
greenish-blue gloss on the middle of the back only. The under
parts are white, tinged with brownish-yellow on the chin, becoming
paler on the throat ; a jugular band and the sides, especially behind,
strongly tinged with the same. The feathers of the crissum are
dark brown, without gloss, and margined with paler. A_ still
younger specimen (83,289) has only the faintest possible trace of
blue gloss on the back; the rump is smoky brown, lighter than the
wings and tail; the brownish tinge of under parts deeper and more
extended.

The characters assigned to this variety, although apparently slight
and untangible, are yet quite appreciable on a comparison with a
large series of Brazilian specimens. The larger bill and deeper fork
of the tail are especially noticeable. The supposed difference in
amount of black on the sides may be more apparent than real.

I am inclined to refer to this variety all the specimens I have seen
from Bogota, and one from Peru—these agree in the larger and more
depressed bill; one of the former, however (No. 24,953), has the
upper parts with a green lustre, as in bicolor, not blue.

Smith- |Collec-| Sex ; Wier ’
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. oc

34,676) .. 2 Barranca, C. R. | Aprill6 64 |(7J.Carmiol.)) yilipen staseses
34,674 |... 3 San Jose, C. R. | May 29, "64. Be A i eercsters
34,675 Bae ll eO “ 6 Seo ania ati eee
29,549 WZ) we “ 1858. Berlin Muss 7 40 esas
24,953 AG ae Bogota. mote Ty, de'Geofroy. = “|| 9 Passes
32,739 |40,654 | ¢ ve Werreaux:, (-) oll weteale

14,948 | 379 | Peru. be U. S. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale.

—>

(24,953.) Green lustre.

The two species of the subjoined foot-note are introduced to com-
plete the history of the subgenus.*

' Atticora patagonica.
Hirundo patagonica, D’Ors. & Larr. Syn. Ay. 1837 (Chile and Pata-
gonia).
Atticora hemipyga, Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 479 (Mendoza).
Hab. Uruguay and Patagonia.
(No. 21,039.) Above, and on sides of head and neck to line of commissure,

glossy steel blue; the wings and their coverts, with tail, dull dark brown,
the lesser coverts only slightly glossed at ends. None of the feathers with

312 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

STELGIDOPTERYX, Bair.
Stelgidopteryx, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 312. (Type Hirundo serri-
pennis, AUD.)

Bill rather small; nostrils oval, superior, margined behind, but scarcely
laterally by membrane, but not at all overhung; the axes of the outline con-

concealed white, but dark gray in the middle. Beneath white, all the
feathers dark plumbeous at base; the breast with a grayish shade across it
owing to the fact that the feathers there are grayish-brown, rather? narrowly
edged with white, less pure than on the throat, and allowing this gray to show
through as well as among the whitish. The crissal feathers immediately
behind the anus are white; the longer ones are white, or grayish-white at
base, and then blackish, glossed with steel blue at the end. The axillars and
inside of wings are brownish-gray. The sides of body under the wings are
slightly soiled with gray. Bill black; feet apparently flesh color.

(No. 21,039.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.55, perpendicular depth
of fork, .40; difference of quills, 1.63; length of bill from forehead, .40, from
nostril, .19, along gape, .51, width, .40; tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .60,
claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .17.

This species appears quite distinct from the cyanoleuca of Brazil, in slightly
larger size, much larger bill and feet, absence of white in the interscapular
feathers, and of bluish gloss on the lesser wing coverts ; lighter color of bases
of feathers below; grayish breast, the feathers less tipped with white ; white
feathers behind the anus, and whitish bases of the rest of crissal feathers (not
black) ; lighter tibiw, etc. The lateral tail feathers are rather narrower, and
not acuminated or attenuated at the end—the outline of inner web towards
the end being convex, not concave.

It is a question whether this is not the real HZ. cyanoleuca, of Vieillot, as
based on Azara’s description. If so, the Brazilian cyanoleuca will take for
name one of its synonyms.

Smith- Collee- Sex |

poe zo When | : 7
sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Gollaccads | Received from Remarks,
No. | No. | Age. 2 ABetees
Sept. 1860. |Capt.T.J. Page, Pa-| Chr. Wood.
ae .

| “*Trana Expl.
|

21.039 | 108 | ¢ | Uruguay.
an 108 | g | £

Atticora murina.
??Hirundo cinerea, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 1026 (based on L’ Hirondelle de
Perou, Briss. I, 1760, 498, ex Feuillé Journ. Obs. 1725).—Atticora
cinerea, SCLATER, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 237.
Petrochelidon murina, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 370 (Ecuador).—
Scuater, P. Z. S. 1860, 74.
?Atticora cyanophea, CABANIs, Jour. Orn. 1861, 92 (Bogota).

Hab. Andes of South America.

Iam by no means satisfied that the bird of Brisson is the present species,

STELGIDOPTERYX. Sills

verging. Frontal feathers soft, and, like chin, without bristles. Tarsi equal
to middle toe without claw; the upper end covered with feathers all round,
none at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally nearly to
end; internally, scarcely half. Lateral toes about equal, their claws not
reaching beyond base of middle claw. Tail slightly emarginate ; the feathers
broad, and obliquely rounded at end. Edge of wing rough to the touch; the
shafts of the fibrille of outer web of outer primary prolonged and bent at
right angles into a short stiff hook.
Color dull brown above.

The great peculiarity in this genus consists in the remarkable
roughness of the edge of the wing, said to occur also in Psalido-
procne, Cab. The object is uncertain, but is probably to enable the
bird to secure a foothold on vertical or inclined rocks, among or
on which it makes its nest. A favorite breeding place of S. serri-
pennis is in the piers and abutments of bridges, and these hooks
might render essential aid in entering into their holes.

The birds of this genus have usually been referred to Cotyle,
which, however, they resemble only in color. The nostrils are ex-
posed, instead of being overhung; the tarsus is bare below, not
feathered, and the lateral claws are considerably curved, and not
reaching beyond the base of the lateral, as in Cotyle. The structure
of the wing is very different.

According to Cabanis, Psaudoprocne (P. cypselina, Cab. of
Africa) has the same structure of wing, but it seems to differ in
having the tail deeply forked, as in Alticora ; the toes and nails even
shorter than in Aéticora, not longer; and in having the outer toe
shorter than the inner, instead of equal to it.

The genus has a wide range, extending from British America to
Brazil, and probably Ecuador.

as his description of the tail and its under coverts, at least, does not apply at
all. Brisson’s article is evidently copied from Feuillé (1725), a very vague
author, as likely to call a Cuckoo or Flycatcher “Hirundo” as anything else.

This species is much in form like A. cyanoleuca, but considerably larger.
I have little doubt that the A. cyanophea, of Cabanis, is the young bird of this
species, aS a specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from
Bogota, agrees exactly with Cabanis’s description, and is hardly to be distin-
guished, except in its evident immaturity, from the Academy-type of Cassin’s
Petrochelidon murina, from Eeuador. It is probably closely related to the H.
andecola, of D’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1837, 69 (La Paz), but differs somewhat.

314 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I

Synopsis of Species.
Chin, throat, and breast nearly uniform mouse gray.

Above uniform smoky brown. Under parts white, except
as described. Crissum white, not banded . ‘ . serripennis,
Chin and throat reddish fulvous, in strong contrast with gray of
breast and sides. Belly tinged with sulphur yellow. Crissum
white.

Above uniform brown, or with rump gradually paler, but
not contrasted with back.

Crissum banded at end with blackish ; sulphur yel-
low of belly well marked : : : . ruficollis.

Crissum plain white; belly scarcely yellow . - fulvipennis.
Above brown; the rump appreciably and abruptly paler
(light gray).
Crissum banded at end with black : . . uropygialis

Crissum plain white(?). Color much darker and
size smaller than preceding. . : - gutturalis.

Stelgidopteryx serripemnnis.

Hirundo serripennis, Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, 1858, 593.—Is. B. Am. I, 1840,
193, pl. 51.—Cotyle s. Bon. Consp. 1850, 342.—Cassin.—BREWER,
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 106, pl. iv, fig. 50 (eggs).—Bairp, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 313.—Lorp, Pr. R. A. Inst. IV, 1864, 116 (Br. Columbia).
—Coorer & Sucktey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 1, 186 (W. Terr. )—HEEr-
MANN, P. R. R. X; Williamson’s Rep. 36 (San Antonio, Tex. ;
breeding).—Stelgidopteryx s. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 312.

Hab. Whole United States (exclusive of N. E. States ?), south to Central
Mexico.

(No. 32,269, 4.) Above smoky brown, rather deeper on the head, perhaps
a little paler on the rump. Larger quills and tail feathers dusky brown; the
secondaries and greater coverts sometimes lighter along their external edges.
The under parts (for about half the total length) from bill to and including
breast, with the sides of body and lining of wings, mouse gray, rather lighter
along the throat; the rest of under parts, including crissum, white, the latter
with the shafts sometimes dusky, and very rarely with dusky blotches at the
ends of the longer feathers.

Young birds (as 1,120) differ in a tinge of reddish fulvous on the upper
parts ; the wing coverts, secondaries, and inner primaries margined more or
less broadly with a brighter shade of the same. The gray of the under parts
is also washed with this color, especially on the chin and across the breast.
The hooks of the edge of the wing have not yet become developed.

(No. 32,269, 4, fresh specimen before being skinned.) Total length, 5.40;
expanse of wings, 12.20; wing from carpal joint, 4.80.

(No. 32,269, %, prepared specimen.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.50; tail,

STELGIDOPTERYX. 315

9.25, depth of fork, .15; difference of primaries, 2.28; length of bill from
» dep ’ ; I ,

forehead, .40, from nostril, 24, along gape, .56, width of gape, .43; tarsus, .45;
middle toe and claw, .57, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .16,.

The differences between this species and rujficollis, the South
American representative, are given below.*

1 Stelgidopteryx ruficollis.
Hirundo ruficollis, View. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 523.—Is. Encycl.
Méth. II, 525 (Brazil).—Cotyle ruficollis, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1860,
292.—In. Catal. 1861, 41, no. 249.
Hirundo flavigastra, Vem. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 534.—Is. Encycl.
Méth. II, 531 (based on Azara, as below, from Paraguay).— Cotyle
flavigastra, Born, Isis, 1844, 170.—Bon. *Consp. 1850, 342.—Burm.
Uebers. III, 1856, 144.
Hirundo hortensis, Licur. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 57 (Bahia).—Temm. Pl.
Col. 161, 2
Hirundo jugularis, Maxim. Beit. III, 365 (Brazil).
Hirundo flaviventer, Lesson, Traité d’Orn. I, 1831, 269 (Brazil).
Golondrina de la vientre amarillazo, AzAra, Apunt. II, 1805, 512.
Hab. La Plata region and Brazil. (Farther north and in the Andes re-
placed by uropygialis ?)

(No. 32,742, 2.) Above, with sides of head, smoky brown; darker on the
head, becoming sensibly paler on rump, especially on the edges of the feathers,
but still not in any decided contrast with the lower part of back ;, the primary
quills and tail feathers dark dusky brown; the secondaries whitish along
their outer edges towards the end and at the tip. Chin and throat reddish
fulvous; breast and sides of body, with inside of wings, brownish-gray ; the
median region of body white, tinged with sulphur yellow. Under tail coverts,
from vent, pure white, with a slight gloss of yellow (less than on belly), the
longest feathers abruptly tipped with the color of the tail (for nearly half an
inch), the shafts of some others dusky. Feathers of tibia brown, tipped with
yellowish-white.

(No. 32,742.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 4.55; tail, 2.50, depth of fork, .13;
difference of primaries, 2.10; length of bill from nostril, .21, along gape, .55,
width, .42; tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; hind toe
and claw, .32, claw alone, .15.

The upper parts are colored much as in C. serripennis, rather darker per-
haps, and the rump rather paler, forming a greater contrast. The whitish
edging of the secondaries is more decided. Beneath, however, the colors are
decidedly different. The tail is much longer; the feet and bill smaller.

|

Smith- |Collec-| Sex When |

sonian)| tor’s | and Locality. x Received from Collected b
No. | No. | Age. Collected. . Pee geuie y

TorOOON = oan Brazil. i.) \OUSExpL Exped |Neea Rereala.

32,742 |30,370 | £6 aes lWerrennsxe tims Ulla: umeaheen

16,344 92| Q se July, 1859. | Capt. T. J. Page, Chr. Wood.

| Expl. of Parana. |

316 REVIEW OF AMEXiCAN BIRDS. [PART L

Specimens in the collection from various points in United States,

especially—

|

Smith- Collec-, Sex When
sonian tor’s | and | Locality. Gollec Received from | Collected by

- ’ ‘ollected,
No. No. | Age.

32, 269 - | ob Macon, Ga. | hee Jos. Leconte. eaters
2,209 | .. | & | Carlisle, Pa. May 3, ’45. ae Serer
3370] .. 2 te IMayadedy: | ey Se ull me ctertertac

10,120 ais | te Washington, D.C. erate ICs MeGulee: alent
2.899 .. | .- | Charleston, S. C. ce S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon.

32,268 | .. | .. | Liberty County, Ga. hee Jos. Leconte. lpeeieciirsscloterece

34,179 | 11 | ¢ | Sioux City, Neb. [T. | May 4, ’60. Capt. J FONE Chieti
6,034 $1 | ne | Shoalwater Bay, W.| June, 1854. | Dr. J. G. Cooper. | Rroteisiete
6,033 82 | Steilacoom, W. T. Oca Dr. Suckley. 18 Be yewiteuvers
6,032} .. .. | Sacramento, Cal. Se Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.

VIEOS2 A ars .. | Fort Bridger, Utah. | June 3, ’58.| C. Drexler, | ...-..
3,957 | 131 oe New Leon, Mex. | April,1853.| Lt. Couch. = | — ..--..
36,999 | 704 | O | Fort Whipple, Ar. | Sept. 8,’64.| Dr. E.Coues. | ~— .«.....

32,741 [#6 971 | o& | Mexico. sere ‘Verreaux..) 1)! Ge eieectc.c

| |

Stelgidopteryx fulvipennmis.

Cotyle fulvipennis, Sctater, P. Z. S. 1859, 364 (immature bird ; Jalapa,
Mex.).—SciaTer & Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).

? Cotyle serripennis, ScuatER, P. Z. S. 1856, 285 (Cordova).—SciaTER &
Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 13, 126 (Guatemala).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San
Geronimo, Guat. ; nesting in a bank).

? Cotyle flavigastra, ae Prides lSoigpals (Orizaba).

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 30,716, 4.) Above smoky brown, almost inappreciably lighter on the
rump, darker on the head; quills and tail feathers smoky brown, the secon-
daries and greater coverts edged towards their ends with whitish. Chin and
throat pale reddish fulvous, but in distinct contrast to the mouse gray of the
breast, sides of body, and inside of wings. Rest of under parts white, with
a faint trace of yellowish: the crissum pure white, the long feathers without
brown tips, the shafts only faintly brownish towards the end. The feathers
of axillars and inside of wings slightly edged with fulvous.

In young birds the wing coverts and quills above are broadly margined
with reddish fulvous ; the breast as well as the throat washed with the same.
(No. 30,716, %.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.20, depth, .20
length of bill from forehead, .40, from nostril, .20, alone gape, .55, width, AB: :
tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .35,

claw alone, .16.

This species, originally established upon a young bird, appears
perfectly distinct, and is intermediate in character between serri-
pennis and rujicollis. The only adult I have seen is in autumnal
plumage, and has a silky gloss that I have not noticed in spring speci-
mens of serripennis (no autumnal ones being at hand for compari-
son). The color of the upper parts, back as well as wings, appears to
be decidedly darker. The differences of the under parts consist in

STELGIDOPTERYX. SL

the faintly rufous throat, contrasting, not uniform, with the mouse
brown of the breast; this brown only extends over the front of the
breast, instead of reaching to the belly, which is faintly yellowish,
not dull white. The crissum is quite the same in both. Young
birds of the two species are so similar that I cannot distinguish
them by the color.

The species agrees with ru/ficollis, and differs from uropygialis,
in the want of contrast of a pale rump and dark back. The size
is decidedly less. It differs from both in much paler fulvous of
throat, less amount of sulphur yellow on the belly, and the want
of the dusky brown tips of the longer of the under tail coverts.

| | |
Smith- Collec-| Sex |

| When

| LT . . -

one ters an Locality. Collected: Received from Collected by
femisd| ae Orizaba, Mex. ee Me Botteriy ul \eabinseaee
26°373] acon || dV Xalapa. S05 J. Krider. D’Oca.
30,716] 399 |ad.¢ Duefias, Guat. Oct..17;, 759. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman.
35,096) 405 | Juv. ‘se July 17, ’59 sf Se

(35,096.) ‘‘Compared with type.”

Stelgidopteryx uropygialis.

Cotyle uropygialis, Lawr. Ibis, April, 1863, 181.—Is. Ann. N. Y. Lye.
(Panama).

Cotyle flavigastra (ViEILL.), Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1860, 274 (Babahoyo,
Ecuador).— Cotyle ruficollis (V1E1Lu.), ScuaTer, P. Z. 5. 1860, 292
(Esmeraldas, Ecuador).

Hab. Isthmus Panama; southward along Andes.

(No. 157, 5, type.) This species, if really distinct from ruficollis, resembles
it very closely in most respects. It is, however, smaller, and the rump de-
cidedly lighter, or pale grayish, in prominent contrast to the brown of the back.
The rufous of the throat seems rather deeper, and the inside of wings darker.

A specimen (17,792) differs in having the wings longer and more pointed,
measuring 4.45, the extreme difference between tips of primaries 2.15, the
tail 2.30. It may, however, be that the wing of the type is not fully grown.

(No. 157.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.15; tail, 2.40, fork, .18; difference
of primaries, 1.96; length of bill from forehead, .41, from nostril, .20, along
gape, .55, width, .40; tarsus, .39; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18 ;
hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .14.

Smith- Collec-| Sex

| : When 5
ono. | Ne tor’s oa Locality. Gélilected: Received from Collected by
17,792 | 175 | | Isthmus Darien. ae Lt. Michler. A. Schott.
| 157 ¢ | Panama. ater Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.
|
(157.) Type.

318 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

Stelgidopteryx fulviguia.
Stelgidopteryx fulvigula, BAIRD, N. 8.
Hab. Costa Rica.

(No. 34,677, %, Costa Rica.) Above smoky brown. Quills and tail
feathers almost or quite black; rump with the feathers gray, edged with
whitish, forming a conspicuous contrast to the back. Chin, throat, and
forepart of breast reddish fulvous; sides under the wings ‘brown, with a
decided wash of fulvous; axillars and inside of wings smoky brown; rest
of under parts dull white, with perhaps a tinge of yellowish; crissum pure
white, in one specimen with a trace of a dusky spot at ends of longer feathers.

The edges of the feathers of upper parts, especially of the wing coverts and
secondary quills, are tinged with reddish fulvous, indicating immaturity, as
does also the absence of the hooks on outer web of first primary. Judging
from the analogy of other species, these edgings probably disappear entirely
in full dress.

(No. 34,677, % .) Total length, 4.50; wing, 3.60; tail, 2.00, its fork, .12; differ-
ence of primaries, 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .39, from nostril, .20,
along gape, .49; gape, .40; tarsus, .38; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
-16; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .12.

The very conspicuous light rump will readily distinguish this
species from all its allies, except uropygialis. It is, however, con-
siderably smaller than that species and much darker above, especially
on quills and tail feathers (on both surfaces and including the shafts),
the light ramp more conspicuous. The fulvous red of throat seems
to extend further on the breast, the white of the belly to extend
farther forward, the brown of the sides to be more restricted. The
under coverts lack the conspicuous dusky band at tips of larger
feathers. The conspicuous wash of reddish fulvous on the side may
be from immaturity.

It is barely possible’ that this may be the immature state of S.
uropygialis ; but the differences in size and coloration appear of
specific value and not dependent on age.

smith- |ottee-| Sex Wihen

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Golected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ‘ Z

34,677 O.¢% | Angostura, C. R. June 6, 64. J. Carmiols a) © ease ces

34,678 O.g “ “ [05 eal Saree oe

34,679 0.9 “ Aug. 7, ’64. C3 EEE racer

(34,677.) Type.
COTYLE, Botr.
Cotyle, Bors, isis, 1822, 550. (Type -Jirundo riparia, L.)

Bill smal]; nostrils lateral, overhung by a straight-edged membrane. Tarsus
about equal to middle toe without claw; feathered at upper end, especially

COTYLE. 319

on inner face, and having also a small tuft of feathers attached to posterior
edge near the hind toe. Middle toe with basal joint adherent externally to
near the end, half way internally, the claws comparatively little curved, the
lateral reaching beyond the base of middle. Tail slightly forked. Color dull
lustreless brown above, in riparia white beneath with gray pectoral band.

Many American birds have been referred to Cotyle, but the only
one really belonging to the genus is the cosmopolitan C. riparia.
The peculiarity of the genus consists essentially in the tuft of tarsal
feathers at the base of the hind toe, and the unusual length of
the lateral claws, combined with the lateral nostrils overhung by
membrane.

Cotylle riparia.

Hirundo riparia, Linn. 8. N. 1, 1766, 344.—Wits. V, pl. 38.—Avp. Orn.
Biog. IV, pl. 385.—Is. B. Am. I, pl. 50.—LemBeyr, Aves de Cuba,
1850, 47, lam. vii, fig. 3.—Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (occasional,
Aug. and Sept.)— Cotyle riparia, Bois, Isis, 1822, 550.—Cassin.~
Brewer, N. A. Ool. I, 1857, 105, pl. iv, fig. 49 (eggs).—Cas. Jour.
1856, 4 (Cuba).—Is. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica (?)).—Gunpnacu, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 330 (very rare in Cuba).—Marcu, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863,
297 (Jamaica ; very rare). —HEERMANN, P. R. R. X, 36 (California ;
abundant ?).

ETirundo cinerea, Vieiuu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 526.

Hirundo riparia americana, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 101.

Hab. The whole of North America; Bermudas; Greater Antilles; Costa
Rica? Also found in northern parts of the old world.

A careful comparison of the European specimens in the Smith-
sonian collection with American does not furnish any tangible
grounds for separation; although the former, on the whole, appear
to have longer wings, and more deeply forked tail with narrower
feathers.

Specimens are in the collection from many localities throughout
eastern and middle provinces of United States. Only one specimen
from western province, and this is somewhat doubtful.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | phen Hl Received from Collected b
No. No. | Age. vs | Collected. y
6,030 fe o ? Sacramento, Cal. | Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann.

20,641 | 102 | .. | Hannaby River. | June9,’60.| ©. Drexler. | ......

22.668 511 me Fort Simpson. 1861. BasRMROsSSspoe pe) Ot) Wl Acatee

23,919 Fort Good Hope. Re RoeMecRarlanes || S22 828

31,126 Big Island. ore De RGCO em ey ye oN ln neat

ne ae a Fort Youkon. | RSKOnNMICOtte. | lnm wle cece
19,213 64 g Wind River. | May 26, 60 | Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden.

(6,030.) Is the locality correct?

320 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The following references to American Swallows I have not sue-
ceeded in identifying :—

Hirundo unalaschkensis, Gein, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1025. “ Nigra; subtus
cinerea ; uropygio exalbido, rectricibus marginibus rotundatis. Long.
4} unc. Hab. Unalaschka.”

Hirundo andecola, D’Ors. et Larr. Mag. de Zool. 1837. “ Affinis prece-
denti (7. patagonica) magnitudine et forma rostri sed differt alis longi-
oribus, cauda fere recta et coloribus. Supra nigra, colore vdridi-nitens,
alis caudaque vix emarginata nigro-fuscis, rectricibus lateralibus tres
lineas tantummodo intermediis longioribus. Subtus gutture colloque
plumbeis, pectore hypochondriisque cinerascentibus, abdomine medio
anoque sordide albiscentibus, tectricibus caudz inferis griseo maculatis.
Long. 14 cent. Habit. in Andibus, La Paz, Bolivia.”

This species appears related to Atticora murina or cinerea, but does not seem
exactly the same.

Hirundo maculosa, Kuut (based on Burron, Pl. enl. 546, 1). Above
lustreless brown; beneath white, with oval brown spots, closest ante-
riorly, more separated towards the tail. Hab. Cayenne.

VIREONID. 321

The three strictly dentirostral families of Oscine birds which still
remain for consideration—the Vireonidx, Ampelidx, and Laniade—
differ from those just described in certain common characters. The
bill is usually stouter and more hooked, in some forms excessively
so, with a deep notch and sometimes a prominent tooth behind it;
the tip of the lower mandible is also more or less notched. The
nostrils are lateral, the bristles of the mouth generally well de-
veloped. Except in a few species of Vireo and in Ampelis, there
are ten distinct primaries, the outer from one-fourth to one-half the
second. The tail is sometimes short and square, sometimes long
and graduated. The tarsus is always scutellatet anteriorly, and
exhibits a tendency to subdivision in the lateral plates, very unusual
in the families already considered. The basal joints of the toes
are also more adherent than in the preceding: sometimes attached
throughout, sometimes more free, much as in T’roglodytide. From
the typical Turdide they will be known by the scutellate tarsi,
from all of the family by the greater adhesion of toes, and peculiar
bill; from the Zroglodytide by the notch and hook of bill and other
characters. The only form resembling Sylvicolide (Hylophilus)
has ten primaries and a more notched bill, as well as more united
toes and very large claws.

While in the characters referred to, the three families differ from
those previously under review, their precise limitation among them-
selves has been a subject of much difficulty. The proper position
of Dulus, especially, has been a matter of considerable doubt,
although it seems more properly placed among the Ampelide, being
removed from the Vireonide on account of its less adherent toes,
longer basal phalanges of anterior toes, wider gape, ete. In various
respects, too, Ampelis can hardly be combined with Ptilogonys, as
has been done. It may also be a question whether if Ampelis be
united into the same family with Péclogonys and its allies, Collurio
may not be appropriately added to it. The Myiadestes group of
what has usually formed the subfamily of Péclogonatine, differs in
the longer tarsi, with undivided plates, more deeply cleft toes, etc.,
from Ptilogonys, and should more properly be approximated to the
Turdide, as will hereafter be explained.

The following characters will serve to illustrate the peculiarities
of the three families :-—

1 Except in Myiadestine, which really belong with, or at least near, the
Turdide.
21 May, 1866.

322 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Basal phalanx of anterior toes abbreviated; that of median toe decidedly
shorter than the basal of inner, or the two basal of outer, and adherent
for its whole length on beth sides to the lateral (7. e., not free at all).
Lateral plates of tarsus undivided, except at extreme lower end.

Vireonide. Gonys more than half the length of lower jaw (from tip to
angle of mouth), usually longer than width of mouth, which is narrow.
Bill conical, much compressed, decurved at end and notched, but
scarcely toothed. Frontal feathers bristly and erect, or bent but slightly
forward. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw. Lateral toes generally unequal; outer claw reaching
half way along middle claw.

Basal phalanx of middle toe about as long as the basal of inner, or the two
basal of outer; free externally, at least for about one-third its length,
internally for about one-half. Lateral plates of tarsus with decided
tendency to subdivision (except in Myiadestinz).

Ampelide. Gonys decidedly less than half the length of lower jaw, or
than width of mouth, which is very broad and deeply cleft. Bill tri-
angular, much depressed, decurved at end and notched, with moderate
though decided tooth. Frontal feathers rather soft, scarcely bristly
rorerect. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus equal to or shorter
than middle toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equal; outer claw
reaching only to base of middle claw.

Laniidz. Gonys about half length of lower jaw; about equal to width
of mouth. Bill very powerful and raptorial, much compressed, with a
strongly marked hook, notch, and tooth at end. Frontal feathers very
bristly, and directed forwards, so as to conceal nostrils and base of bill.
Nostrils with bony walls, except behind. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw, sometimes much scutellate on sides. Lateral claws nearly
equal; outer claw reaching a little beyond base of middle claw.

Famity VIREONIDA.

The essential features of this family appear to consist in the com-
bination of the dentirostral bill, notched in both mandibles; the ten
primaries (except Vireosylvia), of which the outer is usually from
one-fourth to one-half the second; the rather short, nearly even tail,
with narrow feathers, and the great amount of adhesion of the
anterior toes—the whole basal joint of the middle being generally
united on both sides to the adjacent joints, and decidedly shorter
than the basal of inner or two basal of outer. The outer lateral toe
is generally appreciably longer than the inner, reaching considerably
beyond the base of the middle claw. The tarsi are always distinctly

VIREONID A. Bue

scutellate anteriorly. The young are never spotted, nor streaked as
in the Thrushes; nor indeed do the adults exhibit such markings.

In the adhesion of the toes at their bases there is some resemblance
to the Zroglodytidx, but their structure is different. In the latter
family the joints are lengthened, the basal of the middle, about as
long as the Ist and 2d of the outer, and equal to or a little longer
than the basal inner. In Vireonide the basal joints are abbreviated ;
the basal of the middle equal to about one and a half joints of the
outer, and not quite as long as the basal inner. This difference is,
perhaps, related to the more or less terrestrial habitat of the one, and
the strictly arboreal of the other. In Vireonide, too, there is a
greater tendency to having three rows of scales on the upper part
of the palm, on the three toes respectively, instead of having the
outer two rows united more into a single series.

The young of Vireonide, before the first full moult—at least
those of Vireo, Vireosylvia, and Hylophilus—are not spotted as in
Turdidz and Myiadestes, but closely resemble the adult.

The Vireonide are peculiar to the New World, and are generally
distributed. Laletes and some species of Vireo and Vireosylvia
are peculiar to the islands; Hylophilus extends to Trinidad and
Tobago; the other genera are confined to the Continent.

The following synopsis of the genera may serve to facilitate their
determination—the primary division being based on the character
of the toes :—

Legs slender; claws weak; lateral toes unequal; the inner claw
reaching about to the base of middle one, the outer nearly
half way towards its tip.
Bill slender; culmen straight, at least for basal half; quite
abruptly and considerably decurved at the end.
Wings pointed, considerably longer than the nearly
even tail; spurious quill either wanting or very
short, not one-third the second : ; . Vireosylvia,
Wings rounded, rather longer than the more or
less rounded tail; spurious quill lengthened,
one-third or more the second; second gener-
ally, and third almost always longer than
secondaries; third or fourth quill usually
longest. Bill rather compressed . _ . Vireo.
Wings much graduated, shorter than the consider-
ably rounded tail; the sixth quill longest ;
second quill much shorter than secondaries ;
third scarcely longer. Bill short, more de-
pressed, and broader between angles of mouth
than in Vireo. : : : ; ‘ . Neochloe.

324 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L.

Bill stout, deep, much compressed, somewhat resembling
Cyclorhis.
Wings pointed, although first quill is about two-
fifths second, which about equals secondaries :
the fifth longest ; claws stouter than Vireosylvia,
although proportions much the same. Bill
with fine longitudinal furrows ; : . Laletes.

Legs stouter; claws large and strong; the lateral toes nearly
equal; the claws of both reaching nearly to or beyond the
middle of the central claw. Hind toe lengthened. First
quill about half the second, which usually equals secon-
daries ; fourth generally longest.
Bill slender, as in Vireo, but more conical, the culmen
straighter, not convex at end, and but little decurved.
Wings about equal to the somewhat rounded tail . /Tylophilus.
Bill very stout and Shrike-like ° . 5 ; . Cyclorhis.
Bill rather more slender than in last . : : - Vireolanius.

Having thus presented the characters of the genera of Vireonide,
before taking them up in detail I propose to present some general
views in regard to the typical members of the family, or Vireosylvia
and Vireo, the true Vireones. Few groups of American birds, of
the same extent, exhibit such diversities of form, there being scarcely
any two that agree closely in the shape and proportions of the wings,
tail, feet, &c., while the larger number stand isolated and single in
their minuter peculiarities of external anatomy.

The colors, however, are very uniform; the upper parts being
olivaceous or ashy, the under white, varied with yellowish; the
face variously striped ; the wings with or without light bars across
the coverts, and light edgings on the secondaries; the tail feathers
unspotted. The iris in many species is red, yellow, or white; the
bill horn color or plumbeous; the legs always dusky. In one
species (atricapillus) the head above is black ; in josephe it is dark
brown.

In view of the great variations of form in the different species,
and their gradual transition from one character to the other, there
would be but little violence done by considering all as belonging to
the single genus Vireo. Those, however, with long-pointed wings
and short even tail, with very small spurious primary or none, may
perhaps be conveniently separated, as Vireosylvia from Vireo, the
former to include Vireosylvia proper, with its slender body and
straight, rather weak bill, and ZLanivireo, with its stouter form,
thick, curved, and powerful bill and stronger feet, like a miniature
Shrike. The gradation from one species to the other of Vireo, as

VIREONID. 325

restricted, is so slight, while those agreeing in one or other feature
differ so much in the remaining points of structure, that it is almost
impossible to group them satisfactorily, and we can only make a few
arbitrary sections of no great sharpness of definition, to aid in
identifying the species—one of them Vireo proper, with longer,
more pointed wings; the other Vireonella (Baird), with the wings
shorter and more rounded.!

The following synopsis is intended to show the characters of the
higher divisions of the group just referred to :—

Vireosyiv1a. Wings long and pointed, one-third or one-fourth longer than
the nearly even or slightly rounded tail. First quill very small (less than
one-third the second), sometimes apparently wanting. Second quill
longer than the seventh, much longer than the secondaries. Tarsi short
(scarcely exceeding .70 of an inch) ; toes rather long.

Vireosylvia. Body.slender and elongated. Bill slender, narrow, straight ;
the culmen straight for its basal half, the commissure quite straight ;
light horn color, paler beneath. Feet weak. Type V. olivaceus.
Species V. olivacea, flavoviridis, campestris, barbatula, agilis, chivi,
philadelphica, gilva, swainsoni, josephe.

! Allusion has already been made, on page 160 of the present work, to the
possibility of detecting a rudimentary primary in nearly or quite all the
Oscines which seem to have but nine. While the apparent presence or
absence of this outer quill is sometimes useful in characterizing genera or even
families, in Vireosylvia it is only of specific importance—the difference being
merely one of development and position of the quill. In V. flavifrons, in
which this outer primary is supposed to be wanting, its presence may easily
be appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of this species consists in a
narrow edging of white to all the primary quills, while the primary coverts
(the small feathers covering their bases, as distinguished from what are usu-
ally termed the wing coverts, which more properly belong to the forearm or
secondaries) are without them. If these coverts are carefully pushed aside,
two small feathers, considerably shorter than the others will be disclosed, one
overlying the other, which (the subjacent one) springs from the base of the
exposed portion of the long outermost primary, and lies immediately against
the outer edge. This small subjacent feather is stiff, falcate, and edged with
white like the other quills, and can be brought partly round on the inner
edge of the large primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The
overlying feather is soft, and without light edge.

In the other Vireos with appreciable spurious or short outer primary, a
similar examination will reveal only one small feather at the outer side of the
base of the exterior large primary. In all the families of Passeres where the
existence of nine primaries is supposed to be characteristic, I have invariably
found, as far as my examinations have extended, that there were two of the
small feathers referred to, while in those of ten primaries but one could be
detected.

326 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Lanivireo. Body stout; head broad. Bill short and stout, broad
at base, the culmen curved from the base, the commissure con-
siderably arched. Bill blue black. Feet stout. Type V. flavifrons.
Species V. flavifrons, solitarius, propinquus, plumbeus.

VirzEo. Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the tail, equal to it, or
shorter. First primary distinct and large, from two-fifths to half or more
the length of the second, shorter or not longer than the eighth.

Vireo. Wings pointed; first quill less than half the second, which
is about equal to seventh or eighth, and decidedly longer than the
tenth primary and the secondaries. Type V. noveboracensis. The
species coming under this section are noveboracensis, carmioli, atri-
capillus, huttoni, belli, vicinior,' and pusilla.

Vireonella, Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the tail; the first
quill half as long as the second (or more than half), which is not
longer than the tenth primary and secondaries, or even less. Bill
and feet generally much stouter than the preceding. Type V.
gundlachi, The species belonging here are modestus,? latimeri,
pallens, ochraceus, crassirostris, gundlachi, and hypochryseus.

The Vireones are found throughout the New World, both to
the extreme north and south, each section having peculiar forms.
None of the North American species are ever met with in the West
Indies, excepting V. olivaceus, solitarius, flavifrons, and novebora-
censis, in Cuba, where they are extremely rare, and occur only as
stragglers. They, however, penetrate on the Continent far to the
south, in winter, some even reaching Bogota.

VIREOSYLVIA, Bon.

Vireosylvia, Bon. Geog. Comp, List, 1838. (Type Muscicapa olivacea, Lin.)
Phyllomanes, Cas. Arch. Nat. 1847, 1,321. (Notype mentioned ; name
proposed as substitute for Vireosylvia.)

Wings pointed, longer than the tail, which is nearly even, or very slightly
rounded. First primary (as in the type), wanting apparently in some species.
Bill elongated, about as broad as deep at base, then becoming more and more
compressed ; the commissure and culmen nearly straight to the abruptly de-
curved and hooked tip. Both mandibles with distinct notch, the lower also
slightly hooked. Nostrils open, oval, in lower edge of cavity, with membrane
above and behind; the frontal feathers advanced and reaching nearly to
posterior edge. Bristles in frontal feathers and in rictus to moderate extent.
Legs in type rather short and weak; tarsus but little longer than middle toe

‘ V. vicinior has the first quill half or rather more than half the second,

but otherwise falls within the-limits of the present section.

2 V. modestus in very small bill and other characters belongs very near V.
huttoni of the preceding section, although its short wing brings it under the
present one.

VIREOSYLVIA. 327

and claw, with seven well-marked scutelle anteriorly. Outer lateral toe the
longer, reaching beyond base of middle; claws much curved, compressed,

Se

A

Vireosylvia olivacea.*

acute. In the dried specimen entire basal joint of middle toe adherent to one
and three-fourths joints of outer, and the whole basal joint of inner; the ad-
hesion externally extending indeed a little over the second joint of middle toe.”

VIREOSYLVIA, Bon.

The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species of
Vireosylvia as restricted :—

Common CuARAcTERS.—AII species olive above, white or yellowish beneath.
An ashy or brownish cap, contrasting more or less abruptly with the olive
back. A whitish superciliary stripe extending to the nape, and a dusky one
to and behind the eye. No light bands on the coverts. Inside of wings
(flanks sometimes) and crissum yellowish, otherwise usually white beneath.

A. Bill lengthened; gape or commissure less than twice the
distance from nostril to end of bill. Nospurious primary.
Cap ashy, in contrast with olive green of back, edged
with dusky, forming a faint supra-ocular dark

stripe. A dusky stripe on each side of the chin.
Superciliary stripe and cheeks, especially anterior
to the eye, and the chin tinged with brown-
ish-buff. Ash of head indistinctly defined,
owing to a wash of olivaceous. Olive of

1 In the following figures the left foot is always given, and from the outer
side.

2 In the fresh bird the whole of the basal joint of the inner toe is adherent
to the first phalanx of the middle, the membrane reaching a very little above
the distal end of the latter. The basal joint of the outer, and more than half
of the second joint are likewise adherent to the middle toe, the membrane
extending to the middle of the second joint. The basal joints are thus united
into a palm, not cleft at all. The upper surfaces of this palm are covered
with hexagonal, not quadrangular scales, arranged in a connected pavement
in three series. When the toes are extended, the hinder reaches to a point
intermediate between the slightly unequal lateral toes, and nearly to the
middle of the claw of the central toe.

328 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

back tinged with brown, and a wash of olive
across the breast

Superciliary stripe and cheek cigien: arhite with-
out any buff. Breast and chin quite pure
white. Olive of back clear and pure; the
ash of head well defined, and with little or
no tinge of olive . 5 .

Cap distinctly ashy, in decided sonitraet with the olive
back. No stripe on each side the chin.

Outer quill about equal to, or very little shorter
than the fourth. Second longest. Wing
three inches long.

Dusky edge of ashy cap very distinct.
Sides but slightly olivaceous. Cris-
sum and axillars faintly yellowish.
Inner edge of quills white. Concealed
portion of tail feathers wood brown.
Bill and feet pale brown

Outer quill about midway between fourth and
fifth. Second usually longest. Wing three
inches long.

Dusky edge of cap and whitish super-
ciliary line indistinct. Sides from
neck broadly olive yellow. Crissum
and axillars deep sulphur yellow.
Concealed portion of tail feathers
olive green. Inner edge of quills
yellowish ° . ‘ :

Outer quill shorter than fifth, midway between
fifth and sixth. Third quill longest. Wing
not exceeding 2.80 inches. Dusky edge of
cap very distinct. Concealed portion of tail
feathers ‘olive green.

Sides broadly olivaceous. Crissum and
axillars sulphur yellow, less than in
flavoviridis. Length about 5.50, Wing
2.80 . . ‘ : :

Color of sides and crissum less intense.
Size much smaller. Length 5.00.
Wing 2.50. Tail feathers narrow

B. Bill short, weak; gape more than twice the distance from
nostril to end of bill. With spurious primary, except in
philadelphicus. Cap not edged with dusky.

No spurious primary. Cap-ashy. Back olive. Under
parts sulphur yellow, paler on chin and abdomen.

Second primary rather shorter than the sixth

A short spurious primary, less than one-third the second
quill. Beneath white. Cap ashy. Back olivace-
ous ash.

[PART I.

calidris.

barbatula.

olivacea.

. flavoviridis.

. agilis.

chivi.

- philadelphica.

VIREOSYLVIA. 329

Second primary about equal to sixth, or longer. gilvra.
Second primary about equal to seventh. Bill
much depressed . j : 3 . swainsont.
Spurious primary longer, rather more than one-third
the second quill. Cap brown. Back olive. Chin
and throat white; rest of under parts sulphur
yellow.
Second primary about equal to seventh *. - joseph.

Vireosylvia calidris.

? Motacilla calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 184; 12th ed. I,
1766, 329 (based on Epwarps, tab. 121, fig. 2 (Jamaica).— Vireo-
sylvia calidris, BAIRD.

? Muscicapa oliracea, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 327 (Muscicapa olivacea, Ep-
warps, tab. 253, Jamaica).

? Vireo virens, Bopp. Tabl. Pl. enl. 1782 (based on Pl. enl. 273, fig. 1,
Merle de St. Domingue).

? Turdus hispaniolensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 822 (based on Merula
olivacea dominicensis, Brisson, II, 296, St. Domingo).

Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieiu. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 67, pl. 31 (St. Do-
mingo).— Vireo altiloqua, Gray, Genera.—Sauuf, P. Z. S. 1857,
231 (St. Domingo).—Marca, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 294 (Jamaica ;
eggs).— Vireosylvia altiloqua, Bon. Consp. 1850, 330.—A. & E. New-
TON, Ibis, 1559, 149 (Santa Cruz; eggs).—Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VIII, 1864, 99 (Sombrero).—??Scuarer & Satvin, P. Z. 8. 1864,
348 (Isthmus Panama!).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 375 (St.
Thomas).—Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72 (Jamaica).—Is. Catal. 1861,
43, no. 262.

Vireo longirostris, Swatnson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 237 (Jamaica).

Phyllomanes mystacalis, Cas. Wieg. Arch. 1847; Orn. Not. II, 348 (West
Indies).

Vireosylvia olivacea, Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 194.

Vireosylvia atripennis, LAWRENCE, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 106 (Sombrero).

Hab. Jamaica, 8t. Domingo, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and

Sombrero.

(No, 23,324, 5.) Second and 3d quills equal, then 4th, the 1st intermediate
between 4th and 5th, but nearer the former.

Top of head dull ash color, the rest of upper parts olive green (also tinging
the ash of head), washed very slightly with brownish; pure olivaceous only
towards rump, and on the edges of quills and tail feathers ; the outer edges
of greater secondary wing coverts more yellowish. Beneath white, tinged
with greenish-yellow, the sides olivaceous, with a decided tinge of the same
across the breast; the crissum, axillars, and edges of the inner wing coverts
greenish-yellow. Inner edges of the primary quills nearly white, of the
secondaries and of the tail feathers olivaceous-yellowish.

A broad pale stripe from nostrils over the eye to nape, anteriorly tinged
strongly with buff; a dusky stripe from commissure through the eye, and a

330 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART ile

still darker narrow line each side the chin along lower edge of under mandible,
the space between this stripe and the one through the eye like the supra-
ocular stripe, and like it, tinged anteriorly with buff; a decided indication of
this color seen also on the chin,

The ashy cap is so much overlaid with olivaceous as to be scarcely percep-
tible, and without distinct outline ; the outer edge is dusky as in V. olivaceus,
but almost inappreciable. The primary quills are dark brown.

(No. 23,958, 4.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.50; difference of.
exposed portion of lst and 2d primary, .20; difference of 5th and 2d, .30;
length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .47, along gape, .90 ; tarsus, .75 ;
middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .47, claw
alone, .22.

The quills in all the Jamaican specimens before me show great
constancy in proportions, the second and third about equal, the
former if anything slightly longer; the fourth next, the first (or
outer) nearly midway between the fourth and fifth, sometimes a little
nearer the latter. The same formula prevails in St. Croix and one
Sombrero skin; in a St. Thomas specimen the first quill is but little
longer than the fifth, in this respect more like the average of Cuban
and Bahaman birds.

The coloration as above described varies somewhat in other speci-
mens, the buff wash on sides of head and chin being sometimes
more decided, sometimes less so, but always appreciable.

Messrs. Sclater & Salvin (P. Z. 8. 1864, 348) refer to a specimen
of “V_ altiloqua” from the Jsthmus of Panama. May not this be
the V. frenata of Dubus, from Ocafia, New Grenada ?*

Vireosylvia atripennis, of Mr. Lawrence, from Sombrero island,
differs in blacker quills and tail feathers, a dusky tinge on top of
head, and to a less degree beneath, as also on the inner edges of
quills and tail feathers.

After a careful examination of the type specimen, however, I am
unable to satisfy myself of its being really a distinct species. The
quills and tail feathers are, it is true, darker than in V. calidris, but
an investigation shows that to be due, in part at least, to a blackish
foreign matter, partly deposited in grains, which ean be rubbed off,
and is removable to a considerable extent by benzine, but not by
water. After washing the quills on one side in benzine, I found no

' An identification of Vireosylvia frenata of Dubus (Bulletin de Bruxelles,
XXII, I, 1855, 150; Ocana, N. Grenada), if truly of this genus, with either V.
calidris or barbatula, can hardly be justified. From the description it would
seem to be much less olivaceous above (yellowish-ash), the top of the head
pure ash; the quills and tail feathers ashy brown, margined with yellowish,
very different from the two species just mentioned; the length of 19} centi-
metres, or more than 74-inches, greatly exceeds their dimensions.

VIREOSYLVIA. 331

appreciable difference there from V. calidris, of Jamaica and St.
Croix. The wing formula differs slightly in being 3. 2. 4. 5. 1.; the
outer quill being a little shorter than the fifth. A second specimen
from Sombrero is undistinguishable in coloration from Jamaican
skins, and has the 1st quill intermediate between the fourth and fifth.

In the absence of a larger number of specimens I cannot say what
are the exact relationships of the St. Croix and St. Thomas birds
to the Jamaican. The two before me I cannot in any way distinguish
from some Jamaican skins, among which there is some variation.
Specimens from Porto Rico and St. Domingo are also similar in
general features. There is considerable variation in the size of bill
in specimens from the same locality.

There can be little question that the figure of Edwards, upon
which the name of Linneeus is based, refers to the Jamaican long-billed
Vireo, although he does not satisfactorily express the color of the
under parts. I have, therefore, restored calidris as the specific name.

The Muscicapa olivacea, of Linneeus, which has usually been con-
sidered to refer to the North American red-eyed Vireo, is based on
pl. 253 of Edwards’ Gleanings, which is unquestionably the Jamaican
Vireo now under discussion. Linneus, however, associates with it
the figure of Catesby, I, tab. 54, which is the North American bird.
The name of JL calidris, at any rate, takes precedence of olivacea,
as occurring in the 10th edition.

Thirty specimens examined.

Smith- Collec-) Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No No. | Age. | 3)
23,325 45 3d | Savannah le Mar, Aug. 26, ’58.| Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.
PETS PAE Ae o& | Trelawney [Jam. | June 10, ’59. | of aeelstels
38,050 | 53 3 | Spanishtown, Jam. | May, 1865. | W. Thos. March. | _......
38,048 | 53 2 ss ES | ee ar acme fi) flo BES 8 taser
37,584 Ns & | Metcalfe Parish,‘ | April 2. Prof..G..N2Allens|| | Beiecns
40,072 Ae .. | Jeremie, Hayti. is Prof. Agassiz. P. R. Uhbler.
3 eye AG Ly ; avai t se
39,349 5 -. | Porto Rico, N. side. cists Geo. Latimers= “Wi sents
39,350 a, HG se tie SSeS MAGS Sw et
39,351 ere ote gs afets ERS WAL CS a | geet cyst ots
es ae 8 Sombrero Island. April19,’64.| Cab. Lawrence. A. A. Julien.
142 $6 April 1, 64. g¢ sf
eC -» | St Thomas. se £4 [tomes io © isces
: set | St. Croix. 1858. Cab, Asi EaNew=|) \esssce

( .) Type of V. atripennis. (40,072.) From alcohol.

Vireosylvia barbatula.

Phyllomanes barbatulus, Cas. Jour. II, 1855, 467 (Cuba).—Gunpnaca,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba).—Is. Repertorio, Cuba, 1865.

Vireo altiloquus, Gampet, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1848, 127 (Florida).—Bainp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 354 (Florida).

332 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. PART I,

Vireosylvia altilugua, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 152.—Is. Ilust. 1254,
8, and 221, pl. 37 (Florida).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. V, 1859, 113
(Bahamas).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1860 (Cuba).

Hab. Cuba; the Bahamas, and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Coast.)

(No. 259,58, 5, Cuba.) Proportion of quills asin V. calidris, 2.=3. 4.1. 5.,
but the tips of the quills closer together, and the Ist quill about half ora little
less than half the distance’
between 5th and 4th; the
quills narrower.

Colors similar to those
of V. caldris, but of a
purer and paler olive
above; the back tinged
with ash; the cap purer
ash, and better defined,
without olivaceous wash,

Vireosylvia barbatula. (Cuba.) its dusky edge more dis-
tinct. The superciliary
stripe whitish, or grayish, with the cheeks paler, and both, as well as the chin,

without the buff tinge. Under parts nearly pure white, very faintly tinged
across the breast with ashy; the sides olivaceous; the crissum and axillars
pale sulphur yellow.
(No. 25,958, 4.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.15; tail, 2.50; difference of
* Ist and 2d quills, .18, of 5th and 2d, .22; length of bill from forehead, .82,
from nostril, .46, along gape, .89; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .60, claw
alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .23.

The black-whiskered Vireos of Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida are
distinguished by the characters just mentioned from the Jamaican
species, and agree in coloration very well among themselves. While
in V. calidris the first quill is, with scarcely an exception, about
midway between the fourth and fifth, the second a little longer than
the third, the tendency in the present series is to have the third quill .
rather the longer, and the first only equalling the fifth. Only in
No. 17,711 and 25,958, from Cuba, and 34,513, from Nassau, is the
first quill longer, or reaching nearly half way from the 5th to the 4th.

Smith- Collee-| Sex Whe |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Coll - ed Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. CSC Lee: |

|
25.958 Be efe Cuba. wee Dr Gund lach=aa |e coe
33,064 os “ “ Re. Seis
a 243 ee ate. Cab, Lawrence. | Dr. Gundlach.
17,711 ae Monte Verde, Cuba.) May 6. C. Wright. | YB eect ee
13,505 ses || se Nassau, N. P Dee. $5259" Dr.. Bryant: say) eats cen
34,514 | 23+] .. ‘“ [Fla. | May 14, 64] Lt.C.L.Fitzgerald.| ......

24,282 , 243 we Charlotte Harbor, June, 1848. | Dr. Heermann. | soverevers

VIREOSYLVIA. 333

Vireosylvia olivacea.

Muscicapa olivacea, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 327 (based on Epwarns, tab.
253, and Caressy, pl. 54).—Wins. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 53, pl. xiis
fig. 3.—Lanius olivaceus, Licut. Verz. 1823, 49 (N. Amer. ).— Vireo
olivaceus, ViriLu., Bon. Obs. Wils. 1826, 124.—Swauns. F. B. A. I,
1831, 233.—Auvup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 150.—Is. B. A. IV, pl. 243.—
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 331.—Vireosylvia oliv. Bon., Geog.
Comp. List, 1838.—Is. Consp. 1850, 329.—Remuarpt, Vid. Med.
f. 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).—Is. Ibis, III, 7.—Sciarer, P. Z. 8.
1855, 151 (Bogota) ; 1859, 137, 363 (Xalapa).—Ib. Catal. Am. Birds,

» 1861, 43, no. 261.—A. & E. Newron, Ibis, 1859, 145.—Scrarer &
Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Lawrencr, Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VII, 1860, 246 (Cuba).—Ibis, 1864, 394 (Derby, Engl. May, 1859).
—Phyllomanes oliv. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 63.—Is. Jour. 1860,
404 (Costa Rica).—Gunpu. Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).

2 Vireo virescens, ViEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 84, pl. iii (Penna.).—
? Gray, Genera, I, 267, pl. Ixv.

Vireo bogotensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 227 (Bogota).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1863 (Birds Panama, IV, No. 378).

Hab. Whole of Eastern North America (Halifax, Greenland, Fort Simpson),
west to base of Rocky Mts., reaching Fort Bridger and still further northward
to Bitterroot Mts. and Kootenay; south to Panama and Bogota, in winter
(Xalapa only in Mexico); very rare in Cuba (only West Indian locality).
Accidental in England.

(No. 1,418, 4, Carlisle, Pa., May, 1844.) Upper parts olive green. Top of
head, from bill to nape, ash color. A white line from nostrils above and
beyond the eye, bordered above by a dusky line forming the edge of the ashy
cap, and below by a similar, perhaps paler loral and post-ocular cheek stripe.
Beneath, including tibie, white, with perhaps a tinge of olivaceous ash across
the breast; the sides of neck like the back; sides of the body with a faint
wash of olive. Axillars and crissum faintly tinged with sulphur yellow; lining
of wings and its edge, the latter especially, nearly white. Quills blackish-

Vireosylvia olivacea.

brown, edged externally, except at ends of primaries, with olive, internally
with white. Tail feathers lighter brown, edged externally like the back, in-
ternally with pale olivaceous-white.

Bill dusky above, pale below; tarsi plumbeous ; iris red.

334 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Female birds generally similar, but smaller.

(No. 1,418, 4.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 6.33; expanse of wings,
10.25 ; wing from carpal joint, 3.33. Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.75;
wing, 3.20; tail, 2.50; difference between Ist and 2d primaries, .17, of 5th
and 2d, .10, of 9th and longest, .86; length of bill from forehead, .70, from
nostril, .42, along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .77 ; middle toe and claw, .¢5, claw alone,
-20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .21.

In No. 1,418 the second quill is longest, the third and fourth a
little shorter; the first or outer a little less than the fourth, much
longer than the fifth. In other specimens the first quill is longer
than the fourth; generally, it may be said, that the first quill is
always (or with rare exceptions) nearly equal to the fourth, some-
times a little longer, sometimes a little shorter ; always much longer
than the fifth, the second quill always longest of all.

There is some variation in color in this species, both individual
and seasonal. In No. 34,081, %, from Iowa, the colors are purer
and brighter; the ash of crown dark and clear, without the olivace-
ous wash so frequently met with. The dusky markings about the
head are almost black, and there is almost no yellowish whatever on
the crissum.

Autumnal and late summer specimens are much more brightly
colored; the olive clearer, the gray of head more sharply defined,
and the crissum and axillars with a strong tinge of yellowish. In
only a single spring specimen out of twenty is there a positive,
though still pale sulphur yellow crissum, all others showing this
faintly or not at all. The most brightly colored autumnal skin in
the series is No. 22,308 (Washington, October), in which the colors
are nearly as vivid as in V. chivi, and perhaps answering to JV.
virescens of Vieillot:+

There is considerable difference in thickness, and some in the length

' In the article on Vireonidz, in the Pacific R. R. Report, page 333 (Birds
N. America) I have given the name of V. virescens, Vieillot, to the Bartramian
Vireo, V. agilis. In this, however, I am now satisfied I was wrong. The
specific name was based by Vieillot (Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXVI, 1819,
104) on a bird killed in New Jersey. He describes the top of the head as
‘blackish ;” the figure, however, distinctly represents a black line bordering the
crown, and above the light supra-ocular stripe. The quills and tail feathers
are said to be edged with greenish, the lower tail coverts to be yellowish, the
length 4.60. Nothing is said about the proportions of the quills. In view
of all the circumstances, locality, etc., it is very probable that this description
belongs to a young, perhaps autumnal V, o/ivacea, a name apparently unknown
to Vieillot. There is no indication in the description of the very bright colors
of V. chivi or agilis, the olive being described as having a strong grayish tinge.

VIREOSYLVIA. 335

of bill. Young birds have considerably shorter bills, the colors less
vivid, but otherwise similar to the adults.

I find no appreciable differences in specimens from Guatemala,
Panama, and Bogota, either in size or other characters, which can-
not be readily matched by northern skins.

The name of Linneus, cited for this species, is based by him on
pl. 253 of Edwards’ Gleanings, and on pl. 54 of Catesby’s Carolina;
the former, however, and that first mentioned, being unquestionably
the Jamaican V. calidris, while the latter refers to the subject of the
present article. A strict adherence to the rule of priority may re-
quire the name “‘olivaceus,” therefore, to be thrown aside, and some
other, as “virescens,” Vieill., adopted; but as Catesby’s plate has
priority of Edwards’, we may perhaps consider the priority of quota-
tion as neutralized, and leave “olivaceus” for the species. A similar
question exists in reference to the proper specific name of the North
American “ Mimus polyglottus.” Iam not quite satisfied, however,
that either of these names should be retained.

About one hundred and thirty specimens have been examined,
from various localities throughout the whole eastern province of the
United States.

Smith-|Collec-) Sex Winer
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. i
26,933 ste te Halifax, N. S. seis Wil Ge Winton) wissen
1,418 g | Carlisle, Pa. May 1°44.) S-FoBaird. | || a Sitce
1,435 d “ May 3, *44. CORT alg a cS
fit 4 40 ul oaeteen| ee “ “ tee Ee ees
29,245 | 737 & | Washington, D.C. | April26,’60.| Dr. E. Cones, | © acess
32,274 she .» | Liberty County, Ga. Sie Jos.Leconte; ||| ~~ “essere
3,823 a .. | Eutaw, Ala. sere Prof. Winchell, | = e-eeee
19,554 | 620 @ | Fort Resolution. June 7, R. Kennicott. | + sseece
22,678 | 509 .» | Fort Simpson. dunei22;"60; |B. RaRossi. 9) | | 7 arictecis
27.035 ts .. | Selkirk Settlement. BOG Geo. M’Tavish. | «seccc
21,049 oe Ss f ais Donald Gunn. Ty Mele stctesare
39,358 Bie 2 Cook County, I11. June-9;.’64; | KR. Kennicott; . |) | eeases
24,287 a .. | Neosho Falls. Summer. Bobs Goss: 9 2 || ato oeesecnce
34,358 | 318 .| ¢ | Republican Fork. May 26°"64.)| Drove. Coues, = |) | ssscee
19,084 57 Q Fort Cobb, Ark. May 25,60; | J. He Clarks ~ 790i" sspneii=
21,945 | 540 ic) |eack River. Wa Te
Kootenay. June 14,’60.| A. Campbell. | Dr. Kennerly.
22,013 96 -. | Bitterroot Valley. | Sept. 4,’60.| Dr. J.G.Cooper. | _—......-
11.063 ats .. | Fort Bridger. Septids:57) iC; Drexierwey Gen 2st
13,181 os 2 Missouri River, 800
miles ab. St. Louis. Fine Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall.
3,4181 51 do | Sioux City, Iowa. May 20,’64.| Capt. J. Feilner. | ......
8,695 as -» | Fremont, Platte Riy. ata Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
6,813 16 od | Devil's River, Tex. aes Col. Graham. J. H. Clark.
6,814 ets -» | Western Texas. eet Capti da Pope; “|| | swans.
13,602 aye -» | Guatemala. AGE Jy Gouldeaseiaey aim) Be clectcins
a 163 me s orate Cab. Lawrence. | ~~ ......
33, 298 ae -- | San Jose, C. R. nels Ti Carmiolyes 16!) 2 1 esteccias
29,550 As -- | Costa Rica. aes Berlin Musi... ih ce Berccee
eis ee -.- | Panama R. R. igs Cab. Lawrence. M’Leannan,
32,290 oa -- | Bogota. siete G.N. Lawrence, | scicss2
34,623 ce JPL PR OOMOS yor |MESI mietatstcysts

(21,945.) With eggs.

336 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Vireosylvia flavoviridis.
Vireosylvia flav. Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1851, 152.—Is. VI, pl. ii
(Panama).—ScuaTER, P. Z. 8. 1856, 298 (Cordova).—Is. 1859, 375
(Oaxaca ; April).—In. Catal. 1861, 44, no. 264.—Scrarer & Satvin,
Ibis, I, 1859 12 (Guatemala}.— Vireo flav. Barro, Birds N. Am.
1858, 332.—Phyllomanes flav. Cas. Jour. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica).

Hab. From northern border of Mexico to Isthmus of Panama, especially on
west side.

(No. 3,976, 5.) Above olive green; the whole top of head and nape ash
color, the edges of this cap, and a loral line dusky, but not very decidedly so.
A grayish-white line from
nostrils over the eye. Be-
neath white, the sides of the
neck, breast, and body bright
olivaceous-yellow ; the axil-
lars and crissum rich sul-
phur yellow. On the breast
the yellow extends almost
to the median line, the color
of opposite sides separated

Vireosylvia flavoviridis. (Panama.) by a narrow interval. Quills

dusky brown; margined ex-

ternally, except at ends of primaries, with olive green, iuternally with grayish-

white of a decided yellow shade. Tail feathers dark olivaceous-brown, bright
olive externally, internally olivaceous-yellow. Iris yellow or “red.”

Bill horn-color, paler below. Legs plumbeous. Wings long and pointed.
Second and 3d quills nearly equal; 4th a little less; 1st about intermediate
between 4th and 5th.

(No. 3,976.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60; difference of 1st
and 2d quills, .30, of 2d and 5th, .15, of 9th and longest, .70; length of bill
from forehead, .70, from nostril, .45, along gape, .85; tarsus, .70; middle toe
and claw, .58, claw alone, .14; hind toe and claw, .42, claw alone, .20.

Specimens appear to vary somewhat in intensity of coloration,
size and shape of bill, and in dimensions, but little otherwise. The
sexes are similar. The wing formula above mentioned is the preva-
lent, though in a few instances the first quill is about equal to or a
very little less than the fifth.

This species is of about the size of V. olivacea, or a little larger;
the tail longer proportionally, the wings shorter and much less
pointed. The wing formula is much the same, but the difference of
the shortest and longest primaries is about .70, instead of .90, as in
olivacea. The bills are not dissimilar; the coloration, however,
appreciably different. The dusky lines over and through the eye
are much less vivid, the white one less distinct. The decided olive
yellow of the entire side of body from neck to crissum, extending

VIRUOSYLVIA. 33%

beyond the closed wings and encroaching on the front part of the
breast, is never seen in olivacea, where any olive is concealed. The
crissum and axillars are much brighter yellow; the inner edges of
the quills yellowish, not white. The tail feathers are decidedly
olivaceous in their concealed portion, not clear brown; and the
olivaceous of the back is much brighter and more yellow.

Smith-|Collee-| Sex <Wan
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll al Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. ocetod.

g

3,976 172 cv Monterey, Mex. Et: DsN. Couch.) ||) 7 essere
SOV7 ib 178 | wer “ Se Cer Sey Galaeets eee
34,021 0 Mazatlan, Mex. Junel6,’62.| Col. A.J.Grayson.| =. «es es
34,023 000 nes ee Ue he Re Goose
34,024 | 0000 ‘*¢ [ma, Mex. ss ed Pe es sShado
23,787 | 151 Rosario, near Coli-| June, 1863. | J. Xantus. = | — seeeee
23,782 157 ara COT Ee erect | ee ileisererere
23,790 164 se CO es ised ecient) tisesrerste
30,504 | 134 San Jose, C. R. Dr. v. Frantzius, | = e+ + «ee
30,505 179 ee Sor, ee lee PDAS cietejeisys
33,296 133 Wy) Tiere Sa5aces
33,297 Ns ss we weCarmioly | Pol.) sawcesie
35,929 Isthmus Panama. | Jan. 25,’65.| F. Hicks. = 8 | — eeeeee
54,608 ae ss foie JaHeOROOMEs — i. , cerewieein

ne 170 oe se ae Cabilawrence: } ascews

38,928 | .. Jv Panama. Jan..12,°65.| Fi. Hicks. = | «sees

(3,976.) Eyes yellow. (38,929.) Bye red. (38,928.) Eye chocolate.

Vireosylvia chivi.

Sylvia chivi, Viritu. ‘Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 174 (based on Azara, Con-
tramestre Gaviero, Apuntam. II, 34, no. 152).—Is. Encyclop.
Méth. 1823, 437.

Hab. La Plata region; north to Bahia.

(No. 16,340, 9.) General distribution of color the same as in V. olivacea.
The concealed portion of tail feathers more olivaceous than brown. The
inner edges of the quills pale olivaceous-
yellow, of the rectrices brighter yellow.
Sides of the body greenish-yellow. Axil-
lars and crissum sulphur yellow. Super-
ciliary dusky stripe deep and distinct.
Bill plumbeous, dusky above, pale at the
base below.

Third quill longest; 2d and 4th very
little shorter; lst shorter than the 5th,
nearly intermediate between it and the
6th.

(No. 16,340.) Total length, 4.95; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.10; width of lateral
feather, .25; difference of Ist and 2d quills, .14, of 1st and 3d, .21, of 2d and
5th, .09, of 3d (longest) and 9th, .54; length of bill from forehead, .59, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .67 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
-14; hina toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .15.

A male bird, No. 30,973, from the Vermejo, is of precisely the same size.

22 May, 1866.

20973

Vireosylvia chivi.

(Vermeijo Riv.)

338 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1.

In a pretty extensive series of specimens of South American
Vireos, which have been referred to V. chivi, agilis, bartramii, ete.
of authors, supposed to be synonyms of the same species, I find
considerable differences which apparently indicate the presence of
two or even three species, differing almost too much in size and
coloration to be considered the same. I have therefore selected the
specimens from Captain Page’s Paraguay expedition as typical of
. the oldest name, V. chivi, based on Azara’s descriptions. These
specimens, two in number, agree with Azara’s bird in the small size ;
the coloration is less intense than in the rest, the yellow of the under
parts being not much brighter than in olivaceus, but as a spring
plumage this is to be expected, if, as is probable, Azara’s descrip-
tion was taken from autumnal birds.

The great inferiority in size to V. olivaceus, and the difference in
the wing formula, will at once distinguish this species or race. The
coloration of No, 16,340 is almost precisely that of No. 1,418, the
type of the description of V. olivaceus, the olive being only a little
deeper, the axillars brighter yellow.

If there are two species of South American Vireos of the chivi
type, as suggested, the more southern appears to be the smaller
and the northern one the larger, although not closely restricted.
Thus a specimen in the collection labelled ‘‘ Buenos Ayres,” possibly
erroneously, however, is as large as the largest, while two from
Bahia are as small as the La Plata skins described.

aaeaalcenes Sex

: 3 When .
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.
10,173? a ae Bahia,-Brazil. sate | Dr Gacabanis. — || 1) ecoes
° 158 ° se Be
16,340 | 115 2 Brazil. Oct. 1859. | Capt. Page, Expl. Chr. Wood.
ae

Cab. Lawrence. | _......

20,973 37 c Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. ‘* Tof Parana.

Vireosylvia agilis.

Lanius agilis, Licur. Verz. Doubl. 1823, no. 526 (Bahia, Brazil).—
? Thamnophilus agilis, Sprx, Av. Bras. II, tab. xxxiv, fig. 1.— Phyllo-
manes agilis, Burm. Th. Bras. Végel, II, 1856, 108.—Vireosylvia
agilis, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1860, 64, 273 (Ecuador).—Is. Catal. 186],
44, no. 263 (Bogota, etc.).

Vireo bartramii, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 235 (not of Aup.).

Vireosylvia virescens, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. 1851, 151.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8.
1855, 151 (Bogota).—Vireo virescens, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858,
333 (Brazil), not of V1EILL.

Hab. South America; south to Buenos Ayres, Ecuador, Guatemala.

VIREOSYLVIA. 339

(No. 2,034.) Similar to V. olivacea in olive of upper parts, lead colored
eap edged with blackish, a whitish superciliary, and dusky loral stripe.
Sides, however, more conspicuously olivace-
ous yellow; axillars and crissum purer yel-
low ; inner edges of quills and tail feathers
pale, but distinctly yellowish ; rest of under
parts greenish-white.

Third quill longest ; 2d and 4th scarcely
less; Ist intermediate between 5th and 6th.

(No. 2,034.) Total length, 5.50; wing,
2.80; tail, 2.35 ; width of outer feather, .30;
difference of lst and 3d primaries, .27, of 2d
and 5th, .15, of 3d and 9th, .54; length of
bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .37, along gape, .77; tarsus, .70; middle
toe and claw, .53; hind toe and claw, .44 (claw broken).

Vireosylvia agilis. (Guatemala.)

The ashy cap does not extend over the nape, and is rounded off
behind, leaving the sides of occiput olive.

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. A. Newton, differs in
much brighter and deeper olive and yellow shades; the ash of cap
extends farther back on the nape, but is rather rounded behind.
The concealed portion of the tail feathers is almost as distinctly
olive as the back. The wing is unusually long, measuring 2.95; the
first quill is about equal to the fifth; the difference of shortest and
longest quills .62.

Another specimen (No. 8,050, from Guatemala), which may pos-
sibly belong even to a different species, is equally bright in colora-
tion with preceding, and the ash of cap extends still more over the
nape, widening behind; the posterior outline almost transverse. The
tail feathers are broader (.35) ; the wing shorter (2.75) ; the first quill
intermediate between the fifth and sixth; the difference of longest
and shortest quills .55. One from Ecuador, referred here, in poor
condition, differs in some minor points. One from Buenos Ayres,
again, is unusually large, the tail longer, the wing equal to the
Trinidad specimen.

Compared with V. chivi, of the La Plata region, this species, as
described above, is considerably larger, and in size nearer to V. oli-
vacea; the wings are more pointed, the olive yellow and yellow of
the sides and under parts brighter and more distinct.

From V. olivacea it differs in the much brighter coloration of
the under parts, and in the wing formula, as well as in inferior size.
In many points of coloration it bears a close resemblance to V. flavo-
viridis. It is, however, smaller and less brightly colored, and the
olive yellow of the sides does not encroach so much on the breast.
There is also an appreciable difference in the markings of the head,

340 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

the dusky edges of the cap, and the dark loral line, relieved against
a whitish superciliary stripe, so distinct in olivacea and agilis, being
scarcely or much less appreciable in flavoviridis. The wings are
more rounded in agilis; the first quill considerably shorter than
fifth, instead of being nearly equal or longer.

This species, whether what I describe as V. chivi be the same or
not, scarcely extends north of Continental South America—the skin
from Guatemala, just mentioned, being almost the only one quoted,
and the locality of this may possibly be erroneous, even if the bird be
not of a different species. I have never found any indication of the
occurrence of any bird of this type in the West Indies or North
America in recent times.1

It is quite probable that the careful comparison of a larger number
of good specimens of Vireos of the type of chivi and agilis may re-
sult in establishing the existence of one or two more species; that
from “Guatemala” (No. 8,050), at least, is different in several points
from the rest, and I had provisionally named it before concluding
that it was best to allow the decision of the question to rest upon
the examination of a better series.

Smith- Collec-| Sex | When
sonian tor’s and | Locality. Collected: Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. |
10,174 eg 2 | §. Brazil. as Dye Cabamigvserme cit) 5u A socatee
2,034 es as Brazil. Sina 8. F. Baird. Langsdorff.
15,070 oe a Buenos Ayres. cies Se LOM MSE NOse Mite i Pitan
34,091 $3 ri Quito, Ecuador. eels Prof..Jameson. [ | «ies
se sis ie Trinidad. Sais Cab. AG Eo Newell) “(sesetcts
8,050 ae ne ““Guatemala.”’ Joc J. Gould. ftom |) #8 create

(8,050.) ‘* Perhaps erroneous locality.”’

Vireosylvia philadeliphica.

Vireosylvia philadelphica, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1857, 153.—In.
VI, pl. i, fig. 1 (Philadelphia).—Sciater & Sanviy, Ibis, I, 1859,
' T have never met with a bird agreeing with the description of Vireo bar-
tramii, of Audubon. The proportions of the body and the quills are much as
in V. agilis. The tail, however, is said to be “wood-brown margined with
paler,” instead of olivaceous ; and the lower parts ‘‘ white, the breast tinged
with pale yellow, and the throat and sides with gray,” instead of being white
below ; the crissum bright sulphur yellow, the flanks yellowish-olive. The
crown (not the nape) is “deep gray, bordered by a line of blackish,’ which
separates it from all known North American species, excepting V. olivaceus
and /arbatulus, from which the proportions of the quills are entirely different.
If, therefore, this species be really as described by Audubon, it has been
entirely unnoticed since his time, although distinct, and should be carefully
sought for by ornithologists in the Eastern United States.

VIREOSYLVIA. 341

12 (Guatemala).— Vireo philadelphicus, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858,
335, pl. 78, fig. 3.

Vireosylvia cobanensis, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1860, 463 (Coban).—Is. Ann.
Mag. N. H. 1861, 328.

Hab. Eastern North America to Hudson’s Bay and Maine, south to Costa
Rica and Guatemala. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies.

(No. 20,643, 4.) Above dark olive green, tinged with plumbeous ash ex-
cept on the rump; top of head and nape purer plumbeous ash, not edged with
dusky, the line of demarcation in-
distinct. Beneath light sulphur
yellow, paler and almost white on
chin and middle of abdomen; sides <
more olivaceous. A whitish stripe
from bill over eye, as also a patch
beneath it and the eyelids ; a dusky i
loral and post-ocular spot. Quills
and rectrices brown, edged exter-
nally with olive, internally with Vireosylvia philadelphica.
whitish; the larger coverts with
paler outer edges. Bill blackish, paler plumbeous below. Legs plumbeous.
Spurious outer or first quill (seen in gilva) wanting; the outer about equal
to 5th; 3d longest ; 2d and 4th not much shorter.

(No. 20,643, 4.) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.25; difference be-
tween outer and longest primary, .28, of longest and innermost, .62; length
of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .61; tarsus, .65 ; middle
toe and claw, .52; hind toe and claw, .44.

Specimens vary somewhat in purity of tints, and especially in in-
tensity of yellow of under parts, which color is deeper in autumnal
skins.

I regret that I led Mr. Sclater into an error by informing him that
the Vireo subsequently described by him as V. cobanensis was differ-
ent from V. philadelphica. The skin forwarded for examination by
him appeared to differ in some noticeable points, but those subse-
quently received from Mr. Salvin and other sources agree exactly
with specimens from Wisconsin and Hudson’s Bay.

Smith-|Collec- Sex wt :
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll oied Received from Collected by

No. | No. | Age. [se eouee.
20,643 79 | .. | Moose Factory, H.B.| June 2, °60.| ©. Drexler. = | seas
Bo ktD: Zenon Waterville, Me. May 21, ’63.| Prof.C. BE. Hamlin.| —......
4,564 os .. | Cleveland, O. | ae DriKirtland. |) se Sates
6,541 ae og | Dane County, Wis. | I Rheeksnmliens, ys | sisreeiere
18,572 SG -. | Coban, Guat. | | Dr. Selater,
20,401 te aye | se | | O. Salvin.

ye 171 .. | Guatemala. | Se Cab. Lawrence.

33,300 | San Jose, C. R. | Jan. 12, 64. | J. Carmiol.

(18,572.) Type of V. cobanensis. (33,300.) Iris brown.

342 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Vireosylvia gilva.

Muscicapa gilva, Vien. Ois. I, 1807, 65, pl. xxxiv.— Vireo gilvus, Bon.
Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 123.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 118.—Is. Birds
Am. IV, pl. 241.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 335.— Vireosylvia
gilva, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 153.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 298
(Cordova) ; (?) 1858, 302 (Oaxaca; June) (perhaps V. swainsont).

Muscicapa melodia, Wits. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 85, pl. xlii, fig. 2.

Hab. Eastern North America to Fort Simpson. Cordova and Oaxaca only
southern localities recorded. Not West Indian.

(No. 1,017, 9.) Above olive green, strongly glossed with ashy; the head
and nape above more distinctly ashy, but without decided line of demarcation
behind, and without dusky

edge; rump purer olive. Stripe
from nostrils over eye to nape,
eyelids, and space below eye
creamy white. A rather dusky
post-ocular and loral spot, the
latter not extending to the bill.
Under parts white, with tinge
of greenish-yellow (occasion-
Vireosylvia gilva. (Pennsylvania.) ally of creamy fulvous or buff),
especially on breast; sides

more olivaceous. Crissum and axillars scarcely more yellowish. Quills and
rectrices wood brown, edged internally with whitish, externally with olivace-

ous, except perhaps on longer primaries. Edge of wing white. Larger wing
coverts grayish-brown, with paler edges, and no trace of olivaceous. Bill
horn color above, paler below.

First quill very short or spurious ; 2d about equal to, generally rather longer
than 6th; 3d longest; 4th, then 5th a little shorter.

(No. 1,017, 9.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.33; expanse of wings,
8.35; wing from carpal joint, 2.85. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.80 ;
wing, 2.75; tail, 2.25; difference of 3d and 10th quills, .73; exposed portion
of Ist primary, .58, of 2d, 1.88, of longest (measured from exposed base of
Ist primary), 2.12; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .28, along
gape, .63; depth of bill, .15; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone,
17; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .19.

The preceding description is from a female specimen which does
not differ appreciably from the male, but is a little smaller Young
and autumnal specimens are perhaps a little more brightly colored.

VIREOSYLVIA. 343

Smith-|Collee- Sex | When .
sonian}| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | Mee a
1,016 te og | Carlisle, Pa. May 24, ’43.| S. F. Baird. areola crs
1,017 - “ t CC ET Pie a.
10,115 = 3 | Washington. mete Je Cre Mz GUINGs wea Wee tas.cis'c'e
29,275 | 784 al ct May 5, ’60. Ee COGS emer tte mc cleletere
19,553 93 ¥ | Fort Simpson. May. 22,0 GONIs Bs. Leki OSS) een niin tele. «sefo:e
27,035 aa .. | Selkirk Settlement. Re Gov: Mactawishs \|)y) 9) snes:
4,729 gd | Missouri River. May 9, 57. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
5,305 at 2 | Fort Lookout. June 15, '56. es ot
35,405 |1,905 -. | Evanston, Ill. Sere Chicago Acad. F. J. Huse.
25, 240 as Cairo, Ill. iets Jia Ree Dowmsendsy|\) | Wieisreicrsia

Vireosylvia swainsoni.

Vireo swainsoni, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 336 (Pacific coast).
Vireo bartramii, Swainson, F. B. A. I, 1831, 235 (in part; spec. from
Columbia River ?).

Hab. United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast.

(No. 5,321, %.) Similar to V. gilva, but smaller; colors paler. Bill more
depressed. Upper mandible
almost black. Second quill
much shorter than 6th.

(No. 5,521,4% .) Totallength,
4.75; wing, 2.71; tail, 2.35;
difference between 10th quill
and longest, .58 ; exposed por-
tion of lst primary, .58, of 2d,
1.82, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist pri- Vireosylvia swainsoni. (California.)
mary), 2.10; length of bill
from forehead, .56, from nostril, .29, along gape, .65 ; depth of bill, .13 ; tarsus,
-70; middle toe and claw, .56; hind toe and claw, .43.

In the article on Vireo gilvus, in the Pacific R. R. Report (Birds
N. America), I pointed out certain differences between western and
eastern specimens, and applied the provisional name of V. swainsont
to the former. An examination of many additional specimens since
that time has only tended to confirm the impression of the existence
of two species, the differences noted, though apparently slight,
being constant and readily appreciable. In the western bird (V.
swainsont) the bill is darker in color, much smaller, and more de-
pressed, the depth at the base being less than the width, instead of
being equal to it. The wing is more rounded, the second quill much
shorter than the sixth, generally shorter or but little longer than the
seventh. In eastern specimens (V. gilva) the second quill is about
equal to the sixth. The second quill is about .30 of an inch (or
more) shorter than the longest in swainsoni, while in gilva it is

B44

only about .20 shorter.
colors generally paler and grayer.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[PART I.

The feet of swainsoni are weaker, and the
“Tris dark brown” (Cowes).

Smith- Collec-| Sex Wien
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. es
21,946 546 od | Clark’s Fork, Col. | June7,’60. | A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly,
21,947 539 an «« (River. | Junel, ’60. ss s6
6,826 .. | Steilacoom, W. T. sof Drs Suckley.- 7 | 1 =*.lceete
5,915 | ay is a errs Dr iGOopers ys hil 1b we veremetes
5.521 747 ¢ | Petaluma, Cal. May, 1856. | E. Samuels. | ~- ......
12,891 | 2,091 -. | Napa Valley. oe A.J. Graysons |) sive icie
25,399 | 2,336 are Fort Tejon, Cal. Sept: 15,°57.| John Xantus, |-- cess.
11,063). = Q | Fort Bridger. June:3;58s | C: Drexler,’ 270 Sejecree
11,066 o “fgwyn,N.M.| May 28, ’58. eS (iS Omi: aunts crereye
Les Ee ¢ | Cantonment Bur- fats Driw.: Wi Ander=|0 © © Vcore
37,006 | 594 o& | Port Whipple; Ar: |jAug.13,764.| Dr. EB. Coues; 4) eee wars
40,695 foe Q ee May 8, °69. ee uke) 7t|lmengah Gece

Vireosylvia josephee.

Vireo josephx, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 137, pl. 154 (Pallatanga, Ecua-
dor).—Is. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 257.

Fab. Ecuador to Costa Rica; Puerto Cabello.

(No. 34,667.) First primary short, about two-fifths the 2d, which.is about
equal to the 8th or 9th; the 4th and 5th about equal and longest. (These
proportions the same in five
specimens. )

Above olive; greener and
brighter on the rump, becom-
ing brownish anteriorly, or
more truly olive; the top and
sides of head, with nape, olive
brown. A broad stripe from
nostrils over and beyond eye

to nape, and a patch beneath
it pure
white, leaving the lores anda
post-ocular stripe like the head. Cheeks tinged with olive. Chin and throat
whitish ; rest of under parts yellow, deepest on sides and crissum. Sides of
breast tinged with brownish-olive. Quills and tail feathers brown, edged ex-
ternally with olive green, internally with pale yellow. No bands on the wings,
but the greater coverts of a paler olivaceous than elsewhere. Bill dusky
above, paler below; legs plumbeous. “Iris brown.”

(No. 34,667, 4.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.20; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.18; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .71; tarsus, .07; middle toe and claw, .51; hind toe and claw, .38.

Vireosylvia josephe. (Puerto Cabello.)

and eyelids quite

Of the five specimens before me, one, No. 27,947, from Bogota,
furnished by Mr. Sclater as a type of his species, differs in the ex-
istence of an ochry brown tinge on the crissum, tail feathers, and

VIREOSYLVIA. 345

ends of primaries. It is possible that this may be an extraneous
feature, as it has somewhat the appearance of a stain, and is not
mentioned by Sclater. The chin and throat are rather more yellow-
ish. There is, as far as I can see, no specific difference between
this specimen and the others, the yellow of under parts, if anything,
being there the deepest. The original description and figure, from
an Ecuador (Pallatanga) series, represent the under parts as much
whiter than in the present specimens, and it is barely possible that
two species may be involved.

This species is markedly different from any other, and scarcely
needs comparison. The proportions of quills are quite peculiar, and
the brown cap, with the olive back is decidedly unique. In general
form it constitutes a transition from V. gilva to V. noveboracensis.

Smith- Collee-) Sex Wien
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age , . |

27,947 | 257 ve Bogota. sa Dr. Selater. [fd Se Srarmers
32,511 Ne fe Puerto Cabello. Mie JREIAGTS Mes wrersrerels
34,667 | + Barranca, C. R. April 16,64 JeCarmiols 99) | aecece
34,668 | Q “ “ Oa Salta:
41.269 Jo 6 Sept. 30, ’65. ieee i) me pswisiscre
35,241 a Dota, © R. July 28. EWR gas gD ease a8

(35,241.) Iris brown.

LANIVIREO, Baird.

Common CHaracters.—A broad stripe from bill to and around but not beyond
the eye. Two broad whitish bands across wing coverts. Bill plumbeous.
A. Without spurious primary. Head above olive green.
Line from bill to and around eye yellow.
Back olive green like head ; throat and breast yellow ;
rump and upper tail covert ashy : ; . flavifrons.

B. With spurious primary. Head above plumbeous. Line
from bill to and around eye white.
Back, edges of wing and tail olive green; sides of
breast greenish-yellow. Wing 3.00.

Upper tail coverts olive green; base of crissum
sulphur yellow; sides of neck ash color;
no yellow on side of throat . ° . solitaria.

Upper tail coverts ashy; crissum white; sides
of neck olive green; side of throat tinged
with yellow ; . : . . + propinqua.

Whole upper parts plumbeous, faintly olive towards
rump. Beneath white, with only a very faint
trace of olive on flanks, Wing 3,20 . . » plumbea, _

346 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Vireosylvia flavifrons.

Vireo flavifrons, Virinu. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 85, pl. liv.—Aup. Orn.
Biog. I, 1834, pl. 119.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 238.—Cassin, Pr. A.
N. Se. 1851, 149.—Scuarer, P. Z. 5. 1857, 227 (Vera Cruz) ; 1860,
257 (Orizaba).—Sciarerk & Sanvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).
—Cas. Jour. III, 468 (Cuba; winter).—Gunp.iacu, Cab. Jour. 1861,
324 (Cuba; rare).—Cas. Jour. 1860, 405 (Costa Rica).— Vireo
(Lanivireo) flav. Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 341.

Muscicapa sylvicola, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 117, pl. vii, f. 3.

Hab. Eastern United States, south to Costa Rica. Very rare in Cuba.

(No. 28,390.) Head and neck above and on sides, with interscapular region,
bright olive green. Lower back, rump, tail, and wing coverts ashy. Wings
brown, with two white bands
across the coverts, the outer
edges of inner secondaries, and
inner edges of all the quills,
with inside of wing white.
Outer primaries edged with
gray, the inner with olive.
Tail feathers brown, entirely
encircled by a narrow edge of
white. Under parts to middle
of body, a line from npstrils
over eye, eyelids and patch beneath the eye (bordered behind by the olive of
neck) bright gamboge yellow; rest of under parts white, the flanks faintly
glossed with ashy. lLores dusky. Bill and legs plumbeous black.

No spurious primary evident; 2d quill longest; 1st a little shorter than 3d.

Length, 5.80; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.00; difference of longest and innermost

quiils, .90; tarsus, .73.

Vireosylvia favifrons, 2.

(Carlisle, Pa.)

Autumnal birds, perhaps more especially the young, are more
glossed with olivaceous, which invades the ashy portions, and tinges
the white.

Smith-/Collee-, Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gallected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ;
3,397 & | Carlisle, Pa. | May 7, °47 S: Bs Baird) i estas
2,217 g | May 3, 1847. 8 8 en i Baesnnrcior
12,928 ¢ | Washington, D.C. | April30,°59 | C. Drexler, = | ~~ ......
28,924 J a April27,°61.| E.Coues. = | «seecono
32,279 .. | Liberty County, Ga. state Jos. Leconte. | cw...
a Ris Union County, Il. | BR. Kennicott. | vewsece
7,423 BP »» | Cleveland, O are Dr, Kirtland) | eercisie
8,340 65 | g | Independence, Mo. | June13,’57.) Dr. Cooper, = | ae eee
9,113 |32,614 Jv Coban, Guat. eae Verreaux.
13,629 | .. | .. | Guatemala J. Gould.
109))) Sees Bs see Cab. Lawrence.
35,240 eel laters Grecia, C. R. Dec. 3, ‘64. J. Carmiol.
33,299 | gees San Jose, C. R. AAS ; e ee
29,229 | @ | Punta Arenas, C. R.| Mar. 18, 62.) Capt. J. M. Dow. minetoinie
| .

VIREOSYLVIA. 347

Vireosylvia solitaria.

Muscicapa solitaria, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 143, pl. xvii, fig. 6.—
Vireo solitarius, Vizitu. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I,
pl. 23.—Is. Birds Am. IV, 1842, pl. 239.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1851, 150.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 298 (Cordova); 1859, 363
(Xalapa) ; 375 (Oaxaca ?).—Is. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 255 ?—ScnaTerR
& Satviy, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).—Cas. Jour. III, 468 (Cuba).
—Gunpuacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).— Vireo (Lani-
vireo) sol. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 329.

?Vireo cassini, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858, 117 (Fort Tejon).—
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 340, pl. 78, fig. 1 (same spec.).

Hab. United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; Cape St. Lucas. Not recorded
from southern Rocky Mts., where replaced by V. plumbea. South to Mexico
and Guatemala. Very rare in Cuba.

(No. 300, 4.) Above olive green, including upper tail coverts ; the top and
sides of head and nape ashy plumbeous; sides of the neck plumbeous olive.
Broad line from nostrils to
and around eye, involving
the whole lower eyelid,
white. A loral line in-
volving the edge of the
eyelid, and a space be-
neath the eye dusky plum-
beous. Beneath white;
the sides yellow, overlaid
with olive, this color not
extending anterior to the
breast. Axillars and base of crissum pale sulphur yellow, the long feathers
of the latter much paler or nearly white. Wings with two bands and outer
edges of innermost secondaries olivaceous-white; the quills dark brown,

Vireosylvia solitaria. (Washington, D. C.)

edged externally with olive green, internally with white; tail feathers simi-
larly marked, except that the lateral feather is edged externally also with
white, the central without internal border. Bill and legs blackish-plumbeous.
Iris brown.

First quill spurious, rather more than one-fifth the 2d, which is intermedi-
ate between 5th and 6th; 3d longest.

(No. 300, §.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.40; expanse of wings, 9.00.
Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.25; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.35; difference be-
tween 10th and longest primary, .85; exposed portion of Ist primary, .50, of
2d, 2.08, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.25;
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66; tarsus, .72;
middle toe and claw, .54; hind toe and claw, .46.

Spring specimens show sometimes a gloss of plumbeous on the
back, obscuring the olive, the contrast of colors being greater in
the autumnal and young birds. Sometimes the crissum appears
nearly white. The length of the spurious primary varies consider-

348 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ably: from .45-.75 of an inch. With the specimens before me I
am unable to see any essential difference between eastern and
western specimens.

A young bird from Fort Simpson is not materially different from
the adult, exhibiting no trace of the spots of immature Turdidz
and Sylvicolide.

I am now inclined to consider the specimen upon which Vireo
cassini was based to be only a dull-plumaged, winter skin of V.
solitaria, with the under parts tinged with brownish-buff, and the
olive shades obscured. I have never seen a specimen killed in
eastern North America having this coloration, nor even making a
decided approximation to it, but I can find no tangible characteristic
of external form to distinguish them.

|
Smith- Collec-| Sex Willen

sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b
No. No. | Age. y Collected. y
300 | .. | g.-| Carlisle, Pa. Atprili21; 24141 (S.ch. Baird, 9. (| ) eee
929 Me Q ci April 28,’43. oe ee NS Ue plies ete
29,273 | 1,421 | .. | Washington. Océ.17, 761.31" Di AWeerentiss. auliets mtsiecicts
BOOT Teal) wemioys ¢ | Liberty County, Ga. Seis Jos. Leconte. | ....«.
Es as .» | Illinois ats KR. Kennicott. ~ “|\) — 7 ences
4,727 ye .. | Mo. of Vermilion. | May 6. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden.
064) «. @& | Fort Bridger, Utah. | May 16. C.eDrexlerieg 000 mame
27,340 | 1,303 | O. | Fort Simpson. ae BSR eROssie ence eee
6,822 382 | g | Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.| May 13, ’56.| Dr. Suckley. | ...... :
OOM ere .. | Napa Valley, Cal. ya An J. \Grayson.yi | Fs came
21-378) |) a gd | Yreka, Cal. June 10. WoVinillés) 6 lh aaa
25,398 | 2,245 | .. | Fort Tejon. Sunes; 2o7.i|) wd. wamtuss | Fl Meccecs
10,229 te A “* (C. St. Lucas. Eels eae amy. bad nee.
39,360 | .. & | San Gertrude Mts., | Jan. 1861, Se ae SA el ees
37,497 42 | g | Orizaba, Mex. Jan- 18, 65: Prof.;Sumichrast.'| . .. 0003
38,158 re ae ae nee My Botteri. |)" ie 0 teccece

(6,822.) Iris hazel. (10,229.) Type of V. cassini.

Vireosylvia propinqua.
Vireosylvia propinqua, BAIRD, n. sp.
Hab. Coban, Guatemala.

(No. 20,402.) Top and sides of the head bluish-ash ; a line from bill to eye,
eyelids and under parts, including vent and crissum, white. Upper parts
olive green, this color extending on the sides of the neck as far as the ear
coverts. Throat and breast tinged with yellowish, deepest on the lateral
portion. Two white bands on the wing. Bill and legs plumbeous. Quills
and rectrices as in solitaria.

First or spurious primary very small, scarcely .380 of an inch; 2d quill
equal to the 5th; the 3d longest.

(No. 20,402.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.35; exposed portion
of Ist primary, .25, of 2d, 2.18, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .31, along
gape, .66; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .63; hind toe and claw, .47.

VIREOSYLVIA. 849

In a series of Guatemalan birds, presented by Mr. Salvin to the
Smithsonian Institution, was one labelled Vireo solitarius, which
exhibits the following peculiarities when compared with a large
number of North American specimens of V. solitarius. The olive
of the back extends to, and includes the nape and sides of the neck
back of the ears, which in the others are ashy plumbeous. The
upper tail coverts are plumbeous, or ashy, not olive. The sides of
the throat are sulphur yellow, not white, or with a faint tinge of
olive. The flanks are white, only faintly tinged with olive, not
olive green tinged with yellow. The anal region and crissum are
pure white (the former especially), not yellow. The spurious pri-
mary is much smaller, and scarcely appreciable ; the second quill is
rather longer than the fifth, instead of being decidedly shorter. The
whole wing is longer. The bill is broader at base.

The entire absence of any similarly marked specimen in the large
series before me, some of them autumnal birds from Central America,
induces me to think that the bird just described is really a distinet
species, though where its headquarters may be, unless in Guatemala,
I cannot imagine.

|
Smith- Collec-| Sex |
Sonian tor’s | and Locality. sen Received from Collected by
No. || No. | Age. ;

20,402 | 954 | ets Coban, Vera Paz. | Noy. 1859. O. Salvin. |

(20,402.) Type.

Vireosylvia plumbea.

Vireosylvia plumbea, Cours, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866 (Fort Whipple,
near Prescott, Arizona).

Hab! Southern Rocky Mountains. In winter to Colima, Mex.

(No. 37,011.) Whole upper parts and side of head uniform plumbeous ; the
lower part of the back with a faint wash of olivaceous. A white line from
bill to and around eye;
adusky line from corner
of eye to bill. Sides of
breast and flanks plum-
beous, paler than the
back; the flanks very
slightly tinged with
olive green. Rest of
under parts white; the
axillars ashy, edged Vireosylvia plumbea. (Arizona.)
with white. Wings
above with two conspicuous white bands; the innermost quills edged ex-

350 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ternally, and the longer ones internally with white, the latter edged externally
with light ash. Bill and legs dark plumbeous. ‘‘Iris hazel.’’ Tail feathers
narrowly edged all round with white, narrowest internally, and increasing
from central to lateral feathers. Upper tail coverts clear ash.

As the specimen in finest plumage (described above) is moulting the quills,
the measurements are taken from another (37,010). In this the 1st quill is
not quite one-third the 2d, which equals the 6th; the 3d and 4th longest.

(No. 37,010.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 6.10; expanse of wings, 10.80,
Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.75 ; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.70; difference be-
' tween 10th and longest quill, .95 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .75, of 2d,
2.34, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.54;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .31, along gape, .70; tarsus,
-75; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50, claw
alone, .23.

This species is in general character very similar to V. solitaria,
although larger, especially with longer wings and tail, as shown by
a comparison of the table of measurements. The olive green of
solitarius is replaced by plumbeous, and the yellowish by white,
forming a marked contrast in appearance. Only a faint trace of
olive on the lower back and flanks represents the predominant colo-
ration of solitaria. The olive external marginings of the wings
are here replaced by ash; of the tail, by whitish. In some specimens,
however, there is a slight edging of olive towards the base of the
secondaries.

The specimens described above were killed in August; others
killed in May are quite similar. No. 29,359, from Colima, in Feb-
ruary, is slightly more olivaceous on the lower back and flanks.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex
sonian| tor's | and Locality. Collenty, | Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. a 4 2

38,428 | 135 ts Laramie Peak. June 1864. | Dr-R Hitz. | Vi eee
37,008 | 711 Q Fort Whipple, Ar. | Sept. 8, 64. Dr..H: Couesias| aise
37,009 | 596 Jv $s Aug. 15, 64. et Pe Re bees craverete
37,010 | 575 as gs Aug. 18, ’64. | So Se oh | Ea lererctete
40,702 |1,543 2 es July 29, 65. eo UME fesrarctte
40,703 |1,487 cd Se May 17, ’65. | Si Pay Tilae BPM skirt
40,699 |1,456 | ¢ ‘“ May 12, ’65 | Cg ee | a
29,359 | 118 .. | Plains of Colima. | Feb. 1863. J. XONtUSs6 o/s ee Metciste ste

(37,009.) Iris brewn. (40,702.) 6.00; 10.20. (40,703.) 5.60; 11.20.

VIREO, Vier.

Vireo, Viritu. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83. (Type Muscicapa novebora-
censis, GM.)

Characters essentially those of Vireosylvia; the bill shorter; the 1st quill
always present, better developed, sometimes more than half 2d. Wings
shorter, more rounded ; tarsi usually longer.

VIREO. B51

'

Vireo noveboracensis, (Pennsylvania.)

The species of Vireo are most easily tabulated by color, and in
the following synopsis no regard is paid to external form, but species
of Vireo and Vireonella are mixed together. It will, however, be
remembered (page 326) that V. noveboracensis, atricapillus, car-
mioli, huttoni, belli, vicinior, and pusillus fall under the head of Vireo
proper, with their longer, more pointed wings, and (except in vicinior)
smaller outer primary—belli, vicinior, and pusillus differing, however,
from the others in longer tarsi, and longer and more graduated tail,
with narrower, more pointed feathers. Under Vireonella are to be
ranged V. modestus, latimert, pallens, ochraceus, crassirostris, gund-
lachi, and hypochryseus, each of which has a peculiar form. JV.
modestus in its very small bill approaches closely to huttoniz, most of
the other species having rather larger bills than the average.

Common CHARACcTERS.—AII the species olivaceous above, or ashy; beneath
whitish, or olivaceous-yellow. Wings with light bands, except in latimeri
and hypochryseus ; tail without spots. A light stripe from bill to above eye,
but not beyond it, except in carmiol: and hypochryseus. In atricapillus, the
top of the head is black.

A. Top and sides of head black. Chin and throat white.
Back olive. ;
A white line from the bill to and around eye.
Beneath white; sides olivaceous; bill black . . atricapillus.

B. Head above olivaceous or ashy. Chin and throat white;
rest of under parts white or yellowish.
A yellow line from bill to and around eye.
Rest of under parts white; the sides yellowish;
crissum paler.
Bill blackish ; two greenish-white bands on the
wings ; cap bright olive like the back . noveboracensis.
A whitish line from bill to and around eye.
Beneath white, except sides and crissum, which are
pale yellow. Head above ashy; back olive.
Wings pointed; Ist quill two-fifths the 2d,
which equals the 8th. Bill .30 from nos-

342 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

tril; horn color above, pale beneath. One

light band on wing coverts. . ;

Beneath white; whole upper parts ashy. Scarcely
olivaceous, except towards rump.

Wings pointed ; 1st quill less than half 2d,
which about equals the 8th. Bill .25 from
nostril to tip; horn color above, whitish
beneath. One white band on wing coverts

Wings moderate; Ist quill rather more than
half 2d, which about equals 9th and the
secondaries. Bill .382 from nostril; en-
tirely blackish-plumbeous. One white
band on wing. Inner toe much shorter
than outer . ° A 5 :

Wings rounded ; Ist anil more than half 2d,
which is shorter than 10th and the secon-
daries. Bill .35 from nostril; horn color
above, whitish beneath. Two white bands
on wing . é é 5 . : ;

Rest of under parts yellow. Head and neck above
ashy. No light bands on wings.

Wings rounded ; Ist quill more than half 2d,
which is shorter than the 10th. Bill .30
from nostril; light horn color . : :

' C. Head above olivaceous like the back. Chin and throat

yellowish, more or less uniform with the remaining under

parts. A yellowish line from bill to eye, not beyond it,

except in carmioli and hypochryseus ; wing bands wanting

only in hypochryseus.

Bill small, attenuated ; about .25 from nostrils to tip.
Superciliary stripe reaching beyond eye. Colors
bright olive above, yellow beneath.

First quill two-fifths 24; 3d but little
shorter than the 5th (longest). Wings
longer than tail .

Supérciliary stripe reaching only to thes eye.
Colors dull olive above, and buffy yellow
beneath.

First quill not quite half 2d, which is
longer than 10th; 3d between 6th
and 7th. Wings longer than tail.
Olive of upper parts much brighter
towards tail. : : ‘

First quill more than half 24, which is
about equal to 10th; 3d about equal
to 7th. Wings equal to tail. Olive
of upper parts uniform. ° .

[PART L

belli.

pusillus.

vicinior.

pallens.

latimeri.

. carmioli.

huttoni.

modestus.

VIREO. 353

Bill large and robust ; .30 or more from nostrils to tip.
First quill more than half 2d.
Superciliary stripe reaching only to the eye. Two
whitish wing bands.
Second quill about equal to the secon-
daries.

Above bright olive green; beneath
greenish-yellow, with buffy or
ochry tinge. Wing bands and
margins of secondaries‘ broad.
Eyelids and region behind eye
uniform with the cheeks - ochraceus.

Above ashy olive. Wing bands and
light outer margins of inner
secondaries broad. Eyelids
and region behind eye yellow-
ish, in moderate contrast with

the cheeks. 3 é » crassirostris,
Second quill decidedly shorter than the
secondaries.

Above plumbeous olive. Wing
bands very narrow; light
edgings of irner secondaries
almost inappreciable. Eyelids
and region behind the eye yel-
lowish, in strong contrast with
the cheeks. 3 + gundlachi.
Superciliary stripe reaching to the nape. No
bands on the wing.
Second quill about equal to secondaries.
Above bright olive green ; beneath,
with superciliary stripe, deep
olivaceous-yellow. Tail length-
ened. (Largest and most deep-
ly colored of all the species.) . hypochryseus.

Vireo, Vieill.

' Vireo atricapillus.

Vireo atricapillus, Woopuouss, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1852, 60 (San Pedro, Tex.).
—Is. Sitgreave’s Rep. 1853, 75, pl. i; Birds. —Cassin, Illust. 1854,
153, pl. xxiv.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 337.

Hab. Southern border of Western Texas.

(No. 6,818, %.) Top and sides of head and neck black; rest of upper parts
olive green. Wing- and tail-feathers almost black on their upper surface,
the quills and rectrices edged with olive (paler on the exterior primaries),

23 May,1866,

dod REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

the wing coverts with two greenish-white bands on a blackish ground.

Vireo atricapillus, WoopH.

ye =F) 6818

(Texas. )

Broad line from bill to and around
eye (not meeting on forehead) with»
under parts, white; the sides of
body olivaceous; the axillars and
inner wing coverts (perhaps cris-
sum) yellowish. Bill black; feet
plumbeous.

First quill less than half 2d, which
about equals the 10th; 3d little
shorter than 4th (longest).

(No. 6,818.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 4.75 ; expanse of wings, 7.25 ;
Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.10; wing,
2.25; tail, 1.95; exposed portion of lst primary, .66, of 2d, 1.48, of longest
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.77; length of bill from fore-
head, .54, from nostril, .29, along gape, .61; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw,
.50, claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .19.

wing from carpal joint, 2.12.

The black head of this species, as far as known, makes it unique
inthe genus. It is extremely rare, but three specimens being known.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex |

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ae Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :
6,818 | 21 ¢ San Pedro Riv., Tex. Col. J.D. Graham. | J.H.Clark [house,
Capt. L. Sitgreaves. | Dr. 8S. W. Wood-

15,040 | -» | «+ | El Paso.

(6,818.) 4.75; 7.25; 2.12. (15,040.) Type.

Vireo noveboracensis.

Muscicapa noveboracensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 947 (Green Fly- Catcher,
Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 389).—Vireo noveb. Bon. Obs. Wilson,
1825.—Auvp. Orn. Biog. I, 328, pl. 63.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 240.—
Cassin, Pr. A.N. Se. 1851, 150.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 338.—

. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 187.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1857, 204
(Xalapa) ; 228 (Vera Cruz).—Is. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 256.—Scu.
& Satv. Ibis, II, 1860, 274 (Coban, Guat.).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda,
1859, 71 (resident). —Cas. Jour. III, 469 (Cuba).— Gunpiacn,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; rare).

Vireo musicus, Vint. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83, pl. 53.—duscicapa
cantatrix, Wits. II, 1810, 266, pl. xviii.

Hab. United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains ; south to Guatemala ;
Abundant and resident in the Bermudas.

Bogota? Very rare in Cuba.

(No. 10,193, %.) First primary about half the length of 2d, which is longer
than secondaries, and about equal to the 8th; the 4th longest; 3d and 5th

little shorter.

Above quite bright olive green; the sides of neck, and a gloss on its upper
surface, ashy. The middle concealed portion of feathers of lower back and

rump pale sulphur yellowish.

Beneath white; the chin and lower cheeks

VIREO. 355

with a grayish tinge; the sides of breast and body, with axillars and base
of crissum (more faintly), bright yellow; the inner wing coverts and rest of

Vireo noveboracensis.

crissum much paler, almost white. A broad yellow line from nostrils to, and
continuous with a yellow ring round the eye, which is encircled exteriorly by
olivaceous ; a dusky loral, but no post-ocular spot. Wings with two covert-
bands and innermost secondaries externally broadly yellowish-white; rest
of quills edged externally with olive, except the two outer and tips of other
primaries, which are grayish. Rectrices edged externally with olive, except
outermost, which is bordered by grayish. All the long quills bordered in-
ternally by whitish. Bill blue-black, paler on the edges; legs dark plumbe-
ous. Iris white.

(No. 10,193, &.) Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.20; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, .78, of 2d, 1.56, of longest, (4th and 5th) (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.86; length of bill from forehead, .53, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .62; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
16; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .20.

(No. 1,036, $.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.00; expanse of wings, 8.00 ;
wing from carpal joint, 2.50. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.75; wing,
2.50; tail, 2.25; difference between 10th and longest quills, .45; exposed
portion of Ist primary, .86, of 2d, 1.56, of longest (measured from exposed
base of lst primary), 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril,
-29, along gape, .62; tarsus, .76; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18;
hind toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .25.

Specimens vary slightly in a greater amount of ashy on the head,
and less brilliancy of the yellow of head and sides. Sometimes
there is a decided ashy shade in the white of throat and jugulum,
which again has a very faint tinge of yellowish.

A young bird does not differ in markings from the adult.

A specimen marked ‘‘ Colombia” is rather smaller than the aver-
age, but otherwise similar.

The measurements of the feet of No. 10,193, %, appear to be
quite abnormal, and I add those of No. 1,036, $, as more accurately
expressing the average in these respects.

Vireo carmioli.

Vireo carmioli, Barrp, n. sp.

Hab. Highlands of Costa Rica.

306 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.
|
Smith- Collec-| Sex' When
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ¢
7,108 .- | Philadelphia. rete Phila, A. N. Se:
1,036 ie 4 | Washington, D.C. | May 26, 43.) W. M. Baird.
1 037 2 #6 June 12, ’43. ee
a eal a ee Dr. E. Cones.
= 10: 193 gd Union County, Ill. | April 21. R. Kennicott.
10,351 | -- | Key West, Fla. Dec. 29, 59.) G. Wurdemann.
34,360 | 317 oe Republican Fork. | May 26, ’64.| Dr. E. Coues.
13,124 38 Q | Upper Missouri. age Dr. Hayden.
S972 | as -- | Brownsville, Tex. Lt. Couch.
6,836 ae ae | Above El Paso, Tex. Dr. T. C. Henry.
6,837 laos .. | Western Texas. ide Col. J.D. Graham.
173307.) 3. -. | W. of Ft. Arbuckle.| May 13, ’60.| J. H. Clark. C. S. M’Carthy.
aisine low: -- | Mexico. mee Cab. Lawrence. Salle.
37,914 | 208 go | Merida, Yue. Feb. 22, ’65.| Gov. Salazar. Dr. A. Schott.
27,945 i .. | Honduras. ate Drieb. i: Sclater; ||" me eeces
27,946 : | Colombia. SOS A geese
' 41,656 | | Bermuda. Ca MAllens” <8) fesesens
(1,036.) 5.00; 8.00; 2.50. (1,037.) 5.10; 2.50. (34,360.) 5.10; 7.70. (17,307.) With eggs.
No. 2,529, (37,914.) Iris white.

(No. 35,237, §.) Wings lengthened, considerably longer than the slightly

rounded tail;

Vireo carmioli, BAtrD. (Costa Rica.)

sides and breast ;

the Ist quill about two-fifths the 2d, which equals the 7th

(much longer than 10th) ; 4th and
5th nearly equal, and longest; 3d
little shorter. Feet short, about
two-thirds tarsus. Bill small, slen-
der and attenuated ; the lateral out-
lines decidedly concave.

(No. 35,236.) Above bright olive
green; beneath clear greenish-yel-
low, palest (almost whitish) on
throat ; tinged with olive green on

purer yellow inside the wings, the quills and tail-feathers
edged internally with pale sulphur yellow.

Wings with two broad bars, and

broad outer edges of inner secondaries greenish-yellow, contrasting very
strougly with the almost black of the wing-feathers; rest of quill- and the
tail-feathers edged externally with olive-green, paler towards the extremity ;
the edges of the outermost feather of wing and tail much paler. A conspicu-
ous yellowish line from nostrils over the eye, and extending nearly as far
behind it as in front of it, though not reaching the nape, and not interrupted
above ; lower eyelids similar. A dusky loral spot from corner of eye to angle
of mouth; rest of cheeks olivaceous. Bill quite dusky; lower mandible
paler; legs plumbeous. “Iris brown.”

(No. 35,237, %.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; difference be-
tween 10th quill and longest, .45 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .70, of 2d,
1.65, of longest, 3d, measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.85; length
of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .25, along gape, .55 ; depth, 15 ; tarsus,

VIREO. B57

-75; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .42, claw
alone, .21.

Of the two specimens No. 35,237 has the wings perfect, but is
apparently immature; the head has an ochry tinge, not seen in the
other, and the eye stripe paler. No. 35,236, which probably best
represerts the normal state of coloration, lacks the outer primary
on both sides, and exhibits other indications of a condition of
moulting. Both agree, however, in many peculiarities, sharply
separating the new species from any other in the complete series of
Vireonide before me. I have named it after Mr. Julian Carmiol,
who has been so indefatigable in developing the ornithology of
Costa Rica.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected | Received from Collected by
No. No. Age. ; |

35,236 ane Q Dota, Costa Rica. | July 27, ’64. | Je Carmiol.® 9)" ~ saeccs

35, 237 ct ce se SE ER iets axes

(35, 236.) Type. (35,237.) Type. Iris brown.

Vireo huttoni.

Vireo huttoni, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. 1851, 150 (Monterey, Cal.).—
Ip. 1852, pl. i, fig. 1.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 339, pl. 78, fig.
2.—ScuaTeR, P. Z. §. 1858, 302 (Oaxaca) ; 1862, 19 (La Parada). —
In. Catal. 1861, 358, no. 256.

Hab. California and Western Mexico, to Oaxaca.

(No. 3,725.) First quill rather less than half 2d, which about equals the
10th ; 3d a little longer than 7th; 4th and 5th nearly equal, and longest. Tail
slightly rounded, shorter than wings. Bill very small.

Above olive green; brightest behind, especially on rump and edging of tail,
duller and more ashy towards and on top and sides of head and neck. Wings
with two bands on coverts, and
outer edges of innermost secon-
daries rather broadly olivaceous-
white; other quills edged externally
with olive green, paler towards
outer primary; internally with
whitish. Lateral tail-feather edged
externally with yellowish-white.
Feathers of ramp with much con-
cealed yellowish-gray.

Under parts pale olivaceous-yel-
lowish; purest behind, lightest on throat and abdomen ; the breast more oliva-
ceous, the sides still deeper olive green, the breast soiled with a slight buffy
tinge. Axillars and crissum yellowish; the inside of wings whitish. Loral

Vireo huttoni, Cassin. (California.)

308 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

region and a narrow space around eye dull yellowish, in faint contrast to the
olive of head. Bill horn color above, paler below; legs dusky.

(No. 3,725.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.05; difference between
10th and longest quills, .43; exposed portion of lst primary, .72, of 2d, 1.52,
of longest, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.90;
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus,
.72; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .45, claw
alone, .22.

The description just given is based upon the type specimen, pro-
bably in winter plumage. Spring specimens do not vary materially
except in greater purity of white edgings of the feathers. Two
Mexican specimens are rather larger, the wing measuring 2.50, the
tail 2.30. No other differences are appreciable. In general the first
primary is about half the second, sometimes rather less.

This species is readily distinguished from other Vireos, excepting
V. modestus, which it greatly resembles in the small bill, form,
coloration, and size; nor indeed is it easy to distinguish them. In
modestus, however, the first quill is usually more than half the
second, not less; the wing shorter, and less pointed ; the tail longer.
The upper parts are more uniform, not much brighter towards rump
and tail. The quite distinct circum-ocular light ring of hutioni is
scarcely if at all appreciable. The wide separation geographically
is of much importance.

| | |

Smith- |Collee- Sex | wihen
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. I :
39,486 | .. | San Francisco, Cal. | Spring,’ 65. | Col. Bulkley. E. J. Lorquien.
12,903 i08 Napa Valley, Cal. | oe | Col.A.J.Grayson.| —_.........
17,769 | 649 California. oe | Jas. Hepburn, | ~~ ......
3,725 Moe Cal. |:June,.1847. | W. Hutton: ~*~ | | - —-cnewce
3,724 | fs ee eee lh icoscec
3,973. Be Monterey, Mex. . Lt. D, Ne-Couch....| 1). paseniae
29,707 | La Parada, W. Mex.) Jan. 1861. A. Sallé. Boucard.
- | 2 | Cab. Dr. Selater. | Sallé.

ale | Feb. 1861.
|

3,725.) Type. (3,973.) ‘*‘ Eyes dark brown.”
( (

rireo belilii.
Vireo bellii, Aup. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 333, pl. 485 (Missouri River).—

Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. 1851, 150.—Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
237.—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 42, no. 258.—Bon. Consp. 1850, 330.

flab. United States, from Missouri River to base of Rocky Mountains.

(No. 1,926.) Above olive green, brightest on the rump ; tinged anteriorly with
ashy; the top and sides of head ashy, in faint contrast. A line from nostrils
to eye (scarcely beyond it), and eyelids very pale yellowish-white ; lores
dusky. Under parts, including inner wing, coverts and edge of wing creamy

VIREO. 359

whit»; the sides, axillars, and crissum pale yellow (sides of lower, neck,
wisi of breast glossed with olivaceous), faintest on the longer feathers of the
latter. Two rather nar-
row bands on the wing
coverts, and the outer
edges of innermost se-
condaries white; the

other quills edged with F

faded olivaceous. Inner 1926
edges of quills whitish. :

Tail feathers brown, Vireo bellit, AUD. (Dacota.)

edged externally with

o.ive; internally fading into paler brown. Median portion of rump feathers
concealed pale yellowish. Bill horn-color above, pale below. Legs plum-
beous. “Iris brown.”

First quill spurious ; not quite half the 2d, which is about equal to the 8th;
dd and 4th quills longest; 5th scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or a little
rounded, the feathers narrow.

(No. 1,926.) Total length, 4.20; wing, 2.18; tail, 1.90; exposed portion
of lst primary .60, of 2d, 1.32, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base
of lst primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, .28, along
gape, .60; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .54; hind toe and claw, .42.

The above description is taken from a type specimen received from
Mr. Audubon, and represents the average spring plumage. Autum-
nal skins are rather brighter, and there is occasionally an ochraceous
tinge on the white of the under parts.

This species at first sight appears like a miniature of V. gilvus,
the head being almost exactly similar. The back is, however, much
brighter olive, the sides and crissum deeper yellow. The superciliary
light stripe is shorter. The white markings of the wings are want-
ing in gilvus. The wing, tail, and feet are entirely different in their
proportions.

|

Smith- Collec-| Sex Wier
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. Orel:

1,926 | .. | .. | Fort Union, Dae. ‘Fort Union, Dac. | 1843. S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon.
8,197 | 133 | 2 | Nemaha Riv., Kans.) July 16, °57.| W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper.
8,187 | 123 g | Shawnee Riv. Mis’n| July 4, 57 a§ ss
26,229 “ | 2 | Neosho Falls, Kans. | Bike GOSSsmeuee @ \|\5a 0p caeie'sies
19,085 | 41 | g | Fort Cobb, Ark. | May 23. °60.|| J. HeeClariee ie | yosncne
34.361 342 Jc Republican Fork. | May 27,'64.| Dr. E. Coues. | ......
4,979] .. | .. | Ft. Chadbourn,Tex.| ee Dr.E-SwiftjU.8.A.| ......
6,516 | ae Western Texas. oe CapteRope;U:S;As 2 sess
6,S17 | +. Col. J D Graham.| J. H. Clark.
12,528 |. @ | San Pedro Riv.,Tex.| “May 24,” Capt. Sitgreaves, Dr. Woodhouse.

{
Q, 926.) Type. (26,229.) With eggs. (19,085.) With eggs. (34361.) 4.80; 6.90.

360 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Vireo pusillus.

Vireo pusillus, Cours, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866.
2 Vireo bellii, Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave).

Hab. Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Fort Mohave, and Arizona.

Somewhat similar in general appearance to Vireosylvia gilva and swainsoni,
but smaller. Bill very small; tarsi lengthened. Wings about equal to the
tail, which is lengthened, graduated, and with the feathers narrow and pointed.
Exposed part of lst primary about half that of the 2d, which is intermediate
between 7th and 8th; the 4th and 5th longest.

Above grayish-ash, with a tinge of olive behind. Beneath, including the
inside of the wings, white, with a soiled tinge on the sides of the throat and
across the breast. Ax-
illars and flanks, ex-
hibiting a faint trace of
greenish-yellow. Eye-
lids and a short line
from the nostrils to the
eye whitish; no other
stripe apparent. A
dusky loral spot. Pri-
mary coverts edged in-
distinctly with whitish, producing an obscure band (a second on the middle
coverts hardly appreciable). Quills and tail feather edged externally
with pale grayish-olive, the innermost secondaries with whitish. Bill dusky
above, whitish beneath. Legs plumbeous. Iris of two specimens marked as
“licht brown,” of another as “rufous.”

The details of structure taken from No. 23,785, of color from 23,788. Length
of 23,785, 3, 4.80 when fresh, of skin, 4.25 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.25 ; bill above,
.37; tarsus, 73; middle toe and claw, .50; hind toe and claw, .42. First
quill, .70; 2d, 1.40; longest (5th), 1.64. (Cape St. Lucas.)

Vireo pusillus, Cotes, (California. )

Since writing the preeeding description, I have received a Vireo
(No. 31,898), collected by Dr. Cooper, at San Diego, which, al-
though considerably larger, I cannot distinguish specifically. The
difference in size is what might be expected between specimens from
Cape St. Lucas and San Diego, and the occurrence of a Cape species
at the latter place is in accordance with the facts observed in other
instances where such birds as Szalia arctica, Polioptila melanura,
ete., equally peculiar to the middle province, have found their way to
the California coast at San Diego, through the break in the coast
range of mountains.

The larger specimen somewhat resembles V. pallens of Central
America, but has a much smaller bill and a longer tail, with but one
distinct white band on the wing. The bill is about the size of that
in V. huttoni; but the white under parts and other differences of

A

VIREO. 361

coloration and form distinguish them. The measurements are as
follows :—*

(No. 31,893, 4.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.35; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, .71, of 2d, 1.44, of longest (3d, 4th, and 5th), (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .40,
from nostril, .25, along gape, .55; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .46, claw
alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .18

284)
Smith-|Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b
No. Nol | Age. | Collected. y
16,956 | 1,942 | ¢& | Cape St. Lucas. ais. John: Xantus; |) 9 2 eea5e
163957 |. 1,931 || @. | « [Lucas. si ee.) | aeeeee ee
23,785 | 3,462 | og | San Jose, Cape St. | Dec. 1859. SO ME Me fererene

23,788 | 6,023 | ¢ | SierraSan Gertrude, |
Cape St. Lucas, Jan. 1861. ff fimeyr |i 29 itseerrers

31,893 259e| g | San Diego. ? Cal. | April 24,’62.| Prof. J. D. Whit- | Dr. J. G. Cooper.
40,696 | 1,522 | @ | Date Creek, 50m. S./June6,’65. | Dr. E.Coues. |° ......

of Prescott, Ariz. |
(16,957.) 4.55. Iris light brown. (23,785.) 4.80. Irisrufous. (31,893.) 5.50; 7.25; 2.30. Iris
brown. (40,696.) Eye brown; bill light horn, almost white beneath. Hasloud and melodious
song. (Coues.)

Vireo vicinior.
Vireo vicinior, Cours, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866.

Hab. Prescott, Arizona.

(No. 40,697, $.) Bill stout, considerably compressed and deep. Wings
moderately pointed, about equal to tail, which is decidedly graduated; Ist
quill rather more than half
2d, which about equals 9th
and the secondaries ; the 4th
and 5th longest. Tarsus con-
siderably longer than middle
toe and claw; lateral toes
quite conspicuous for their
disproportion, the inner claw
reaching only to base of outer,
and falling short of base of
middle; the terminal digit
of inner toe reaching only to
end of second joint of middle
toe.

Upper parts, with sides of
head and neck, ashy or light 40697
plumbeous, faintly olivaceous
on rump. Beneath white;

Vireo vicinior, Cours. (Arizona.)

1 After the completion of the present article the specimen, No. 40,696, was
received from Dr. E. Coues (agreeing with No, 31,893 in size), thus extend-
ing the range of the species to Arizona, as might have been anticipated.

(No. 31,893, %-) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.50 (4.50?) ; expanse of
wings, 7.25; wing from carpal joint, 2.30.

362 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART T.

slightly ashy on sides of breast. Flanks and inside of wings showing a faint
trace of yellow, only appreciable on raising the wings. An obsolete line from
bill to eye, and a more distinct ring round the eye, white. No bands on the
wing, except a faint edging of whitish on the greater coverts ; the quills edged
internally with white. Bill and legs plumbeous. “Iris brown. Mouth livid,
bluish-white.” (Coues.)

Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.60; expanse of wings, 8.60. Prepared
specimen: Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.60, its graduation, .22;
difference of 10th and longest quills, .40; exposed portion of Ist primary, .85,
of 2d, 1.65, of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.95;
length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32, along gape, .61; depth of
bill, 18; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone, .16; hind toe and
claw, .40, claw alone, .19.

This species would at first sight be taken for a small specimen
of V. plumbea, the colors, character of bill, etc., being exactly simi-
lar, except that the white of lores and around eye is much less dis- ,
tinct, and there is only one faint band on wing, instead of two
conspicuous ones; the tail feathers, too, lack the distinct white
edgings. The much more rounded wing, and the first primary half
the second or more, will, however, readily distinguish them. The
form of the bird is very much that of V. pusillus, which it resembles
also in color. The outer quill is, however, longer, the bid deeper
and more compressed, the inner lateral toe considerably: shorter, and
the size larger. The colors are purer, without the olive of the back
or the yellowish of the under parts; the bill, too, is entirely dark
plumbeous, instead of horn color, whitish beneath. From V. pallens
it is distinguished by smaller, darker bill; longer tail and wing ; one
wing band, not two, and purer colors.

.

rat

Smith- Colles | Sex Wien

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected Received from Remarks.
No. | No. | Age. ‘:

Elliot Coues, M.D. | Type.

40,697 | 1,507 | ¢ | Fort Whipple, near | May 24, ’65.
[Prescott, Ar. |

Vireo modestus.

Vireo modestus, SctatER, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Jamaica); 1861, 72, pl.
xiv, fig. 1.—Is. Catal. 1861, 43, no. 259.—Marcu, Pr. A. N. Se.
1863, 294.—V. noveboracensis, Gossr, Birds Jam. 1847, 192 (not
of GMELIN).

Hab. Jamaica.
(No. 22,143, 5.) Thewhole upper parts are of a dull olive green, with a

shade of brown, the sides of head and neck paler. The quills and tail feathers
are brown; the lst and 2d primaries very faintly edged with whitish, the

VIREO. 363

next more broadly, this color gradually changing to bright olive on the
secondaries and tertials. Two distinct bands on the wing, and the outer
edges of inner tertials are
yellowish-white. The
tail feathers are edged
externally with olive
green, the outermost
having a narrow edge of
whitish. Under parts
pale yellow, palest on
throat, and with a tinge Vireo modestus, SCLATER. (Jamaica.)

of buff on the belly and

crissum. Sides of neck, breast, and flanks tinged with olive, which also
washes the front of the breast. Under wing covers whitish, the axillars
sulphur yellow. Bill light horn color above, whitish beneath; legs plumbe-
ous. Loral region light olive yellow, in slight contrast with the forehead.
There is little or no concealed yellow on the feathers of the rump.

The tail about the length of the wings, or a little shorter, rounded; the
lateral feathers .16 of an inch shorter than the middle. The wing is concave;
the primaries .35 longer than the secondaries; the lst primary rather more
than half the 2d, which is about as long as the secondaries ; the 3d is rather
shorter than the 7th, the 4th and 5th longest. The bill is compressed ; the
tarsus is rather more than one and one-third the length of middle toe and claw.

(No. 22,143, 4.) Total length, 4.75 ; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.21; difference be-
tween 10th and longest quills, .84; exposed portion of first primary, .78, of
2d, 1.41, of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of Ist. pri-
mary), 1.75; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .26, along gape,
-60; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw,
.41, claw alone, .20.

The specimen described above agrees very well with the descrip-
tion and figure of Dr. Sclater. Four others are all smaller, one of
them (received from Dr. Sclater), No. 23,323, more olivaceous be-
neath, brighter green above; another, No. 22,159, grayer above,
belly without buff tinge, and the whitish edging of lateral tail feather
wanting. In these differences, however, there is hardly enough to
warrant a separation into two species.

This species is readily distinguished from V. gundlachi by the
smaller size, longer wings, more olive back, less clearly defined yel-
low belly, and in having light markings on the wings and tail. V.
bahamensis is larger, the bill much larger, the tail proportionally
shorter; the third quill but little shorter than the fourth. Vireo
noveboracensis has much longer wings, a white throat and belly,
and yellow front. Its nearest relative is V. huttoni. This, how-
ever, has a smaller bill, longer wings, even tail with brighter olive
edging ; the lower back and rump considerably brighter than the

364 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

head and interscapular region. The first primary is barely half, or
not half the second, instead of more than half as in modestus.

Nore.—The point of upper mandible, as seen from above, is not
sufficiently acute in the figure.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ee nee Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. i

93.323 | 23 Q | Trelawney, Jam. Oct. 17, ’58. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.

22,143 oe g@ | Spanishtown, Jam. Ree Wide Marchi ian iar ae siete

22,159 ae oe Ss ove cS See mee tetcrere av

24,370 52 2 ae Nov. 6,61. SA) | a iseyorete

24,371 52 do ce 2 See es ert ART Coraore
(23,323.) A type.

Vireo latimeri.

Vireo latimeri, BARD, N. Sp.
ITab. Porto Rico.

(No. 39,347.) Upper parts olivaceous ; brightest and greenest on lower back
and rump, passing anteriorly into almost clear gray on the head, the inter-
scapular region soiled with
reddish olive. No light bands
nor edging of the wings, ex-
cepting the olive green borders
of the quills, becoming paler
towards the edge of the wing.
Chin and throat, with a line
from bill to eye, and eyelids,
white. Sides of head gray.

Vireo latimeri, Barrp. (Porto Rico.) Breast and remaining under

parts yellow, palest centrally,

tinged with greenish on ‘sides. Inside of wings pale yellowish, inner edges
of quills tinged with the same. Bill light horn color, paler below; legs

plumbeous. “Iris hazel.” ‘

Wings short, though longer than tail, concave, much rounded—the differ-
ence between the 10th and longest primary being but .23 of an inch. First
quill much more than half 2d, about half 3d, which is shorter than 7th;
4th and 5th about equal and longest. Tail short, nearly even.

(No. 39,347.) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.90; difference between
10th and longest quills, .24; exposed portion of Ist primary, .76, of 2d, 1.35,
of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.68 ;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus,
.75; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .45, claw

alone, .20.

This species, in its gray head and neck in contrast to the yellowish
of under parts, is quite different from any other excepting V. josephee.
The wings, however, are much shorter, and differently proportioned ;

VIREO. 365

the brown cap and post-ocular stripe are wanting, and the light line
from bill only goes to the eye, instead of passing broadly to the
nape. Ihave great pleasure in dedicating it to Mr. Geo. Latimer,
of Porto Rico, at whose expense a valuable collection of birds of the
Island was made and presented to the Institution—the species just
described among them.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks.
No. No. | Age. ;

39,348 Porto Rico, N. Side. 1864-5, Geo, Latimer. Iris hazel.

39,347 “3 id Type.

Vireo pallens.

Vireo pallens, Satvin, P. Z. 8. May, 1863, 188 (Realejo and Punta
Arenas).

Hab. West coast of Central America.

(No. 33,601.) Wings short and rounded, about equal to the tail; 1st quill
rather less than half the 2d, which is less than the secondaries ; 3d about equal
to the 7th; 4th and 5th long-
est. Bill large and stout;
feet well developed, the claws
reaching to end of tail. Tail
rather rounded, the feathers
narrow ; the lateral.15 shorter
than central.

Upper parts dull grayish-
olive; a little brighter per-
haps on rump and edges of
quill- and tail-feathers. No
difference appreciable in color of the outer edge of lateral tail feather. Two
bands on the wing, and outer edges of inner secondaries white. No concealed
yellowish on rump. Beneath soiled white, with a very slight tinge of oliva-
ceous on sides; the lining of wings and inner edges of quills pure white.
Tibie ashy. A whitish line from bill to, and perhaps a narrow ring around
the eye. Lores dusky. Bill horn color above, pale below; feet dusky.

(No. 33,601.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.00; difference between
10th and longest quills, .25; exposed portion of Ist primary, .70, of 2d, 1.35,
of longest (measured from exposed base of lst primary), 1.64; length of bill
from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .68; tarsus, .80; middle toe
and claw, .55, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .24.

Vireo pallens, Sauvin. (Nicaragua.)

This species is very similar in form and general appearance to V.
pusillus, agreeing in the rounded tail with narrow pointed feathers,
lengthened legs, long claws, ete., with about the same dimensions ;
otherwise, however, the bill and feet are much larger, measuring

366 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

from nostril .35, instead of .25; the tarsi .80, not .75. The wings
are more rounded, the difference between longest primary and tenth
being .30 instead of .40. The differences from V. vicinior, Coues,
are noted under that species.

The specimen described is one of the types of Mr. Salvin, and
kindly presented by that gentleman and Capt. Dow.

smith-|Collee-| Sex When
sonian | tor’s and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks.
No. No. Age. ag
33,601 | 4,682)" | Realgjo, Nic. May 16, 88, Capt. Dow & O. Sal- A type.
| [vin.

Vireo ochracets.
Vireo ochraceus, Satvin, P. Z. 8. 1863, 188, no. 5 (San Jose, Guat.)
2V. semiflavus, Satvin, P. Z. S. 1863, 188, no. 6 (Peten, Guat.)

Hab. Western and southern Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala.

(No. 427, Salvin’s Coll.) Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the
tail; Ist quill nearly half as long as the 3d, considerably more than half the
2d ; 5th and 6th quills long-
est; 4th little shorter; 2d
shorter than 10th ; 3d equal
to 8th. Bill large, broad at
base, and rather depressed,
the sides nearly straight.
Tail somewhat rounded,
the feathers narrow.

Above olive green, with
a soiled buffy or reddish
tinge; the olive purest on the rump. Beneath yellow with a reddish olive
tinge; paler on throat, more olive on sides and perhaps across breast; the
inside of wings paler yellow; the inner edges of quills whitish. Cheeks
olive. A brighter yellowish line from bill along upper edge of eye to its
posterior corner, although apparently interrupted above the eye, and not
extending around lower eyelids, the space from eye to angle of mouth
more dusky. Wings with two broad bands, and outer edges of inner secon-
daries olivaceous-white, in decided contrast with the blackish-brown ground ;
the rest of quills and the tail feathers edged with olive green. Bill horn color
above, paler below. Legs plumbeous.

(No. 427, 9.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.00; difference between
10th quill and longest, .21; exposed portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.36,
of longest (5th and 6th), (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.66 ;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus,
.79; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .45, claw

Vireo
ochraceus.

alone, .22.

The lack of a light mark below the eye and the interruption above
it of the usval superciliary stripe, causing the latter to reappear

VIREO. 367

again as a small yellowish spot above the posterior corner, seems
quite peculiar.

A specimen (male, June 16) from Mazatlan agrees closely in form
with the present bird, although rather larger. The first quill is only
a little more than half the second. The colors are duller, and the
under parts paler; the white markings are less distinct, owing to the
worn condition of the feathers. The extension of the range of the
species from Southern Guatemala to Mazatlan is an interesting fact,
paralleled by the facts in the case of Hirundo albilinea, various Tro-
chilide, ete., no specimens of which have hitherto been observed in
the intermediate coast of Mexico.

The type of the species described above has been kindly furnished
by Mr. Salvin.

Vireo semiflavus (the type of which I have before me from Mr.
Salvin) I can hardly consider as distinct from ochraceus, as it re-
sembles it very closely in —
size, form, and propor-
tions. The first quill, in
the type, is shorter than
in ochraceus—being not
quite half the second ; the
other quills are as in V.
ochraceus. The upper
parts are rather brighter
green ; the under parts lack the ochrey tinge, and the light markings
on the wing are narrower. The same peculiarities of the eye stripe
are seen in both types. The difference of coloration is what might
be expected between birds killed in January and in April, and the
difference in length of outer quills such as is met with frequently in
well established species.

Vireo semifiavus.

(No. 428.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.95; difference between
10th and longest quills, .20; exposed portion of lst primary, .62, of 2d, 1.25,
of longest, 5th and 6th (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.60;
length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .60; tarsus,
78; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .44, claw
alone, .20.

A specimen from Merida, Yucatan (April), a locality nearly due
north of Lake Peten, and closely related to the region of the latter
in its zoological geography, agrees in general characters, but has the
outer primary a little more than half the second, although not as
Jong as in the type of ochraceus—about what it is in the Mazatlan
specimen. The bill is darker and rather narrower.

368 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smith- Collee-| Sex | wWwihen
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ‘
34,025 | 1 ¢ | Mazatlan, Mex. Junel6,’62:|Colz A. JiGrayson,|, sane
ste 427 2 | San Jose, Guat. June 1863, 9 OF Salwing 9 i 9 Boece.
Be 428 ¢ | Sakluk, Peten,Guat} April, 1862. 192 oP ah al lh eed Chesser
39,278 | 394 od | Merida, Yucatan. April14,’65.| Gov. Salazar. Dr. A. Schott.

(497.)_ The type of V. ochraceus. (425.) The type of V. semifiavus. (39,278.) Most like
No. 428.

Vireo crassirostris.
Lanivireo cr. Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).
Hab. Bahamas.

(No. 13,508.) Upper parts grayish-olive, the edges of quills and tail-
feathers brighter olive green. Beneath pale yellowish, soiled slightly with
ashy; brightest on

sides and crissum,

==(G = paler on middle of

<7 belly; flanks ting-
33186™. ed with olivaceous;
quills edged inter-

nally with white.

13508 Two well - marked
: bands on wings, and
Vireo crassirostris, BkyANT. (Bahamas.) broad outer edges

; of inner secondaries
yellowish-white. A yellow band from nostril (meeting its fellow) to the eye,
and a narrow yellow ring around it. Bill dark plumbeous horn color, lighter
along edges. Feet dark plumbeous.

Wings longer than the tail (2.40 to 2.10). The 1st or spurious primary
more than half the length of the 2d, which is shorter than the 9th primary,
and about equal to the secondaries (not shorter, as in V. gundlachi) ; the 4th,
5th, and 6th quills are “longest, their tips reaching about .30 beyond the
secondaries. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers narrow and pointed. The
tarsi are long and stout (.85 of an inch), and measure one and a half times
as much as the middle toe and claw. The bill is unusually stout and large,
and the feet well developed.

(No. 13,508.) Total length, 4.55 ; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.15; difference between
10th quill and longest, .380; exposed portion of 1st primary, .77, of 2d, 1.33,
of longest, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.66;
length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .70; depth, .19;
tarsus, .85 ; middle toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .50,
claw alone, .24. .

In some specimens the yellow of the forehead is much obscured.
The anterior corner of the eye is dusky. The cheeks are tinged
with olive green. The yellow of under parts is not uniform and con-
tinuous. The type of the species is not so bright in its colors as
specimens received subsequently from Nassau.

VIREO. 369

This species is closely related to V. gundlachi in size, form, and
general appearance ; but differs in the much stouter, darker Dill,
larger legs; the wings longer than the tail, instead.of shorter; the
second quill equal to secondaries, instead of much shorter. The
olive of back is grayish, not plumbeous; the under parts duller yel-
low, and the two conspicuous wing bands and broad edging of inner
secondaries are reduced to a minimum. The much brighter olive
green edging of quills and tail-feathers are’ inconspicuous in
gundlachi.

In color of bill and general appearance of upper parts and fore-
head there is quite a resemblance to V. noveboracensis ; the larger
bill and prevailing yellow of under parts readily distinguish it. It
also in color is somewhat like V. modestus; but the bill is very
much larger, the upper parts duller olive, the frontal yellow
brighter, ete.

| |
Smith-/Collec- Sex |

sonian) tor’s | and | Locality. alae Received from Remarks.
No. | No. Age. ria
-| | —_
13,508 Soma | Nassau, N. P. April, 1859. Dr. H. Bryant. A type.
ss April, 1864. Gt Pitzgerald., |) © cence
ae ve “ee

SRSET) ces
SeS7 ots, | as
ate Sf cs ce In alcohol,

VIREONELLA, Baird.
Vireo gundiachi.
Vireo gundlachi, LemBrye, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pl. v, fig. 1 (Cien-
fuegos, Cuba).—Cas. Jour. III, 468.
Hab. Cuba.

(No. 13058, 4.) Upper parts of an olivaceous-plumbeous ; the under, with
the loral region, and a circle around the eye (the latter brighter) dull yellow,
as in V. philadelphica.
Sides tinged with oli-
vaceous. There are two
narrow, very inconspicu-
ous pale bands on the
wing. The tail- and wing-
feathers are brown, edged
with the color of the back
(without any whitish),
the outer edge of the Vireo gurdlachi, Lemp. (Cuba.)
outer tail feather not
paler than in the others. Quills edged internally with white. Bill pale
horn color above, a little lighter beneath. Legs plumbeous.

Wings extremely short and much rounded, nearly a quarter of an inch
shorter than the tail; 1st primary large, and more than half the 2d, which is
much shorter (.20 of an inch) than any of the secondaries, and .40 of an inch

24 May, 1866,

370 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

less than the longest quill. The 4th quill is longest ; the ¢th and 6th scarcely
shorter; the 7th, 8th, and 9th decreasing gradually ; the 3d about intermedi.
ate between 7th and 8th. The primaries in the closed wing are scarcely
more than .20 of an inch longer than the secondaries. Tail slightly rounded,
the feathers narrow and somewhat pointed, the lateral about .15 of an inch
shorter than the central. The bill is much compressed, being considerably
higher than broad, though not dissimilar in shape to that of V. flavifrons.
The feet are large; the tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of
middle toe and claw.

(No. 13,058,%.) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.20; difference between
10th primary and longest, .20; exposed portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25,
of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.64; length
of bill from forehead, .59, from nostril, .30, along gape, .65, depth, .17; tarsus,
.79; middle toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw
alone, .23.

Another specimen (No. 29,632): Wing, 2.26; tail, 2.45; exposed portion
of Ist primary, .66, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, .1.74.

A second specimen (No. 29,632) has the wings and tail longer,
9.26 and 2.48; the first quill is only half the second, which, how-
ever, like the others, is much shorter than the secondaries.

Smith- Collec-) Sex =
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Ww pou Received from Collected b
y Collected y
No. No. | Age. :
13,058 sa | @ | Cuba, sare G. NidLawrences || 9) se...
sey i) LEZ ste ie er Cab. Lawrence. | ......
29,632 oe ¢ | Fermina, W. Cuba.| Feb. 20. Ghassiwiright. | |/) ses ci.

Vireo hypochryseus.
Vireo hypochryseus, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1862, 369, pl. 46 (Mexico).
Hab. Tres Marias Islands, N. W. coast of Mexico.

(No. 37,331, 4.) Wings short, rounded, about equal to tail: much gradu-
ated ; 1st quill more than half 2d, which about equals the 10th; the 6th quill
longest; the 5th and

= eee 4th but little short-

s% er. Tail considerably

rounded (in one spe-
ae 37333 = cimen the lateral
feather .38 shorter

a f\

Sl! than middle). Bill
stout. Legs rather
weak, the claws fall-

Vireo hypochryseus, SCLATER. (Tres Marias.) ing far short of end

of tail.

Whole upper parts, with sides of neck, bright yellowish-green, without
light bands or edgings; beneath deep yellow, tinged with olive on sides and
perhaps on breast.. A broad line from bill over the eye to nape, and eyelids,
bright yellow; the cheeks below the eye more olivaceous; quills edged in-

NEOCHLOE. oe

ternally with white, the outer edges of primaries with gray. Bill rather dark
horn color, paler on the edges and end of lower mandible. Legs dark
plumbeous.

The nostrils are circular, and in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove ;
the tips of frontal feathers reaching to their posterior edge, but not growing
up toit. The tongue is broad and fleshy, the end thin, flat, and horny; the
tip quite deeply cleft; the outer edge somewhat lacerated. (Note from alco-
holic specimen.)

(No. 37,331, %.) Total length, 5.65; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.50, graduation,
.25; difference between 10th primary and longest, .38; exposed portion of
1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.58, of longest (6th) (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.94; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril, .35, along
gape, .71; tarsus, .78; middle toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .20; hind toe
and claw, .46, claw alone, .23.

The type specimen of the species, kindly lent by Dr. Sclater,
agrees exactly with those from the Three Marias. The species is
quite unique in its peculiar coloration, and its discovery at the
Three Marias is one of the most interesting of the results of Col.
Grayson’s important explorations in northwestern Mexico. The
exact locality of Dr. Sclater’s bird has not been indicated.

smith-|Collee-| Sex
sonian| tor’s and Locality.
No. | No. | Age.

When

Collected Received from | ~ Collected by

375331 | 84 | 3 | Tres Marias, Isl. N.| Jan. 1865. | Col.A.J.Grayson.| —_.......
37,332 83 o “TW. Mex. rs ss
‘

oe
“ce

ee “ec
“ec “ce

Mexico.

“cc

Cab. Dr. Sclater. Parzudaki.

|
( -) Inaleohol. ( -) Inaleohol. ( .) The type of species.

NEOCHLOBE, Scuarer.
Neochloe, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 213. (Type NV. brevipennis.)

Form short and thick. Head large. Wings a little longer than the tail,
which is considerably rounded; wing short and broad; the primaries not
much longer than se-
condaries ; the outer six
graduated ; the 1st more
than half the 2d, which
is shorter than the se-
condaries ; the 3d about
equal to 9th or 10th;
the 6th longest. Feet
slender, rather long,
similar to Vireo. Bill
not differing much from
Vireo, but rather broad-
er and more depressed

at base. Neochlue brevipennis, ScLAVER. (Orizaba.)

372 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The essential characters of this genus are to be found in the con-
siderably rounded tail, which somewhat exceeds the wings, and in
the very short, much rounded wings and considerable amount of
graduation of the primaries—the sixth being longest, the second
shorter than the secondaries, and the third barely longer than the
tenth. But one species is known, the coloration of which is entirely
peculiar in the family.

Neochioe brevipennis.
Neochloe brevipennis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Botteri).
fHTab. Orizaba.

(No. 38,163.) Wing much graduated; the 6th longest; first quill more
than half 2d; second shorter than secondaries. Tail longer than wings,
somewhat graduated.

General color dark ashy plumbeous; the entire top of head and nape sap
green ; the outer surface of wings bright greenish-yellow, edges of tail feathers
and upper tail coverts similar, but duller; edge of bend of wing bright yel-
low. Chin and median region of abdomen, including crissum, white, as are
the lining of wing and inner edges of quills. Concealed portion of wing and
tail feathers above, as well as their under surfaces, almost black, especially
the quills. Bill and feet plumbeous black.

(No. 38,163.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.40; difference of
feathers, .24; difference of 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of
Ist primary, .67, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.56, of longest (6th) (measured from ex-
posed base of Ist primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .50, from
nostril, .25, along gape, .56; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone,
.15; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .23.

The outer edges only of the quills are green, so that the inner
secondaries exhibit a good deal of black. The outer two primaries
are edged with gray, not green, and on the other primaries the latter
color changes to gray towards the end. ‘The specimen described is
the second known, the type, also collected by M. Botteri, being in
the British Museum.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex | a
: Soa : When
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Gollected
No. No. | Age. r

Received from Collected by

38,163 271 ee Orizaba, Mex. Sele M. Botteri. M. Botteri.

HYLOPHILUS, Temm.
“ Hylophilus, Tem. PI. Col. 173, fig. 2. (Type H. pecilotis, Tem™.”’)

Similar to Vireo in general appearance, but shorter and stouter. Wing
short, rounded, about equal to the tail, which is narrow and rounded, the

HYLOPHILUS. ole

feathers frequently considerably pointed. Primaries but little longer than
secondaries; the Ist
about half the 2d,
which generally equals
the secondaries ; the 4th
and 5th longest. Bill
more conical than in
Vireo ; the culmen curv-
ing very slightly, some-
times nearly straight to
the but little decurved
tip, the notch of which
is long and _ shallow.
Bristles of mouth less
developed. Legs length-
ened ; claws very sharp
and larger than in
Vireo ; hind toe longer ;
both the lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle claw ; the outer beyond
the middle of the claw. Adhesion of toes as in Vireo.

Hylophilus viridiflavus, LAwR. (Panama.)

This genus is easily distinguished from the Vireos by the conical,
more acute bill, but slightly decurved at tip, more arched com-
missure, longer hind toe, much larger claws, and a more rounded
wing than usual in Vireo. In the character of the feet it comes
quite near Laletes.

The species of Hylophilus which I have had the opportunity of
examining agree very well in general characters, the principal varia-
tion consisting in trifling differences in the proportions of the quills
and length and graduation of tail. The first quill is usually less
than half the longest: in énsularis it is more than half. The tail
in the type is longer than the wing; in others it is about equal; in
a few species it is shorter.

The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species
known to me :—

Common CuHaraActers.—General color of upper parts olive green, the head, or
at least the forehead, usually differing in having an ochrey or rufous wash,
sometimes seen on the tail or back, sometimes wanting ; the forehead gener-
ally more yellowish. No bands on wings or tail. Under parts whitish,
yellowish, or olivaceous. Bill generally pale. Legs flesh color or plumbeousy

A. Head and nape above uniform cinnamon brown. Fore-
head not different.
Rufous of head confined to upper surface. Under parts
fulvous yellowish. Legs dusky . : a - pecilotis.

T4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

eo

B. Cap rufous or ochraceous, well defined against color of
back; forehead much brighter.

Forehead and vertex much brighter ochraceous than
rest of head. Whole upper parts, except the oli-
vaceous rump, more or less rufous; breast tinged
with the same. Legs flesh color . : :

Forehead rusty brown. Upper parts dark olive green ;
tail alone tinged with rufous. Beneath light oliva-
ceous-green. Legs dusky . : :

Forehead ochrey yellow. Back and tail bright olive
green, without rufous. Beneath clear yellow. Legs
plumbeous .

C. Cap tinged with bistre or sepia brown, shading gradually
off into the olive of back; the rump only bright olive.
Forehead paler only, not brighter. The only yellow of
abdomen on crissum.

Cap tinged with bistre brown, as is the back. Beneath
soiled fulvous white ; throat grayer ; flanks olivace-
ous. Legs yellowish. First quill not half the
longest . : : : : : . :

Cap and back ochrey ne Beneath soiled smoky fulvous
ash; no olive on flanks. Legs pale. First quill
more than half longest . :

D. Cap and forehead clear olive green, uniform with the re-
mainder of upper parts.
Beneath bright yellow; paler on throat. Legs yellow

E. Cap clear ash color, in abrupt contrast with the bright olive
green of remaining upper parts. Beneath whitish. Sides
of body and crissum olivaceous.

Ash of head and nape sharply defined behind and on
side of neck; unmixed with olive. Flanks strongly
washed with olive green 5 .

Ash of head and nape less ee tonacd: ao iuaiatinct
behind and on side of neck; mixed or washed
with olive. Flanks only slightly washed with
olive yellow. Upper parts more yellow. Size
smaller . : : : : : :

[PART I.

ochraceiceps.

. ferruginifrons.

aurantiifrons.

acuticauda.

insularis.

viridiflavus.

decurtatus.

. pusillus.

None of the species of Hylophilus mentioned in the foot-note,

all belonging to South America, have yet come under my

observation.

: Heriophits's semibrunneus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 341 (Bogota).
Olive ; head, neck, and upper part of back olive browu; beneath pale olive
yellowish; throat, bend of wing, and middle of abdomen whitish ; bill pale

brown; feet plumbeous. Length, 4.50.

Similar to H/. pewcilotis, but differs in having decidedly larger bill, and in
having the brown of head-extending over the ears, the whole neck, and upper

part of back.

HYLOPHILUS. 375

Hylophilus peecilotis.

Hylophilus pecilotis, Temm. Pl. Col. (1823), 173, fig. 1 (from Maxi-
milian’s specimen).—Boy. Consp. 1850, 329,—Burm. Uebers. III,
1857, 110.—Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 64.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861,
44, no. 269.—Sylvia pecilotis, Max. Beit. I, 1831, 715 (Bahia and
Minas).
Hab. Eastern Brazil.

(No. 173, Cab. G. N. Lawrence.) First quill lengthened, about half the
longest; 2d quill rather shorter than 10th; 4th longest. Wing not quite as
long as the tail, which is somewhat graduated.

Upper parts bright olive green; the whole cap, with nape, light cinnamon
brown. Beneath grayish-white, tinged with fulvous or brownish-yellow on
the breast; the sides with olive. Inside of wings yellow, as are the inner
edges of the quills. Sides of head ashy ; ear coverts plumbeous, with whitish

Hylophilus flavipes, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (Bogota).

Above grayish-olive, cap a little darker; beneath ochraceous-yellowish,
the throat whitish; breast dirty palish; bill pale brown; feet yellowish.
Length, 4.50.

Hylophilus frontalis, Tscuvpr, Arch. Naturg. 1844.—Is. Fauna Peruana,
1846, 194, pl. xiii, f. 1. Eastern Peru.

Above olive green; the forehead and line from base of bill to eye, citron
yellow; tail grayish-green. Under parts greenish-yellow, paler on throat;
the breast and crissum somewhat tinged with rufous brown. Lower wing
coverts olive. Bill brown; feet plambeous ; iris brown. Length, 6.25.

Hylophilus olivaceus, Tscuupr, Arch. Naturg. 1844.—In. F. Peruana, 1846,
195. Hab. Eastern Peru.

Allied to H. thoracicus, but differing in color. Above ashy olive, forehead
and rump brighter; eyelids yellowish. Beneath dull yellow; olivaceous on
breast and throat, the belly and crissum whitish. Under wing coverts white.
Bill reddish-brown; tarsi reddish. Irides brown. Length, 4.50; wing, 2.33.

Hylophilus thoracicus, Tremm. Pl. Col. 173, fig. 1.—Sylvia thoracica, Max.
Beit. III, 1831, 717. Hab. Coast of Brazil.
Above olive green; cheeks gray. Beneath pale yellow; crissum white;
legs plumbeous. Length, 5.50. (Burmeister, III, 110.)

Hylophilus flaveolus, Burm. Th. Bras. III, 110.—Sylvia flaveola, Max. Beit.
III, 1831, 719. Hab. Bahia.
Above grayish-brown; wings and tail more reddish-brown. Lower back,
breast, and belly reddish-yellow ; throat white; legs plumbeous. Length,
5.70. (Burmeister. )

Hylophilus cinerascens, Max. Beit. III, 1831, 723.—Borm. Th. Bras. III,
111. Hab. Espirito Santo Riv., Brazil.
Above greenish-olive gray. Beneath grayish-white ; wing coverts grayish-
brown, edged with pale yellowish-red; legs plumbeous. Length, 4.15.

376 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

shaft-streaks. Crissum pale yellowish. Bill horn color, paler beneath; legs
dusky. Iris “grayish-brown” (Maz.).

(No. 173, Bahia.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.25; difference of
feathers, .30; difference of 10th and longest quills, .30; exposed portion of
Ist primary, .80, of 2d, 1.32, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base
of lst primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .31, along
gape, .60; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .16; hind toe
and claw, .44, claw alone, .21.

The description given above is from a Bahia specimen belonging
to Mr. Lawrence. Another, in defective condition, from an unknown
locality on the coast of Brazil (No. 23,979), is much more yellow
beneath, including crissum, and with the wings of same length, has
the tail much longer (2.60).

oly |
Smith-/Collee-| Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.
|) | |) | |) | HM
24: 008) thea. Brazil. selena NNO Aesictetels Dr. G. B. Horner.
23,979 oe gs ves! Pp yeeros Es
a 173 Bahia. is) g | Mtsseie(ersts Cab. Lawrence.

Hylophilus ochraceiceps.

Hylophilus ochraceiceps, ScuaTeR, P. Z. 8. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca). — I.
Catal. 1861, 44, no. 268.—SctarerR & Satnviy, Ibis, 1860, 397.
(Guatemala).

Hab. Western Mexico, to Costa Rica.

(No. 22,375, %,a type.) Third quill equal to 7th; 2d considerably shorter
than 10th and secondaries ; tail rounded.

Upper parts olivaceous-rufous ; the tail clear rufous brown; the rump dull
olive green. Cap brownish ochrey, brighter anteriorly, more yellow on the
edges anterior to the eye. Beneath faint ochrey yellow; the chin and throat,
with cheeks more ashy, the breast more ochrey, the flanks and crissum more
olivaceous, the inside of wings and inner edges of quills yellowish. Edges
of inner secondaries externally like the back, their border becoming paler
towards the outer primaries, the coverts at the base of the primary quills
clear dark brown, forming a marked spot. Bill horn color above, paler below ;
feet apparently reddish.

(No. 22,375, 4, type.) Total length, 4.10; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.95; differ-
ence of feathers, .25; difference of 10th and longest quills, 28; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, .72, of 2d, 1.30, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 1.65; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65; tarsus, .68; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .20;
hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .22.

A second specimen, from Costa Rica, agrees with the one just
described, but with less of the ochrey tinge on the breast.

HYLOPHILUS.

os
“1
“r

|
Smith- Collec-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. pwns Received from Remarks.
No. | No. | Age. | S ;

22,375 | 40,736 | Mexico (Oaxaca ?). atele Verreaux. Type.
34,780 5 Angostura, C. R. June 10, ’64. JCarmioky NW widecws

Hylophilus ferruginifrons.
Hylophilus ferruginifrons, ScLATER, P. Z. 8. 1862, 110 (New Grenada).
Hab. New Grenada.

(Type.) Fourth and 5th quills longest; 2d about equal to 10th and secon-
davies; Ist less than half the longest. :

Above dark olive green, brighter and lighter on rump and edges of inner
quills (becoming paler towards the outer ones), the tail tinged with umber
brown. Forehead almost
ferruginous. Beneath gray-
ish olive; paler on throat
and middle of belly. In-
side of wings, axillars, and
inner edges of quills clear
yellow. Crissum yellow-
ish. Bill dusky, the com-
missural edges and end of
lower mandible paler ; legs Hylophilus ferruginifrons, Scuater. (N. Grenada.)
dusky ?

(Type. Cab. Sclater.) Total length, about 4.25; wing, 2.30; tail, 1.80; dif-
ference between 10th and longest primary, .35 ; exposed portion of Ist primary,
-76, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),
1.€5; length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64;
tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .10; hind toe and claw, .46,

claw alone, .22.

Dr. Sclater has kindly lent me his type specimen of the above
species.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian) tor’s | and: Locality. Collected Received from Remarks.
No. | No. | Age. a .
ake | ac | ve | Bogota. Sere | Cab. P. L. Selater. | Ty pe.

Hylophilus aurantiifrons,
Hylophilus aurantiifrons, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 324 (Birds
Panama, II, 211). Panama.
Hab. Isthmus Panama.

(No. 38,926.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d about equal to 6th ; 2d equal to 10th
or secondaries; Ist less than half the 3d.

378 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PARoT.

Above light olive green, brighter behind. Forehead fulvous yellow, the
rest of cap ashy olive, tinged with fulvous or ochrey, scarcely distinguishable
behind from the back, which is slightly washed with the same. Cheeks like
head above, but lighter. A yellowish loral spot passing to upper part of eye ;
the eyelids whitish. Under parts pale yellow, lightest (almost white) on
throat, darker inside the wings and on crissum; flanks slightly olivaceous.
Inner edges of quills yellowish-white ; outer edges of exterior primaries gray,
of other quills olive. Tail feathers decidedly olive, edged internally with
yellowish. Bill above horn color, flesh color below; legs plumbeous.

(No. 38,926, 4.) Total length, 4.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.05; difference of
10th and longest primary, .31; exposed portion of Ist primary, .80, of 2d,
1.45, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.75;
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .85, along gape, .66; tarsus,
-62; middle toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .13; hind toe and claw, .46, claw
alone, .21.

The specimen described agrees quite well with the type, but is
larger and brighter in color. The shade of olive in the cap is
darker and redder than that of the back.

This species, of about the same size, closely resembles viridi-
flavus in color, especially below. The latter is, however, of a
richer, more ochrey yellow below, lacks the colored front, and has
the cap uniform with the back. The whole bill is reddish, and the
feet are flesh color or red, not plumbeous.

Smith-|Collec-| Sex Wien
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No No. |Age. OE ECLE Re
, | 5 ak Sy ith oe lea ee te eee
38,926 85 Zo Panama. Jan: 10; "65: Ered. Hicks; 2) | sete
ste 175 dc rs bite Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb.
(38,926.) Eye dark; legs lead; upper bill smoky; lower pinkish. ( .) Type.

Hylophilus acuticauda.
Hylophilus acuticaudus, LAWRENCE, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1865, 37 (Venezuela).

Hab. Venezuela.

(No. 399, type.) Wings short and much rounded; tail lengthened, longer
than the wings, the feathers narrow and lanceolate. Second quill consider-
ably shorter than 10th; 3d about equal to 9th.

Above dull olive, browner anteriorly, brighter towards rump and on edges
of quills; the forehead with some concealed yellowish at base of feathers.
Sides of head, throat, and breast pale dull brownish-ash ; belly fulvous white ;
flanks olivaceous; crissum, tibia, and inner lining of wings (including inner
edges of quills), yellow. Bill light horn color, paler below ; legs pale brownish-
yellow.

(No. 399, type.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; difference of
10th and longest quills, .16; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.20,

HYLOPHILUS. 319

of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.45; length
of bill from forehead, .53, from nostril, 30, along gape, .60; tarsus, .67; hind
toe and claw, .44.

The type specimen of this species does not appear entirely mature,
although if so the coloration of the adult will probably not be ma-
terially different. It perhaps comes nearest in coloration to the
description of H. flavipes, Lafr.

Smith- Collec- Sex ; Wihten in ‘
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks.
No. | No. | Age. g

| 399 as Venezuela, wise Cab, Lawrence. | Type.

Hylophilus imsularis.
Hylophilus insularis, Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1861, 128 (Tobago).
Hab. Island of Tobago. (Kirk.)

(No. 270*, Dr. Sclater’s type.) Fourth, 5th, and 6th quills nearly equal -
and longest; 2d equal to secondaries ; exposed portion of Ist primary more
than half the longest. Upper parts olive green, becoming brighter behind,
especially on upper tail coverts and edges of wing- and tail-feathers; ante-
riorly more and more tinged with
dull ochrey ashy brown. Base of
upper mandible, cheeks, and under “=
parts soiled smoky light brownish-
buff (almost sepia brown). Inside
of wings and axillars bright yellow ;
inner edges of quills paler yellow.
Crissum and tibie yellowish-olive.
No olive on flanks. Bill dark horn
color; paler below. Legs pale.

(No. 270*, Scl. Cab.) Total length,
4.60; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.15; difference between 10th and longest quills, .28;
exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.08, of 2d, 1.64, of longest (5th) (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.92; length of bill from forehead, .64,
from nostril, .37, along gape, .80; tarsus, .78; middle toe and claw, .52; claw
alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .22.

Hylophilus
tnsularis.

IT am indebted to Dr. Sclater for the opportunity of examining
the type of this species.

|
Smith-/|Collee-| Sex

: ’ ° When .
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ney Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Collected.
270* | .. Tobago. 380 Cab. Dr. Sclater. Kirk.

(270*.) Type.

380 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1.

Hylophilus viridiflavus.

Hylophilus viridiflavus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 324 (Birds
Panama, II, 212 (Isth. Panama).—Scuater & Sarviy, P. Z. 8. 1864,
348 (Isth. Panama).

Hab. Isthmus Panama.

(No. 38,924, 2.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d, 5th, and 6th little shorter; 2d
equal to 10th; Ist about half longest. Wings very short and much rounded,
about equal to the graduated tail.

Above light olive green, rather brighter behind. Beneath, including bend
and lining of wings, rich
yellow. Cheeks pale
ash; chin and throat
tinged with the same.
Loral region gray. Bill
and legs pale yellow.
(‘In life bill and
legs slightly pinkish ;
iris yellowish, nearly
white.’? Hicks.)

Fresh specimen: Total
length, 4.75 ; expanse of
wings, 6.50. Prepared
specimen: Total length,
4.60; wing, 2.15; tail,

Hylophilus viridiflavus, LAWR. (i’anama.) 2.10; difference of tail
feathers, .25 ; difference

of 10th and longest quills, .25; exposed portion of Ist primary, .85, of 2d,
1.38, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.63;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus,
.77; middle toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw
alone, .24.

.

Smith- Collec-| Sex
sonian) tor’s | and Locality. pee Received from | Collected by
No. No. | Age. 2 |
38,924 69 2 Panama. Jani, 60.) red. gHicks.) lari welecceric
38,925 72 & cS ne Bere Ue ceadbe
1 en 176 Q “ Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.

(38,924.) Eyes white; legs and bill slightly pinkish. (176.) Type.

Hylophilus decurtatus.

Sylvicola decurtata, Bon. P. Z. 8. 1837, 118 (Guatemala).— Pachysylvia
decurtata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 309.

Hylophilus cinereiceps, ScuaTer & Satvin, P. Z. 8. 1860, 299 (Vera Paz,
Guat.).—Is. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Guat.).—?Is. P. Z. S. 1864, 348, —
Scrater, Catal. 1861, 44, no. 267.

Hab. South Mexico and Guatemala.

HYLOPHILUS. 881

(No. 22,374, 5.) Wing considerably graduated ; 2d quill about equal to
10th; 5th longest ; exposed portion of 1st less than half 3d, more than half
2d. Tail short, rather rounded ; feathers narrow.

Above bright olive green; whole top of head and nape clear pure ash gray,
in sharp contrast; cheeks paler, whitish about eyes. Beneath white, with
a slight creamy tinge, purest on throat and belly; the sides of breast and
flanks yellowish olive, lighter than the back, passing more into yellow on
crissum, and still purer yellow on inside of wings and axillars. Quills dusky
brown, edged externally with olive green, the outer primaries only with gray ;
quills edged internally with whitish. Tail feathers olive. Bill above dusky,
whitish below. Legs dusky?

(No. 22,374, §.) Total length, 3.75; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.80; difference of
feathers, .14; difference of 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of Ist
primary, .71, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of
Ist primary), 1.62; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32, along
gape, .63; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .16; hind toe and
claw, .36, claw alone, .20.

The loral region and a narrow ring around the eye are grayish-

white, as is to a less extent the space below the eye.
This species is almost certainly the Pachysylvia decurtata of

Bonaparte.
; |
Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. G@ollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ,
22,374 og | Mexico (Cordova?) ote MGeweb se Ty | Pa ceoaos
24,163 es Guatemala. aise GON; Lawrences |) eiscece<
56 172 3 ss Cab: Lawrences 1/9 pesisisesis
402) 5/2. sé ales SoS OP ei kom laureate. che
403 | g “ + ee ee cs

Hylophilus pusillus.

Hylophilus pusillus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861, 323 (Panama);
VIII, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nic.).

Hab. Isthmus Panama, to southeastern Nicaragua.

Very similar to decurtatus, but smaller; ash of head not extending as far
back over the nape, and slightly mixed with olive; less distinct on side of
neck; tail beneath more olive. Olive of sides less in amount, and more
yellow. Back more yellow. ‘Iris brown.” Carmiol.

(No. 400, Panama.) Total length, 3.80; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.60; difference
of 10th and longest primaries, .27 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .70, of 2d,
1.32, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.60;
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .34, along gape, .64; tarsus, .60.

(No. 34,672, 4, Costa Rica.) Total length, 3.70; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 1.40; dif-
ference of 10th and longest primary, .16 ; exposed portion of lst primary, .62,
of 2d, 1.12, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),

382 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART TI.

1.40; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34, along gape, .62;
tarsus, .60.

The comparison of many specimens of the grayheaded Hylophilus
of Guatemala, with others from Panama, exhibits, on the whole, the
differences referred to, as stated by Mr. Lawrence, but they are ex-
ceedingly slight, and may not unreasonably be referred to the influ-
ence of season or locality. Of the three types of Mr. Lawrence,
two, in which the olive green of the cap is most distinct, and the
~ size least, are decidedly immature birds; the third (No. 400), how-
ever, is adult, and although the color referred to is reduced in
amount, it is still quite appreciable.

Unmistakably adult specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua
are still smaller than those from Panama, as shown by the measure- |
ments given above. They are even brighter yellowish above than
in the type, the edges of some of the feathers almost yellow. Com-
pared with Guatemalan skins of unmistakable decurtatus, the
difference is very appreciable.

A young bird, scarcely full fledged, has the olive of back soiled
with buff, the top of head is dull sepia brown, and the olive of back
is tinged with the same. ‘

I am not satisfied as to the existence of more than one species,
but for the present retain pusillus, and await further evidence to
determine the question.

Smith-)|Collec-| Sex When c
sonian| tor's | and Locality. ‘ Received from Collected b
Wo. | Nore "ge: Collected. y

37,366 | 69 | @ | San Juan, Nic. | 1865. H.E. Holland. | | ....-.
39,754 oe do | Santa Rosa, C. R. Jan. 4, ’65. JseGarmiol.y >”) Fe Pee anae
34.671 g¢ | Angostura, C. R. June 10, 64. | SO lee >t || ee eee ee
34,672 cg e June §, ’64. Sr ae Obits Mum aelecie
34.673 0. ss June 12, ’64, oe ~ ah Reece oe
35,242 re Q | Dota, C. R. July 22, ’64. fol Wow) Ae ee er eer ac

400 ¢ | Panama. aise Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb.

40: as Lee ae oe

174 % “ce ee “ 1

(400.) Type. (401.) Type. (174.) Type.

/

LALETES, Scrater.
Laletes, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72. (Type L. osburnii.)

General appearance that of a Vireo. The rather pointed wings, are longer
than the narrow, nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First primary about half
the second, which about equals secondaries ; the 4th quill longest. Bill deep
and much compressed from base ; depth two-thirds the distance from nostril to
tip. Culmen straight for basal third, then decurving to the hooked, deeply
notched bill; gonys also curved. Commissure slightly arched. Nostrils

LALETES. 883

rather large and oval, anterior, with membrane above and behind. Frontal
feathers directed slightly forward, with few bristles. Sides of upper bill with

23326

Laletes osburnti, ScLATER. (Jamaica.)

slight furrows parallel to culmen. Legs large; the feet stouter, the claws
longer than in Vireo. The hind toe is especially more developed; the com-
parative length of lateral toes, however, and their adhesion, much as in Vireo.

This genus somewhat resembles Cyclorhis in the deep bill, but
differs in weaker claws, the inner lateral one not reaching beyond the
base of the middle. The much higher and more compressed bill,
with its longitudinal furrows; the larger toes, the hinder one much
longer in proportion, separate it from Vireo. It forms a connecting
link between the Vireos and Cyclorhis.

Laletes osburnii.

Laletes osburnii, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72. (Jamaica.)
Olive Chatterer. (Jamaica.)

Hab. Jamaica.

(No. 23,326, %.) Wings rather pointed, longer than the nearly even tail.
First quill about half 2d, which is not quite equal to the secondaries ; 4th and
5th quills longest.

Above olive green, brightest on rump ; head above and on sides tinged with
ashy. Beneath yellow; breast, flanks, and crissum more olivaceous, throat
paler; inside of wings and inner edges of quills creamy white, as are the
loral feathers at their base. Concealed portion of quills fuscous brown, of tail
feathers more olive. Bill blackish; tomia and tip paler; legs flesh color?

(No. 23,326, §.) Total length, 5.40; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.65; difference of
10th and longest quills, .42; exposed portion of lst primary, .85, of 2d, 1.65,
of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.20; length
of bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .36, along gape, .73, depth, .23 ; tarsus,
.83 ; middle toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .56; claw
alone, .26.

384 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART T.

Smith- Gellee| Sex | When

!
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. | No. Age. | 5
23,326

87 | ¢ | Trelawney, Jam. | Jan. 31, °59. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.

i

CYCLORHIS, Swainson.

Cyclorhis, Swainson, Zool. Journal, III, 1828, 162. (Type Zanagra
guianensis, GM.)

Form very stout ; the head broad. Wings rather longer than the narrow,
nearly even, or slightly rounded tail; the quills graduated: the Ist more than

Cyclorhis guianensis, SCLATER. (Cayenne.)

half the 2d, which about equals secondaries; the 4th or 5th longest; the
tips not attenuated. Bill very powerful, deep, much compressed (depth
almost equal to distance from nostril to notch of bill); culmen and gonys
much curved from base; gape nearly straight; tip of upper bill decurved
and with deep notch; tip of lower less distinctly marked. Nostrils small,
nearly circular, in anterior end of nasal fossa, with membrane above and
behind it. Frontal feathers directed somewhat forward, but not overhanging
nostrils, and with very few bristles ; those of rictus moderate.

Feet stout (rather less sothanin Dulus). Tarsus rather longer than middle
toe and claw; distinctly scutellate anteriorly, and with one or two divisions
externally at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent exter-
nally to one and a half joints of outer; internally, but slightly free and united
to half of adjacent joint. Lateral toes nearly as long as middle, reaching
over half the length of middle claw or even farther. Hind toe longer than
the lateral. Claws-all very stout and sharp, much curved.

The bill of Cyclorhis, in its compression, great depth, and other

CYCLORHIS. 385

characters, is very similar to that of Falcunculus (of the Laniade)
of Australia, which it also resembles so much in other characters as
usually to induce authors to bring the two together, either as ad-
jacent genera, or as belonging to closely allied subfamilies.

The difference generically between Cyclorhis and Vireolanius is
very slight, and I cannot find any real ground of separation. In
the latter the bill is perhaps lower and proportionally more elongated ;
the culmen less curved; the tip longer and more curved, although C.
nigrirostris differs from the other species of Cyclorhis in just these
characters. The nostrils are perhaps more circular and smaller in
Cyclorhis. The colors differ somewhat—the prevailing tints in
Cyclorhis being olive green and dull yellow, as in the Vireos, while
in Vireolanius they are deep verdigris green, bright blue and clear
yellow (white below in type). If we were to limit Vireolanius to
the type—melitophrys—the difference would be rather more appre-
ciable. For the present, however, I keep the two groups separate.

Although most of the species of the two genera are strictly
South American, I yet give all in detail, in order to furnish a com-
plete monograph of the family of Vireonide.

Common CuHaAracteRs.—Above plain olive green; lower throat (sometimes
breast, or whole under parts), axillars, inner face of wings, and inner edges
of quills yellowish; rest of under parts whitish. A rufous band from
nostrils over eye to nape, sometimes only to eye. Chin, and more or less
of cheeks, ashy. Head above ashy, more or less pure, rarely like the back.
Lower mandible in mast species plumbeous black.

A. Head above and nape, with the entire cheeks, ash color;
the former sometimes glossed with ochraceous.
Legs flesh color. Throat, jugulum, and breast yel-
low.
Entire under parts (except chin) yellow « flaviventris.!
Beneath yellow ; middle of belly to crissum
whitish.
Yellow mere extended, with decided
olivaceous green tinge across the
breast. Cheeks dark ash . . subflavescens.
Yellow of breast more restricted, and
scarcely olivaceous. Cheeks light
ash. : : : ° - flavipectus.
Legs dusky plumbeous. Lower throat and sides of
breast yellowish.
Superciliary rufous extending tonape. Lower
mandible plumbeous at base.

1 Specimens from Guatemala lack the black spot of bill.
25 May, 1866.

386 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Head above nearly pure ash. Second
quill shorter than 10th 2 . guianensis.'
Head above washed with ochraceous.
Second quilllonger than 10th. Size
larger . . : : viridis.
Superciliary rufous reaching only to eye.

Lower mandible weak; flesh color.
Head above strongly washed with
ochraceous . : . . .
B. Vertex and nape olive green, like the back ; cheeks and
jugular band, with sides of breast, yellowish, or olive
green. Legs flesh color? Lower mandible dusky.

Forehead chestnut brown, this color extending back-
ward tothe nape as asuperciliary band. Cheeks
and jugulum yellowish. Upper mandible pale virenticeps.

Forehead plumbeous, with a dark chestnut band

from nostrils toeyeonly. Cheeks and jugulum
olivaceous. Upper mandible black : . nigrirostris.

ochrocephala.

Of the species described, C. subflavescens and C. viridis are those which
have least strongly marked distinctive characters.

In examining the preceding analytical arrangement of the species
of Cyclorhis some interesting geographical considerations present
themselves. The most northern species (C. flaviventris) exhibits
most yeliow beneath, this diminishing progressively in more southern
species, as C. subflavescens (Costa Rica), and C. flavipectus
(northern part of South America). All these more northern species
have pale-colored legs, while those of Eastern South America have
dusky legs, and like those just mentioned have the vertex and nape,
with whole cheeks, more or less ash, in decided contrast to the
back. The two Andean, on the contrary, have these parts like the
back. All the species, as a rule, have the under mandible plumbeous
black at the base, caused by the deposit of a black pigment on the
bone; this is only exceptionally absent except in ochrocephala,
where it seems never to occur. In all, the upper mandible is pale
in the dried skin; said sometimes to be red in life; in nigrirostris
only is it black. The iris is said in most species to be either red or
yellowish.

Cyclorhis flaviventris.
Cyclaris flaviventris, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Santa Cruz, Mex.).—
Cycloris fl. Bon. Consp. 1850, 330.—Cyelorhis fl. Scuarer, P. Z. S.
1856, 99; 1858, 448; 1859, 363 (Jalapa) ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).

! Specimens from Ceara, Brazil (perhaps autumnal), have yellow extend-
ing over the breast, much as in flavipectus, but with dusky legs, the vertex
‘dnged with ochraceous.

CYCLORHIS. 387

—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 276.—? Scirater & Satviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 13
(Guatemala). —Cyclorhis fl. Tscuupi1, Archiv Naturg. 1845, 363
(Mexico).
Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala.
(No. 37,498, 4.) Upper part and sides of head, with nape, ashy, with a
* broad stripe of rufous brown from each nostril (the two confluent anteriorly)
over and beyond eye to nape (the eye considerably anterior to the middle of
the stripe); rest of upper parts olive green. Chin very pale ashy; rest of
inferior surface, with inside of wings, bright yellow. Upper mandible pale;
lower, plumbeous black, the end whitish. Legs apparently flesh color. ‘Iris
cherry red.’’ Second quill shorter than the 10th; 3d less than the 7th.

(No. 37,498, 4.) Total length, 6.10; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.95; exposed por-
tion of lst primary, 1.25, of 2d, 2.00, of longest (5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of lst primary), 2.55; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .37; tarsus, .92; middle toe and claw, .75,
claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .34.

In the specimen described, and in fact in all before me, there is a
faint wash of ochraceous on the vertex, though in several, as No.
30,874, the color of the ash is nearly pure. In this same specimen
the ochrey color of the forehead extends over the lores, and involves
the lower eyelids to a greater degree than usual. The ash of the
chin is much restricted—being limited to the space between the
rami.

There is not much variation in the extensive series before me.
The yellow is sometimes deeper in spring specimens; in autumnal
it is paler, with a slight buffy tint. It is somewhat remarkable,
however, that of four Guatemalan skins in the collection, three
should lack the black of the lower jaw. ‘The fourth, from Coban,
a locality nearest of all to Mexico and Yucatan, is as described
above. I can detect no other difference. All other specimens have
the dark spot in question.

The uniform yellow of the under parts sufficiently distinguishes
this species from all its allies.

Smith- Collec-| Sex When
sonian -tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. ONMeG ete
37,498 | 58 | o Orizaba, Mex. Jan. 28,’65.| Prof.Sumichrast.| — ......
37,499 21 ate st Jan. 6, 65. ea AS COES
38,162 91 ats £e oie Mes Botterin 6 97) od iistaceeie
30,874 E20 |e are Mirador, Mex. Mar. 1863. DreeSartorings |) ile pM ceteerre
30,873 120 | .. a “ eee Oe un 10m" & ebtocrcc.s
87,915 | 192] @ Merida, Yuc. Feb. 19, ’65.| Gov. Salazar. Dr. Schott.
37,916 191 2 “ “ ““ “cc
37,917 193 2 “ce “ce “e coms
39,279 | 4951 ¢ “ May 23, ’65. «e cs
22,372 (32,615 | .. Coban. aes ViOLTORUX 4) ae |e ies cieicete
SOHIG9E || ~e 56 Guatemala. SSGOULAS = ees | aan eae
stern LOOM iinet $f Cab. Lawrence. | .escco
(37,499.) Iris brown; bill and feet flesh color. (30,874.) Eyes cherry red, (30,873.) Do,

388 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Cyclorhis subflavescens.

Cyclorhis subflavescens, Cas. Journ. fiir Orn. 1860 (May, 1861), 405
(Costa Rica; September) ; 1861, 93 (spec. without dusky spot on
bill).—ScuarTer, Catal. 1862, 359, No. 276*.

Hab. Costa Rica.

(No. 34,669, 9.) Upper part and sides of head, with the nape and the
chin, ash color; the vertex soiled with rufous olive. A broad rufous band
from each nostril over and behind the eye (the two confluent anteriorly),
which is anterior to its middle point. Rest of upper parts olive green. Whole
throat and breast greenish-yellow, the flanks and inner lining of wings purer
yellow, as also to some extent a tinge on the crissum. Middle of belly white.
Bill pale above; lower jaw dark plumbeous, with whitish tip. Legs flesh
color. “Iris yellowish’’ (Carmiol).

Second quill shorter than 10th; 3d about equal to 8th. ‘

(No. 34,669, 9.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.50; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.15, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 2.30; length of bill from nostril, .42, along gape, .80,
depth, .33; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .27; hind toe
and claw, .64, claw alone, .30.

Specimens differ in the amount of yellow on the under parts,
which are sometimes entirely yellow (though paler behind), with
the middle of belly only white; in other instances the middle of
breast, belly, and the crissum are white. The flanks, however, are
always yellow. Autumnal specimens show a buffy tinge in the white.
Of the six specimens examined, all have the plumbeous spot on the
bill.

This species is easily distinguished from flaviventris by its whitish
belly. Itis most closely related to C. flavipectus in its flesh colored
legs and yellow breast, and in fact it is somewhat of a question
whether they are specifically distinct. The Costa Rica bird is
rather larger, and less brilliantly colored; the ash of the head is
darker; the yellow of breast more olivaceous, and perhaps extend-
ing a little farther back. The ochraceous wash of the hood is more
marked, although both species vary among themselves in this as well
as the other points. Better skins than those before me may, how-
ever, exhibit the differences more satisfactorily.

a ;
Smith- Collee-| Sex |

iT

sonian tor’s | and Locality. hae Received from Remarks.

No... | (No... | Age.) y ‘
35,289) j| Ve: | gt Dots, C. x . July 27, ’64.| J. Carmiol. Iris yellow.
S320 Dieters mete San Jose, C. R. ae es Iris red.
84,669 |... One s April 4, "64. - Iris light yellow.
30,506 111 ail Cap ae Drvsv. Erantziuss |; > cen ece
30,507 112 Ss re

34,670 iP Q | Barranea, C. R. April 17,°64. J. Carmiol. Iris yellow.

CYCLORHIS. 389

Cyclorhis flavipectus.

Cyclorhis flavipectus, ScuateR, P. Z. 8. 1858, 448 (Trinidad and Santa
Martha).—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 275.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, $1
(Trinidad).

Hab. Trinidad and northern coast of South America.

(No. 32,719, 4.) Head above, and nape, light plumbeous, washed very
faintly with orange or ochrey brown; cheeks paler, and pure ashy, running
into the still lighter, almost white chin; rest of upper parts bright olive
green. Throat and breast (extending down a little more along the sides)
bright greenish-yellow; the inner face of wings and inner edges of quills
purer yellow. Rest of under parts white. Under surface of tail decided
olive green. A broad superciliary band of orange or ochrey brown from
nostrils (the two meeting on the forehead) reaching to the nape, rather farther
beyond the eye than the distance to it. Bill horn color, the tip and edges
whitish ; the lower mandible plumbeous black. Legs flesh color.

Fourth and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d shorter than the 10th and the
secondaries.

(No. 32,719, 4.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.60; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (measured from exposed base
of Ist primary), 2.16; length of bill from forehead, .75, from nostril, .46,
along gape, .83, depth, .36; tarsus, .88; middle toe and claw, .72, claw alone,
.00; hind toe and claw, .61, claw alone, .34.

The extreme nape is of a purer plumbeous than elsewhere on top
of the head. No. 32,719 has a faint. buff wash on the sides of body
not seen in the others, and probably indicative of the autumnal
plumage.

This species is readily distinguished from C. guianensis, which it
otherwise resembles, by the yellow, not dusky legs: the greater
amount of yellow beneath, which extends over the jugulum to fore
part of breast: and the ochrey wash of top of head, although this
latter character may depend somewhat on season. The ash of
cheeks and chin is lighter, the yellow of under parts purer. The
size is larger, the bill deeper; the legs stouter, besides being differ-
ently colored. ‘There is less of the gray tinge of the under parts
of guianensis.

Cab. A.& E.New- |] ee

|
Smith-/Collee- Sex ;
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | aioe Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. | f
$2,719 |21,167 | ¢ Santa Martha. Slate Merreauxe ee |) sietercese
30,600 te aA Trinidad. M. Galody.);[ton. |) «.s.6
oe

Cyclorhis guianensis.
Tanagra guianensis, Gm. I, 1788, 893 (Verderoux, Burron, Hist. Nat.
Ois. IV, 272, Guiana).— ?Cyclorhis guianensis, Burm. Uebers. III,
1856, 106 (describes the var. from Ceara, with yellow breast).—

390 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Cyclorhis g. ScuaTER, P. Z. 8. 1858, 448 (Cayenne, etc.).—Is. Catal.
1861, 45, no. 274.

Cyclorhis poliocephala, Tscuup1, Wieg. Arch. 1845, 363 (N. Brazil and
Guiana).—(? Not of Fauna Peruana, 169).

Hab. Guiana (and eastern Brazil ?).

(No. 178, 5, Cab. G. N. Lawrence, Cayenne.) Head (including cheeks and
chin) and nape clear pure light plumbeous, the chin considerably paler. Rest

Cyclorhis guianensis, ScLaTER. (Cayenne.)

of upper parts unvaried olive green, continuous with a rather narrow band
across the lower part of the throat and extending on side of breast, which are
af more yellowish olive. Inside of wings, axillars, and inner edges of quills
yellow. Remaining under parts grayish, the median line and lower belly
white. Longer crissal feathers tinged with olive. A broad orange brown
stripe from nostrils (where it meets its fellow and forms a frontal band) over
and beyond the eye to the nape, the eye placed a little anterior to the middle
of the band. Bill horn color; the lower mandible, except at tip, blackish-
plumbeous. Legs dusky.

Exposed portion of Ist quill more than half that of the 2d, which is rather
shorter than secondaries ; 4th and 5th quills longest. ;

The band across the lower throat scarcely involves the jugulum, and is a
little more than half an inch wide. The flanks and tibie are grayish, without
any wash of olive. The under surface of tail is decidedly olive green.

(No. 178.) Total length, 5.25; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.50; exposed portion of
Ist primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of
lst primary), 2.05; length of bill from forehead, .71, from nostril, 45, along
gape, .80; depth, .32; tarsus, .93 ; middle toe and claw, .64, claw alone, .26;
hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .30.

Smith- Collec-| Sex | wwihen
sonian, tor’s | and | Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. 7

178 od | Cayeune. iors Cab. Lawrence. | «ec...

————————————————

CYCLORHIS. 391

In the collection before me are two specimens from Ceara, Brazil,
which differ in having the yellow extending on the front and sides
of the breast almost as much as in flavipectus; the rest of under
parts, except the middle of belly, with a decided buff tinge, the
crissum and tibize more yellowish. The head above is washed with
ochraceous ; thus, in most respects, very similar to flavipectus, but
with dusky legs. The latter character distinguishes them at once
from flavipectus. They are rather larger than the specimen de-
scribed above of C. guianensis, and differ otherwise, as stated, but
agree in the dusky legs. If the same species, they may be in au-
tumnal plumage. <A specimen from Bahia (thus likewise from the
easternmost part of Brazil) is quite similar. Additional specimens
may prove it to be distinct from guianensis. (C. cearensis, Bd.)

) i
Smith- Collec-| Sex

: : When | r
sonian tor’s | and Locality. | Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. eens
ie 179 ae Bahia. syere (.Cababawrence; Wo 9 ssc
36,693 Ceara, Brazil. | Nat.Hist. Mus. Rio.] —.......
36,694 “ a, Shab ahora

Cyclorhis ochrocephala.

Cyclorhis ochrocephala, Tscnupt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, I, 362 (south
Brazil; Buenos Ayres).—Cyclorhis och. Scuater, P. Z. S. 1858,
448.—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 277.

Cyclorhis guianensis, Sw. Orn. Bras. pl. 58.

Cyclorhis viridis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 64 (S. Brazil; Paraguay).—
Cyclorhis vir. Burm. Uebers. III, 1856, 107 (southern Brazil).

Hab. Southern Brazil.

(No. 21,018, %,) Head above, and nape, ashy, but usually washed so con-
tinuously with ochrey brown as entirely to conceal the ground color; rest
of upper parts olive green. Cheeks, lores, and side of nape pure ashy; chin
paler. Forehead ochrey brown, extending in a narrow line along the upper
eyelid, but not beyond it; the contrast with rest of crown not abrupt. Lower
throat, the upper part of jugulum, and the sides of the breast greenish-yellow ;
the inside of wings and inner edges of quills purer yellow. Under parts
buffy white, purer white in middle of belly. Under surface of tail olive
brown rather than olive green. Bill horn color; lower mandible paler, with-
out trace of plumbeous black spot. Feet dusky plumbeous, almost black.
First quill less than half the longest ; 3d intermediate between 8th and 9th;
2d less than the 10th or the secondaries.

(No. 20,018, 4%.) Total length, 6.30; wing, 3.20; tail, 3.00; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 2.40; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril,
.42, along gape, .80, height, .33; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .75, claw
alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32,

392 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Another specimen has the color of under parts purer, with less
buff. Another from Rio (No. 18,571), likewise with less buff be-
neath, has the vertex showing a considerable amount of plumbeous.
The back is somewhat tinged with ochraceous in the type specimen.

This species agrees with guianensis in dusky legs and the re-
striction of the yellow to the lower throat and extreme upper part
of the jugulum. It is, however, larger; the bill lower, without
trace of the blackish spot; the ochrey band of forehead extends in
a very narrow line only along the upper eyelid, instead of broadly
reaching the nape, and the vertex is washed with ochrey, so as
almost or entirely to cover the plumbeous or ashy of the feathers.
The under surface of the tail shows less olive green.

~

Smiths! Collec- | Sex

| ie : When a ’

aaa | tors rea Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by
: . | Age,
VS;5 7 eaves we Rio Janeiro. nig Pe TeSclatera i 1 itcerete
23,921 | : ae Brazil. or Dr wHOrner. 70 || Meee arerelsctere
1|

15,182 oz a bs cs was Expl, Eeped:) = |] | seisterete
21,018 70| of Tigre, Brazil. July, 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Chr. Wood.

ts PST Sr. S. America. ars Cab. Lawrence. | ......

Cyclorhis viridis.

Saltator viridis, Vizttu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, (1817) 108.—Is. Encycl. Méth.
II, 1823, 793 (based on Habia verde, AzARA, Apunt. I, 301) (Para-
guay).—?Cyclorhis viridis, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 448 (Bolivia).—
Iz. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 280 (not of CaBanis and BuRMEISTER).

Hab. La Plata and Bolivia ?

(No. 20,976, 9, Parana.) Head above ashy, almost concealed by a gloss of
reddish-brown ; rest of upper parts olive green. Chin, lores, cheeks, and sides
of nape pale ash. Forehead ochrey brown, this color extending narrowly
above and beyond the eye to the nape. Lower part of throat and sides of
breast, with insides of wings, pale yellow; the flanks washed with the same;
rest of under parts soiled white. Bill rather dusky ; under mandible some-
what darker, but without a distinct spot asin guianensis. Legs dark plumbe-
ous. First quill much more than half the longest; 2d between 8th and 9th ;
3d but little shorter than 4th, which is longest, about equal to 5th.

(No. 20,976, 9.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; exposed portion
of Ist primary, 1.25, of 2d, 1.95, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 2.25; length of bill from forehead, .75, from
nostril, .45, along gape, .80, depth, .37; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .72,
claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32.

I have referred.to the C. viridis, of Vieillot, based on a descrip-
tion by Azara, a specimen from the Parana, a region sufficiently
near that of Azara’s bird for the two to be identical, and agreeing

CYCLORHIS. 393

sufficiently with the account of the latter author. It is of much
the same size as C. ochrocephala, but differs primarily in having the
brown superciliary stripe pass beyond the eye to the nape, as in guia-
nensis, though it is narrower and less distinct. The brown wash
on the head is less than in ochrocephala; the yellow on the throat
less extensive. The bill is higher, and the under mandible more
dusky, thongh not blackish. The first and second quills are longer,
the former more than half the longest, not less; the second longer
than the tenth, in this respect differing from the other S. American
species.

From guianensis the species can be distinguished by its much
larger size; the wing formula; the ochraceous wash of the head;
less amount of yellow on throat (7), ete.

A specimen from Bolivia (No. 280a), kindly lent by Dr. Sclater,
and labelled by him C. viridis, agrees with that above described in
general features. It is rather larger: wing, 3.30, the outer quills
not quite so long, and the lower mandible with a very conspicuous
black spot.

Smith- Collee- Sex When
sonian| tor’s and Locality. Gollected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. Ouectec.
Jd Parana. April 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Chr. Wood.

20,976 70

280a Bolivia. Cab Sclater; @ ii 9) asec.

Cyclorhis virenticeps.

Cyclorhis virenticeps, ScuaTer, P. Z. 8. 1860, 274, pl. 164 (Babahoyo,
Ecuador).—Is. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 278.

Hab. Babahoyo, Ecuador.

(No. 278a.) Whole upper parts, including vertex, bright olive green. A
broad, rufous, almost chestnut brown band from the nostrils (meeting on the
forehead) passing over and beyond the eye to the nape. Chin, lores, and sides
of lower mandible ashy ; rest of cheeks, entire throat, upper part of jugulum,
sides of breast and inner face of wings, with inner edges of quills, yellow.
Rest of under parts white, soiled with buff, except along the middle of belly.
Upper mandible pale horn color; lower plumbeous black, except at the tip.
Legs apparently flesh color. ‘Iris hazel” (Fraser).

(No. 278a.) Total length, 6.00;- wing, 2.95; tail, 2.65; length of bill from
forehead, .76, from nostril, .44, along gape, .76, depth, .33 ; tarsus, .90; middle
toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32.

The type specimen of this species, kindly supplied by Dr. Sclater,
is moulting some of the wing feathers, so that the quill formula
cannot be accurately given. The supra-ocular stripe extends farther
behind the eye than in front of it, and the lower eyelid appears to

394 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

have a line of feathers of the same colour as in the other species.
The bill is stout and deep, and the culmen much curved.

|
|
|

Smirh- Collee- Sex Witten H
sonian tor’s | and Locality. @oliectad Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age.
278a | ais | Babahoyo, Ecuad. Cab. P. L. Sclater. | Fraser.

278a.) Type.

Cyclorhis nigrirostris.

Cyclaris n. Larr. Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Colombia).—Is. Mag. de Zool.
1843, pl. 33.—Cycloris n. Boy. Consp. 1850, 330.—Cyclorhis nig.
Scrater, P. Z. S. 1855, 151; 1858, 448.—Is. Catal. 1861, 46, no.
280 (Bogota). >

fab. Bogota.

(No. 279a.) Above olive green, with a short stripe from each nostril (not
confluent anteriorly) of dark orange brown, extending over and beyond the
eye, for a considerably less
distance than anterior to
it. A frontal band (ex-
tending faintly along side
of vertex), lores, cheeks
below, and a little behind
the eye, chin, and most
of the throat and breast
Cyclorhkis ashy, paler below, and
mgrirostris. assing behind into soiled

buffy gray. Sides of neck
and the ears, continued into a narrow, almost interrupted band aeross the upper
part of jugulum, the sides of breast, and more faintly the flanks, olive green,
but little paler than the back. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges
of quills yellow. Bill entirely blackish, except at base of lower mandible,
where it appears tobe flesh color. . Legs quite pale, though hardly flesh color.

The bill is lower and the culmen straighter than in other species, and has
the exclusive character of black maxilla. The first quill is less than half the
longest ; the 2d less than the 10th; the 2d about equal to the 8th; the 4th
and 5th"longest.

(No. 279a.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.65; exposed portion of
Ist primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from ex-

posed base of Ist primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .75, from
nostril, .44, along gape, .80, depth, .30; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .70,
claw alone, .28; hind toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .30.

Of two specimens I have had the opportunity of examining, the
one serving as the basis of my description has been kindly lent by
Dr. Sclater. The other, in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy,

VIREOLANIUS. 395

is quite similar, but with a shorter bill. The species is nearest in
its relationships to C. virenticeps, but differs in the black maxilla;
the light base of the lower mandible; the ashy frontal band (seen
indistinctly on the side of vertex); the much darker, and shorter
supra-ocular stripe ; the olive green of under parts instead of yellow,
and of much less extent; the ashy region behind the eyes, ete.

Smith © ll Ss

mith- Collec-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc en Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. ie ;

2IQ® |) 6 Bogota. store Gabe Scelatery (7 i) es Aatserelare
ee Mus: (Bhilas ‘Acad: 97 9 asia

VIREOLANIUS, Dosvs.

Vireolanius, “ Dusus,” Bon. Consp. 1860, 330. (Type V. melitophrys,
Dusvs.)

This group of birds agrees in all essential generic characters with
Cyclorhis, especially in the shape and structure of bill, adhesion

Vireolanius melitophrys, Dupus. (Guatemala.)

and length of toes, shape of wings, tail, etc., and it is a question
whether they should not be united. The only difference is in a
rather less amount of curvature of culmen than in most species, and
a rather less depth of bill; although in this respect C. nigrirostris
agrees exactly with Vireolanius. The legs are perhaps less stout.
The pattern of coloration is quite the same. The type differs most
from Cyclorhis, and at the same time from the other species asso-
ciated with it in Vireolanius, in having the tail rather longer than
the wings, not shorter.

9

396 REVIEW OF AMERICAN LIRDS. [PART I.

Common Cuaracters.—Top of head and nape either bright blue or lead color,
in abrupt contrast to the uniform deep green of the rest of upper parts.
Bill blackish.

A. Beneath white, with rufous pectoral band. Legs yellow.
Head above and nape bright blue.
A band above eye, and spot below it, yellow.
A line through the eye, and one from
lower edge of lower mandible, black - melitophryse

B. Beneath olivaceous or yellowish, without bands. Throat
yellow. Legs dusky.
Head above and nape bright blue. Sides of head
green, like back. Beneath olivaceous.
A well marked yellow supra-ocular line and
infra-ocular spot. 4 . . eximiuse
No distinct line nor spot as above. . . pulchellus.
Head above and nape lead color. Sides of head with-
out green like the back. Beneath yellowish. A
supra-ocular line and infra-ocular spot of yellow.
An ocular and a subocular blackish plumbeous
band, with white interspace behind. Be-
neath yellowish. : q c . teterophrys.
Sides of head nearly uniform plumbeous, the
markings indicated above very obsolete.
Beneath olivaceous : j . . chlorogaster.

Vireolanius melitophrys.

Vireolanius melitophrys, ‘‘ Dusus MS.,” Bon. Consp. 1850, 330 (Mexico).
—Scu. P. Z. S. 1857, 213; 1859, 363.—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 271.
Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 447.) Back and upper surface of wings and tail bright olive green;
head above and nape ash color; under parts and sides of head and neck below

Vireolanius melitophrys, DeBus. (Mexico and Guatemala.)

VIREOLANIUS. 397

the eyes white. A broad gamboge yellow stripe from bill, above and beyond
the eye; a black band from commissure of bill across lower half and behind
the eye (apparently widening and abruptly truncated behind), and a much
less conspicuous black line from lower corner of the gonys, the two nearly
parallel, and coextensive with the superciliary yellow (the lower one cutting
off an infra-ocular white stripe). A well defined band of rufous brown across
the breast, the sides of body suffused with the same. Primaries edged ex-
ternally with whitish near the ends. Quills edged internally with yellowish.
Crissum and inner wing coverts white. Bill black; legs yellow.

(No. 447.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.85; tail, 3.00; exposed portion of
Ist primary 1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base
of lst primary), 2.22; length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .45, along
gape, .90; tarsus, .95; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .30.

The upper part of head is slightly glossed with olive. The bases
of the yellow feathers in front of the eye are white. The lower
half of the orbital region is crossed by the black ocular stripe, the
upper by the yellow. The ocular yellow and black stripes extend
as far behind the eye as in front of it.

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Mr. Salvin.

|
Smith- Collec- Sex WHET | |
sonian tor’s and Locality. Received from | Collected by
No ieee y Collected.
447 -. | Volcan de Fuego, | Sept. 18, ’59, | Cab. Salvin. | Salvin & Godman.
| {oak forest, Guat. |

(447.) Type.

Vireolamius puwichellus.
Vireolanius pulchellus, SchATER & SAtvty, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1862 (Panama).—Scuater, Catal.
1861, 45, no. 273.
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, to Panama Isthmus.

(No. 20,403, Choctun.) Upper part of head from bill and nape blue; rest
of upper parts and
sides of whole head
(to nostrils) and
neck deep dark
green. Beneath
light yellowish-
green, more yellow
on the belly and
crissum ; throat
almost pure yel-
low, as are the
inner wing coverts
and inner edges of
the quills, the lat- Vireolanius pulchellus, Scu. & SALY. (Vera Paz )

398 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ter with more of a buff tinge. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, the former
whitish along the tomia.

Total length, 5.50; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.40; exposed portion of 1st primary,
1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist pri-
mary), 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .44, along gape,
.81, depth, .28; tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .25; hind
toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .27.

In some specimens there is an extremely obsolete indication of a
, yellowish spot on lower eyelid, and a yellowish infra-ocular line from
commissure. The supra-ocular green of side of head is also some-
times rather paler than the post-ocular portion, in slight contrast,
and all the green of the side of the head is lighter than that of the
back. Sometimes the blue of the head is more or less mixed with
green. The lores are green like the rest of the side of head.

This species differs from the type in having the tail shorter, instead
of a little longer than the wings.

Smith-|Collee-) Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age. y Collected. )
22,373 |43,557 Jo Mexico. Se Vierreaux) 9) Sil) © ches.
28,040 CEP iho. Mirador, Mex. ah Dr Sartorius: (jf ~~ sieteeste
20,403 | 1,580 | .. | Choctum, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1860. OSalvinss Sie Wi | skeeietece
ma 177 30 Guatemala, were Cab. Lawrence. |
29,430 Ye aa es ae Capt. J. Me Dow.e||) “Paes.
34,665 are od | Angostura, C. R. Junedl 645° TCarmvola” 9 pip tes. secs

Vireolanius eximius.

Vireolanius eximius, BAIRD.
Vireolanius icterophrys, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1855, 161, pl. 103 (Bogota),
not of BonaPARTE.

.

Hab. Bogota.

Coloration precisely similar to that of V. pulchellus, but with a bright yel-
low stripe from nostrils above and beyond the eye, a yellow infra-ocular spot,
and dusky lores. Bill and legs blackish ; the lower mandible whitish at end.

Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50: length of bill from forehead, .80,
from nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .32; tarsus, .80.

Asin V. pulchellus, the top of head is clear blue; the rest of
upper parts, and the sides of head, dark green; the under parts
light yellowish-green; the chin and throat, and inside of wings,
clearer yellow, as also the inner edges of the quills. The Dill is
longer than in V. pulchellus.

The species is described from a specimen in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

VIREOLANIUS. 399
Smith- Collec- Sex wihey
sonian/| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from temarks.
No. No. | Age. oa
Bogota. Ss Cab. Phila. Acad. Type.

Vireolanius icterophrys.

Vireolanius icterophrys, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XX XVIII, 1854, 380 (“ Rio
Negro’’).—Is. Notes Delattre, 60.

Hab. “Cayenne ;” ‘Rio Negro ;” Eastern Peru.

(Sp. Phila. Acad.) Top of head and nape plumbeous; rest of upper parts
deep green. Under parts, inner face of wings, and inner edges of quills
bright clear yellow, rather paler behind, and more olive on flanks. A broad
band from nostrils over and beyond the eye, and spot on lower eyelid (coming
to the edge), yellow. Lores, continuous with a line through and behind the
eye, and a line from side of lower jaw beneath and beyond the eye, blackish-
plumbeous, passing behind into plumbeous like the nape, the space between
them and behind the eye white. Bill and feet blackish.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.85 ; length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril,
-40, along gape, .82, depth, .28; tarsus, .77.

The yellow superciliary line is broadest anteriorly, but does not
cross the base of the culmen; its posterior feathers are whitish.
The post-ocular plumbeous stripe passes into the plumbeous nape.
The lower dark stripe is bordered behind by the downward extension
of the white infra-ocular band; anteriorly it does not quite reach
the lower mandible, on account of the upward extension of the yel-
low of chin.

The specimen of this species in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy is labelled as from Cayenne. Bonaparte quotes his as
from the Rio Negro.

Smith- Collee-| Sex

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Beton | Received from | Remarks.
No. No. | Age. Ns :

39,819 Head of Huallaga, W. 5S. Church. | Very defective.

1,163 4 Cayenne. [R. Peru. MugPhilayAcade)| 9 cewces

Vireolanius chlorogaster.

Vireolanius chlorogaster, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 380
(S. America’”’).—Is. Notes Orn. Delattre, 60.—Sciater, Catal.
1861, 45, no. 272a (Eastern Peru).

Hab. Eastern Peru.

Top and sides of head and nape plumbeous; rest of upper parts green.

400 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Beneath greenish-yellow, more olive on the sides ; clearer yellow on the chin,
inner face of wings, and inner edges of quills. A band from nostrils over
and beyond the eyes, and a spot on lower eyelid, yellow ; rest of sides of head
plumbeous, with the dusky and white bands of ccterophrys very obsoletely
indicated. Bill dusky; legs paler.

Total length, 4.60; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.10; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.72, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of lst primary),
2.05; length of bill from nostril, .40; tarsus, .72.

The forehead and side of crown are tinged with olive, and in the
plumbeous of the sides of head are indicated very obsoletely an
olivaceous line from commissure through and behind the eye, and
another from side of lower jaw, beneath it; the two separated behind
by a paler patch.

The general style of coloration and appearance is that of V. icte-
rophrys, Bon., but the size is smaller, the under parts more olivace-
ous, and the stripes on the side of head so nearly obsolete as to be
readily overlooked. The superciliary yellow line is, however, sufii-
ciently conspicuous ; the infra-ocular yellow spot rather less distinct.
The difference of locality is also important.

For the opportunity of examining the species I am indebted to
Dr: Scluter.

|
Smith-|Collee- Sex |

sx an| z When
soniau| tor’s and | Locality. | Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age.| jocats eae Collected |
= | (a —_—_—_—_—_—_
| 27240 | os | Eastern Peru. | ere Cab. P. L. Sclater. | Verreaux.

Famity AMPELIDA.

The characteristics of the Ampelidx have already been presented
in the synopsis of allied families ; chief among them the short broad
depressed and triangular bill with short gonys, the deeply cleft
mouth, the short tarsus, and the tendency to subdivision of its
lateral plates. Whether Dulus belongs properly here or elsewhere
is a serious question; it is at any rate the type of a subfamily, as
also are Ampelis and Ptilogonys, if indeed they do not represent a
still higher division. The solution of these questions must, however,
be left to further investigation into the internal anatomy of the
genera; for the present I retain all under Ampelidx. The characters
of the subfamilies are as follows :—

DULUS. 40]

A. Gape of mouth much arched. Metatarsal scutell# in two series. Body
streaked beneath.

Duline. Legs very stout, though short. Nostrils large, circular, ex-
posed, with naked embrane behind though scarcely above them.
Frontal feathers directed backwards, soft, and like those of rest
of head ; with few bristles. Wings longer than the narrow, nearly
even tail. First primary nearly one-half the 2d, which is much
longer than secondaries. Under tail coverts reaching over about
the basal two-fifths of tail. Adults streaked longitudinally beneath.
Young unknown.

B. Gape of mouth nearly straight. Metatarsal scutelle in three series. Body
plain beneath.

Ampeline. Legs moderate. Nostrils elongated, linear, with the
frontal feathers extending close to the edge and to anterior ex-
tremity, concealing them ; these feathers short, velvety, and erect,
with few bristles. Wings very long and acute; outer or Ist pri-
mary so much reduced as to be almost inappreciable; the 2d
nearly the longest. Wing nearly twice the length of the short,
narrow, even tail. Under coverts of tail reaching almost to its
tip. Secondary quills with flat horny appendages at end of shaft
like red sealing wax. Young birds streaked beneath as in Dulus.
Adults plain.

Ptilogonatine. Legs moderate. Nostrils oval, with wide naked
membrane above, and to some extent behind them; the frontal
feathers not reaching to their border, and rather soft. Wings
graduated, shorter than the somewhat broad, fan-shaped tail; the
Ist quill nearly half the 2d. Young birds without spots or streaks ;
adults plain.

Suspramity DULINAK.

DULUS, Vieitror.

Dulus, Vrettuot, Analyse, 1816, 42, no. 131. (Type “Tangara esclave,”
Bourron = Tanagra dominica, Linn.)

Plumage compact. Wings moderately pointed, a little longer than the
nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First quill not quite half the 2d, which
about equals 6th; 3d and 4th longest. Tail feathers rather narrow.

Bill shaped much like J/cterva; considerably decurved; culmen decurving
from base, upper edge of lower mandible less so; commissure much arched ;
mouth deeply cleft. Bill broad as well as high at base, compressed about
the middle to the strongly notched tip; lower bill with slight broad notch.
Tongue rather narrow, horny towards tip, and simply bifid. Nostrils large.
circular, in anterior end of nasal groove; surrounded, except anteriorly, by
membrane; the frontal feathers not directed forwards, and with few bristles,
not reaching to posterior edge of nostrils. Rictal bristles short.

Legs very stout ; tarsus scarcely as long as middle toe and claw: about seven
well-marked scutelle anteriorly; sides of tarsus normally of a single plate

26 May, 1866.

402 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

each, a little subdivided below; in No. 40,071 divided on outer side into two
plates in right leg, not divided in left. Lateral toes nearly equal; the outer

Dulus dominicus, SrRIcKL. (Hayti.)

claw reaching to base of middle claw. The basal joints of claws short; the
basal joint of middle claw adherent for two-thirds its length to basal joint
of outer, and for same distance to about half basal joint of inner; the adhesion
less than in Vireo.

In the preceding description I have combined the characters of
the genus and the subfamily, as Dulus is thus far the only known
member of the Duline. The form is a very peculiar one, and its
precise systematic position is a matter of much uncertainty. It has
been placed by Dr. Sclater among the Vireonide; but from them
it differs in the longer basal phalanx of middle toe; less amount of
adhesion of the anterior toes; shorter tarsi; much broader and
more deeply cleft gape; less extension forward, more backward
direction, and softer texture of frontal feathers (the tips of which do
not run into bristles) ; fewer bristles about the mouth; the broader
and more exposed nostrils, ete. The tip of outer claw reaches only to
base of middle claw, instead of nearly to the middle as in V7reonide.
The genus was assigned by H. E. Strickland to the Ampelide, and
the majority of its characters seem to indicate a place intermediate
in some respects between Ampelis and Ptilogonys, and I there leave
it for the present. The longitudinal streaks of the under parts,
although more conspicuous, are somewhat like those of the young
A. cedrorum, and strengthens the propriety of associating the two.
None of the true Vireonide, either as adults or young, as far as
known, are at all streaked or spotted.

AMPELIS. 403

Dulus dominicus.

Tanagra dominica, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 316 (based on Tungara
dominicensis, Brisson, III, 37, tab. 2, fig. 4, St. Domingo).—Gm. I,
1788, 894.—Dulus dominicus, Stricki. Cont. Orn. 1851, 103 (reetifi-
cation).—Larr. Rev. Mag. 1851, 583 (habits, affinities, etc.).—
ScuaTeER, Catal. 1861, 41.

Dulus palmarum, Vieitu. Nouv. Dict. X, 1817, 438.—Is. Encycl. Méth.

(Nov'40,071.) Feet extremely stout; tarsus shorter than middle toe and
claw. Wings longer than nearly even tail, moderately pointed; 1st quill
nearly half the 2d, which about equals 7th; 4th longest; 3d and 5th scarcely
shorter.

Above olive brown, becoming olive green on the rump and edges of quill-
and tail feathers; darker olive on the head, the sides of which are fuscous
brown. Beneath whitish ; all the feathers with central linear streaks of olive
brown, narrowest on belly, broadest on crissum (which is tinged with olivace-
ous). Inner lining of wings pale fulvous; inner edges of quills whitish.
Bill pale horn color, lighter below; feet rather dusky.

(No. 40,071.) Total length, 6.25; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.75, nearly even; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, .95, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .61, from
nostril, .36, along gape, .80, depth, .24; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .84,
claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .31.

A specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, although marked female,
is considerably larger, though apparently not otherwise different.
That described above was kindly supplied by Prof. Agassiz.

According to Strickland (Cont. Orn. 1851, 104), Dulus nuchalis,
of Swainson (2} Centen. 1838, 345), forms a second species, closely
allied, but with a transverse bar of white on nape. The type (from
Brazil) is said by him to be in the Cambridge Museum.

Norr.—Since writing the preceding article several specimens have
been received from Mr. A. E. Younglove.

|

Smith-/|Collec-) Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Goilected Received from Collected by
No. No. | Age. :

40,071 | Jeremie, Hayti. 1864-5, | Mus. Comp. Zool. | P. R. Uhler.

41,856 6 ss [Hayti. | Jan. 29, °66.) A. E. Younglove: |} _....1..

ss
41,835 6 c Port au Prince, | April 10,66. Sa ane «|| No cco
ae 477 Q St. Domingo. eee GabS, Philas Acad) || 9's.

(40,071.) Alcoholic sp. (41,855.) Bill and eyes black. (41,856.) Bill and eyes black.

Suspramity AMPELINA.

AMPELIS, Liyy.

Ampelis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 297. (Type Lanius garrulus,
L. Named by Linnens in 1735.)

404 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Bombycilla, Vir1tu0T, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88. (Type B. cedrorum.)

“ Bombyciphora, MeyENn, 1810” (Gray).—‘“ Bombycivora, Temm. 1815”
(Gray).

Body stout, compact; plumage silky and soft. Wings long and much

pointed, considerably longer than the narrow, nearly even tail. An extremely

Ampelis garrula, LINN.

small first primary, which sometimes is visible on the inner side of the base
of the second quill, sometimes rests on the outer side as in other Oscines sup-
posed to have only nine primaries (see pages 160, 325). The 2d quill is
nearly as long as the 3d; the remaining primaries graduate very rapidly to
the 10th, which reaches scarcely beyond half the exposed portion of 3d. The
shafts of the secondaries are tipped by a flattened, obovate horny appendage
of a bright red color, like sealing wax; traces of something similar to which
may sometimes be seen on the tail. The tail is narrow and nearly even.

Bill short, deeply cleft, depressed, and broad at the base, the width of
mouth more than two-thirds the commissure; the culmen and gonys con-
siderably less than half the gape, and both much curved from base, the com-
missure nearly straight. The tip of upper mandible is decurved, deeply
notched, and with a decided tooth behind the notch; lower bill slightly
notched. The nasal fosse are filled with soft, short, erect, velvety feathers,
advancing far forward close along the upper edge of nostrils, and concealing
them ; the nostrils are much elongated, and narrowly elliptical. The rictal
bristles appear to be wanting, although a few short ones overhang the base
of the bill.

The tongue is broad, fleshy, sagittate behind, horny and bifid at the tip.
The legs are short, but stout; the tarsus scarcely longer than the middle toe
without claw: decidedly shorter than the entire toe; distinctly scutellate:
five or six divisions anteriorly ; the lateral plates on both sides also more or
less subdivided in Ampelis garrula, especially inferiorly. The lateral toes
are slightly unequal, the claws of the outer or longer barely reaching the
base of middle claw. The basal joint of middle toe is adherent for one-half
to one-third the adjacent joint of the inner toe, and for a little more than
that distance to barely more than one joint of the outer, the basal joint of
middle and inner toes being of about equal length; the scutelle above basal
joints of anterior toes in- three series. The hind toe is about equal to the
inner lateral.

AMPELIS. 405

In A. garrula the naked skin on the posterior edge of tarsus be-
tween the two lateral plates, and on inner side between the lateral
and frontal, shows a development of small hexagonal plates—seen
to much less extent in A. cedrorum, where also the lateral tarsal
plates are frequently undivided, except at lower end.

The young of A. cedrorum are streaked longitudinally beneath,
as in adult Dulus, although more faintly.

The genus Ampelis exhibits a close resemblance to Progne in the
broad, deeply cleft bill; the long, pointed wings; the short, stout
legs. The most striking differences in Progne consist in the still
broader and more deeply cleft bill, less hooked lower mandible, open
superior and rounded nostrils, absence of spurious first primary, ete.,
with others of less signification. Still it would not be at all sur-
prising to see them associated more closely by authors than has
hitherto been the case.

Three species of the genus Ampelis are known: one common to
the northern portions of the northern hemisphere, one peculiar to
North America, and a third found in Japan and Eastern Siberia.
They may be distinguished by the following diagnosis :—

A. Terminal band of tail yellow.

Yellowish cinnamon; more plumbeous behind. Chin,
forehead, and band from forehead above and behind
the eye, black. A white mandibular patch.

Large; chin and throat black; crissum orange
brown; two white bands on the wing, and a

white line along tips of ‘primaries . f - garrula.
Smaller; chin only black; crissum whitish. No
white on wing : C . : : . cedrorum.

B. Terminal band of tail red.
Colors generally similar to those of A. cedrorum.
A red band across the end of the greater wing
coverts. Black line behind eye continued
along under side of crest, which is very long phenicopterum.

The A. phenicopterum is stated by Temminck to have the nasal
sete so short as to leave the nostrils exposed, and to lack the seal-
ing-wax appendages ; the latter condition may, however, result from
the immaturity of the specimen, as it is very common to find the
same thing in individuals of the other species.

Ampelis garrula.

Lanius garrulus, Linn, “ Fauna Suecica, 2, no. 82.”—In. Syst. Nat. 10th
ed. 1758, 95.—Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 297
(Europe).—Bon. Consp. 1850, 336.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858,

406 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

317.—Boarpman, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 1862, 126 (Calais,
Me.)—Coopsr, Pr. Cal. Acad. II, 1861 (1863), 122 (Fort Mohave,
Ar.).—Bombycilla garrula, Box. Zool. Jour. U1, 1827, 50.—Is.
Synopsis, 1828, 438.—Is. Am. Orn. III, 1828, pl. xvi.—Ricu. F, B.
A, II, 1831, 237.—Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, 462, pl. 363.—Is. Birds Am.
IV, 169, pl. 246.—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 188. (American. )—
Bombycilla garrula, Krys. & Buas. Wirb. Europas, 1840, 167.—
Deciand, Ornith. Europ. I, 1849, 349 (European.)—Wottey, Pr.
Z. 8. 1857, 55 (nest and eggs).—Newron, Ibis, 1861, 92, pl. iv
(nesting).—Neorpmann, Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 307, and VII, 1859,
pl. i (nesting). (EKuropean.)

Hab. Northern parts of Europe, America, and Asia. In America not hitherto
found in the western province. In winter extending along the Rocky Moun-
tains and the plains as far south as Fort Massachusetts and Fort Riley; regu-
lar visitor to shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. East of this rarely
seen along the United States border.

For the description and general remarks relative to this species I
refer to the Birds N. Am. quoted above. According to Degland,
the female differs in less extent of black of throat, the quills having
the white or yellow confined to the ends of outer webs only, instead
of on the inner webs also, and a less number and smaller size of
the cartilaginous appendages.

The specimen seen by Dr. Cooper, at Fort Mohave, if really of
this species, fixes the most western locality on record.

For many years authentic eggs of the Bohemian Chatterer were
greatly sought after, but it was not until 1856 that any were brought
to the notice of the scientific worid, when the late Mr. H: Wolley
discovered them in Lapland. Early duplicates from his collection
were sold at five guineas each, and although a good many have since
been obtained, they are yet considered as great prizes. A nest, with
its eggs, of those collected by Mr. Wolley, has been presented to
the Institution by Mr. Alfred Newton. The only instances on record
of their discovery in America are of a nest and one egg by Mr.
Kennicott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg on the
Anderson River, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the female
parents, are in the possession of the Institution,

A0T

AMPELIS,

Smith- Colleec- Sex | Whe
sonian tor’s | and | Locality. Coll * aa Received from Collected by

No. No. | Age. pees.
18,949 ts ¢ | Prussia. Madi Drometiye . |) | seeces
15,950 sre mee ss Js ‘Spenhagen.| oes
15,606 sam ||| eis Denmark. aera Univ.Zool.Mus.Co-| _.......
27,316 | 1,483 | @ | Fort Yukon. | July 4) 61s" | Ra wKenmicoti yi assnce
27-3045 P|) 3. eS oe || Sedockeharion |) Wetec
27,307 49 | Q | Fort Anderson. R. Ro MeParlane: |) 9 7 2.005%
ZiESO9) IE Z28= |) a. Great Bear Lake. Bs ReGROSS., 0 Se 2 eet err
27,314 se ae Big Island. se John Reid,
28,151 -- | o& | Fort Simpson. ote Seat” Oly lll lee ce. teeatees
22,801 8 | .. | Fort Rae. Sept 22061 Glarke:, ) (>i|)) mua oyeegae
31,128 | 797 | .. | Fort Halkett. | ae B. R. Ross. W. Brass.
11,055 | 132] ¢g | Fort Bridger (Deo. 18; 757. Cl Drexiers., | ||) iy yaaa
19,214 237.| & | Deer Creek, Neb. | Feb. 13. Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden.
17,532 682°| Q } Bitterroot Valley. | Winter. | Capt. Mullan, J. Pearsall.
11,470 een tr 3 Fort Massachusetts. Stare Capt. Bomimany | 2) seca
5,875 Ae | Fort Riley, Kans. 1851. Dr: W. As dame | | - ees

5,813 ne Racine, Wise. | Winter. Dri Hoy.se[amonds |" |“ syrersete

Cleveland, O. Dr: Kirtland.) @"| 1 aacsss

23,628

33,052 ne |

| Moose Factory.

| Winter 64.

J. Mackenzie,

(27,316.) With nest and one egg. (27,307.) With nest and one egg.

Ampelis cedrorum.

Ampelis garrulus, var. 8, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 297.
Bombycilla cedrorum, Viriuior, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88, pl. lvii.—In.
Galerie Ois. I, 1834, 186, pl. exviii.—Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 55.—In.
Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba).—Gunpiacu, Cab. Jour. 186], 328
(Cuba; rare).—Ampelis cedrorum, Scuatrer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 299
(Cordova) ; 1858, 302 (Oaxaca; January); 1859, 364 (Xalapa;
Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861,
46.—Scrater & Savin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Bairp, Birds

N. Am. 1858, 318.—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).—Marcu,

Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst.

~ Woolwich, IV, 116 (British Columbia ; nesting).—Cooper & Suck:
LEY, P. R. Rep. XII, 11, 187 (Washington Ter.).
Ampelis americana, Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 107, pl. vii.--Bombycilla
americana, JoNES, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 29 (winter).—Ricu. F. B.

BO

1831, 239.

Bombycilla carolinensis, Brisson, Orn. II, 1760, 337 (not binomial).—

Avup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 227,

pl. xliii.—Is. Birds Am. IV, 1842,

165, pl. 245.— Waeurr, Isis, 1831, 528.— Ampelis carolinensis,
Gossg, Birds Jamaica, 1847,197 (January ).—Bon. Consp. 1850, 336,

Hab. Whole of North America as far north as Lake Winnipeg and Hud-
son’s Bay, South Branch of Saskatchewan, lat. 52} (Richardson) ; south to
Guatemala; Jamaica and Cuba in winter.

Details concerning this species will be found in the “ Birds N. Am.”

cited above.

in Dulus, but more obsoletely.

As there stated, young birds are streaked beneath as

408 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

| |
Smith-|Collec-) Sex When ;
sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from | Collected by
No. | No. | Age. | .
33.011 2 Sherborn, Mass. os ASD RBADCOCK a: ail We ncisrelre
1,617 at dg | Carlisle, Pa. July 4 4a SEER. Bairdie 1) a |e deaseiee ets
20,642 | 645 Q | Moose Factory. Aug. 26, ’60.| C. Drexler. alee
18,508 an 2 Red River Settlem’t. Roe DD Gunn® “=F |)ee 9 Reese
oa e ere Goy. Mactavishs: J) 0 casce
586 Q | Washington. Mar. 2, °60. | Elliot Coues. Teesees
ae .. | Macon, Ga. April, 1848. | Prof. Jos. Leconte.) —......
.. | Tortugas. Sie CaptyiWioodburyae' 9 2 cece
ss fs .. | Yellowstone River. | July 24,°56.| Lt Warren. | Dr. Hayden.
38,413 ae .. | Laramie Riv. [W.T.| May, 1864. | Dr. Hitz. |
15,957 | 367 ¢ | Chiloweyuck Depot} July 6, °59. | A. Campbell.
21,939 | 489 .. | Sinyakwateen ‘ | July 3, 60. ie
4,236 | .. .. | San Francisco. 1853-1854. | R. D. Cutts.
26,591 Sis gd | Cape St. Lucas. 1859. J. Xantus.
S058 4lebaes 2 Tamaulipas, Mex. | Mar. 20, ’53.| Lt. Couch.
20,405 |1,862 .. | Choetun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin.
7,952 a .. | Guatemala. ie J. Gould.

Susramity PTILOGONATIN &.

The characters of the subfamily have already been stated on page
401, but it still remains to discuss the question of its precise extent.
As generally given by authors, it includes two series of genera, the
most apparent external distinction between them consisting in the
distinct scutellee on the anterior face of the tarsus in the one, which
are wanting in the other. These more palpable features are, how-
ever, accompanied by others, of more or less importance, and I can
hardly avoid the conclusion that they should belong to different
families, one, embracing Ptilogonys and Phenopepla (Ptilogona-
tine), remaining with the Ampelidxe; the other (Myiadestes,
Cichlopis, Platycichla) removed as Myadestine to near the
Turdide and Saxicolide.

The following diagnostic characters will serve to illustrate the
features of these two groups as compared with each other :—

Ptilogonatine. Tarsus stout, shorter, or not longer than middle toe and
claw ; conspicuously scutellate anteriorly, and frequently on one or other
or on both sides ; sometimes with a row of small plates behind. Wings
much graduated ; the second quill not longer than secondaries. Outline
of lateral tail feathers parallel or widening from base to near tip. Tail
unvaried, or else inornate at end. Quills without light patch at base.
Head crested. Young birds not spotted. Not conspicuous for song.

Myiadestine, Tarsus slender, longer than middle toe and claw ; undivided
as in Turdide. Toes deeply clett. Wings more pointed; second quill
much longer than secondaries. Lateral tail feathers cuneate, or narrow-
ing from base towards tip; generally whitish at end on inner web.
Quills with their extreme bases, especially of inner webs, buffy yellow,
showing a light patch inside. Head not crested, though the teathers
sometimes full. In the young all the feathers with light rounded spots.
Pre-eminent as melodious singers,

PTILOGONATIN A. 409

It may be considered that the presence or absence of scutelle
on the tarsus is a matter of comparatively slight importance, since
in some Thrushes having normally smooth tarsi, we occasionally find
individual specimens exhibiting scutelle, and the Mocking Birds
differ from the true Thrushes in having such scutelle. Yet when
to this we add the tendency in Ptilogonys and Phxnopepla to
division of the whole length of the lateral plates, and even occasional
indications of a supplementary series on the posterior edge of tarsus,
the difference from the smooth tarsi of IM/yiadestes and its allies, is
one of essential moment. Add to this the peculiarities of marking
in young birds, and the difference of vocal powers, and the grounds
for separation would seem well established, and the assignment of
the Myradestine, as a subfamily, to a place near the Saxicolidx and
Turdide (perhaps better under the latter), well founded, as all the
characters referred to above apply to the Turdine. Since, however,
other authors may not agree with me in this view, and as the 7ur-
did have already been discussed, I propose to present the Jyia-
destine in the present article after the Ptilogonatine, and to leave
the final decision of their true position to a future period.

The comparative diagnoses of Myiadestinee and Turdine may be
expressed as follows :—

Common CHARACTERS.—Tarsi without regular transverse scutelle, except at
lower end. Wings acute, pointed, as long as or longer than tail, which is
but slightly graduated. First primary rarely half 2d, which exceeds the
secondaries. Base of quills buffy yellow, as are inner edges. Tail spotted
or varied at the end. Young birds with many light spots. Very melodious
singers.

Myiadestine. Bill short, much depressed; mouth deeply cleft; width
at base about equal to the distance from nostril to tip, or greater;
commissure more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, and
nearly two and a half times length of gonys. Legs weak; tarsi
rather longer than middle toe and claw. Tail feathers tapering
slightly from base to near tip, giving a slightly cuneate appearance
to the tail.

Turdine. Bill stouter, more lengthened; narrow at base and more
compressed; width at base less than distance from nostril to tip;
commissure not more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill,
and about twice length of gonys. Tarsi stouter, longer than middle
toe and claw. Tail feathers widening slightly from base to near tip,
giving a parallel sided or slightly fan-shaped appearance to the tail.

The Mimine differ from both in the strongly scutellate tarsi ;

shorter, more rounded wings, the 1st primary generally half the 2d;
the tail usually much graduated, ete.

410 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

It still remains to be determined whether there is any essential
family difference between the typical Turdide and the Saxicolide,
and whether a rearrangement of these groups, perhaps including
‘even the Sylvvide, may not be required. In any case, however,
that the J/yiadestine must be embraced in the same series, I have
little question.

The two genera of Ptilogonatine, as restricted, with the common
characters given above, differ as follows :—

Phenopepla. Crest narrow, pointed behind. Outer primaries broad, not
attenuated nor pointed at end; the Ist half the 2d. Tail rounded, fan-
shaped; feathers very broad, wider towards end. Bill feeble, rather
narrow, well bristled; nostrils somewhat overhung by frontal feathers.
Sexes dissimilar; male black; quills with median white patch on inner
webs; tail not varied.

Ptilogonys. Crest broad, and decumbent. Outer primaries narrow, attenu-
ated and pointed at ends; Ist about one-third the 2d. Tail even or
cuneate, feathers narrower. Bill stouter, much broader, fewer rictal
bristles ; nostrils much exposed. Sexes similar; color cinereous ; wings
not varied ; tail feathers with median white patch.on inner webs.

PTILOGONYS, Swanson.
Ptilogonys, Swainson, Catal. Bullock’s Mex. Mus. 1824. (Type P.

cinereus. )
Ptiliogonys, Swatnson, Philos. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368. (Same type.)
Ptiliogonatus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 164. (Same type.)

Plumage soft, silky, glossy, and rather compact. Head with a broad, full,
soft crest, not pointed behind. Tibie thickly tufted with full, soft feathers.

Ptilogonys cinereus, SwAatxson. (Mexico.)

PTILCGONYS. 411

Tail longer than wings, somewhat fan-shaped, nearly even in type, the slight
emargination greater than the rounding (in caudatus much graduated, with
central feathers prolonged). Feathers broad, the outer webs very narrow.
Wings pointed, although the outer feathers are much graduated; Ist quill
not half the 2d, which is shorter, the 3d rather longer, than secondaries ; 5th
and 6th longest; Ist, 2d, and 3d attenuated and acuminate at end.

Bill short, much depressed, hooked and notched at both tips; gape wide
and deep; commissure straight; culmen for terminal half and short gonys
considerably curved. Nostrils oval, bordered above and behind by mem-
brane, the frontal feathers reaching not quite to the posterior margin; rictal
bristles distinct, but moderate.

Legs weak ; tarsi very short, less than middle toe and claw, with strongly
marked rough scutelle (seven) anteriorly, one or two divisions on the lower
part of sides. Outer toe rather longer than inner, and reaching just beyond
base of middle claw. Hind claw considerably longer than middle. Basal
joint of middle toe adherent for almost its whole length to one and a half
joints of outer; internally for basal half of length to basal half of first joint
of inner.

P. caudatus, very similar otherwise, differs remarkably in structure of tail,
which is cuneate and nearly one and a half times the length of the wing;
the two central feathers greatly prolonged and tapering gently to a rounded
narrow tip, the other feathers graduate from these to the outermost.

Ptilogonys differs from Myiadestes in more compact plumage ;
a shorter, broader, thicker bill; the frontal feathers much less
bristly ; the nostrils broader and more exposed, with a greater ex-
tent of naked membrane behind them. The legs are shorter, but
stouter ; tarsus much shorter and roughly scutellate, not smooth ; the
claws thicker and more curved ; the hinder considerably larger than
the middle. Nearly the whole extent of basal joint of middle toe
is adherent externally, not the half only; internally adherent for
half to the basal half of first joint of inner, which in Myiadestes are
divided to base. The wing is much more graduated; the third quill
having the relationship to the longer ones that the second has in
Myiadestes. The tail lacks the deep emargination of Myiadestes ;
the lateral feathers are of equal width to near the end, or even
wider, instead of becoming narrower.

There has been much diversity among writers in the spelling of
the name of this genus, Mr. Swainson, its author, having himself
written it very differently. His first rendering of the name, how-
ever— Ptilogonys—is nore nearly correct than the subsequent ones,
as compounded of azcsov and yorv, or feathered knee, in allusion to
the tuft of cottony feathers on the tibie.

The two known species of Ptilogonys are quite similar in colora-
tion, but differ markedly in shape of tail, which in one is even, in
the other greatly cuneate. The characters are as follows :-—

412 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Common Cuaracters. —General color bluish-ash. Wings and tail glossy
greenish-black. Quills edged internally with white. A broad, large white
patch on inner webs of tail feathers. Crissum egg yellow ; flanks more
olivaceous. Tibiz cottony white.

A. Prilogonys. Tail a little longer than wings; nearly even.
Head ashy. Cheeks and nape (concealed partly by
incumbent crest) smoky ash; forehead and chin
whitish, the latter passing into ash of throat and
breast. Eye-ring white. White tail patches rect-
angular 2 ; ° : ° . ; - cinereus.
B. Sphenotelus. Tail almost one and a half times wings;
pointed and very cuneate.
Head and nape all round olivaceous-yellow ; top of
head ashy. LEye-ring yellow. White tail patches
lozenge-shaped : : ° ° : . caudatus.

Ptilogonys cimereus.

“Ptilogonys cinereus, Swatnson, Catal. Bullock’s Mex. Mus. 1824, app.
p. 4.”"—Bon. Consp. 1850, 335.—Capanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 55.—
Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 319.—Sciarer & Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 13;
1860, 31 (Guatemala).—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 299 (Cordova) ;
1858, 302 (Uaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 379 (Oaxaca; eggs) ; 1864,
173 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 284.—Ptiliogonys
cinereus, SwAINSON, Phil. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368; Zool. Ill. Ser. 2,
pl. 62, 120.—Ptiliogonatus cinereus, Swarnson, Zool. Jour. II, July,
1827, 164.

Hypothymis chrysorrhoa, Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 452.

Hab. Mountain regions of Mexico, from near northern border: south to
Guatemala.

Ptilogonys cinereus, Swanson, (Mexico.)

PTILOGONYS. 413

(No. 30,719.) Plumage compact; rather silky. Wing considerably shorter
than the tail, which is almost even, slightly emarginated, broad and some-
what fan-shaped, the feathers widening from base to near tip; the central
only with parallel edges to the rounded tip, and rather shorter than the
lateral. First quill much less than half the 2d, contained about three times
and a half in the longest (5th), faleate and rather acute; the 2d equal to
10th ; the 3d about equal to 7th; the ends of the 2d and 3d quills attenuated
and acute. Tarsi distinctly scutellate; rictal bristles moderate.

Predominant color dark bluish-ash, scarcely lighter below; the head all
round pale ash; the forehead, chin, and side of lower jaw almost white; the
cheeks and the nape (mostly concealed by the incumbent crest) smoky ash ;
eyelids white; lores and space below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers
glossy greenish-black, varied above only by a narrow border of the back-
color, the quills abruptly edged internally with white, the axillars varied
with the same, the tail feathers having the middle third of their inner webs
white, in a rectangular patch. Anal region behind, and crissum rich Indian
or egg yellow; the flanks posteriorly olive yellow. Tibie and middle of belly
white. Bill and legs black. “Iris carmine” (Xantus).

(No. 30,719.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.30; width of outer
feather, .50; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed portion
of first primary, .78, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (6th) (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 2.90; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .28,
along gape, .73; tarsus, .60; middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .20; hind
toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .22.

Immature birds, perhaps females, differ in having the ashy tints
of the body replaced by dirty brownish, of an umber or sepia tint,
and traces of the same are not unfrequently seen in the more per-
fectly plumaged specimens. Indistinct, scarcely appreciable spots
of olive green are sometimes to be seen in the feathers of the back.

| |

Smith- Collec-) Sex Wihen
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Goltected Received from Remarks.

No. | No. | Age. eee ener |
30,139 | 510 g | Sierra Madre, near | April, 1863. John Xantus. Length, 7.75; iris

29660) oes .» | Mexico. ([Colima. eters S. F. Baird. .. [carmine.
38,155 167 | Juv.| Orizaba. siete Me Botterijc Sse aeels ss
35,156 167 | Juv. ae mits SE WE Ve tictecss
30,719 377 eb Duenas, Guat, 1861. OFSalvins SSM Seetoscs ss

“ee ee

30,720 |4,353

ee INOW a WE wetsterstere
| 185 3 | Cordova. rae

Cab. Lawrence. | ....+-

Ptilogonys caudatus.
Ptilogonys caudatus, CABANIS, Jour. 1860 (May, 1861), 402 (Costa Rica).

Hab. Mountains of Costa Rica.

(No. 35,247.) Tail much graduated; the central feathers prolonged, and
tapering gently from the middle to a rounded point; the others successively
shorter; the lateral about two-thirds the length of central; feathers nar-
rower than in cinereus (about .40), and scarcely widening from base to end.

414 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

First quill contained not quite three and a half times in longest; the 2d
rather shorter than 10th; the 3d a little shorter than 7th; the Ist, 2d, and 3d
moderately attenuated at end; the Ist falcate, acute.

Upper surface of body and wings, with jugulum and breast, bluish-ash.
Head and neck all round, with nape belly and flanks, yellowish-green, paler

Ptilogonys caudatus, CABANIS. (Costa Rica.)

on throat; the top of head, from bill, pale ashy ; chin and forehead anterior to
eyes lighter, and tinged with yellowish; the ecrissum and narrow ring round
eye egg-yellow. Tibie and concealed tuft on thighs whitish. Quill- and tail-
feathers glossy greenish-black ; the former edged internally with whitish, the
four or five outer tail feathers with a patch of white in the middle third of
inner webs, diminishing in size towards the interior one; the outermost with
the outlines following nearly the line of the fibres of the feather, or lozenge-
shaped, not rectangular. On the fourth feather the spot does not reach the
inner edge of the feather, and is still more reduced, sometimes wanting in
the fifth. Outer edges of quills very narrowly like back. Bill and feet
black. Iris “ bluish-yellow” (Carmio/).

(No. 35,247, 9.) Total length, 10.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 5.50; middle feather,
1.90 longer than lateral; difference of 10th and longest quills, .80; exposed
portion of Ist primary, .80, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (5th and 6th) (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .60,
from nostril, .29, along gape, .75 ; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .70, claw
alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .25.

The adults of the two sexes do not appear to differ in color. In
younger birds (No. 35,245), however, the bluish-ash is replaced by
the yellowish-green, of which color is the entire body and head. In
still younger birds there is a strong tinge of brown. In No. 35,245,
too, the crest, instead of being broad and full, the lateral feathers as
long as central, is pointed, owing to the central feathers being much
longer, and more distinct ‘in outline, or rather the lateral more abbre-
viated, in this respect much like the crest of Phanopepla nitens.

PHENOPEPLA. 415

The crest of this species appears longer than in cinereus; the
tail is very differently shaped in the great prolongation and acute-
ness of the central feather (almost one-half longer than the lateral),
and the graduation of the rest, instead of being nearly even. These
feathers, too, are narrower. The outer quills appear rather less
attenuated. The principal difference in color consists in the yellow-
ish-green of the head and neck all-round, relieved only by the gray
of top of head ; the ring round eye yellow, not white ; the encroach-
ing on flanks and front of belly of the yellowish-green ; the lozenge-
shaped rather than rectangular patch of white on tail feathers, ete.

| ;
Sr lesien| Sex | When

souian| tor’s | and | Locality. : Received from Collected by
Noe Nol Age.! Collected. | |
$0,500'} 17 |... | San Jose, C. R. ers | Dr. A, vy. Frantzius.| ......
33,290 ae ate of eats |JeCarmiol: =} sasese
33.291 . es ge [GAR Bie | Fe Oe eeces
35,245 | 4 | Rancho Redondo, Aug. 6, ’64. | ee | eaaendae
35,216 | eh ‘6 Sa | eo ects slats
35,247 Q | “ Aug. 17, °64,| a OP Oe,

PHAENOPEPLA, ScuaTer.
Phainopepla, ScuaATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 543. (Type Ptilogonys nitens, Sw.)

Plumage rather compact: in the male glossy. Head with a narrow elongated
occipital crest. Wings pointed, reaching about to middle of tail. Spurious
primary large, broad; more
than half second, which is
about equal to seconda-
ries; 6th quill longest ;
5th, 4th, and then 3d suc-
cessively shorter; the lat-
ter rather shorter than
7th; end of quills not
attenuated nor pointed.
Tail longer than wings;
somewhat fan-shaped; .
rounded at end; not
emarginated ; the feathers
very broad, and widening
behind.

Bill not very wide ; nos-
trils with overhanging
membrane ; frontal feath-
ers bristled, and reaching
to hinder edge of nostril; rictal bristles extending to anterior edge ; both tips
of bill notched. Tarsi about equal to middle toe and claw, or a little longer ;
distinctly scutellate anteriorly ; one er two indistinct divisions on outer side

$275

Phaenopepla nitens, SCLATER. (Arizona.)

‘
416 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

at lower end. Claws short, much curved. Inner toe cleft nearly to base ;
basal joint of outer adherent. Outer toe a little longer than inner, reaching
a little beyond base of middle claw.

This genus differs from Myiadestes in scutellate tarsi, smaller feet,
more curved claws, crest, tail, etc. Its relationships to Ptilogonys
are closer, but the crest is narrow and pointed ; the wing less gradu-
ated; the first primary much larger; the tail more rounded; the
feathers much broader. The bill is much narrower and weaker.
The feet are very similar; the toes rather more cleft, though less
than in Myiadestes.

Pheenopepla nitens.

Ptiliogonys nitens, Sw. An. in Menag. 1838, 285.—Bon. Consp. 1850,
335.—HeERMANN, Jour. A. N. Se. Phila. IH, 1853, 263.—Cassin,
Ill. Birds Texas, etc. 1854, 169, pl. xxix.— Cichlopsis nitens, Barrp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 320, 923.—Phainopepla nitens, Scuater, P. Z. 8.
1858, 543; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).

“Tepturus galeatus, Less.”

Hab. Mountainous portions of western and middle provinces of United
States, and south to Orizaba; Cape St. Lucas.

(No. 8,275, 4%.) Tail broad, almost fan-shaped; graduated slightly ; not
at all emarginate, and longer than wing. First quill broad, slightly falcate,
scarcely attenuated ; more than half the 2d, which about equals the 10th;
6th longest ; 3d equal to 7th. Feathers on nape rather full, with a lengthened,
pointed, narrow occipital crest.

Male (No. 8,275) entirely glossy greenish-black ; the inner webs of all the
primary quills with a large, lengthened patch of white, which does not reach
the inner margin; their outer webs very narrowly edged with ashy, as are also
lateral tail feathers externally.

Female (No. 8,274) browhish-ash, paler below; the white of inner webs
of quills obsolete; the greater coverts and quills edged externally with
whitish, the anal and crissal feathers edged and tipped with the same; the
outer tail feather with narrow edge of white externally towards end.

Immature birds show every gradation of color between the two extremes
described above.

(No. 8,275, 4.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.35 ; difference of 10th
and longest primary, .54; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.20, of 2d, 2.20, of
longest (6th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.80; length of
bill from forehead, .46, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66 ; tarsus, .70; middle
toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20.

MYIADESTINA,

417

| | |
Smith- Collec-- Sex hc Nene
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. } | F
28,015 | 416 go | Fort Crook, Cal. April, 1860.} John Feilner. | ......
25,583 | 194 | G | Fort Tejon, Cal. 1857. John Xantus; | 9) acess
8,275 og | Colorado Desert, Lt. Williamson. | Dr. Heermann,
8,274 oe “ce oe
AEF ZS, ate é Fort Yuma, Ar. et Lt. Ives. H. B. Mollhausen.
26,462 |3,248 O. | Cape St. Lucas. Oct. 10; 759) ||) John Xantusigy |) = seeccece
26,463 |3,123 ¢ “(San Nicholas), es Se et Sar ee Mmm stcreralsce
3,964 | .. | Coahuila, Mex, 1853. Lt; Couch. = | | yy Secees
S532) | 173 Mirador, Mex. (Pine| June, 1864. | Dr. C. Sartorius. | — ......
SONS Bal 17300" leene || pean [region.) Sipe (lw yee tee ee el nr

(26,463.) Iris fire red.

Supramity MYIADESTINA.

As explained on page 408, I am decidedly of opinion that, notwith-
standing a close resemblance in general appearance, Myiadestes
and Cichlopsis should be removed from their usual association
with Piclogonys, among Ampelide, to or at least very near the
Turdide, and form a subfamily with Platycichla (p. 32). The
latter genus is so closely related to Cichlopsis as almost to be the
same: Platycichla forming the link with Turdine through Pla-
nesticus, While such species as Myiadestes unicolor show the affini-
ties of Cichlopsis to Myiadestes.

In the original description of Cichlopsis, Cabanis gives scutellate
tarsi as a character. In the specimen before me of C. lewcogonys,
belonging to Dr. Sclater, one tarsus is entirely smooth, except the
one or two divisions at lower end (as usual in Turdidx), while the
other exhibits a faint indication of an additional division. Through
the somewhat transparent epidermis may be seen faint transverse
lines which may represent such division, but do not come to the
surface, and are precisely such as occur among other booted forms.
This tendency to occasional abnormal scutellation is a partial
monstrosity, or it may be a condition of immaturity, as I have
observed in Myiadestes townsendii.

The genera of Myiadestine may be characterized as follows,
although I cannot make the diagnoses very trenchant, and must
refer to the more elaborate descriptions and comparisons for com-
plete details :—

Myiadestes. Occipital feathers full and soft. Plumage rather loose. Bill
weak, much depressed. Commissure nearly straight. Hind toe longer
than inner lateral. Toes deeply cleft. Closed wing externally with an

exposed light band across the base of the quills, and another nearer the

end, separated by a darker one. Tail somewhat graduated on the sides.

Plumage more compact.
Bill

Occipital feathers short and close.
Commissure nearly straight.

Cichlopsis.
Wing without any external marking.
27 June, 1866.

418 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

stout, molerately depressed, rectilinear viewed from above. Hind toe
and claw shorter than inner lateral. Tail slightly graduated on sides.
Throat plain.

Platycichla. Plumage and wing as in Cichlopsis. Commissure considerably
arched. Bill attenuated; lateral outlines decidedly concave viewed from
above; lower mandible much weaker than in Cichlopsis. Hind toe and
claw longer than inner lateral. Toes more deeply cleft. Tail slightly
rounded. Throat streaked.

MYIADESTES, Swarnson.
Myiadestes, Swainson, Jard. Nat. Library, XIII. Flycatchers, “1838,”
132. (Type M. genibarbis, Sw.)

Plumage soft, loose, and full, especially on the flanks and over thighs.
Body slender, depressed ; the wings much pointed, and reaching nearly to

Myjiadestes solitarius, BAIRD. (Jamaica.)
(Bill and foot natural size; wing and tail three-fourths.)

middle of lengthened tail; about equal to the tail. Bill weak, short and
broad, much depressed ; the gape very wide ; the commissure, which is almost
perfectly straight, more than half distance from nostril to tip of bill; ridge
well marked ; keel less distinct. Culmen straight to near tip, then decurved,
hooked, with distinct notch in both tips. Nostrils oval, nearly lateral, with
overhanging membrane; the frontal feathers coming to posterior edge, bend-
ing more and more forwards and mixed with bristles.

Legs rather weak. Tarsus much compressed, without scutelle, which are
fused into one plate, with perhaps a single division at lower end anteriorly,
and one, sometimes two, on outer edge. Toes and claws slender and length-
ened; hind claw about equal to middle. Outer lateral toe a little longer than
inner, and reaching a little beyond the base of middle. Inner toe cleft to base
of basal joint; basal joint of outer entirely adherent ; basal joint of middle
toe half adherent externally, one-third internally.

Feathers of occiput full and somewhat lengthened, forming a crest. Wing
pointed, although the outer quills are graduated. Primary quills ten: the
Ist about one-third or less the longest; the 2d equal to Sth or 9th; the 5th
longest; the 1st falcate and attenuated ; the 2d and 3d attenuated also. Tail
somewhat graduated, and also considerably emarginated or forked ; this fork
not so deep, however, as the graduation.

MYIADESTES. 419

Myiadestes is a genus embracing a number of species quite similar
in character as well as in coloration, and belonging to the mountain-
ous regions of America, including the West Indies. The genus
was founded on the Muscicapa armillatus, of Martinique, which
is probably very similar to JZ. solitarius, of Jamaica, taken here as
the type. This, however, is in some respects different from other
species, especially in the decided falcation of the first primary, and
the attenuation of the tips of the outer two or three quills.

The species vary a little in the width of bill, the angularity of
culmen, the length of rictal bristles, the length of outer primary,
emargination of tail, ete. One of the most aberrant forms in this
respect is JZ elisabeth, in which the bill is narrower, deeper, and
much more Thrush-like in appearance.

The species are all of dull colors, in which ash gray or plumbeous
plays a principal part. All exhibit a peculiar pattern of coloration
of the wing. The bases of all the quills, except more or fewer of
the outer, are white or yellowish, best defined on the secondaries,
where the patch is confined to the basal portion, extending more
along the inner edges of the primaries, the aggregate showing on
the inner edge of the wing as a well-defined patch, just as in the
Thrushes. Externally this patch is usually visible just below the
greater coverts of primary and secondary quills, although generally
altered in color, and is then succeeded by a dusky bar, and then
again by another bar like the first, which however is confined to the
outer webs of the quills. These two bars, sometimes pale yellowish,
sometimes plumbeous, separated by a dark one can be traced more
or less distinctly in all the species. In all likewise the tail is
whitish or grayish.on its outer edge and on the tips of the more
lateral feathers. The bill and legs are sometimes dusky, sometimes
yellowish.?

Common CHARAcTERS.—General color ashy blue or gray (except in Myiadestes
elisabeth, which is olivaceous above and whitish beneath) ; the wing with
conspicuous light patch across quills at base inside, less evident externally,
where there is a second light bar separated from the first by a dusky one.
(M. leucotis is rufous above, black beneath, with white patch at base of
quills.)

1 As these sheets are passing through the press, the Smithsonian Institu-
tion has received a specimen of M. lewcotis of Tschudi, from Peru, presented
by the Museum of Neuchatel, which proves to be quite aberrant in shorter,
more rounded wings, longer bill, stouter legs, and different pattern of colora-
tion of the wing. It may reasonably constitute the type of a different genus
or subgenus, but Ido not at present propose to name it as such. The general
characters will be found in the diagnostic table, and a full description
farther on.

420 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

A. Pattern of coloration beneath decidedly and abruptly
varied.

Body slaty blue; chin and throat, with crissum, orange
brown, abruptly defined. A patch of white on under
eyelid. Bill black.

Extreme point of chin and sides of base of lower
jaw each with an almost inappreciable and
not continuous white spot. Ears blackish,
not varied. Thighs slate color; legs yellow.
Length, 7.50 C A :

Whole chin, continuous with a large patch on
side of lower jaw (without dusky border be-
low ?), white. Ears not varied? Lower part
of thighs yellow; legs brown? Length, 6.25

A white stripe along lower part of cheeks, bor-
dered beneath by a blackish line. Ears
streaked black and white. No white on
chin? nor yellow on thighs? Legs pale.
Length, 7.00 7 : f ° . °

B. Whole under parts nearly uniform (plumbeous or ashy),
varied only slightly in shade (black in leucotis).

Prevailing color ash gray; chin, upper throat, and cris-
sum paler. A white ring round the eye; lores, and
a line each side the chin dusky. Bill black; legs
dusky.

Upper parts uniform ash gray, the two light wing
patches very distinct, and fulvous yellow.
Maxillary stripe indistinct . . ; ;

Outer surface of wings rufous brown, back less
conspicuously so. Wing bands indistinct.
Maxillary stripe well marked 5 °

Above rufous ; under parts dark plumbeous.

Forehead ashy; top of head less rufous. Wing
bands quite distinct. Upper mandible black;
lower, with legs, yellow A : . °

Nearly uniform slaty blue all over.

- Forehead ashy; chin paler than rest of under
parts. Bill black; legs dusky :

Forehead, face, and chin black. Bill orange red ;
legs yellow . : : - : - :

Above grayish-olive ; dull white beneath.

A dusky line each side chin. Bill narrow, thick-
ened, black, with the base below, as also the
legs, yellowish . ° ° ° : :

Above rufous ; under parts black. r

Cheeks, axillars, inside of wing, and patch at base
of quills (not visible externally) white; ex-
ternal wing band obsolete. Bill black above,
yellow beneath; legs dusky : .

[PART I.

solitarius.

armillatus.

genibarbis.

townsendii.

obscurus.

venezuelensis.

unicolor.

melanops.

elisabeth.

leucotis.

MYIADESTES. 421

The species of South American JJyiadestes, mentioned in the
foot-note, I have not been able to examine.

Myiadestes solitarius.

Myadestes solitarius, BAIRD, n. s.

Muscicapa armillata, Gossr, Birds Jam. 1847, 198 (not of VirerLoT).—
Ptilogonys armillatus, GRay & Mrrcue.t, Gen. Birds, I, pl. 69.—
Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 73.—Myiadestes arm. Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857,
6.—Ib. Catal. 1861, 47.—Mancu, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1863, 294.

Hab. Jamaica.

Myiadestes solitarius, BAiRD. (Jamaica.)

! Myiadestes griseiventer.
Ptilogonys griseiventer, Tscu. Arch. Nat. 1844.—Is. Fauna Peruana,
1846-7, 140.—Myiadestes griserventer, Cas. Arch. Nat. 1847, I, 209.
Rufous olive ; forehead cinereous ; cap olivaceous, with some rufous spots.
Upper wing coverts black, the-outer web and tip edged with rufous ; primaries
brown, edged externally with olive; secondaries with inner webs white at
base. Beneath gray; crissum rufous. Middle tail feathers like the back, the
two outer with hinder part of inner web white, the others black, tipped with
white.
Bill blackish-brown; lower jaw paler in middle. Legs yellowish-brown-
Trids blackish-brown.
Length, 6.80; tarsus, .83; tail, 3.33; wings, 3.82.

Myiadestes ardesiaceus.
Myiadestes ardesiaceus, Less. Desc. Mamm. et d’Ois. (GEuvres Comp.
de Buffon, ed. Didier, 1847, VII), 1847, 219. Brazil.

Bill black ; tarsi brown. Body above brownish-slate ; cheeks, fore part and
sides of neck, sides of breast and flanks dusky brown; the middle of body,
from thorax to lower-tail coverts, white, tinged with very pale yellow ; thighs
brown. Length, 16 centimetres.

This bird has not been identified as a Myiadestes by authors, and may belong
to another genus, especially as Lesson places in the same genus with it the
Setophaya ornata of Boiss.

422 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

(No. 30,285, 4.) Wing pointed, but decidedly shorter than the tail; the
Ist quill falcate, acute, one-third the longest ; the 2d rather shorter than 7th,
sinuated and somewhat attenuated at end; 5th quill longest. Bill much de-
pressed ; rictal bristles lengthened. Tail considerably graduated, but slightly
emarginated.

Above clear slaty blue; rather paler beneath, and lighter towards the belly.
Chin and throat, anal region, and crissum dark cinnamon red. Lower eyelid,
extreme angle of chin, and small patch on side of lower jaw white ; loral region,
and cheeks below eye black. Edge of wing, and patch at base of quills whitish,
as seen on inner face of wiug; externally this patch is ashy, followed by the
usual blackish bar, and the ashy one beyond that. Lateral tail feather whitish,
except base and outer web at end; the next feather with a long patch at end
of inner web, and the tip white; remaining feathers blackish, the central
like back. Bill black; legs yellow. ‘“Irids hazel or dull orange” (Gosse).

(No. 30,285, §.) Total length, 7.70; wing, 3.55; tail,4.20; graduation, .60 ;
emargination, .15; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80; exposed
portion of Ist primary, .94, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of lst primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .56, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .69; tarsus, .85; middle toe and claw, .81, claw alone,
-24; hind toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .25.

In No. 38,044 the first quill is much longer (nearly one-half the
third), and much attenuated at end; the second quill also unusually
attenuated. (See figure. )

This species has, by later authors, been identified as’ the IZusci-
capa armillata of Vieillot, although erroneously. Vieillot’s species
is given in Ois. Am. Sept. as inhabiting “the Antilles,” but in
Enecyclop. Méthodique he assigns it to Martinique. The white of
chin and side of jaws, the rufous belly, the yellow of legs and the.
brown feet, with a length of 6°; inches, as given by Vieillot, are
not to be found in the Jamaican bird. As far as I can determine
it has never been named, and I apply to it the name of solitarius,
from the account by Gosse of its habits.

~ ) :

Smith-|Collec-| Sex |

sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. Cc re Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. . ats

93.327 Trelawney, Jam. Jan. 19, 759. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn.
23,328 38 Y “6 Seey — oyee lil Wx 4: ty araverwia wel Ae Nite rete
35,0 5a { | Spanishtown, Jam. | Mar. 18, ’65. W. 1. March. )|°0 9 ease
30.2585 ae 3 | Port Royal Mts. ‘ oe iS Mr. Colchester.
8 ), 286 - 9 te ae ae *

Myiadestes armillatus.
Muscicapa armillata, Viei.ot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 69, pl. 42 (“ An-
tilles”).—In. Nouv. Dict. XXI, 448.—Is. Encyc. Méth. II, 824
(“ Martinique”’).—?.Myiadestes armillata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 335.
Hab. “ Martinique.”

MYIADESTES. 423

“ Bill blackish ; a white spot on the sides of the throat, and at its origin
(the chin) immediately below the lower mandible (the two continuous) ; the
eye surrounded by the same color. Head, back, rump, two intermediate tail
feathers, and the breast of a grayish-slate, paler below. Wing- and tail-feathers
blackish, bordered externally by gray, the three lateral on each side of the
tail more or less white. Belly and hinder parts brownish-rufous ; a beautiful
yellow in form of a bracelet on the feathers of lower part of leg; feet brown.
Length, 6 inches 3 lines.” Viedllot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 69.

“Young, before the first moult, grayish-ash above; head brown with yel-
lowish spots ; feathers of throat and hinder parts blackish at their extremity,
and yellowish elsewhere.” Vieillot, Eftcyclop. Méth. Il, 824.

According to Vieillot this species is found in Martinique, where
it dwells in the elevated regions, and on account of its remarkable
note is known as the “ Musicien” or “ Siffleur de la Montagne.”

The differences between Vieillot’s description and the Jamaican
bird usually called armillatus, have already been referred to. Vieil-
lot’s figure represents the tail as more rounded; the legs longer and
distinctly seutellate, which, however, may be an error of the plate.

Myiadestes genibarbis.
Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Libr. XIII. Flycatchers, 1838,
134, pl. xiii.

/Iab. Some one of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles ?

General appearance that of M/. solitarius, of Jamaica. Whole upper parts
lead blue; wings and tail marked as in the other species of its section. The
throat and upper part of jugulum, the crissum, anal region, belly, and
flanks are brownish-red or rufous. The breast is plumbeous, paler than the
back. A narrow, dusky or blackish line from the lower edge of the mandible
borders the rufous of throat, and cuts off a mandibular stripe, which is reddish-
white as far as the eye, but then becomes mixed with blackish, and passes
again as far as the end of cheeks into rufous like the throat. The extreme
chin is also reddish-white, though somewhat separated from that of side of
lower jaw by the dusky line mentioned. The ear coverts are blackish, each
with a central streak of whitish, sometimes tinged with reddish. A whitish
patch on under eyelid. The axillars are pale rusty, the tibia plumbeous.
Legs yellow. Bill black.

Total length, 7.00; wing, 3.40; tail, 3.70; exposed portion of 1st primary,
81, of 2d, 2.12, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),
2.60; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .25, along gape, .75;
tarsus, .86.

This species, though in general, similar to ‘IZ solitarius, is still
very appreciably different. Its most striking peculiarity is in the
dusky line each side the throat, cutting off above it a stripe, first
reddish-white, then mixed with dusky, and then rufous like the
throat, this color reaching to posterior end of ear coverts. The ear

424 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

coverts instead of being nearly unicolor, are conspicuously streaked
with whitish. The rufous of throat extends farther down, that of
belly and flanks farther forwards, reducing the plumbeous of under
parts very materially, and confining it mainly to the breast. The
chin is whitish for a considerably greater extent. The axillars are
pale rufous, instead of ashy. The size is less; the form much the
same,

The present species approaches most closely to the description of
M. genibarbis', by Swainson, but differs apparently in some appre-
ciable characters. The black streak on each side the throat, in
genibarbis, cuts off a stripe which is continuously white to the end
of ear coverts, instead of becoming mixed with dusky on the middle
third and changing then to rufous. The rufous of genibarbis does
not extend as far forward, showing much less on the belly and flanks.
In the uncertainty, however, as to whether Swainson described his
specimen accurately or not, I will, for the present, make use of his
name.

The JZ armillatus, of Vieillot, appears to differ in much greater
extent of whitish on chin and side of lower jaw, in absence of the
dusky mandibular stripe and white streaks on the ears, and in the
yellow band on the tibia. It is possible, however, that the two may
be identical; but the differences of JZ solitarius, as a separate
species, is beyond a doubt.

1 Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Library, XIII. Flycatchers, 1838,
134, pl. xiii.
Hab.

nag

‘“Above clear cinereous;-all under parts not red are of same color, but
much paler; a whitish maxillary stripe, bordered by a black line (below),
and the ears are black, striped with white lines. External edges of the wing
feathers gray, except terminal half of primaries and a black band at basal
half of secondaries ; lateral tail feathers black, having ends of inner webs
more or less white, the outermost almost entirely white, with outer edges of
that and the next gray; the middle pair wholly cinereous. Under plumage
from chin to throat bright rufous ; which color descends a little on the breast,
and is bordered on each side the chin by the black maxillary stripe resembling
a whisker, already mentioned; breast and sides cinereous, nearly of as dark
a tint as the back; as this color descends, however, it becomes paler and
blends into the rufous of the belly, vent, and under tail coverts; bill deep
black; legs very pale. Total length about 7.00; bill along gape, .70, front,
-40; wings, 3.40, tail beyond, 2.00, from base, 3.00; tarsus, .80.’’

The locality of the specimen described is a matter of uncertainty—Swain-
son supposing, from its apparent affinities, that might have come from Africa,
It is evidently, however, West Indian. :

MYIADESTES. 495

Of this species there are three specimens in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy ; the best and that described labelled * Trini-
dad,” another much duller in coloration marked “ Brésil,” and the
third without any locality. Both indications are doubtless incorrect,
the species belonging more probably to some one of the larger, more
mountainous of the Windward islands of the Lesser Antilles.”

Myiadestes elisabeth. -

Muscicapa elisabeth, LEMBEYE, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 39, pl. v, fig. 3
(“ Riusenor,’’ Cuba).—Myiadestes elisabeth, Cas. Jour. IV, 1856, 2
(rocky mountains of western Cuba).—Gunpuacu, Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VI, 1858.—Is. Cab. Jour. 1861, 328.

Hab. Cuba.

(No. 25,911.) Tail rather longer than wing, slightly emarginated; quite
graduated. Wing moderately pointed ; Ist quill broad to tip, very slightly

Myiadestes elisabeth, LEMBEYE. (Cuba.)

falcate, not pointed ; nearly half the 2d quill, which is also broad, and shorter
than 7th, about equal to 8th; the 4th longest ; then 5th, 6th, 3d. Bill narrow
and deep for the genus, differing from the rest of species; rictal bristles
lengthened.

Above uniform brownish-olive, more ashy on rump; beneath dull white;
the sides of neck ashy ; the breast, sides, axillars, and perhaps crissum tinged
with the same. Eyelids fulvous yellow; cheeks below eye dusky, and a
narrow dark line each side the chin; ear coverts more fulvous. The inner
wing coverts and tips of longer axillars fulvous. The usual light patch at

' Since writing the preceding article I have had the opportunity of ex-
amining three specimens of the species in the Lafresnaye Collection (4,433,
4,434, 4,435), recently purchased by Dr. Bryant, and presented to the Boston
Society of Natural History. These have a general resemblance to the bird
just described, excepting that in one there is a trace of rnfous in the tibial
feathers. They are labelled “ Martinique or South America,’ and are evi-
dently not authenticated as to locality. A young bird among them (No. 4,335)
has the entire under parts brownish-red, with blackish edges to the feathers,
the upper parts similarly spotted.

426 - REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

base of quills, visible internally as a yellowish-white bar across the wing,
externally as a fulvous brown bar followed by a blackish one, and again a
fulvous. In other words, the olive of upper parts is varied on the wings by
having the outer webs of quills, except outer primaries, fulvous olive, crossed
near the base by a broad blackish bar. Central tail feathers like back ; others
blackish ; outermost ashy for most of length, and like next, tipped with white.
Bill black ; the base below white. Legs flesh color?

(No. 25,911, %.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.80; graduation of
tail, .25; difference of 10th and longest quill, .66; exposed portion of Ist
primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (Sth) (measured from exposed base of Ist
primary), 2.60; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .31, along gape,
-70; tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .78, claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw,
.52, claw alone, .26.

| |
Smith- Collec- Sex | ; Ur hion wee ;
sonian) tor’s | and | Locality. | Collected Received from Collected by
No. | No Age, | | :

Cuba. | Dr. J. Gundlach. cee

25,911 || Fe Sax

21,645 | 2 ‘| Donna del Gate, Dec. 11. Chas. Wright: 90) sststenre

21,670 S| * [Cuba. as Sei NE ces eewe

21,646 oi a | es Siar Se DS yh eee esate

23 543 | .. | Monte Libano,Cuba.| Sept. 24. SOD ee ate! Wn ace

93.542! .. Be he ees tots LOPE wll od Retinal ree, | Hl Manin tacit
341 | es | ig |-Cuba. Cab. Lawrence. | fetes

|

Mytadestes melamops.

Myvadestes melanops, Savin, P. Z. §. 1864, 580, pl. xxxv (Tucurrique,
Costa Rica).

FTab. Costa Rica.

>

(No. 30,501.) Wing moderately pointed; Ist quill about one-third the
longest; 2d scarcely longer than 8th; 4th and 5th longest.

Above bluish-slate color; rather lighter below; middle of belly somewhat
paler. Forehead, cheeks anterior to eyes, and chin black; axillars whitish
at ends, the bases of the quills showing the usual patch on the inner face of
wing, which in this species is white; externally it is ashy, scarcely appre+
ciable, and followed by the usual dusky bar. Quill- and tail-feathers black-
ish, the central of the latter scarcely more ashy, as is the case in the terminal
portion of the outer two feathers and the outer edges of the outermost; both
obscurely tipped with whitish. Bill reddish-yellow; legs and feet clear
yellow.

(No. 30,501.) Total length, 7.25; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.45, graduation, 40,
emargination slight; difference of 10th and longest quills, .70; exposed
portion of Ist primary, .90, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (4th) (measured from ex-
posed base of Ist primary), 2.75; length of bill from forehead, .60, from
nostril, .80, along gape, .70; tarsus, .81; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone,
-24; hind toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .28. ‘

In some specimens the pure clear bluish-plumbeous of back is
faintly glossed behind with olive brown. Young birds have the bill

MYIADESTES. 427

black, except at the base below, or else black at tip; all the feathers
with a central spot of ochraceous-yellowish, bordered by blackish,
traces of these spots occasionally visible in adults.

|

Smith- Collec: Sex | wl |
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Goiiantea Received from Remarks.

No. No. | Age. | tee es : |
30,501 SI .. | Costa Rica. sis Dr.Av y= Frantzius;|) 9 eee
3a;295 | 32 ate s re cool Quetta srevevevereys
30'503. |" 33. 4. 0 g . sieve Se a te haere
30,502 34 oe se Stee Ss) nn | nt he yetevate
33, 294 119 ays i leks CEP oti hall math odosas
35,343 | ® Jd Dota, C. R July 17 °64.} J. Carmiol. Iris yellow.
30,22 I/F ois 2 Rancho Redondo. | Noy. 15, 64 SS We 2 Pl WE Bootes

Myiadestes venezuelensis.

Muyiadestes ae Scrater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. XVII,
468.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1857, 6; 1860, 64 (Ecuador).—Is. Catal. 1861,
48, no. 290 ae

Hab. Venezuela, Bogota, and Ecuador.

(No. 32,513.) First quill about two-fifths the longest; nearly half the 2d,
which is rather shorter than 7th; 4th and 5th longest.

Above dark rusty brown, brightest towards rump. Forehead (shading off
into the olivaceous rufous of cap), cheeks, and under parts, including lining
of wings and axillars, dark slate color, becoming paler behind; the tibia,
flanks and end of crissum somewhat tinged with olivaceous rufous (some-
times scarcely appreciable). Lores dusky. As in most species, a band of
light fulvous at bases of quills, distinctly seen on the inside of wing; scarcely
appreciable externally, and followed by a dusky bar. Middle tail feathers
somewhat like back, but with a purplish tinge; other feathers purplish-black,
the outermost gray for most of outer web, the next to a less extent, both with
a patch of white at end of inner web. Bill dusky above, yellow beneath;
feet yellow.

(No. 32,513.) Total length, 7.20; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.25; difference of 10th
and longest quills, .70; exposed portion of Ist primary, .95, of 2d, 2.16, of
longest (4th) (measured from peveeee base of Ist primary), 2.60; length of
bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .26, along gape, .69; tarsus, .80; middle
toe and claw, .75, claw alone, .21 ; tind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .23.

This species agrees sufficiently well in form with the Mexican,
but has shorter and more rounded wings; a proportionally longer
first primary, and perhaps a more even tail. The yellow mandible,
darker rufous of back extending to head, dark slate of throat, and
absence of white or dark lines about the head readily distinguish it
from JZ obscurus, most nearly allied in color.

428 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ke
Smith-|Collee-) Sex When

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gollected. Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. |

32,513 | Puerto Cabello, Ven. Acct AR iGeukseye 9) i Bxonaa

32,514 | ae oa e see ee ie me edo

24,944 | oh .: | Bogota. sate LideiGeofroy. §| 0 exec

Myiadestes unmicolor.

Myiadestes unicolor, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 299 (Cordova) ; 1857, 5,
213 (Orizaba) ; 1858, 97.—Is. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 289.—SciaTER
& Sanviy, Ibis, 1860, 8397 (Coban).

Hab. Central Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 22,377, 2, type.) Second quill rather shorter than 7th; 4th and 5th
longest, and about equal; Ist about one-third the longest.

General color dark slate color, paler below (darkest on jugulum and breast) ;
chin and anal region lighter. Eyelids white; lores and cheeks dusky. Tail
feathers black, except central, which are like the back, the outermost which
is ashy except at base, and the second feather which has the end and a portion
of inner web ashy, the extreme tips of the two last mentioned feathers whitish.
Quills with a band of dull fulvous across their bases, shown very obscurely
externally as a transverse wing:bar, followed by a blackish one. Bill black;
legs hazel.

(No. 22,377, 9.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.80; tail, 3.70; difference be-
tween outer and fourth tail feathers, .50; difference between 10th and longest
quills, .85; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.50, of longest (4th)
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00; length of bill from fore-
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .76; tarsus, .85; middle toe and claw,
.80, claw alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .26.

This species in form resembles JZ obscurus, although in colora-
tion is more like éownsendii, from which the prevailing dark slate
(not grayish-ash), and the absence of the distinct cinnamon bars
across the quills readily distinguish it. The pattern of coloration
of quills is as in fownsend7i, but the want of contrast in the tints
renders this almost inappreciable in the prevailing dark slaty plumbe-
ous of upper parts. The axillars and inner lining of wings are slate,
like the breast; but the pale fulvous band at base of quills is very
well marked in the inside of wing,

Smith- Collee- Sex | |

Vv eo
sonian) tor’s and | Locality. eee Received from | Remarks.
No. No. | Age. | Vee :
22,377 ae 2 Cordova, Mex. | Verreaux. Type. [ty pe.

30,720

epee Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O Salvin. , Compared with
| :

MYIADESTES. 499

Myiadestes townsendii.

Ptiliogonys townsendii, Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 206, pl. 419, fig. 2. (For
other references see Birds N. Am. 321).—Newserry, P. R. Rep. VI,
Whipple’s Rep. Zool. 82.— Culicivora towns. DeKay, N. Y. Zool. II,
1844, 110.—Myiadestes towns. CABANIS, Wieg. Arch. 1847, I, 208.—
ScuaTer, P. Z. 5. 1857, 5; 1858, 97.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
321.—Coorer & Suckxey, P. R. Rep. XII, 1, 187.—Kennerty, P. R.
Rep. X, Whipple’s Rep. 25.—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
116 (Br. Col.).

Hab. Mountainous regions of middle and western United States. (Not
found at Cape St. Lucas nor in Mexico.)

(No. 16,168.) Second quill shorter than 6th; 3d rather longer than 5th;
4th longest. Wings much pointed, as long as the tail, which is forked, and
the lateral feathers graduated.

Prevailing color dark ash gray, scarcely lighter on breast, paler on abdomen,
mixed with paler dull whitish-gray on chin, throat, belly and crissum ; the ends

38426

*° Myiadestes townsendii, CAB.

of axillars, inner wing coverts, edge of bend of wing, outer web of lateral and tips
of outer tail feathers, dull white. A white ring round the eye; the loral region
and cheeks below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers dark brown; the
central tail feathers more like back, the lateral edged and tipped as described.
All the quills with a broad, well-defined patch of light cinnamon at their bases ;
which in the outer five are not visible across the outer webs, but show dis-
tinctly externally on the rest. A second less distinct but broader band of
similar color (brightest on the primaries) crosses the outer webs of the same
quills nearer the end, the two bands separated by a blackish one. Outer
edges of inner secondaries grayish-white. Bill black; feet dusky.

No appreciable difference in the sexes ; the young bird thickly spotted with
pale ochrey.

430 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART TI.

(No. 16,168.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 8.10; expanse of wing, 13.20;
wing from carpal joint, 4.50. Prepared specimen: Total length, 8.00; wing,
4.40; tail, 4.40, depth of fork, .42; difference between 10th and longest pri-
mary, 1.22; exposed portion of lst primary, 1.00, of 2d, 3.00, of longest, 4th
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.45 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .71; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw,
.80, claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .26.

On the chin and crissum the tips of feathers are much lighter
than the ashy bases, producing a mixture of the two colors, although
this is scarcely appreciable in some specimens. There is a very
faint indication occasionally of a dusky line on each side of the chin,
as in JL obscurus.

Young birds have a large triangular pale ochraceous light spot on
the end of each feather (rather paler below), bounded externally by a
narrow border of blackish; the quill- and tail-feathers as in the adult.

The more important localities of specimens before me are as
follows :—

|
Smith- Collec-

Sex
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. When Received from Collected by
| | | y Colleeted ’
No. No. | Age.! :
2,922 | } Columbia River. S. F Baird J.K. Townsend.
8,285 | | Fort Steilacoom. DrMiGsiSuckley ills \a ds csieccle
16,164 | | Fort Crook, Cal. Jnosheilner 1 WW y 9 wsaees

3
Ss

Kootenay River.
| Flathead River.
|; Pumpkin Butte.

Aug. 1860,
Sept. 8, ’60.
Oct. 22.

A. Campbell.

Capt. Raynolds.

Dr. Kennerly.

ce

Dr. Hayden.

11,056 | @ | Fort Bridger, Utah.| May 6. CaDrexder wy Siiie oe Bice
18,325 | 4 | Hellgate, Id. 1860. Lt. Mullan. Jno. Pearsall.
88 427 | Laramie Peak. 1864. ID RELUGZ ie, Met eeevelerore
§,286 | | Zuni. oe Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly.

(2,922.) Type of species.

Myiadestes obscurus.
Myiadestes obscurus, arr. Rev. Zool. 1839, 98 (Mexico).—Sciarer,
P. Z. S. 1856, 300 (Guatemala) ; 1857, 5, 213 (Orizaba) ; 1859,
364 (Jalapa) ; 376 (Oaxaca; eggs).—Is. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 288.—
Bon. Consp. 336.—Sciarer & Sauvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).
Hab. Mountainous regions of Mexico, into Guatemala; Tres Marias Islands.

(No. 37,500.) Wing about equal to tail, which is emarginate and rounded.
Fourth quill longest; 5th and 3d a little shorter; 2d longer than 7th; Ist two-
fifths the 2d.

Back olivaceous-rufous, more olive on rump and upper tail coverts: the
outer surface of wings, including edges of quills, more rufous cinnamon. <A
pale cinnamon concealed patch at base of inner webs of quills, abruptly de-
fined on the secondaries, fading out gradually in the primaries along their
inner edges. Head, neck, and under parts plumbeous-ash (the latter less
pure). Chin (fading out gradually into the ash of throat), sides of lower
mandibles (separated from chin by a black line), and line from nostril to
above eye, with middle of belly, dull white; eyelids pure white, the loral
region dusky, the cheeks below the eye blackish. Tail black, excepting

MYIADESTES. 431

the two central feathers which are plumbeous-ash, and the exterior which is
light ash, blackish at the base; the next feather also ashy towards the tip,
loth feathers with a narrow tip and a border of white along the end of inner
web. Axillars and inner face of wings tinged with fulvous. Bill black; feet
pale hazel. ‘“Irids red brown” (Xanius).

(No. 37,500.) Total length, 7.80; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.10; difference of outer
and 5th (longest) tail feather, .5, difference of innermost and 5th, .25; differ-
ence of 10th and longest quills, 1.00; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of
2d, 2.65, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.12;
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .80, along gape, .84; tarsus,
.81; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .54, claw
alone, .30.

The outer webs of the quills are of a darker rufous than elsewhere
on the upper surface. The rufous on secondaries reaches the shaft,
except about the middle, where there is only a narrow edge bordering
a blackish patch like the inner web. On the outer primaries the
inner portion of the whole outer web is dusky, bordered externally
by rufous cinnamon, diminishing in amount exteriorly, and not
appreciable on the outer two quills.

Specimens vary considerably in intensity of the rufous of the back,
which is sometimes very bright, at other times much duller. Occa-
sionally, as in No. 35,038, the whitish line from bill to eye meets its
fellow, forming a pale frontal band, the same specimen having the
upper part of back ashy, like the head and nape. Sometimes there
is a wash of fulvous olive on the flanks, which again are entirely
ashy. As far as the materials before me show, it is in specimens from
western Mexico, Tonila, and Tres Marias, that the ash of head in-
vades the back: the rufous of back paler; the tail also appears
longer (4.40 in No. 87,327, Tres Marias).

This species is quite similar to JZ townsendit, although the wings
are shorter and less pointed. It is readily distinguished by the
reddish of the back and wings; the dulness of the two trans-
verse light cinnamon or fulvous bars across the quills, with the inter-
vening black one; the ashy, not whitish edge of the tail; the whitish
line from nostrils to above eye, and the black line bordering the
chin.

|
Smith-|Collec-| Sex When

sonian, tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age. 7 Collected. | ’
37,327 60 | oS | Tres MariasIslands,| Jan. 1865. | Col. A.J.Grayson.| —......
37,328 Oa eas SS [Mex. ss | ESS pe PY be SR es
35,038 | 2,219 | ¢ | Tonila, Jalisco. Oct.18632. | Je Santas soe i ee lee aici
37,500 | 82 | .. | Orizaba, Mex. are | Prof.Sumichrast. | —.......
37/501 | 81 a ss aye eke ab) Mead de vatesercteye
22,378 '17,271 | .. | Mexico. (Guat. Verreduxs 8 0 |P | Memeo

30,722 | 4,405 | .. | Volean de Fuego,| Nov. 1861./ O Salvin. | — ......

452 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

Myiadestes leucotis.
Ptilogonys leucotis, Tscu. Arch. Nat, 1844.—In. Fauna Peruana, 1846-7;
139, pl. vii, fig. 1. Hab. Peru.—Myiadestes leucotis, Cas. Arch.
Nat. 1847, I, 209.
Hab. Peru.

(No. 41,908, Peru.) Above cinnamon brown; the top of head and entire
under parts black, except the flanks, which are like the back, and a patch on

Myiadestes lucetis, Coh

Myiadestes leucotis, CAB (Peru.)

the sides of breast under the wing, which is white ; the cheeks also are white.
The quill- and tail-feathers are sooty black, even including the shafts; the
innermost secondaries not so dark, and like the wing coverts, washed ex-
ternally with cinnamon. Exposed upper surface of central tail feathers tinged
with a faint shade of cinnamon, the terminal half of outermost, and a large
patch in the end of next, grayish-white. The axillars, inner wing coverts,
and a quadrate patch at base of inner web of all the quills, except the Ist
primary and innermost secondaries, white, the color reaching to the shaft, but
not visible externally. Upper mandible and legs black ; lower mandible yel-
low. “Iris fiery red” (Tschudi).

Wings rather shorter than the tail, considerably rounded ; the first primary
large and broad, not faleate, about half the 2d, which about equals the 8th;
the 4th and 5th longest. Tail somewhat graduated, the feathers acute and
acuminate at tips ; the outer tapering from about its middle. Bill lengthened ;
commissure nearly straight, but slightly sinuated towards base ; nostrils broad
and open. Legs stout; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw, without
distinct scutellar divisions anteriorly except below; a few faint and obsolete
transverse divisions on outer side. Inner toe separated to base, the basal
joint of middle toe united for rather more than basal half to outer toe ; claws
all rather large.

(No. 41,908.) Total length, 9.00; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 4.55, its graduation, .65 ;
difference of 10th and longest primary, .75; exposed portion of Ist primary,
1.42, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist
primary), 3.30; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .40, along gape,

CICHLOPSIS. 433

-96; tarsus, .96; middle toe and claw, .96, claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw,
-67, claw alone, .32.

This bird constitutes a peculiar form among Myiadestes, differing
in certain characters which probably are of generic value. The
bill is much longer, and proportionally narrower, than in the others;
the feet and claws stouter. The wing is more rounded, without any
falcation or acumination of the outer quills, and differing especially
in the large first primary, which is half the length of the second.
In this respect it is nearest to JZ venezuelensis. The absence
of the peculiar markings in the wings, seen in the other species,
is noteworthy. The shape and markings of the tail, however, are
much as in true Myiadestes.

It is possible that a more perfect condition of the feathers may
show either a diminution or an increase of the differences referred
to, and I await better specimens before attempting to decide upon
the claims of the species to generic rank. In some respects there
is a relationship to Cichlopsis.

The specimen described above is one of Mr. Tschudi’s types,
presented to the Institution by the Museum of Neuchatel. It is
moulting a considerable portion’ of its feathers, which somewhat
obscures its characters, and it may even be a young bird not yet
arrived at maturity.

CICHLOPSIS, Cazanis.
Cichlopsis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 54. (Type C. leucogonys.)

General appearance Thrush-like. Wings quite pointed, about equal to the
tail; outer primary about two-fifths the 2d, which is longer than 7th, the tips

? 3A J

Cchlopsis leucogonys
28 June, 1866.

454 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1.

not attenuated. Tail emarginated, and still more rounded. Bill rather stout,
and somewhat Thrush-like ; broad, much depressed, and with mouth deeply
cleft, much as in Myiadestes, but deeper and stouter in proportion. Gonys
about two-fifths the lower edge of lower mandible. Frontal and rictal bristles
well developed. Feet short; tarsus about equal to middle toe, without scu-
tellar division, excepting two plates at lower end, both sides of which also
exhibit slight indication of similar division. Lateral toes about equal, their
claws reaching to base of middle claw. Basal phalanx of middle toe united
for a very little more than half to rather less than half the basal phalanx
of inner toe, and for two-thirds its length to one and a half joints of outer:
this phalanx a little shorter than the basal of inner toe.

The relationship of this genus to Myiadestes is very close, and
seems to connect the group with the Turdide. The body is fuller;
the basal joints of the middle toes a very little more united; the
bill stouter, stronger, and deeper; the plumage more compact, and
the wing lacks the peculiar pattern across the base and outer edges
of the quills, having instead the lighter rusty edgings at the base
inside, so common in the Turdidxe. The outer quills lack the
attenuation of typical Myiadestes, but resemble almost exactly those
of M. unicolor. In fact the only tangible differences are in the
stouter bill, rather more united toes, more compact plumage, and
absence of wing pattern.

Dr. Cabanis gives, as one of the characters of Cichlopsis, the
tarsi distinctly scutellate. In Dr. Sclater’s specimen, however, the
tarsi are as much booted as in the genuine Thrushes. The basal
joints of the middle toe are united a very little more than in Turdide ;
but, on the other hand, in Myiadestes proper, these are as deeply
cleft as in the Thrushes.

The young of Cichlopsis are probably spotted, as in Myiadestes,
judging from the indications of the adult. >

Cichlopsis leucogonys.

Cichlopsis leucogenys, CAB. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 54 (Brazil).

Cichlopsis leucogonys, “Cas.,” ScuateR, P. Z. S. 1857, 6; 1858, 542
(rectification).—Is. Catal. 1861, 48, no. 291.

Myiadestes leucotis, Box. Consp. 1850, 336 (not of Tscuup1).

Myiocichla ochrata, Bon. Comp. Rend. XXXVIII, 1854, 6, and Notes
Del. 30 (Brazil).

22 Turdampelis lanioides, Less. Echo du Monde Sav. 1844, 156” (Sclater).

??Turdampelis rufococcyz, Lxss. Desc. Mam. et Ois. 1847, 324 (Sclater).

Hab. Brazil.

(No. 291a, Sclater Coll.) Wing rather longer than tail, which is moderately
emarginated and still more graduated ; the feathers broad. First quill about
two-fifths the 2d, not quite one-third the longest (4th and 5th); 2d inter-

CICHLOPSIS. 435

mediate between 6th and 7th; 3d between 5th and 6th, the feathers broad ;
the lst primary slightly faleate, but not attenuated. Tarsi with two scutellar
divisions only anteriorly at lower end, as in other Myadestes, the upper
indistinct.

Whole upper parts, with head all round, and upper part of breast, oliva-
ceous-rufous (without any shade of green) ; lighter below, but brighter on
throat; rest of under parts ashy ; the flanks, lower breast, crissum, and tibia
tinged with olive rufous. Tail like back; the central feathers and inner
webs of the others with a purple tinge; the lateral paler on inner edge and
at tip. Under wing coverts fulvous white; the basal portion of inner webs
of quills (but not outer) pale cinnamon, fading off gradually along the edges
of the quills, rest of these webs purplish-brown ; whole of outer webs of quills
like back, without any bars. Bill above black, beneath whitish ; legs dusky.

(No. 29la.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.00, graduation, .34,
emargination, .20; difference of 10th and longest quills, .91; exposed portion
of Ist primary, 1.14, of 2d, 2.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 3.20; length of bill from forehead, .70, from nostril, .35,
along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .86, claw alone, .26; hind
toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .25.

This species is closely related in form to Platycichla brevipes,
Baird, although the lower mandible is rather deeper and stouter,
the upper less attenuated viewed from above. ‘The first quill is
longer, two-fifths the second instead of one-third, and not quite as
much pointed; the tail is more graduated and emarginated; the
feet much the same. ‘The principal difference, therefore, is in the
stouter lower mandible, and less attenuated bill, longer first pri-
mary, and more emarginate and graduated tail.

From Myiadestes armillatus it differs in stiffer tail and falcate
acuminate outer primary. With such species, however, as JZ.
obscurus and venezuelensis, it has very close relationships in form,
so much indeed that it is very difficult to separate them generically ;
the tail feathers are perhaps broader and stiffer, and the bill rather
longer and stronger; the wings and feet are precisely similar.

The two citations from Lesson, quoted in the synonymy, by Dr.
Sclater, hardly appear to belong to this species, but rather to an
allied one. The description in “l’Hcho” I have not seen, that in
“ Desc. des Mam. et Otis.” shows many discrepancies.

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Dr. Sclater. I have seen a second specimen in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

|
Smith- Collec-| Sex |
sonian| tor’s | and
No. No. | Age.

| |
: Wt : 7 a
Locality. | ae iiecteds | Received from | Collected by

|
|
|
|

CAD ASCIAUCIA Olle | i vertices

291a | .. | Brazil.

436 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

PLATYCICHLA, Bairp.
Platycichia, Barrp, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 32. (Type P. brevipes, Bp.)

Platycichla brevipes, BAirD. (Brazil.)

General appearance that of Cichlopsis, the bill rather longer and much more
attenuated at the end; the lower mandible much weaker and narrower, the
toes perhaps a little more deeply cleft; the feet larger, but similarly propor-
tioned; the claws longer and less curved. The wings and tail are similar,
the latter rather shorter ; the outer quill one-third the 2d. Inside and bases
of quills colored as in Planesticus, and throat similarly streaked.

This generic form in many respects, with Cichlopsis, unites the
Thrushes to the Myiadestes, and shows clearly that all three should
belong rather with the Zurdide as a subfamily, than with Ampe-
lide. I find no differences in any to throw them out of the Turdide,
with which they agree so closely in the undivided tarsi (except
occasionally at lower end), the short spurious primary, the toothed
and bristled bill, ete.

For further remarks relative to this genus I refer to page 32 of
the present work. I there placed it among the Thrushes, and now
consider it-as showing the relationship between the true Turdine
and Ampeline, and proving the propriety of combining them in
the same family.

Platycichla brevipes.
Platycichla brevipes, Batrp, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 32 (Brazil).
Hab. Brazil.

For the description of this species I would refer to the page of
the present work cited above.

COLLURIO. 437

Faminy LANIIDA.

The diagnosis on page 322 will give a general idea of the characters
of this family, as represented in the New World, especially as com-
pared with its allies the Vireonidx and Ampelidx. The only genus
found in America is that of typical “ Zanius,” and from which I have
drawn the family characters, although as given above they are in
general rather those of the Laniine. ;

EHnneoctonus, of which Europe has several species, differs in much
less rounded wing, the first quill about one-third the longest, the
second about equal to the fourth ; the tail shorter than the wing,
and much less graduated: the bill more feeble. In the specimen
before me of Hnneoctonus collurio there is no indication whatever
of division of lateral plate of tarsus, and the nostrils are scarcely
concealed.

COLLURIO, Vicors.

Collurio, Vicors, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1831, 42. (Type Lanius excubitor, L.)
Lanius, Aut. (not of Linnazus, whose type is L. cristatus).
Collyrio, G. R. Gray.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 323.

Body robust. Wings rather shorter than the much graduated tail (the
lateral feather about three-fourths the central). Primaries ten; the lst about
half the 2d, which is
longer than the 7th, the
outermost slightly sinu-
ated at end. Bill very
powerful, deep and much
compressed, both out-
lines much curved and
convex ; the upper man-
dible decurving into a
strong hook with a deep
notch behind it, followed
by a prominent tooth ; tip
of lower bill obsoletely
similar. Nostrils almost
circular, placed nearly

opposite middle of com- Collurio excubitoroides.
(All the figures three-fourths naturai size.)

missure, in nasal fossa,
Without membrane, excepting behind, overhung and mostly concealed by the
stiff frontal bristly feathers and bristles ; base of mouth also with prominent

433 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

bristles. Feet strong and well developed; the tarsi longer than middle toe
and claw, with seven or eight scutelle anteriorly, the lateral plates usually
with a tendency to subdivision inferiorly, especially the outer, which is some-
times divided regularly its entire length in C. ereubitoroides, although this
character is not the same even on opposite feet of the same specimen. Lateral
toes nearly equal, reaching about to base of middle claw; the toes quite
deeply cleft, the inner nearly to its base, but adherent to half the basal joint
of middle; externally this joint is united nearly throughout to one and a
half joints of outer toe; these basal joints somewhat abbreviated, so that
the inner is rather longer than middle.

There is a slight variation in form in American species of Collurio,
the legs being shorter and the bill longer proportionally in borealis
than in the others. In excubitoroides the legs are longer both
absolutely and relatively than in any American species, or C. excu-
bitor of Europe. There is much difference in specimens, and even
in different feet of the same specimen in regard to the subdivision
of the lateral plates (especially the outer) of tarsus, this sometimes
being quite regular, as much so as anteriorly, at other times quite
the contrary ; frequently the plates are entire, except at the lower
end.

The type of the genus Lanius, as established by Linneus in the
10th edition of Systema Nature, is the Z. cristatus of India and
Java, which, according to Cabanis, is congenerie with the Z. collurio,
the type of Boie’s genus Lnneoctonus. Lanius should, therefore,
replace Hnneoctonus for the long-winged European Shrikes, and
another name adopted for the larger European and American forms.
In the ‘‘ Birds of North America,” 1858, I used the name Collyrio
of Meehring for this group, following G. R. Gray, but as I now admit
no genera of authors prior to or contemporaneous with Linneus,
who did not adopt the binomial system, as established by him, not
even those of Linneus himself prior to 1758, it becomes necessary
to take the next in order, namely, Collurvo of Vigors.

The following synopsis will exhibit the characters of the North
American Shrikes, as well as of their close ally, C. excubitor of
Europe :—

GENERAL Cotor.—Bluish or plumbeous-ash above; the outer edges of scapu-
lars, sometimes the forehead and rump, paler. Beneath white, sometimes
with waved transverse dark lines. A broad black stripe from side of upper
bill through eye (extending more widely beneath than above it, sometimes
wanting above) to end of ear coverts. Wings (except lesser coverts) and
tail black; the former with a white patch across base of primaries (some-
times on inner webs of secondaries) ; the secondaries tipped with white ;
the tail with broad white tips to the lateral feathers, the concealed bases
of which are also usually white.

COLLURIO 439

A. Black cheek-stripes involving eyelid only on upper border
of eye, aud not meeting across the forehead. A crescentic
patch of white in the black, beiow the eye; upper edge
of black stripe behind the eye bordered by hoary wnit-
ish. Breast and belly always with distinct, transverse
waved lines of dusky. Bill, when mature, entirely black.
Length about 1U inches.

Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead much
paler than the back, the former without waved
lines. Axillars whitish.

Inner webs of secondaries paler towards edges,
but not of well-defined white. Concealed
bases of tail feathers, except sixth, white.
Tarsus shorter than the gape of mouth . borealis.

B. Black cheek-stripes not involving upper border of eye or
upper eyelid, which is whitish, and not meeting across
the forehead, its upper edge behind the eye with scarcely
a lighter border. No patch of white on lower eyelid.
Under parts unvaried white ; in female obscurely waved.
Base of under mandible whitish. Length about 9 inches.

Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead de-
cidedly paler than the back. Axillars whitish.

Inner webs of all secondaries (except innermost)
white to shaft, except for less than terminal

half, which is black along the shaft. Con- .
cealed base of tail white, except on sixth
feather. Tarsus equal tothe gape. - excubitor

C. Black cheek-stripes involving upper eyelid, as in A, but
without patch of white below the eye; meeting in a nar-
row, sometimes inconspicuous line across the forehead,
its upper edge behind the eye not bordered by lighter.
Beneath plain white, or very obscurely waved in ludovici-
anus (the female ?). Bill, when mature, entirely black.
Length about 8.50 inches.

Above dark plumbeous-ash. Upper tail coverts and
forehead scarcely paler than the back. Sides and
breast tinged with bluish-gray.

Black of loral space rather hoary alang upper
border. Frontal dark line inappreciable or
wanting. Inner webs of secondaries paler
only along the marginal half, and not ab-
ruptly white. Axillars plumbeous. Tail
feathers, except the innermost, with a con-
cealed well-defined white patch at base,
largest on the more exterior one. Bill from
nostril, .50. Under parts often with very
obscure faint waved lines (in the female ?).
White patch on wing reaching about to
middle of Ist primary. Tarsus equal to the
gape . ; : :. 5 c : » ludovicianus.

440 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

Black of loral space without any lightening above
it. Frontal black band well marked. Inner
webs of secondaries (except innermost) pure
white to shaft, except along rather more than
terminal half, where the shaft is bordered
by black. Axillars whitish. Tail feathers
black to base, except the loose fibres, which
are grayish. Bill from nostril, .60. Under
parts without waved lines. White patch on
wing reaching nearly opposite to end of Ist
primary. Tarsus about equal to the gape . elegans.

Above light ash color. Upper tail coverts and forehead
much lighter than the back, the former sometimes
almost white. Sides and breast generally nearly
pure white.

Black of loral space with conspicuous hoary
margin above it. Inner web of secondaries
much as in C. ludovicianus. Axillars whit-
ish. Tail feathers with concealed white
patch at bases of all the feathers. Bill from
nostril, about .50. No waved lines beneath.
White patch on wing reaching nearly oppo-
site to end of Ist primary. Tarsus longer
than the gape. . : ° : - excubitoroides.

Collurio borealis.

Lanius borealis, Vre1tuot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 90, pl. 1.—Sw. F. B. A.
II, 1831, 111.—Avp. Syn. 1839, 157.—Is. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 130,
pl. 236.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. 1857, 212.—Max. Cab. Jour. VI,
1858, 190 (Upper Missouri).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1857, 51 (Ber-
muda).—Collyrio borealis, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 324.—Cooprr
& Suckuey, P. R. Rep. XU, 1, 1860, 188 (Washington Territory).

Lanius excubitor, Forster, Phil. Trans. LX, 1772, 382 (not of Linn aus).
—Wixtson, I, 1808, 74, pl. v, fig. 1.

Lanius septentrionalis, Bon. Syn. 1§28, 72 (not of Guenin, which cannot
be identified as an American species).—Is. Rev. et Mag. Zool.
1853, 294.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.—Murray, Ed. New
Phil. Jour. Ki, 1859, 223 (H. B. T.).

Hab. Whole of America north of United States; in winter south to Wash-
ington, St. Louis, Prescott (Ariz.), and north California.

(No. 19,545, 4, in full spring plumage.) Fourth quill longes+; 3d and 5th
little shorter ; 2d shorter than 6th ; exposed portion of Ist not quite half that
of longest.

Whole upper parts pure clear light ash; beneath (including axillars) pure
white, the breast and upper part of belly waved transversely with obsolete
narrow dusky lines (about .15 of an inch apart); each feather having two
or three, which are curved, convex, and thé terminal one some distance from
the tip. Bristly feathers covering the nostrils and the feathers along the

COLLURIO. 44]

base of upper mandible to gape, black; this color extending as a broad stripe
through the eye, and behind it to nape, involving the ear coverts, and forming
a conspicuous and continuously deep black stripe, excepting a few white
feathers on lower eyelid (sometimes a well-marked crescentic spot), and an
almost inappreciable lightening among the loral feathers, the black of oppo-
site sides, however, not meeting on the forehead as in LZ. ercubitoroides. The
black involves only the upper eyelid, but is quite broad below the eye. The
forehead and space above the black stripe, almost to its posterior extremity,
are hoary white, shading into the ash of crown ; the rump and ends of scapular
feathers are similarly colored, though perhaps less purely white; the ends
of upper tail coverts becoming also more ashy. Wings and tail black, the
tips of the secondaries and the bases of the primaries white, this increasing
in amount on the latter from the outermost, and showing externally as a
white patch (but hardly appreciable, especially on outer webs in first and
second). Secondary quills whitish along inner edge, and full half of the
inner web tinged with grayish, but without abrupt definition. Outer tail
feather, with basal half of inner web, and a narrow stripe in the outer web
along the shaft, as well as the shaft itself nearly to end, black; the black
advancing more and more in the other feathers till on the 4th there is only a
narrow tip of white; the 5th and 6th entirely black; all the feathers with
small basal white patch, except on inner web of 6th. Bill and feet pure
black.

Female birds in the breeding season are much duller than the males, the
ash of upper parts much tinged with ochrey brown, the black stripe through
the eye more or less obsolete, the white of wing much less conspicuous.

(No. 19,545, 4%.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 10.00; expanse of wings,
14.50; wing from carpal joint, 4.70. Prepared specimen: Total length, 10.00 ;
wing, 4.50; tail, 4.70; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.65, of 2d, 2.90, of
longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.40; length of bill
from forehead, .85, from nostril, .60, along gape, 1.05; tarsus, 1.05; middle
toe and claw. .88, claw alone, .53; hind toe and claw, .63, claw alone, .35.

The plumage of the male, in the breeding season, as indicated
above, has not been before described. As met with during its more
winter abode in the United States, C. borealis is duller in plumage,
and though sometimes quite pure ashy, always has a tinge of brown-
ish ; and the stripe on the side of the head is only well defined behind
the eye. There is generally a better marked clear white crescentic
spot below the eye, and a blackish spot anterior to its upper half;
the feathers along the base of upper mandible, from nostrils to gape,
are black; but the rest of the pre-ocular region is grayish, clouded
somewhat by the blackish bristly points and shafts of some of the
feathers. The bill,-instead of being pure black, is much paler, and
almost whitish at the base, especially of lower mandible. The dark
lines below are more distinct, and extend more on the throat, as
well as aiong the sides.

Other specimens of females, or immature males probably, are

442 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

still more different: the more distinct dark transverse waved lines
extend over the whole under surface from chin, except about the
anal region; the upper parts almost continuously ochrey brown ;
the black eye stripe indicated only by rather dusky ears; the white
at base of primaries nearly or entirely wanting; the white at end
of tail feathers more restricted. Every grade of coloration between
these extremes is to be met with.

As usual in American birds, the more boreal specimens are de-
cidedly the larger. The species probably does not breed within the
limits of the United States, except possibly in the northern portions
of the mountain regions; but in winter it is found over the entire
breadth of the country to quite a southern latitude.

Lanius major, Pauuas, Zoog. Rosso-As. J, 1831, 401, and Kry-
SERLING & Buiastus, Wirb. Europas, I, 1840, lx, and 193, from North-
eastern Europe and Siberia, judging from the description, appears
to resemble borealis in size and other characters; the dark inner
webs of the secondaries ; the diminished amount of black anterior
to the eye; the whitish rump, and the waved lines of the under
parts, as well as in having the tarsus shorter than the gape. The
rump, however, is said to be waved transversely with dusky, and
the eyelids to be white, as in exeubitor, not black.

The differences in color of C. borealis from ludovicianus and
excubitoroides are shown in the preliminary diagnoses. The bird
is stouter in form, with proportionally longer bill, and decidedly
shorter tarsi. The tarsi are considerably shorter than those of
excubitoroides.

Specimens examined, fifty-three. The more important localities
are the following :—

©

| i
Smith- |Collec-| Sex When
sonian| tor’s | a nd Locality. Gollected. Received from Collected by
No. | No. | Age.
19,545 | 394 | ¢ | Fort Resolution,
| Great Slave Lake. | April24,’60.] R. Kennicott. | ~~ ......
97,317 |1,342 | .. | Fort Simpson. ea: B, By Ross, je, ellie eee
27,319 |1,621 | .. | Ft. Peel’s River. sie R, Kennicott, ~ | 0 sesese
27,511 | 962 .. | Fort Youkon, Sept. 24, 60. ook Wet a AO ac atatctossts
27,312 | 173 2 fg June 27. Jas, Lockharts (icles.
81,450 | 164 -. | Fort Rae. JuUReWOV63al WL Clark.. "\ 5 Wee a eectios
19,551 39 .. | Fort Liard. ArT 2.603) (Bi oR. Ross.) | 7 Mi atyerctaste
32,345 oye .. | Moose Factory. 501 J. Mackenzie, |) cieisies
23,256 its .. | New Brunswick. elsie G. A. Boardman Vy dectenta.
17,192 Ne -. - (Mdalifax, N.S. ned W..G, Winton? i) septcres
907 sem ere )|sCarlisie, Pa. Nov. 15842. 8... BAL er ae |) Manet oir
12,501) 2. |) Q | Washington, DiiC:))|Mebssl05 746; Ro J. Pollard a9 || asec
7,196 | 27 | .. | Shoalwater Bay, W.| Nov. 1854. | Dr. J.G.Cooper.| ......
16,169 | .. | @ | Fort Crook, Cal. [T. piers J. Beilner. = 9 9) || Wena sscene
18,329} .. | og | Hellgate, Montana. wee Lt. Mullan. | Jno. Pearsall.
LLOGL 1) 7. Jo Fort Bridger. April 16. C. Drexler. tg 0F aaieterctte
$9,369 |1;152,. |... || Fort, Whipple; Ar Feb. 76)°65--| Dr. EB. ‘Canes: sit) Stance
\ t

27,312.) With eggs. (707.) 9.80; 14.50; 4.50. (39,369.) 10,20; 14.80.

COLLURIO. 443

Cellurio Ludovicianus.

Lanius ludovicianus, Linx. Syst. Nat. 1766, 134 (based on Lanius ludo-
vicianus, Brisson, Il, 162, tab. xv, fig. 2).—Avup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831,
300, pl. 37.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 237.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857,
213.—Collyrio ludovicianus, Bainp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 325.

Lanius ardosiaceus, Vieiwuor, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 81, pl. li.

Lanius carolinensis, Wits. Am. Orn. III, 1811, 57, pl. xxii, fig. 5.

Hab. South Atlantic (and Gulf?) States.

(No. 3,054.) Fourth quill longest ; 5d, and then 5th little shorter ; 2d inter-
mediate between 6th and 7th; Ist about half the longest.

Upper parts rather dark plumbeous-ash, almost inappreciably paler on the
upper tail coverts ; beneath dull bluish-white, the sides of body pale plumbe-
ous, shading insensibly into the whitish of belly; the axillars, for the most
part, almost as dark plumbeous as the back, the outer webs of those nearest
the wing whitish (the inner wing coverts dark plumbeous, edged with dusky).
In the specimen described (perhaps female) the feathers of jugulum and
breast present very obsolete and indistinct waved transverse lines of pale
plumbeous, and some of the upper tail coverts are tipped with blackish.
Bristly feathers at side of upper mandible continuous with a broad stripe
through and behind the eye to posterior extremity of ear coverts, black. This
stripe extends narrowly above and broadly below the eye, and is not varied
on lower eyelid with white. There is no black frontal line, although the
black frontal bristles of opposite sides sometimes almost meet. Forehead
and side of crown as far as the eyes somewhat hoary, shading into the ash
of the head. Outer webs of scapular feathers also whitish, shading into the
color of back. Wings black; the lesser coverts only like the back; the tips
of secondaries, and a distinct patch at base of primaries, white. This patch
crosses the bases of all the primaries (indistinct on the outer), extending
farthest along the middle ones, where it reaches a point but little beyond the
middle of the exposed portion of the outer primary. The inner webs of
the secondaries are gray or whitish for about half way from the border to the
shaft, but not abruptly defined. The tail is black ; the concealed bases of all
the feathers, except perhaps the innermost, are white; the entire terminal
third of the outer feather, and still more of its outer web, with a constantly
decreasing amount on the succeeding feathers as far as the fourth, white ; the
shafts, however, are dusky almost to their extremities. Bill and feet black.

(No. 3,054.) Total length, 8.50; wing, 3.72; tail, 4.10, its graduation, .92;
exposed portion of lst primary, 1.76, of 2d, 2.40, of longest (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 2.75; length of bill from forehead, .82, from
nostril, .50, along gape, .98, depth, .35; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw,
.82, claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, -65, claw alone, .32.

a

Of the ten specimens before me nearly all exhibit, to a greater or
less extent, the obsolete wavings on the feathers, described above.
In several, also, the lesser wing- and upper tail-coverts are tipped
occasionally with blackish—features not observed in excubitoroides.
There is some variation in amount of white on the tail in No. 542,

444 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART Te

this involving more than half of the outer feather, or nearly the
whole of its exposed portion.

Young birds differ in having the upper plumage much duller and
tinged with ochraceous; the feathers, especially of head and rump,
waved (most finely on the head) with dusky, the jugulum and breast
similarly marked. The tips of the greater wing coverts are pale
ochraceous, and, like the lesser, are waved with dusky; the black
cheek stripe is obsolete in front of the eye, excepting a spot at its
anterior canthus ; the bill and legs are paler.

The difference between this species and its American allies will
be pointed out farther on. It appears to he very closely related to
the L. meridionalis of Europe ((TEMMINcK, Man. I, 1820, 143;
DEGLAND, Ois. Eur. I, 1849, 384; Bres, Birds Europe, I, 1859,
159, plate, ete.) ; but judging from Degland’s description, the latter
differs principally in the vinaceous or rosy tinge of the under parts,
and in the rectrices being entirely black at the base. The eye stripe,
with its paler upper border anteriorly, and the white markings of
the wing appear to be much the same. The length of meridionalis
(ten inches) is considerably greater.

Specimens examined, ten.

Smith- Collee-| Sex

|
- | |
7 |
sonian| tor’s | and | Locality. NY hen Received from | Colleeted by

| y Collected |

No. | No. Age. | 7 |
3,054 .. | .. | Liberty County, Ga. 1846. 8. F. Baird. dts) reat rre

d42) -- | Southern Atlantic

States. atv i AM | vicserefetare
2,420 Juy.| Savannah, Ga, 1845, ede ASF ulliey iP caterer

Coliurio elegans.

Lanius elegans, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 122.—Norratn, Man. I, 1840, 287.
—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
327.—Collyrio elegans, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxv.

Hab. California ?

Third quill longest ; then 4th and 5th; 2d between 5th and 6th; 1st about
half the longest. Bill lengthened and very powerful, as large and strong as
that of L. borealis. ‘

Upper parts dark plumbeous-ash (very much as in Z. ludovicianus) ; darkest
on head, a little paler perhaps on the lower back and rump (very slightly and
aliuost inappreciably, however) ; the forehead as dark as, or even darker than
the vertex ; the longer scapulars quite white at ends. Beneath bluish-white,
quite pure on throat and sides of neck, middle of belly, and crissum; the
sides of body and the front of breast decidedly bluish; the axillars, how-
ever, with their outer webs quite white, their inner more ashy ; the lesser

COLLURIO, 445

coverts gray. Wings and tail black, varied with white; the former showing
externally a large white patch at bases of primaries, and broad white tips to
the secondaries. The white on primaries extends nearly as far as the tip of
the Ist quill; the inner webs of the secondaries (excepting the innermost
ones) are pure white to the shaft for their basal half, the posterior border of
the patch perpendicular to the shaft; this color also bordering the web for
half its width to the end, and quite abruptly defined. The tail feathers are
apparently without any concealed white at their bases, although the discon-
nected fibres are grayish; the outer feather has the terminal third and all
the outer web white; the amount of white diminishes in the 2d, 3d, and 4th
feathers; the 5th and 6th entirely black.

There is a broad black band from bill through and behind eye, and un-
varied by white, as in excubitoroides, and with a well defined narrow frontal
line of the same color; the loral region, however, exhibits a tinge of deep
ashy; the bill and legs are black.

Total length, 8.75; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.40, graduation, 1.00; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured from exposed base
of Ist primary), 2.95; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, .59,
along gape, 1.10, depth, .39; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe and claw, .95, claw
alone, .84; hind toe and claw, .70, claw alone, 33.

The description given above is taken from a specimen in the col-
lection of the Philadelphia Academy, ‘labelled as having been col-
lected in California by Dr. Gambel, and is very decidedly different
from any of the recognized North American species. Of nearly
the size of C. excubitoroides and ludovicianus, it has a bill even
more powerful than that of C. borealis. In its unwaved under
parts and uniform color of the entire upper surface, except scapulars,
it differs from borealis and excubitoroides, and resembles ludovici-
anus. In the extension of white over the inner webs of the secon-
daries, it closely resembles C. excubitor. The great restriction of
white at the base of the tail—the four central feathers being entirely
black, and the bases of the others grayish-ashy—is quite peculiar
to the species.

I am by no means satisfied that the bird here described is the true
Lanius elegans of Swainson—there being several marked differences
from his description. In the essential features, however, of the
larger size, especially of the bill, the concolored forehead, the scarcely
lighter rump, and the greater amount of white on the inner webs
of the secondaries, there is a decided accordance. In Swainson’s
bird the tail seems to be almost as white as in extremes of colora-
tion of excubitoroides, instead of being much blacker than usual.

Collurio excubitoroides.

Lanius excubitoroides, Swainson, F. B. A. I, 1851, 115 (Saskatchewan).
—GamBeL, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1847, 200 (Cala.).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se.

446 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

1857, 213.—Scrater, P. Z. S. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Collyrio
excubitoroides, Barrb, Birds N. Am. 1858, 327.

2? Lanius mexicanus, Bren. Cab. Jour. II, 1854, 145.—Sciarer, Catal.
1861, 46 (Mexico).

Lanius ludoviciunus, Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 191 (Upper Missouri).

Hab. Western province of North America, as far north as California ; Middle
North America, to the Saskatchewan, and east to Wisconsin, Michigan and
Illinois ; south to Orizaba and Oaxaca, and City of Mexico; Cape St. Lucas.

(No. 38,423 ? 4; Laramie Peak.) Graduation of tail rather less than one-
fourth of its total length. Fourth quill longest; 3d scarcely shorter; then
the 5th ; 2d longer than 6th; exposed portion of 1st about half that of longest.

Above pure light bluish-ash; beneath, including axillars, pure unbroken
white. A very narrow frontal line with all the nasal feathers, and continu-
ous with a broad stripe
through and behind eye,
involving entire ear cov-
erts, with the wings and
tail, bill and feet, deep
black (the lesser wing
coverts, however, like the
back) ; the cheek stripe
extending narrowly
above the eye and
broadly below it, and
not varied with white
on the lower eyelid.
The forehead and side
--- : of vertex in contact with

Collyrio eacubitoroides, BArRD. (Laramie Peak.) the black stripe, as

(All the figures three-fourths natural size.) far as posterior border

of eye, hoary, almost

pure white, shading off quite abruptly into the ash of head; the scapular
feathers, where they overlap the wings, as well as upper tail coverts, similarly
white, and shading into the adjacent ash; the coverts, however, slightly
glossed with ashy, especially above. The tips of the secondary quills, and
a conspicuous patch across the base of the primaries (visible externally in
the closed wing) are white; this involves both webs of the primaries (except
perhaps the Ist), and extends about as far as the tip of the Ist primary,
occupying more and more space from the outer to the middle quills. The
secondaries are edged internally, as well as tipped with white; this color
usually mixed with grayish, occupying rather the larger portion of the web
towards the base, but not abruptly defined as in the primaries, and only
reaching the shaft at the extreme base, and that obliquely. Outer two tail
feathers entirely white, except a wash of dusky along the shaft (greatest in
extent on the 2d feather) ; the 3d feather is white with rather more than the
central third black; the fourth feather is black, with the extreme base and

COLLURIO, 447

tip only white, the rest are entirely black, except their concealed bases, which
in all the feathers are white.

(No. 38,423.) Total length, 8.50; wing, 4.05; tail, 4.25, its graduation,
1.00; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.50, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.95; length of bill from forehead, .83,
from nostril, .48, along gape, .95, depth, .33; tarsus, 1.12; middle toe and
claw, .77, claw alone, .28; hind toe and claw, .64, claw alone, .32.

Young birds are marked very much as those of C. ludovicianus,
already described. There does not seem to be much difference in
color between the sexes. Winter specimens appear inclined to a
reddish tinge and obscure waves of dusky.

The specimen described (No. 38,423) presents an extreme amount
of white on the wings and tail. More frequently there is a rectangular
patch of black on the inner web of outer tail feather (usually at
distal end of basal half), and generally visible at the tips of under
tail coverts, which becomes larger and larger in the next two
feathers; the fourth, and sometimes fifth, with a narrow tip only of
white. Scarcely any two specimens, however, agree exactly in this
amount of black; in all, the extreme bases of the quills are white,
excepting the innermost, which usually are black, unless when the
white on the ends of the lateral tail feathers is of more than usual
extent.

In No. 88,420 the white of inner webs of secondaries is purer,
and on the more exterior reaches to the shaft on the basal third,
then passing off obliquely behind to the inner edge of the quill, not
transversely. The other characters are much as described. This
amount of white on the secondaries is, however, but seldom met with.

No. 5,066, from Donana, N M., has the hoary front so light as
to appear in very abrupt contrast against the dusky stripe through
the eye.

In No. 8,721, from near San Francisco, the colors are much
darker than as described, the plumbeous of upper parts being as
dark as in ludovicranus, and without any hoariness on forehead
and side of vertex ; more as in elegans.

In general, specimens from the California coast are considerably
darker than those from the Plains, very similar in color to C. ludo-
vcianus ; the hoariness of forehead greatly reduced, sometimes
scarcely appreciable. The sides and axillars are more plumbeous ;
less, however, than in ludovicianus, and the upper tail coverts are
always considerabiy and appreciably lighter than the back.

Cape St. Lucas specimens are rather darker, especially on the

448 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

head, than those from the Rocky Mountains; and among them are
several with unusually large
bills, almost as large as that
of C. elegans, one of which
(No. 26,438) measures .95
from forehead, .55 from nostril,
and 1.05 from gape, which
generally exceeds the average.
The other characters, however,
are essuutially those of excubi-
toroides. In nearly the whole
series (all autumnal birds)
there is a decided tinge of reddish on breast and sides, which also
are obscurely undulated with dusky.

Specimens from the Mississippi Valley, east of the river, are
darker, with the white markings less prominent, and with a general
approximation to the characters of C. ludovicianus. They, are,
however, usually paler than the California birds. Mexican speci-
mens are perhaps more like those just referred to, and less typical,
although some are true and well-marked excubitoroides. One of
these Mexican skins (No. 13,600) has an unusually slender and
deeply hooked bill. (See figure above.)

In this species (7), as in C. ludovicianus, there is so much varia-
tion in the amount of white on the tail, as well as in the comparative
length of the feathers, as to unfit these features for specific indica-
tion, except as a general average.

This Shrike, in its extreme stage of coloration, differs from ludo-
vicianus in paler and purer color; the ash of back lighter; the
under parts brilliant white, not decidedly plumbeous on the sides as
in the other, and without so great a tendency to the usual obsolete
waved lines (noticed distinctly only in winter or immature birds) ;
the axillars bluish-white, not plumbeous. The white of wings and
tail is more extended ; the hoary of forehead and whitish of scapu-
lars more distinct. The bristles at base of bill somewhat involving
the feathers are black, forming a narrow frontal line, not seen in the
other. The most striking difference is in the ramp and upper tail
coverts, which are always appreciably and abruptly lighter than
the back, sometimes white or only faintly glossed with plumbeous ;
while in typical specimens of /udovicianus these feathers are scarcely
lighter at all, and generally more or less varied with blackish spots
at the end. The legs and tail are apparently longer, the latter less

26438) 7

COLLURIO. 449

graduated. These differences are, however, most appreciable in
specimens from the middle and western provinces Those from the
Western States, east of the Missouri River, as far north as Wiscon-
sin, are more intermediate between the two, although still nearest to
the Rocky Mountain bird as described; the back darker, the rump
and axillars more plumbeous, the sides more bluish. I have little
doubt that the examination of series from the States along the
Mississippi will show a still closer resemblance to typical C ludo-
vicianus, and that the gradation between the two extremes will be
found to be continuous and unbroken. It therefore becomes a
question whether there is really more than one species, varying with
longitude and region, according to the usual law, the more western
the lighter, with longer tail; or whether two species, originally dis-
tinct, have hybridized along the line of junction of their respective
provinces, as is certainly sometimes the case. The approximation
in many respects of coloration of the Shrikes of the Pacific coast to
those of the South Atlantic States, is not without its importance in
the discussion of the subject. Pending the decision of this question,
however, I propose to retain the name of excubitoroides, as repre-
senting, whether as species or variety, a peculiar regional form,
which must be kept distinctly in mind. The comparatively greater
size of the bill in the Cape St. Lucas specimens is seen in other
species from this locality.

The intensity of the black front in this species varies considerably,
sometimes very distinct, and again entirely wanting. This may
probably be a character of the breeding season, the dulness of black
anterior to the eye, and the lighter color of the bill, having a close
relationship here, as in other species, to maturity, sex, and season.

The essential differences between this species and the C. excubitor,
of Europe, will be found in the diagnosis given under the generic
head. They are quite appreciable on a slight comparison.

Specimens examined, over one hundred in number. The more
important localities are the following :—

.

29 June, 1866.

450

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

Smith-
sonian
No.

5,504
5,505
8,721
39,483
5,947
4,940
8,719

18,330 |
13,302
38,420
38,423
35,403
5,066
37,005
26,438
26,437
40,530
8,722
35,032
10,172
34,558
26,012
12,504
1,664
29,360
4,190
13,600
33:573
29,694

Collec-

tor’s
No.

655
743

140

162

Sex
and
Age. |

g
2

J uv.

22 AA?

Juv.

:
:

Locality.

Petaluma, Cal.
oe [eisco.

Presidio, San Fran-,
San Francisco.
Santa Clara, Cal.
San Jose, Cal.
Tulare Valley.
Fort Tejon.
Fort Benton, Id.
SteptoeValley,Utah. |
Fort Laramie.
Laramie Peak.
Colorado Terr.
Donana, N. M.
Fort Whipple, Ar.
Cape St. Lucas.

“(San Nicolas).
Fort Rice, Dac.
Racine, Wis.
Chicago, Ill.
Marion County, I11.
Mt. Carroll, Ill.
Winnebago, Ill.
Red Fork of Arkan-
Michigan. [sas.
Colima, Mex.
Charco Escondido,
Mexico. [Mex.
Mirador, Mt. Ori- |
Oaxaca, [zaba.

|

When
Collected.

April, 1856,

May, 1856.
1865.

1860.

Mar. 12, ’59.|

1864.
May, 1864.

Nov. 14, 755.
Sept. 8, 64
1859.

Oct. 1859.
1865.
1853.

June, 1864.

May 28, 64.
July, 1862.
Feb. 1863.
Mar. 1863.

Feb. 1864.
Novy. 1860.

(37,005.) 9.00; 12.60,

(26,012.) With eggs.

Received from

E. Samuels.

“a

Lt. Trowbridge.

Col. C.S. Bulkley.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.
A. J. Grayson.
Lt. Williamson.
J. Xantus.

Lt. Mullan.

Capt. J. H. Simp-
[son.

Dr. Hitz.
‘

Chicago Ac. Se.
Capt. J. Pope.
Dr. E, Coues.
J. Xantus.

Gen. A. Sully.
S. F. Baird.
Chicago Ac. Se.
R. Kennicott.
H. Shimer.

J. W. Tolman.
Dr. Woodhouse,
S. S. Haldeman.
J, Xantus.

Lt. Couch.

J. Gould.

Dr. Sartorius.
A. Sallé,

Collected by

J. Pearsall.
C. S. M’Carthy.

Feiseiae {mer

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED,

TURDIDE .
Catharus, Bonap.

Catharus

- melpomene (Cab.), Sclater.

Mex. to Costa Rica!

. occidentalis, Sclater.

’ Central Mexico

. frantzii, Cab.

Costa Rica

Malacocichla

. dryas (Gould), Scl.

Guatemala

mexicanus (Bon.), Scl.
Mex. to Guat.

Turdus, Linn.

Hylocichla (Baird) :

. mustelinus, Gm.

E. U.S. to Guat.; Cuba

. pallasii, Cab.

E. N. A.; Mex.;? Cuba

. Manus, Aud.

M. & W. U.S.; C. St. Lucas

. auduboni, Baird.

M. U.S. to Mex.

. fuscescens, Stephens.

EK. N. A. to Panama; Cuba

. ustulatus, Nutt.

We, U.S.

. swainsoni, Cab.

N. Am. to Ecuador

PAGE |

i

10

10

11
mal
13

15

16

ig

18

T:

alicie, Baird.
EK. N. A. to Costa Rica

Turdus, L.

T. iliacus, Linn.

. confinis, Baird.

Europe; Greenland

Planesticus, Bon.

. jamaicensis, Gm.

Jamaica

- pinicola, Scl.

Orizaba

. plebeius, Cab.

Costa Rica

. nigrescens, Cab.

Costa Rica

. leucauchen, Sclater.

Guat. ; Mex. ?

. assimilis, Cab.
Mex.; Guat.
. grayi, Bon.
Mex. to Costa Rica
. Obsoletus, Lawr.

Panama R. R.

. migratorius, Linn.

N. A. & Mex.; Cuba; Tobago

(n. 8.)
Cape St. Lucas

. flavirostris, Sw.

W. Mex.

Merula.

| T. infuscatus(Lafr.),Scl. & Salv.
19 |

Mex. to Guat.

The Costa Rican species is perhaps true aurantiirostris.

(451)

PAGE
21
23

23
23

452

PAGE
T. rufitorques, Hartl.
Guat. 32)
Hesperocichla, Baird - 32
T. nzvius, Gm.
W.N. Am. 32

Platycichla, Baird .

(P. brevipes, Baird. n. s.)

Brazil

Semimeruila, Sclater .
S. aurantia (Gm.), Scl.
Jamaica

Mimocichta, scl.

. plumbea (L.), Baird.
Bahamas
iss.)

Cuba
. rubripes (Temm.), Scl.
Cuba
. ardosiacea (Linn.), Baird.
St. Domingo; Porto Rico

. schistacea, Baird.

a ‘se & &

Cinclocerthia. . ‘
C. ruficauda (Gould), Sel.
Guadaloupe
C. gutturalis, Scl.
Martinique

Cichlerminia

C. bonapartii (Lafr.), Sel.
Guidaloupe

Ramphocinclus, Lafr.

.R. brachyurus, Vieill.
Martinique

Margarops, Sclater .

M. fuscatus (Vieill.), Sel.
St. Dom. ;7P.R.: St. Thom::
St. Cruz; Jamaica

M. densirostris (Vieill.), Scl.

Guad.; Mart.

M. montanus (Lafr.), Scl.
Guadaloupe

34

35

36

37

38

39

59

59

59

59

59

41

41

41

59
59
59

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

PAGE

Oreoscoptes, Baird. .

|O. montanus, Towns.

M. & W.U.S. to Cape St. Lucas

Harporhynchus, Cab.
H. rufus (Linn.), Cab.
E. U. 8.
H. r. var. longicauda, Baird.
Wi UeSs
H. longirostris (Lafr.) Cab.
Texas and E. Mexico
H. curvirostris (Swains.), Cab.
Mexico to within border of U.S.
H. ocellatus, Scl.
Oaxaca
H. cinereus, Xantus.
Cape St. Lucas
. lecontei (Lawr:), Bonap.
Arizona
. crissalis, Henry.
Gila River
. redivivus (Gambel), Cab.
Coast of Cal.

Mimnaus, Boie. .
M. polyglottus (D.), Boie.

U. 8. (Southern part) to Mex.
Cuba?

. p. var. caudatus, Baird.
W. U.S.

M. orpheus (Linn.), Scl.
Jamaica

s

. dominicus, Scl.
St. Domingo
. bahamensis, Bryant.
Bahamas

. gundlachi, Cab.
Cuba

Ss & &A

. hillii, March.
Jamaica

S

. gracilis, Cab.
Yucatan to C. Rica

Galeoscoptes, Cab.

G. carolinensis (Linn.), Cab.
U.S. to Panama; Cuba

42

42
43

Ad

00

44

45

59

46

47

48

48
48

48

50

50

52

54
54

54

LIST OF SPECIES

Melanoptila, Sclater.

M. gilabrirostris, Sclater.
Honduras

Melanotis, Bonap.
M. czrulescens (Sw.) Bon.
Mexico
M. hypoleucus, Hartlaub.
Guatemala

Donacobius, Swains.

(D. atricapillus, Linn., Bon.)
E. 8. Am.

(D. albo-vittatus, D’Orb.)
Bolivia

CINCLIDEZ

Cinclus, Bechst.

C. mexicanus, Swains.
Mountainous part of W. N. Am.
to Mex.

SAXICOLIDZE

Sazicola, Bechst.

. cnanthe (Linn.), Bechst.
Europe ; Greenland; -Coast of
Am. to U. 8.

Sialia, Swains.

. sialis (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S.; Bermuda; Cuba

. azurea, Swains.
Mex. and Guat.

. mexicana, Swains.
M. and W. U. 8. to Mex.

. arctica, Swains.
M. N. Am.

SYLVIIDE .
Reguline

Regulus, Cab.

. satrapa, Licht.
E. N. America

PAGE

55

55

56

57

57

58

58

59
59

69

61

61

61

62

63

64

64

65

65

65

DESCRIBED, 453
PAGE

R. s. var. olivaceus, Baird.
W. U. States 65

R. cuvieri, Aud.
Penna.

R. calendulus (Linn.), Licht.
Greenland ; N. A. to Guatemala

POLIOPTILINA 65,

Polioptila, scl.
P. melanura, Lawr.
San Diego; Ft. Yuma, and C.
St. Lucas

P. nigriceps, Baird (n.s.).

Mazatlan
(P. leucogastra (Max.), Scl.)
Brazil
(P. buffoni, Scl.)

Cayenne; Bogota

P. albiloris, Salvin.
W. C.; Central Amer.

P. superciliaris, Lawr.
Panama R.R.
(P. bilineata (Bp.), Scl.).
Carthagena and Eucador
(P. dumicola (Vieill.), Scl.).
La Plata; Bolivia
P. boliviana, Scl.

Bolivia

P. plumbea, Baird.
Arizona

P. lembeyii, Guval.
Cuba

P. czerulea (Linn.), Scl.
U.S. south to Guat. ; Cuba

CHAM EADZE

Chamea, Gambel

C. fasciata, Gambel.
Coast of California

PARIDZ®

Purine

66

66

67

67

454 LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

PAGE , PAGE
Lophophanes, Kaup. . 77, S. carolinensis, Gm.

L. bicolor (Linn.), Bon. E. U. States 86

E. U. States 78 S. aculeata, Cassin.

L. b. var. missouriensis, Baird. W. M. U. States 86
Missouri River 78 S. canadensis, Linn.

L. atricristatus, Cassin. Northern N. America 87

E. Tex. and Mexico 78/ S. pusilla, Lath.

L. inornatus (Gambel), Cassin. | S. Atlantic and Gulf States 88
W. end of S. U. States 78 S. pygmeea, Vigors.

L. wollweberi, Bon. W. and M. U. 8. to Mexico 88

Arizona to Mexico 79
CERTHIADZE 7-89

Parus, Linn. . elo

1 - * 8

P. septentrionalis, Harris. Cones linn.. . 89
Missouri Valley to R. Mts. 79) ©. americana, Bonap.

P: atricapiliug: Linn: N. America, generally 89

E. N. Am. 80 | C- mexicana, Gloger.
P. occidentalis, Baird. Mexico to R. Mts.,U. 8. 90
N. W. Coast of U.S. 81

P. meridionalis, Sclater.
E. Mexico 81

P. carolinensis, Aud. H
8. U. States 81

P. montanus, Gambel.
Mts. of W. and W. U. States 82

P. hudsonicus, Forster.
N. E. N. America 82
P. rufescens, Towns. Campylorhychus, §pix. 96

Ne W.0U; Sites, “82. (@. albibromeus (Lawn), Baird!
Isth. Panama 98

TROGLODYTIDZ . 91

Rhodinocincla, Hart. 91

. rosea (Less.), Hartl.
Venezuela to Mazatlan 91

Heleodytes, Cab. . 94, 95

(H. griseus (Swains), Cal.)
Guiana and Bogota 96

Psaltriparus, Bonap.

wm
oe

; C. brunneicapillus (Lafr.), Gray.
P. melanotis (Hartl.), Boraye | Adjacent border of Mex. & U.S. 99
E. Mexico 84
|C. gutattus (Gould), Lafr.

P. minimus (Towns.), Bon. Mexicoulos

W. Coast U.S. 84

P. plumbeus, Baird.
M. Province; U. S.

C. affinis, Xantus.
| Cape St. Lucas 100
= _C. pallescens, Lafr.

re - : S. Mexico 101
uri pus, Baird (n. g.). 85 |
Scapa Nene _(C. balteatus Baird) (n. s.).

A. flaviceps (Sund.), Baird. | Peru and Eeuador 103
. bor 7. U. States 5
Be bord er Os ae Ue ate _C. zonatus (Lesson), Gray.
SITTINE . -. 86 Mexico
C. capistratus (Lesson), Groy.
Sitta, Linn. . « 86 W. Coast Cent. Amer. 104

104

LIST OF

PAGE j

. rufinucha, Lafr.
EK. and §. Mexico 105
C. jocosus, Sclater.
W. Mexico 106
. higriceps, Scl.
Vera Cruz 109
. humilis, Sclater.
W. Mexico 107

. gularis, €cl.
Mexico 109

Salpimctes, Cab. . 109

. obsoletus (Say), Cab.
M. and W. U.S. to Mex. ;

C. St. Lucas 110

- L113

. Mexicanus (Swains.), Baird.
Western U. States to Mex.

Catherpes, Baird.

Li

Cimmicertiaia, Lesson. 111
(C. unirufa, Lafr.)

Bogota 112
(C. unibrunnea, Lafr.)

Ecuador 112

Cyphorinus, Cab. . 112

C. lawrencii, Scl.

Isthmus Panama 113

Microcerculus, Sclater 113

M. philomela (Salvin), Sel.

Guat. to Panama 114

Ieterorhina, Baird (n. g.) 115
H. prostheleuca (Sclater), Baird.
Mex. and Guat. 116
H. leucosticta (Cab.), Baird.
Panama to Guiana and Ecuador 117
H. griseicollis (Lafr.), Baird.
Ecuador to Mex. 117

H. leucophrys (Tschudi), Baird.
Peru to Costa Rica 118

SPECIES DESCRIBED.

H. pusilla (Sclater), Baird.
W. Mexico 119

20

» 123 |

Thryothorus, Vieill.
Thryothorus, Vieill.

455

PAGE
T. ludovicianus (Lath.), Bon.
E. U. States 123
T. berlandieri, Couch.
Lower Rio Grande 124

T. albinucha, Cabot (Baird).
Guatemala to Yucatan 125, 148

Thryomanes, Sclater . 126
T. bewickii (Aud.), Bon.
T. b. var. bewickii (Aud.), Bon.
E. U. States 126
T. b. var. spilurus (Vigors), Baird.
Coast U.S. 126
T. b. var. leucogaster (Gould), Baird.
Border region of N. Mex. & U.S. 127

Thryophilus, Baird . 127
. rufalbus (Lafr.), Baird.

_r. var. rufalbus (Lafr.), Baird.
New Grenada to Costa Rica

Lec feetlce

Hy

.r. var. poliopleura, Baird.
Guatemala
T. sinaloa, Baird (n. s.).
N. Western Mex. 130
F. modestus (Cab.), Baird.
Guat. to Panama

. galbraithi (Lawr.), Baird.
Isth. Panama to Carthagena
(T. striolatus (Max.), Baird.)
Brazil
(T. longirostris (Vieill.), Baird.
Brazil 132

(T. albipectus (Cab.), Baird.)
S. America 132

H

T. castaneus (Lawr.), Baird.
Isth. Panama

T. schottii, Baird (n.s.).
Isth. Darien 1

‘Pheugopedius, Cab. 1

P. fasciato-ventris (Lafr.), Bd.
Bogota to Isth. Panama

P, rutilus (Vieill ), Baird.
Brazil to Isth. Panama

456 LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

PAGE PAGE

P. felix (Sclater), Baird. MOTACILLIDA .. 150
W. Mexico 136 .
(Lafr.), Baird Motacilla, L. . . 15
P. maculipectus (Latr.), baird. |
Mex. to Guat. 135 M. alba, Linn. ,
Europe; Greenland 152
|

tes, Vieillot . 137 |
Proglody ee ar | Anthus, Bechst. S152

Troglodytes, Vieill. = 38) .

me 138 Anthus, Bechst. . . 153
Tieden ee A. ludovicianus (Gm.), Licht.

T. a. var. edon, Vieill. Greenland; N. Am. to Guat. 153
Eastern U. States 138

T. a. var. aztecus, Baird.
N. E. Mexico 139

T. parkmanni, Aud.
N. and W. U. States 140) A. spraguei (Aud.), Baird.
Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan 155

| A. pratensis (Linn.), Bechst.
| Europe ; Greenland 155

Neocorys, Sclater . . 155

T. americanus, Aull.

N. E. U. States 141 Notiocorys, Baird . » 156

T. intermedius, Cab. A. rufus (Gm.), Lawr. ;
Mex. to Costa Rica 142 Isth. Panama 156
T. inquietus, Lawr. (n. s.). Pediocorys. Baird . | 157

Isth. P 143 |
a. Panama 143 | (A. bogotensis, Sclater.)

T brunneicollis, Scl. si Bogota to Ecuador 157
S. Mexico 144 | ;
(A, ———.)
Anorthura, Rennie. . 144 Uragnay 158
T. hyemalis, Vieillot. 144 SYLVICOLIDE . 160
T. h. var. hyemailis, Vieill.
E. U. States 144 SYLVICOLINA. 166, 167

T. h. var. pacificus, Bd. f
West Coast U. 8. 145 tO eee ea
Mniotilta, Vieill. . 167

Cistothorus, Cab. . 146) M. varia (Linn.), Vieill.

; E. N. Am. to Bogota; W. Indies 167
Cistothorus, Cab. . - 146

C. stellaris (Licht.), Cab. Parula, Bon... 168
E. U. States 146 | P. americana (Linn.), Bon.
C. elegans, Scl. & Salv. E. U. S. to Guat. ; W. Indies 169

Mexico and Guatemala 146 P. pitiayumi (Vieill.), Sel.

Telmatodytes, Cab. - 147| 5 inornata, Baird (n.s.).

C. palustris (Wils.), Baird Ay: Guat. to Costa Rica 171
C. p. var. palustris (Wils.) | P. supetciliosa (Hartl.), Scl.

Greenland ; E. N. Am. to Guat. 147 | Mex. and Guat. 171
C. p. var. paludicola, Baird. P. gutturalis (Cab.), Baird.

Pacific Coast U. S. 148 Costa Rica 172

S. America 170 ©

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 457

PAGE

(VERMIVOREZ) . 173

Protonotaria, Baird . 173

. Citrea (Bodd.), Baird.
E. U.S. to Panama 173

Helminthophaga, Cab. 174)

. pinus (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Guat. 174

. chrysoptera (Linn.), Cab.
E. U. 8. to Bogota; Cuba 175

. bachmani (Aud.), Cab.
5S. Atlantic Coast ; Cuba 175

. ruficapilla (Wils.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Mex. 175

. celata (Say), Baird.
Western N. Amer. to Mex. 178

. virginiz, Baird.
S. Rocky Mts. of U.S. 177

- luciz, Cooper.
Arizona 178

. peregrina (Wils.), Cab.
E. N. Am. to Panama; Cuba 178
Helmitherus, Raf. . 179

. vermivorus (Gm), Bon.

E. U.S. toGuat.; Cuba 179 |

. swainsoni (Aud.), Bon.
Coast S. E. U. States ; Cuba 180

(SYLVICOLEZ) - 180}

Perissoglossa, Baird (n. g.). 180)
P. tigrina (Gm.), Baird.

EK. U.S.; W. Indies 181

Dendroica, Gray. 182.

. virens (Gm.), Baird.
E. U.S. to Panama; Cuba 182

. occidentalis (Towns.), Baird.

W. U.S. to Guat. 183 |

. chrysopareia, Scl. & Salv.

E. Texas to Guat. 183, 267 |

. townsendii (Nuttall), Baird.
W. U.S. to Guat. 185

. nigrescens (Towns.), Baird. 186

| PAGE
_D. cerulescens (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S. and W. I. 186
D. coronata (Linn.), Gray.
N. and EK. N. Amer. to Panama,
Greenland, and W. I. 187
D. audubonii (Towns.), Baird.
W. Amer. to Mex. ; C. St. Lucas 188
D. blackburniz (Gm.), Baird.
E. U.S. to Bogota; Bahamas 189
D. castanea (Wils.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Darien 189
'D. pinus (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. States 190
D. montana (Wils.), Baird. ;
Penna. 190
D. pennsylvanica (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. 8. to Panama 191
D. cerulea (Wils.), Baird.
E. U.S. to Bogota; Cuba 191
D. pharetra (Gosse), Sclater.
Jamaica 192
D. striata (Forst.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Bogota; Cuba;
Greenland 192
|D. aureola (Gould), Baird.
Galapagos 194

| D. estiva (Gm.), Baird.

N. Am. to Ecuador 195
D. eoa (Gosse), Baird.
Jamaica 195

D. gundlachi, Baird.
Cuba 197

D. petechia (Linn.), Sclater.
Jamaica 199
D. ruficapilla (Gm.), Baird.
St. Thomas 201
D. vieilloti, Cassin.
Mex. to N. Grenada 203
D. rufigula, Baird (n. s.).
W. Indies 204

D. olivacea (Giraud), Selater.
Mexico to Guat. 205

D. maculosa (Gm.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Panama; W. 7. 206

458 LIST OF

PAGE
D, kirtlandii, Baird. ‘
Ohio to Bahamas 206

carbonata (Aud.), Bd.
Kentucky

D.

D. palmarum (Gm.), Baird.

E. N. Am.; W. I.
. pityophila ((Gundl.), Baird.
Cuba
. dominica (Linn.), Baird.
E..U. S: to) Guat. 5 Weel.
. graciz, Coues.
Arizona

. adelaide, Baird (mn. s.).
Porto Rico

. discolor (Vieill.), Baird.
EK. U.S.

GEOTHLYPIN/ZE
(SHIURE:)

Seiurus, Sw.
S. aurocapillus (Linn.), Sw.
E. N. Am. toCosta Rica; W.I.;
Mazatlan 214,
S. noveboracensis (Gm.) (?)
E. N. Am. to Bogota; W. I.

S. ludovicianus (Aud.), Bon.
E. U. States to Guat.; W. I.

Oporornis, Baird.
O. agilis (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. States

O. formosus (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. States to Panama; Cuba

218

218

(GEOTHLYPEZ) . 219
Geothly pis, Cab. 219

G. trichas (Linn.), Cab.
U. 8. to Guat.; W..I. 220

G. melanops, Baird (n. s.).

C. Mexico 222
G. semiflavus, Scl.
Ecuador 223
G. speciosa, Scl.
E. Mexico 223

SPECIES DESCRIBED.

PAGE

(G. velata (Vieill.), Cab.)
Brazil 223

(G. zquinoctialis (Gm). Cab.)
N. E. S. Amer.

G. poliocephala, Baird (n.s.).
W. Coast Mex. and C. Amer.
G. philadelphia (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. 8. to Panama
G. macgillivrayi (Aud.), Baird.
W.& M. U. 8. to Costa Rica
G. ——_-——..

224

Guatemala
ICTERIAN

Icteria, Vieill.
I. virens (Linn.), Baird.

E. U. 8. to Guatemala
I. longicauda, Lawr.

W. U. States to Mex. 230
Granatellus, Dubus. . 230
G. venustus, Dubus.

W. Mexico
G. francesce, Baird (n. s.).
Tres Marias, Mexico

231

G. pelzelni, Scl.
Brazil

G. sallei, Scl.
Mexico to Guat. 2

Teretristis, Cab. ~ 2308

T. fernandine (Lemb.), Cab.

Western Cuba 233
T. fornsii, Gundl.
Eastern Cuba 225
SETOPHAGINA . 7 205
Myiodioctes, Aud. 288
M. mitratus (Gmel.), Aud.
E. U. S. to Panama; W. [. 239
| M. canadensis (Linn.), Aud.
EK. U.S. to Bogota 239
|M. pusillus (Wils.), Bon.
E. U.S, to Costa Rica 240

LIST OF

M. minutus, Wils., Bd.
United States

Basileuterus, Cab.

Basileuterus, Cab. .
B. culicivorus (Licht.), Bon.
Mex. to Costa Rica
(B. vermivorus (Vieill.), Cab.)
N. E. South America

. bivittatus (Lafr.), Scl.)
Ecuador

(B

(B. coronatus (Tsch.), Bp.)
Ecuador; Bogota

(B

(B
N. Brazil

. stragulatus (Licht.), Sel.)
Brazil

(B

(B. semicervinus, 5Scl.)
Ecuador

B. uropygialis, Sclater.
Panama to C. R.

Idiotes, Baird.
. melanogenys, Baird (n. s.).
Costa Rica
. rufifrons (Swains.), Bon.
Mexico
. delattrii, Bonap.
Mex. to Guat.

. mesochrysus, Sclater.
Bogota to Costa Rica

. bellii (Giraud), Scl.
Mex. and Guat.

Mytothlypis, Cab. .
(B. nigricristatus (Lafr.), Scl.)
Ecuador
(B. flaveolus, Baird.)
Paraguay
Setophaga, Swains.

Setophaga, Swains.

PAGE

241

. 241]

. 241

245

243

243

244

244

244.

244

246

. 247

248

248

SPECIES DESCRIBED.

. leucoblepharum (Vieill.),Scl.) S- aurantiaca, Baird (n.s.).
8. Brazil and Paraguay 244 |
. superciliosus (Swains.),Baird.) (S. ruficoronata, Scl.)

U.S. to Mex.

PAGE
S. ruticilla (Linn.), Swains.
EK. N. Am. to Ecuador; W. I 256
S. picta, Swains.
| Mex. and Guat. 256
'S. multicolor, Bp.
Mexico 257
Myioborus, Baird (n. g.).
|S. miniata, Swains.
Mexico 259
S. flammea, Kaup.
Guat. to Costa Rica 259
(S. verticalis, Lafr. & D’Orb.)
Bogota and Ecuador 258
Costa Rica 261
Ecuador 258
(S. melanocephala, Tsch.)
Peru 258
(S. ornata, Boiss.)
| Bogota 258
(S. brunneiceps, Lafr.)
Bolivia 258
S. torquata, Baird (n.s.).
Costa Rica 261
Euthlypis, Cab. . 262
|S. lachrymosa (Don.), Baird.
Mex. and Guat. 263
Cardellima, Dubus. 263
Cardellina, Dubus - 263
_C. rubrifrons (Giraud), Sclater.
Mex. and Guat. 264
Ergaticus, Baird (n. g.) . 264
C. rubra (Swains.), Bon.
| Mexico 264
|C. versicolor, Salvin.
| Guatemala 265
HIRUNDINID® 267
Progne, Boie 271
P. subis (Linn.), Baird.

460

PAGE |
CP. elegans, Baird, n. s.)
Buenos Ayres to Brazil 275
P. cryptoleuca, Baird (n. s.).
Cuba

(P. furcata, Baird.) (n. s.)
Chile

P. concolor (Gould), Baird.
Galapagos

277

P. dominicensis (Gm.), March.
Jamaica to St. Domingo

P. leucogaster, Baird (n.s.).
Mex. to Carthagena

(P. domestica (Vieill.), Gray).
Paraguay and Bolivia

Pheoprogne, Baird
(P. fusca (Vieill.), Cab.).
Panama

(P. tapera (Linn.), Cab.).
Brazil to Bogota

285

286

Petrochelidon, Cab. . 286

P. lunifrons (Say).

U. States to Panama 288
(P. ————-).
Brazil; Paraguay 289
P. swainsoni, Sclater.
Mexico 290

P. fulva (Vieill.), Cab.

Cuba and St. Domingo 291

P. peeciloma (Gosse), Baird.
Jamaica

(P. ruficollaris (Peale), Baird).
Peru

Hirundo, Linn.

Hirundo, Linn.

H. horreorum, Barton.
U. States to C. Am.; W. I.

(H. erythrogaster, Bodd.)
S. America

Tachycineta, Cab. .

H. bicolor, Vieill.
U.S. to Guat.; W. I.

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

PAGE

_H. thalassina, Swains.

M. and W. U.S. to Guat. 299
H. albilinea (Lawr.), Baird.
Coasts of Mex. and Cent. Am. 300
(H. leucorrhoa, Vieill.)
Paraguay

(H. albiventris, Bodd.)
KE, Coast S. Am.

(H. meyeni, Cab.)

301

302

Chile and Patagonia 302
Callichelidon, Bryant . 303
H. cyaneoviridis, Bryant.
Bahamas 303
H. euchrysea, Gosse.
Jamaica 304
Atticora, Boie 305
Atlicora, Boie 305
(A. fasciata (Gm.), Boie).
Brazil and Cayenne. 306
Notiochelidon, Baird . 806
A. pileata, Gould.
Guatemala 307
Neochelidon, Sel. . O07
A. tibialis (Cass.), Scl.
Panama to Brazil 307
A. fucata (Temm.), Baird.
Paraguay to La Plata 308
Pygochelidon, Baird . 308
A. cyanoleuca, Vieill. 809
A. c. var. cyanoleuca, Viell.
E. South Amer. 309

A.

c. var. montana, Baird.
Costa Rica to Chile 3
(A. melanoleuca (Max.), Burm.
Brazil
(A. patagonica (D’Orb., Lafr.) Bd.)
_ Uraguay and Patagonia 311
(A. murina (Cass.), Bd.).

Andes of S. A. 312

~

Stelgidopteryx, Baird . 312

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

S. serripennis (Aud.), Baird.
U. S. to Cental Mex.
(S. ruficollis (Vieill.), Baird).
La Plata and Brazil
S. fulvipennis (Scl.), Baird.
Mex. and Guat.
S. uropygialis (Lawr.), Baird.
Isth. Panama, South.
. gutturalis,! Baird (n. s.).
Costa Rica

Cotyle, Boie .
. riparia (Linn.), Boie.
Northern Hemisphere

VIREONIDE .
Vireosylvia, Bon.

Vireosylvia, Bon. . .
. Calidris (Linn.), Baird.
Jamaica to St. Thomas
barbatula (Cab.), Baird.
Florida; Bahama; Cuba

Olivacea (Linn.), Bon.
N. Amer. to Bogota

Vv.
Vv.

V. flavoviridis, Cassin.
Mex. to Panama
(V. chivi (Vieill.), Baird).
La Plata to Bahia
V. agilis (Licht.), Sclater.
Guat. to Buenos Ayres
V. philadelphica, Cassin.
EK. N. Am. to Costa Rica
V. gilva (Vieill.), Cassin.
E. N. Amer. to Mex.

V. swainsoni, Baird.
M. and W. Province U. S.

V. josephe (Sclater), Baird.
Costa Rica to Venezuela

Lanivireo, Baird . ,
V. flavifrons (Vieill.), Baird.

PAGE

314

315

316

329

323

336

337 |

338

340 |

344

. 345

E. U.S. to Costa Rica; Cuba 346

Ni:

. pallens, Salvin.

461

PAGE

. sOlitaria (Wils.), Baird.

U.S.; South to Guat.; Cuba 347

. propinqua, Baird (n.s.).

Guatemala 348

. plumbea, Coues.
Arizona; Colima 349
Vireo, Vieill. . . 350
Vireo, Vieill. . 353

. atricapillus, Woodh.

S. Texas 353

. noveboracensis (Gm.), Bon.

E. U.S. to Bogota ; ? Cuba;
Bermudas 354

. carmioli, Baird (n. s.).

Costa Risa 356

. huttoni, Cassin.

California to Mexico 357

. bellii, Aud.

Missouri Valley 358

. pusillus, Coues.

Arizona to C. St. Lucas 360

. vicinior, Coues.

Arizona 361

Vireonella, Baird . . 362

V. modestus, Scl.

Jamaica 362

V. latimeri, Baird (n. s.).

Porto Rico 564

W. coast C. Am. 365

. ochraceus, Salvin.

Mex. and Guat. 366

. crassirostris, Bryant.

Bahamas 368

. gundlachi, Lembeye.

Cuba 369

. hypochryseus, Sclater.

Tres Marias 370

Neochloe, Sclater . 371

brevipennis, Sclater.
Orizaba 372

1 By mistake named fulvigula, on p. 318,

462 LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED,

PAGE | PAGI
Hylophilus, Temm. . 372) Vireolamius, Dubus . 395
(H. pecilotis, Temm. ) _V. melitophrys, Dubus.
E. Brazil 375 | S. Mex. and Guat. 396
H. ochraceiceps, Scl. |V. pulchellus, Scl. & Salv.
W. Mex. to Costa Rica 376 | Mex. to Isth. Panama 397
(H. ferruginifrons, Scl.) | (WV. eximius, Baird.) (n.s.)
N. Grenada 377 | Bogota 398
H. aurantiifrons, Lawr. | (V. icterophrys, Bon.)
Isth. Panama 377 | Cayenne; Peru 399
(H. acuticauda, Lawr.) (V. chlorogaster, Bon.)
Venezuela 378 E. Peru 399
H. insuiaris, Sclater.
Tobago 379 AMPELIDZ . . 403
ee Duline, Vieill. A ~~ 401
Isth. Panama 380
EB. decurtatus (Bon.), Baird. Dulus, Vieill. . . 401

Mex. and Guat. 380 |.) aominicus (Linn.), Strickl.
Ei, pusillus, Lawr. St. Domingo 403

Panama to Nicaragua 381 nuchalis, Sw.
Brazil 403
Laletes, Sclater . 382

. . 40
L. osburnii, Sclater. i ae

Jamaica 383

Am pelis, Linn. . 403
A. garrula, Linn.
Cyclorhis, Swains. . 384) | Northern Hemisphere 405
CG. faviventris, Latr. A. cedrorum (Vieill.), Scl.
Mex. and Guat. 386 N. Am. to Guat.; W. I. 407
C. subflavescens, Cab.
Costa Rica 388 PTILOGONATINE .. 408
(C. flavipectus, Sel.)
Trinidad and Venezuela 319 Ptiligomys, Swains. . 410
(C. guianensis (Gm.), Burm.) Ptilogonys, Swains. . 412

Guiana 389 ae
P. cinereus, Swains.
(C. g. var. cearensis, Baird.) Mok! to Gusreae
Brazil 391
(C. ochrocephala, Tschudi.) Sphenotelus, Baird . . 412
S. Brazil 391 | P. caudatus, Cab.

(C. viridis (Vieill.), Scl.)

a Pls aay 9
La Plata and Bolivia 39 Phaenopepla, Scl. 415

P. nitens (Swains.), Sel.
W. U.S. to Mexico 416

Costa Rica 413

(C. virenticeps, Sclater.)
Ecuador 393

(C. nigrirostris, Lafr.)
Bogota 394 MYIADESTINZA 2 ay

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

PAGE
Myiadestes, Swains. . 418
M. solitarius, Baird (n. s.).
Jamaica 421
M. armillatus (Vieill.), Bon.
Martinique 422
M. genibarbis, Swains.
W. Indies 423
M. elisabeth (Lemb.), Cab.

Cuba 425

M. melanops, Salv.
Costa Rica 426

(M. venezuelensis, Scl.)

Venezuela to Ecuador 427 |

M. unicolor, Sclater.
Mex. and Guat. 428
M. townsendii (Aud.), Cab.
Western U. S. 429
M. obscurus, Lafr.
Mex. to Guat. ; Tres Marias 430
(M. leucotis (Tschudi), Cab.)
Peru 432

463

PAGE
Cichlopsis, Cab. 433
(C. leucogonys, Cab.)

Brazil 434

Platycichla, Baird, 32, 436
(P. brevipes, Baird.)
Brazil 32, 436

‘LANIIDE . » 437

Collurio, Vigors. . 437
C. borealis (Vieill.), Baird.
Northern N. America 440

C. ludovicianus (Linn.), Baird.
S. Atlantic States 443

C. elegans (Sw.), Baird.
California 444

C. excubitoroides (Sw.), Baird.
Western U.S. to Mex. 445

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Aigithaliseus, 84
erythrocephalus, 84
melanotis, 84
Afigithalus flaviceps, 85
Agrodoma, 153
spraguei, 155
Alauda ludoviciana, 153
peunsylvanica, 154
pratensis, 155
spinoletta, 152
rubra, 154
rufa, 154, 156, 157
spragueii, 155
Alaudide, 77, 150
Ampelide, 321, 322, 400, 402
Ampeline, 401, 403
Ampelis, 321, 400, 402, 403, 405
americana, 407
carolinensis, 407
cedrorum, 402, 405, 407
garrulus, var. B., 407
garrula, 404, 405
pheenicopterum, 405
Anabates fernandineg, 233, 234
Anorthura, 123, 144
Anthing, 105
Anthus, 151, 152, 153, 16
arboreus, 153
bogotensis, 157, 153
campestris, 153
cervinus, 153
Vherminieri, 215

ludovicianus, 152, 153, 154,

155, 156, 164
obscurus, 153, 154
pennsylvanica, 154
pipiens, 154
pratensis, 153, 155
reinhardtii, 154
richardi, 153
rufescens, 158
rufus, 156
rupestris, 154
spinoletta, 153
spraguei, 155

Atticora, 268, 269, 271, 305, 306, 313

cinerea, 312, 320

eyanoleuca, 307, 309, 310, 313 |

30 January, 1873.

Atticora cyanoleuca, var.montana, 310
cyanophea, 312, 313
fasciata, 267, 306
fucata, 308
hemipyga, 311
melanoleuca, 310
murina, 312, 320
patagonica, 310, 311
pileata, 306, 307
tibialis, 307

Auriparus flaviceps, 85, 165

Avicula lutea vertice rubro, 199

Beolophus, 77
bicolor, 78
Basileuterus, 237, 238, 241, 251, 258,
262, 264
belli, 247, 248, 250
bivittatus, 242, 243, 245
brasieri, 245
brunneiceps, 258
chrysogaster, 242, 244
ehrysophrys, 251
cinereicollis, 242, 244
coronatus, 242, 244
culicivorus, 242, 245
dellatei, 223, 249
hypoleucus, 242, 243
lachrymosa, 263
leucoblepharum, 242,
244

melanogenys, 248

mesochrysus, 223, 25

nigricapillus, 251

nigricristatus, 251

ruber, 265

rufifrons, 223, 248

semicervinus, 243, 244,
246

stragulatus, 243, 244,
246, 247

superciliosus, 243, 244

uropygialis, 243, 246

vermivorus, 242, 243,
245

viridicata, 242, 244

Bombyeilla, 404
americana, 407

( 465 )

466

Bombycilla carolinensis, 407
cedrorum, 404, 407
garrula, 406

Bombycivora, 404

Bombyciphora, 404

Cerebide, 160, 161, 162, 181
Callichelidon, 269, 271, 303
cyaneoviridis, 297, 303
Campylorhynchus, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99,
128

affinis, 97, 98, 100,
101
albibrunneus,
98
balteatus, 97, 98,
101
brevirostris, 97
brunneicapillus,
975,99; 101; 109
capistratus, 97, 98,
104, 105, 106,
107, 108, 128
griseus, 96
guttatus, 100, 108
humilis, 97, 98
107, 108
jocosus, 106
megalopterus, 101,
102
nigriceps, 98, 109
nuchalis, 103
ornatus, 97
pallesceus, 97, 98,
101, 102, 103
pardus, 97
rufinucha, 97, 98,
105, 107, 108
scolopaceus, 96
unicolor, 99
variegatus, 97
zonatoides, 97, 102
zonatus, 97, 98,
102, 103, 104
Cardellina, 236, 238, 262, 263, 264
amicta, 263, 264
rubra, 264, 265
rubrifrons, 236, 264
versicolor, 265
Catharus, 4, 6
aurantiirostris, 7
dryas, 10, 11
Srantzti, 6, 9
immaculatus, 6, 7,
maculatus, 6, 10
melpomene, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
mexicanus, 11
Catherpes mexicanus, 111
Certhia, 89
albifrons, 111
americana, 89, 90

97,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Certhia caroliniana, 124
cost, 90
familiaris, 89, 90
maculata, 167
mexicana, 90
palustris, 147
pinus, 174
- varia, 167
| Certhiadz, 89, 149
| Certhiola, 161, 162, 163, 181, 193
bahamensis, 163
maritima, 181
Chamea, 75, 76
fasciata, 76
Chelidon, 268, 371
thalassina, 299
urbica, 268
Cherameca, 271, 303
leucosterna, 303
| Chetura zonaris, 286
Chloris, 168
erithachorides, 201
Chlorophanes, 161
atricapilla, 163
| Chlorospingus, 161
Chlorochrysa, 161
Cichlalopia, 41
Cichlerminia, 3
bonapartei, 59
fuscata, 42
gutturalis, 59
ruficauda, 59
Cichlopsis, 4, 34, 408, 417, 433, 434,
436

leucogonys, 417, 433, 434
nitens, 416
Cinclide, 1, 3, 59, 149
Cinclocerthia, 3
brachyura, 41
Cinclus, 59
americanus, 60
leucocephalus, 60
leuconotus, 60
mexicanus, 59, 60
mortoni, 60
pallasii, 60
townsendi, 60
unicolor, 60
Cinnicerthia, 93, 94, 111
unibrunnea, 112
unirufa, 112
Cistothorus, 95, 125, 146
elegans, 146, 147
palustris, var. paludicola,
148
palustris, 147, 148, 120
stellaris, 146, 147
Collocalia arborea, 287
Collurio, 321, 437, 438
borealis, 438, 439, 440, 441,
442, 445

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Collurio elegans, 440, 444, 447, 448
excubitoroides, 437, 438, 439,
440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 448,
449
ludovicianus, 439, 442, 443,
445, 447, 448, 449
Colluricincla fusca, 42
Coilyrio, 437, 438
borealis, 440
elegans, 444
excubitoroides, 446
ludovicianus, 443
Compsothlypis, 168
americanus, 169
brasilianus, 179
gutturalis, 172
mexicana, 171
protonotarius, 173
Conirostrum, 161
ornatum, 85
superciliosum, 171
Corydalla, 153
Cotyle, 269, 271, 283, 313, 318, 319
flavigastra, 316, 317
fulvipennis, 316
fucata, 308
leucorrhoa, 301
leucoptera, 302
pyrrhonota, 289
riparia, 268, 281, 285, 299, 308,
319
ruficollis, 315, 317
serripennis, 314, 316
tapera, 286
uropygialis, 317
Culicivora atricapilla, 68, 69
boliviana, 73
dumecola, 69, 73
leucogastra, 69
mexicana, 68, 74
townsendii, 429
324, 383, 384, 385, 395
cearensis, 391
flavipectus, 385, 386, 388,
389, 391
flaviventris, 385, 386, 387,
388
guianensis, 384, 386, 389
390, 391, 392, 393
nigrirostris, 885, 386, 894,
395
ochrocephala, 386, 391, 393
poliocephala, 390
subflavescens, 385, 386, 388
virenticeps, 386, 393, 395
viridis, 386, 391, 352, 393
Cyclaris flaviventris, 386
nigrirostris, 394
Cyphorinus, 93, 94, 112, 113, 114, 134
albigularis, 114, 134
bambla, 114

Cyclorhis,

467

Cyphorinus cantans, 113
fasciato-ventris, 134
griseicollis, 117
lawrencii, 112, 113
leucophrys, 118
leucostictus, 117
modulator, 113
musicus, 113
philomela, 114, 115
prostheleucus, 116, 117
pusillus, 119
thoracicus, 112

Cypselide, 267, 268

Dacnis, 161

cyanea, 163

Dendroica, 163, 166, 180, 182, 192

albicollis, 197, 198, 199

adelaide, 211, 212

zstiva, 29, 164, 193, 195,

202, 236

atricapilla, 193

audubonii, 188

anreola, 194

blackburnie, 164, 172, 189

cerulea, 191

cerulescens, 186

canadensis, 186

carbonata, 207

castanea, 189, 164

chrysopareia, 183, 185, 267

coronata, 164, 187, 195

discolor, 164, 213

dominica, 209, 211, 213, 267

eoa, 195

erithachorides, 203

gracie, 210, 212, 213

gundlachi, 194, 197, 202

kirtlandii, 206

macuiosa, 164, 206, 213

montana, 190

nigrescens, 186, 210, 211

niveiventris, 183

occidentalis, 183, 184, 185

olivacea, 205

palmarum, 164, 207

penunsylvanica, 164, 191

petechia, 194, 198, 199, 200,

201, 202, 203, 236

pharetra, 192

pinus, 190

pityophila, 208

ruficapilla, 194, 201

rufigula, 194, 204

striata, 163, 164, 192, 193

superciliosa, 164, 209

tigrina, 161, 162, 181, 164

townsendii, 184, 185, 213

vieilloti, 194, 203, 204, 236

virens, 182, 184, 164
Donacobius, 57, 94, 95, 230

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Donacobius albo-lineatus, 58

albo-vittatus, 58
atricapillus, 58
brasiliensis, 58
vociferans, 57, 58

Dulus, 321, 384, 400, 401, 402, 405
dominicus, 402, 403

nuchalis, 403
palmarum, 403

Enicocichla, 214
Enneoctonus, 438
collurio, 437
Erythraca arctica, 64
wilsonii, 62

Ergaticus, 237, 238, 262, 264
Euthlypis, 237, 238, 253, 255, 262

canadensis, 240

lachrymosa, 252, 262, 263

Faleunculus, 385
Ficedula, 182

canadensis cinerea, 187
dominica cinerea, 209
dominicensis, 197
minor, 197
jamaicensis, 215
ludoviciana, 169
martinicana, 201

Furnarius griseus, 95, 96

roseus, 91

Galeoscoptes, 5, 54

carolinensis, 54, 149
plumbeus, 39
rubripes, 38

Galbula, 165
Galbulidae, 165
Geothlypex, 166
Geothlypine, 166, 214

Geothlypis, 166, 219, 227, 252
equinoctialis, 218, 220, 224,

225, 226
macgillivrayi,
226, 227

melanops, 222, 223
pelzelnii, 231, 233
philadelphia, 220, 226
poliocephala, 220, 225
semiflava, 219
semiflavus, 223
speciosa, 219, 223, 228

trichas, 219, 220, 222, 224

velata, 223
velatus, 224, 226

Glossiptila, 161, 162

ruficollis, 163

Golondrina domestica, 282

de la parda, 285

Granatellus, 166, 230

francisce, 231, 232

220, 224,

Granatellus sallaei, 221, 232

venustus, 230, 231, 232, 233

Habia verde, 392
Harporhynchus, 3, 5, 43

Harpes, 43,

cinereus, 46
crissalis, 47
curvirostris, 45
lecontei, 47
longirostris, 44
ocellatus, 59
redivivus, 43, 48
rufus, 43, 44

redivivus, 43

Heleodytes,

91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 128
albibrunneus, 98
griseus, 96

Helinaia, 179
bachmani, 175
carbonata, 207
celata, 176
chrysoptera, 175
peregrina, 178
protouotaria, 173
rubricapilla, 176
solitaria, 174
swainsoni, 180
vermivora, 180

Helminthophaga, 161, 166, 173, 174

bachmani, 161, 174,
175, 181

celata, 163, 164, 173,
Wi Ged Te ATS

chrysoptera, 174, 175

citrea, 173

lucie, 174, 178

peregrina, 174, 177,
Lise a9

pinus, 174

ruficapilla, 164, 173,
174, 175, 177, 178

solitaria, 174

virginia, 166, 174,
179

Helmitherus, 164, 174, 177

bachmani, 175
blanda, 234
celata, 176
chrysopterus, 175
migratorius, 180
peregrinus, 178
protonotarius, 173
rubricapillus, 176
_ solitarius, 174
swainsoni. 180
vermivorus, 179, 180

Henicocichla, 214

aurocapilla, 214
ludoviciana, 217
major, 217

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Henicocichla motacilla, 217
noveboracensis, 215
Herse euchrysea, 304
Hesperocichla, 12, 13, 32
Heterorhina, 93, 95, 112, 113, 114, 115
griseicollis, 115, 117, 119
lencophrys, 115, 118, 119
leucosticta, 115, 117, 119
prostheleuca, 112, 115,
TAG AED
pusilla, 116, 1.9
Hirundinide, 165, 267, 268, 269
Hirundo, 268, 269, 270, 271, 293, 294
albilinea, 297, 300, 317
albiventris, 277, 302
americana, 289, 294
tapera, 286
andecola, 313, 320
bicolor, 165, 297, 311
cerulea, 274
canadensis, 274
cayanensis, 282
chalybea, 273, 282
cinerea, 312, 319
coronata, 291
concolor, 278
cyaneoviridis, 303
cyanopyrrha, 295
cyanoleuca, 308, 309, 312
domestica, 282
dominicensis, 279
erythrogaster, 268, 295
euchrysea, 304
fasciata, 305, 306
flavigastra, 315
flaviventer, 315
frontalis, 301
fulva, 288, 291, 292
fusca, 285
fucata, 308
gouldii, 301
horreorum, 165, 268, 294, 295
hortensis, 315
jugularis, 315
leucogaster, 298
leucoptera, 297, 302
leucopyga, 301, 302
leucorrhoa, 297, 301, 302
ludoviciana, 274
lunifrons, 288
maculosa, 320
melampyga, 309
melanogaster, 286, 290
melanoleuca, 310
meyeni, 302
minuta, 309
nigricans, 287
pascuum, 286
patagonica, 311, 320
purpurea, 271, 274, 277
pyrrhonota, 289

469

Hirundo respublicana, 288
riparia, 318, 319
americana, 319
rufa, 294, 295, 296
ruficollis, 315
ruficollaris, 292
rustica, 268, 293, 294, 295, 296
serripennis, 312, 314
subis, 271, 274
tapera, 286
thalassina, 296, 299, 303
tibialis, 307
unalaschkensis, 320
versicolor, 274
violacea, 274
Hydrobata, 59
mexicana, 60
Hylemathrous, 95, 128
zedon, 138
intermedius, 142
platensis, 128
Hylocichla, 12, 13
Hylophilus, 321, 323, 824, 372
374
acuticauda, 374, 378
aurantiifrons, 374, 377
cinerascens, 375
cinereiceps, 266, 380
decurtatus, 374, 380, 381
ferruginifrons, 374, 377
flaveolus, 375
flavipes, 375, 379
frontalis, 375
insularis, 373, 374, 379
ochraceiceps, 374, 376
olivaceus, 375
pecilotis, 372, 373, 375
pusillus, 374, 381, 382
thoracicus, 375
Vviridiflavus, 373, 374, 378,
380
Hypothymis chrysorrhoa, 412

?

Icteria, 165, 166, 167, 221, 228, 229
230, 234, 407
auricollis, 229, 232
dumicola, 228
longicauda, 229, 230
virens, 164, 228, 229
viridis, 228
Icteriane, 166, 228
Idiotes, 237, 238, 242, 247, 264
bellii, 248
delattrii, 247, 249, 250
melanogenys, 247, 248
mesochrysus, 242, 247, 248, 250
rufifrons, 247, 248, 249, 250
Ixoreus, 13

>

Junco hyemalis, 177
oregonus, 177

470 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Lagopts, 268
Laletes, 323, 324, 373, 382
osburnii, 382, 383
Laniade, 321
Laniidz, 322, 437
Laniinx, 437
Lanius, 437
agilis, 338
ardosiaceus, 445
borealis, 440
carolinensis, 443
collurio, 438
cristatus, 437, 438
elegans, 444, 445
excubitor, 437, 440
excubitoroides, 445
garrulus, 403, 405
ludovicianus, 443, 446
major, 442
meridionalis, 444
mexicanus, 446
olivaceus, 333
septentrionalis, 440
Lanivireo, 324, 326, 345
flavifrons, 326, 345, 346
plumbea, 326, 345, 349
propinqua, 326, 345, 348
solitaria, 326, 345, 347
Larus atricilla, 209, 267
Lepturus, galeatus, 416
Limnornis unirufus, 111
Lophophanes, 77
atricristatus, 78
bicolor, 78
galeatus, 79
inornatus, 78, 79
missouriensis, 78
wollweberi, 79
Loxigilla, 193

Malacocichla, 6
dryas, 6, 10
mexicana, 11
Margarops, 3, 5, 41
densirostris, 59
fuscatus, 42
montanus, 59
Melanoptila, 5, 55
clabrirostris, 55
Melanotis, 5, 56
cerulescens, 56
hypoleucus, 41, 56, 57
Merula, 12, 13, 31, 34
americana cinerea, 37
dominicensis, 51
infuscata, 31
olivicea dominicensis, 329
tristis, 26

Merulaxis griseicollis, 118

Microcerculus, 93, 94,112,113, 114,115

albogularis, 115

Microcerculus bambla, 112, 114

philomela, 114, 115

Microchelidon, 307

tibialis, 307

Mimine, 3, 4, 409
Mimocichla, 3, 4, 34, 35, 41

ardosiaceus, 36, 39
plumbea, 35, 36, 40
rubripes, 35, 38
schistacea, 35, 37

Mimokitta plumbea, 36
Mimus, 5, 48, 149

bahamensis, 52, 53

cerulescens, 56

carolinensis, 35, 36, 54, 55

curvirostris, 45

dominicus, 51, 59

gracilis, 54

gundlachi, 52, 59

hillii, 14, 50, 52

longirostris, 44, 45

melanopterus, 59

montanus, 42

orpheus, 50, 51, 52

polyglottus, 48, 50, 51, 54, 149,
335

rubripes, 36, 38

rufus, 44

saturninus, 53

thenca, 53

Mniotilta, 166, 167

borealis, 167

rubricapilla, 176 -

striata, 192

varia, 164, 167, 192, 267
var. longirostris, 167

virens, 182

Mniotiltez, 160, 166
Motacilla, 150, 151

zquinoctialis, 224
estiva, 195

alba; 151, 152
albicollis, 197
americanus, 169
auricollis, 173
aurocapilla, 214
blackburnie, 189
cerulea, 67, 74
cerulescens, 187
calendula, 65, 66
calidris, 329, 331, 332
cana, 74° ©
canadensis, 187
chloroleuca, 197
chrysocephala, 189
chrysoptera, 175
eincta, 187

citrea, 173
dominica, 209
eques, 169 -
flavicauda, 256

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Motacilla flavicollis, 209
flavifrons, 175
fulva, 266
fuscescens, 215
incana, 189
ludoviciana, 169
maculosa, 206
mitrata, 238, 239
noveboracensis, 215
cenanthe, 61
palmarum, 207
parva cerulea, 74
pensilis, 209
petechia, 199
pileolata, 240
pinguis, 187
protonotarius, 173
regulus, 65
rubiginosa, 196
ruficapilla, 201
ruticilla, 256
sialis, 62
striata, 192
superciliosa, 209
tigrina, 180, 181
troglodytes, 144
umbria, 157
varia, 167
vermivora, 179
virens, 182
yarrelli, 152

Motacillide, 150, 161, 164

Muscicapa, 12, 16

altiloqua, 329

armillata, 421, 422
bivittata, 243
bonapartei, 240

brasieri, 245

canadensis, 239
cantatrix, 354
carolinensis, 54

cinerea, 239

cucullata, 239

derhami, 259

elegans, 244

elizabeth, 425

gilva, 342

guttata, 15, 16
leucomus, 257

melodia, 342

minuta, 241
noveboracensis, 350, 354
olivacea, 3
pusilla, 240
rubrifrons, 263, 264
ruticilla, 253, 256
selbyi, 239
solitaria, 347
stragulata, 244
striata, 192
sylvicola, 346

26, 329, 331, 333 |

471

| Muscicapa cae, 244

viridis, 228

vulnerata, 259

wilsonii, 240
Muscicapide, 267

| Muscivora mexicana, 165

lade 321, 408, 409, 411, 416,
417, 418, 419, 434, "436
ardesiaceus, 421
armillatus, 420, 421, 422,

424, 435
elisabeth, 419, 420, 425
genibarbis, 418, 420, 423,
424

griseiventer, 421
leucotis, 419, 420, 432, 434
melanops, 420, 426
obscurus, 420, 427, 428,
430, 435
solitarius, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, 423, 424
townsendii, 417, 420, 428,
429, 431
unicolor, 417, 420, 428, 434
venezuelensis, 420, 427,
435
Myiadestine, 321, 408, 409, 410, 417
Myioborus, 237, 238, 253, 254, 257,
258, 262
Myiocichla ochrata, 434
Myioctonus, 238
mitratus, 239
pusillus, 240
Myiodioctes, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242,
262

bonapartei, 240

canadensis, 164, 239, 242

coronata, 244

formosus, 218

minutus, 241

mitratus, 164, 239, 252,

363

pardalina, 240

pusillus, 164, 239, 240, 242

tristriatus, 244

viridicata, 244

wilsonii, 240
Myiothlypis, 237, 238, 251,

flaveolus, 252,

luteo-viridis, 252

nigricristatus, 251, 252

Nemosia, 161
Neochelidon, 269, 270, 271, 305, 307
fucata, 270, 308

tibialis, 307

Neochloe, 323, 371

brevipennis, 371, 372

151, 152, 153, 155, 157
spraguei, 155, 157, 159
Notiochelidon, 269, 270, 271, 305, 306

Neocorys,

°

472 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Notiocorys, 151, 153, 156

| Perissoglossa, 162, 163, 166, 180
tigrina, 163, 181

(Enanthe americana, pectore lutea, 228 Petrochelidon, 268, 269, 270, 271, 284,

Oporornis, 164, 166, 218, 227
agilis, 218, 227
formosus, 218, 227
Oreocincla, 5
varia, 5
Oreoscoptes, 5, 42
montanus, 42, 43
Orpheus, 32, 48
cerulescens, 56,
curvirostris, 45
leucopterus, 48
longirostris, 44
meruloides, 32
imontanus, 42
polyglottus, 50
Oscines, 1, 77, 160

Pachysylvia decurtata, 266, 380, 381

Pallenura, 151

Paride, 64, 65, 75, 76, 77, 149, 165

Parine, 77
Paroides flaviceps, 85
pendulinus, 85
Parus, 79
americanus, 168, 169
annexus, 79
atricapillus, 79, 80, 82

canadensis, 80

atricristatus, 78
bicolor, 77
carolinensis, 81
cristatus, 77, 78, 79
erythropis, 264
fasciatus, 76
hudsonicus, 82, 83,
leucotis, 265
major, 79
melanotis, 84
meridionalis, 80, 81
minimus, 84

- montanus, 82
occidentalis, 81
palustris, 80
rufescens, 83

septentrionalis, 165, 79, 82
var. albescens, 79

sibiricus, 83
virginianus, 187
Parula, 166, 168, 169, 213, 266

americana, 164, 169, 170

brasiliana, 170, 171

gutturalis, 161, 169, 172

inornata, 169, 171, 266
mexicana, 171

pitiayumi, 169, 170, 266

superciliosa, 169, 171.
Pediocorys, 151, 153, 157

285, 286, 289, 309
albilinea, 300, 301
albiveutris, 302
americana, 289
bicolor, 298
cyanoleucus, 310
euchrysea, 304
fulva, 287, 291, 290, 292
leucoptera, 300, 302
leucorrhoa, 301
littorea, 300, 301, 302
lunifrons, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 293
melanogaster, 290
meyeni, 301, 302
nigricans, 268, 287
murina, 313
peciloma, 286, 287, 292
ruficollaris, 287, 292
swainsoni, 286, 287,
289, 290
thalassina, 299
tibialis, 307
Phenopepla, 408, 409, 410, 415
nitens, 414, 415, 416
Pheoprogne, 268, 269, 271, 272, 283
Pheugopedius, 93, 95, 113, 120, 121,
123, 128, 134, 136
coraya, 123
fasciato-ventris, 123,
134
felix, 123, 134, 136
genibarbis, 134
leucophrys, 114
leucostictus, 114
maculipectus, 123, 135,
136
melanos, 123, 134
pleurostictus, 123
rutilus, 123, 135, 136
Phyllomanes, 326 ‘
agilis, 338
barbatulus, 331
flavoviridis, 336
mystacalis, 329
olivaceus, 333
Picolaptes brunneicapillus, 99
capistratus, 104
megalopterus, 102
rufinucha, 105
zonatus, 104
Pitangus derbianus, 165
Pipastes, 153
Planesticus, 12, 23
luridus, 26, 27
Platycichla 4, 32, 408, 417, 418, 436
Platycichla brevipes, 32, 435, 436

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Peecila atricapillus, 80
carolinensis, 81
melanotis, 84
minima, 84
rufescens, 83
Polioptila, 67, 149
albiloris, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73
bilineata, 67, 72
boliviana, 67
buffoni, 67, 69, 70, 71
cerulea, 68, 74, 189
dumicola, 67, 73
lembeyii, 68 _
leucogastra, 67, 69
melanura, 67, 65, 69, 360
mexicana, 74
nigriceps, 67, 69, 71
plumbea, 68, 74
superciliaris, 71, 72
Polioptiline, 65
Pomatorhinus turdinus, 45
Presbys, 111
canifrons, 111
Progne, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273
chalybea, 280, 282
cryptoleuca, 273, 275, 277
concolor, 274, 278
domestica, 274, 282, 283
dominicensis, 274, 279, 280,
281, 286
elegans, 274, 275
fusca, 285
furcata, 273, 278
leucogaster, 273, 274, 280, 282,
283
modesta, 278
purpurea, 274, 275, 276, 277
subis, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278,
280, 281
tapera, 285, 286
Protonotaria, 166, 173
citrea, 164, 173
Psalidoprocne, 269, 271, 313
cypselina, 313
Psaltria flaviceps, 85
melanotis, 84
minimus, 84
personata, 84
plumbea, 84
Psaltriparus, 84, 85
flaviceps, 85
melanotis, 84
minimus, 84, 85, 165
personatus, 84
plumbeus, 84
Ptilogonys, 321, 329, 400, 402, 408, 409,
410, 412, 416, 417
armillatus, 421
caudatus, 411, 412, 413,
414
cinereus, 410, 412, 413, 412

473

Ptilogonys griseiventer, 421
leucotis, 452
nitens, 415, 416
townsendii, 429
Ptilogonatine, 401, 408, 409
Ptiliogonatus, 410, 411
cinereus, 412
Pvgochelidon, 269, 270, 271, 305, 308,
309
cyanoleuca, 309
malanoleuca, 309
murina, 309
patagonica, 309

Reguline, 65
Regulus, 65
calendula, 65, 66
cristatus, 65
cuvieri, 65
mystaceus, 220
olivaceus, 65
proregulus, 65
rubineus, 66
satrapa, 65, 164
tricolor, 65
Rhamphocinelus, 3, 4, 41
brachyurus, 41
Rhimanphus, 182
estivus, 195, 197
blackburnie, 189
canadensis, 186
castaneus, 189
chryseolus, 196
coronata, 187
discolor, 213
maculosus, 206
maritimus, 181
olivacea, 205
peusilis, 209
pinus, 190
pityophilus, 208
ruficapilla, 207
ruficeps, 203
striatus, 192
virens, 182
Rhodinocichla, 91
rosea, 41, 91

Salpinctes, 93, 94, 109, 111
mexicanus, 111
obsoletus, 110
Saltator viridis, 392
Saurothera, 193
Saxicola, 61
cnanthe, 61
cenanthoides, 61
Saxicolide, 1, 2, 3, 61, 65,149, 164, 409,
410
Seiurez, 166
Seiurus, 21, 164, 214
aurocapillus, 164, 214, 266

474

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Seiurus gossii, 215

ludovicianus, 21, 217
motacilla, 217
noveboracensis, 21, 164, 215
sulphurascens, 215
tenuirostris, 215

Semimerula, 4, 33, 34
Setophaga, 236, 238, 239, 242, 253, 254,

256, 258, 262
aurantiaca, 254, 261
auricapilla, 243
bonapartei, 240
brunneiceps, 255, 258
canadensis, 239
castanea, 259
castaneo-capilla, 259
chrysogaster, 242, 244
flammea, 254, 259, 260
flaveola, 255, 258
intermedia, 260
lachrymosa, 255, 263
leucomphomma, 255, 258
melanocephala, 255, 258
mniniata, 254, 257, 259, 260
mitrata, 239
multicolor, 254, 257
nigricincta, 240
ornata, 255, 258, 421
picta, 253, 254, 256
rubra, 264
ruficoronata, 255, 258
rufifrons, 247, 248
ruticilla, 164, 253, 256
torquata, 255, 261
verticalis, 254, 257, -258,

261
vulnerata, 259
wilsonii, 240

Setophagine, 165, 167, 235
Sialia, 62

azurea, 62 ’
arctica, 63, 64, 360
ceruleocollis, 63
macroptera, 64
mexicana, 63
occidentalis, 63

sialis, 62, 63, 149, 164
wilsonii, 62

Sitta, 86

aculeata, 86
canadensis, 87, 165
carolinensis, 86, 87
europa, 86
melanocephala, 86
pusilla, 88
pygmea, 88
varia, 87
Sittine, 77, 86
Sphenotelus, 412

Stelgidopteryx, 268, 269, 270, 271, 312

flavigula, 318

Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis, 314, 316
gutturalis, 314
ruficollis, 314, 315
serripennis, 314
uropygialis, 314, 315,

d17, 318

Sterna anglica, 267

antillarum, 209, 268
frenata, 209

Sturnus cinclus, 59

Scytalopus prostheleucus, 115, 116

Sylvania, 253

bonapartei, 240
mitrata, 239
pumila, 241
pusilla, 240
ruticilla, 256
Sylvia estiva, 195, 197
zquinoctialis, 218
agilis, 218
americanus, 169
anthoides, 215
auduboni, 188
autumnalis, 190
auricollis, 173
aurocapilla, 214
azurea, 191
bachmani, 175
vifasciata, 191
blackburnia, 189
cerulea, 191
cerulescens, 186
canicapilla, 223
canadensis, 186 _
carbonata, 207
carolinensis, 195
castanea, 189
celata, 176
childreni, 195
chivi, 337
chrysoptera, 175
citrinella, 195
coronata, 182, 187
culicivora, 245
decurtata, 266, 380
discolor, 213
domestica, 139
dumicola, 73 ~
flava, 195
flaveola, 375
flavifrons, 175
formosa, 218
fulva, 266
griseicollis, 266
icterocephala, 191
incana, 189
lateralis, 189
leucogastra, 69, 176, 187
leucoblephara, 244
ludoviciana, 120, 123
macgillivrayi, 227

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Sylvia macropus, 187

maculosa, 206
magnolia, 206
marilandica, 220
maritima, 181
melanorhoa, 189
miniata, 265
minuta, 213, 241
missuriensis, 179
mitrata, 239
montana, 190
nashvillei, 176
nigrescens, 186
noveboracensis, 215
occidentalis, 183
ochroleuca, 266
olivacea, 205
palmarum, 207
palustris, 187
pardalina, 238, 240
parus, 189
pennsylvanica, 191
petasodes, 240
peregrina, 178
petechia, 201
philadelphia, 226
pinus, 174, 190
pitiayumi, 170
plumbea, 170
peecilotis, 375
populorum, 191
protonotaria, 173
pumila, 266
pusilla, 169, 187
rara, 191
rathbonia, 196
roscoe, 220
rubricapilla, 175
ruficapilla, 173, 175, 204, 205
russeicauda, 266
semiterquata, 266
sialis, 62

solitaria, 174
sphegnosa, 187
striata, 192
swainsoni, 179, 180
teniata, 205
tennessei, 179
thoraciea, 375
tigrina, 181, 190
tolmigi, 227
torquata, 169
townsendii, 185
troglodytes, 144
velata, 223
venusta, 170
vermivora, 179, 241, 243
vigorsii, 190
virescens, 266
virens, 182
wilsonii, 240

=
-T
or

Sylvia xanthopygia, 187
xauthoroa, 187

Sylviade, 3

Sylvicola, 166, 168, 182
zstiva, 195, 199
agilis, 218
americana, 169
auduboni, 188
aureola, 194
auricollis, 173
bachmanni, 175
blackburniz, 189
cerulea, 191
canadensis, 186
castanea, 189
celata, 176
chrysoptera, 175
coronata, 187
discolor, 213
eoa, 194, 195
formosa, 218
icterocephala, 191
kirtlandii, 206
maculosa, 206
maritima, 181
mitrata, 239
montana, 190
occidentalis, 183
olivacea, 205
palmarum, 207
pannosa, 187
pardalina, 240
pensilis, 209
peregrina, 178
petechia, 207
pharetra, 192
pinus, 190
pityophila, 208
pusilla, 169
rubricapilla, 175
ruficapilla, 207
striata, 192
swainsoni, 180
teniata, 205
townsendi, 185
vermivora, 180
venusta, 170
virens, 182

Sylvicolide, 2, 65, 150, 160, 161, 162,

164, 165, 266, 321
Sylvicoline, 165, 166, 167
Sylviide, 64, 76, 149, 164, 410

Tachycineta, 268, 269, 270, 271, 296,
26

albilinea, 297
albiventris, 297
bicolor, 297, 298
leucorrhoa, 297
meyeni, 297
thalassina, 297, 299

=

476

Tenioptera, 13°
rufiventris, 13
Tanagra dominica, 401, 403
dominicensis, 403
esclave, 401
guianensis, 384, 389
Tanagride, 161
Telmatodytes, 95, 123, 147
arundinaceus, 147
bewickii, 126
palustris, 147
Teretristexe, 166
Teretristis, 163, 165, 166, 233
fernandine, 234
fornsii,163, 164, 234, 235
Thamnophilus agilis, 338
Thryomanes, 95, 120, 123, 126
bewickii, 123, 125, 126
leucogaster, 123, 126
spilurus, 123, 126
Thryophilus, 93, 95, 120, 121, 123, 127,
134, 137
albipectus, 122, 123, 131,
132
castaneus, 123, 133
galbraithi, 123, 131
longirostris, 123, 132
modestus, 122, 123, 130,
131, 132
nigricapilius, 123
poliopleura, 123
rufalbus, 127, 128
var. poliopleura,
128, 129
sinaloa, 123, 129, 130
striolatus, 123, 132
Thryothorus, 92, 93, 95, 120, 121, 123,
127, 128, 134, 137
albinucha, 149
arundinaceus, 147
berlandieri, 121; 123, 124
bewickii, 121, 126, 129,
150
var. spilurus, 126
castaneus, 123, 132
fasciato-ventris, 121, 134
felix, 121, 136
galbraithi, 123, 131
guttatus, 108, 111
leucogaster, 121
littoralis, 124
longirostris, 123
louisiane, 124
ludovicianus, 120, 121,
123, 124, 128, 130, 137
maculipectus, 121, 135
mexicanus, 110, 111
modulator, 112
murinus, 123 .
nigricapillus, 123, 133,
134

|

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.

Thryothorus palustris, 147
petenicus, 121, 123, 125,
130, 149
pinus, 190
pleurostictus, 121, 123
poliopleura, 122
rufalbus, 122, 128, 129
rutilans, 135
rutilus, 121, 138
schottii, 123
sinaloa, 122
spilurus, 122, 126
torquatus, 169
Todirostrum, 165, 251, 253,
Todus, 193, 251
viridis, 165
Toxostoma, 43
curvirostris, 45
lecontei, 47
longirostre, 44
rediviva, 48
vetula, 43, 45
Trichas, 219
eequinoctialis, 224
agilis, 218
brachydactylus, 220, 221
delafieldii, 225
leucoblephara, 244
macgillivrayi, 226
marilandica, 220
nigricristatus, 251
personatus, 220, 221
philadélphia, 226
superciliosus, 243, 244
tephrocotis, 218
vegeta, 227
velata, 225
Troglodytes, 89, 95, 121, 137, 138
zedon, 137, 138, 139, 140,
141, 142, 143, 145
var. aztecus, 138,
139
albinucha, 149, 150
americanus, 138, 141
arundinaceus, 120, 124,
147
bewickii, 126, 127
brevirostris, 146
brunneicollis, 137,
139, 143, 144
cumanensis, 128
europzeus, 145
fulvus, 139
guttatus, 118
hyemalis, 137, 138, 144,
145

237

138,

var. pacificus,
138, 145
hypedon, 139, 142, 143
intermedius, 138, 142, 143
inquietus, 138, 143

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 477

Troglodytes latifasciatus, 110
leucogastra, 109, 127
leucophrys, 118
ludovicianus, 123
murarius, 111
obsoletus, 109, 110
palustris, 147, 148
parkmanni, 138, 139, 140,
141, 143, 145
stellaris, 146
sylvestris, 140
Troglodytide, 91, 92, 93, 94, 149, 321,
323

Turdus montanus, 42

mustelinus, 2, 12, 13, 14, 16,
17, 149

nevius, 13, 32
nanus, 15, 16, 17
nigrescens, 58
obsoletus, 28
olivaceus, 19
orpheus, 50, 52
palliatus, 31
pallasii, 7, 14, 16, 17
phwopygus, 59
plumbeus, 36, 37, 39, 40

Turdampelis lanioides, 434
rufococeyx, 434

Turdide, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 58, 65, 92, 149,

164, 321, 409, 410
Turdine, 3, 4, 409

polyglottus, 48
rubripes, 35
rufitorques, 32, 38
rufopalliatus, 31
rutus, 44

Turdus, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 34, 160 silens, 16, 17

aliciw, 19, 20, 21, 22, 149, 217
aonalaschka, 15
ardosiaceus, 3, 39
assimilis, 24
auduboni, 15, 16
aurantius, 34, 4
aurantiirostris, 7
aurocapilla, 214
bambla, 113
brachyurus, 41
cesius, 26, 27
capucinus, 23
carolinensis, 54
casius, 26 :
cinereus minor, 57
confinis, 29
coronatus, 214
densus, 13, 14
dominicus, 51
erythrophthalmus, 56
flavirostris, 30, 31
fuscatus, 41, 42
fuscescens, 6, 15,16, 17, 18, 19,
149
grayi, 25, 26, 27
guttatus, 14
gymnophthalmus, 27
infuscatus, 31
iliacus, 12, 23
jamaicensis, 12, 23
lereboulleti, 12, 23
leucauchen, 24, 25, 27
leucogenys, 34
ludovicianus, 217
melanotis, 9Q
melodus, 13
melpomene, 7
merula, 13
migratorius, 6, 12, 13, 28, 29,
30, 33, 34, 149, 164
minimus, 19, 20, 21
mincr, 14, 18, 19

solitarius, 14
swainsonii, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22,
24, 149, 164, 217
torquatus, 12
trichas, 220
tristis, 27
ustuiatus, 18
variegatus, 96
viscivorus, 11, 12
plumbeus, 36, 37
virens, 228
vulpinus, 41, 92
wilsonii, 18
xanthoscelis, 59
Tyrannide, 165

Vermivora, 179
bachmanni, 175
celata, 176
fulvicapilla, 180
pennsylvanica, 180
peregrina, 178
protonotaria, 173
rubricapilla, 175
solitaria, 174
swainsoni, 180
| Vermivore, 166
Vireo, 162, 163, 228, 234, 321, 323, 324,
325, 326, 350, 351, 353, 373,
383, 402
agilis, 334, 338
altiloqua, 329, 330, 331
atricapillus, 324, 326, 351, 353,
354
bahamensis, 363
barbatula, 163, 165
bartrami, 338, 340, 343
belli, 326, 351, 352, 358, 359,
260
bogotensis, 333
carmio'i, 326, 351, 352, 356
cassini, 347, 348

478

Vireo chivi, 338
crassirostris, 165, 368
frenata, 330
flavifrons, 326, 346, 370
flavoviridis, 336
gilvus, 342, 359
gundlachi, 363, 368, 369
huttoni, 326, 351, 352, 357, 358,
363
hypochryseus, 370
josephe, 324, 344, 364
latimeri, 364
longirostris, 329
modestus, 362, 363, 364, 369
musicus, 354
noveboracensis, 326, 345, 350,
351, 354, 355, 362, 363, 369
ochraceus, 366, 367
olivaceus, 326, 333, 334, 338
pallens, 365
philadelphica, 369
philadelphicus, 341
pusillus, 326, 351, 352, 360, 362,
365
semiflavus, 366, 367
solitarius, 326, 347, 348, 349
swainsoni, 343
virescens, 333, 334, 338
vicinior, 326, 351, 352, 361, 366
vigorsii, 190
Vireolanius, 324, 385, 395
chlorogaster, 396, 399
eximius, 396, 398
icterophrys, 396, 398, 399,
400
melitophrys, 385, 395, 396
pulchellus, 396, 397, 398
Vireonella, 325, 326, 351, 369

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF

SPECIES.

Vireonella modestus, 326, 351, 352,358
ochraceus, 326, 351, 353
pallens, 326, 351, 352, 360,
362

Vireonida, 161, 162, 165, 321, 322, 323,
402, 437
Vireosylvia, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327
agilis, 325, 328, 338, 339,
340
altiloqua, 329, 332
atripennis, 329, 330, 331
barbatula, 325, 328, 330,
331, 340
calidris, 328, 329, 330, 331,
330

campestris, 325

chivi, 325, 328, 334, 337,
339, 340

cobanensis, 341

flavifrons, 325, 346

flavoviridis, 325, 328, 336,
339, 340

frenata, 330

gilva, 325, 328, 342, 343,
345

josepha, 325, 328, 344

olivacea, 325, 327, 328,
329, 333, 336, 337, 339,
340

philadelphica, 325, 328,
340, 341

plumbea, 349

propinqua, 348

solitarius, 347, 350

swainsoni, 325, 328, 343,
344

virescens, 338

crassirostris, 326, 351, 353 | Wilsonia, 238

gundlachi, 326, 351, 353

hypochryseus, 326, 3651,
353

latimeri, 326, 351, 352

bonapartii, 240
minuta, 241
mitrata, 239
pusilla, 240

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
| SS 5

THE

CONSTANTS OF NATURE.

Pee eee

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES; BOILING AND MELTING POINTS;
AND CHEMICAL FORMULA.

COMPILED BY

FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE, 8.B.

WrAcsa ING TON. D.C.
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
DECEMBER, 1873.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE Smithsonian Institution has long had in contemplation the publi-
cation of a series of * Constants of Nature,’ and has accepted the fol-
lowing work as the first part of such a series. Other parts will be pub-
lished in succession as soon as the matter for them may be obtained
and the finances of the Institution will warrant.

The present work was referred for critical examination to Professors
Joy and Chandler of Columbia College, New York, and has been pub-
lished on their recommendation.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary S. I.

WASHINGTON, D. C., December, 1873.

ELECTROTYPED BY
MACKELLAR, SMITHS, & JORDAN, PHILADELPHIA.

COLLINS, PRINTER.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1.—INTRODUCTION. . ; . : ; : , A : .
2.—List oF ImportTANT PAPers. .

3.—EXPLANATORY NOTES.

4.—T ABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES, BoILING Pornts AND MEutTING Points.
I.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES.

JI.—InorGanic FLUORIDEs.

III.—Ivoreanic CuHioripes. ,
Ist. Anhydrous Simple Chlorides.
2d. Hydrated Simple Chlorides.
3d. Anhydrous Double Chlorides.
4th. Hydrated Double Chlorides.
5th. Oxy- and Sulpho-Chlorides.
6th. Ammonio-Chlorides.

IV.—Inoraanic BromIpeEs. ,
Ist. Anhydrous Simple Bre dae
2d. Hydrated, Double, Oxy- and Sulpho- Bro iee:

V.—Inoreanic IopipeEs. us
1st. Anhydrous Simple edides ; : :
2d. Hydrated, and Double Iodides.

VI.—InorGANIC CHLOROBROMIDES, CHLORIODIDES AND BROMIODIDES.

VII.—InorGanic OXIDEs.
Ist. Simple Oxides. ; * é : ; i a ,
2d. Double Oxides. . , : 5 é 2 5 : : :

VIII.—InorGanic SULPHIDES.
1st. Simple Sulphides.

2d. Sulpharsenites, Sulpharsenates. Sulphantimonites Sulphobis-

muthites.

3d. SE Double ad Tr iple sulphides. : °
iii

PAGE.

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2
v

64

iv CONTENTS.

PAGE
TX.—InorGANIC SELENIDES. 5 j 5 ‘ ‘ 5 5 ; : 4 64
X.—InorGanic TELLURIDES. . , ‘ : - j . 2 , 6 = (65
XI.—InorGanic PHOSPHIDES. . . ‘ : ‘ - : . ‘ $ 66
XII.—Inoreanic ARSENIDES. : ; ‘ : 5 : : B : . 66
XIII.—Inoreanic ANTIMONIDES. ; ; : : ; ‘ : é z 67
XIV.—SvULPHIDES WITH OXIDES, ARSENIDES, OR ANTIMONIDES. . : : . 68
XV.—Bor wes, SILicipEs, kc... : : : ; ; ; : : ; 68
X VI.—HypRAtEs. 5 : ; : ; - é : ; A ° . 68
X VII.—CHLORATES AND PERCHLORATES. . é : . : : , 71
X VITI.—Bromates AND IODATES. : : ; 5 * ; ‘ : oneal

XIX.—SULPHITES AND HyPosuLPHITES. . ; X : , A ; : 71

XX. —SULPHATES. ss 72
Ist. Anhydrous Simple Sulabaes 72
2d. Hydrated Simple Sulphates. 75
3d. Anhydrous Double Sulphates. 77
4th. Hydrated Double Sulphates. 78
5th. Basic, and Ammonio-Sulphates. 80
X XJI.—SELENITES AND SELENATES. 81
X XII.—CHROMATES. 81
XXITI.—MANGANATES AND PERMANGANATES. . Z ; : . : aCe
XXITV.—MOoLyspatTEs. . ; : : . . ; ; é ; ; 82
XX V.—TUNGSTATES. , , ; ‘ : 4 7 : ; 5 ; oS

XX VI—BoraArtEs. i , ; s ‘ ; : ; : . : , 84

XX VIT.—NItRATEs. : ; ; ; : : : : : . 8&4
Ist. Anhydrous Sinote! Nitrates. . : : : ; : : : 84
2d. Hydrated Nitrates. 5 : : : ; : : : : - oF

3d. Basic and Ammonio-Nitrates. ‘ ‘ : 2 : j ; 88
XX VITI.—PHospH ates. é . : ; : : ; : . 88
Ist. Anhydrous Orvthopooheee ; ‘ : : 3 ; : 88
2d. Hydrated Orthophosphates. : , : - : : : . 89
3d. Pyrophosphates. : ; : : . : . : ‘ : 91
XXIX.—VANADATES. . ‘ : . : : : : : : ‘ >. ot
XX X.—ARSENITES AND ARSENATES. . ‘ : ; ; : . , : 92
1st. Anhydrous Arsenites and Arsenates. ‘ : . ; ; . 92
2d. Hydrated Arsenates. : ; ; 5 : : : ; ‘ 92

XX XI.—ANTIMONITES AND ANTIMONATES. . ; é 3 ‘ ; oS

CONTENTS.

XX XIT.—Carponates.
Ist. Anhydrous Simple Caneas
2d. Hydrated Simple Carbonates.
3d. Anhydrous Double Carbonates.
4th. Hydrated Double Carbonates, and Basic Ghat

XXXIII.—Sirtcatss.
Ist. Anhydrous Silicates.
2d. Hydrated Silicates.

_XXXIV.—STANNATES AND TITANATES.
XXX V.—SILICOFLUORIDES. .

XXX VI.—CyYANIDES AND CYANATES.
Ist. Simple Cyanides and Cyanates.
2d. Compound Cyanides.

XXX VII.—MisceELLaANeous INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. .

XXX VITI.—Attoys. : : s
Ist. Alloys containing but two metals.
2d. Alloys containing more than two metals.

XXXIX.—Hyprocarpons. f
1st. Series of Alcohol Radicles.
2d. Hydrides of Alcohol Radicles.
3d. Methylene Series.
4th. Benzol Series.
5th. Cy) Hy, and its Isomers.
6th. Miscellaneous Hydrocarbons. .

XL.—CompounDs CONTAINING C, H, ann O. ;
1st. Alcohols of the Ethylic Series. : ; ;
2d. Oxides of the Ethylic Series.
3d. Acids of the Formic Series.
4th. Anhydrides of the Formic Series.
5th. Ethers of the Series C, H,, O,.
6th. Aldehydes of the Series C,. Hg,. O.
7th. Acetones of the Series C,. H,,. O.
8th. Oxides of the Ethylene Series.
9th. Glycols. : ;

10th. Miscellaneous anions of ite Bihyleds Series
llth. Acids. Lactic and Oxalic Series.

12th. Carbonates, Lactates, and Leucates, of the Ethyl Reriba <

13th. Oxalates, Succinates, &c., of the Ethyl! Series.
14th. Compounds of Allyl el Diallyl. :
15th. Glycerine, the Glycerides, and Allied Garvounde

m
eo oO
NG OW

142
143
151
153
155
155
156
157
158
159
160
161

Vi CONTENTS.

16th. Saccharine, Starchy, and Gummy Bodies. . : Janae
17th. Miscellaneous Acids. ;

18th. Miscellaneous Ethers of the Ethyl Sires

19th. Miscellaneous Compounds.

XLI.—ComrounbDs CONTAINING C, H, ann N.
1st. Cyanides of the Ethyl] Series.

2d. Amines of the Ethyl Series. ; : 3
3d. Bases of the Aniline Series.
4th. Bases of the Pyridine Series. .

5th. Miscellaneous Compounds. : : :

XLII.—Compounps conTaIninc C,H, N, anpO. . é
Ist. Nitrites and Nitrates of the Ethyl] Series.
2d. Nitro-Substitution Compounds. . 4 :
3d. Miscellaneous Compounds. : : ; ; é

XLITI.—Merattic Sats or ORGANIC ACIDS. . : ‘
Formates, Acetates, Oxalates, Succinates, Tartrates, Rares Malaes
Picrates, Hippurates, &e.

XLIV.—Compounps conTaIninG C, H, anp Cl. INcLupING THE CHLORIDES OF
CARBON PRODUCED BY SUBSTITUTION FROM ORGANIC BopIEs.
1st. Chlorides of the Ethyl Series. . : :
2d. Chlorides of the Ethylene Series.
3d. Substitution Derivatives of the two preceding Series.
4th. Derivatives of the Benzol Series, including Isomers.
5th. Miscellaneous Compounds.

XLV.—Compounpns conTAINING C, H, O. Cl, or C, O, Cl.
Ist. Substitution Compounds.
2d. Chlorhydrins. :
3d. Miscellaneous Compounds.

XLVI.—Comrounps conTaIninG C, Cl, N; C, H, Cl, N; C, Cl, N, O; or,
C; Ee CLAN, O,
XLVII.—Compounns CONTAINING C, H, anp Br.
lst. Bromides of the Ethyl Series.
2d. Bromides of the Ethylene Series.
3d. Miscellaneous Compounds.
XLVIII.—Compounns contarnine C, H, Br.O; C, Br, N, O; or C, H, N, Br.

XLIX.—Compounpbs CONTAINING BOTH CHLORINE AND BROMINE.

L.—CoMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H, anv I.
Ist. Iodides of the Ethyl Series.
2d. Miscellaneous Compounds. : A ; .

PAGE,
163
164
166
169

CONTENTS. Vil

PAGE,
LI.—Compounns ConTAINING C, H, I, ann O. ; : : $ ‘ ; 22

LII.—CompounDs CONTAINING BOTH CHLORINE AND IODINE, OR, BROMINE AND

IopINeE. : : 3 : ; : $ : ; : eae
LIJI.—OrcGanic ComMpouNDS CONTAINING SULPHUR. 5 : ; é , Zhe
1st. Compounds containing C, H, and 8. ‘ : . : : pee 2S

2d. Compounds containing C, H, 8, and O. : ; “ : ; 215

3d. Sulphur Compounds containing Nitrogen. : ; : ‘ we 216

4th. Chlorinated Sulphur Compounds. : : ‘ ; ‘ ; ALG,
LIV.—OrGaANIcC CoMPOUNDS OF SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM. ; ‘ . Sos

LV.—OrRGANIC CoMPOUNDS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS. : ; : : 218

LVI.—OrGaAnIc CoMPOUNDS CONTAINING Boron. A ‘ 3 ‘ : » 219
LVII.—OrGaANIc COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SILICON. ; i : ‘ 220
LVIII.—Oreanic Compounps oF Tl, Pb, Zn, Hg, or Al. ; 5 ; 221
LIX.—OrcGanic CoMPOUNDS CONTAINING As, Sb, or Bi. ‘ P A ; 222
LX.—OrGANIC ComMPOUNDS OF TIN. : : ; ; ; ; ; ; 220
LXI.—MIsceLLANEous ORGANIC CoMPouNDSs. 2 . : : . ; 224
5. SUPPLEMENT TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. : : 225

ENE Ore LOE

AxBout two years ago, while engaged upon the study of some
interesting points in theoretical chemistry, the compiler of the fol-
lowing tables had occasion to make frequent reference to the then
existing lists of specific gravities. None of these, however, were
complete enough for his purposes. Bottger’s work was too old, and
not suitably arranged; and the tables published in the various larger
treatises on chemistry were lamentably small. Accordingly he pre-
pared a set of Specific Gravity Tables for his own private use, without
view toward publication. The material proved abundant; revisions
and re-revisions became necessary, and, finally, it seemed to the writer
advisable to complete and publish the tables. And in the final revi-
sion the boiling and melting points, and the references to original
papers were. added.

Of course, having grown out of the individual needs of the com-
piler, the character of the tables has been shaped by the nature of the
work upon which he was at first engaged. It was necessary for him
to compare the specific gravities of similar compounds of the same
elements, and to arrange them in series. In consequence it will be
found, on reference to those portions of the tables containing organic
compounds, that no rigid theoretical arrangement could well be fol-
lowed. It would be very well, doubtless, to be able to compare at a
glance the properties of ethyl and all its compounds, or of benzol
and all its derivatives. But such an arrangement would necessitate
the comparison of hydro-carbons with oxygenated, chlorinated, nitro-

genous, or organo-metallic bodies; or, in other words, the comparison
1

2 INTRODUCTION.

of compounds built up of dissimilar elements; this, however, was
not the writer’s purpose. And a glance at the tables will show that
the arrangement is essentially different. All the hydro-carbons are
placed together, arranged, as far as possible, in regular series, with
reference to their chemical relations. So also all compounds con-
taining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, united together without the
presence of other elements, and so on. The Table of Contents will

doubtless prove a sufficient key to the arrangement.

That the tables are absolutely complete, is not claimed for them,
especially as their scope is limited. They contain no determinations
of specific gravity for solutions, and all such must be sought for in
Storer’s “ Dictionary of Solubilities.” And they contain but few deter-
minations of natural minerals, most of the silicates, especially, being
omitted. Again, numerous old determinations of specific gravity are
left out, as having been rendered utterly valueless and supplanted
by more recent and more accurate observations. In short, all that is
claimed for the work is, that it forms a practically complete table of
the specific gravities of artificial compounds of definite constitution: all
else in the table is gratuitous. There are some determinations of
specific gravities of natural minerals, chiefly those of comparatively
simple composition quite full sets of observations for most of the
chemical elements, and a good number of determinations for the lead-
ing alloys. So with the boiling points and melting points; they have
been added merely to supplement the specific gravities: but as far as
the table claims thoroughness, it will be found complete. Up to June

1, 1871, little has been omitted, except in the cases mentioned above.

There is one obvious objection to the method of arranging deter-
minations of physical constants in tables. Details cannot be given.
In many cases there are important questions of detail to be considered.
How was a determination made? How was the material obtained?
And if several isomers are grouped under one name—as for instance
the several butyl alcohols, or the isomeric bodies known as cumol—

which one is meant when a specific gravity is given? All these ques-

INTRODUCTION. 3

tions cannot be easily answered in a table of this sort. In order to
relieve this difficulty, the references to original papers have been sup-
plied. Almost every determination in the tables is accompanied by
such a reference. Some of these, indeed, are not direct references to
the paper of the investigator, but to the “Jahresbericht,” by means of
which, however, the paper itself can be found. Some determinations,
nevertheless, lack such references. They were among those which
formed the first table, compiled for private use, and which I have not

bé@en able since to trace back to their sources.

In conclusion, a brief statement of the extent of the work here
presented may be desirable. The table, exclusive of its supplement,
contains the specific gravities of 2263 substances, and over 5000 deter-
minations in all. There are over 2000 determinations of boiling point,
representing 1205 different substances; and nearly 500 of melting point,
for 326 different substances. In all, the names of 2572 distinct bodies
will be found in the table. The work may contain errors—especially
errors of judgment in arranging the material—but the writer hopes
that these are few in number. And he feels sure that all who have
experienced the difficulties of preparing such work for the press, will
readily pardon the mistakes which may have occurred.

F. W.C.
Boston, April 14th, 1872.

oO

“J

10.

i.

Exe aoa

OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OF THE PAPERS USED
IN COMPILING THE FOLLOWING TABLES. »

I. Papers upon AToMIC VOLUME AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

. W. Herapatu.—‘ Contributions to our knowledge of chemical bodies.”

Phil. Mag. 64. (1824). 821.

. Bouttay.—‘ Dissertation sur les modifications que subit le volume des

corps solides dans les combinaisons chimiques.” Ann. Chim. Phys.
(2). 48. (1830). 266. Poggend. Annal. 19. 107.

. Karsten.— Verhiltniss chemischer Mischung zur Form.” Schweig. Journ.

65. (1832). Two papers; pages 320, 394.

. Kopp.—‘ Ueber das Volumenometer, ein Instrument zur Bestimmung des

Volums fester oder fliissiger K6rper.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 38. 17.

. Kopp.—“Ueber Atomvolum, Isomorphismus, und specifisches Gewicht.”

Ann. Chem. Pharm. 36.1840). 1. Ann. Chim. Phys. (2). 75. 406.

. Kopp.—“ Ueber die Vorausbestimmung einiger physikalischen Eigen-

schaften bei mehreren Reihen organischer Verbindungen.” Ann.
Chem. Pharm. 41. (1842). Two papers; pages 79, 169.

. Kopp.—< Recherches sur le volume spécifique.”” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 4.

(1842). 462,

. Kopp.—‘ Ueber den Zusammenhang zwischen der chemischen Constitu-

tion und einigen physikalischen Eigenschaften bei fliissigen Verbin-
dungen.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 50. (1844). 71.

. ScHRODER.—“ Volumes moléculaires des substances organiques liquides.”

Ann. Chim. Phys. (8). 18. (1845). 157.

Lowia.—‘ Ueber den Zusammenhang zwischen den Atomvolumen und
Atomgewichten der fliissigen organischen Verbindungen.” Poggend.
Annal. 64. (1845). Two papers; pages 209, 515.

PLAYFAIR AND JOULE.—“On atomic volume and specific gravity.” Chem.
Soc. Memoirs, 2. (1845). 401. Second paper, vol. 3. (1848). 57.

4

13.

14.

15.

16.

D5;

26.

bo
“NI

PAPERS UPON ATOMIC VOLUME AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 5

. FirHot.— Etudes-sur le rapport qui existe entre le poids atomique, la

forme cristalline, et la densité des corps.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 21.
(1847). 415.

Kopp.—‘‘ Untersuchungen tiber das specifische Gewicht, die Ausdehnung
durch die Wirme und den Siedpunkt einiger Fliissigkeiten.” Poggend.
Annal. 72. (1847). Two papers; pages 1, 223.

PLAYFAIR AND JOULE.—“ Researches upon atomic volume and specific
gravity.” Journ. Chem. Soc. 1. (1849). Two papers; pages 121, 189.
Prerre.—‘ Mémoire sur la thermométrie, et en particulier sur la compa-
rison.du thermométre 4 air avec les thermométres a liquides.” Compt.

Rend. 27. (1848). 213. Poggend. Annal. 76, 458.

Deurrs.—Abstract of important paper by. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 92. (1854).
277.

. Kopp.—‘ Beitrige zur St6chiometrie der physikalischen Eigenschaften
oS o

chemischer Verbindungen.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 96. (1855). Three
papers; pages 1, 153, 303.

. Kopp.—‘ Untersuchungen tiber das specifische Gewicht, die Ausdehnung

durch die Wirme, und den Siedpunkt einiger Fliissigkeiten.” Ann.
Chem. Pharm., 94, 257. 95, 307. 98, 8367. (1855 and 1856).

. Kopp.—‘ Ueber die specifischen Volume der Stickstoffhaltigen Verbin-

dungen.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 100. (1856). 19.

. Scuirr.—‘ Ueber die specifischen Volume einiger Reihen anorganischer

Verbindungen.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 107. (1858). 64.

. Scurrr.— Ueber die specifischen Volume anorganischer Verbindungen.”

Ann. Chem. Pharm. 108. (1858). 21.

. D’AnDREEFF.—Recherches sur le poids spécifique et la dilatation par la

chaleur de quelgqes gaz condensés.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 56. (1859).
317.

ScuropEer.—“ Neue Beitriige zur Volumentheorie.” Poggend. Annal, 106.
(1859). 226. Second paper; 107. 113.

TscHERMAK.—‘‘ Ueber den Zusammenhang zwischen der chemischen Con-
stitution und dem relativen Volumen bei fliissigen Verbindungen.”
Sitzungsb. Wien Akad. 85,18. Second paper; 87. 5265.

Scuirr.—‘ Die specifischen Volume starrer Verbindungen.” Ann. Chem.
Pharm. 112. (1859). 88.

BODEKER.—‘ Die Beziehungen zwischen Dichte und Zusammensetzung bei
festen und liquiden Stoffen. Ein Supplement zu den Lehrbiichern der
Chemie und Mineralogie.” Leipzig. (1860).

. TSCHERMAK.—‘“‘ Die Dichte im Verhiltnisse zur Form und chemischen

Beschaffenheit der Krystalle.” Sitzungsb. Wien Akad. 45. (2). (1862).
603.

34.

eo
“I

g9
(

2
©

40,

41.

a)
ZL

43.

PAPERS UPON EXPANSION.

SAFARIK.—“ Beitriige zur Kenntniss der specifischen Volumen fester Ver-
bindungen.” Journ. fiir Prakt. Chem. 90. (1863). 12.

. H. L. Burr.— Veber eine Beziehung des Gesetzes der multiplen Propor-

tionen zu den specifischen Volumen.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 4th Supp.
(1865-6). 129.

. LOUGUININE.—“ Etude des densités et dilatations de la benzine et de ses

homologues.”—Ann. Chim. Phys. (4). 11. (1867). 453.

. Kremers.—‘‘Ueber das relative Volum der Verbindungen erster Ordnung.”’

Poggend. Annal. 130. (1867). 77.

. HAacen.—“ Bestimmung der Brechungsexponenten und specifischen Ge-

wichte einiger flussigen Haloidverbindungen.” Poggend. Annal. 131.
(1867). 117.

. JUNGFLEISCH.”—“Sur quelques relations entre les points de fusion, les

points d’ebullition, les densités, et les volumes spécifiques.” Compt.
Rend. 64. (1867). 911.

II. PAPERS upon EXPANSION.

See also several of the papers already cited.

DANIELL.—“ On a new register-pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of
solids, and determining the higher degrees of temperature upon the
common thermometric scale.” Phil. Trans. (1830). 287.

. DanreLy.—‘ Further experiments with a new register-pyrometer for meds-

uring the expansion of solids.” Phil. Trans. (1831). 443.

36. Muncke.—“ Ueber die Ausdehnung der tropfbaren Fliissigkeiten durch

Wirme.” Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg. Savans Etrang. I. (1831). 249.

. STAMPFER.—“ Versuche zur Bestimmung des absoluten Gewichts des Was-

sers, der Temperatur seiner gréssten Dichtigkeit und der Ausdehnung

derselben.” Poggend. Annal. 21. (1831). 75.

. Muncxe.—‘“‘Sur la dilatation de l’alcool absolu et du carbure de soufre par

la chaleur.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (2). 64. (1837). 5.

. DespretTz.—‘ Recherches sur le Maximum de Densité de l’Eau pure, et des

dissolutions aqueuses.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (2). 70. (1839). 5.
DerspretTz.—‘‘ Observations sur la dilatation du soufre.”—Compt. Rend. 7.
(1838). 589.
SauM-HorstMar.— Ueber die Ausdehnung des fliissigen Wassers unter
dem Gefrierpunkt.”—Poggend. Annal. 62. (1844). 288.

: BruNNER.—“ Experiences sur la densité de la glace a differentes tempera-

tures.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 14. (1845). 369.
Prerre.— Recherches sur la dilatation des liquides.” Ann. Chim. Phys.
(3). 15. (1845). 325.

. Continuation of No. 48. Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 19. (1847). 193.

45,

46.

47.

48.

49,

PAPERS UPON EXPANSION. 7

PreRRE.—“ Recherches sur les propriétés physiques des liquides, et en par-
ticulier sur leur dilatation.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 20. (1847). 6.

Prerre.—‘ Recherches sur la dilatation et sur quelques autres propriétés
physiques de l’acide sulfureux anhydre et du sulfite d’oxyde d’ethyle.”
Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 21. (1847). 336.

‘“Miuitzer.—‘ Ueber die Ausdehnung des Quecksilbers durch die Wairme.”

Poggend. Annal. 80. (1850). 55.

PrerRE.—‘“ Recherches sur les propriétés physiques des liquides, et en
particulier sur leur dilatation.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (8). 31. (1851). 118.
PrerreE—‘Recherches sur la dilatation.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 33.

(1851). 199;

50.—Kopp.— Ueber die Ausdehnung einiger fester KGrper durch die Warme.”

ol.

53.

54,

50.

56,

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

63.

64.

Ann. Chem. Pharm. 81. (1852). 1. Poggend. Annal. 86. 156.
Hacren.— Ueber die Ausdehnung des distillirten Wassers unter verschie-
denen Wirmegraden.” Abhandl. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin. (1855).

. Prarr.—‘ Untersuchungen iiber die Ausdehnung der Krystalle durch die

Wirme.” Poggend. Annal. 104. (1858). 171. Second paper, 107. 148.

Drion.—“ Note sur la dilatabilité des liquides chauffés 4 des températures
supériéures a celle de leur ebullition.” Compt. Rend. 46. (1858). 1286.
Poggend. Annal. 105. 158.

Sorpy.—‘On the expansion of water and saline solutions at high tem-
peratures.” Phil. Mag. (4). 18. (1859). 81.

Hann.—‘ On the expansion of crystalline bodies by heat.” Phil. Mag. (4).
18. (1859). 155.

MENDELEJEFF.—‘ Notiz tiber die Ausdehnung homologer Fliissigkeiten.””
Ann. Chem. Pharm. 114. (1860). 165.

MENDELEJEFF.—‘‘ Ueber die Ausdehnung der Flissigkeiten beim Erwirmen
uber ihren Siedepunkt.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 119. (1861). 1.

CALVERT, JOHNSON, and Lowr.—‘On the expansion of metals and alloys.’
Chem. News. 3. (1861). Pages 315, 357, 371.

Duvenoy.—‘ Ueber die Ausdehnung des Wassers beim Gefrieren.”
Poggend. Annal. 117. (1862). 454.

Fizeau.— Recherches sur la dilatation et la double réfraction du cristal de
roche echauffé.”” Ann. Chim. Phys. (4). 2. (1864). 143.

Fizeau.—‘‘Sur la dilatation du diamant et du protoxyde du cuivre cris-
tallisé sous V’influence de la chaleur.” Compt. Rend. 60. (1865). 1161,

. WEIDNER.—‘‘ Die Ausdehnung des Wassers bei Temperaturen unter 4° R.”

Poggend. Annal. 129. (1866). 300.

FizEau.—‘ Mémoire sur la dilatation des corps solides par la chaleur.”
Ann. Chim. Phys. (4). 8. (1866). 335.

MATTHIESsEN.—‘‘On the expansion by heat of water and mercury.” Phi.
Trans. (1866). 231.

60.

66.

67.

68.

69.

ST
for)

PAPERS UPON BOILING AND MELTING.

MATTHIESSEN.—“On the expansion by heat of metals and alloys.” Phil.
Trans. (1866). 861. Poggend. Annal. 180. 50.

Hirn.—“ Mémoire sur la thermodynamique. Recherches expérimentales
sur la dilatation et sur la capacité calorifique a des hautes tempéra-
tures de quelques liquides trés volatiles.” Ann. Chim. Phys. (4). 10.
(1867). 32.

Rosserr1.—‘Sur le maximum de densité et la dilatation de l’eau distillée.”
Ann. Chim. Phys. (4). 10. (1867). 461. Second paper, v. 17. (1869). 370.

Fizeau.—‘‘Sur la propriété que possede Viodure d’argent de se contracter
par la chaleur et de se dilater par le froid.” Compt. Rend. 64. (1867). 314.
Another paper, same vol., p. 771.

Fizeau.—‘ Tableau des dilatations par la chaleur de divers corps simples
métalliques ou non métalliques, et de quelques composés hydrogenés
du carbone.” Compt. Rend. 68. (1869). 1125.

. PrerreE and Pucnor.—‘ Ueber einige Gihrungs-Alkohole und Derivate der-

selben.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 153. (1870). 259.

. Pierre and Pucuor.—‘‘ Ueber den Propionyl—den Butyryl—und den

Valerylaldehyde.” Ann. Chem. Pharm. 155. (1870). 362.

III. Papers upon Boring AND MELTING.

. A. F.and L. F. Svanpera.—‘Versuche tiber die Erstarrungspunkte ternarer

Legirungen aus Zinn, Blei, und Zink.’ Poggend. Annal. 26. (1832).
280.

. SCHRODER.—“ Die Siedhitze der chemischen Verbindungen, das wesent-
5 ’

lichste Kennzeichen zur Ermittlung ihrer Componenten.” Poggend.
Annal. 62. (1844.) Two papers; pages 184, 337.

. ScuRODER.—‘“ Ueber die Siédhitze der chemischen Verbindungen.” Poggend.

Annal. 64. (1845). 96.

. Person.—‘ Recherches sur la chaleur latente.” ‘‘ Note sur la loi qui régle

la chaleur latente de vaporisation.” Compt. Rend. 23. (1846). Two
papers; pages 162, 524.

. Reanauitr.— Note sur la chaleur specifique de potassium et sur les tem-

pératures d’ébullition de l’acide carbonique et du protoxyde d’azote
sous la pression ordinaire de l’atmosphére.”’ Compt. Rend. 28. (1849).
325.

. ScHRODER.—“ Ueber den Einfluss der Elemente auf die Siedhitze.”

Poggend. Annal. 79. (1850). 34.

. GrosHans.—“ Bemerkungen tiber die entsprechenden Temperaturen, die

Sied- und Gefrierpunkt der Kérper.” Poggend. Annal. 78. (1849). 112.

. Kopr.—‘ Ueber Siedpunkts-Regelmiissigkeiten, und H. Schréder’s neueste

Siedepunktstheorie.” Poggend. Annal. 81. (1850). 374.

80.

81.

83.

84.

85.

86.

PAPERS UPON BOILING AND MELTING. 9

Bouis.—“ Observations sur la fusion et la solidification.” Ann. Chim.
Phys. (3). 44. (1855). 152.

Kopp.— Ueber die Siedepunkte entsprechenden Brom- und Chlorverbin-
dungen, und die Formeln der Silicium- und Titanverbindungen.”’ Ann.
Chem. Pharm. 98. (1856). 265,

. Koprp.—‘Sur quelques regularités dans les points d’ebullition des com-

binaisons organiques.”” Ann. Chim. Phys. (3). 49. (1857). 338.

ScHAFFGOTSCH.—‘‘ Ueber zwei ausgezeichnete Beispiele der Schmelzpunkts-
erniedrigung.”’ Poggend. Annal. 102. (1857). 293.

Kopp.—“ On the relation between boiling point and composition in organic
compounds.” Phil. Trans. (1860). 257.

Kopp.—“ Ueber die Siedepunkte der Kohlenwasserstoffe C, H.»,.’’ Ann.
Chem. Pharm. 5th supp. (1867). 815.

ToLLENS.—“Sur les points d’ébullition des composés allyliques.” Bull.
Soc. Chim. 11. (1869). 398.

EXPLANATORY NOTES.

Eacu of the following tables, with two exceptions, is divided into five columns.
The first contains the Name of the Substance, the second its Formula, the third
its Specific Gravity, the fourth its Boiling Point, and the fifth its Melting Point.
From the Table of Elementary Substances, however, the column for formula
is omitted; and in the Table of Alloys, no boiling points are given. The au-
thorities are added as foot-notes to each page.

Some abbreviations are necessarily used. In the first column, the letter “s.”
placed after the name of any substance, shows that that substance is a solid,
or was examined in the solid state. The letter “1.” similarly used, stands for
liquid. Thus, “ Acetic acid. s.,” stands for solid acetic acid; and “ Chlorine. 1.,”
for liquefied chlorine.

Among organic substances, the abbreviations “iso,” and the Greek letters
alpha or beta are sometimes appended to the name of a substance. These
are simply to distinguish isomers from each other; as, for instance, isopropyl
from propyl compounds, and alpha- from beta-xylidine.

In the Specific Gravity column the letters “s.” and “1.” are also employed,
and indicate that the determinations to which they are appended are for the
substances in question in the solid or liquid state. The letter “a.” attached to
a determination shows the latter to be merely approximate. Expressions like
“m. of 8,” “m. of 5,” &c., affixed to a number, show it to be a mean of 3, mean
of 5, &c., determinations. And the abbreviations “ Precip.,” “Artif.,” “Cryst.,”
“Ton.,” &e., stand simply for the words precipitated, artificial, crystallized,
and ignited, and express of course the character of the material employed in
making a determination.

In the column devoted to Boiling Points, the letter “a.” is again used to
express approximation. Thus, “160° a.”’ stands for about 160.° When baro-
metric measurements are given, “m.m.” of course stands for millimetres.

The plus and minus signs are employed to show that a determination is a
10

EXPLANATORY NOTES. nat:

little above or a little below accuracy. 100°-+-, would mean a little more than
100°, and 100°—,, a little less. “d.,” or “p.d.,” affixed to a boiling point deter-
mination, indicates that the substance in question is either decomposed, or
partly decomposed in boiling.

In the column of Melting Points, the letters “a.,” “d.,” and “p.d.,” and the
plus and minus signs, are used precisely as with the Boiling Points. The
letter “‘s.,’’ however, shows that the temperature attached is that at which the
body named solidifies. “rs.” stands for resolidification. Thus, “82.° rs. 78°”
would show that a body melted at 82°, and resolidified at 78.°

In the lists of Authorities a variety of abbreviations are used, to point out
the whereabouts of the original paper, or the source from which a determina-
tion was obtained. References to “ Dana’s Mineralogy,” “ Watts’ Dictionary,”
“Strecker’s Lehrbuch,” “ Kekule’s Lehrbuch,” and ‘“ Weltzien’s Systematische
Zusammenstellung der Organischen Verbindungen,” will of course be readily

recognized. But most of the abbreviations require detailed explanation.

A single number appended to the name of an authority, refers to the list of
papers accompanying the tables. Thus, “Kopp. 18,” would refer to Kopp’s

paper numbered 18 in the list; or “ Filhol. 12,” to Filhol’s paper numbered 12.

Two numbers affixed to a name, refer to the “Jahresbericht,” volume and
page. Thus, “ Kenngott. 6. 853,” refers to vol. 6, p. 853 of the above-named
work; or “Luca. 18. 98,” to vol. 13, p. 98.

The following abbreviations refer to various periodicals,—the series, (when
necessary), volume, and page, being always given. If the number for the
series be omitted, the first series is understood to be the one referred to. The
page is sometimes that at which a paper begins, and sometimes merely that

upon which a given determination is to be found.

Ann. Phil. “Annals of Philosophy.”

A.C. P. “Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie.”

A.C. Phys. ‘Annales de Chimie et de Physique.”

B.S. C. “Bulletin de la Société Chimique.”

Chem. N., or Chem. News. “Chemical News.”

Chem. Gaz. “Chemical Gazette.”

C.R. “Comptes Rendus.”

C.S. J., or J.C.S. “Journal of the Chemical Society.”

C.S.Mem. “Chemical Society’s Memoirs.”

EXPLANATORY NOTES.

D. P. J., Ding. J., or Dingler’s J. “Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal.”
Erd. J. “Erdmann’s Journal.”

Gilb. Ann. “Gilbert’s Annalen.”

J.F.P. “Journal fiir Praktische Chemie.”

Mem. Amer. Acad. “Memoirs of the American Academy.”

Nich. J., or Nich. Journ. ‘“Nicholson’s Journal.”

P. A. “Poggendorfs Annalen.” “Erganz. bd.” refers to the “Erganzungs -
Band.”

P.M. “Philosophical Magazine.”

P. T., or Phil. Trans. “Philosophical Transactions.”
Q. J. 8S. “Quarterly Journal of Science.”

Schw. J., or Schweig. J. “Schweigger’s Journal.”

S. J., or Sill. J. “Silliman’s American Journal.”

Wien Ak. “Sitzungsberichte der Akademie zu Wien.”

Zeit. An. Chem., or Zeit. Anal. Chem. “Zeitschrift fiir Analytische Chemie.”

oe eee ee
SPE Or Le GRAVITIES,

BOILING POINTS AND MELTING POINTS,

FOR SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS.

I. ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES.

Name.

Hydrogen.
Fluorine.

1 Chlorine. ie

2 «

3 Bromine.
4 «
5 «
6

7

«
«

§ Todine.

9 «

10 a

pb é a
12 é

13 7,

14 a

15 .

16 4

17 sy ie
18 a

19 Z

20 Lithium.
21 Sodium.

22 «
23 «
24 «
25 «

1 Watts’ Dictionary.

2Regnault. 16.70. (837.
3Balard. A.C. Phys. (2).32.
4Lowig. Watts’ Dictionary.

5 Pierre. 45.
6 Andrews. P. A. 75.335.
T Watts’ Dictionary.

8Gay-Lussac. A.C. Phys.

1.91.5.

Specific Gravity.

¥335015 <5

2.966.

2.98-2.99, 15.°

3.18718, 0.°

4.948.

4.9173, 40.°3.

4.886, 60.°

4.857, 79.°6.
4.841, 89.°8.

4.825, 107.°
4.004, 107.°

3:960, lll. 7.
3-944, 124.°3.
3.916, 133. 5.

2.000, 151.
3-796, 170.°

0.578,-0.589.

0.9348.

0197223; 15.-

0.985.

AUTHORITIES.

9 Billet. 8.46.
10 Billet. 8.46.
Billet. 8.46.
12 Billet. 8.46.
13 Billet. 8.46.
14 Billet. 8.46.
15 Billet. 8.46.
16 Billet. 8.46.
17 Billet. 8.46.

Boiling Point.

-—33.°6.760.m.m.

47°
45.°

63.°760m.m.

Bons «

175°-180.°

18 Billet.
19 Billet.

20 Bunsen,

Melting
Point.

180.°

Si. 97.0:

95.°6.

8.324.

21Davy. P.T.1808.21.
22Gay-Lussac and Thénard.
Watts’ Dictionary.

23 Regnault.
24 Schroder.
2 Bunsen.

9.43.
12.12.
16.178.

13

14

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

|

Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. feaue
Potassium. @:865, 15-°
2 « 0.870.
8 « Melted. | 0.8427.
« 8.55.04.
2 « 62:°5:
° Rubidium. LaG2. 38.25.
* Caesium.
8 Silver. 1034.°
Seed 1000.°
EU ace 10.472.
1D. ae 10.362, 10.
ee ee 999.
ae i 1024.°
aM 10.43-10.47.
16 10.575.
£6 cc 10.4282.
aie ae 10.434.
aS « ete
io 10.537.
SOC 10.482.
ae 10.505, after fusion.
i 10.5665, pressed. |
aad 10.5532,) precipitated
pas Lee 10.6191 i powder.
o> & 10.5287, m. of 13.
aC 10.5237, m. of 4. |
a 10.5283, m. of 8.
B « 10.468, 13.°
a «6 10.77, 15.°5. Native.
ee Melted. | 9.131 t
BE 8 ag « 9.281.
* Thallium. 11.862. 290.°
33 | 11.808,) wire.
eG are cast.
AUTHORITIES.
1Gay-Lussac and Thénard. | }? Prinseps. P.T. 1828.94. 2G. Rose. P.A. 73.1.
Watts’ Dictionary. 13 Daniell. P.T. 1830.237. 24G. Rose. P. A. 73.1.
2 Sementini. 14 Lengsdorf. 23G. Rose. P. A. 73.1.
° Playfair and Joule. 11. 15 Christomanos. 2G. Rose. P. A. 73.1.
4Regnault. 9.43. 16 Karsten. 3. 27G. Rose. P.A.73.1.
° Bunsen. 16.178. lM Breithaupt. J. F. P.11.| % Holzmann. 13.112.
® Bunsen. 16.185. 151. 29 Forbes. P.M. (4). 30.139.
’Guyton-Morveau. Watts’ | 8 Playfair and Joule. 11. 30 Playfair and Joule. He
Dictionary. 19 Playfair and Joule. 11. 31 Playfair and Joule. 11.
*Pouillet. Watts’ Dict. 20 Karmarsch. J. F. P. 43.193. | 8% Lamy. 15.180.
10 Brisson. See11. 21G. Rose. P. A. aE 33 De la Rive. mae
Biddle. P.M, 30.152. 2G. Rose. P. A. 73.1. 34 Dela Rive. 16.248.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 15

Name. Specific Gravity. | Boiling Point. | Meiting

1 Thallium. E777:

a « II.goo.

3 « TT.O0, Gast:

4 « 11.88, pressed,

5 « II.gI, wire.

® Oxygen.

* Sulphur. 1.9907, roll.

s « 1.868, «

9 « 2.086, flowers.
jogo eea 1.898, crystallized.

LE NG 1.927, from solution,

ie « 1.989, crystallized.

18 « 1.9777-2.0000, roll.
af « 2.072, prismatic.
15 « 2.086, native.

i « 2.027, soft.

7 « 2.05001, native.

a 1.9889, from aan:

19 < 440.°

Soe 1.982, prismatic.

a « 2.066, native. I11.°5.

23 « , 2.0518, from hehe

eee 1.957, soft.

mw « 115.°

eeu 1.919, soft.

26 « I 1928, «

Se 1.958, prismatic.

28 « 2.070, native.

a « 2.063, from solution.

oH « 2.010, crystallized.

a « 1.913, flowers.

2 « 1.921, waxy.

AUTHORITIES,

1 Werther. 17.247. 1 Dumas & Roget. i 24 Person. 1.73. [365.
2 Werther. 17.247. 16 Osann. 25 C. J. St. Claire Deville. 1.)
3 Crookes. J. C.S. 1864.112. \ 1” Karsten. 3. Y 26 C, J. St. Claire Deville. 1. |
4 Crookes. J. C.S. 1864.112. 18 Karsten. 3. J 365.

5 Crookes. J.C.8. 1864.12.) | 19 Watts’ Dictionary. Dumas. | 27 C. J. St. Claire Deville. 1.
7 Brisson. Pn ee 20 Marchand and Scheerer. 365. f
8 Bockmann. | Ss J. F. P. 24.129. 28 (, J. St. Claire Deville. 1. |
9 Gehler. a 21 Marchand and Scheerer. 365.

10 Fontenelle. Boos J.B. P. 24.129. 29 ©, J. St. Claire Deville. 1. |
1 Bischof. = |? Marchand and Scheerer. | | 365.

l2 Breithaupt. | e ig = Jey Bi 242129. 30 Playfair and Joule. 11.
13 Thomson. = 22 | Marchand and Scheerer. 31 Playfair and Joule. 11.
M4 Mohs. JB =| 5. P24.199, J |8?Playfair and Joule. 11.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

~

Name.

Melting

Specific Gravity. Point

Boiling Point.

Sulphur. Melted. | 1.801.) Extremes of five
= « « 1.81 ci determinations.
114.°5. Octa-
: « hedral.
120.°/ ‘Pris-
‘ « matic,
ac 490.°760 m. m.
CG « 447°
* Selenium. 4.3-4.32.
5 « AvaTe
os. ve 4.808, 15.° 217°
10 « 4.805. ) crystallized
1 « 4.796. | fom fusion.
12 a 4.276.
13 « 4.286. ae Adorpnne. |
4a 4.245.) Red.
a6 « A275! Gaeta |
BG | 4.250. Ditto, after |
a « | 4.297.) heating to 50.°
18 « 4.460.
ae. 4.509. Crystallized. |
o « | 4.700.
a « 4-760. ). 15. caer ny
= « 4.788. ae solution
23 a
si i a \ Black.
nerd 4.26. ) Red.
Set 4.28. } Precipitated.
77 Tellurium. 6.115.
B 6.138. ;
2 « 6.2445, m. of 5.
eae 6.343-
31 « 6.180.
we « a. 500.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 Playfair and Joule. aa 12 Schaffgotsch. 6.329. % Rathke. J. F. P. 108.235.
2 Playfair and Joule. 11. 13 Schaffgotsch. 6.329. 24 Rathke. J. F. P. 108.235.
3 Brodie. J. FE. P. eek 14 Schaffgotsch. 6.329. 2 Rathke. J. F. P. 108.235
4Brodie. J. F. P. 62.336. 15 Schaffgotsch. 6.329. 26Rathke. J. F. P. 108.235.
’Regnault. 16.70. 16 Schaffgotsch. 6.329. 27 Klaproth. <A. C. Phys. 25.
6 Hittorf. 18.130. VV Schaffgotsch. 6.329. 273.
7 Berzelius. 18 Mitscherlich. 8.314. 28 Magnus.
§ Boullay. 19 Mitscherlich. 8.314. 29 Berzelius. P. A. 28.392.
*Hittorf. 4.319. 20 Mitscherlich. 8.314. 30 Reichenstein.
10 Schaffzotsch. 6.329. 21 Mitscherlich. 8.314. 31Léwe. J. F. P. 60.163.
1 Schaffgotsch. eat 22 Mitscherlich. 8.314. 82 Watts’ Dictionary.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 1%

Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. Pee
1 Calcium. 1.566.
aa 1.584.
See 1.584.
eee iit Tags:
6 « 1.6-1.8.
® Strontium. 2.504.
oe & 2.580. }
oo « DAs
* Barium. a. 4.00.
0 Lead. 11.445.
BEG F1:352:
eae 11,207:
eae ( rT 1.388.
i « 11.3303. 334.°
ron W0.946; 15-353 Si322sq
Ha 11.352.
Tia 322m
| 11.3888.
19) « 11.070.
ra 113275.
abet 11.280.
aa 11.298.
we B32.
2a aan 326.°
ic 112370;/0.-
aod E1s3525, 16.-
ate F10305, 4°
8 « 11.254-11.363.
so 116370, F4.-
SOR ( 10.4 50.
oe Melted. | < 10.513.
a2 10.563.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Matthiessen. 8.324. 12 Bockmann. \ See 11 2 Playfair and Joule. 11.
2Matthiessen. 8.324, 13 Morveau. ; 23 Person. 1.72.
3 Matthiessen. 8.324. 14 Kupffer A.C. Phys. (2). | Rudberg. 1.71.
*Liés-Bodartand Jobin. 11.| 406.292. 25 Reich.

126. 16 Crichton. P. M. 16.48. 26 Reich.
5Caron. 13.119. 16 Herapath. 1. 27 Streng.
6 Matthiessen. 8.324. 7 Daniell. 34. 28C. St. Claire Deville. 8.15.
7Matthiessen. 8.324. 18 Karsten. 3. 29Holzmann. 13.112.

§Clarke. Gilb. Ann. 55.28. | 2° Playfair and Joule. 11.

31 Playfair and Joule. 11.

8¥Franz. J. F. P. 107.253. 19 Playfair and Joule. 11. 30 Playfair and Joule. 11. !

10 Muschenbroek. ) See 11 21 Playfair and Joule. 11.
f .

11 Brisson.

82 Playfair and Joule. 11.

18

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1Tndium.

2 «

3 «
4 «
5 «

6 Chromium.
7 «

8 «@

® Manganese.

10 «

11 «

12 «
3 Tron
a «
|
wo
WT «|
13 |
19 «
20 merc
ME og
i
oo eae
Shes
25 «

26 «
Pi
23am
2
ae Meteoric.
) a «
52 «

Reich and Richter. 17.241.
Reich and Richter. 17.241.
Reich and Richter. 17.241.

1
2
3

4Winkler. 18.233.

5 Winkler. 20.262.

® Bunsen.

7Wohler. 12.169.

8 Loughlin. 21.220. .
° Bergmann.

10 Bachmann \ See Its

NJohn. P.M. 2.176.

Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. ee
7.110. ) In grains.
7.147. } 2004s
7.277. In lamine.
7-302, £5."
7421, 16.°8. 176.°

73

6.81, 25.° Crystallized.
6.20. Reduced by K Cy.
6.861-7.10.

8.03.

8.013.

7.138-7.206.

7.4839, bar.

ye

7.865.

7.788.

7.790, wrought.

7.130. Reduced by C.

o. f Electro-
8.1393, 15. 5.4 nae.

7.50. ) Reduced by
7.84. zinc vapor.
7.6305.) Wire in sev-
7.6000. eral differ-
7.7169. ent condi-
7.7312. tions.

7.7433. Hammered.
7-998.

10.°
8.007. Reduced by H.
6.03. Reduced by H.
7.3¥8. From Guilford.

782.
7.814.
AUTHORITIES.

12 Brunner. 10.202. 22 ‘Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.268.
13 Broling. s 23! Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.268.
ea = ae Met- | »4/ Baudrimont. J. F. P.7.268.
15 ( Berzelius. aT | Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.268.
16 Brisson. See 11. 26 | Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.268,

17 Karsten. 3. aq { Schiff. \ See 23

18 Playfair and Joule. 11. 28 | Schiff. :

19Smith. Percy’s Metal- |2Stahlschmidt. 18.255.
lurgy- 30 Dana’s Mineralogy.

20 ¢ Poumaréde. 2.281. 31 Rumler. See 23.

21 | Poumaréde. 2.281. 32 Patera. See 23.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. iN,
Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. ene
1 Nickel. 7.807.
2 « 8.279. ‘
ae 8.380.
aes 8.402.
oe 8.477.
oe 8.637.
eae 7.861.) Reduced by
oa. « 7.803. } hydrogen.
a € 8.88, 4.° Wire.
TOE ee 8.975. | Reduced by
pee 9.261.) hydrogen.
aes « 8.900.
18 Cobalt. 8.710.
pec 8.485.
28) fe 8.500.
sone 8.513.
pee 8.538.
eS 8.558.
ak 7.718, ! Reduced by
Pe gt 8.260.) hydrogen.
ee © 8.957. Red. by H.m.of5.
2 Uranium. 18.40.
a ae 18.33.
4 Copper. 1000°—1200°.
See 1207.°
aoa ee 8.895.
Ae 8.878, rolled,
ae 8.788, cast. \
eas 8.83, cast.
eae 8.9463, drawn.
se « 8.9587, hammered.
Soe « 8.78.
ek 8.900.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Brisson. 7} 13 Lampadius, Erd. J. (1). 5. | 24 Pouillet. Watts’ Dictionary
2 Richter. 390. 2 Guyton-Moryeau. Watts’
* Tupputi. 14 Brunner. Dictionary.
4 Tourte. See 11. 15 Mitscherlich. 26 Hatchett. See 11.
5 Baumgartner. | 16 Berzelius. See 11. zi { Brisson.
§ Brunner. J M Haitiy. 28¢ Brisson. See the paper

11.

7 Playfair and Joule.
ffl

8 Playfair and Joule.
9 Arndtsen. See 23.

10 ¢ Rammelsberg. 2.282.
n\ Rammelsberg. 2,282.
12Schréder. 23.

18 T, H. Henry.

19 ¢ Playfair and Joule. 11.
20 | Playfair and Joule. 11.
21Rammelsberg. 2.282.

22 Peligot.. 9.380.

23 Peligot. A.C. P. 149,128.

29 Berzelius. | by Marchand &
Scheerer.
J. B.P. 27.193.
A. ©. Phys. (2).

30. Berzelius.

31 \ Berzelius.

32 Kupffer.
25.356.

33 Herapath. 1.

20

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Specific Gravity. | Boiling Point. | Meine

1 Copper. IogI.°
2a 8.667.
5 « 8.721.
: ‘ pee in sev-
; ‘391? | eral different

o1 a) | conditions.
tT « 8.8787.
BY ie [esr hammered.
9 « 8.940, crystallized.
10 « 8.921, Cast.
a ee)
aS ise 8.949. | Various sorts
is « 48.930.} of wire.
a « an
ex 8.952, sheet.
1 « 8.931, pressed.
en: ee electrolytic.
ee ieee
19 | 8.483. |Finely divided.
aoa 8.360.
ae e084)
2 8.941. ;Electrolytic.
25 Fe 8.934.
aC 8.367. } 4.° Finely
% « 8.41613. divided.
2% « 8.902, 12.°
TK 8.838, native.
ok 8.952-8.958.
3 -g 8.916. ) Electrolytic,
SORE | 8.958. } cast.
a « 8.853. ) Electrolytic,
82K eis wire.
33 Ruthenium. II.O-I1.4.

AUTHORITIES.

1Daniell. 34.
2Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378.
3 Karsten. 3.

/ Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.287.
5| Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.287.
6{ Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.287.
"| Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.287.
§| Baudrimont. J. F. P. 7.287.
9 | Marchand and Scheerer.

J. BP. 27193:

10| Marchand and Scheerer.

J BP 293:
11

JH -Pv2ta93:

Marchand and Scheerer.

J. FP, 27.193.
J. F. P. 27,193.
| J. F.P. 27.193.
J. F. P. 27.193.
J. F. P. 27.198.
LJ. F. P. 27.193.

18 Playfair and Joule.
19( Playfair and Joule.

tite
iS

12; Marchand and Scheerer.
13! Marchand and Scheerer.
14/Marchand and Scheerer.
15) Marchand and Scheerer.
16! Marchand and Scheerer.

17} Marchand and Scheerer.

20 Playfair and Joule. 11.
21! Playfair and Joule. 11.
22) Playfair and Joule. 11.
23\ Playfair and Joule. 11.
4 Playfair and Joule. 14.
Se and Joule. 14.
26 Schiff.

27 Whitney. 12.769.
28Schréder. 23.

29 fa P. M. (4). 11.409.
80] Dick. P.M. (4). 11.409.
= eee P. M. (4). 11.409.
82( Dick. P.M. (4). 11.409.

33 Deville and Debray. 12.234.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

21

Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. | es
’ Rhodium. IT.O,
a « 11.2,
3 « TL.O;
= « 12:1,
° Palladium. 11.3-11.8.
6 « 12.148.
‘ « 1i.S52.
: « 12.0,
$ « 11.041, 18.°
. « 10.923.
a « 11.628.
14 « 11.30.
13 « 11.80, hammered. }
" « 11.752:
= « TiiA5 22.°R.
6 Platinum. 20.85.
. « 20.08.
ae « 21.06.
Ee « 19.5, cast.
> « 20.3, hammered.
2 « 21.0, wire.
a « 21.7, wire.
= « 21.061.
= « 21.45.
a « 21.A7=21.53.
8 « 177s Cast.
a « 20-3.
2 « 20.9, hammered.
= « 21.47, spongy.
zo « 21.16, wire.
zt « 21.4, wire.
2 « 21.53. wire.
ee « 21.25, hammered.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Wollaston. 12 (Cock. C.S. Mem. 1.161. | % Sickingen.
2Cloud. Schw. J. 48.316. 18 | Cock. C.S. Mem. 1.161. | 4 Berzelius.
3Hare. Sill. J. (1). 2.365. 14 Breithaupt. J. F. P. 11.151. | % Berthier. Seoi necee
4 Deville and Debray. 12.240. | 5 Deville and Debray. 12.237. | ** Prechtl. by M. &8
5 Wollaston. ano’ ( porda, 27 Faraday. ere :
6 Lowry. Woe eal Borda. See paper 23). D. Clarke.
7 Lampadius. 18 | Borda. by Mar- | * Thomson.
8 Vauquelin. See 23. 19 ( Brisson. chand. J. | ® Wollaston. P. A. 16.158.
9Cloud. Schw. J. 1.362, | 2 Brisson. F. P. 33. |8!| Wollaston, P. A. 16.158.
10 Breithaupt. 21 ( Brisson. 385. 32) Wollaston. P. A. 16.158.
11 Benneke and Reinecker. ! 2* Klaproth. 33, Wollaston, P. A. 16.158,

22

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. ee
1Platinum. 17.572.
2 « 15.780. > Spongy.
Y « 16.319.
4 « 17.89. Platinum black.
5 « matey 0°
6 « 21.3092)
7 « 21.31.
8 « 21.16. } Hammered.
2 « 21.23.
10 « 16.634, spongy.
aL « 20. 981 5.
12 « | 20.7732. | Black.
: « ie! al ' Precipitated.
es : 22. Bes)
15 « ie 1418, 15.°7. (?) Black.
18 « 17.766, black.
uW "
a [22 so
ue « 2Y.115.
= « ets
1 Tridium. 18.68, porous globule.
a « 21.78.
a « 21.83. }
a « 18.6088, black.
= « 2005:
*6 Osmium. 21.40.
"7 Molybdenum. 8.490. 8.615. 8. 636.
= « 8.60.
= es 8.56, reduced by K Cy.
*° Tungsten. 17265
ot « 17:22.
3 « L72de
= « 19,261,102.
AUTHORITIES.
1(Liebig. P. A. 17.101. Rose. P. A. 75.403. 4G. Rose. P. A. 75.403.
‘| Liebig. P. A. 17.101. . ites P. A. 75.403. 25 Deville and Debray. 12.242,
Liebig. P. A. 17.101. Rose. P. A. 75.403 *6 Devilleand Debray. 12.232.
4Scholz. See 11. 16 - Playfair and Joule. 11. | 2’ Bucholz. Nich. J. 20.121.
Marchand. J. F. P. 33.385. Playfair and Joule. 11. | %Debray. 11.157.
Marchand. J. F. P. 33.385. Playfair and Joule. 11. | Loughlin. 21.220.
7 Hare. Sill. J. (2). 2.365. | !9 Devilleand Caron. 10.25% | 39 D’Elhuyart. See 11.
* Hare. Sill. J. (2). 2.365. | 2° Devilleand Debray. 12.240. | 31 Allan and Aiken. See 11.
9\ Hare. Sill. J. (2). 2.365. | 2 Children. Watts? Dict. % Bucholz. Schw. J. 3.1.

10 - Rose.
ll Rose.

Rose.

P. A. 75.403.
P. A, 75.403.
P. A. 75.403.

2 ¢ Kekfelt & Boyé, for Hare.

23 \ Sill. J. (2). 2.365.

33 Roscoe.
25.61.

Chem. News,

Name.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 23
————<———————
Specifi 2 a : Melting
pecific Gravity. Boiling Point. Point

1 Tungsten.

« Melted.

2 Cadmium.
23

24
25
26
21
28
29
30
31 «
32
33 «
34

16.54.

17.50.

18.26,

17 .1—17.3; Red... by Ho)
17.9-18.12. « « Cc. }
16.6. Prepared by
17.2. three differ-
1S.A47 2 17° ent methods,
6.861.

6.862.

6.9154.

6.869. 6.992. 6.956.

7 .03-7.20.
6.966-6.975, 12.°

72s
7.146.

6.895.

6.522. 6.511. 6.504.
8.604.

8.670.

8.650.

8.6355.

S655. Ets

( 8.54,
8.566,
8.667,
8.648, commercial.

Pure.

1040.°

860.°

315.°
320.°
320.

8.372.
8.372.
8.372.
13.152.
13.152.
20.218,

2< vy. Uslar.
3 ( v. Uslar.
4 ¢ Bernoulli.
5 | Bernoulli.
6 Zettnow.

1 I" Uslar.

7< Zettnow. 20.218.
8 ( Zettnow. 20.218.
9Brisson. See 11.
10 Berzelius. See 11.
Daniell. 35.

12 Karsten. 3.

AUTHORITIES.
13 Playfair and Joule. 11.
1%4Person, 1.73.
1 Bolley. 8.387.
16 Schiff. A.C. P. 107.59.
1 Deville and Troost.
18 Daniell.
19 Wertheim.
2 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378.
Playfair and Joule. 11.
22Stromeyer. See 11.
23 Children. See 11.
24 Herapath. 1.

12.25.

2% Karsten. 3.

26B. Wood.
tionary.

Watts’ Dic-

27 Person. Watts’ Dictionary.

28 Rudberg.

af gals,

29 Deville and Troost.
30 Matthiessen.
3l ( Schroder.
32. | Schroder.
33 | Schroder.
34 \ Schroder.

12.25.
13.112.

23.

23.

23.

23.

24 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Specific Gravity. | Boiling Point, | Mcitns
1 Magnesium. 22h.
z « 1.7430. boc
3 « 1.69-1.71, 17.°
3 Tayise
5 Mercury. Solid. | 14.391.
6 « « 14.485,-60.°
7 « « 14.0, a.
8 « « 15.19.
’ « Liquid. | 13.568, 15.° 5. 340:°5:
My « « 356.°25.
il « « 13'O13,910.-
Aa « « 349.°
13 « « 13.568.
14 « « 13.575.
15 « « —39.°44.
He « « 360.°
11 « « 13.5886, 4.°
18 « « 135535; oe
19 « « 13.588597.
ae « « 13.5592.
al « « 13.59599.-
22 « « 13.59602. + 0.°
= « « 13.59578.
24 « « 13:505;.0.,
2% « « 13.573) 15s.
26 « « 357.°25. 760m.m.
at « « 13.603, 12..
28 « « 13.569, 10:06:
9 Nitrogen.
3° Boron. 2.68. Crystallized.
31 Phosphorus. 250.0
eg « 288.°
35 « 290.°

AUTHORITIES.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11. 14 Fahrenheit. - , | 3s Regnault. A.C. Phys.
2Bunsen. 5.363. 15 Hutchins. ca { (2). 14.236,
3Kopp. See 23. 16 Dulong and Petit. * | 24 Kopp. 1.445.
4Devilleand Caron. 10.148. | 17 ( Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). | Holzmann. 13.112.
5 Schulze. 40.285. [40.285. | 2° Reenault. 16.70.
6 Biddle. P. M. 30.153. 18 ( Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). | 2” Schiff.
7 Kupffer & Cavallo. Seell. |19Biot and Arago. Biot’s | *B. Stewart.
8 Joule. 16.283. “Traité de Physique.” 30 Wohlerand Deville. A.C.
*Crichton. P. M. 16.48. 20 Karsten. 3. Phys. (3). 52.63.
10 Heinrich. Schw. J. 1.214. | 2! ( Regnault. A. C. Phys. | 3! Heinrich. Watts?
UU Biddle. P.M. 30.152. (2). 14.236: 82 Dalton. Bee
1 Dalton. { %s |?) Regnault. A. C. Phys. | 5 Pelletier. Dictionary.
13 Cavendish & Brisson. | £4 (2). 14.286.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 25
Formula. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. ee

? Phosphorus. Common.) 1.77.
2 « « 2.09.
3 « « 1.800.
- « « Aaa:
5 « « 44.°2.
6 « « 1.826-1.840, 10.°
7 « « 1.8262-1.8265, 10.°
s « « 1.8235, 35.-
: « Melted. | 1.744.
My « « 1.38, 45.°
11 ft é 1.763, eee melt-
ae « Red. | 1.964, 10.°
ue « « 2.089-2.106, 17.°
14 « « 2.14.) Crystallized.
a « « ae preparations.
16 « « 23At 1556 «Metallics:
"Vanadium. babs lya
18 Arsenic. 5.763.
19 fi 5-766.
zo « 5.763.
zu « 5.384.
oe « 5.700-5.959.
23 « 5.672.
ce « 5.6281.
2 « 5.736, native.
26 « 5.722-5.734, native.
zi « 5.230.
=e « 5.305). 12: 5s
29 « 5.726,-5.728, 14.°
ce ae Fused. | 5.709, 19.°
ok « Amorphous. | 4.710-4.716, 14.°
* Antimony. 6.702.
33 « 67,12;
34 « 62733:

AUTHORITIES.

1 Berzelius. Watts’ Diction-
ary.

2 Bottger.
ary.

3 Playfair and Joule. 11.

*Person. 1.80.

5Desains. 1.84.

©Schroétter. 1.336.

Topp. A.C. P! 93.129!

8Gladstoneand Dale. 12.73.

9 Playfair and Joule. 11.

WSchrotter. 1.336.

Watts’ Diction-

13362

3.262.

12 Schrotter.
13 Schrotter.
14 ¢ Brodie. 5.330 and 331.
15 \ Brodie. 5.330 and 331.
16 Hittorf. 18.130.

17 Roscoe. P. T. 1869. 679.
'S Brisson.

19 Mohs.

20 Stromeyer. ; See 11.

21 Turner. |
22 Guibourt.
3

U Gladstoneand Dale. 12.73.

3 Werapath. 1.

24 Karsten. 3.

% Breithaupt. J. F. P. 16.475.
76 Breithaupt. J. F. P. 11.151.
77 Playfair and Joule. 11.

% Ludwig: 12.183.

2 Bettendorf. 20.253.

30 Mallet. B.S. C. 18.438,

3 Bettendorf. 20.253.

| 22 Brisson.

33 Hatchett. See 11.
34 Bockmann.,

26

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. tone

* Antimony. 6.852.
Z « 6.860.

« 6.646.
4 « 6.610,
5 « 6.7006.
S « 6.71 5-
7 « 6:707-6:718 ; 17° to 21.°
8 « G73, 14°
” « 6.697.
10 « 450.°
C « Melted. | 6.646-6.529.
a « Amorphous. | 5-74-5.83.
8 Bismuth. 9:67.
a « 9.822.
as « g.800.
a 9.882.
Ph « 9.8827.
om ak 9.831.
ae ae 9.6542.
20 « 9-799, 19°, pure.
at « 9.783, commercial. |
a a : 9.556, after great |

pressure. J
ae 268.°3.
ss 270.°
a a 264.°
as 9.935, crystallized.
a ie 9.677, quickly cooled.
eS « 6:23; 102
ae Melted. | 9,811,9.756,9.905,9.721.
at eat 9.759, 9-701, 9.680.
* Gold. 19.258.
a 19.207, hammered.
88 ia 19.3-19.4.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Muschenbroek.
? Bergmann.
3 Mohs.

4 Breithaupt.
5Karsten. 3.

r See 11.

6 Marchand & Scheerer. J.

F. P. 27.193.
7Dexter. 10.210.
* Matthiessen. 13.112.
9Schréder. 23.
10 Watts’ Dictionary.
1 Playfair and Joule.
Gore, 13.172;

ie

| 3 Muschenbroek. |

| 14 Brisson.

15 Leonhard. jee

16 Thénard.
17 Berzelius. See paper of

Marchand & Scheerer.

|18 Herapath. 1.

19 Karsten. 3.

20 Marchand & Scheerer. J.

lao) PAZ ags.

Ia | Marchand & Scheerer. J.

| | F. P. 27.193.

22 ( Marchand & Scheerer. J.
| F. P. 27.193.

23 Rudberg. 1.71.

24Person. 1.72.

2% Watts’ Dictionary.

26 ¢ C. St. Claire Deville. 8.15.

27 { C. St. Claire Deville. 8.15.

28 Holzmann. 13.112.

29 Playfair and Joule.

30 Schroder. 23.

31 Brisson. See 11.

32 Elliot. ;
33 Lewis. \ See Rose's paper.

LS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

27

Name.
1 Gold.
2 «
Sec
4 «
5
6 «
7 «
8 «
9 «
2” Carbon. Diamond.
11 « «
12 « «
13 g «
14 « «
15 « «
16 « «
17 « «
Tei 26 Graphite.
19 « «
20 @ «
21 « «
22- « «
23 « «
24 « «
25 « «
26 « «
27 « «
28 « «
29 « «
ooh ate Gas Carbon.

Specific Gravity.

eee 17.°5, pressed.

10.7420.)17-°5. Precipita-
97439 tei with Fe SO,.
20.6882.
Precip. by oxali
19.4791. an y oxalic
19.4941. « Cae
19:265; 33.°

Extremes of 8 det.

3.550.
3-492.
3.520.
3-334-
3-5-
3-55-
3-5295-
3.53. From Bohemia.
14.
.229.
273.
14.
cE.
3285.
3162.
20.°

802.
844. } Purified.
25-2.26. «

7 105.) Extremes of 29 deter-
minations, of samples
585.) fir. different localities.

1.885.

to

NN Ne = YN NN NN

Boiling Point.

Melting
Point.

1200.°
1380.°
1144.°

31 Silicon. Graphitoidal. | 2.49, 10.°
2 « « 2.493.
ead « 2.004. 2.194. 2.197.

AUTHORITIES.
1 Pouillet. Watts’ 13 Shepard. See 27. 24 Pogeendorf. P.A. Erganz.
2 Guyton-Morveau. a ie 14 Berzelius. A. C. P. 49.247.| bd. 1848. 363.
SDaniell. 34. 7 | 15 Pelouze. | Watts’ Dic- | ¢ Lowe. 8.297.
4° 7G. Roses By Awe: 16Thomson. J tionary. 26 | Lowe. 8.297.
5 |G. Rose. P. A. 73.1. 17 Schafarik. P. A. 139.188. | 27 Brodie. 12.68.
6] G. Rose. P. A. 73.1. 18 Breithaupt. A Mené, 20.972.
7G. Rose. P. A. 73.1. 19 Kenngott. See 27. 29 Mené. 20.972.
8G. Rose. P. A. 75.403. 20 Regnault. 30Mené. 20.972.
9Holzmann. 13.112. 21 Fuchs. J. F. P. 7.353 31 Wohler. 9.347.

10 Brisson.
11 Grailich. } See 27.
12 Mohs.

22 Berzelius. A.C. P. 49.247.
23 Karsten. 3.

32 Harmening. See 25.
33 Winkler. 17.208 and 209.

28 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. yea

? Titanium.

2 Tim: 7-291.

oa 7-295-

4 « 7278,15.5. S5238.7
Se 7 20UN EF

6 « ’ 75205. ee

ee sc 7.5505, cast.

8 | 228.°

9 « 7.2905.
10 « 7.245. 7.303. 7.330. 7.288
ul «& 228.°5
2 235.°
a5 7.178, crystallized.
iw « 7.293, Cast. i
Soma 7.3043.
Loa 7-239- 7-373-

Ea 7.204, 13.°

ee 7.20%:

1 aK Melted. | 6.949. 6.913. 6.940.
* Zirconium. Ati.

7 Aluminum. 2.50, cast.

= « 2.67, hammered. }

3 Glucinum. 2s

** Lanthanum.

*® Didymium.

*® Cerium. 525, tes

* Yttrium.

*8 Erbium.

22 Thorium. 705707795:

9° Tantalum, 10.08-10.78.

*! Niobium, 6.0-6.6. } Contains

i « 6.15-7.37.) hydrogen.

AUTHORITIES.

? Brisson. See 11. 1 Rudberg. 1.71. 19 Playfair and Joule. 11.
* Muschenbroek. See 11. 12 Person. 1.71. 0 Troost. 18.183.
Crichton. P.M. 16.48. 13 Wek Millersiees eM ((3). || 22 { Wohler. 7.327.

5 Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). 22.263. 22 | Wohler. 7.327.

40.285. 14) W. H. Miller. P. M. (3). | 3 Debray. 7.336.

6 ¢ Herapath. 1. | 22.263. 2% Wohler. A. ©. P. 144.251.
7 (Herapath. 1. 1 Kopp. ACiP93:129. 29 Chydenius. 16.194.
8 Daniell. 34. 16 ©, St. Claire Deville. 8.15. | 2° Rose. 9.366.

* Karsten. 3. 17 Matthiessen. 13.112. 31 ¢ Marignac. 21.214.
10 Playfair and Joule. 11. 18 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | 32 | Marignac. 21.214.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

II. Fuuoripes. INoRGANICc.
Wame: F : Specific Boiling | Melting
See Gravity. Point. Point.
1 Hydrogen fluoride. PELE: .9885, ne
2
« « I et 1.036, Te oe. |
3 « « a: 9922, 11.2 |
4 « « les .9879, eo
5 « « le « 1.0609.
®Potassium « KF. 2:AGA. 12.0
"Silver « Ag F, 1852, 16.05
® Calcium « Ca F;. 3-183. m. of 60.
er « « 3.15. American.
10 « « « 3: 138.
a ba « « 3.162. Very pure.
? Barium « Ba F,. AL58, 113-°
13 | 7
Aluminum « Al, F,. 3.065. ec
14 « « « 3.13: a
1 Arsenic trifluoride. As F;. 273: 635"
16 Fluocerite. Ce F,. Ce, Fy. | 4.7.
Hydro ammonic fluoride.) Am H F,,. T2115, 226°
18 Potassio titanic « OK iE 2.0707, 12.
“9 Cryolite. Greenland.| 3 Na F. Al F;. | 2.90-3.077.
20 « Miask. « 2.692.
zu « « « 2:05.
* Chiolite. SNe EH. 2 Al F,.. 2.72:
e « « 2.90.
a « « 2.842.-2.8098.
*° Chodneffite. 2NaF. Al F;. |.3.003.-3.077.
2% « « 2.62-2.77.
AUTHORITIES.
1(Gore. Phil. Trans. 1869.| ®Kenngott. 6.853. 19 Dana’s Mineralogy.
173. 9J.L. Smith. 8.976. 20 Kokscharow. 4.820.
2/Gore. Phil. Trans. 1869. |1°Schiff. 21. 2 Durnew. 4.820.
173. 11JZuca. 13.98. 22Hermann. J. F. P. 37.188.
3)Gore. Phil. Trans. 1869. | !}*Bodeker. 26. 23 Kokscharow. 4.820.
173. 13 ere 26. 2Rammelsberg. P. A. 74.
4!Gore. Phil. Trans. 1869. | 14 | Bodeker. 26. 314.
lai: 15 Unverdorben. P. A. 7.316. | 2 Rammelsberg. P. A. 74.
5H. Davy. Phil. Trans. | !6Dana’s Mineralogy. 314.
1813. 263. 17 Bodeker. 26. 2y, Worth. Dana’s Miner-
6 Bodeker. 26. 18 Bodeker. 26. alogy.

7Gore. Chem. News, 21.28.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

III. INoRGANIC CHLORIDES.

lst. ANHYDROUS SIMPLE CHLORIDES.

Name orate,” | Specie | ating | Matias
1 Hydrogen chloride. H Cl. Pei27e
?Todine mono chloride. EOI 25,0
§Todine tri chloride. LGl;. 20°-25.°
* Lithium chloride. Li Cl. 1.998.
5 « « « 2.074.
® Sodium « Na Cl. 2.030.
7 « « « 2.15.
8 « « « 2.2001.
2 « « « 2.078.
30 « « « 2.150.
- « « « 2.011.m. Of 3;
32 « « « 2.20:
8 « « « 2.24.
we « « « 2.204.
15 « « « 2. 195.
ee « « « 2.142.
W « « « se,
We « « « 213. ii
Newse
ag « « « 2.148.
20 « « « 2.1 53 3
a « « « ey
a « « « 2.145.
23 « « De 21629; U5.-
24 « « « ZAGAS.
* Potassium « K Cl. 1.836.
26 « « « 1.9153.
2 « « « 1.945.
28 « « « 1.9367.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Watts’ Dictionary. 10Kopp: 65. 20 (Schroder. 23.
2 Watts’ Dictionary. Playfair and Joule. 11. | \Schréder. 23.
3 Watts’ Dictionary. 12Mohs. See 23. 2 Buignet. 15.14.
#Kremers. See 23. 18 Filhol. 12. 23 Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503.
5Schréder. 23. 14 ( Deville. See 23. 24 Haagen. 32.
®Unger. See 23. 15 Deville. See 23. % Kirwan.
7 Leslie. 16 ( Grassi. 1.39. 26 Karsten. 3.
6 Hassenfratz. A. C. Phys. | !7\ Grassi. 1.39. 27 Kopp. 5.
28.3. 17. S. Hunt. 8.976. 28 Hassenfratz. A. C. Phys.

9Karsten. 3.

19 Schiti.= 21%

28.3.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

ol

eae

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. vous re

1 Potassium chloride. KeECl 1.900. |

2 « « « 1,97756, 4.° |

5 « « « 1.994.

= « « « 1.995.

RAT : « 1.995:

: « « 1.986.

; ‘ : « 1.94526, 15.°

‘Ammonium « NEE, Cl 1.450.

wer « « 1.54425.

~ : « « 1,528.

fs s : « I.57os im. of 3,

eee ‘ « 1.5333. 4.°

is « « « 1.500.

lt « « « P5220;

= « « « 1.550.

i ‘ « « 1.5033. i

- « « « [.5191.°+-15.°

Pi : « « 1.5209. j

19 Silver « Ag Cl. 5.4548.
20 « « « 5.129.
aI XG « « 5.4582. Fused.
2 « « « 5.567 I. Blackened.
3 | « « 5.501. Unfused,
ae « « 5.548.

25 « « « Eom

aC « « 523i, :

oh age F j 53°" Native.

28 « « « 5.517.

2K « « 5-5943-

30 « « 260.
Thallium chloride. TCL. 7.00.

32 « « « 7.02.

BS « « « 260,°+
m4 « sesqui chloride.) Tl, Cl;. 5-9.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11. | 13 Kopp. 5. 24Boullay. 2.
2Playfair and Joule. 14. Schiff. 21. Gmelin. See 27.
3Filhol. 12. 15 Buignet. 14.15. ao J Domeyko.
4Schiff. 21. 16 ( Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503. | 2? (See Dana’s Mineralogy.
5 Schroder. 23. 1% Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503. | Schiff. 21.

® Buignet. 14.15. 8 (Stolba, J. H. P..97-503; | *?'Schroder: 23.
TStolba. J. F. P. 97.503. 19-Proust. See 23. 30 Watts’ Dictionary.
8 Wattson. See 23. ([28.3.| 2° Herapath. 1. 31 Willm.

9 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys. | 7 ( Bees 3. 32 Lamy. 15.184.
10Mohs. See 23 or 27. 22. Karsten. 3. 33 Watts’ Dictionary.
0 Playfair and Joule. 11. a ( Karsten. 3. 34Lamy.‘ 15.184.

12 Playfair and Joule. 14.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. cme ‘Boiling Point. eee
1For compounds of Cl)
and 0, see oxides. j
? Sulphur chloride. S. Glcs T0075. 21. 130.9
3 « « « WOS6.) We 130.5
4 « « « 1.6802:16-7..1-
5 « « « 1.7055.0:- a 144.°
6 « « « 136.° 760m.m
7 « « « 1:6828, 20:° 1: W377: 761.4
§ Marchand and Dumas [m. m.
also obtained a || Mixture {| 3:625.. 1. Variable.
ture which they sup- | near § Cl,.| 1.62. 1. 64.°
posed to be S Cl,.
® Calcium chloride. Ca Cl,. 2.214.
10 « « « 2.269.
aL « « « 2.0401.
a « « « 2.480.
18 « « « 2.240.
14 « « « 2.205.
© Strontium chloride. Sr Cl,. 2.8033.
16 « « « 2.960.
M Barium « Ba Cl 3.860.
a « « « 4.1 56.
19 « « « 3.8.
20 « « « 3.7037.
a « « 37750:
a2 « « 3.820
a « « 3.872.
an « « 3.886.
> Lead « Pb Cl 5.29.
208 Ae « . « 5.238. Native.
a « « 5.6824. Fused.
3 | « « 5.8022. Not “
2 « « 5.802. Cryst.
SO « « sy her
AUTHORITIES.
2Dumas. A. C. Phys. (2). Wee Boullay. 2 20 Karsten. 3.
49.204. ine Boullay. sa 21 Filhol. 12.
3Marchand. J. F. P. 22.507. | !' Karsten. 2 Schiff. 21.
* Kopp. 17. 22 Playfair a Joule. 11. Schréder. 23.
8) Koppsaauc BFilhol. 12. Schréder. 23.
®Chevrier. C. R. 64.302. 4 Schiff. 21. Monro. See 7.
7Haagen. 32. 1 Karsten. 3. 26 Dana’s. Mineralogy.
8 ( Marchand. J. F. P. 22.507. |® Filhol. 12. 27 ( Karsten. 3.
\ Dumas. A.C. Phys. (2) Boullay. 2 28 Karsten. 3.
49.204. Boullay. 2 29Schabus. 3.322.
19 Richter. See 21. 30 Schiff. See 23.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

oD

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity.| Boiling Point. pea
oint.
1 Lead chloride. Cryst. | Pb Cl. 5.80534, 15.°
Chromic chloride. Gr; Cl,. 3.03, 172 Clyse
3 Ferrous « Fe Cl,. 2.528.
*Nickelous « Ni: Cl; 2.56.
®Cobaltous « Co Cl,. 2.937. m. of 3.
® Cuprous « Cu Cl. BL0777-
i « « « 3°370.
® Cupric « Cu Cl.,. 3.054.
*Platinous « Pt Cl,. 5.8696, 11.°
10 Tungsten hex chloride.) W Cl,. 218.2
1 Zine chloride. Zn Cl,. Zea We |
1% Magnesium chloride. | Mg Cl,. 2.177. ma OL.2.
13 Cadmium « Cd Cl.. 3.6254, 12.°
1 Mercurous « Hg Cl. 7s75O-
19 « « « 7.14.
a « « « 6.9925.
Ly « « « 6.7107.
ae « « « 6.482, Native.
19 « « « 7.178.
20 « « « 6.56.
*1 Mercuric « Hg Cl,. 5.14.
ee « « « 5.1398.
2 « « « 5.42.
8 « « « 5.4032.
a « « « 2053. 265.
26 « « « 6.223:
2 « « « 5.448. m. of 3.
8 Nitrogen trichloride. | N Cl. (?) | 1.653. I.
*? Boron « BC). 135: 1. | 17-2 760mm:
3° Phosphorus « P. Ch. Vit .45. i
a « « « 1.61616, 0.° 1. | 78°34. 751.5m.m|
Bz « « « Ll, 178.°763m.am:. © |
$3 « « « 1: 75 760m. m.
AUTHORITIES.
1Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503. | 13 Bédeker. 26. 23 Boullay. 2.
2Schafarik. 28. 14 Hassenfratz. A. C. Phys. | ** Karsten. 3.
SAhole 12: 28.3. 2 Watts’ Dictionary.
4Schiff. 21. 1 Boullay. 2. 26 Playfair and Joule. 11.
5 Playfair and Joule. 11. 16 Karsten. 3. 27 Schroder. 23.
6 Karsten. 3. WW Herapath. 1. 28 Watts’ Dictionary.
7 Playfair and Joule. 11. 18 Haidinger. Dana’s Min- |? Wohler & Deville. 10.931.
§ Playfair and Joule. 11. eralogy. 30H. Davy. See 17.
9 Bodeker. 26. 19 Playfair and Joule. 11. 31 Pierre. 15, or 45.
10 Riche. 9.373. 20 Schiff. 21. 32 Dumas. See 17, or 29.
11 Bodeker. 26. 21Gmelin. See 7. [28.3. | 88 Andrews See 17, or 29.
12 Playfair and Joule. 11. 22 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Boiling Point. aeine
1 Phosphorus trichloride. | P Cl. L., |. 73:8: 760,3msan:
2 « « « 1.6119,0.° m.of 2. )
: « « « 1.59708, 1O.° 76.° 760m. m.
4 « « « 1.47124, 76° m.of 3.
: « « « 1357745 20x 76.° 745.9 m.m.
° « pentachloride.| P Cl,. 148.°
"Vanadium dichloride. | V Cl,. 323,48 Ss.
8 « trichloride. | V Cl,. 3.00, 18.° Ss.
9 « tetrachloride} V Cl, | 1. 1.8584, 0.°
10 « « « VT, ¥:8363,,8:e 154.° 760 m. m.
i « « « ls 8150; 32°:
” Arsenic trichloride. As C),. 132.°
13 | « « ~ 1).|)220405; 0.° 133°81. 756.9
14 « « « le 221760; [m. m.
15 « « « 1. ):221668,20.° 128.° 754 m.m.
% Antimony = « Sb Cl. 198.° |
ur « « « 230.° | 72.0
18 « « tM) 21676,.73.°-2, 223.° 760 m.m. | 73°2.
0 « pentachloride.| Sb Cl;. | 2.3461. 20.°
*” Bismuth trichloride. Bi Gl... |-4256, 11.°
*! Carbon dichloride. C; Cl. | "1619, 20.° 122.0
ore” « « 1.649, 0.° 123.9. 761.9m.m
23 « « « TO 2 TOs 116.7%
4 «~~ trichloride. CuCl. -|22he: Tie 2se 160.
2% | tetrachloride. | C Cl. 1.599. sis
2 « « Ta56. TF
a7 « « « 1.62983, 0.° 78°1. 748.3 m.m
ae « « « r.567; 12.° Tse
9 « « « TeSQA7, 20.0 75°5.739-.4m.m)
“0 Silicon trichloride. Rue Cle pls58;,0." 146.°148.° |
1 «~~ tetrachloride. Si Cl,. 50°
32 « « « 1.52371,.0;° 59.° 760m. m. |
a « « 1.4878, 20.° 58.° 756m. m. |
AUTHORITIES.
1Regnault. See 29. 13 Pierre. 15, or 45. 24 Watts’ Dictionary.

2 (7 EW Bitte Los
31H. L. Buff. 29.
4( HL. Buff, 29.

5 Haagen. 32.

® Strecker’s ‘‘ Lehrbuch.”
TRoscoe. P. T. 1869. 679.

8 Roscoe. P. T. 1869. 679.

9 ( Roseoe. P. T. 1869. 679.
10~ Roscoe. P. T. 1869. 679.
P. T. 1869. 679.

See 17.

1 | Roscoe.
12 Dumas.

14 Penny & Wallace.
1b Haagen.
See 17.

16 Davy.

NW Capitaine.
18.

18 Kopp.

19 Haagen.
20 Bodeker.
21 Reenault. A.C. Phys. (2).

Wilesbas
22 Pierre.

23 Geuther.

15.

5.382.
32.

J. F. P. 18.449.

32.
26.

A. C. P. 107.212.

2 Reenault. A.C.
71.383.

26 Kolbe. A.C. P.

27 Pierre. 16.

28 Riche.

29 Haagen. 32.

Phys. (2).

54.146.

30 Troost & Hautefeuille. Z.

BC. 14.330
31 Serullas.
32 Pierre.

33 Haagen. 32.

See 17.
15, or 45.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula.

1 Silicon tetrachloride. Si Cl,.
3 « « «

3 « « «

e « « «
°Titanium = « Li Cl,
6 ( « «

* Tin protochloride. Sn Cl,.
8 « tetrachloride. Sn Cl,
9 « « «

10 « « «

il « « «
iC « «

#3 Aluminic chloride. Al, Cl,.
1f Niobic « Nb Cl.
® Tantalic « Ta Cl,.

16 Tungsten pentachloride.
ui hexchloride.

«

W Cl,.
W Cl,

~

3D

Specific Boiling Melting
Gravity. Point. Point.
1.4928, 15.°
1.49276.
1.50068, 10° 98.
Te5223 Ox
1.76088, 0.° =: | 136.° 762.3 m.m
E3 ben
250."
2.26712, 0.° =| 115°4. 753.1 m.m|
120.° 767 m.m.
112°5. 752 mm.
22234; 05."
2.2328, 20.° |162.° 754.9m.m
180.°
; 240°5. 194.°
241°6. 753m.m.|201.0 3
27 5G: 248.°%s,242.9
34627; |275-°8.270.°

2d. HYDRATED SIMPLE CHLORIDES.

Specific Boiling | Melting
Name. Formula. Gravity. Point. Point.

18 Calcium chloride. Ca Cl,. 6 H, O.|1.680. m. of 2.
19 « « « 1.635.
20 « « « 1-602: 10.° \29 °
7 Strontium « sr.Cl,.6 2,0. |2.015. m. of 2.
22 « « « 1.603. :
23 « « « L921.
** Barium « Ba Cl,. 2H, 0./3.144. m. of 2.
2% « « « 2.664.
26 « « « 3.05435, Ane
a7 « « « 3.052.

AUTHORITIES.
1 Mendelejeff. 13.7. 10 Andrews. See 17. 9Filhol. 12.
2 Mendelejeff. C. R. 51.97. |%4Gerlach. 18.237. 20 Kopp. 8.44.
3 Mendelejeff. (?). 12 Haagen. 32. 21 Playfair and Joule. 11.
4 Friedel & Crafts. S.J. (2). | 1% Liebig. Watts’ Dictionary. | 2? Filhol. 12.

43.162. 14 Deville and Troost. 2 Buignet. 14.15.

5 Pierre. 15, or 45. 15 Deville and Troost. 24 Playfair and Joule. 11.
®Duppa. P. A. 97.510. '6 Roscoe. Chem. News. 25.61. | 3 Hilhol. 12.
7 Watts’ Dictionary. 17 Roscoe. Chem. News. 25.61. | 76 Playfair and Joule. 14.

8 Pierre. 15, or 45. —
8Dumas. See 17.

18 Playfair and Joule. 11. | 27 Schiff. 21.

36

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. Giariy. | Boat | Poict’
1 Barium chloride. Ba Cl 2 EL. 3.081.
? Manganous chloride. Mn Cl,. 4 H, O. 106.° 8725.
3 Manganous chloride. MnCl, 4H. 'O: «2:07, 10.°
* Ferrous « Fe Cl,. 4H, O. 1.926.
5 « « « 1.937.
® Cobaltous « Co-Cl. 6 HO. 1.84.13."
7 Cupric « Cw. 2,0: 2.535. .0f2,
a « « « 2.47; Eos
® Magnesium « Mg Cl,.6H, O. | 1.562. m.of 4.
10 é « « 1.558.
1 Stannous « eoiG@l,. 2H. O- 22750: 00S:
12 « « « ZTE: 5s Ss
1 « « « i 2.5876, B77
1 « « Sn Cl,. 4H, O. 50.°
6 Platinic « Pt: Cl a,.0: 2AST US.

38d. ANHYDROUS DOUBLE CHLORIDES.

Excluding Compounds of Oxychlorides.

Name. Formula. eee poo gui
16 Potassium zine chloride. 2K Cl. Zn .Cl,. 2.207.
1 Ammonium zine chloride. | 2N H, Cl. Zn Cl,. | 1.879.
18 « « « « 1.72=1.77, 10°
19 Potassium platinchloride. | 2K Cl. Pt Cl. 3.506, 15."
20 « .« « 3-694.
21 4Ammonium « 2N H, Cl. Pt Cl. | 2.955.)
22 « « « 3.009. 15.
23 « « ‘ « 2.960.
4 Potassium iridochloride. DK Oly ir Gla. 3.546, .15.°
2 Ammonium « ON CI. Tr]. 2856, 15.>

*6Caesium stannochloride. 2.Cs Cl. Sn Cl,. 3.3308, 20.°5.

AUTHORITIES.
2 2 ee
1Buignet. 14.15. WFilhol. 12. 19 Bodeker. 26.
2 Watts’ Dictionary. U Playfair and Joule. 11. 20 Tschermak. 27.
3 Bodeker. 26. 2Penny. C.8. J. 4.289. 21 { Boédeker. 26.
4Filhol. 12. 13 Penny. OC.S. J. 4.239. 22 | Bodeker. 26.
5Schabus. 3.327. 14 Watts’ Dictionary. 2 Tschermak. 27.
6 Bédeker and Ehlers. 26. |! Bodeker. 26. 24 Bodeker. 26.
7Playfair and Joule. 11. 16 Schiff. 25. 23 Bodeker. 26.
8 Bédeker. 26. MW Schiff. 25. 26Stolba. Dingler’s J. 198.
’ Playfair and Joule. 11. 18 BOdeker and Ehlers. 26. 225.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

oT

Name. Formula. See
1Sodium aluminum chloride.| 2.Na Cl. Al, Cl,.
*Selenium phosphorus « Se Cl,. 2P Cl,.
3 Tron « « Fe, Cl,. 2 P Cl;.
*Aluminum — « « Al, Cl. 22 Ch:
® Silicohydric « Si, Ey, Ch: 1.65.

Boiling Melting

Point. | Point.

185.°
220."
280° | 98.>

4th. HYDRATED DOUBLE CHLORIDES.

Name.

Formula.

® Potassium iron chloride.| 2 K Cl. Fe Cl,. 2H, O.

: « copper «
8 « « «
9 « « «
10 « « «
1 Ammonium « «
12 « « «
18 « « «
14 « « «
28 « magnesium «
Sodium mercury «
"Potassium = « «
1s Ammonium « «
19 « « «
2° Potassium tin «

21 Ammonium tin «

2K Cl. Cu Cl,. 2H, 0.

NH, Cl. Mg Cl,. 6H, O.
NaCl dic C1,..2 HO.
K Cl. He Cl,. H, O:
ZINA, Cl. 2 ie Cl, HO:
2,.N. Hi Cl. Me Cl;. EO:
2K Cl. Sn Cl, 3H, O.
2NH, Cl. Sn Cl,. 3 H, O.

Specifie

Gravity.

1.456, 10.°
3-011,

.3-735.m.of 3.

nb Ny vd
wt
—
aS

Boiling | Melting
Point. | Point.

5th. OXY- AND SULPHO-CHLORIDES.
Name Formula Specuic Boiling Point.| Melting Point
; Ge awaiy, g Point.) Melting Point.
” Thionyl chloride. 8 0 Cl,. e220
23 a « « 1-675;,05. 78:2
74 Chlorosulphuric acid. | S, O, Cl,. | 1.818, 16.° | 145.°
25 « « « 1.762. 145°-150.° |
AUTHORITIES.
1 Deville. 7.332. 1 Tschermak. 27.

2 Baudrimont.
3 Baudrimont. 15. 54.
4 Baudrimont.

5 Buff and Wohler.
6Schabus. 3. 327.

7 Playfair and Joule.
8Schiff. 25.

9 Kopp. 11. 10.

10. 168,

due

- | 5 Bodeker.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11.
12'Schift. 25.
13 Kopp. 11.10.

14Tschermak. 27.
26.

16 Playfair and Joule. \
WW Playfair and Joule.

18 Playfair and Joule.
19 Playfair and Joule. |
20 Playfair and Joule. i
21 Playfair and Joule.

22 Schiff.

23 Wurtz.
24. Rose.
25 Rosenstiehl.

10. 105,

Je BBs 99% 250:
P. A. 44. 291.

14. 121.

38

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula, l/s erevity, (| boinc lt aes
1Selenyl chloride. Se O Cl,. |2.44. 220;° ieee
2 « « « 2,AA3, 13° 17975. 760. |n0,° ¥s,/0°°
§ Chlorochromic acid. Cr @, Cli. 0134) s10.° (ntay.
4 « « « 7s (Meo 118° 760
5 « « « T5Q2;-25e0 116°8. 733
6 Tungsten oxychloride. | W O Cl, 227°5, [-™-!210°4.'s.206°7.
[For native mineral oxychlor-
ides. See Table of Miscel-
laneous Compounds. }
7 Nitrosyl chloride. INFO. Cle (de327tAD
8 Phosphorus oxychloride} P O Cl,. |1.673, 14.° 110.°
9 « « « LO, 12% TLO:©
10 « « « 1.662, 19.°5. fof,
i « « « 1.69371, 10.°4m.
12 « « « 1.69106, 14.°
ty « « « 1.68626, 15.° IO?
4 « « « 1.64945, 51.° 760m.m
15 « « « 1.5091 16, MTOR
16 « « « 1.66. Lm. of 5. TIO:2
Vanadyl dichloride. s.| VOCI,. |2.88. 13.° s.
a « trichloride. V OC). 10.764, 20.7 TFs
19 « « « L-8At 5 TA.2 5.
et « « « 1.030, L7s- 15. 126. 7.
al « « « 1.820,124.0 760m.m.
”Carbon oxychloride. ©O CL. |'t:432;02 I309, 1
2 « « « 1.392, 18.° 6.) |756.4m.m.
** Silicon « Si,0'Cl,: 136°-139.°
* Phosphorus sulphochlo-
ride. PSCl.. 126°-127.°
26 « « a 126°-127.°
cd « « « T0381 22— 124°-125.°
*8Carbon « CSC. 1-46. 70x
* Silicon « Si,S,Cl,(?) |1.45, 15.° a. 100.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Weber. 12.91. 1 (EL Butt. 229: 22 Emmerling and Lengyel.
*Michelis. Z. F.C. 13.460. |? | H. L. Buff. 29. Z. ¥. C. 13. 189.
’Thomson. P. T. 1827. 159. | % 3H. L. Buff. 29. 23 | Emmerling and Lengyel.
* Walter. A.C. Phys. (2).||H.L. Buff. 29. TioReC Ase 180:
66. 387. 1098 IGM be 1Biou ae. PAS), *4 Friedel & Ladenburg. J.
5Thorpe. 21. 226. 16 Wichelhaus. 20. 149. F. P. 107. 247.
® Roscoe. Chem. News. |1!7 Roscoe. P. T. 1868. 1. 2 Mitscherlich.
25. 61. 18 Schafarik. J. F. P. 76.142. | Cahurus. 1. 364.
7R. Miller: A. C. P. 122.1. | 19 ( Roscoe. P. T. 1868. 1. *TBaudrimont. 14.115.
§ Cahours, J. F. P. 45. 129. 26 Roscoe. P. T. 1868. 1. 2% Kolbe. A.C. P. 45. 41.
P Wurtz, Wese5: 21 ( Roscoe. P.'T. 1868.1. | 2? Pierre.. J.B. P.41. 342.

10 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 39

6th. AMMONIO-CHLORIDES.

| Specific | Boiling Melting

Name. Foruule, Gravity. Point. | Point.
?Pupureo cobalt chloride. | 10 N H;. Co, Cl,. T:GO223-
2 Luteo cobalt « 12 N-H,.'Co,‘Cl,. 1.7016, 20.°
3Copper ammonio « Ist.) Cu Cl,. 2N Hy. 2.194.
oe Aik « en 2d Cu Cloe4 Nt EL... TO.|'1-672:
*Mercury « « Hg Cl,. N H. 590.°
® Dimercurosammonium
chloride.| (Hg, N H,) Cl. 6.858. m.of 2

7 Dimercurammonium

chloride. Hon Cl. 5.700.
. (2) Hg, N, Cl. 2H, O.*| 7.176. m.of 2

IV. InorGANIC BROMIDES.

Ist. SIMPLE BROMIDES. ANHYDROUS.

Name. Formula. ae Boiling Point. | ee
* Hydrogen bromide. EM Br: s.—87.°
© Sodium « Na Br. | 2,952.
am « « « 3,070; 17. 5:
12 « « « 3.011.
8 Potassium « K Br. 2 Ait:
14 « « « 2072.
15 « « « 2.690. m. of 6.
1% Ammonium « INE Br: 2-379:
Vv « « « 2.266. 10.°
18 Silver « Ag Br. | 6.3534.
enc « « 6.425. m. of 7.
20 « « « 5.8-6.02, Native.
21 Selenium « Se Br. | 3.604, 15.°
Ss ee

AUTHORITIES.

1 Gibbs & Genth. ) 8. J. (2). | § Playfair and Joule. 14 Playfair and Joule. 11.
93. 234. | 7 Playfair and Joule. dake 15 Schroder. 23.
2 Gibbs & Genth. { §. J. (2). | 8 Playfair and Joule. 16 Schréder. 23.

23.319.| 9 Faraday. P. T. 1845. 155. | 17 Bodeker. 26.

3 Playfair and Joule. 11. 10 Schiff. 21. 18 Karsten. 93.
4Playfair and Joule. 11. 1 Kremers. 10. 67. 19Schréder. 28.
5 Watts’ Dictionary. 12 Tschermak, 27. 20 Berthier. See 23, or 27.

113 Karsten. 3. 2i Schneider. P. A. 128. 327.

40

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Specific

Name. Formula. Gravity. Boiling Point. ee

Calcium bromide. Ca Br, 9 ('3.42;00a6

? Strontium « Sr abr... | 3-90212.0

Barium “-. | « Bary. i425:

* Lead « Pb Br,. | 6.6302.

SAE « « GON, 17253

® Cuprous « Cusbr | 4472) 122°

7 Zine « Zar, o\.32043, 10.0

* Cadmium « Ca Br ae712. H

2 « « « ae

™Mercurous = « Hg Br. | 7.307:

™ Mercuric « Heras | 5.9202.

12 « « « 222°-223.°

“Boron tribromide. BaBr,.” |:2%60. “1. go°s.

“Phosphorus « P Br. | 2.92480, '0.° 1.,/175°3;. 760.2m.m.

1b « « « MOi7ec

16 Arsenic « As Br. 220.° 20°-25.°

1 « « « 3.66, ree"

Antimony = « Sb Br,. 270. 94.°

19 « « « 3-641, 90.° 1. |275°4. 760m. m. | go.°

* Bismuth « BiBr: 200.°

oy « « « 5.6041.

2 Carbon dibromide. C, Br; 50.°

* Carbon tetrabromide. | C Bry. oh ee

4 Silicon « Si Bry | 1. 2/8928,-0.°, 1015 3°36.76273 mm,

2K « « 148°-150.° s—12°to-15.°

*6 Titanium « Eiest. io: 220.0 30."

27'Tin « SngBr,.. 193-322, 30.. 1.

8 Aluminium bromide. | Al, Brg. 265°-270.° 90.°

2 « « « 2.54. 260.° 93°
AUTHORITIES.

1Bédeker. 26. 13 Wohler & Deville. 10.94. | 2! B6deker. 26.

2 Bodeker. 26. lt Pierre. 15, or 45. 2 Lennox. 14.653.

3Schiff. 21. 15 Baudrimont. 23 Bolasand Groves. C.S. J.

*Karsten. 3. 16 Serullas. A. C. Phys. (2). (2). 8. 161.

®5Kremers. 5. 397. 38. 318. 24 Pierre. 15.

6 Bodeker. 26. 17 Bodeker. 26. % Serullas. A.C. Phys. (2).

7Bodeker. 26. 18 Serullas. A.C. Phys. (2), 48. 87. :

® ¢ Bodeker & Giesecke. 26. 38. 318. 26Duppa. 9.365.

9 | Bédeker & Giesecke. 26.|!9 Kopp. 18. 27 Bodeker. 26.

10 Karsten. 3. 20Serullas. A.C. Phys. (2). | 28 Weber. 10. 157.

1 Karsten. 3. 38. 318. 29 Deville & Troost. (?) 12. 26,

12 Oppenheim. Z. F.C, 13. 155.

A

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

41

2d. HYDRATED, DOUBLE, OXY-, AND SULPHO-BROMIDES.

a Formula. Giasigs | cpoie | Pais

1 Sodium bromide. Na Br. 4H, O. 2:34.
? Barium « Ba Br,. 3: Ei, O: 3.690.
* Ammonium zinc bro-

mide, 2N EL BroZn Br,.| 2.625; 13>
“ Potassium platin—bro-

mide. 2K Br. Pt Br,. 4.68, 14.°
§ Silicohydric bromide. | Si; H, Bryo. as 2.5.
© Phosphorus oxybro-

mide. PO Br. 2.822.s. or 1.(?)| 195.° 45°-46.°
7 « « « 193.° Boe
® Vanadyl bromide. Vi OBr,. 2.9673, 0.° ti 130°-136.°
9 « « « 20325, 14cs)
10 Phosphorus sulpho- 2.72. 215 39.°

bromide. PS Br,.
u « « « DOG uelifet
12 « « P'S Br HO. 2.7937, 18.° 35.

V. Inorganic [opIpEs.
Ist. SIMPLE ANHYDROUS IODIDES.
Name. | Formula, Specific Gravity. Beate Neen
18 Hydrogen iodide. | Hi I: Seng
4 Sodium « Na I. 3.450.
1 Potassium « Kerk 3.078-3.104.
1 « « « 2.9084.
1 « « « 3.059.
ue « « « 3.056.
19 « « « 2.850.
20 « « « 2.970.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11. 8 ¢ Roscoe. 1 Boullay. 2.
7Schiff. 21. 9. A.C. P. 8th. supp. vol. 95. | 16 Karsten. 3.
3 Bodeker. 26. 10 Baudrimont. (?) 17 Playfair and Joule. 11.
4Boédeker. 26. 11 Michaelis. A. C. P. 164.9. | 18 Filhol. 12.
5 Buff and Wohler. 10.169. | 12 Michaelis. A. C. P. 164.9. | Schiff. 21.
6 Ritter. 8.301. 13 Faraday. P. T. 1845. 155. | 2° Buignet. 14.15.

7 Baudrimont.

12.

14 Wilhol.

42

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. aoe aia

? Potassium iodide. Kear 3.08 1-3.077.

7Ammonium « NEE 2.498, 11°

3 Silver « Ag I. 5.64-5.67.

aK « « 5.504.

eK « « 5-707. Iodyrite.

o« « « 5.614.

Bk « « 5.0262.

a « « 5.500.

B+ « « 5.306. Native.
0 4 « « Bioce
eG « « 5.650. \
2 « « « 5-718.
13. me « « 5.47. Ver
Mo « « « eee
15 « « 5.687. After fusion.
16. 8g « « §.007..0.° Precip.
1 Strontium « rca: 4.415, 10.°
18 Barium « Ba I,. 4.917.
1 Lead « Pb I, Gin
20 « « « 6.0212.
2 « « « 6.384.
eae « « 6.07.
23 « « « 6.207.
*4 Cuprous iodide. Cut. 4.4.10.
% Zinc « Zn I, 4.696, 10.°
Cadmium « Cd t.. AG7O.ATOre
27 Mercurous « Hg I TTS
28 « « « 7.6445.
* Mercurie « Hg I, 6.32.
30 « « - « 6.2009.

31 « « « 6.250.

: « « « 5-9I.

ae « « « 6.27.

AUTHORITIES.
1Schréder. 23. 15. ( H. St. Claire Deville. P.| Schiff. 21.
2Bédeker. 26. | A. 132.307. 23 Schroder. 23.
3 Breithaupt. }Iodyrite. | | H. St. Claire Deville. P.| Schiff. 21.
’s Min- A. 182.307. 2 Bodeker and Giesecke. 26.

s loa eae. 154 TT. St. Claire Deville. P.|%Bédeker. 26.
5Damour. 7.870. A. 132.307. 27 Boullay. 2.
®Boullay. 2. 16 | H. St. Claire Deville. P. 28 Karsten. 3.
7 Karsten. 3. ie AS P32 30% 22 Boullay. 2.
8 Filhol. 12. 17 Bodeker. 26. 30 Karsten. 3.
9J. L. Smith. 7.870. 1 Filhol. 12. 31 Wilhol. 12.
Schiff. 212 19Boullay. 2. 32'Schiff. --21.

4 ¢Schréder. 23 20 Karsten. 3. 33'Tschermak, 27.
12 | Schréder. 23. 21 Filhol. 12.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 43
Speciscun (mourns lncine
Name: Hoamula: Gravity. Baines | Poink:
* Mercuic iodide. Hg I,. 235."
: Be Dore 2orus diiodide. Pate 2 110.9
« tri iodide. eT. 55-5
* Arsenic « As I,. 4:30; 13:2
° Antimony « Sb I,. 5-01, 10.-
® Bismuth « Bri.. 5.052, 10."
7 Silicon tetriodide. Sick, 290.° 120.5.
STitanium = « al 360.°-+ | 150.°
ein « enol 295.° |TAG.° Ss. Taz
IO Hg « « 4.006, 116°
1 Aluminum iodide. Al, I,. aa tobe
a « « « 2.63; 350.0 b25.°
2d. HYDRATED AND DOUBLE IODIDES.
Specific Boiling Meltin
Name. Formula. Gravity. Point. Point
18 Ferrous iodide. Hel, AE, O: 1222873. 122°
1 Potassium platiniodide. | 2K TI. Pt I,.

15 « « «

5-154.
Ble

VI. CHLOROBROMIDES, CHLORIDES, AND BROMIDEs.

Specific | Boiling | Melting
Eos Pegs Gravity. Point. Point.
*® Carbon chlorobromide. C, Cl, Br,. Des 2 lea
1 Silicon « Si Cl, Br. 80.°
18 Phosphorus oxychloro-
bromide. P-O-Cl;-Br: 2.059, 0.° F35.°=1375°
1 Mercury bromiodide. Hg I Br. | 229.°
AUTHORITIES.
LOppenheim. Z. F.C.13.155. | 9 Personne. 15.172 16 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (3).
2Corenwinder. 3.272. 10 Bodeker. 26. | 16.24.
3Corenwinder. 3.272. 11 Weber. 10.156. 17 Friedel & Ladenburg. 20.

4Bodeker. 26.

22 Deville & Troost. (?) 12.26. 555.

5 Bodeker. 26. 13 Bodeker. 26. 18 Menschutkin. J. F. P. 98.
§ Bodeker. 26. Bodeker. 26. 485.
7Friedel. J. F. P. 107.245. Boédeker. 26. Oppenheim. Z, F.C. 13.
8 Hautefeuille. 20.207. 155.

44 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

VII. OxIpeEs.

Ist. SIMPLE OXIDES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae ee

1 Water.* HO: 1.000, 4.° 100.° Qe

2 « « .999889,+, 0.°

3 « « .988433+, 50.°

td « .958737-+, 100.°

Deiat « .999887, 0.°

oF ine « .992247, oh

7 « « .999862, 0.°

ecu ee « .99988, 0.°

: « 95903, 99°8.
a0 eC « 93078, 130°8.
no 4 « 193123, 131-7
a « « 193035; (31:1.
: « « .go81 tha s627,

« « 9078 3.

b « .9O715, 157.°

6 4 « .95892, 100.°
a Re « 999866, 0.°

18 « « 98835, aa

ealcer « .g1812,—1.°
oat « .g19t2,—I10.°

ans AG « .92025,—20.° |

ope « .9184, m. of 2. ;

a3. Tt ae eK

ae 2 \see DY.

a. « -9175. m. (of 22.

oe xe « .g18.

oh a « .922.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Standards of comparison. | 1° ; Mendelejeff. 57. 19 Brunner. P. A. 64.113.
2 ¢ Muncke. 36. ce [Mendel 57. 2D | H,0 at 0°=1.0000.

3) H,0 at 3°78—1.0000. 12 \ Mendelejeff. 57. 21 { See paper for other values.
‘ ( For other temperatures see | 13} Mendelejeff. 57. 2 Playfair and Joule. 11.

. eas CERREE Sk 14 | Mendelejeff. 57. 23 ( Playfair and Joule. Cite
: \ Stampfer. 37. See paper. 15 [Mendelson 57. determinations by eight
© | H,0 at 8°75—1.0000, : other experimenters.

6 Buff, 29. H,0at0°=1.0000. | 9 sour P.M. (4). v. 20

17 Jf Rossetti. 67. 26 ( Duvernoy. 59.
18 | Rossetti. 67. 7 Duvernoy. 59

7 Despretz. 39.
* § Mendelejeff. 57.
® ( Mendelejeff. 57.

*In dealing with water and ice the compiler has not sought for completeness. Only the more
prominent of a vast number of determinations are here given.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 45
: | :
Name. Formula. Sasi Boiling Point. | Ee
1 Hydrogen peroxide. | H, O,. 1.452:
? Chlorine trioxide. 1. | Cl, O3. 1.3298:) 5 Sy to19:2
3 « « I « 1.387. o: 745 m.m.
4 Jodine pentoxide. TOF. 4.250.
5 « « « 4.7987, Oic
6 « « « 4.487, 0.°
7Sodium oxide. Na, O 2.805.
§ Potassium oxide. k, O. 2.656.
9 Silver « Ag, O 7.143, 16°6.
10 « « « 7.250.
no « « « 8.2558.
2 « « « 7etATe
SG peroxide. Ag, O,. 5-474. Impure.
4 Sulphurous acid. —‘1.| § O,. 1.42. —10.°
15 « « ile « 1.45.
16 « « Ik « —10°5.
17 « « le « s—76.°
18 « « i « I.4911,—20°5. | —8°759.2m.m.
19 « « « 1.4609,—9°9.
ao « « « 1.4384,—2°08.
zt « « « 1.4318,—0°25.
22 « « « 1.4252,+2°8.
23 « « « 1.4205, 4°51.
aa « « « T-A1O2, 8:27.
25 « « « 1.4017, I1°5.
a « « i « 1.3887, 16°43.
zu « « « 1.3769, 20°63.
= « « « 1 8is3073, 23.01%
a « « « 1.3587, 26°9.
30 « « « 153513, 20:57:
hs « « « 1.3415, 32°96.
32 « « « 1.3350, 35°29.
33 « « « 1.3258, 38°65.

eee oo

AUTHORITIES.

1Thénard. Watts’ Diction-
“ary.

2 Brandau.

3\Z. B.C. 13.47.

4Filhol. 12.

5 Kammerer. P. A. 138.401.
6Ditte. Z. F.C. 13.303.

7 Karsten. 3.

§Karsten. 3.

9Herapath. 1.

10 Boullay. 3.

1 Karsten. 3.

12 Playfair and Joule. 11.
13 Mahla. 5.424.

4 Faraday. P. T. 1823. 189.
15 Bussy. P. A. 1.237.

16 Bunsen. P. A. 46.97.

li’ Faraday. P. T. 1845. 155.
18 Pierre. 1.63.

19 (D’Andreéff. 22.

20) D’Andreéff. 22.

2 | DrAndret 22.

22 (>’Andreéff, 22.

23 ( D’Andreéff. 22.
2%) D’Andreéff. 22.
2% | D’Andreéff. 22.
26) D’Andreéff. 22.
a | D’ Andreéff. 22.
24 D’Andreéff. 22.
2 | D’Andreéff. 22.
30! DPD’ Andreéff. 22.
31 | D’Andreéff. 22
32| P’Andreéff. 22.
| 38 \ D’Andreéff. 22

46 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae pee

1 Sulphuric acid. S O,. 1.9546, 13.° Sit

2 « « « 1.975. : S?

3 « « « 1.97, 20.° ite a Deer

. « « « 1.92118.

5 « « « 1.90915. > 25.°

6 he « 1.90814. s.| | 46°-47.° | 29°5.

7 a i « 1.81958. || 760 m.m. | rs. 25°

8 « « « 1.8105. Az.”

9 « « « 1.8101. 13)
10 « « « 46.°
" Tellurium dioxide. Te O, 5-93, 20.°
2 Calcium oxide. Ca O. 3-179.
13 i i « 3.16105.
1 « « « 3.180.
15 Strontium oxide. er, 3-9321.
16 « « « 4.611.
17 Barium « Ba O. 4.0.
SSC « « 4.7322.
19 « « « 4.829—4.986.
a0 « « « 5.450.
soa peroxide. Ba O, 4.958.
2 Lead suboxide. PhO o772-
2 « monoxide. Pb O. 93277. 17-5;
2a 1 « « O35:
2% « « g.2092.
cone « « 9.250.
oT « « 9.361 .

Boe aC « « 9.3634, 4.°

Kt « « 8.02, Cryst.

30 « “ 9.2-9.36. Native.

st «= dioxide. PbO; 8.902. 16°5.

Daa « « 8.933. ’

33K « « 8.897-8.756.

3 « Minium, Pb,.O, 8.94.

AUTHORITIES.

1Morveau. See 29. 2 Boullay. 2. 24 Boullay. See 23.

? Baumgartner (26.411. | }8 Karsten. 3, *% Karsten. 3.

3Bussy: A.C. Phys. (2).|1*Filhol. 12. 2% Playfair and Joule. 11.
*; H.L. Buff. 29) 532 15 Karsten. 3. 7 Filhol. 12.

: | H.L. Buff. 29.) 3% |'Filhol. 12. *8 Playfair and Joule. 14.
6! H.L.Buff. 29.! 2° | 17 Fourcroy. 2 Grailich. 11.186.

7) H.L. Buff. (29. f nS 18 Karsten. 3. 30 Dana’s Mineralogy.

8| H.L.Buff. 29.| 3-220) | 19 Playfair and Joule. 11. 31 Herapath. 1.

2 | HL, Buh aoe) 2-35 | Fithol. 12. 32 Karsten. 3.

Schultz Sellack. P. A.139. | 2! Playfair and Joule. 11. 33 Playfair and Joule. 11.

480. 22 Playfair and Joule. 11, 34 Muschenbroek. Watts’

USchafarik. 28. 23 Herapath. 1. Dictionary.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

47
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. ee Teas
* Minium. Eby O;. 9.096. 15.°
z « « 9.190.
3 « « 8.62. |
{The oxides of the iron and
allied groupsare arranged
according to similarity of
formula. |
* Manganous oxide. Mn O. 4:7 264. 17.2 ,
5 « « « 5-38.
6 « « « 5-091.
7 Nickelous « NiO 5-597-
o « « « 5-745. Furnace product.
9 « « « 6.605. Cryst.
10 « « « 6.398.
n « « « 6.661.
te « « « 6.8. Artif. cryst.
18 « « « 6.398. Bunsenite.
™ Cobaltous « Co O. 5-597. )
15 « « « 5.75. After ignition. j
6 Uranous « U.0: 10:15;
" Cupric « CuO; 6.401. 16°5.
18 « « « 6.130.
a « « « 6.4304.
20 « « « 5-90.
Se « « ee After ignition.
22 « « « 6.322.
3 | « « Gabi d oe
aac « « 6.25. Melaconite.
2% « « « 5.952. «
*6 Sesquioxides. Ee:
7 Chromic oxide. Cr, O,. G21. (Cryst.
a « « « 4.909.
29 « « « | 6.2. Cryst.
AUTHORITIES.
1Herapath. 1. 1 Rammelsberg. 2.282. 20 ¢ Playfair and Joule. 11.
2Boullay. 2. 12 Ebelmen. 4.16. 21 ( Playfair and Joule. 11.

3 Karsten. 3.

4Herapath, 1.

5 Playfair and Joule. 11.
6 Rammelsberg. 18.878.
™Playfair and Joule. 11.
8Genth. 1.444.

9Genth. 1.444.

10 Bergemann. 11.683.

18 Dana’s Mineralogy. 22 Hilhol. 12;

14 ( Playfair and Joule. 11. | Jenzsch. 12.214.

15 | Playfair and Joule. 11. | 2 Whitney. 2.728.

16Ebelmen. J. F. P. 27.385. | 5 Joy.

1 Herapath. 1. 27 W ohler.

18 Boullay. 2. ary.

19 Karsten. 3.
* Schiff. 11.161.

Watts’ Diction-

ee Playfair and Joule. 11.

48 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

? oqe | .
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Be | ee
1 Chromic oxide. Cr. 105; 5.010,
*Manganic « MnaO% 4.82. Braunite.
se c ; et Artificial.
« « « 4.568.

5 « « « 4.325. Artificial.
6 « « « 4.752. Braunite.
7 Ferric « Fe, O; 5-251.
Bak « « 5.261. Natural.
ae « « 5.121, 12°5. Natural.
10 « « « 4.959, 16°5. Precip.
no « « « 5225.
mK « « 4.679.
3 a « « 5-135. Ignited.
“ « « « 5.241 ‘t Neue:

« « « 5.283.
a « « 5-191. ) Native.
Mi ig « « 5.214. } From three
aS ant « « 5230; j localities.
19 « « « 5.169. Precip.
20 « « « 5.037. Ignited.
1 Nickelic = « Ni,-O;. 4.814.
aK « « 4.846, 16°5.
3 Cobaltic « Co, OF Rgoe. Tork:
24 Ka « « 5.60.
eB a « « 4.814.
* Aluminic « Al, O; A152; 4.°
U « « « 3.944.
ao « « « 4.004.
29 « « « 35531: Ruby.
30 « « “« 3.562. Sapphire.
31 « « « 4.154.
o « « « 3.928. Artif. cryst.
33 « « « 4.022. Corundum.
of « « « 3.992. Above, after her

AUTHORITIES.

1Schréder. 23. 12 ¢ Playfair and Joule. 11. | 74 Boullay.
2? Haidinger. See 23. 13 | Playfair and Joule. 11. | 2% Playfair and Joule. 11.

3 ¢ Playfair and Joule. 11.
4 { Playfair and Joule. 11.
18.878.
Rammelsberg. 18.878.
7 Mohs.

8 Breithaupt. } Boe aes
*Kopp. See. 23.

10 Herapath. 1.

1 Boullay. 2.

5 { Rammelsberg.
5

14 ¢ Rammelsberg. 26 Royer and Dumas) Pa
15 Rammer | 27 ( Mohs and | a;
16 ( G. Rose. See 23, | 28 | Breithaupt. a)?
W G. Rose. 29 ¢ Brisson and 3 g8
18 (G, Rose. 30\ Muschenbroek. J 5
19.¢ H. Rose. P. A. 74.440. |%! Filhol. 12.

20 | H. Rose. P. A. 74.440. | 32 Ebelmen.

21 Playfair and Joule.
22Herapath. 1.
123 Herapath. 1.

11.

33 ¢ Ch. St. C. Deville. See 23.
34 | Ch. St. C. Deville. See 23.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 49

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Pont Pointe

1 Aluminic oxide. Al, O3. 3.870. | ae
; as 3870-1 a vtificial,

« « « 3.899.)
: « « 3-750.| Heated in a
Z « « « 3.725.) wind furnace.
i « « 3-900: | Samia
6 « « « 3.899, Ti5e5s )
LCL Oe ees aenies

. g « 3-974-
9 « « « 3.9998. ) :
10 Fe . 4 econ (Pees
IL « « « 3.994. Ruby. m. of 9.
4 « « « 4.0067, 14° Powdered.
uy « « « 8.0004), 13-5:
14 iG C i 4.008. § yee after ig-
+ Three to four oxides. | R, O,.
16 Mangano-manganic

oxide.| Mn, O,. | 4.722. Hausmannite.

lv « « 746. :
e i 4.749% Artif.

« « « 4.653. j
19 « « « 4.325. Artificial.
20 « « « 4.718. Artificial.
a « « « 4.856. Native.
» Ferroso-ferric oxide. | Fe, O,. 5-094.
23 « « « 4.960.
ae « « « 4.Q00— 5.200.
25 « « « 5.300, 16:5.
26 « « « 5-400.
2 « « « 5.480.
28 « « « 5. 168.) Cryst.
29 « « « 5.180. J Magnetite.
30 « « « 5-453-
we « « « 5.12, o.° Native.
32 « « « 5.185. ) Native.
ss « « « 5-148. } From three
oa « « « 5.106. j localities.

AUTHORITIES.

1/H. Rose. P. A. 74.429. | #2 ( Schaffgotsch. m4 24Leonhard. See 11.
2H. Rose. P. A. 74.429, | 18 setae. 429 | 95 Herapath. 1.
3 ( H. Rose. 14 { Schaffgotsch. 6 ( Boullay. 2.
4< H. Rose. 16 Dana’s Mineralogy. 27 | Boullay. 2.
5 ( H. Rose.

A
A
| 17 Playfair and Joule. 11. | 8( Kenngott; see Dana’s
6 Schaffgotsch. E Are 18 | Playfair and Joule. 11. a Mineralogy.
1 | Schaffgotsch. "499, | 19 Playfair and Joule. 14. 30 Playfair and Joule. 11.
8 | Schaffgotsch. | 2 Rammelsberg. 18.878. | %! Kopp. See 23.

9 Schaffgotsch. 21 Rammelsberg. 18.878. | %? ( Rammelsberg. See 23.
10 | Schaffgotsch. 22 Mohs. ao [ameter See 23.

1 | Schaffgotsch. 23 Gerolt. \ See i. 8 { Rammelsberg. See 23.

50 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

: : Boilin Meltin

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. P Meare Sane
1 Cobaltoso-cobaltic oxide.| Co; Oy. | 5.833.
2 « « « « 6.296.
3 Uranoso-uranic « We Ox. 7.1932.
* « « « « 7.3.
5 Trioxides. i O.:
6 Chromium trioxide. CriG:. 2.676. m. of 2.
7 « « « 2737) TA. Cryst
8 « « « 2.629, 14.° After fusion.
9 « « a ge 2.819, 20%
Molybdenum « Mo QO. | 3.46.
11 « « « 3.49.
LR « « « 4.49—4.50. Native.
18 « « « 4.39. 21.°m.of2 Cryst.
4 Tungsten « W O, 6.12.
15 « « « B27 Ay tOo 5s
16 « « « Fal 390.
ny « « « 6.302.
18 « « hen ae
19 « « « 7.16. Amorphous.
ee « « « 7232; 17 Cryst.
[Miscellaneous oxides of the
Fe. Pt. Mo. Zn. groups.]
1 Manganese dioxide. Mn O, | 4.81. Pyrolusite.
ee « « « 5.026. «
23 « « « 4.838. -a4
sa : : : a sen {Polianite
2 « « « 4.826. Polianite.
6 Cuprous oxide. Cu,-O.)' )5275¢
2 « « an 6.093. S
oo « « « ea i:
a « « « eZ Gle
80 « « « 5.746.
31 « « « 5-992. Cuprite.
AUTHORITIES.

1 ¢ Rammelsberg. 2.282, 13 Schafarik. -28. 23 ¢ Breithaupt. ) :
2( Rammelsberg. 2.282. 4 De Luyart. See 11. 24 \ Breithaupt. ee

3 Karsten. 3.
4Ebelmen. J. F, P. 27.385.

15 Herapath. 1.
16 Karsten.

SAAS ae \ Mineralogy.
25 Pisani.

3. 26 Leroyer & Dumas. See 11.

6 Playfair and Joule. 11. 17 ¢ Nordenskidld. 14.214. | 27 ¢ Herapath. 1.

7; Ehlers. 26. 18 Nordenskidld. 14.214. |? \ Herapath. 1.

®\ Ehlers. 26. 19 ¢ Zettnow. 20.216. 29 Karsten. 3.

9Schafarik. 28. 2 | Zettnow. 20.216. 30 Playfair and Joule. 11.
10Thomson. 21'Turmer. See 11. 81 Haidinger. Dana’s Min-

See ni falogy.
Dana’s Miner-

11 Berzelius.
12 Weisbach.

22 Rammelsberg,

18.878. eralogy.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

51

6 Boullay. 2.

7 Karsten. 3.

8 ¢ Brooks. P. A. 74.439.

9\ Brooks. P. A. 74.439.

loW.&T.J. Herapath. C.S8.
J. 1.42.

17 Scacchi. J
18 Karsten.

19 ¢ Rose.
20 | Rose.

21 Hbelmen.

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. ee ae se
1 Ruthenium dioxide. RusOe.) 722s
* Ruthenium tetroxide. | Ru O,. a. 00." | 58.°
* Molybdenum dioxide. | Mo 0O,. | 5.67.
* Tungsten « W O.,. 12.1109,
® Zinc oxide. Zn O. 5-432.
Sate « « 5.600.
ae « 5.7344.
rc « « 5.6067.
9 «& « « 5.6 a
WG « « 5.5298. Cryst.
ne « « « 5.61 Zep
EG « « 5.684. Zincite.
8 Cadmium oxide. Cd O. 8-183. 1625:
lt « « « 6.9502.
5 « « « orn.
16 Magnesium oxide. Mg O. 3.674. Periclase.
Ww « « « 3.750. « F
18 « « « 3.200.
19 « « « 3.644.
20 « 5c « 3.650.
a « « « 3.636. Artif. cryst.
™Mercurous = « Eig, OF «| 10169:;1625:
23 « « « 8.9503.
4 Mercuric « Hg O I1.074. 17°25.
25 « « « 11.085. 1823.
26 « « « 11.0,
cis « « « II.1909.
28 « « « 11.29.
29 « « « 11.344.
50 « « « II.1 26.
[Miscellaneous oxides of
unclassified metals. ]
*'Glucinum oxide. Gl O. 2.967.
32 « « « 3.02—3.06. Cryst.
AUTHORITIES.
1Peville & Debray. 12.236.|1! Filhol. 12. * Herapath. 1.
2Claus. 12.262. 122W.P. Blake. 13.752. 23 Karsten. 3.
3 Bucholz. Nich. Journ. 20. | ° Herapath. . 1. *4 f Herapath. 1.
121, 14 Karsten. 3. 5 Herapath. 1.
‘Karsten. 3. 15 Werther. See 23. 26 Boullay. 2.
5Mohs. See 11. 16 Damour. ) goe 93. 27 Karsten. 3.

28 Leroyer & Dumas. See 11.

3. 29 Playfair and Joule. 11.
P, A. 74.487. 80 Playfair and Joule. 14.
P. A. 74.487. 31 Hkeberg. P.M. (1), 14.346.

ALS 82 Ebelmen. 4.15.

52

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. ae eee
1Glucinum oxide. Gl O. 3.09—3.083. Powder.
2 « « « 3.096, 12.° Precip.
: « « : 3,027, 1074 Sain furnace
. « « « 2021, 9. Cryst
5 Yttrium « ¥-0: 4.842.
® Ceric « Ce, O;. | 5.6059.
T « « « 6.00.
8 Ceroso-diceric oxide. Ce::O;.. |.5.769:
® Ceroso-ceric oxide. Ce; Oy. | 6.93—6.94. 15°5.
10 « « « « 7.09, 14°5. Cryst.
1 Lanthanum « La O. 5-94.
12 « « « 5.296, 16.° + tr. B, Os.
3 Didymium « Di O. 6.64.
id « « « 5.825, 14.° + tr. B, Oo;
1 Thorium « Th O 9.402.
ao « « « 9.21.
VW « « « 9.077— 9.200.
[Nitrogen group.]
18 Nitrous oxide. LN: 9756, —5.°
oe « « 8 « .9370, 0.°
20 « « 1 « O17 7 5<,
21 « « te « 8964, 1O.°
22 « « 1. « .8704, 15.°
23 « « 1. « 8365, 20.2
*4 Hyponitric acid. L e EAGT. 28° 760 m.m
2% « « 1. « 1.42. 28.2
6 Nitrogen pentoxide. NeOe 45°-50.° | 29°-30.°
2™ Boron trioxide. BO; 175;
28 « « « 1.803.
29 « « — 1.03:
3° Phosphorus pentoxide. | P, O,. 2.387.
41 Vanadium oxide. VeO3: 3.64, 20.° Supposed metal.
3 « trioxide. V, Os Ac72,, 16.° Mmiof 3:
AUTHORITIES.
1(H. Rose. P. A. 74.433. |18 Hermann. 14.195. 2Dulong. Schweig. J. 18.
a | H. Rose. P. A. 74.433. | Nordenskidld. 14.197. iit
31 H. Rose. P. A. 74.433. | 5 Berzelius. P. A. 16.385. | % Mitscherlich. Schweig. J.
+H. Rose. P. A. 74.433. | 16 Nordenskidld & Chydenius | 63.109.
5Ekeberg. P.M. 1. 14. 346. 13.134. 2% Deville. 2.257.
® Karsten. 3. "Chydenius. 16.194. 7 Breithaupt.
7Hermann. 17.193. 18 (D’Andreéff. 22. 28 Davy. See 11.
8Hermann. 17.193. ce | D’Andreéff. 22. 29 Berzelius.
“p} Nordenskiéld. 14.184. 20 | D’Andreéff. 22. 30 Brisson. See 11.
10 | Nordenskidld. 14.184. | 2! | D’Andreéff. 22. 31 Schafarik. J.F. P. 76.142.
1 Hermann. 14.192, 22 | D’Andreéff. 22. 82 Schafarik. 28.
12 Nordenskidld. 14.197. | % (D’Andreéff. 22.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 53

| Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Paint Point
. | .

* Vanadium pentoxide. | V,0,. | 3.472.)

2 2 : 3.510. f 20.°

* Arsenic trioxide. As, O;. | 3-698.

i « « « 3-690-3.7 10.

: « « « 3.695. Octahedral.

: « « « 3. 7355¢ oe

7 « « « 3,720; 1752:

8 « « « 3.7202.

9 « « « 3.7026.

10 « « « 3.884.

1 « « « 3.85. Native, prismatic.

2 « pentoxide. As, O;. | 3.7342.

ae « « « 4.023.

14 « « « 3-98 Ge

1b « « « 4.250.

6 Antimony trioxide. Sb Oe he5.57-

ut « « « S71 70s

18 « « « 6.6952.

xz « « « Boer:

20 ( « « 5.11. Octahedral.

a « « « 3-72. Prismatic. \

*# Senarmontite. « 5.22-5.30.

*3 Valentinite. « 5.566. Cryst.

** Antimony tetroxide. Sb, O,. |.4:074.

2 « « « 4.084. Cervantite.

#6 « pentoxide. Sb, O;. | 6:525.

21 « « « 3-779.

8 Bismuth trioxide. Bi O;,, |'6:7608, 1625:

29 « « « 8.211, 18°3. Alter teal: t

30 « « « 8.45.

31 « « « 8.17 35.
82 « « « 8.079.

AUTHORITIES.

1 ¢ Schafarik. J. F. P. 76.142. | 12 Karsten. 3. 23 Dana’s Mineralogy.
2 ( Schafarik. J. F. P. 76.142. | 18 ( Playfair and Joule. 11. | *4 Playfairand Joule. 11.
3 Le Royer & Dumas. See 11. | * | Playfair and Joule. 11. | % Dana’s Mineralogy.
*Leonhard. See 11. Filhol. 12. 26 Boullay. 2.

° ¢ Guibourt. 16 Mohs. 27 Playfair and Joule. 11.
6 (| Guibourt. MW Boullay. 2. *8 ¢ Herapath. 1.

7 Herapath. 1. 18 Karsten. 3. 29 Herapath. 1.

8 ( Karsten. 3. 19 Playfair and Joule. 11. 30 Le Royer and Dumas.
9 (Karsten. 3. 20 ¢ Terreil. J. F. P. 98.154. | *! Karsten. 3.
10Filhol. 12. 21 \ Terreil. J. F. P. 98.154. | 5? Playfair and Joule. 11.
11 Claudet. 21.230. ‘22 Dana’s Mineralogy.

54

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Pome Pot.
[Carbon group.]

1 Carbon dioxide. L "C02 .9. —20.°

2 « « Te ee 183. .0:° eal oat

8 « « 1. « 6. +30.°

t «; > s. « -56°5 to-58°

5 « « le « 9952, —I0.° } |

6 « « le « :O710;5-— Sir

7 « « lL « 471,10.

8 « « i « 19222,) +5) 5 .- tL

9 « « Lal! ae .8948, 10.0 |

10 « « As « 8035) 15-— |

u « « 1. « .8267, 20.° |

12 « « 1. « 7831, 25." J

Silicon « Quartz. | Si O,. 2.653. Cryst.

14 « « « « 2.6354. Extremes of

“s eleven.

« « « « 2.6541. determinations.

16 « « « « 2.053, 13. mn. of 5:

17 « « « « 2.653, ee Pies

18 « « « « 2.656. Cryst.

19 « « « « 2,22. After ea

0 « « Artificial. | « 2.20, Ab ee ee.

ee « Tridymite. « 2 ORSON Go Bee

22 « « « « Seas =o.

23 « « « « 2.282: 1525.

*4 Titanium dioxide. Rutile| Ti O., 4.249.

2% « « « « 4.244.

26 « « « « 4.250-4.291.

ai « « « « 4.420. 0.°

ae « « « « 4.26. Artificial.

29 « « « = 4.283. «

80 « « « « Ans: «

$1 « « « « 4.56.

32 « « (2???) « 4.18.

33 « « « « 3.9311. Artif. powder.
AUTHORITIES.

1 coaee. A.C, Phys. (2).

60.427.
2; Thilorier. A.C. Phys. (2).
| 60.427.
3 | hitorie, A. C. Phys. (2).
60.427.
4Faraday. P. T. 1845. 155.
(D’Andreéff. 22.
6 | D’Andreéff. 22.
7 |D’Andreéff. 22.
8 | D’Andreéff, 22.
9 | D Andrestt 22.

10 | Dp’ Andreéff.

to
N

11 ¢ D’Andreéff. 22.

2 | D’Andreéff. 22.

13 Scheerer.

14 ¢ Beudant. P. A. 14.474.

15 | Beudant. P. A. 14.474.

16 ( Schaffeotsch. P.A. 68.147.
See same paper for many

"| determinations for opal-

’ ine minerals.
18(Ch. St. Claire Deville. 8.14.
ee St. Claire Deville. 8.14.

20 Schaffgotsch. P. A. 68.147..

24y, Rath, 21.1001.

22 ¢y. Rath. 21.1001.
23\ y. Rath. 21.1001.

24 Mohs.

25 Scheerer. | See 23.
26 Breithaupt. |

27 Kopp. J

22 Ebelmen. 4.15.
29Ebelmen. 12.14.

30 Hautefeuille. 16.212.
31 Miiller. 5.847.

82 Klaproth.
33 Karsten. 3.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 55
Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. eae eee ;

' Titanium dioxide. (???) | Ti O,. 4.253.) Powder.

; ‘ « « « 4.255.) Ignited.

3 « « « « 4.128.

; « « Brookite.| — « 4.1. Artificial.

5 « « « « 4.12 Se

6 « « « « 4.131.

uJ « « « « 4.16 5.

S « « « « 4.166.

9 « « « « 3.81. From Ural.

10 « « « « 4.216. « «

i « « « « 3-952. Arkansite.

12 « « « « 3.892.
aS « « « « 3-949.

If « « « « 4.22. ,
15 « « « « 4.20.

a6 « « « « 4.03-4.083. Arkansite.

1 « « « « 4.08 Ge «

18 « « Anatase.| « 3.890.
49 « « « « fo
20 « « « « 3.857.

21 « « « « 2716.

22 « « « « 3.826.

23 « « « « 3.82.

2 « « « « 4.06. From Brazil.

ae « « « « 3.7-3.9. Artificial.

6 Tin monoxide. Sn O. 6.666. 16°5.

7 « dioxide. Sn. Oj. +. 6:72.

2B « « 6.96.

ZO « « 4.933.117 8)

30, « « « 6.639. TO35%

sl « « « 6.90.

ZT « « 6.892-7.180.

Sora « « 6.95-6.96.

Sa « « 6.831. O.7

—

AUTHORITIES.

1 ¢ Rose. See 23. 1 { Rammelsberg. 2.730. 24Damour. 10.661.
2 (Rose. See 23. 13 | Rammelsberg. 2.730. 2 Hautefeuille. 17.215.
3 Playfair and Joule. 11. 14Frédmann. 3.704. 26 Herapath. 1.
4Hautefeuille. 17.214. 16 Beck. 3.704. 27 Daubrée. See 23.
5 ( H. Rose. See 23. 16 Damour. } 2.731. 28 Mohs.

6; H. Rose. See 23. 17 Whitney. 9 ¢ Herapath. 1.

a Se Rose. See 23. 18 ¢ H. Rose. 30 | Herapath. 1.

8 \H. Rose. See 23. 19 ‘UH. Rose. 31 Boullay. 2.
9Romanowsky. 2.729. 20 Vauquelin. 32 Breithaupt.
10Romanowsky. 3.704. 21 Breithaupt. f See 23. 33 Neumann. See 23.
Breithaupt. 2.730. 22 Mohs. | 34 Kopp.

23, Kobell.

56

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula.

1Tin dioxide. Sn O,

Bolivia.

10
ll
12
13
14
16
16
17
18

(Miscellaneous. ]
19 Niobium pentoxide.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

32

oS S _

Specific Gravity.

6.849-6.978.

Gy7i22, Ase

6.753. Fr. Wicklow.
6.862. Fr. Mexico.
6.8432, 15°5.
6.8439.
7.021, 15°5. Black.
6.704, 15°5. Yellow.
4-35- \ Amorphous.
to 4.90.

‘5-49.

4.3.

5.42.

5.5:

4.9.

5-742, 15.°

5.710, 15:°

5-024. 85.

i Colorless.

4.56.) Extremes of several
5.26. determinations.

6.140.) From fusion

6.146.) with K, S, O,.
6.48. Above, ignited. |
5.83. More strongly heated. J

5.90.

5.98. From
oe chloride.
6.239.

6.1-6.4. Ignited.

«

6:725,
5.79. Morestrongly heated.

5515.52.

Point.

AUTHORITIES.
1H. Rose. See 23. 13 Knop. A.C. P. 159. 36. 1” H. Rose. 12. 158.
2 Playfair and Joule. 14. 14 Sjogren. 6.349. 22 | H. Rose. 12.158.
3 Mallet. 3.705. 15 Berlin. 6. 350. 3 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
4Bergemann. 10. 661. 16 ¢ Nordenskiold. P. A. 114. 24 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
8 ( Forbes. P.M. (4). 30. 139. 626. 2 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
6} Forbes. P.M. (4). 30.139. | 1 | Nordenskidld. P. A. 114. | ** ) H. Rose. 12. 158.
7 ea P.M. (4). 30: 139. 1 626. 27 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
8 | Forbes. P. M. (4). 30. 189. | 3°. | Nontensiioa P. A. 114. | 2 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
9 ¢ Watts’ Dictionary. 626, 29 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
10 | Watts’ Dictionary. 19 ( H. Rose. 1. 405. 30 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
UR. Hermann. 19.191. 20°| H. Rose. 1. 405. 31 | H. Rose. 12. 158.
12Klaproth. See 11. 32 | H. Rose. 12. 158.

For valuable details, as to modes of
preparation, characters of samples, &c.,

see original paper.

Boiling | Melting
Point.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. oT

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity, Bee roe
? Niobium pentoxide. | Nb, O,. | 4.56.) Extremes of
a « « « 6.54. several,
S « « « 5-20.) 14.°
= « « « soa
5 « « « 4.37-4.46.) Prepared by
: « « « 4.51-4.5 a two methods.
af « « « 4.31.
5 « « « 5-00.
® Tantalum « Ta, O;. | 7-03.) Extremes of several
10 fe « « 8.26.) determinations.
1 « « « 7-055.) From fusion | )
mW « a « 7.065. {with K, S, O,. |
13 « « « 7.986. Heated more strongly.
ls « « « 7.028-7.280. es |
a5 « « « 7.284. Crystalline fr. Ta Cls.
16 « « « 7-994. Strongly ignited.
a « « « 7.652. More strongly heated. |
18 « « « 8.257. Porcelain furnace. | J
13 « « « 7 .OO.
20 « « « 7-35. Ign. precip. from Ta Cls.
2 « « « 8.01. From N H, Salt.
2 « « .60.
ae ‘ Ese a From K Salt,
|
2d. DOUBLE OXIDES.
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Boing | Mee

Point. Point.

#*Sodium uranium oxide.|Na, O. 3 U, 03.) 6.912.

* Zine iron oxide.

Zn O. Fe, O3. | 5.132. Artif. cryst.

*6 Magnesium iron oxide.| Mg O Fe, O,. | 4.568.) Magnesio-

27 « « «

4.654.) ferrite.

1/H. Rose. 13.148.
2H. Rose. 13.148.

*( Nordenskidld. 14. 209.
5 ¢ Marignac. 18. 198.

1 Marignac. 18.198.
TKnop. A.C. P. 159. 36.
8 Hermann. 18. 209.

°H. Rose. 1. 404.

3 { Nordenskiéld. 14. 209.

AUTHORITIES.

10H. Rose. 1.404.

ul ( H. Rose. 10. 178.
12 | H. Rose. 10.178.
13 | H. Rose. 10.178.
14 | H. Rose. 10. 178.
15 | H. Rose. 10. 178.
16 | H. Rose. 10. 178.
17 | H. Rose. 10.178.
18 | H. Rose. 10.178.

'9Hermann. 18. 209.

20 Deville & Troost. 20. 207.
a2 ( Banenae, JERS Pao F soe
#2. Marignac. J. F. P. 99. 33.
*s | Marignac. J. F. P.99. 33.
*Drenkmann. 14. 257.
2Ebelmen. 4.13.

26 ¢ Dana’s Mineralogy.

at { Dana’s Mineralogy.

ey

The original paper gives
many valuable details.

J

58 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

2

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Bornean e

Point. Point.

' Manganese chromium
oxide. | Mn O. Cr, O,.| 4.87. Artif. cryst.

*Tron chromium « Fe O. Cr, QO;. | 4.321. Chromite.

3 « « « « 4.498. Chromite, fr.Styria
TC « « « 4.568. Chromite, fr: Pa: \
5 Zinc « « | Zn QO. Cr, Og. | 5.309. Artif. cryst.
°Tron aluminum « | Fe O. Al, O3. | 3.91-3.95. Hercynite.
' Zinc « « |ZnO. Al, Os. | 4.580. Cryst.
8 « « « « 4.1-4.6. Automolite.
9
a ; : ' ies Ae 59'\ Gahnite.

« « « « 4.317.
or: « « « 4.89.) Gahnite from
La « « « 4.91.) Franklin.

18 Magnesium aluminum
oxide. | Mg O. Al, O,.| 3.452. Artif. cryst.

if « « « « 3.48-3.52. Spinel.
15 « « « « 3.523. «
a6 = « « « 3.575. Red spinel.

4 Glucinum aluminum
oxide. | G1 O. Al, O;. | 3.759. Artif. cryst.

i. . « « a 3-597- ) Chrysoberyl.
19 « « « « 3.689. From three
ay « « « « IBA. j localities.
21 « « « « 3.835. Chrysoberyl.
22 « « « « 3.644. Alexandrite.
AUTHORITIES.
2

1Ebelmen. 4. 13. 8 Dana’s Mineralogy. | 16 Dana’s Mineralogy.
2Thomson. Dana’s Miner-| 9 (G. Rose. See 23. |17 Kbelmen. 4. 13.

alogy. 10 (|G. Rose. See 23. 18 ¢ Rose. Dana’s Mineralogy.
8 ¢ Dana’s Mineralogy. 11 ¢ Brush. Sill. J. (3). 1. 28. | 19 | Rose. Dana’s Mineralogy.
4 | Dana’s Mineralogy. 12 Brush. Sill. J. (3). 1. 28. | 22 \ Rose. Dana’sMineralogy.
5Ebelmen. 4. 13. 13 Hbelmen. 4.12. 21 Kokscharof. 14. 976.
6 Zippe. See 23. 14 Breithaupt. See 23. 22 Kokscharof. 15.715.

7Ebelmen. 4.13. 18 Haidinger. Dana’s Min.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 59

VIII. SvuLpuHipes.

Ist. SIMPLE SULPHIDES.

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. eee Pee

=] |
1 Hydrogen sulphide. HS: 5.—85°5.
? Sodium « Nae Seal 247%:
§ Potassium « KS. 2.130.
* Silver « Ag, S. | 6.8501. Artificial.
Sa « « 7-31-7.36. Acanthite.
Sac « « 7.164-7.236. «
tT « « « 7.188-7.326. « \
Sorc « « 7.269-7.317. Argentite
re « « 7:02. Daleminzite. |
0 Thallium « Tl, S. 8.00.
1 Oldhamite CaS8.Im-

pure. | 2.58.
22 Lead monosulphide. Pb 8: 7220;
18 « « « FAO] .60.
lf | « « 7.587.
15 « « « 7.568.
1G « « « 7.5052. Artificial.
N « « « 7-539- .
18 « « « 6.9238. 4.° Powdered.
19) « « « 7.51. From Przibram.
ore sesquisulphide. ;| Pb, 8,. | 6.335.
21 Chromium « Cr, 8. | 4.092.
22 « « « 2.79; 10.") Two DEE=
23 « « « 3-77, 19.°) parations.
** Manganese monosul-
: phide. | Mn §S. 3.95 400-| Native
25 « « « 4.014.
26 « Fait « 4.036. From Mexico.
ey « disulphide. | Mn §,._ | 3-463. Hauerite.
8 Tron hemisulphide. Fe, 8. 5.80.

AUTHORITIES.

1Waraday. P. T. 1845. 155. | 1! Maskelyne. 20 Playfair and Joule. 11.
2Filhol. 12. 12 Muschenbroek. 21 Playfair and Joule. 11.
3Filhol. 12. 13 Leonhard. See 11 ot Schafarik. 28.
‘Karsten. 3. 14 Brisson. c % | Schafarik. 28.
5 Kenngott. 8. 908. 15 Mohs. 24 Leonhard. \
6 { Dauber. 13. 748.) From two | ® Karsten. 3. * 2 Mohs. See 11.
70 Dauber. 13. 748, flocalities 11 Breithaupt. J.F.P.11. 151. | 2 Bergemann. See 23.
8 Dauber. 13. 748. 18 Playfair and Joule. 14. 27y Hauer. 1.1157.
9Breithaupt. 15. 709. 19Tschermak. 27. 28 Playfair and Joule. 11.

WLamy. 15.185.

60 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

nd

Name. Formula:.| Specific Gravity. ea! ae
1 Tron monosulphide. FeS 5.035. m. of 2. Artif.
2 « « « 4.787. Troilite.
Sea « « 4.75. «
4 « « « 4.79. Artificial.
aC « « 4.817. Troilite.
6 « disulphide. Fe §, 5.000-5.028. Pyrite
7 « « « 5.185. Maximum of 52 det.
: ‘ ; 3 aOTe: \ Marcasite.
« « « 4.847.
10 « « « 4.93. Pyrite.
nN « sesquisulphide. Fe, 8. | 4.246.
12 « « 4.41.
13 Complex sulphide of
iron. Fe, S,. | 4-494.
1* Pyrrhotite. Fe, 8; | 4.584. Fr. Kongsberg.
15 « « 4.546, « Bodenmais.
16 « « 4.580, « Harzburg.
Mi « « 4.564, « Mexico.
18 « « 4.640, « Connecticut.
19 Nickel hemisulphide. | Ni, 8. 6.05.
2 ~« monosulphide. | NiS. 4.601. Millerite.
ae « « 5.65. «
2 Cobalt « Co 8. 5.45. Syepoorite.
2 « ~~ disulphide. Co §,. 4.269.
2% « gsesquisulphide. | Co,8,. | 4.8.
* Copper hemisulphide. | Cu, 8. 5.695.
265 8G « « 5.7022. Chalcocite.
27 « « « 5-792. V7
a « « 5:9775.
29 « « Can 5-71.
#9 ~« monosulphide. | CuS. 2.5.
a1 rc « « 4. 1634.
B2E Ik « « 4.636. Covellite.
88 Palladium hemisulphide| Pd, 8. | 7.303, 15.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 Playfair and Joule. 11. 12 Rammelsberg. 15. 262. 3 Playfair and Joule. 11.
2Rammelsberg. 1. 1306. 13 Rammelsberg. 15. 195. 24 Hoffmann’s Tables.
Smith. 8. 1025. 14 Kenngott. Wien Ak. 9.575. | > Mohs. See 11.
*Rammelsberg. 15. 263. 15 Schaffgotsch. e fa 2eThomson. Dana’s Min-
5 Rammelsberg. 17. 904. 16 - Rammelsberg. | aa eralogy.
6’ Kenngott. 6.780. [289. | 17 | Rammelsberg. { As 27 Herapath. 1.
a

7 Zepharoyich. Wien Ak. 12.

* ¢ Dana’s Mineralogy.

8 (| Dana’s Mineralogy.

10 Forbes. Dana’s Miner-
alogy.

U Playfair and Joule. 11.

18

Rammelsberg. J

19Playfair and Joule. 11.

2 Kenngott. Wien Ak. 9. 575.

21 Rammelsberg.
Mineralogy.

22 Dana’s Mineralogy.

28 Karsten. 3.

29 Kopp... 16.5.

30 Walchner. See 11.

3\ Karsten. 3.

32 Zepharovich. 7. 810.

33 Schneider. P. A. 141. 532.

Dana’s

i

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

61

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Pome Point.
1 Platinum monosulphide} Pt § 8.847, 16°25.
; « disulphide. Pts, 722A Loe 7 5s
S « « « 5-27.
4 « — sesquisulphide.| Pt, 8, Rao.
°Molybdenum disulphide} Mo S 4.59.
$ « « « 4.44-4.8. Molybdenite
TTungsten disulphide. W,5 6.26, 20.°
8 Zinc sulphide. ' | Zn 8 3.9235.
2 « « 4.063. White Blende.
10 « « 4.07. Blende.
EC « « 4.05. «
a « « 3-98. Wurtzite.
Cadmium sulphide Cd 4.90. Greenockite.
ie « « « 4.80. «
tS « « « 4.605.
16 « « « 4.5. Artif. Cryst.
if « « « 4.5. Artificial.
18 Mercury « Hg 8. | 8.998. Cinnabar.
19 « « « 8.124.
20 « « « 8.0602.
- « « « 8.ogo. Cinnabar.
ae « « « 7.701.) Amorphous.
23 « « « 7.748.) Natural.
aS ee « « 7.552. Amorph.Artif. J
* Nitrogen « NS. 259166, 15.2
°° Phosphorus monosul-

phide. | PS. 1.8.
a « hexsulphide.| P §,. 2.02,
*8Diphosphorus trisul-
phide.| P, S,. 290.°
Tetraphosphorus « PSs: 142.°
3° Vanadium sulphide. Vi cS. aul47Oy2rs
31 Arsenic disulphide. As, S,. | 3-5444.
aa « « « 3.4-3.6. Realgar.
AUTHORITIES.

1Bottger. J. F. P. 3. 267. 12 Pana’s Mineralogy. Moore. J. F. P. (2). 2. 319.
2Bottger. J. F. P. 3. 267. 18 Breithaupt. See 11. 2 Mure J.F. P. (2). 2. 319.
3 Schneider. P. A. 138. 604.}14 Brooke. P. A. 51. 274. Moore. J. F. P. (2). 2. 319.
4Schneider. P. A. 138. 604. | 15 Karsten. 3. % Michaelis. Z. F.C. 13. 460.
> Mohs. See 11. 16 Schiiler. 6.367. % Dupré. J. F. P. 21. 253.
6 Dana’s Mineralogy. 17 S6chting. Dana’s Miner- | ?’ Dupré. J. F. P. 21. 253.
7Schafarik. 28. alogy. Lemoine. 17. 154.
§ Karsten. 3. 18 Dana’s Mineralogy 227TLemoine. 17.133.
*Henry. 4.756. 19Boullay. 2. 30 Schafarik. 28.
1 Kuhlmann. 9. 832. 20 Karsten. 3. 31 Karsten. 3.

11Tschermak. 27.

21 Moore. J. F. P. (2). 2

. 319. | 82 Dana’s Mineralogy.

62

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. |Boiling Point. wee
1 Arsenic trisulphide. | As, 8;. | 3-459.
2 « « « 3.48.
3 « « « 3.48.
« « « 3.40.
‘Antimony « Sb, 8, 4.62. Stibnite.
: « « « 4.516. «
a « « « 4.7520.
8 « « « 4.15. Amorphous.
8 « « « 4.614, Black.) Massive.
10 t « « 4.641, 16° « ee |
mt « « « 4.280. Red.
a « « « 4.421. Precipitated. |
3 Bismuth disulphide. | Bi,S,. | 7.29. m. of 5.
xs « trisulphide.| Bi, 8, | 7.591, 14°5.
15 « « « 7.0001.
a « « « 7.807.
u « « « 7.16. Fr. Bolivia.
18Carbon disulphide. | C§,. 1.272.
Dy ein « « 132693, T51. 46°6. 760m. m.
20™ 5 Kt « « 46°9. 753 m.m.
a « « 46°2. 769m. m.
oh « « « 1.265. 45.°
aa « « 1.29312, 0.- 47°9. 755.8m.m
24 « « « 1.29858, 0.2. Ml ON.2%
BK « « 1327904; 10> 4 46.°
EEA 6 « « Fe20052.0 7-0 760m.m.
a7 » « 1.227431, 46° m.of 3.
8B | « « 1.2661, 20.° 47°7.745- 5 m.m
Tin monosulphide. | Sn 8S. 4.8523.
30 « « « 5.267.
Sl « « 4.973-
32 « ~— disulphide. Sn 8, | 4.415.
33K « « 4.600.
* Thorium sulphide. | ThS. 8.29.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Karsten. 3. 13° Werther. J. F. P. 27.65. | 7 Pierre. 15.
?Mohs. Watts’ Dictionary. | 14 Herapath. 1. ad (e L. Buff. 29.
3 Hiidinger. Dana’s 15 Karsten. 3. 2% j A. LsBuff., 29:
4 Breithaupt. J Mineralogy. | 1° Wehrle. See 11. 26.) 1. i; Butt. ~29;
5 Mohs. See 11. 17 Forbes. P. M. (4). 29. 4. 27 lr es Buti 29:
® Hatiy. Watts’ Dictionary. | !8 Berzelius & Marcet. Schw. | 28 Haagen. 32.
7 Karsten. 3. ' J. 9. 284. * Karsten. 3.
® Fuchs. Watts’ Dictionary. | 18Gay Lussac. See 17. 9 Boullay. 2.
9 H. Rose. 6.361 and 362. | 2° Marx. Schw. J. 62. 460. 31 Schneider.
10 | H. Rose. 6.361 and 362. | 2! Andrews. See 17. 32 Boullay. 2.
1 | H. Rose. 6.361 and 362. | 22 Couérbe. A.C. Phys. (2). | $3 Karsten. 3.
12 CH. Rose. 6.361 and 362.! 61. 232. 34Chydenius. 16. 195.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 63

Ee

2d. SULPHARSENITES, SULPHARSENATES, SULPHANTIMONITES,
AND SULPHOBISMUTHITES.

Name.

1 Proustite.
2 Sartorite.
3 ¢

4 ice

* Dufrenoysite.

6 «

7 «
® Binnite.

* Enargite.

ll «

9 Miargyrite.
16 Pyrargyrite.
1 Stephanite.

Formula. Specific Gravity. pores eee
3 Ag, S. As, §,.| 5.422-5.56.
Pb'S.:As, 83. |/5-405:
« 5-393-
« 5.469.
2 Pb S. As, S,. | 5.5616.
& 5-549.
« 5.561.
3Cu,8.2 As,S3.| 4.477.
3 Cu, 8. As, S;.| 4.362.
e 4-430-4.445.
« 4.39. Guayacanite.
- 4.37.
« 4-34.
« 4.43.
Ag, S. Sb, 8. | 5.214-5.242.
3 Ag, S. Sb. 85. | 5.7-5.9.

.| 6.269. Fr.Przibram

18 Zinkenite. Pb S. Sb, S, 5.30-5.35.
9 Boulangerite. 3 Pb S. Sb, §. | 5.75-6.00.
0 Meneghinite. 4 Pb 8. Sb, 83. | 6.339-6.345.
“1 Berthierite. Fe 8. Sb, 83. | 4.043.
2 Chalcostibite. Cu, 8. Sb, 85. | 4.748.
aes « « 5-015.
** Wittichenite. 3 CU, 8. Big S,-.| 4.3:
[For Chiviatite, Plagi-
onite, Brongniardite,
Jamesonite, Friesle-
benite, Bournonite,
Tennantite, &c., See
Dana.]
AUTHORITIES.
1Dana’s Mineralogy. 8 Dana’s Mineralogy.
2 (Sartorius y. Walters-| 9Kenngott. Dana’s Miner-
hausen. 8. 914. alogy.
3 | Sartorius v. Walters- | 1° Breithaupt. 3.702.
1 hausen. 8. 914. 1 Field. 12. 771.
- Stora v. Walters- | 12y, Kobell. 18. 872.
hausen. 8. 914. 13 Root. 21.998.
5 Landolt. Dana’s Miner- |™ Burton. 21.998.
alogy. 15 Weisbach. 18. 869.
€Damour. A. C. Phys. (3). | 16 Dana’s Mineralogy.
14. 379. 17 Dana’s Mineralogy.
Ty, Rath. 17.827.

18 Dana’s Mineralogy.
19 Dana’s Mineralogy.

2 vy. Rath. 20. 974.
21 Pettko. 1.1159.
22H. Rose. Dana’s

23 Breithaupt. / Mineralogy.
24 Hilger. 18. 870.

[See Dana for Kobellite,
Aikinite, Tetrahedrite,
Geocronite, Polybasite,
&e.]

64

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

ee

8d. MISCELLANEOUS DOUBLE AND TRIPLE SULPHIDES.

Name.

1 Thallium potassium
sulphide.

? Tron potassium
§ Sodium platinum «
* Potassium
5 Stromeyerite.
® Pentlandite.

7 Linneeite.

8 Sternbergite.
® Chalcopyrite.
10 Barnhardtite.
1 Homichlin.

2 Cubanite.
13

«

« «

«

“4 «

5 Carrollite.
16 «
‘TGold and Silver sul-
phide.
{For many other native
sulphides, see Dana. ]

Formula.

Kose Dies

K, S. Fe, S.

Na, 8.3 Pt S. Pt §..
K,S. 3Pt's. Pts,
Ag, 8. Cu, 8.

Nis ees,

2Co S. Co §,.

Ag, 8.3 Fe S. Fe§,.

Cu, S. Fe S. Fe §..

2Cu, S. Fe S. Fe §,,.
3 Cu,S.3FeS. FeS,.

Cu, 8. FeS. 3 FeS,.
«

«

Cu, 8. Co S. Co. §,.

«

2 Au, §,. 5 Ag, S.

Specific Boiling | Melting
Gravity. Point. Point.

4.263.

2.563.

C27. Ub. o
6.44, 15.°
6.26.

4.6.

4.8-5.0.
4.215.
4.185.
Asb2Us
4.472-4.480.
4.026-4.042.
4.169.

4.18.

4.58.

4.85.

8.159.

IX. SELENIDES.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point: Pons.
18 Silver selenide. Ag, Se 8.00.
19 Thallium selenide. Tl, Se 340.°
20 Lead « Pb Se 6.8. Native.
21 « « « 7.6-8.8.
2 a « « 8.154.
*8 Tron sesquiselenide. | Fe, Se. | 6.38.
AUTHORITIES.
1Schneider. P. A. 139.661. | 9 Forbes. 4. 759. "Muir. B.S. C. 18. 222.
2 Preiss. Jai. Pa lO 7210: lWGenth. 8.910. 18G, Rose. P. A. 14. 471.
3Schneider. P. A. 138.604. | 1! Breithaupt. 12.773. 19Kuhlmann. 17. 255.
4Schneider. P. A. 138.604. | 12 Breithaupt. P. A. 59.325. | Zinken. P. A. 3. 274.
5 Kopp. 16.5. 13 Booth. Dana’s Min. 21 Dana’s Mineralogy.
6Scheerer. P. A. 58. 316. 14Smith. 7. 810. 22 Little. 12.95.
7Dana’s Mineralogy. 15 Faber. 5. 840. 3 Little. 12.94.

8 Dana’s Mineralogy. 16Smith & Brush. 6.782.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 65

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Being: Pane
1 Nickel selenide. Ni Se. 8.462.
* Cobalt « Co Se. 7.647.
3Copper—« Cu Se. 6.655.
—*Cadmium « Cd Se. 8.789.
° Mercurous « Hg, Se. | 8.877.
®Mercuric « Hg Se. 7.274. From Tilkerode.
7 « « « Fel—feg fs | Clausthal,
® Arsenic triselenide. As, Se,. . |'4-752.
* Bismuth « Bijoese 16.82.
a0 « « « 7.406.
11 Tin monoselenide. Sn Se. 5.24025.
nm « diselenide. Sn Se,. 5.133.
BG « « 4.85.
X. TELLURIDES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. aoe ae
4 Silver telluride. Ag, Te. | 8.565.
iS « « « 8.41 2.
16 Lead « Pb Te. 8,159.
M% Antimony tritelluride. | Sb, Te;. | 6.47-6.51. 13.°
18 Bismuth « Bi, We...) 7-237:
e «, « « 7.868.
au « « « 7-941.
a « « « 7.642, a
AUTHORITIES.
1Little. 12.94. 8 Little. 12.95. 1G. Rose. P. A. 18. 64.
2Little. 12.94. 9Schneider. 8. 386. 16G. Rose. P. A. 18. 64.
3 Little. 12.95. 10 Little. 12.95. 17 Bodeker and Giesecke. 26.
4Little. 12.94. 11 Schneider. J. F. P. 98.236. | 8Genth. 5. 833.
5 Little. 12.95. 12 Little. 12.94. 19 Jackson. 12. 770.
6 Dana’s Mineralogy. 13 Schneider. J. F. P. 98. 236. | °Genth. 13. 744.

TKerl. 5.837, 4G. Rose. P. A. 18. 64. 2 Balch. 16.794.

66 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XI. PHosPHIDEs.

Formula. | Specific Gravity.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Point. Point.

1 Silver sesquiphosphide. | Ag, P, 4.63.

* Chromium phosphide. CrP 4.68.

3 Manganese « Mn; P; 5-951. A mixture ?
4 « « Mn; P: 4.94.

° Tron « Re, -Bi 5.04.

6 « « Fe, P. 6.28.

7 Nickel « ING; Es 5.99.

§ Cobalt « Co, P, 5.02;

° Copper «| Cu, 8, 6.75.

Le « « 6.59.

1 Palladium « Pdi P; 8.25.

” Platinum « PtP, 8.77.

8B Molybdenum = « Mo P. 6.167.

1 Tungsten « WP 5207;

15’ ZINC « Zo ses 4.76.

© Gold sesquiphosphide. Au, P; 6.67.

™ Tin monophosphide. Sn P 6.56.

XII. ARSENIDES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae ee
18 Kaneite. Mn As. B55:
19 Leucopyrite. ‘| Fe As,. 6.80. Fr, Andreasberg.
20 « « 7.09. « Fossum.
2 « « 7.282.) From
22 « « 7.259.) Breitenbrunn.
23 « « 8.67. From
2 « « 8.71.) Schladming.
25 e « 6.659-6.848.

AUTHORITIES.

1Schrotter. 2.246. 10 Hvoslef. 9.285. 18 Dana’s Mineralogy.
2Martius. 11.160. 1 Schrotter.) . , 46 19Tlling. ) Dana’s Mine-
3, Wohler. 6. 359. 12 Schrétter. ~~" 2 Scheerer, f —_ ralogy.
*Schrotter. 2. 246. 18 Rautenberg. 12.163. 21 ( Behncke. 9. 831.
5 Freese. 20, 284. 4 Wohler. 4. 347. 22 | Behncke. 9. 831.
6 Hvoslef. 9. 285. 15 Schrotter. 23. Weidenbusch. 5. 836.
7 Schrotter. 16 Schrotter. 2. 246. ae { Weidenbusch. 5. 836.
8 Schrotter. 2. 246, 17 Schrotter, * Breithaupt. P. A. 9,115.
9 Schrotter.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 67

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. me ne
’ Lélingite. Fe As. Fe As,. | 7.00-7.228.
2 « « 6.246. In mass.
eran « 6.324) cae
* Niccolite. Ni As. 6.67 1-7.330.
° Rammelsbergite. Ni As,. 7.099-7.188.
® Smaltite. Co As,. 6.84.
*Skutterudite. Co Ass. 6.78.
§ Whitneyite. Cu, As. 8.408.
: « « 8.57-8.69.
a « « 8.246-8.471, 21.°
1 Domeykite. Cu, As. 7.75.
” Algodonite. Cu, As. 7.62. Fr. Chili.
« « 6.902.
1 Allemontite. Sb As. 6.13;
» « « 6.203.
16Tin arsenide Sn, As. 7.001, 18.°
[See Dana for fuller infor-
mation upon arsenides. |
XIII. AnTIMonrIpEs.
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. eee Eaie
" Breithauptite. Ni Sb. 7 5AN:
18'Tin antimonide. Sn, Sb. 7.073 10>:
[See also tables for alloys. ]
[Dana’s Mineralogy gives
determinations for Dys-
crasite, &c.]
AUTHORITIES.
1Dana’s Mineralogy. 7Scheerer. P. A. 42. 553. 14 Thomson. Dana’s
2/ Behncke. 9. 831. SGenth. 120771. 1 Rammelsberg. Min.
5 Behncke. 9. 831. 9 Forbes. 13. 745. 16 Bodeker. 26.
* Dana’s Mineralogy. WGenth. 15. 708. Mv Breithaupt. Dana’s Mine-
5 Breithaupt. Dana’s Mine-|!Genth. 16. 708. ralogy.
ralogy. 12 Genth. Dana’s Mineralogy. | 18 Bodeker. 26.
®Rose. 5. 836. 18 Field, 10. 655,

68

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

4

XIV. SULPHIDES WITH OxIDES, ARSENIDES, OR ANTIMONIDES.

ec

Name.

1Voltzite.
2 Kermesite.
3 Mispickel.

ocoont nn bf
a

10 «

1 Gersdorffite.
2 Cobaltite.

13 Pacite.

4 Ullmannite.

Boiling | Melting

Formula. Specific Gravity. Pome Point:
4 Zn 8. Zn O. | 3.5-3.8.
2Sb, 85. Sb, O3. | 4.5-4.6.
Fe §,. Fe As,. | 6.269.
« 5.896-5.893.
« 6.21
« 5.821-6.086.
« 5.36-5.66.
« 6.095. In mass.
« 6.004. Powdered.
« 6.255.
Nu'S). Na As;. |)5:65-5.40.
Co §,. Co As, | 6.0-6.3.

Fe §,. 4 Fe As,.| 6.297-6.303.
NiS, NiSb,. | 6.352-6.506.

XV. BoripsEs, SILicipEs, &e.

Name.

1 Platinum boride.
16 Tron silicide.

Boiling | Melting

Formula. Specific Gravity. | point. Pant
Pt B. W32s
Fe, Si. 6.611

XVI. HypRATEs.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. | point. Point
1 Chloric hydrate. EE CLO 7 A, ©: 42282, 1422.
8 Perchloric hydrate. Eel QO; 1.782, 15°51;
aS « « HC) ORO) n8ir so. I. 50:7
° Todic « iH-L-O;: 4.269, 0°.

AUTHORITIES.

1Vogl. 6.786. 8) Potyka, 122772: 15 Martius. 11. 210.
2 Dana’s Mineralogy. 9\ Potyka. 12.772. 16Hahn. 17. 264.
3 Kenngott. Wien Ak.9.584. | 19 Forbes. 18. 871. 1 Kammerer. P. A. 138. 390.
* Weidenbusch. 5. 837. 1 Forbes. 21. 997. 18 Roscoe. )
5 Vogel. 8.907. 12 Dana’s Mineralogy. 19 Roscoe. J at
6 Behncke. 9. 830. ° 13 Weisbach. Dana’s | *%Ditte. Z. F. C. 13. 303.
7Baentsch. 9. 830. 14 Rammelsberg. Min.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 69

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. oe pe
'Todic hydrate. PEL: 4.869, 0°.
ee « « 4.816, se,
ie: « HNO, Oil, ©. 2.1260, 19°75:
* Periodic hydrate. HL@,. 2H, ©. 130.°
® Sodium « Na: 2.130:
Shy « « Na, O. 8 H,0. | 1.405. 6.7
Potassium « K HO: 2.100
8 « « « 2.044.
*Sulphurous « H,S0;..6.H,0; ae
Sulphuric = « HS 0, 1.849, 10°.
wt « « « T2042, 1 5c.
12 « « « 1.854, O°.
13 « « « [.O42% 12°. 338.° 10°S.
i « « « 1.834, 24°.
a « « Fuming.| H, S, O,. 1:9: siat 0,0
48 « « HS Op FiO) | 1.784,78.° 205°—210°| 8.°
ay « « « 8°5.
ig « « HS 07.25, ©.| 1:62; 193.
* Selenic « H, Se O, 2.524-2.625.
ay « « « 2.627.-++ tr. H, O.
1 Telluric « H,TeO,.2H,0.| 2.340.
” Calcium « Ca Hi, 0, 2.078.
* Strontium « Sree, Oy 3.625.
24 « « Sr ET Oy; 8 i, O: 396.
* Barium « Ba, O;. 4.495.
2B « Ba H,0,.8H,O} 1.656.
7 Manganese « Mn, O,. H, O. | 4.335. Manganite.
*S Turgite. 2 Fe, O;. H, O. | 3.56-3.74. Ural.
29 « « 4.29-4.49. Fr. Hof.
30 « « 4.681. Fr. Horhausen.
a « « 4.14. Fr. Salisbury.
* Gothite. Fe, O,. H, O. | 4.37. Fr. Lostwithiel.
° Limonite. 2¥Fe,0,.3 H,O.| 3.6-4.0.
* Limnite. Fe, O,. 3 H, O. | 2.69. Fr. Cornwall.

AUTHORITIES.
og Phys. (4).21.22. | 12 ( Marignac. 6.325. % Filhol. 12.
2(Ditte. A.C. Phys. (4).21.22. | #8 Marignac. 6. 325. 2% Wilhol. 12.
3’Kammerer. P. A. 138.390. | * | Marignac. 6. 325. 26 Filhol. 12.
‘Langlois. 5. 345. 15 Watts’ Dictionary. 27 Rammelsberg. 18.878.
5Filhol. 12. 16 Wackenroder. 2. 249. 28 Hermann. Dana’s Min.
® Hermes. 16.178. Marignac. 6. 325. 2” Breithaupt. Dana’s Min.
™Dalton. Watts’ Dictionary. | !8 Watts’ Dictionary. 30 Bergemann. 12. 771.
8Filhol. 12. 19 Mitscherlich. P. A. 9.629. | *! Brush. Sill. J. (2). 44. 219.
9Pierre. A.C. P. 68, 228. 20 Fabian. 14. 130. 82 Yorke. Dana’s Mineralogy.
10 Ure. 21 Oppenheim. 10. 213. 33 Dana’s Mineralogy.
1 Bineau. 2WFilhol. 12. 34Church. 18. 879.
23 Filhol. 12.

70

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point. | Point:
1 Uranium hydrate. U;OEO: 5.926.
? Diaspore. Al, O;. H,O. | 3.4324.
3 « « 3-452.
4 « « 3.45. From Asia Minor,
5 « « 3.29. « Trumbull.
6 « « 3.39. -« ‘Chester,
7 « « 3.343. « «
8 Gibbsite. AL 03.13 dd, O, 12-387, (Ural:
9 é « » | 2.389. « Richmond.
10 Brucite. Mg H, O,. 2.35.
11 « , « Digi
13 « « 2.44. Nemalite.
18 « « 2.4. Fr. Wermland.
me « « 2.36.
15 « « 2.376. Fr. Orenburg.
16 Zinc hydrate. ZnO. 3.053.
WT « « 20771.
WONitries 3c HNO; 1.5543. 01505.
w « « « 1522402055 86.°
20 « « « 1.552, 15." 86.°
1 Nitric subhydrate. | H, N, Oy. 1.642. 18.° S45.
” Boric hydrate. By O,..:3 Hi, Os. |*1.479:
28) « « VASA 15c-
*4 Phosphorous hydrate | H, P 03. | 74.°
*° Phosphoric « P3O,.0 EO, \1.88;
*6 Stibiconite. Sb; Oj On) Vance:
27 Antimonic hydrate. | Sb, O;. 5 H, O. | 6.6. Artificial.
8 Lead dioxide hydrate.| Pb O,. H,;O. | 6.267.
* Manganese « « Mn O,. H, O. | 2.564-2.596.
Bismuth « « BiiO;.cE1, 0. 5.571.
31 Cobaltic hydrate. Co, O,. 2H, O. | 2.483.
32 Nickelic ING Oo. 2EE, O. | 275:

AUTHORITIES.

1G@melin’s ‘‘ Handbuch.”

2 Haiiy. Dana’s Mine-
5 Dufrenoy. ralogy.
4Smith. 3.708.

5Shepard. 4. 763.

8 Jackson. Sill. J. (2). 42. 108.

TShepard. Sill. J. (2). 50. 96.

8 Hermann. 1.1164.

9Silliman, Jr. 2. 389.

10 Mohs.

1 aidinger.
ralogy.

Dana’s Mine-

12 Nuttall.
BTeelstrom. 13.753.

14 Hermann. 14.979.

16 Beck. 15.718

16 Filhol. 12.

WW Nicklés. 1. 435.

18 Kirwan. Gilb. Ann. 9. 266.
19 Mitscherlich. P. A. 18. 152.
20 Millon. J. F. P. 29. 337.
21 Weber. J. F. P. (n.s). 6. 357.
22 Kirwan.
23 Stolba.

Sill. J. (1). 4. 19.

16. 667.

2 Hurzig & Geuther. A.C. P.
111. 170.
2 Schiff. 12.41.

2 Blum & Delffs. Dana’s

31 Wernicke.
32 Wernicke.

Mineralogy.
27 Boullay. Dana’s Mine-
ralogy.
23 Wernicke. ]
29 WV, tel
Sere De)
‘ | 2. 419.
|
J

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 71
a a ee

XVII. CHLtorates AND PERCHLORATES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. eee | ea
1Sodium chlorate. Na Cl O,. 2.467.
2 « « « 2.289.
* Potassium = « KCl O;. 2.32043, 4.2
4 « « « 2.350, 17°5.
$ « « « 23325;
6 « « « 33402
a Silver « Ag Cl O,. 4.430.
§ Barium « Ba Cl, O,. H,O.| 2.988. 15.°
* Potassium perchlo-

rate./ K Cl O,. 2.528-2.550.
Thallium « Tl ClO; 4.844. 1595.
XVIII. Bromates anp JopAtss.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. ee pa
1 Sodium bromate. Na. Br 0; 3.330).1725;
2 Potassium = « K Br O,. 2:271,.17 75:
3 Sodium iodate. Na 03. A277, lipess
* Potassium iodate. KE LO, 3.079; 1725.
16 « « « 2.601.

XIX. SuULPHITES AND HyYPposuLPHITESs.

Name. : Formula. Specific Gravity. Dee ane

16 Sodium sulphite. Na,SO;. 10H,O!) 1.56m.
"Sodium hyposulphite|Na,8,0,.5 H,O.| 1.672.
- 18

« « « L736 510. 45.°
19 « « « 56.°
20 « « « 167/34.
1 Potassium = « en Sy Op. 2.590.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Berthelot. 8Bodeker. 26. 15 Nitte. A.C. Phys. (4). 21.48.
2 Bodeker. 26. *Kopp. 16. 4. [217. | 16 Buignet. 14. 15.
3 Playfair and Joule. 14. 10 Roscoe. Chem. News. 14. | }7 Buignet. 14. 15.
#Kremers. 10. 67. 11 Kremers. \ 0.67 18 Kopp. 8. 45.
5 Buignet. 14.15. 12 Kremers. 10 OT 19 Watts’ Dictionary.
Soh 74.59. 13 Kremers. \ = 20 Schiff. 12. 41.
7Schréder. 12.12 1 Kremers, f 19-67- 1 Buignet. 14, 15.

72 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XX. SULPHATES.

ist. SIMPLE, ANHYDROUS SULPHATES.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point Point.
1 Lithium sulphate. Ta, SO; 2.210.
? Sodium « Na, 8 O,. 2.462.
3 « « « 2.645.
[ « « « 2:07
a a « « 2.735
S « « « 2.640.
U « « « 2.6313.
8 « « « 2.597.
2 « « « 2.629.
e
ao « « « 2.65606, 4°.
Nl « « « 2.6 pede
aa « « « 2.674-2.684.) ‘sapere
a « « « 2.693. m. of 3.
4 Potassium = « Kas O: 2.636.
15 « « « 2.4073.
16 « « « 2.400.
a « « « 2.6232.
18 « « « 2.880.
19 « « « 2.662.
a « « « 2.640.
al « « « 2.625.
aa « « « 2.644. Cryst.
a « « « 2.657. After fusion. }
a « « « 2.653.
a « « « 2.658.
26 « « Se 2.572.
a7 « « « 2.645.
a « disulphate. | K, 8, O,. 2,277, 210.°
»» Ammonium sulphate] (N H,),S0O,.! 1.750.
30 « « « 1.70147, 4°
AUTHORITIES.
1Kremers. 10. 67. 11 ¢ Kremers. 5.15. 20 Playfair and Joule. 11.
2Mohs. See 5. 12 | Kremers. 5.15. 21Filhol. 12.
3’ Thomson. 13 Schréder. 23. 2 ¢ Penny. 8.333.
4 Breithaupt. See 23. 14 Wattson. See 23. 23 | Penny. 8.833.
5 Cordier. 15 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys. | 4Schiff. 20.
6Thomson. Ann. Phil.(2).| 28.3. 2 Schréder. 28.

10.435. 16 Jacquelain. A.C. P. 32. 234. | 26 Buignet. 14. 15.
7Karsten. 3. ‘17 Karsten. 3. 7Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503.
8 Playfair and Joule. 11. 18Thomson. Ann. Phil. (2). | 8 Jacquelain. A.C. P. 32. 234,
9Filhol. 12. 10. 435. 29 Playfair and Joule. 11.

10 Playfair and Joule. 14. 19 Kopp. _ 5. 30 Playfair and Joule. 14.

Name.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Formula.

Specific Gravity.

73

Boiling | Melting

Point. Point.

* Ammonium sulphate) (NH,), SO,. | 1.7676.
« « « 1.76—1.78.
: « « « 1.628.
Z « « « 1771.1. Of 2.
5 « « « 1.750.
co « « « 140.°
* Silver « Ag, SQ,. 5.341. ‘
See « « 53322:
SC « « 5-410.
Loe « « 5-425.
"Thallium « TSO; 6.774
us « « « 6.603.
“ Calcium « Ca SQ,. 2.9271.
LEA « « 2.960.
15 « « « 3.102.
16 « « « 2.969. Artif. cryst.
1 « « « 2.983. Anhydrite.
18 « « « 2.92, 15°. Anhydrite.
" Strontium « Sr SO,. 3.973. Celestine.
ab « « « 3.9593. «
a « « « 3.96. «
ae « « « 3.86. «
2s « « « 2.00210". * 30
24 « « « 3.927. Artif. cryst:
2% « « « 3.5883. Precipitated.
a6 « « « 3.770. «
at « « « 3.707. «
** Barium « Ba SQ,. 4.42.
oy « « « 4.446.
50 « « « 4.2003.
ST « « « 4.4695, O°.
32 « « « 4.4773.) Barite. Extremes |
as > of seven deter-

« « « 4.4872. J minations.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Hassenfratz. A. C. Phys.|1!2 Lamy and Descloizeaux. | ?? Mohs. l See 23

28. 3.

2Kopp. 11.10.
3Schiff. 20.
4Schroder. 23.

5 Buignet.

14. 15.

6 Watts’ Dictionary.

7 Karsten.

3.

8 Playfair‘and Joule.

9Filhol. 12.
10Schréder. 23.
UTamy. 15.186.

1

Nature. 1. 116. 23 Kopp. J
13 Karsten.
14 Naumann.
15 Filhol.
16 Manross.
17 Schrauf.
18 Fuchs.
19 Breithaup
20 Beudant.

21 Hunt.

30 Karsten.

ot

o

ana’s Min-

j Cray: | a ( G. Rose.

33. G. Rose.

3.

31 Kopp. See 23.

piAe
Peas

oe 24Manross. 5.9.
2 Karsten. 3.
12; 2% Filhol. 12.
5. 9. 27 Schroder. 23.
15. 756. 28 Breithaupt. )
15. 10D: 29 Mohs. if See 23.

75. 409.
75. 409.

74

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

? Barium Sulphate.

2

wo

4 Manganese monosul-
phate.
® Tron monosulphate.

16 «

7 Cobalt
8 Copper

19

77 Mercurous sulphate.
8 Mercuric
4% Aluminum «
30 «

31 Alumian.

Formula.

Ba S O,.

Mn 8 Q,.
Fe 58 0,
Cos: O;.
Cu 8 O,
Zn 8 O,.
Mg5S O,.
He, 5:0;
Hg 8S O,.
A¥,(S:0,);.

Al, Os. 2.803.

6.35. Fr. Phoenixville.
6.20. Fr. Coquimbo.

Ble TA
2.841.
3.138.
3-531.
3.631.
3-572.
3-530.
3-681.
3.400.
3.400.
2.6066.
| 2:706. Mm, of 2:
| 2.628.

7.560.

6.466.

2.7400.

DET.
2.702-2.781.

mm. Of 25

Point.

Specific Gravity. ee MOane
4.4794.) Barite in
4.4804. powder.
a Date Precipitated.
4.5253.

4.179. Artif. cryst.
4.512. ) Precipitates
4.022. in different
4.065. conditions.
6.298.

6.1691.

6.30.

1 fees Rose. P. A. 75. 409.
2 |G. Rose. P. A. 75. 409.
3 | G. Rose. P. A. 75.409.
#\G. Rose. P. A. 74.409.
5Manross. 5.9.

6 (Schréder. 23.

7 Schroder. 23.

8 USchréder. 23.

°Mohs. See 23.

10 Karsten. 3.

1 Filhol. 12.

AUTHORITIES.

2Smith. 8. 969. 2 Karsten. 3.

13 Wield. 14. 1022. 23 Filhol. 12.

14 Bodeker. . 26. 24 Karsten. 3.

15 Wilhol. 12: % Playfair and Joule.

16 Playfair and Joule. 11. 26 Filhol. 12.

Playfair and Joule. 11. 27 Playfair and Joule.

18 Playfair and Joule. 11. 28 Playfair and Joule.
| 29 Karsten. 3. 29 Karsten. 3.

2 Hilhol: 12: 80 Playfair and Joule.

2 Playfair and Joule. 11. 31 Breithaupt. 11. 730.

ioe

afl
11.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

2d. SIMPLE HYDRATED SULPHATES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Peon pa
Lithium sulphate, ii. O77 0:4) 2102:
* Sodium « Na,SO,.10 H,0.} 1.469. m. of 2.
3 « « « 1.4457.
Z « « « 1.520.
5 « « « 1.350.
c « « « 1.465.
7 « « « LAD.
SRE « « 1.4608.
9 « « « 1.4595.
1 Mascagnite. (N Hi, 5807.0, 0.) 1:72—1.73;
"Calcium sulphate. 2 Car). EO. 2.9573 |
ue « « Ca 8'O;.. 2 HO.) 2.322.
13 « « « 10.
oa « « « 2.307. Gypsum.
15 « « « DAon.
16 « « 2.317. m. of 15. Gypsum. |
ae « 2.3057.
J |
[Vitriols.] @

’ Manganese sulphate.| Mn S 0,. 5 H, O.| 1.834.
19 « « « 2.095—2.087.
° Tron « Fe 8 0,. 7 H, O. | 1.857. m. of 3.
ore « « 1.88389, 4.°
ab « « « 1.8399.
HG « « 1.904.
oe « « 1.884.
% « « « 1.902.
6 Nickel « NiS:0;..7 HO: |.2.037.
27 « « « 1.931.
2B « « 2.004. Morenosite.
” Cobalt « CoS'O, 7,0.) 1.9624.
8° Copper « CuSO, 5.0, | 22.
sme « « 2.1943.

AUTHORITIES.
1Troost. 10.141. 11 Johnston. P.M. (2). 13.325. | 22 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys.
2 Playfair and Joule. 11. 12 Leroyer and Dumas. 28. 3.
8 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys. | }* Mohs. [291. | Wilhol. 12.

28. 3. 14Breithaupt. Schw. J. 68. | *4Schiff. 20.

*FWilhol. 12. [10. 435. | 5 Filhol. 12. 2% Buignet. 14.15.

5Thomson. Ann. Phil. (2).
6 Schiff.

TBuignet. 14.15.
$(Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503.
o { Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503.
10 Dana’s Mineralogy.

16 Kenngott. 6. 844.
WStolba. J. F. P.
18Gmelin. See 5.
19Kopp. 5.

| 20 Playfair and Joule.
| 1 Playfair and Joule.

7. 503.

Li
14.

26 Kopp. 5.

27 Schiff. 20.
Fulda. 17.859.
229 Schiff. 20.

See 5. [28. 3,
A. C. Phys.

30 Gmelin.
51 Hassenfratz,

76

Name

.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Formula.

Boiling Melting

Specific Gravity. Pine | (Point.

' Copper sulphate.

2
3

a Oo

i\Cu S O,.5 H, O.

Mg S 0,. H, 0.

2.297. Natural.
2.274.

22a

2.286.

2.2901.
22422: Ace
2.2781.

2302)

D277 8.

2.036.

1.912;

1.931. m. of 4.
2.036.

1.953.
1.957,
1.9534-
E75t.
1.6603.
1.674.
1.660. .
1.6829, 4.°
175s
1.685.

1.675.

1.636, 15°5. Epsomite.

2.617. Kaesenite.

7Cadmium = « Cd S'O; EL, 0: 2.939.
28 - * SiGd SOS 1. Ox|| 3:05. 12°
*Chromic — « Cr, (SO,),.15 H, O.| 1.696. 22.°
°° Coquimbite. He;.(5'O7);/9-H,.O.).2.0-2:1.
*! Copiapite. 2¥F e,0,.550,.12H,O} 2.14.
* Raimondite. 2 Fe,0;.3503.7 H,O| 3.190-3.222.
** Pibroferrite. 2Fe,0,.580,.27H,O} 1.84.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Breithaupt. J. F.P.11.151. | 3 Filhol. 12. 24 Buignet. 14.15.
2Kopp. 5. 4 Schiff. 20. 2 Forbes. P.M. 32. 135.
* Playfair and Joule. 1 Buignet. 14.15. *6 Bischof. Dana’s Miner-
4 Hilholy 12: 16Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503. alogy.

° ¢ Playfair and Joule.
6. Playfair and Joule.
T\ Playfair and Joule.
*Buignet. 14.15.
*Stolba;, J.B PB: 972503:
[28. 3.

10Mohs. See 5,
11 Hassenfratz.

2 Playfair and Joule.

14. |17Mohs. See 5.
14. | 18 Hassenfratz.
14, 2823:

19 Kopp. 5.

20’Playfair and Joule. 11.
“1 Playfair and Joule. 14. alogy.

A.C. Phys;)|\2? Rilhol.. 12.

23Schiff. 20.

* Buignet. 14. 15.

A. C. Phys. | 28 Giesecke. 26.

29 Schrotter. P. A. 53. 513.
30 Dana’s Mineralogy.
31 Borcher. Dana’s Miner-

82 Dana’s Mineralogy.
33Smith. 7. 864.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

17

Name. Formula.

Specific Gravity.

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

1 Aluminum sulphate.) Al, (S O,);.18 H, 0.) 1.671. m. of 2.

2 « « «

3 « « «

4 Aluminite. Al Oy SO; o 1.0:
> Felsobanyite.

1.569.
1.6-1.8. Alunogen.
1.66,

2A1,0,.805.10 H, 0} 2.33.

3d. ANHYDROUS DOUBLE SULPHATES.

| Boiling|Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. | point. | Point.
® Sodium hydrogen sul-
phate. |Na HS O,. 2.742.
7Potassium = « «- || Ke S:O;. 2.163.
8 « « « « 2AZ:
9 « « « « 2.715. m./Of 2:
10 « « « « 2.47767, 40
» Ammonium « «Ney, ESO; 1.761, m. of 2.
12 « « « « 1.787.
® Sodium potassium« [3 K, § O,. Na, S0,.| 2.668. Fee
ae, on « « « 2.671. Aft.fusion.
1 Ammonium « « INH, KS0O, 2.280.
© Glauberite. Ca § O,. Na, S O,. | 2.767.
Ms « « 2.64.
8 Dreelite. Ca S 0,. 3 Ba S O,,| 3-2-3.4.
19 Potassium aluminum
sulphate. Al K (8S O,),. 2.228. m. of 2.
Ammonium aluminum
sulphate. IN AK (SO), 2.039.
21 Manganese potassium
sulphate./Mn K, es OF) 3.008. m. of 2.
*Nickel potassium « Ni K, (S Oye. 2.897. m. of 2.
3 Copper « © +ICu K, e Oj)5: 2.797: M.'Of 2:
2 ~« ammonium « Cu (N H,), (8 0,),.| 2-197. m. of 2.
* Zinc potassium = « Zn K, p O,)»- 2.816.
% « ammonium « {Zn (N H,), (S0,),.| 2-222:
7 Magnesium potassium) Mg K (S O,)..
sulphate. 2.676.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11.

2¥Filhol. 12.

3 Dana’s Mineralogy.

* Dana’s Mineralogy

5 Kenngott. 7. 863.

6 Playfair and Joule. 11.

7 Jacquelain. A.C. P.32.234.

8Thomsen. Ann. Phil. (2).
10. 435.

9 Playfair and Joule. 11.

Schiff. 20.
is) (Penny.

16 Schiff, 20.
16 Breithaupt.
WUlex. 2.776.

60. 102.

10 Playfair and Joule. 14.
Playfair and Joule. 11.

8. 333.
14 Penny. 8.333.

Schw.

18 Dufrenoy. A. C. Phys. (2).

19 Playfair and Joule. 11.
20 Playfair and Joule. 11.
21 Playfair and Joule. 11.
22 Playfair and Joule. 11.
23 Playfair and Joule. 11.
24 Playfair and Joule. 11.
% Playfair and Joule. 11.
2 Playfair and Joule. 11.
2% Playfair and Joule. 11.

(291.
J. 68.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

4th. HYDRATED DOUBLE SULPHATES.

Name. Formula. Gaviigy)) | pektl rome,

?1Ammonium sodium

sulphate. N H,. NaS O,. 2 H, O.| 1.63
?Manganese ammoni-

um sulphate. (NH,), Mn (SO,),.6 H,O} 1.930.
3 Tron potassium sulphate| K, Fe (S O,).. 6 H, O. | 2.202.
a5 Kc « « « 2.189.
5 « ammonium « _— |(NH,), Fe(SO,),.6H,O| 1.848. m. of 2.
6 « « « « Pons.
TNickel potassium « /|K, Ni (S O,),.6 H, O. | 2.111-2.136.
S$ « ammonium « _— |(NH,), Ni(SO,),.6 H, O} 1.783.
9 « « « « T.915.
10 « « « « 1.921.
Cobalt potassium « ({K,Co (8 0,),.6 H, O. | 2.154.
«ammonium « (NH,), Co (SO,),. 6H, Q) 1.873.
13Copper potassium« /|K, Cu (S Q,),. 6 H, O. | 2.244. m. of 2.
We « « « « 2.16376, 4.°
15 « « « « 2NB7e
1% « ammonium « = |(NH,), Cu (SO,),.6 H,O} 1.756-1.757.
1 « « « « 1.891. m. of 2.
18 « « « « 1.89378, AS
19 « « « « 1.931.
Zinc potassium «. |K, Zn (8 O,),. 6 H, O. | 2.153.
21 « « « « 2.245.
ea « « « 2.24034, 4.°
2B | « « « 2.153:
* « ammonium « = |(NH,),Zn(SO,),.6 H,O} 1.897. m. of 2.
25 « « « 1.910.
Cadmium potassium |

sulphate. |X, Cd (S O,),. 6 H, O.’ | 2.438.
* Cadmium ammonium |

sulphate. (NH,),Cd (SO,),. 6 H,O} 2.073.

AUTHORITIES.

ISchiff. A.C. P.114.68. | Kopp. 5. 19 Schiff. 20.
*Thomson. See 20, or 5. tt Schitt.2:20: 20 Kopp. 5.
3 Playfair and Joule. 11. | Schiff. 20. 21 Playfair and Joule. 11.
#Schitt. 2203 18 Playfair and Joule. 11. 22 Playfair and Joule. 14.
5 Playfair and Joule. 11. 14 Playfair and Joule. 14. 23 Schiff. 20.
® Schiff. 20. IS Schitf. 20. 4 Playfair and Joule. 11.
7 Kopp. | 5. 16 Kopp. 5. 2% Schiff. 20.
8 ¢ Kopp. 5. 17 Playfair and Joule. 11. 26 Schiff. 20.
8 (Kopp. 5. 18 Playfair and Joule. 14. 27 Schiff. 20.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

79

Name.

Formula.

Boiling’ Melting
Point. | Point.

Specific
Gravity.

’ Magnesium potassium

sulphate. K, Mg (S 0,),. 6 H, O. | 2.076. m. of 2.

& « « « « 2.05319, Ae

J « « « « 1.995.

s «ammonium « (NH,),Mg (SO,),.6 H,O} 1.696.

5 « « « « 1.721.

6 « « « « Me 1686, Abe

a « « « « 1.680.

8 « « « « 1.762.

® Leewite. 2MegS0,.2Na,S0,.5H,O} 2.376.

10 Fauserite. Mgs0,.2Mn8S0,.15H,O} 1.88.

' Magnesium iron sul-

phate.|Mg Fe (S O,),. 14 H, 0.) 1.733.

uB « copper « |Mg Cu (S0,),. 14 H, 0.) 1.813.

= « zine « |Mg Zn (S 0O,),. 14 H, O.| 1.817.

7 « cadmium « |Mg Cd (S0,),. 14 H, O.! 1.983.

{ Alums. ]

Sodium alum. AINa:(S'O;) 12s ©: 1645.

16 « « « i 567.

1 Potassium « Al K (Si O)),3 12.1, O. \'1-753-

a « « « 1.7109.

©) « « « 1.724.

20 « « « 1.726. m. of 4,
el « « « 1.75125, 4°

a « « « 4.722.

ae « « « 1.757-

Ze « « « 1.7505.

* Rubidium alum. Al Rb (S O,),. 12 H, O. | 1.874.

*6 Ceesium. « Al Cs (S 0,),. 12 H, O. | 2.003.

7 Ammonium « Al(NH,)(SO,),.12 H,0.| 1.602.

a « « « 1.625.

2g « « « rk

80 « « « 1.625.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11. Schiff. 20. 22 Schiff. 20.

2 Playfair and Joule. 14. 13 Schiff. 20. 23 Buignet. 14.15.

3 Schiff. 20. if Schift. 1/20: *“Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503:
£Gmelin. See 5. 1 Schiff. 20. 25 Redtenbacher. Wien. Ak.
5 Playfair and Joule. 11. 16 Buignet. 14.15. 51. 248.

6 Playfairand Joule. 14. M Dufrenoy. 26 Redtenbacher. Wien. Ak.
TSchiff. 20. 18 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys. 51. 248.

8 Buignet. 14.15. 28. 3. 27 Breithaupt. J. F. P. 11.151.
9 Haidinger. 1.1220. 19 Kopp. 5. °3¢ Kopp. 5.

10 Breithaupt. 18.901. 20 Playfair and Joule. 11. 29°) Kopp. 0:

U Schiff. 20. 21 Playfair and Joule. 14. 30 Playfair and Joule. 11.

80

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1Ammonium alum.

3 « «

’ Potassium chromealum/Cr K (S O,),. 12 H, O.

4

«a «

5

« «

6 «

«
7Ammonium «
8 iron

«

«

9 «

10 Jarosite.
1 Alunite.
? Lowigite.

Formula.

Specific
Gravity.

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

Al(NH,)(SO,),.12H, 0.|

«

Cr (NH,)(SO,),.12H, 0.
Fe (NH,) (SO,),.12H,0.

«

K,S0,.4Fe,S0,.9H,0.
K,S0,.3.A1,80,. 6 H,0.|
K,S0,.3A1,S0,. 9 H,0.|

|

1.621:
1.653.
1.848.
1.826.
1.85609, 4.°
1.045, 12.°
1.735, 29.2
1.712.
1.718.

3.2150.
2.481.
2.58.

Sth. BASIC AND AMMONIO-SULPHATES.

Specific Boiling| Melting
amie. Formula. Gravity. Point. | Point.
8 Turpeth mineral. Hg S O,. 2 Hg O. 8.319.
4 Basic copper sulphate./4 Cu O. S O,. 4 H, O. | 3.082. m. of 2.
1 TKe, | Ane « 47in O.S'O,.4 HO. ) 3122.
16 Linarite. PESO, Cu HO: 5.43.
1 Brochantite. 2 Cu S O, 5 Cu H, O,. | 3.78-3.87.
18 « « 3.9069.
ae Waringtonite. « 3-39-3-47.
a0 Langite. CuS0O,.3CuH,0,. H,0.! 3.48-3.50.
1 Silver ammonio sul-
phate.|Ag, S O,.4 N H,. 2.918. m. of 2.
* Copper « « |Cu‘s!O;. 2 NG. DATO.
3G « ec 1CwsO.2IN H,. 38°F, 0.) 1.950. a
m4 « « |CuS0,4NH, H, 0. | 1.790, {G22
es oo, ema
6 Zinc « «52s: O 2 NEL. 2.479.
7 Tetramercurammoni- |(N, Hg,) 8 O,. 2 H, O. | 7.319.
um sulphate.
AUTHORITIES.
1Schiff. - 20. 1 Gautier-Lacroze. 16.833. | 19 Maskelyne. 18. 902.
2 Buignet. 14.15, 2 Romer. 9. 877. 20 Maskelyne. 18.901.
3 Kopp. 5. 13 Playfair and Joule. 11. 21 Playfair and Joule. 11,
* Playfair and Joule. 11. 14 Playfair and Joule. 11. 2 Playfair and Joule. 11.
5 Playfair and Joule. 14. 15 Playfair and Joule. 11. 23 Playfair and Joule. 11.
6Schiff. 20. 16 Brooke. Ann. Phil. (2). | 24 Playfairand Joule. 11.
TSchrétter. P. A. 53. 513. 4,117. 2% Playfair and Joule. 11.
8Kopp. 5. Magnus. Dana’s Min. 26 Playfair and Joule. 11.
9 Playfair and Joule. 11. 18G, Rose. Dana’s Min. 27 Playfair and Joule. 11.
10 Breithaupt. 6. 845.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

81

XXI.

SELENITES AND SELENATES.

Name.

1 Mercury sub-selenite.
? Barium selenate.

3 Lead

4 Yttrium
5 Selenic alum.

«

«

Boiling Melting

Formula. Specific Gravity. Point. | Point.
3 Hg, O.4 Se O,,. 7335:
Ba Se O,. 4.67, 22.°
Pb Se O,. 637.0220)
Y Se.0)/3: Hi, 0; 2.6770.

AIK (SeO,),.12H,0.| 1.971.

XXII. CHROMATES.

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. point | Point.
® Potassium chromate. |K, Cr O,. 2.012.
i « « « 2.6402.
8 « « « 22705.
i « « « 2.682. m. of Io.
2 “ « « Za fileke ‘A
1 « « « ae
12 « « « 2 691.
13 « « « 2.7343.
i « dichromate. |K, Cr, O,. 2.6027.
15 « « « 2.624.
2G « « « 2.602, 4c
uy « « « 2.721.
18 « « « 2.6616. ie
19 « « « 2.6806. >
2” Ammonium = « (CN ET, ),(Cr,.0%. 2.307.
1 Potassium trichromate| K, Cr, Ojo. 2.655. m. Of 3.
ae « « « 3.613
Silver chromate. Ag, CrO;. 5.770
4 Barium « Ba Cr O;; 3:90, 1:
35 « « « A.A, 23-°

AUTHORITIES.
1K6hler. 6.380. 9 Playfair and Joule. 11. 18 ¢ Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503,
2Schafarik. 28. 105( Playfair and Joule. 14. | 19 (Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503.
3Schafarik. 28. 11 | Playfair and Joule. 14. | Schiff. 20.
4 ¢ Cleve and Hoeglund. B. | !*Schiff. 20. 21 Playfair and Joule. 11.
S. C. 18. 289. BStolba. J. F. P. 97. 503. 22 Bothe. 2. 272.

5R. Weber. 12.91. 14 Karsten. 3. 2 Playfair and Joule. 11.
6 Thomson. 15 Playfair and Joule. 11. 24 Bodeker & Giesecke. 26.
7Karsten. 3. 16 Playfair and Joule. 14. % Schafarik. 28.

8 Kopp. 5.

WSchiff. 20.

82

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1Lead chromate.

«
5 Pheenicochroite.

® Basic lead chromate.
7Chromic chromate.

® Copper chromate.

9 Zinc
10 Magnesium chromate.
ll

«

« «

Silver ammonio «

Formula. | Specific Gravity. Res Tous
Pb Cr O,;. 6.00.
& | 5-95-
« | 5-053.
« 6.118. Artif. cryst.
‘iS Pb OZ Cr O;, See
2 Pb O. Cr O,. 6.266.
2 GrO;. CrO;: 4-0, 10.7
Cu Cr 0,.5 H, O. | 2.262.
Zn Cr 0,7 H,O. | 2.096.
Me-CriQ,. 7 HO. |1-60;.15.5
« Le7iG lee
Ag, Cr O,. 4.N H,. | 3-063. m. of 2.

XXIII. MANGANATES AND PERMANGANATES.

Name.

Formula.

Boiling Melting

Specific Gravity.) point. | Point

13 Barium manganate.
4 Potassium permanga-

nate.
15

Ba Mn Q,.

K Mn O,.

«

£685, 236°

2.709.
2.710,

XXIV. MoLyBDATES.

| Boiling. Melting

Name. : Formula. Specific Gravity. Point) | Poise
16 Lead molybdate. Pb Mo Q,. 5.706. Wulfenite.
Dita ect « « 6.76. «
Bw « « « 6.95. «
9 4 « « 8.11. Artif. cryst.

AUTHORITIES.

1 Mohs. ana 6, 5Kopp. A. C. P. 42.97. 14 ( Kopp. 16. 4.
2 Breithaupt. J 9Kopp. A.C. P. 42.97. 15 | Kopp. 16.4.
3 Playfair and Joule. 11. Kopp. A.C. P. 42. 97. 16 Hatchett.
4Manross.. 5.12. 11 Bodeker. 26. " Haidinger.
5 Dana’s Mineralogy. ~ 12. Playfair and Joule. 11. Smith. 8.963.
6 Playfair and Joule. 11. 138 §chafarik. 28. 19 Manross. 5.11.

7Geuther. 14. 242.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

85

XXV. TUNGSTATES.

Name.

‘Sodium tungstate.

2 « «

oo metatungstate./Na, W, 0,3. 10 H, O.
* «tungsten tungstate|Na, O. W O,. 2 W O,.

5 « « «

° Potassium tungsten
tungstate.

Boiling Melting

Formula. Specific Gravity. Pomme: (Point
3 Na, O. 7 W O;,. 5.4983.
3Na,0.7 WO;.16H,0)-3.987, 14°

6.617.
Na,O.2W0O,.2WO),.| 7.283.
K, W O,. 4 W O.,. 7.0:

3.8467, 13.°

*Calcium tungstate. Caw O7 6.04. Scheelite.
8 « « « 6.03.
2 « « « 6.07 Te
10 « « « 6.05.
y « « « 6.03. Scheelite.
ae « « 6.076. Artif cryst.
a « « « 6.02. Scheelite.
“Barium metatungstate|/ Ba W, 0,;. 9 H, O. | 4.298, 14.°
® Lead tungstate. Pb W Q,. 8.0.
Bo « « Sore
Wr « « « 8.1032, In mass.
ae « « « 8.1275, ou
1X « « 8.222. :
50%, Fe . Bae yal cryst.
2 « « FiO 7s Ets Chiliy
* Manganese tungstate. |Mn W O,. 6.7. Artificial.
Bs « « « 7.14. Hiibnerite.
Tron « Fe W O,. 7.1. Artificial.
zoe « « 7.169. Ferberite.
250 ( « « 6.801. «
7 «manganese « 2MnW0,.3 Fe WO,,.| 7.0. Artificial.
°° Wolfram. Fe W O,. 4 Mn Q,. | 6.67.
2 « 2 Fe W O,. 3 Mn O,.| 7.191.
sb « « 7-189-7.535.
oe « Miscellaneous formule) 7.1-7.55.
AUTHORITIES.
1Scheibler. 14. 216. 138 Bernoulli. 13. 783. *4Geuther & Forsberg. 14.
2Scheibler. 14. 216. M4 Scheibler. 14. 220. 224.
3Scheibler. 14. 219. 15 Gmelin. *>Rammelsberg. 17. 855.
*Wright. 4. 348. 16 Leonhard. °6 Breithaupt. Dana’s Min-
5Scheibler. 14. 223. 7 ¢ Kerndt. J. F. P. 42.113. eralogy.
6 Zettnow. 20. 224. 18 ( Kerndt. J. F. P. 42.113. | 2’? Geuther & Forsberg. 14.
7Karsten. 3. 19 ¢ Manross. 5. 11. 224.
8 Meissner. 20 ( Manross. 5. 111. 28 Popplein. Dana’s
9 Choubine. \ See 23. 21Chapman. 6. 837. *9 Schaffgotsch. | M ineralogy;
10 Carriére. 22Geuther & Forsberg. 14. | 9° Schaffgotsch. | Which see for
M Rammelsberg. 3. 752. 224, [124, | 51 more details.
12 Manross. 5. 11. *3 Breithaupt. Sill. J. (2.) 43. |

84

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XX VI. BoRATES.

Name. Formula. Gravity. [pais] Bame

1Sodium diborate. |Na, B, O,. 2.367.
2 « « Na, B, O;. dD iH, @: 1.815.
ae « Na, 7B, 0,210 EL, 0; 1-757 -
= « « « 1.723-
5 « « « 1.716.
© « « « 1.74.
C6 « « [.730.m.,0f 2.
8 « « « 1.692.
9 « « « 1.692.
uh « « « 1.7156.
1 Potassium « Kk, BO: 1.740.
12 Lead borate. Pb, B, 0, 5.598. ) Fused to
18 « hydrogen borate| Pb H By, Og. te glass.
1M Magnesium « Mg, B, Og. 2.987. Cryst.
1 Didymium « |6DiO. B, O,. B.O25, Tale
16 Magnesium chro-

mium borate. {8 Cr, O;. 6 Mg O. 2 B, O;. | 3.82. Cryst.
M Magnesium iron bo-

rate. 3 Fe, 0. 6 Mg O. 2 B, O3. | 3.85. Cryst.
16 Szaibelyite. (5 Mo O.2-B;.0,)5.4 Hi, O-) 4.0:
19 Hydroboracite. 3Ca0.3Mg0.8 B,O;.18 H,0} 1.9.

XXVII. NITRATES.
ist. SIMPLE, ANHYDROUS NITRATES.

| Boiling| Melting

Specific

Name. Bosmulae Gravity. Point. | Point.
2 Lithium nitrate. Li N..O;. 2.334.
21 « « « 2.442.
*# Sodium « Na N O,. 2.096.
abe (te « « 2.188.
AUTHORITIES.

1¥Filhol. 12.. | 7 Playfair and Joule. 11. 16Ebelmen. 4.13.
2Payen. Q.J.S. 1828. (1). | 8 Filhol. 12. 17 Ebelmen. 4. 13.

483. | *Buignet. 14. 15. 18 Peters. 16. 836.

8 Wattson. |20Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503 19'Hess. P: A..31549)
4 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys. |" Buignet. 14.15. 20 Kremers. 10. 67.
28. 3. 12"Herapath. 2. 227. 21 Troost. 10, 141.

5 Mohs. /13 Herapath. 2. 227. 22 Klaproth. See 6,
6Payen. Q.J.S. 1828. (1).|!4Ebelmen. 4. 13. 23 Marx. See 5.

483. 19 Nordenskivld. 14, 197.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

85

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point. Bane
+
' Sodium nitrate. Na N O;. | 2.0964.
se « « « 2.200.
3 « « « 2.2256.
‘a « « 2,162). Of A.
5 « « « 2.2606, 4°
6 « « « 310°5.
7 « « « 2.26.
8 « « « S133K.
9 « « « 2.256.
10 « « « 2205¢
ay « « « 2230:
12 « « « 2.18, D554 Native.
18 « « « 2.290. «
14 Potassium nitrate. WEKGNLO;, 1.933.
15 « « « 1.9369.
16 « « « 2.1006.
WW « « « 2.058.
is « « « 2.070. m. of 3.
19 « « « 2.1078.
a « « « 2.09584. > 4°.
a « « « 2.10657.
ae « « « 2.109. Large Gisiat|
23 « « « 2.143. Small «
= « « « 2.132. After fusion. |
2% « « « 339-°
26 « « « 33823.
HU « « « 2.100.
28 « « « 2.086.
29 « « « 2.126.
0 « « « 2.105.
31 « « « 2.0845.
32 « « « 2.0904. \
3 Ammonium « NN OF 180." = S|, 108.2
34 « « | « 1.579.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Hassenfratz.
2Kopp. 5.

3 Karsten. 3.
4 Playfair and Joule.
> Playfair and Joule.
6 Person. 1.73.
TFilhol. 12.

8 Schaffgotsch.
*Schréder. 23.
10 Buignet. 14.15.

Kopp. 16.4.

12 Forbes. P. M. (4). 32. 135.

A. C. Phys.
(28. 3.

As
14.

84.

19
20
21
22
23
24

13 Hayes. Dana’s Mineralogy.
14 Wattson.

LITKOpp: (0.
18 Playfair and Joule.

dul

Playfair and Joule. 14. | 1 ¢ Stolba.
Playfair and Joule. 14.
Playfair and Joule. 14.

Grassi. 1.39.
Grassi. 1.39. 28. 3.
Grassi. 1.39)

25 Person.

30 Kopp.

34 Hassenfratz.

1. 73.

See 5. 76 Schaffgotsch. 84.
15 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys. | 2’ Schiff. 25.
16 Karsten. 3. [28. 3. | 28 Schréder. 23.
*9 Buignet. 14.15.

16. 4.
J. F. P. 97.508:

82 Stolba. J. F. P. 97.503.
33 Watts’ Dictionary.

A. C. Phys.

86 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1 Ammonium nitrate.

2 « «
3 « «
4 « «
5 « «
6 « «
7 Silver nitrate.
8 « «
9 « «

10 « «

il « ice

12 « «

13

14Thallium nitrate.

15 « «
16 « «
7 Calcium «
18 « «

WStrontium «

20 ( «
21 « «
22 « . «
23 « «
24 « «
* Barium «
26 « «
27 « «
28 « «
29 « «
30 « «
31 « «
32 « «
33 cg «
34 Lead «

1Kopp. 5.
? Playfair and Joule. 11.
3Schréder. 23.

4Schiff. 25:

5 Buienet. 14. 15.
SStolba., J. WR) P297./503:
7 Karsten. 3.

8 Playfair and Joule. 11.
9Pohl. 4.59.

10 ( Schréder. 23.

N~ Schréder. 23.

12( Schréder. 2

~
ow

; 3 Boiling | Meltin
Formula. Specific Gravity. Doe eee
NG O;a) 1-707,
« 1.635. m.,0% 13:
« 1.7.37. I Ol 2.
« 1.709.
« 1723.
« I 691 5.
AgNO; | 4.3554.
« 4.336.
« 198.°
« 4.238.
« 4.253.
« 4.271.
« 4.328.
CEN O;: er
« ZO
« 5-55.
CaN, O,. +|'2:240:
« 2.472.
or-N, @,. 3.0061.
« 2.8901.
« 2.704.
« 2.857.
« 2.962. m. of 4.
« 2.3205.
Ba (N,O;.. | 2.9840:
« 3.1848.
« 3.284. m. of 5.
« 3.16052, 4.°
« 3.200.
« 3.240—3.242.) Cryst. at dif-
’ ferent tem-
« es peratures!
« 3.208-3.241.
« 3-404.
Pb.N, 0;. | 4.068:
AUTHORITIES.
134 Schroder. 23. 4 Buignet. 14. 15.
Lamy. 15.186. 2 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys.
15 Crookes. 16. 252. 28. 3.
16Lamy and Des Cloiseaux. | 2° Karsten. 3.
Nature. 1. 116. 7 Playfair and Joule. 11.
Wilhol. 12. 28 Playfair and Joule. 14.

18 Kremers. 10.67. ([28.3.)*%Filhol. 12.

19 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys, | 2° ¢ Kremers. 5.15.

20 Karsten. 3. 31 | Kremers, 5.15.
21 Playfair and Joule. 11. 32Schréder. 23.
2Mlhol. 12. 33 Buignet. 14. 15. [28. 3.

23Schréder. 23. 34 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

87

| Melting

: : Boilin
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Poines Point!
' Lead nitrate. Pb iN; O;. 942760:
2 re « « 4.3998.
oe « « 4.340.
eee « « 4.316. m. of 3.
i « « 4.472, 4.°
oe « « 4.581.
das (C « « 4.429.
Samer « « 4.428.
ST « « 4.509. j
10 « « « 4.235.
2d. HYDRATED NITRATES.
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. ee ee
" Calctum nitrate. | Ca N, O,. 4H, O. D788
a « « « NGO 5055S.
18 « « « eee a cf 132.° 44.°
“Strontium « pr Ns OG, ore, O: 2 T13:
: Manganese « Mn N,-0;.6.H,,.0; | 1.8199; 21.) } r=, | 2528
« « « 1.8104, 20. ‘
" Nickel « Ni WN; 05.6. HO. 136°7. 56°7.
18 Cobalt « Co N,.0,.'6 H, O: 1.033, 4"
19 Copper « CuN2. 0. SoH, 0% 217K.
ame « « 2.047. m. of 3.
ar « « « E70 I 14°5.
2 Zinc « Zn N, O,. 6 H, O. 13 lee 36°4.
3 Magnesium « MeN, O;. 6:H,.0. 1.464. |
oe « « « LA. | go.°
*Cadmium « Cd N; 0,4 Hy, 0. E20 BOe52
°° Mercurous « HeN).O;.-E..0: 4.785..m. of 3.
27Mercuric « Hoa N; 0,78) E;,0. : 6°6.
%Glucinum « GIN, ©;..6 EO. 140°5. 60.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Breithaupt. Schw. J. 68. |1°Buignet. 14. 15. 20 Playfair and Joule. 11.
291. UFilhol. 12. 21Ordway. 12.114.
2Karsten. 3. 12 ( Ordway. 12.115. 22 Ordway. 12.113.
° Kopp. 13 ( Ordway. 12.115. °3 Playfair and Joule. 11,
4 Playfair and Joule. 11. TS Hhol.: 12. #4 Ordway. 12.113.
5 Playfair and Joule. 14. 15 ¢ Ordway. 12.113 to 114.|* Ordway. 12.114.
Sool. D2: 16 \ Ordway. 12.113 to 114. | 6 Playfair and Joule. 11.
7 Schréder. 23. Ordway. 12.114. 27 Ditten. 7. 366.
g Schroder. 23. 18 Bodeker. 26. [28.3.| 2 Ordway. 12.114.
9\Schréder. 23. 19 Hassenfratz. A.C. Phys.

88

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formals, _ | Speeife [Rolling] Msting

1 Lanthanum nitrate. ha IN, O,03 addy O. 126:5" 4.2

? Chromium « Cr, O;.3 N;O;.18 Hi, O: 125 Berl 370

* Tron « Fe, O...3 N, O,..18 E.On 16835 .21.°'s- ° on

eK « « 1.6712. 1. i te ae

° Aluminum « Al O;.3 NZO.18 HO: 134.° | 7298.

® Uranium « U; O,2N,, 0, 6 E,-O.. 92-807, 43.7

7 « « « 118.° bOeGs

5 « « « 12052

* Bismuth « BiN,O;. 07a, 0: 2.736. m. of 2.

3d. BASIC AND AMMONIO NITRATES.

Name.

1 Basic copper nitrate.

he He VCR CUEY 1 ok
12 | « «
3 « ~—srdead «
= G sbismuth: “a
15

« «
© Copper ammonio-nitrate
Mercury « «

Formula.

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

Specific
Gravity.

3'Ca'O. N, 'O;, Ht; ©:

2 tHe O: IN, :O;. 2:E,.O:
Hg,0.4HgN O,.3 H, O.
2, PbO. N;-O,;

Bi, O,,..N, (0; 5:0:

Bi, 0,. N,'O;. 2.450.
Cu N, O,.4 NB.

2He 0. HeN, 0,.2NH,

2.765. m. of 3.
4.242.
5.967.
5-645.
4.551.
5.260. m, of 2.
1.874. m. of 3.

5.970.

XXVIII. PHosPHATES.
lst. ANHYDROUS ORTHOPHOSPHATBES.

Name.

18 Potassium dihydrogen
phosphate.
« « «
2 Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphate.
21 Diammonium hydrogen
phosphate.

19

1Ordway. 12.114.
2Ordway. 12.114.
3 Ordway. 12.114.
4\ Ordway. 12.114.
5Ordway. 12.114.

6 Bodeker. 26.
TOrdway. 12.114.

Boiling | Melting

Formula. Specific Gravity. Pointal spam
Ker? Og 2.298.
« 2.403.
(NEEL) POs iaer
(N H,), HP O,.) 1.610,
AUTHORITIES.

8 Schultz-Sellack. Z. F.C. 13. | Playfair and Joule. 11.

646. 16 Playfair and Joule. 11.
9 Playfair and Joule. 11. 17 Playfair and Joule. 11.
10 Playfair and Joule. 11. Schiff: 25.
11 Playfair and Joule. 11. 19 Buignet. 14.15.
2 Playfair and Joule. 11. Schiff. 25.
13 Playfair and Joule. 11. 218chiff. 25.
4 Playfair and Joule. 11. |

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 89

Sal 3
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. eee rear

1 Diammonium hydrogen

phosphate. (NH), Hi P O;.)| 1.678:
? Trisilver phosphate. Ag, PO; 7.300.
*Trithallium phosphate. | Tl, P O,. 6.89, 10.°
* Thallium dihydrogen « | Tl H, P O,. 190.°
5 « « « « 4.723.
° Lead phosphate. bien O;: 7.208.
* Xenotime. 3-y O;P, O;. 4.557-
S « « 4.54.
2 « « 4.45.
o « « Aneel.
a « « 4.39. Castelnaudite.
” Cryptolite. 3 CeO. P,O;. | 4.6.
ls « « 4.78. Phosphocerite.

2d. HYDRATED ORTHOPHOSPHATES.

Specific Boiling| Melting

arene Formula. Gravity. Point. | Point.
4 Trisodium phosphate. |Na, P O,. 12 H, O. 1.622;
13 « « « 1.618.
16 « « « Die

“Disodium hydrogen
phosphate.|Na, H P O,. 12 H, O.| 1.514.

ae « « « 12525. m..01 3;

ty « « « 36°4.
20 « « « 1.586, 8.° 25.4
a « « « 1.525,

a « « « 1.550.

ca « « « 1.5235, G25

* Dihydrogen sodium
phosphate.|Na H, P O,. H, O. 2.040.

25 « « 204.°
* Triple phosphate. No.1|N H,.NaH PO,.4H,O}| 1.554.
a7 « « « 1.6151. Stercorite.
AUTHORITIES.
1Buignet. 14.15. 9 / Zchau. 8. 966. 19Person. 1.72.
2 Hoffmann’s Tables. 10( Zchau. 8.966. 2 Kopp. 8.45.
3Lamy. 18. 247. 11 Pamour. 10. 686. 21Schiff. 25.
*Lamy. 18. 246. 12 Wohler. P. A. 67. 424. 22 Buignet. 14.15.
5 Lamy and Des Cloiseaux. | 13 Watts. 2.773. 2Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503.
Nature. 1.116. 14 Playfair and Joule. 11, 4 Schiff. 25.
6 Hoffmann’s Tables. Schiff. 25. 2% Watts’ Dictionary.
™Berzelius. Dana’s Mine- | !® Watts’ Dictionary. 26'Schith. 25:
ralogy. M™Tiinnermann. See 11. 27 Dana's Mineralogy.

®Smith. 7.857. 18 Playfair and Joule. 11.

Py

(

90 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. Ghivity [iPointe| Ponts
1 Triple phosphate.
No. 2. K Na EGP’O,..7.0, O: 1.671.
? Dithallium hydro-
gen phosphate. |2 (Tl, H P O,). H, O. WAS .¢
3 Brushite. Cad P.O,..2 HO: 2.208.
aoe K 2.953-2.999.
° Metabrushite. 2'(Ca H-P'O,). 3 H, O. 2.288-2.362. |
: « Zeugite. « 2.97 I-3.030. j
7 Struvite. NA Me PO. 6 HO: 1.65.
§ Vivianite. 3 Fe 0: P, 0,8 H,.O. 2.72. Fr.Kertsch.
« « 2.58-2.68.
10 Dufrenite. 2 KetO7 F/O... EL, O; B22 27:
ul « « 3.293. :
¥ « « 3.874.
a « « 3.024. S
14 Cacoxenite. 2 FeO, bs Opie, ©; 3.38.
15 Libethenite. Cu, PO} Cur tO; 3.6—3.8
16 Tagilite. Cu, PO; Cw, O,. 24,0: 4.076.
ou « « 3.5, 4
18 Ehlite. Cu, P, 0,2 CwH,0,.H,0: 4.131—4.24.
LPN Soke « 4.07—4.198.
° Berlinite. 4(Al PO). HO 2.64.
1 Callainite. 2 (Al PO)) yo, /O: 2.5—2.52.
” Augelite. 2. Al, O:, BF, /Of- od E..O; 247s
8 Turquoise. 2 Al O..<P; 10, onl O; 2.426.) Chalchi-
24 “i « 2.65 it huite.
2% « « 2.621.
6 Peganite. 2 Al, O7..-8, O;..6 Hi. 10, 2.492-2.501.
7 Wischerite. 2 ANT Os Or Outs O; 2.46.
28 Sphaerite. 5 Al On 2b: O.. 16H, 0; 2.536.
* Evansite. 2Al,0,.P,0;.Al,H,0,.15H,O| 1.939.
*° Trolleite. SA PaO AwALAE.O- 3.10,
31 Wavellite. 3 Al O..2'P. O;. 12 HO. 2AaTe
32 - « 2.310.
AUTHORITIES.
Schiff. 25. 11 ( Boricky. 20.999. 23 Blake. 11. 722.
2Lamy. 18. 246. 12 Boricky. 20.999. 2%\ Blake. 11.722.
3 Moore. 18.908. 18 ( Boricky. 20. 999. 2>Hermann. Dana’s Min.
4Julien. 18.909. 14 Dana’s Mineralogy. 26 Dana’s Mineralogy.
5¢ Julien. 18.909. 15 Dana’s Mineralogy. 27 Dana’s Mineralogy.
®( Julien. 18.909. 16 Breithaupt. Dana’s *8Zepharovich. Wien. Ak.
™Teschemacher. P.M. (3).|17 Hermann. sf Mineralogy.| 56. (1). 24.
28. 548. 18 ¢ Nordenskidld. 11.725. | % Forbes. P. M. (4). 28. 341.
8Struve. 8.967. 19 | Nordenskidld. 11.725. | 9°? Blomstrand. Dana’s Min.

§ Rammelsberg. Dana’s Min.

10 Dufrenoy. Dana’s Min.

20 Blomstrand. Dana’s Min.
21Damour. C. R. 59. 936.

22 Blomstrand. Dana’s Min,

Dana’s Min.
Dana’s Min,

31 Haidinger.
82 Richardson.

SPECIFI C GRAVITY TABLES.

91

Specific Boiling Melting
Name. ore Gravity. Point. | Point.
' Cirrolite. 2A1,0;.6Ca0.3P,O;.38H,0.| 3.08.
* Lazulite. 2,Al PO, Me H, O;. 3.057.
3 a « 3.067-3.121.
S « « 3-122.
5 « « 3.108.
® Torbernite. 2U,0;.P,0,.CuH,0,.7 H,0.| 3.329-3.372.
. « 3.4—3.6.
8 Autunite. 2U,03.P,0;.Ca H,0,.7 H,0.| 3.05—3.19.
3d. PYROPHOSPHATES.
Specific |Boiling| Melting
Name. Bonu: Gravity. Point. | Point.
*Sodium pyrophosphate Na, PSO; 40H, ©; | 1-836.
Silver « Ag AE. O;. 5.300.
"Thallium — « Ties, 6.786.
XXIX. VANADATES.
Specific Boiling Melting
Name. | Formula. Gravity. Point. Point.
2 Dechenite. 5.81.
ae « 5.93.
1 Descloizite. 5-839.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Blomstrand. Dana’s Mine- | § Breithaupt. Dana’s Mine- | 1! Lamy and Des Cloiseaux,

ralogy.

2Fuchs. Dana’s Mineralogy.
3 Priifer. Dana’s Mineralogy.

#Smith & Brush. 6. 840.
5 Chapman. 14.1033.

ralogy. Nature 1. 116.
TDana’s Mineralogy. 12 Bergemann, 3. 753.
8 Dana’s Mineralogy. 18 Tschermak, 14. 1021,
9 Playfair and Joule. 11. 14Damour. 7. 855,

10 Watts’ Dictionary.

92

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XXX. ARSENITES AND ARSENATES.

1st. ANHYDROUS ARSENITES AND ARSENATES.

Name.

1 Lead arsenite.
* Potassium dihydrogen

arsenate.
$ « «
*Ammonium« «

®° Hydrogen diammoni-
um arsenate.
© Native nickel arsenate.

« « «

Formula.
Pb ‘As; 0;

K H, As 0,.
«

N H, H, As 0,

(Nog); Ee As 0;
5 Ni O. As, O;.
3 Ni O. As, O,.

a

Specific
Gravity.

5.85,

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

929
at)
2.638.
2.832.
2.249.

1.989.
4.838.
4.982.

2d. HYDRATED ARSENATES.

Name.

SSodium dihydrogen

arsenate.
* Disodium hydrogen
arsenate.
10 « « «
11 « « «
12 « « «

18 Trisodium arsenate.
14 « «
Triple arsenate No. 1.
AB ie ane « No. 2.
Hoernesite.

18 Erythrite.

1! Scorodite.

* Adamite.

Formula.

Na: Ei, .As'O,. ,.0;

Na, HAs 0;.'7 0:
Na, ft AsO. 12 HO.
«

Na, 8 '0;.12 HO.
NH,.NaH AsO,4H,O
K Na H As O,.7.H, 0.
Mg, As.iO;. 8 -H,.0:
Co, As, O,: 8 H, O.
Fe, O,. As, O,. 4H, O.
Zn, As, O,. Zn H, O,.

Boiling | Melting
Point. | Point.

Specific
Gravity.

2.535.

1.871.

1.759.
1.736.
1.670.

1.804. m. of 2.
1.762.

1.838.

1.884.

2.474.

2.948.
3.11-3.18.
4.338, 16."

1 Schafarik.

? Thomson.

* Schiff.’ 25;
* Schiff. 225,
5Schiff. 25.
6 Bergemann,
7 Bergemann.

28.

11.
7

AUTHORITIES.

8 Schiff. 25.
9Schiff. 25.
10Thomson. See 11.
U Playfair and Joule.
2 Schiff. 25.
18 Playfair and Joule.
14 Schiff. 25.

Schiff. 25.
16 Schiff. 25.

l Haidinger. 13.784.

te 18 Dana’s Mineralogy.
19Damour. Dana’s Mine-
11. ralogy.

20 Friedel. C. R. 62. 692.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 93

XXXI. ANTIMONITES AND ANTIMONATES.

Specific Boiling, Melting

Name. Formula. Gravity. Point. | Point.
1 Romeite. 3 Ca O. Sb, O;. Sb, O;.| 4.714.
2 « « 4.675.
3 Monimolite. 4PbO.Sb,0,. Impure.} 5.94.
4 Bindheimite. 3 Pb O. Sb, O;. 4 H, O.| 4.6—4.76.
. « « 4.707. Brown.)
é « « 5.05. White. f

XXXII. CARBONATES.

lst. ANHYDROUS SIMPLE CARBONATES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Poe Ee
7 Lithium carbonate. Tn; C.0;. 2.100,
8 Sodium « Na, :C'O;, | 2.4659.
9 « « « 2.430.
10 « « « 2 509.
1 Potassium « Ke CO; 2.2643.
a « « « 2.103.
18 « « « 21267
4 Silver « Ag, C O,. 6.0766.
1 « « G:0,/1725:
16 Thallium « LCOe: 7.00.
uv « « « 7.164.
8 Calcium « Ca C O,. 2.7000.
19 « « « 2.6946. Chalk.
* Arragonite. « 2.031:
21 « « 2.927.
2 « « 2.945-2.947.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Damour. 6. 837. 8 Karsten. 3. 1% Lamy. 15.186.
2( Damour. 6. 837. 9 Playfair and Joule. 11. 17 Lamy and Des Cloizeaux.
3 Dana’s Mineralogy. 10Wilhol, 12. Nature. 1.116.
4Hermann. Dana’s Mine-|!! Karsten. 3. 18 Karsten. 3.
ralogy. 12 Playfair and Joule. 11. 19 Karsten. 3.
5 ¢ Heddle. Dana’s Min. 1B Filhol. 12. 20 Haidinger. Danas
® | Heddle. Dana’s Min. 14 Karsten. 3. 21 Biot. Mineralogy.
7Kremers. 10.67. 15 Kremers. 5. 423. 22 Beudant.

94 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Poe ee

1 Arragonite. Ca C QO. 2.931.

2 « « 2.938-2.995.

3 « « 293510.

4 « « 2.93.

5 « « 2.92.

6 « « 2.72-2.95.

7 « « 2.93.

8 « « 2.884. Mossottite.

9 « « 2.932.
19 Calcite. « 2.70064.
il « « 2.6987.
ae « 2.7213.
wa « 2.7234.
a « 2.015. Pry curling Na):
15.) oy « 2.702. Cryst.
18 « 2.943. m. of 6.
ATs « 272),
18 Strontium carbonate. | Sr C O,. 3.605.
19 « « « 3.6245.
20 « « « 3:0 13.
21 « « cg . Se

29 4 ' ae \ Precipitated.

*8 Barium « Ba: © 03. 4.24.

ca « « « 4.301.

25 « « « 4.35.

26 « « « 4.3019.

27 « « « 4.565.

28 « « « 4.216.

2 | ee « 4.235. > Precipitated.

30 « « « 4.373.

51 Lead « Ph‘ QO, 6.465.

32 « a « 6.5.

33 | « « 6.47 .

oa « « 6.4277.

AUTHORITIES.

1Mohs. See 23. 1 ¢ Beudant. Te 24Mohs. See 23.
2 Breithaupt. See 23. 18 | Beudant. Mineralogy. 2% Kirwan. See 23.
3Kopp. See 23. 14 Tyler. 26 Karsten. 3.
4Nendtwich. See 23. 15 Hochstetter. 1. 1222. 27 Filhol. 12.

5 Riegel. 4.819. 16 Kenngott. 6. 847. 28 ( Schréder. 23.
6G. Rose. 9.879. 17 Kopp. 16.5. 29 Schréder. 23.
TStieren. 9. 882. 18 Mohs. See 23. 30 ( Schréder. 23.
8Luca. 11.732. 19 Karsten. 3. 31 Mohs. \ See 23.
*Schmidt. 18. 905. 20 vy. der Marck. 3. 759. 82 John.

10 ¢ Karsten. 3.
11 | Karsten. 3.

21 ¢ Schréder. 23.
2 Schrider. 23.
3 Breithaupt.

33 Breithaupt.
$t Karsten,

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

95

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Poime | Poin’.

‘Lead carbonate. biG: 6.60. Fr. Phoenixville.

* Manganese carbonate. | Mn CO. | 3.59.

3 « « « 35553:

- « « « 3.6608.

5 « « « 3.57-

o « « «

1 x : , oS \ Precipitated.

* Iron « Fe CO, 3-829.

aC « « 3.872.

LOC « « 3.615. Impure.

Dk « « 3.796;0.-
ac « « 3.698.

% Zinc « Zn CO, 4.339.

LES C « « 4.442.

1X « « 4.3765.

LSC « « 4.45.

We « « « 4.45.

1K « « 4.42.

14 Cadmium « Cd CO, AAD 7.2

20 « « « 4.4938.
ae Magnesium « Mg C O:: 3.033.

22 « « « BEST.

oS « « « 2.925.

ae « « « 3.056.

25 « « « 3.06 Be

26 « « « 3.017.

1 « « « 3.017.

28 « « « 3.007-3.076.

29 « « « 3.033.

30 « « « 3.01 5.

AUTHORITIES.

1Smith. 8.972. ! Breithaupt. J. F. P. 14.445. | 2 Breithaupt.
2Mohs. See 23. 13 Smithson. Dana’s Mine- | ?’ Naumann.
3 Kersten. Dana’s Min. ralogy. 24 Mohs. \ See 93.
*Kranz. See 23. 1{Mohs. See 23. * Scheerer.
5Griiner. 3. 767. 15 Karsten. 3. *6 Breithaupt. See 23.

® (Schroder. 23.

7 | Schréder. 23.

8 Mohs. )

9 Naumann. { See 23.
10 Dufrénoy.

11 Kopp. }

16 Naumann.

MW Levy.

18 Haidinger.
19Herapath. 1.
20 Karsten. 3.
21 Hauer. Dana’s Mineralogy.

Dana’s
Mineralogy.

27 Marchand & Scheerer.
760.

28 Jenzsch.

29 Zepharovich.

30 Zepharovich.

6. 848.
8. 975.
18. 906.

96

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

2d. HYDRATED SIMPLE CARBONATES.

Name.

1Sodium carbonate.

an + SO BS

7

Sirona
* Calcium carbonate.

10 «

1 Lanthanite.
12

«

«

Formula.

Na, C O,. H, 0.

Specific Gravity.

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

151 .6. Thermonatrite

Na,C.0,78 EO.) |pr258-
Naz CO): 10 Ef, 0.) 1.423.

« 1.454, m. of 4.

« 1.475.

« 1.463.

« 1.4402.
2Na,0.3C0,.4H,O| 2.11.
CaCO. 0 yO. 14.783:

« 1.75.

La €O;. 3 HO. 2.605, 20.7

« 2.666.

8d. ANHYDROUS DOUBLE CARBONATES.

Name.

18 Hydrogen sodium car-

Formula.

bonate. H Na C O,.

a « ammonium «

Sodium potassium «

21 « «

«
~ Uranium ammonium

carbonate.

«
HK CO;.
. «
HN H,.C'O;
K Na C O,.

«

Specific Boiling| Melting
Gravity. Point. | Point.

2,192.1. O12;
2.163.

22200, Ti5.-
2.012.

2.092.

2.180.

1.586.

2.5289.
2.5633.

1Dana’s Mineralogy.
2 Thomson.

10. 442.

3Haidinger. Watts’ . Dic-
tionary.

‘Playfair and Joule. 11.

5 Schiff.

®Buignet. 14.15.

Ann. Phil. (2).

U;00;-2((NE)2C0;)) 2.7725, 9.°
AUTHORITIES.
TStolba. J F. P. 97.503. Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503.

8 Dana’s Mineralogy.

16Gmelin. See1l.

* Pelouze. (515. | 27 Playfair and Joule. 11.
10Salm-Horstmar. P. A. 35. | 18 Buignet. 14. 15.
UGenth. Sill. J. (2). 28. 425. | 19 Playfair and Joule. 11.

2 Blake. 6. 850.
18 Playfair and Joule.
M4 Buignet. 14. 15.

11.

0 ¢ Stolba. 18. 166.
21 Stolba. 18.166.
2 Husemann. 26.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

97

Name. Formula.

1,Bromlite.
2

Ca C0, Ba C O;,

« «

3 «

Barytocalcite.
* Manganocalcite.

5 Dolomite.
6

7
8

«
Ca C O,. 2 Mn C O,.
Ca C O,. Mg C O,.

Impure.

9
10
ll

12 Mesitite.

13 Pistomesite.
14

2 Me C0,. Fe C O;.
Mg C 0,. Fe C 0.
« «

15

« «

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

Specific
Gravity.

3:7. 10s

3:70; Tabs
3.66.

3-037.

272s

2.845.

2.629.

2.856.

2.89.

2.924.

2.85.
3-349—3.363.
3.412—3.417.
Buzz.

BAL.

4th. BASIC CARBONATES, AND HYDRATED DOUBLE

CARBONATES.
Name. Formula, Graviey, _|Pomr | palde:
16Sodium potassium
carbonate. K Na C O,.12 H,O. | 1.6088.
VW « « « « 1.6334. Mm
18 Gay-Lussite. Na, C O;.CaCO,.5 H, 0.) 1.928-1.950.
19 Hydrodolomite. Ca CO,.2MgCO,. H, O.| 2.495.
# « Pennite. « 2.86.
1 Pencatite. Ca C O,. Mg H, O,. 2.613.
22 « « 2.57.
*3 Predazzite. 2 Ca C O;. Mg H, O,. | 2.634.
*4 Hydromagnesite. 3MgCO,.MgH,0,.8H,O} 2.145-2.180.
* Zaratite. NiCO,.2NiH,0,.4H,0.) 2.57—2.693.
AUTHORITIES.

1Thomson. Dana’s Min. NOtt; 11223: 18 Boussingault. A.C. Phys.
2 Johnston. P.M. (3).6.1. |!°Tschermak. 10.695. (2). 81. 270.
3Children. Ann. Phil. (2).|"Senft. 14. 1027. 19 Rammelsberg. Dana’s Min.

8. 114. 2 Breithaupt. P. A.11.170.| 29 Hermann. J. F. P. 47.13.
4 Dana’s Mineralogy. _ BBreithaupt. P. A. 70.146. | 2! Roth. Dana’s Mineralogy,
5 Roth. an BB 4 Ettling. Dana’s Min. 22Damour. Dana’s Min.
® Waltershausen. | 2 15 Fritzsche. Dana’s Min. 23 Dana’s Mineralogy.
7 Pelletier. a2 16 ¢ Stolba, 18.166. 24Smith & Brush. 6. 851.
8 Hunt. 3 17 \ Stolba. 18. 166, % Silliman Jr. 1.1225.

98 SPECIFIC GRAVITY .TABLES.

Name. Formula.
1 Malachite. Cu,C: 02. Ci EO.
2 « «
3

« «
2 Cu C O,. Cu H, O,.
Zn C O,. 2 Zn H, O,.

* Azurite.
° Hydrozincite.

Specific | Boiling Melting
Gravity. Point. | Point.
27.05:
3.808.
4.06.) Fr. Phoenix-
3.88. ville.
2202.

XXXIII. SrvicatTes.

lst. ANHYDROUS SILICATES.

Name. Formula.

Specific Gravity.

Boiling) Melting.
Point. | Point.

® Wollastonite. Ca Si O;. 2.785-2.895.
7 « « 2.805.

® Rhodonite. Mn Si O3. 8:03)

9 « « 3.63.

1° Griinerite. Fe Si O,. 3°71.
Enstatite. Mg Si O,. 3.1—3.13.

a « Kupfferite. « 3.08.

13

« «

1 Tephroite. Mn, Si O,. 7

3.11. Artif. cryst.

15 « 4.0.

16 Fayalite. Fe, Si O,. 4.138. From Fayal.
17 « « 4.006. . « Ireland.
18 Willemite. Zin, Si O;. 3.89-4.0.

19 « « 4.1 54.

3 « e 3-935-

21 “ « 4.16-4.18.

2 « « 4.18. Fr. ae
3 « « 4.02-4.16.

oe « « 4.02.

ep « « 4.11-4.16.

6 Forsterite. Mg, Si O,. gi245)

AUTHORITIES.

1 Breithaupt. Schw. J. 68.| %Igelstr6m. 4. 768.
291. 10 Dana’s Mineralogy.
? Breithaupt. J. F. P.16.475. |" Kenngott. 8. 928.
3Smith. 8.975. 12 Dana’s Mineralogy.
*Smith. 8.975.
5 Braun. Dana’s Mineralogy. | 14 Brush. 17. 837.
®Thomson. Dana’s Min. 1 Mixter. 21. 1006.
™Haidinger. Dana’s Min. | 16 Dana’s Mineralogy.
8Hermann. 2. 738.

18 Hautefeuille. 17. 212.

17 Delesse. Dana’s Min.

18 Vanuxem & Keating. )Dana’s
19 Delesse. i Min,
2Thomson. Dana’s Min.
21 Levy. Dana’s Mineralogy.
22, Monheim. 1.1173.
we { Monheim. 1.1173.
** Hermann. 2. 743.
| 2> Mixter. 21.1006.

*6 Rammelsberg. 13. 757.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

99

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Pe aE une
Forsterite. Bolton-
ite.| Mg, Si Oy. | 3.21.
2 « « « 3.008.
é « « « 2.208-3.328.
* Phenacite. Gla SiO. 2.966-2.996.
° Andalusite. Al, O3. Si O,.| 3-154.
eK « 3.103.
7 « « 3.070. Fr. Ireland.
: « Fibrolite. « B24.
2 « « « 3.18-3.21.
10 « ~=Bucholzite. « 3-239.
ne « Monrolite. « 3.04-3.1.
a « « « 3.075.
13 ~Sillimanite. « 3.238.
ue « « « 3.232.
15 « « « 3.239.
16h >) pc Cyanite. « 3-48.
MW « « « 3.6.
18 « « « 3.661.
a « « « 3.678.
20 Zircon, Zr O,. Si O,. | 4-072-4.681.
ec « 4.721.
3K « 4.615-4.710.
eG « 4.7. From Litchfield.
ann « 4.047.
2a « 4.2. From Brevig.
ean « 4.595. « Reading, Pa.
2 Tar « 4.602-4.625, Canadian.
ce « « 4.56-4.61.
29 « « 4.395, ) before ) Extremes of
30 « « 4.515; j heating. six, from
eC « 4.438, ) after different
32 « « 4.863, J heating. localities.
AUTHORITIES.
1Breithaupt. Dana’s Min. | !? Brush. 23 Gibbs. 1.1171.
2Silliman Jy. 2. 742. 13 Dana. Dana’s Damour. 1.1171.
3Smith. 7. 821. 14 Brush. Mineralogy. 2% Berlin. 6.795.
#Kokscharow. 10. 664, 15 Norton. 26 Wetherill. 6. 796.
5Erdmann. Dana’s Min. |16Igelstrém. 7. 819. Hunt. 4. 768.
6 Hubert. Dana’s Min. li Marignac. : 23 Chandler. 9. 844.
7TRowney. 14. 982. 18 Erdmann. Dana 5 29 Church. 17. 834,
8 Bournon. Dana’s Min. 19 Jacobsen. Mineralogy. | 20 { Church. 17. 834.
9Damour. 18. 881. 20 Svanberg. Wists 31 ae 17. 834.
10 Erdmann. Dana’s 21 Cowry. : : 32 (Church. 17.834.
ll Sillimann. Jf Mineralogy. | 22 Henneberg. Mineralogy.

100

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

2d. HYDRATED SILICATES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point |aPone

1 Okenite. Ca O. 281i O,. 2 H, O.} 2.28.

yo « 2.362. Dysclasite.

2 « « 2.324.

* Dioptase. Cu. Si O; EO: 3.314-3.348.

5 Chrysocolla. Cu Si O,. 2 H, O. 2.0-2.238.

® Picrosmine. 2 Mg Si O,. H, O. | 2.66. Massive.

7 « « 2.596. Columnar,

Sale, 6Mg0.5Si0,.2 H,O.| 2.565-2.8.

® Serpentine. 3Mg0.2Si0,.2H,0.) 2.557. Picrolite.

10 « « 2.644.

i « « 2.219. Chrysotile.

12 « « 2.6-2.65. «

13 « « Zebifi

1 Deweylite. 2Mg0.3S8i0,.5H,0.| 2.246.

BD « « 2 19-2.31.

16 « « 2.216.

ay « « 1.936-2. 155.

18 Calamine. 2 Zn O. Si O,. H, O. | 3.16-3.9.

19 Thorite. 3 Th Si O,. 4 H, O. | 4.630.

ab « « 4.686.

21 « « 4.344-4.397-

2 « Orangite. « 5.34-5.397-

23 « « « Bal@e

24 « « « 5-397-

« #i88e5 208.4 tee
AUTHORITIES.

ly. Kobell. Dana’s Min. 10Delesse. 1.1195. 18 Dana’s Mineralogy.

2Connell. Dana’s Min. 11 Delesse. 1.1195. 19 Berzelius. :

3Schmidt. 18. 889. Schmidt. 1.1196. 20 Bergemann. Dana :

4Kenngott. 3. 732. 18 Hermann. 2. 764. 21 Chydenius. Mineralogy.

°> Dana’s Mineralogy. M4 Shepard. Krantz. 4.790.

6 Dana’s Mineralogy. 16 Tyson. Dana’s 23Damour. 5. 862.

7 Dana’s Mineralogy. 16 Thomson. | Mineralogy. | 24 Bergemann. 5. 863.

8 Dana’s Mineralogy. WV Gillacher. | 2 Chydenius. 16, 818.

Boiling! Melting

*Rammelsberg. 1.1195.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XXXIV. STANNATES AND TITANATES.

101

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity.
’ Calcium titanate. Ca Ti O,. 4.10. Artif. cryst.
2 « « « 4.00. « «
3 « « « 4.03-4.039. Perofskite.
Magnesium titanate. |Mg Ti O,. 3.91. Artif. cryst.
>Di magnesium « Mo, TiO. B 525° aks «
® Di-iron ace Fe, TiO}. AF iit «
7 Potassium stannate. |K,Sn0,.3H,0.| 3.197.

Boiling Melting
Point. | Point.

XXXV. SILICOFLUORIDES.

Name.

8 Lithium silicofluoride.
Sodium

10 Potassium
i ((

® Rubidium
18 Cesium

4 Barium

15 Copper

Formula. Specific Gravity.

2 Mages Si Ey. 2 1, O;) 2:33:
2 Na. E. Sr By D7 GAZ 175.
2 KB a Ey 2.6655.)

« 2.6649.f 17°"
2 RoE. St FE; 33383, 20.
2 Cs F. Si F,. S37 50h al yic
BaF: 81-8. A.2704, 21°
2(CuF,.SiF,.).18H,O} 2.1576, 19.°

Point.

Boiling Melting
Point.

XXXVI. CYANIDES AND CYANATES.
lst. SIMPLE CYANIDES AND CYANATES.

Specific Boiling | Melting
Name. Formula. Gravity. Point. Point.
16 Potassium cyanide. K Cy. 1352,,12.°
a °
Ammonium = « INVER, Cy, 36.
18 Silver « Ag Cy. 3:943, 11.
19 Mercury « Hg Cy,. O77. : :
Phosphorus = « PiCy,: 200°—203.
1 Potassium cyanate. K Cy O. 2.0475, 16.°
” Silver « Ag Cy O. 4.004, 16.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 Hbelmen. 8 Stolba. 17, 218. 16 Bodeker. 26.
2Hautefeuille. 17. 217. 9Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503. 17 Watts’ Dictionary.
3Damour. Dana’s Mine-|%,Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503. | 8Giesecke. 26.
ralogy. 11 Stolba. J. F. P. 97. 503. | 9 Bodeker. 26.
4Hautefeuille. 17. 217. 12 Stolba. 20.186. 20 Wehrhane & Hiibner. A.
5 Hautefeuille. 17. 217. 13 Preis. 21.195. C: P. 132: 277.
6 Hautefeuille. 17.217. M4 Stolba. 18.170. 21Mendius. 26.
TOrdway. 18. 240. 16 Stolba. 20. 299. 22Mendius. 26.

102

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

2d. COMPOUND CYANIDES.

Name.

1 Sodium ferrocyanide.

? Potassium «
3 «@ «
4 « «
* Thallium «

® Potassium ferricyanide
7
«( «

8 « «
9 « «
10

« cobalticyanide.
1 Barium platinocyanide
” Potassium sulphocyan-
ide.

« «

« «

af Lead «

16 Titanium nitrocyanide

17 « «

Formula. Specific Gravity.
Na, Cy, Fe.12H,0.| 1.458.
K, Cy, Fe. 3 H, O.} 1.83.
« 1.86.
« 2.052.
Tl, Cy, Fe. 2H, O.| 4.641.
|K, Cy, Fe. 1.8004.
« 1.845.
« 1.849.
« L.Ol7..
K, Cy, Co. 1.906, I1.°
Ba Cy, Pt. 3.054.
Ke Cy's. ee ~
« 1.906. sa
«
Bbi@ys'S,. 3.82.
i Cyg.i3o Lt. ING 5330:
« 5.28001.

Point.

Boiling | Melting
Point.

L612:

XXXVII. MisceELLANEOUS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. es ee
18 Cyanogen. LaieNaCs [866.1 722% —34°5.
19 Ammonia. TINGE. S73 E SUG Os. —75.°
20 « L, « .6234, 0.° m. of 3.
a « Vien .6492,—10.°
a « pe « .6429,—5.°
23 « ie a .6364, O°
ms « | es .6298, 5.°
25 « le « 16230, 10:-
ae « ky 6160, 15.°
2 « I ee .6089, 20.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 Bunsen. 10 Bédeker. 26. 19Waraday. P. T. 1845. 155.
? Watts’ Dictionary. USchabus. 3. 360. 20 Jolly. 14.165.
3 Schiff. 12.41. 12 ¢ Bodeker. 26. 21 ( D’Andreéff. 22.
*Buignet. 14.15. 13 | Bédeker. 26. 22 | D’Andreéff. 22.
5Lamy and Des Cloizeaux. |! Pohl. 4. 59. 23 | D’Andreéff. 22.
Nature. 1. 142. 18 Schabus. 3. 362. 244 D’Andreéff. 22.
6Schabus. 3. 359, © Wollaston. P. 'T.1823.17.|% | D’Andreéff. 22.
T Wallace. 7.378. lv Karsten. 3. 26 | D’Andreéff. 22.
’ Schutt. | Wov4ne 18 Faraday. P.T. 1845.155. | 27 | D’Andreéff. 22.
9Buignet. 14.15.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 103

Name.

Formula.

‘Nitrogen chlorophos-
phide.

2 « «

* Cryst. Titanium com-

pound.

* Potassium chlorochro-
mate.

5 « «

® Sodium fluo-phosphate

ye fluo-arsenate.

§ Potassium fluoborate.

® Potassium nitro-sul-

phate.

© Potassium phosphato-
sulphate.

1 Sphene.

12 «

a Guarinite.

Leadhillite.

15 «

38 « Susannite.

1 Lanarkite.
18 Phosgenite.
1) Wagnerite.
0 Apatite.

21
22
23
24
25
6 Pyromorphite.
27 «

28 «

29 «

P, N, Cl,.

«

8 Tire Pox
K Cl. Cr 0.

Na, PO,.NaF.12H,0.
Na,AsO,.NaF.12H,0.
KB:

K, 80, HNO,

KOs 2 PO,
Ca O. Si O,. Ti O,.
ic
Pb § 0,. 3 Pb CO,.

«

«
PbS 0, Pb COs
Pb:C O;. Pb-Cl,.
Meg, P;,0;. Me F;.
o CaP, O; CaCl.

Specific Boiling, Melting

Gravity. Point. | Point.

(a.240.)} 110.
1.98.

2.9.

2.466.
2.49702, 4.°
2.2002 5ac
2,849; 250°
2.52.6.

2.38. T5O;2

2.296. 240.°
3-45. Artif. cryst.
3-49-3.51.
3.487.

6.550.

6.526.

6.5-6.55.
6.3-6.4.
6.0-6.31,
3.068-2.985.
3.054. Artif. cryst.
3.565.

3-234.

3.20.

3.O91./ Extremes of
et anes
7.008. Artif. cryst.
Fake

6.94.

74305

1Gladstone & Holmes. 3.

283. {148.
2Gladstone & Holmes. 17.
3 Knop.

4Playfair and Joule. 11.

5 Playfair and Joule. 14.

6 Briegleb. 8. 338.
7Briegleb. 8. 339.

8Stolba. B.S. C. 18. 309.

9 Jacquelain. A.C. P. 32. 234,

AUTHORITIES.

12 Hunt. 6.837.

13 Guiscardi, 11.718.
14Gadolin. 6. 846.

15 Kokscharow. 6. 846.
16 Dana’s Mineralogy.

18 Dana’s Mineralogy.
19 Rammelsberg. Dana’s

10 Jacquelain. A.C. P. 32. 234. | 2? Manross. 5.10.
Hautefeuille. 17. 216.

71 Rammelsberg. 6. 841.
2v_ Rath. 8.966.

23 Romanowsky. 138.784.
24 ¢ Pusirewsky. 15. 763.
% | Pusirewsky. 15. 763.
26Manross. 5.10.

"Thomson. Dana’s Min. 27Sandberger. 2.772.

2 Smith. 8. 966.
Min. | 2? Fuchs. 20.1001.

104 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity.) point. Point
1 Mimetite. 3 Pb, As, O,.-Pb'Cl5;\'7:216:
a « « Fe32s
3 Boracite. 6 Mg 0.8 B,O,.MgCl,} 2.974.
= « « 2.9134.
5 Vanadinite. 3 Pb, V, O,. Pb Cl,. | 6.886. Carinthian.
6 « « 6.863. Siberian.
7 « « 6.707 .12.° Artif.
AUTHORITIES.
1Rammelsberg. 7. 856. 3 Haidinger. Dana’s Min. 6Struve. 12.805.
2Smith. 8. 965. 4Karsten. 1.1227. TRoscoe. Z.-F. C. 13. 357.

5Rammelsberg. 9. 872.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 105

XXXVIIE. ALLoys:

For the following table completeness is not claimed. The compiler has
merely sought to tabulate the more important published determinations of
the Specific Gravities and Melting Points of Alloys, including only those alloys
Whose composition admits of moderately simple formulas. Some of these
substances are, doubtless, definite chemical compounds; but the formulas, in
most cases, merely indicate the proportions of the metals in the alloys.

Ist. ALLOYS CONTAINING BUT TWO METALS.

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.
SILVER AND LEAD.
1 As, Pb. 10.800, 13°5.
ZEA OD; 10.925, 13°8.
“Ao Pb. TL.O54, 12°5;
eA Pb;, 11.144, 18°2
SAe Ph,. 11.196, 21.°
AoUPD:,,. T¥.295,/22-2.
ENC IPD ps: 11.334, 20-0.
COPPER AND LEAD.
2Cu Eb: 10.375.
2 Cu, Pb;. 10.753.
IRIDIUM AND OSMIUM.
Tr Os. Newjanskite. 19.386—19.471I.
"Tr Os, Sisserskite. 2111s,
SILVER AND COPPER.
Ao, Cu,. 9.9045.
CoPPER AND ZINC.
Cu,5 Zn. 8.605.
Cu, Zn. 8.607.
Cu, Zn. 8.633.
Cu; Zn. 8.587.
" Cué Zn. 8.591.
® Cu; Zn. 8.415.
19 « 8.673.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | §Croockewitt. 1.394. 14Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

J

2 Matthiessen. P.T. 1860.177. | 9 Croockewitt. 1.394. 1b Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
3 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 9 Berzelius. Dana’s Min. 16 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378.
4 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 4 Berzelius. Dana’s Min. 17 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
5 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 12 Levol. 5. 768. 18 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
6 Matthiessen. P. T.1860.177. | }3 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | 18 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
7 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177

oO oO

— ON EE ee ee

106 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy.

Specific Gravity.

1Cu, Zn.
2 «
3Cu, Zn.
Piao

5 Cu, Zn.
2 «

7 «a
*Cu, Zn;
*Cu Zn.

10 «

Cu, Zi,
2 Cu Zn,-

13 «

4 Cu, Za,,-
Cas Zig:
CU, 2g:
Te Cee Aitten-
BP Cis Zley-
® Cu, Zn,)-
iG, Ziloae
2 Cu Zn,.

22 t

3 Cu Zn,.

a «

Ca Zn.

26 «

8.448.
8.650.
8.397-
8.576.
8.299.
8.392.
8.488.
8.224.
8.230.
7.808.
7-939:
8.283.
7-859.
ei owe
7.836.
z 8.019.
7.603.
8.058.
7.882.
7-443-
7-449-
7-736.
7-371.
7-445-
6.605.
7.442.

CADMIUM AND LEAD.

7.Cg, Eb.
28 Cd, Pb.
29 Cd, Pb.
30 Cd Pb:
31 Gd! -Ph,.
Cd Pb,
=\GdeBb;-

9.160, 13°7.
9-353, 12.°

9-755, 14°7.
10.246, 11°7.
10.656, 13°4.
10.950, 9°2.
11.044, 14°8.

Melting Point.

AUTHORITIES.

1Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

2 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

3 Mallet. Ding, J. 85. 378.

4 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

5Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
6 Croockewitt. 1. 394.

7 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

®Croockewitt. 1.394.
9Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

10 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

11 Croockewitt. 1.394.

12Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
18 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
14Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
15 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
16 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
18 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
‘19 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
20 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

3
o

21 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
)

23 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

24 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
2% Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

26 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
27 Holzmann. P.T. 1860. 177.
28 Holzmann. P. T.1860. 177.
29 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177.
30 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177.
31 Holzmann. P.T.1860.177.
32 Holzmann. P.T.1860.177.

: 33 Holzmann. P. T. 1860.177.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

107

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.
LEAD AND ANTIMONY.

1Sb, Pb. 7.214

SbePb. 7agOr

2Sbz Pb. 7.432

*Sb, Pb. 7525

ra 7.622.

* Sb; Pb. 7.830.

5 Sb, Pb: 8.330.

pe 8.201, 13°7.

eek 8.233.

10Sb Pb. 8.953.

me oe 8.989, 11°7.

Be 8.999

1S Sb, Bb. 9.502

waite) Og ed Oy 9.723.

ea 9.811, 1493.

mae 9.817.

Sb, Pb,. 10,040.

Sb Ph,. 10.136.

a MS 10.144, 15°4.

. « 10.211.

arb; Eby: 10.344.

” Sb Ph, 10.387.

ee 10.455.

SDs Eb. 10.541.

=)Sb 2b;. 10.556. ;

aa idk 10.586, 19°3.

gine oe 10.615.

229503 Di. 10.673.

Sb Pb,. 16.722.

By Sb, bis 10.764.

se Sb Pb,. 10.802.

eb Pb p+ 10.930, 19°9.

Sob Pb... 11.194, 2095.
AUTHORITIES.

1Riche, 15.111. 12 Riche. 15.111. Riche. 15.111.

2Riche: 15/111. Riche. 15.111. 24Riche. 15.111.

3 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
4 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

6 Riche. 15.111.

6 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
7 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
8 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177.

9Riche. 15.111.

10 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
11 Matthiessen. P. T.1860.177.

14 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
15 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177.

15. 111.
15.00.

16 Riche.
17 Riche.

18 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
19 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177.

15
15. 111.

20 Riche.
21 Riche.

22 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120,

% Calvert & Johnson. 12.129.
26 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177-

27 Riche. 15. 111.
28 Riche. 15.111.
29 Riche. 15.111.
80 Riche. 15.111.
31 Riche. 15.111.

32 Matthiessen. P.T.1860. 177.
33 Matthiessen. P.T.1860, 177.

108 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.

CoPpPpER AND ANTIMONY.

1Cu Sb

BISMUTH AND SILVER.

Bi Ae 9.802, 23°5.

3 Biz, Ag. 9.813, 23°6.

41Bi,, Ag 9.820, 23°3.

Bi, Ag. 9.836, 21°8.

®* Bi, Ag. 9.859; 21.°

7 Bi, Ag. 9.899, 15°2.

’ Bi, Ag: 9.966, 14°9.

Bi AS 10.068, 15°6.

10'Bi Ag... 10,107, 13°25

IMB Ag. TOM23,005cr.

BISMUTH AND LEAD. q

Ae Bigg ee Ds 9.844, 21°7.

13 Bij Eb: 9.845, 21°6.

SOB Y be 9.850, 21°3.

20. Bin, be 9.887, 20°6.

ae Biey ee 9.893, 19°5.

Dlg: 9.934, 21°.

aig De 9:07.35 15:.
Bi, ee 10.048, 10°7.
ABA eDs 10:235, 2.5.

a eK 10.232.
2) Bi bbe 122°.
2 Bie Dee Zhe.
Bi, Eb: 10.538, 14.°

Sd 10.5109.
* Bi Pb. 10.956, 14°9.

eG : 10.931.

22° BY, se De 11.038.

rt: Das 11.108.

Bi Pb: 11.166.
Bt Pb: TUsTAN,. 1207)

AUTHORITIES.

: TCaiveriee Jobneohia nop. [29a ert & Johnson. 12.120. |}2Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 2 Person. 1.84.
* Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. | 18 Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 23Rudberg. 1.71.
* Holzmann, P. T. 1860.177. | * Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. * Carty. P. T. 1860. 177.
¢ Holzmann. P. T. 1860.17. | Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. % Riche. _ 15.111.
5 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177: | 16Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 26 Carty. P. T. 1860. 177.
° Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. |" Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 27 Riche. 15.111.
7 Holzmann. P. T. 1860.177. | 8 Carty. P.T. 1860. 177. Riche. 15.111.
® Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. |1%Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 2Riche; Lose
* Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. | 2° Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. s0Riche. Lode
10 Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. |?! Riche. 15.111. Sl Carty. PB. T. 1860: 177:

31 Holzmann.

PPalseorli 7.

7-990.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

109

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.
Bi Pb; II.194.
adie, Eb. 11.209.
Bi Pb,: 11.161, 1498.
Fea TT.225.
eying ed ore 11235.
® Bi Phy. ; 11.188, 20°8.
we cE De. 11-196, 20°2,
SBt Ebi: LE:280, 2275.
2 Bie bey: EIS 315 2300
BISMUTH AND COPPER.
0 Bi Cu. 9.634.
BISMUTH AND ZINC.
IBZ. 9.046.
BISMUTH AND CADMIUM.
TBI aod. 9.766, 15°4.
13/Bi,, Cad. 9.7371 1407:
i Bi, Cd. 9.669, 14°8.
IssBie Cds 146°3.
me 9.554, 13°4.
UB Cd. 9.388, 15.°
8B Cd,- O:195,.15°5:
12'B1 Cd,. 9.079, 13°1.
BisMUTH AND ANTIMONY.
a Bi, Sb: 9-435, 9°4.
EBSD: 9.369.
sy hasloy 9.276.
eS 0:27; 122%.
4 Bi, Sb. 9.095.
"Bi, Sb. 8.859.
2 « 8.886, 14.°
2131 Sb; $392411.°
BK 8.364.
2» Bi Sb,. 7.829.
30) 7.864, 9°4.
AUTHORITIES.
1Riche. 15,111. 1 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 2! Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
2Riche. 15.111. 12 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 2? Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
3 Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 13 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 23 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177.
£Riche. 15.111. 14 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 24Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
5Riche. 15.111. 15 Rudberg. 1.71. 2 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
SiCarty. PST 1860s Vir. 16 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 26 Holzmann. P.T. 1860. 177.
TCarty. P. T. 1860. 177. 17 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 27 Holzmann. P.T. 1860. 177.
SCarty. .P. T. 1860. 177. 18 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 28 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
NCarty, BPs 160177. 19 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 2 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120,
10 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 2? Holzmann. P.T.1860.177. | °° Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177.

110

1 Bi Sb,.
? Bi Shy.
’ Bi Sb;.

GOLD AND SILVER.

* Ag, Au.
5 Ag, Au.
Ag, Au.
7 Ag Au.
Sg Al =
®Ag Au,.
0 Ag Aug.

GoLp AND Leap.

a PD pe
12° Pb; Au.
Eby A.
Pb; Au.
15 Pb; Au:
Pb Au:

21 Pb An,.
8 Pb Au,.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy.

Specific Gravity.

7.561.
7-370.
Tso ie

PY.7G0;, 43°.
E2257, 1427.
13°432) TAS3:
14.870, 13.°
1G. 354,, 13.°
17.540,. £223.
18.041, 13-1.

11.841, 23°3.
12.274, 19°4.
12.445, 25-6.
12-737, 20-3.
13.300; 22°%.
14.466, 14°3.
15.603, 1425.
17 :013,, 14-3.

GOLD AND BISMUTH.

SPB gg “AU
a Big, Sate
aU WS) og) Als
DT AUS
2? By, Au
Dip Ws
* Bi Au.

a0 ANE.

9.872, 202

| 9.942, 2I1°2.
10.076, 18°7.
IO:452,, 21-4.
BI025;23.-
12,067, 16:7
13.403, 1625."
14.844, 16.°

TIN AND SILVER. °

77 Sn, Ag+.
Sn, Ag.

SN, oe.
Sn, Ag+.

7A2Y, 16°06:
Fahl; Locos
7.666, 18°4.
7-963, 19°3.

1 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
lhnson. 12. 120.
3 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
PY 186087 7.
. P.T.1860.177.
PP 860el7 7.
PAR USGORUT 7.
PTT S6O LTT.
, PE T8607:
. PEEMSGONL7 7.

2 Calvert & Jo

4 Matthiessen
5 Matthiessen
© Matthiessen
7 Matthiessen
§ Matthiessen
» Matthiessen
10 Matthiessen

AUTHORITIES.

11 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177.
12 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177.
13 Matthiessen P. T.1860.177.

14 Matthiessen
15 Matthiessen
16 Matthiessen
17 Matthiessen
18 Matthiessen
19 Holzmann.
20 Holzmann.

« P2Ps18605177.
Pere s60. 177.
. P.T.1860.177.
PeETs60 5177.
PADAL860:1:77.
P. T. 1860. 177.
P. E.18600177.

21 Holzmann
22 Holzmann
23 Holzmann
24 Holzmann
2 Holzmann
26 Holzmann
27 Holzmann
28 Holzmann
29 Holzmann
30 Holzmann

Melting Point.

2 Pe De LeeoMiif.
4 PLTSIS60 STi.
5 PLT s60 eri.
~ PVD 18605177-
» PB. DSLS60 aii.
iP el S60 ids
~ P Tels60ei7 7.
» PB. T1860: 177.
p PLE LS60 nT.
SPUD L860. Lai.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 111

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.
*Sn, Ag+. $:223,\16-3:
*Sn Ag. 8.828, 13°8.
*Sn Ag). 9.507, 12°9.
*on Ag, 9.953. 14°8.
Try AND LEaD.

Die ED. 7.9210.
ee he F-G27i 15-2.
™Sn; Pb. 8.0279. 194.°
OG 8.093.
9 « 8.046.
Msn, Pb. 8.1730. 189.°
no « 7.850. 190.°
ee 8.188, 16.°
ae 8.196.
18 8.2347. 1O7ac
aoe ait 8.195.
16'Sn, Pb. 8.3914. 186.°
eG 8.549. 182°8.
Ba 2K 182°.
ae . 182°8.
ek 9.025.
ar eK 8.418.
ene 8.4087. 181.°
Ba AK 8.414.
7/9n- oP b,. 8.291.
= sn; Pb). 8.565.
3 Sn, Pb: 8.7454. 196.°
aurea 8.688. 182°8.
oN inn 8.7.70), 1722:
eS 8.774.
oo sc 8.7257. 197.°
os « 8.766.
en. P bs. 9.0377. 210.°
Soe 9.046.

AUTHORITIES.
1 Holzmann. P.T. 1860.177. |! Thomson. 1. 1040. 3 Riche. 15.111.
2Holzmann. P.T.1860.177. | 12 Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 24 Riche. 15.111.
3 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177. | Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | Riche. 15.111.
#Holzmann. P.T.1860,177. | Pillichody. 14. 279. 26 Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2).
5 Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). | Riche. 15.111. (40.285. | 40. 285.

40. 285. 16 Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). |27Thomson. 1.1040.
Song: P) LT. 1860!1'77. Thomson. 1. 1040. Long. P.'T. 1860. 177.
™Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). |1!8 Rudberg. 1.71. 29 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

40. 285. 19 Person. 1. 84. 30 Pillichody. 14. 279.
8 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120. | 29 Croockewitt. 1.394. 81 Riche. 15. 111.

9 Riche. 15.111. (40. 285. | 22 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 32 Pillichody. 14. 279.

10 Kupffer. A. C. Phys. (2). 2 Pillichody. 14. 279. !83 Riche. 15. 111.

112

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy.

4Sn, Ph;:

Sn Pb.
3 «@

4

5 «

6 «

1 @

8

*'Sn,-Pb,.
On, PDs.
u Sn Pb.

32 «
13 @
4 «
Bey
is 4
™ Sn PD,
38 «
19 «
20 «
aL Sn Pb,.
22 «
23 «
24 «
*'Sn Pb;.

s'Sn PD,
Tin AND IRON.

Specific Gravity. Melting Point.

9.2773, 15-°
9.4263.
9.288.
9-394-
9.460, 15°5. |
9.458.
9-4330-
9-451.
9-6399, 15.°
9-7971.
10.0782.
9.966.
10.080, 14°8.
10.105.
10.0520.
10.110.
10.3868.
10.421.
10.3311.
10.419.
10.5551.
10.590, 14°3.
10.587.
10.5957-

10:75 1.
10.815, 15°6.

184°5..1S. F619.
2 ee a

1O2°2:

230.
246.°

270.°
289.°

293.-

292.°

27 Fe Sn,. 7.446.
Fe Sn,. Cryst. furnace product.| 7.534.
7” Fe, Sn. ; 8.733-
TIN AND COPPER.
0 Snip Ou: 7-442.
31 « Hie lids
S2 mee 7.28.
AUTHORITIES.
1Pohl. 3.324. [40. 285. | 22 Croockewitt. 1.394. 22 ong.) Pi Ts 1860; Lim,
2Kupffer. A. C. Phys. (2). | Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 23 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
3Thomson. 1. 1040. 14 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 24 Pillichody. 14. 279.
*Croockewitt. 1.394. 1 Pillichody. 14. 279. 25 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
5 Long. P. I. 1860R 177. 1 Riche. 15. 111. 6Long. P. T. 1860. 177.
6 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120. | !7 Kupffer. A. C. Phys. (2). | 27 Noellner. 13.188.
7Pillichody. 14. 279. 40, 285. *8 Rammelsberg.
® Riche. 15, 111. 18 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 29 Lassaigne.
* Pohl? 3.823. 19 Pillichody. 14. 279. 30 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
10 Pillichody. 14. 279. Richey lo sdeats 31 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). | 2! Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2). | 32 Riche. 21. 270.
40. 285. 40. 285.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

113

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.
18n, Cu. 7.472.
2 75506
e « : Wegile
*Sn, Cu. 7.447.
5 « 7.606.
6 « 7-44.
isn, Cu. 7.652.
®Sn, Cu;. Cryst. furnace product.| 6.994.
*Sn, Cu. 7 3OTe
10 «~—s Crystallized. 7.53:
no « 7.138%
ae TiO
13 Sn Cu. 8.056.
1 « 8.072.
Se 7.992.
TE « 7.90.
Sn, Cu,. 8.06.
ie'on Cu,. 8.416.
a S512:
ans 8.533:
ye Ons.
72 Sn Cu,. 8.539.
a = 8.954.
oe el 8.91.
SnCu, 8.400.
Zoe ( 8.948.
af « S77:
#2 Sn Cu;. 8.575.
29 « 8.965.
30 « 8.62.
3. Sn.Cu,. 8.750.
32 « 8.65.
33'S Cu,. 8.728.
34 « 8.72.
AUTHORITIES.

1Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378. 12 Riche. 21.270. 24Riche. 21. 270.
2 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 18 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | %5 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
3 Riche. 21. 270. 14 Croockewitt. 1. 394. 76 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | 1 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 27 Riche. 21. 270.
5 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. |16 Riche. 21. 270. 2 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
6Riche. 21.270. WRiche. 21. 270. 29 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
7Croockewitt. 1.394. 18 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | °° Riche. 21.270.
8Rammelsberg. P. A. 120. | 19 Croockewitt. 1. 394. 31 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

54. 20 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 32 Riche. 21. 270.
9Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | 2! Riche. 21.270. 33 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
10 Miller. P. A. 120. 55. 22 Mallet. Ding. J. 85.378. | %4Riche. 21.270.

11 Calvert & Johnson. 12,120.

23 Calvert & Johnson. 12,120.

114

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.

1$n Cu,. 8.459.

zi « 8.84.

$Sn Cu,. 8.462.

*Sn Cujo. 8.561.

5 « 8.832.

6 « 8.87.

7Sn Cu,;. 8.825.

8 « 8.84.

*Sn Cu,,; 8.793.

10'S. Cuz: 8.820.

TIN AND ZINC.

MSN 2a. 7.2556

12 « 7274:

138n Zn. 7oULS:

14 « 7202s

Sn Zs: 7.096.

16 « 7.188.

17 Sn Zn. 7.180,

Sn Zn, 7th Ss

Sn: Zn,. 7.140.

RY Zig: F185:

TIN AND CADMIUM.

Von, Cd. 7 AGH V2.7.

2280, Cd. FASO ye Se

Sn, Cd. 7.690, 12°9.

mM | 173°8.

* Sn Cd. 7:90, 1302.

#80 Cd, $.130; Tlale

278n Cd,. 8.336, 1495.

eon d.: , S.AB2 Eb.

TIN AND ANTIMONY.

SLi Obs 7.284, 20°2.

39 Sn., Sb. 72279 208,
AUTHORITIES.

1 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
2Riche. 21.270.

3 Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.
*Mallet. Ding. J. 85. 378.

5 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
6 Riche. 21.270.

7 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.

8 Riche. 21.270.
9 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
10 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

11 Croockewitt. 1.394.

12 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

13 Croockewitt. 1.394.

14 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

15 Croockewitt. 1.394.

16 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
MW Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
18 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
19 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.
20 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.

21 Matthiessen. P. T.1860.17
22 Matthiessen. P. T. 1860. 17
23 Matthiessen. P.T. 1860.1
24Rudberg: 1.71.

29 Matthiessen. P.T. 1860.177.
26 Matthiessen. P.T. 1860.177.
27 Matthiessen. P. T. 1860. 177.
28 Matthiessen. P.T. 1860. 177.
3Tongs, IPs W51860. 177-

$0 Longs) Pi Ts 18605 Lid:

-~J

7

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 115

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.

2 Ss; Ob: 7.276, 19°4.

2507, 00: 7.208, 18:5.

*Sn,;+ Sb. 7140, 19:°

Pons OD: 7.100, 10°6,

5 Sn, Sb. 7.023, m5 eos

®Sn Sb. 6.929, 15°8.

7Sn Sb,. 6.844, 13°8.

SSnsb,. 6:781,,/1325.

PSmisb,. 6i7A7. T3PA.

ISD. 9; 9: 6.739, 1692.

TIN AND BISMUTH.

ne Sn,, Bi. 7.438, 19°9.

Sn, Bi. 7.943, 20.°

13 Sn,, Bi. 8.017.

TM, Ul: ' 8.097.

Bie Sei 12) tAr2.

ae ona aii. 8.339, 13°9.

Wo 8.327.

ing Bi,. 8.199.

19'Sn, Bi,. 8.506.

Zonet. 8.772), 12°6.
set 8.754.

230, Bl, 1364.
250, Dl, 135°3.
‘en. Bly. Qul7s; 15°90:
ea 9.145.
#'Sn. Bi. 9.435, 15.°
21 « 9.434.
Sn! Bi,. G:014, 12°7,
#'Sn Bi, G16755, 1502.
von. Bi,,. 9:737; 19°8.
US) Bi): 92774; 23.°
229 Bi... 9.803, 22°8.
STB sary 9.811; -19:°
AUTHORITIES.

lLong. P. T. 1860. 177. _|22Carty. BP. T. 1860.177. 23 Person. 1. 84.

2Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 13 Riche. 15.112. 2 Carty.) “Ps 'TS 18602177
3Long. P. T. 1860.177. 14Riche. 15,112. 2% Riche. 15. 112.
4Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 1 Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. Carty. P.'T. 1860. 177.
5Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 16 Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. 27 Riche. 15. 112.
STiong. PeWas860Ni77. Ww Riche. 15. 112. 28 Carty. P:T. 1860,,177.
™Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 18 Riche. 15.112. 229Carty. BP: T. 1860. 177
8Long. P. T. 1860. 177. 19 Riche. 15, 112. $0 Carty. Ps T. 1860: 177
Lone, PST 1860M177. 20 Carty. P. T. 1860. 177. SUiCarty: Po 0s 18605177
Long. P. T. 1860.177. 2D Riche, Woy 112: 32. Carty. Pi. 1860: 177
A Cartye . 2a Ral 360 sl (i. 22 Rudberg. 1.71. 33. Carty. P. ‘T1860. 177

116 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy. Specific Gravity. Melting Point.
Visa Bis. 9.814, 1995.
2 Sn Biss 9.815, 1891.
Trn AND GOLD.
$Sn,, Au. 7 AAT, 22°Os
*Sn,, Au. 7.801, 2298.
®Sn, Au. 8.118, 22°4.
€Sn, Au. S470)2301,
7Sn, Au. 8.931, 25°6.
8Sn, Au. O405,.23¢7.
“Sn, Au. OuiG 22.4.
10 Sn, Au: 10.168, 2397.
en, AU,. 10.794, 23°6.
Sn Au. 11.833, 14°6.
teen 7A TA ZAAS TAC.
Sn Au, 16.367, 15°4.
ALLOYS OF ALUMINUM.
5 Al, Ag. 6.733.
Ie AT Ao: 8.744.
17 Al Ag,. 9.376.
EAN Cr: 4.9.
TAs Mas 3.402.
0A), Na: 3.647.
aU Al, Cu: 2.764.
2A Cu; 3.206.
Al Cu: 2.310.
AL COs: 3-579.
Al, Cus, 3724.
8°Al, Cu. 3.072.
Al, Cu, 4.148.
78 Al, Cu. A355:
PA Cu: , 5.731:
Al Cu. 6.946.
SA Cus. 7.204.
2 AlCu,. 7.534.
AUTHORITIES.
1Carty. P. 1.1860. 177. 12 Holzmann. P.T.1860.177. | % Hirzel. 11.138.
2Carty. P. T..1860. 177. 13 Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. | 4 Hirzel. 11.188.
3 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177. | % Hirzel. 11. 138.

77. | 14 Holzmann. P.T.1860.
@

4 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 1s Hirzel. 11.137. 2% Hirzel. 11. 138.

5 Holzmann. P. T. 1860.177. | 16 Hirzel. 11. 137. 27 Hirzel. 11.138.
6 Holzmann. P.T.1860.177. | }7 Hirzel. 11. 137. 23 Hirzel. 11. 1388.

77. | 18 Wohler. 11. 160. 29 Hirzel. 11.138.
8 Holzmann. P. T.1860.177. | 19 Michel. 13. 131. 30 Hirzel. 11.138.
9 Holzmann. P.T. 1860.17 20 Michel. 13. 132. 31 Hirzel. 11.138.

10 Holzmann. P.T. 1860.
11 Holzmann. P. T. 1860.

1
1
1
1
7 Holzmann. P. T. 1860.1
1
i}
if
1

ils
77. | 21 Hirzel. 11.138. 32 Hirzel. 11.138.
77. | 22 Hirzel. 11. 138.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

La

Melting Point.

Alloy. Specific Gravity.
1 Al Cu,. eT 27e
2 Al Cug. Fegisle
3 Al, Cu,s. 7.884.
EAL, W. 5.58.
5 Al Zn. 4.532.
SALE Sn. 3-583.
" Al, Sn. 3.791.
8 Al, Sn. 4.025.
® Al, Sn. 4.276.
10°Al, on. 4.744.
Allon: 5-454.
MAL Sn. 6.264.
ISA Sn. 6.536.
14 Al, Nb. 4.45—4.52.
PAU La, TOD),
ALLOYS OF MERCURY. AMALGAMS.
WHg. Pb. L163.
Lies. « 12.284, 15°7.
pablo“ Pb. 11.979, 15°9.
iSEto. Pb. 121805, 1525¢
qeakl'oe Ca. 12.615.
71 He Zn. 11.304.
ao Bi; 11.208.
Sree isi .. 10.693.
Fee AG 10.45.
2 Hig Bi, 10.474.
soa 5 10.350.
“Hg Bi,. 10.240.
ro AU, 15.412.
* Hg, Sn. 11.3816.
a « 1¥.4560, 11°73:
31 He Sn. 10.3447.
32 « 10.369, 1492.
BG 10.255.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Hirzel. 11.188. 138 Hirzel. 11.138. 2 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
2 Hirzel. 11.138. 14Marignac. 21. 215. 26 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
3 Hirzel. 11. 138. 15 Marignac. 21. 212. 27 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
Michel. 13. 130. 16 Croockewitt. 1. 393. 28 Croockewitt. 1.393.
5 Hirzel. 11.138. 17 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | °° Kupffer. A.C. Phys. (2).
6 Hirzel. 11.188. 18 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. 40. 285.
7Hirzel. 11.1388. 19 Matthiessen. P.T.1860.177. | 8° Holzmann. P.T. 1860. 177.
8 Hirzel. 11.188. 2 Croockewitt. 1. 393. 31 Ktipffer. A.C. Phys. (2)
9 Hirzel. 11.138. 21 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120. 40. 285.
10 Hirzel. 11.138. 22 Calvert & Johnson. 12, 120. | 32 Holzmann. P.'T. 1860. 177.
ll Hirzel. 11. 138. 2 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 3 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
12 Hirzel. 11. 188. 24 Croockewitt. 1.393.

118

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Alloy.

Specific Gravity.

9.3185.
9.362, 9°9.
9.314.
8.8218.
8.805.
8.510.
8.312.
SIG T.

Melting Point.

2d. ALLOYS OF MORE THAN TWO METALS.

Alloy.

*Cd Ph, Biz

Oo Cds sPb, Bis.
Zn Pb son.
12Pb Su Bi,.
Pb Si, sol.
Cu, Ni 'sb;:

13 Cd.Sn Pb Bi,
Cd Sa; Pb; Bij.
WCd,Sn, Pb; Bi,.
Cd sn, Pb;-B1,,.

1 Kupffer.
40. 285.

2 Holzmann. P. T. 1860. 177.
3 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120.
AY Ca. Phys; (2):

* Kupffer.
40. 285.

5 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120.

Furnace product.

Specific Gravity.

Melting Point.

A. C. Phys. (2).

10.563. 8995.
10.732. 95-°
168.°
QG:2
145.°
8.004.
9.765. 68°95.
9.784. 68°25.
9.725. 67°5.
9.685. 6595.
AUTHORITIES.
6 Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. |13 Person. 1. 73.
7 Calvert & Johnson. 12. 120. | 14Sandberger. 11. 202.
Calvert & Johnson. 12.120. | 45 y. Hauer. 18. 236.
9vy. Hauer. 18. 236. 16y, Hauer. 18. 236.
10y, Hauer. 18. 236. vy, Hauer. 18. 236.
1y, Hauer. 18. 236.

N Rudberg. 1.72.
12Person. 1.7

Those who wish further details concerning Alloys and Amalgams, can find
copious information in “ Watts’ Dictionary of Chemistry,” under the headings

of the various metals.

For many Amalgams, see Joule, Journ. Chem. Soc., 1863, vol. 16.
For Alloys of Pt. and Au., see Prinsep, Phil. Trans., 1828. .

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 119

XXXIX. Hyprocarzons.

ist. SERIES OF ALCOHOL RADICLES.

: 2 Boiling |Melting
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Poitt. Pane
eEropy!, or trityl. (Ce). 6745, 18.° 68.°
« Di-iso-propyl. « .6769, 10.°
~ « « « .6701, L735. 58.°
4 « « « .6569, 29.°
eC Hexane. « 16630,"17-> 69°—7 1°.
[Compare propyl with hexyl
hydride. ]
® Ethyl butyl. CHC, Ao. |..7O1, 0." 62.2
* Ethyl amyl. CoE Cs e700, $8.°
Sar « « 6819; 1725; . E
ek « « .6795, 20.° ve ae
LOC « « .6833, 18°4. go.°
1 Methyl caproyl. Ca, Co His. 82.°
a « « « 6789, 19.° 89°—91.°
% Butyl, or tetryl. (C, HA, )e: 6940, 18.° 108.°
pees Kc « 7057, 02 106.°
15 « 728
ie « -7135, 0.
1 « « -7001, oe ee
1 « « 6945, 18.° DIO:
eC « .7083, 12°5. 124.4
oO a Octane. « 7082) 17° 123°=125-°
ord Tsobutyl. « .723, 0.° 27°
« « 21 Os
3 Amy! isopropyl. C,Hi2 Cz 7.) 698; 1675. iB :
109°-1 10.
aa « « .6712, 49.
* Butyl amyl. @, eC; AG) .|| -72473 Or- 132,°
6 Amyl. (CoH): WIOA, Ti. iSGe
AUTHORITIES.
1 Williams. 10. 418. 10 Grimshaw. A.C. P. 166. | 18 Williams. 10. 418.
Schorlemmer. 20. 566. 163. 19 Schorlemmer.
3~ Schorlemmer. 20.566. |! Wurtz. 8.576. 20 Schorlemmer. A.C. P.161.
4 (Schorlemmer. 20.566. | !2Schorlemmer. A.C. P. 136. 263.
5Schorlemmer. A.C. P.161.| 257. 1 ( Riche. 13. 248
263. 13 Kolbe. 1.559. 22 | Riche. 13. 248.
6 Wurtz. 8.576. “Wurtz. 8.576. 23 ¢ Schorlemmer. 20. 567.
7Wurtz. 8.576. [136. 257.) Wurtz. (?) 24 | Schorlemmer. 20. 567.
8 Schorlemmer. A.C. P.|16¢ Kopp. 18. % Wurtz. 8.576.
{Sehoreme AC. P; Kopp. 18. % Frankland. 3.479.
136. 257. ‘

120

Name.

?Amyl.
2 «

3 «

* Butyl hexyl.
> Hexyl, or caproyl.
6

S « Dodecane.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling Melting

Formula. |Specific Gravity. Point Point.
Ont FAIZ NO."
7 « a par 20.° s
« .7365, 18.° 159:-
C, H,. C, Hs; GG
(Cg Hys)2. 202.°
« P5740 202.0
« .7508, 18.° 202.
« TABZ0 5175, ZOIe

2d. HYDRIDES OF ALCOHOL RADICLES.

Compare with Isomers among the Radicles themselves.

Name.

® Propyl hydride.
” Butyl «

no « «

1 « «

13 Amyl «

4 « «

1 «

ar «

7 « «

18 Hexyl « Alpha

19 « « «

200 « « «

a « « «

22a «

ae ne « Beta

2 | « (?)

25 « « (?)

26 « « (?)

ah ne « Isomer.

1¢ Wurtz. 8.573.

2\ Wurtz. 8.573.

3 Williams. 10. 418.

4Wurtz. 8.576.

5 Brazier & Gossleth. 3.400.

6 Wurtz. 8.576. :

TWilliams. 10,418. [268.
* ®Schorlemmer. A.C. P.161.

9Lefebvre. 21. 329.

10 Pelouze& Cahours. 16.524.

Boiling (Melting

Formula. {Specific Gravity. Paint. Point
Cc. .613,—25.° —25°to—30°.
CE. a. .600, 0.° a. 0."
« .600, 0.° o°-4.
« .624,—1.° AO

C,-H |. OATS ME o2: 30
« .6385, aoe 734.m.m.,
« 1630;917.— 39°—40.°
« .6263, Tee 34.°
« .628.18.° 305°

C, dalig. EL .668, 0.° 58.°
« 679, 1525. 68°—70.°
« .669, 16.° 68.°
« 60°—64.°
« 68°s.

mn et 6645, 1695. 68°5—70.°
« 6617, 1795. 69°5.
« 676, 0". 61°3.
« .689, 0.° 68°25.
« 671, 26° 78.
AUTHORITIES.

11 Ronalds. = 507.

12 Lefebvre. 21.329.
Frankland. 3.481.
Frankland. i 481.

15 Schorlemmer. 5. 386.

16 Schorlemmer. ae 52

17 Pelouze & Cahours. 6) D2ie

18Riche. A. C. Phys. (2). 59.

426.
19 Schorlemmer. 15. 386.

20 Pelouze & Cahours. 15. 410.

21 Wurtz. 16.509.

22‘Warren & Storer. 21. 331.

23; Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.
16. 521.

Dale. 17.381.

5 Warren. ) 91:330

26 Warren. J “~ "°°"

27 Riche. A. C. Phys. (3). 59.
426.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

121

Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. Poe ae
1 Heptyl hydride. Cy Eye .7259, 0.°
2 « « -7148, 15.° go°—92.°
eG « « .6999, 32-° |
HG « « .6867, 48.° J
FC « « FOO}, V7 15. 98°—9g9.°
SK « « Wl22, lOve 98.°
cmc « « .699, 16.° 92°—94.°
ac « « 6851, 17°5. 98°—99.°
TG « « .6840, 2095. 10025.
yes eet « « .7085, 0.° 97°8.
" Octyl « C, H,. 2 710; 07-58 119°—120.°
ec « 720, Thos 116°—118.°
ake « « 728, 0.7 | 115°—118.°
™ Nonyl hydride. Cy Hace Et. 741. 136°—138.°
®Decatyl « Cry elas ele) 271575, 10.° 158°—162.°
DSS « « yey (Oe 155°—157.°
" Endecatyl hydride. Gry eles, Ee. | |-760; 180°—182.°
*Duodecatyl — « Cie ilesn He 1778, 20.2 196°—200.°
19 | Cra Melos low gon l7.° 218°—220.°
2 « Cress, ao i), 800)- 20:2 236°—240.°
a « Ci tige dts 1.8255 70%° 258°—262.°
3d. METHYLENE SERIES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. moe Pe
” Butylene. CieEl.: 7.39,.0. 12°—14.°
3 Amylene. Ce 39.°
24 « « ADS
25 « « a. 35.
ag « « 6507; 1625;
27 « « .6633, 0.° 0K
AUTHORITIES.

- Rerreuiceeraas ASCs SR:

136. 257.

4 | From Petroleum.

5 Schorlemmer. 15.386.From
Coal Oil.

®Schorlemmer. 16.532.From
Petroleum.

7 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524.

8Dale. 17.381.

® Schorlemmer. tee

vy

From
azelaic
acid.

10 Warren and Storer. 21.
Sale

11Schorlemmer. 15. 386.

19 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524.
20 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 524,
21 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524.

2 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524. | 22Chapman. 20.581

13 Wurtz. 16.509. 3 Balard. A.C. Phys. (38).
1 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524. 12. 391.

15 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524. | 24 Kekulé. See 29.

16Wurtz. 16.510. 2 Frankland. See 29.

1 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 524. | 26 Mendelejeff. 13.7.

18 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524. | 27 Bauer. 14. 660.

9

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Borate oer
1 Amylene. C; Hig: 66277, O17 |
2 « « .65490, 10.° | 30°
3 « 64450, 17.°m. of 4.) |“, :
4 « 62384, 33.°m. of 2.1 |. 6
5 « « .625812, 33°5. m. of2. | ae.
: « « .62634, 35°5. m. of 2. J
i « « 3679, 0.7 28°-30.°
s stay lene. (Ce alae 777 Os 165.°
« ? « .8416, 0.°
a « e « ue ae es
1 Triamylene. (COPE & bn) Pe eto evo 245°—-248.°
2 Tetramylene. (CsH 5 )ae |28710;:0.- 399 °-400.°
13 Hexylene. CAEL: aie
ee « .709, 12.° 68°-70.°
5 « « 68°-70.°
16 « « 68°-72.°
uM « « 16937,10.4 Fs s
18 « « .6986, ger “ ye
19 « « -702, Oe 68°-71.°
20 « « 64°-65.°
1 Heptylene. C, Hy, LO load 99-°
= « Two « .7060, 12°5. 93°-95-°
2 Ke preparations. « 7020; 1925. 95°-97-°
2 « (?) « .6985, 14° 81°-83.°
29, « « 94°I.
26 « « .7060, 16.° or.°
7 Octylene. C, Hig. 1708, 10.0 106°-110.°
28 « « 723 40 Ges 125°, 760.m.m.
29 « « 737, 20 122°-125.°
30 « « 115°-117.°
sl « « 118°-120.°
22 ae « .7396, 0.° 12502;
33 Meta-octylene. (Cy lye)a-@)| 814, 15-° a 250.0
AUTHORITIES.
1 (H.L. Buff. 29. 2 Bauer. 14.660. 23 Schorlemmer. A.C. P. 136.
2 | H. L. Buff. 29. 13 Williams. 11. 438. O57: [14. 268.
30 OL Butts 29) 14 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.526. | 24Markownikow. Z. F..C.
4} H.L. Buff. 29. 18 Wanklyn and Erlenmeyer. | 25 Warren & Storer. 21.331.
2 | I. AG Butt. (29: 16. 520. [76. | 2°Grimshaw. A.C. P.166.163.
6 lH. L. Buff. 29. 16 Tschaikowsky. B.S. C.18. | 27Cahours. C. R. 31.148.
7Buff. 21. 334. Wurtz. 17.512. 2 Bouis. 7. 582.
8 Bauer. 14. 660. * (208. Wurtz. 17.512. 2 Wittig. 13.320.
2 | Ssh A. C. P. 157. | 9 Geibel and Buff. 21.336. | ®°Schorlemmer. 15. 386.
Schneider. A.C. P. 157. | 2° Warren & Storer. 21. 331. | 31 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 529.
208. 21 Williams. 11.488. (257. | 82 Warren & Storer. 21.331.
Bauer. 14. 660. 22 Schorlemmer. A.C. P. 186. | 3 Bouis. See Watts’ Dict.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

125

eqs | .

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae pan
1 Nonylene. OA Gs 757 2005. 144°-146.°
2 « a. 140.°
: « « 7018, O.- L53h
* Decatylene.) From differ-| Cy Hy. | -7912, 0.° 174°6.
5 « ent sources. « O23) Ose 17598,
® Endecatylene. Ci elas: FO2, O° 195°8.
‘ « From differ- « 8398, 0.° 19529.
8 « ent sources. « GTO 19502.
2 « « 192°-193.°
” Duodecatylene. Gi Hig “761; 0° 21622.
u « From differ- « 8361. 212°6.
a x ent sources. « .8654-.8543, 0.° 208°-219.°
® Tridecatylene. Cig Higgn + | 844550." 230°-231.°
14 Cetene. oC cde. 2756
Ib. « « 7893) 15°2-
6 Cerotene. Bei Con ie, . |b.860;15.°
ie « ee 57°-58.°
8 Melene. Be Cop tetep. 11209:
19 « « 62°
*Etherol. Polymer of C,H,| (C, H,)n. | .9174.
ak « « « .g21. 260.°

4th. BENZOL SERIES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eae ee
” Benzol. C,H. CSc a mRo nal. f :
3 « « .956,—18.° s, 86. 373s
A « 85. 86.° 7
2K « 85. 80°—81.°
26 « « 89911, 0.°m. of2.
ZT « 500372, 105-2: 80°4.
2S REC « 88354, 15°3. 760. m. m.
2c « 82.2 Si 35°

AUTHORITIES.

PBittig. 13.321. 12 Warren & Storer. 21.332. | 2? Dumas and Boullay. See
2 Wurtz. 16.510. 13 Warren & Storer. 21.332.} Serullas. [89. 178.

3 Warren & Storer.
4Warren & Storer.
5 Warren & Storer.
21330!
7 Warren & Storer.
8 Warren & Storer.

6 Warren.

9 Giesecke.
10 Warren,

21. 330.
11 Warren & Storer.

21.331.
21. 332.
21. 331.

21. 332.
21. 332.

21. 332.

14 Dumas and Péligot.
Phys. (2). 62.4.

1% Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

16 Weltzien’s

ACs

“ Zusammen-

21 Serullas.

AY CrPhys-i(2)e
22 ¢ Faraday. P.T.1825. 440.
% | Faraday. P.T.1825. 440.
24 Mitscherlich. A.C. P. 9.43.

stellung.’ * Mansfield. 1. 711.
17 Brodie. 1.708. 26 /(Kopps: (13:
18 Watts’ Dictionary. 2 Kopp: 13%
19 Brodie. A.C. P. 71.159. | 28 | Kopp. 18.

2 Freund.

ACC) Pa120.81,

124

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bene he
’ Benzol. Ci Eee 8841, 15.°
2 « « .8667 8098.
ee Parabenzol. « 8469 O7°5:
+ 4a From coal tar « 8957, 0.°
5 . 80°.
« naphtha. « 8820, 15°5.
6 « « eSO Gee sce
7 « « Fee Ae eo: 3
@ 4 “ 8995, 0°
9 « « 8890, 1Ose
10 « « .8784, 20.°
ae! « .8568, 40.°
12, 3a « .8349, 60.°
13 « .8126, 80.°
* Toluol. C, Hs. 114.°
1 « « .87. 108.°
1 « T10°S.
Ww « « UTTeo
ww 4 « 8650. TO3C7.
19 « ~~ Paratoluol. « 8333. 119°5.
ay « « .8824, 0.° eS
a « .8720, mt ee
2 « Methyl] phenyl. « 881, 5.° EIT”
2 « « .8841, 0.°
a 4 « 8657, 20.°
25 « « 20375, 50:7
Zoe ic « .8086, 80.°
au « « .7889, 100.°
*S Xylol. CocEliy 128°-130.°
aC « 8309, 15.°
BOWE ce « 126°2.
aL « ma 140.°
ae ACC ) From coal tar « 507.55 One A
33 ° 139°8.
« J naphtha. « 866, 15.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 14 Gerhardt. A.C. Phys. (3). | % (Louguinine. 30. le gS
2 Church, 14. 111. 24! Louguinine. 30. | 5228
8 Church. } Es 15 Deville. *{ Louguinine. 30. ag eer
* Warren. 18. 515. 16Noad. J. F. P. 44. 145. 26 | Louguinine. 30. Boas =
5 (Warren. 18.515. 17 Wilbrand & Beilstein. A. | 27 \Louguinine. 30.) 2328

° / Jungfleisch. 33.
7\ Jungfleisch. 33.

8 ¢ Louguinine. 30. 8 a

§ | Louguinine. 30. | #223

10 aes 239

} Louguinine. 30. | #28
Sate 5355

1 | Louguinine. 30. | aus
on te a 8

% | Louguinine. 30. 3.33

13 Cae Agate

rf Louguinine. 30.4 333

CPP 128.257
Church. 17.531.
19Church. 17.531.

20; Warren. 18. 515.
21-| Warren. 18.515.
22 Tollens & Fittig. A.C. P.

131, 303.

28 Cahours. 3.492.

*9 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.
30Church. P. M. (4). 9.256.
31 Miiller. 17. 424.

32 ¢ Warren. 18.515.

33 | Warren. 18. 515.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

125

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ed aed
1Xylol. C, ee 135.°
ae Ethyl] phenyl. « F33.°
5 « « .8668, 21 139.°
Ae Methyl] benzyl. « 8621, 1995. 139°-140.°
Sey re Isoxylol. « 137°-138.°
Sia ( « 142°-142°5.
care « 8770, 02
Shee « .8600, 20.°
Sea « .8340, 50.°
Dc « .8073, 80.°
EG « .7892, 100.°
aa Ethyl] benzol. « 8664, 22°5. 134.°
* Cumol. C5. Els: 144.°
SG « 148.°
Bb « « 87.
16 «| « I Basc
wo « « 148°4.
18 « From phorone. « 863, 13:7 170°-175.°
19 | From coal tar « .8643, 0.° \ 160°8
2 « naphtha. « BOS sOalS.c ie
2 « From oil of « .8792, 0.° \ 151°
24° cummin. « 0075, 0b ia
3 « Methyl xylol. « 165°-166.°
zany From coal tar. « 166.°
* Cymol. Ci ke | 800,14." 1750
a6 « 857, 16.° 17 Eos
2 Ta ( « 17.5.°
oe ed « 8778, 0.° F772.
dG « .8678, 12°6. 743-7 Mm. m.
30) « « 17 tee
KG « 17O°7 5
32 « « .8660, PR

AUTHORITIES.

1Fittig. See 86. 12 Fittig & Konig. A.C. P. | %Ernst & Fittig. A.C. P.

2 Tollens & Fittig. A.C. P.
131. 303.
3 Beilstein. A.C. P. 133. 37.

*Glinzer & Fittig. As C. P.
136, 303.

5 Fittig & Velguth. 20.697.

6 Warren & Storer. 21. 331.

7 Louguinine. 30.) 5325

8 | Louguinine. 30. | Be a3

94 Louguinine. 30. ;2273..
os osks

10! Louguinine. 30. le ma nm

1 | Louguinine. 30. if eas8

144. 277.
18 Gerhardt & Cahours. A. ©.
Phys. (3). 1. 88.
14 Abel. <A. C. P. 63. 308.
15 Pelletier & Walter. A.C.
Phys. (2). 67.269. (14. 111.
16 Gerhardt. A.C. Phys. (3).
Church. P.M. (4). 9. 256.
18 Schwanert.

19 Warren. 18. 515.
20 | Warren. 18. 515.
211 Warren. 18. 515.
22 Warren. 18.515.

139. 186. 3

*4 Beilstein & Kégler. A.C.P.
TSSs22.

25 Gerhardt & Cahours. A. C,
Peon o4D:

26Noad. A.C. P. 63. 281.

27 Gerhardt. A.C. Phys. (3).
14. 111.

28 ¢ Kopp. 18.

29 Kopp. 18.

30 Mansfield. J.C. S. 1. 267.
81Church. P. M. (4). 9. 256.
=? Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

126

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. | Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Poe
1Cymol. Cri uklae 8664, 20.°
er From « .8697, 0.°
She axe oil of « LOU 2A. Onn 179°5.
Apex cummin. « 8592, 14.°
Baa « .8705, 0.°
6 % | From « Po 2Ore | ° °
oe | oil of z 8402, 60" 175°-176.
By oe cummin. c 7893, 100.° |
eC « 8732, O4
WW « From 2 18574, 20.° | i a
she camphor _ 8333, 50.° 174°-175.
12 « and P Cl;. i .7919, 100.° |
3 « From eamphor. « 175°-178.°
4 « Thymo-cymol. « 173.°
19 « Ethyl xylol. « :8783,/20-— 183°-184.°
16 « Diethyl benzol. « 18707, 15¢5. 178°-179.°
™ « TIsobutyl benzol. « 05775 10-° 159°-161.°
18 « Tetra methyl benzol « 189°-I91.° | 78-80.°
19 Amy! benzol. Ca ea. w lessonae= 195.°
*? Diethyl toluol. « SOF RTOs 17S.
1 Laurol. « .887, 10.° 188.°
2 Amy! toluol. Ciel as Hc80435 0% 2135
3 Amyl xylol, Cis Hay: © eoSl,y 6: 232°=233.°
[For mesitylene, see mis-
cellaneous hydrocarbons. ]
AUTHORITIES.
1 Williams. J.C. 8. 15.120. | 2 (Louguinine. 30.) Pg 32% [1"Riess. Z. F.C. 14.3
oy Warren.» | Mera. Arner (al Peete so [Eee | 18 Jannasch & Fittig. Z. F.C.
Acad. 9. 154, 11) Louguinine. 30. | eeeena |. 13.461.
3 | Warren. Mem. Amer. | 2 |Louguinine. 30.) 22382 | }9 Tollens & Fittig.’ A. C. P.
Acad. 9. 154. . | 8 Louginine and Lippmann 131. 303.
4 | Warren. Mem. Amer. 20. 700. 2 Lippmann & Louguinine.
| Acad. 9. 154. 4 Carstanjen. J.-F. P. (2). 20. 667.
5 (Louguinine. 30.) £483 38. 50. 21 Wittig, Kobrich & Jilke. 20.
6 | Louguinine. 30. Bees es 15 Ernst & Fittig, A.C. P.| 701.
7 | Louguinine. 30./5723%2| 189. 192. [144. 285. | 22 Bigot & Fittig. 20. 667.
8 |Louguinine. 30.) 22333 | 16 Fittig & Konig. A.C. P.| Bigot & Fittig. 20. 697.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

5th. C, H, AND ITS ISOMERS.

Chiefly Hydrocarbons from Essential Oils.

127

Name. Formula.) Specific Gravity. ere pene
[For valerylene and isoprene,
see miscellaneous hydro-
carbons. ]
1 From oil of anise. Cy, Hig: |--8580; 20.° 160.°
* Geraniene. « .842-.843, 20.° 162°-164.°
* From oil of neroli. « .8466, 20.° 173:°
4 « « petit grain. « .8470, 20.° 1Ane
De ik « orange peel. « .8460,
6g é i he é 8468, 0° 174.
7 « fruit of Citrus lumia. « 1853; 18.2 180.°
Be ue « « bigaradia. « .8520, 10.°
KC « « 5 « « ee et go
ee « « medica. « S5i4, 152 5520 (a)
eee oil of cedrat. \ « 8466, 20.° 173.2
Tae ie « bergamot. « 8464,
137 Sc e ¥ : 8466, 20° 175°-176.°
eat « lemon. « .84,-.86.
LOC « « « 17350
IOI ( « « « 176°.
Ww «| « « « .8380, 0.°
LENT « « « .8661, a
VK « « « .8468, 20. 173°
° Citrene. « .8569. 105.2
71 Cicutene. Fr. Cicuta virosa. « 87038, 18.° 166.°
” From oil of parsley. « 507, 3220:° 160.°
Sa « cummin. « STZ Oe
aC « « « oe L5se paeee
25 he « galbanum. « 8842, 9.° 160.°
OE OG « caraway. « .8466, 20.° 1762
" Carvene. « BOL, Us. 175°-178.°
28 «
ae a : ee 166.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. |!Gladstone. C.8. J.17.1. | 2° Watts’ Dictionary.
2Jacobsen. Z. F. C.14.171.| ? ¢ Gladstone. C. 8. J. 17.1. | 7? Van Ankum, 21. 794.
3Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. |1% | Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | Gladstone. C.8. J. 17.1.
4Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | Zeller. Watts’ Dictionary. | ¢ Warren. 18. 515.
5Gladstone. C.S.J. 17.1. |1Blanehet &Sell.) Watts’ |%\ Warren. 18. 515.
6Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 16 Brix. toietionaxy 2 Missmer. 14. 687.
TLuca. 13.479. 17 ( Frankenheim. 1.68. 26 Gladstone. C.S8. J.17.1.
8 Luca. C. R. 45.904. 18 |r samples of sub-| 27 Volckel. 6.512.
9 (Luca. C. R. 45. 904. stance. 28 ¢ Gladstone. C.S. J.17.1
10 Berthelot. 6.521. 19Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | (Gladstone. C.S. J. 17.1.

128

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling (Melting

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Point. Point:
From oil of dill. Cig digs 1) O44 Ouse 200 Wee
a « elder. « .8468, 20.° L720
3 Safrene. « 8345, 0.° 155 1575
* From oil of wormwood. « 8565, 20.° 160.°
OG « mint. « .8600, 20.° 160.°
oe « peppermint. « .8602, 20.° LS. 7
a « thyme. « 8635, 20.° 160;2
*Thymene. \ « .868, 20.° 160°-165.°
* Gaultherilene. « 8510, 20.° 168.°
1 From oil of rosemary. « 8805, 20.° 13-7
1 Cinaébene. « 878. W720
12 Cynene. (2) « PODS uLO.y 173°-175.°
- From oil of nutmegs. « 8 sr t08 166°-167.°
« « « « .8527
1 «| « bay. « .908, 15.° 164.°
| « « « .8508, 20. 171
eee « birch tar. « .870, 20.° PEGs)
a « cascarilla, ° « 8467, 20.° 172.°
188 1c « myrtle. « .8690, 20.° 163.°
0 « laurel turpentine. « .8618, 20.° 160.°
41 « Eucalyptus amygdalina. « 8642, 20.° Wie.
2 « Ptychotis ajowan. « O54, 0209 172°
3 « elemi. « .849, I1.° 174.°
KC « « 852, 2AO 166.°
> Olibene. « F003; ese 156°-158.°
6 Cajeputene. « 850, 15." 160°-165.°
77 Tsocajeputene. « sO 7 TOs 176°-178.°
*8 By distillation of copal oil. « ORT nIOn 160°-165.°
9 Caoutchin. « 842, 20.° Wis
*° Tolene. « 858, 10.° 154°-160.°
31 « ’ « 17O:2
* Xanthoxylene. « 162.5
°3 From Pinus maritima. « 864, 16.° 80°—100.°
eh a « pumilis. « O75 kT. 161
AUTHORITIES.
1Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 13 ¢ Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1.|*Kurbatow. Z. F. C. 14.
Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 14\ Gladstone. C.S8. J.17.1. 201.
3 Grimaux and Ruotte. 15 Blas. 18. 569. %Schmidl. 13.481.
Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 16Gladstone. C.S.J,17.1. |?7Schmidl. 18. 482.
5 Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 1 Sobrero. Watts’ Dictionary. | °8Schibler. 12. 516.
Gladstone. C.S8.J.17.1. | 8Gladstone. C.S..J.17.1. | ?® Williams. 13. 495.
7TGladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 1Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. |9°E. Kopp. 1. 737.
SLallemand. 9.616. . 2 Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. |*!Scharling. 9. 627.
*Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 2 Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. |82Stenhouse. Watts’ Dic-
Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. | 22Stenhouse. 9.624. tionary. ;
Hirzel. 7.592. 2 Deville. 2.448. 33 Berthelot. 6.519.
12 Voélckel. <A. C. P. 89. 358. | 24Stenhouse. A.C. P. 35. 304. | 84 Buchner. 13. 479.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

129

Boiling (Melting

Name. Formula.) Specific Gravity. Point. Paine

1 From Pinus picea. Cini e850. O28 168°-173.°
BG « abies. « .856, 20.° 167.-
8 « Abies Regine Amaliz. « 868. 156°-192.°
*Oil of turpentine. « .8902, 0.°
5 « « « .880. 165.2
CR « « 8644.
fia « Four « nS S55:
oot « samples.) « 8614. | 2°
oh G « J « .8600.
10 Terebene. « .8718. Iles
1 « « .864. T/56:°
2 « « 160.°
ie « « 8583, 20.° 160.°
1 Tsoterebenthene. « 10432 -22,9 76°-178.°
1 Austrapyrolene. « 847. V7.
6 Terebilene. « 843. 134.°
™ Camphilene. « .87. 156.°
18 Sesquiterebene. Cie 250.°
19 Metatemplene. « FOs7 Ae 280.°
0 Para-copaiva oil. « cole 252.0". a.
71 From Maracaibo balsam. « .Q2Ey 10.0 250°-260.°
2c Gurgun « « 9044, 15.° 25Gte
3 « Drybalanops camphora. « .Q—.921, 20.° 255°-270
4 « oil of cloves. « .g18, 18.° ae
4G « « « .go16, 14.° 25 lee
Zr oe « « .QO4I, 20.° 249.°
7 « ~6©«~—s cubebs. « O15 ; 9303,938, 250.°
2S ome « « 929. 250°-260.°
29 « « « « .go62, 20" 260.°
30 « Myrtus pimenta. « 198, Oo. 255.0
*t « Laurus nobilis. « 125) B52 250.°
32 « oil of rosewood. « .9042, 20.° 249.°
4 « © calamus. « S18 hos Aisa

« « « « -9275,

AUTHORITIES.
1Fliickiger. 8. 643. 13 Gladstone. C.S. J.17.1 24 Ettling. Watts’ Dictionary.
2 Wohler. 14 Berthelot. 6. 523, 2% Williams. 11. 442.
3’ Buchner & Theil. 17.536. | 15 Watts’ Dictionary. 26Gladstone. C.S. J. 17.1.
4Frankenheim. 1.68. 16 Watts’ Dictionary. 27 Schmidt.
5 Blanchet and Sell. 1” Watts’ Dictionary. Vol. 5. | 28 Watts’ Dictionary.
| Gladstone. C.S. J. 17.1, 925. 2Gladstone. C.S. J. 17.1.

Gladstone. C.S. J. 17.1. | 18 Berthelot. 15. 457. 80Qeser. 17.534.

Gladstone. C.8. J. 17.1. | 19 Fliickiger. 8. 646. 31 Blas. 18.569.
y a Gladstone. C.S. J.17.1. | 2° Posselt. 2.455. 32 Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1
10 Pierre. 4952. 2UStrauss. 21.795. Gladstone. C.S. J. 17. a
ll Watts’ Dictionary. 22 Werner. 15.461. Gladstone. C.S. J. 17.1.

12 Berthelot. 15. 457.

23 Lallemand.

12. 503.

130 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.
Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity.

1Fyom oil of cascarilla. | C,; Hy. | .9212, 20.°

2 « « patchouli. « .g2iiI,

Se « « « -927.9) 7 20s

amet « « « 9255;

5 Diterebene. Coy Hg3. | .94-

® Metaterebenthene. « .913, 20.°

7 Colophene. « .9391, 20.°

3 « « .O4.

® Heveéne. « 5O21,, 21-7

Boiling |Melting
Point. Point.

25ar

254Ne

OOF.
260.°
310°-315.°
a. 300.2

BG ss
BTO:=

315.

6th. MISCELLANEOUS HYDROCARBONS.

Boiling |Melting

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Point. Peine
10 Diallyl. (Cy 1.) 5:1 084); 14ee EQ
n « « .68724, 17.° m. ofa: 58°
wo « « 64682, 59°95. m. of 2. to
cs « 64564, 58.° m. of 2.J | 59°5.
14 Hexoylene. @,aHaes 4) 2710,-13- 76°-80°
8 Carbo dimethyl diethyl. | C, Hy, | -7111, 0.° 860-87.
16 « « « « .6958, 20°5. see
17 Cinnamene, or Styrol. | C3 Hs. | 928, 15.° 144.°
Me « « « « 924. 145°75.
19 « « « « .876-.896, 16.° 140.°
20 Metacinnamene. « 1,054,103. 5.
21 Valerylene. C, Hs. #4°-16.°
at Tie g -69999, 0.° )
Bo | « .687386, 17.°m. of 2. | eee
24 « « 65719, 41.° m. of 2. |
2 « « 65082, 42.° J
6 Trivalerylene. (Cat) ee 862) 15.2 265°-275.°
7Tsoprene. Cz He © | 16823; 20:2 27° =38.°
8 Valylene. C,; H,. a: 50.”

AUTHORITIES.

1Gladstone. C.S.J.17.1. |" (HH. L. Buff. 29. 19 Scharling. A.C. P. 97. 186.
2Gladstone. C.8.J.17.1. | 7? H. LL. Buff. 29: 20 Scharling. A.C. P.97. 186.
2Gladstone. CxS. J.17.1. | | HL. Buff. © 29: 2 Reboul. 17. 506.
4Gladstone. C.S8.J.17.1. | 14 Reboul & Truchot. 20. 587. | 22 EL. du; Buti 429:
5 Watts’ Dictionary. 15 - Friedel and Ladenburg. | * H. L. Buff. 29.
6 Berthelot. 6. 524. J..F. P. 101. 315. 4%) H.L. Buff. 29.
7Gladstones (C.\Sadedvede, 2° | Friedel and Ladenburg. | % | i. Le Butts 729)
8 Deville. : Je By Palo: 26 Reboul. 20. 585.
2 Bouchardat. A.C. P.37.30.|27E. Kopp. J. F. P. 37. 283. | 27 Williams. 13.495.
10 Berthelot & Luca. 1.590. | 18 Blyth & Hoffmann. A.C. |? Reboul, 18,510,

P, 53, 294,

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

131

Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. Bee ne
1 Ethyl vinyl. Cc, oe —5.°
* Caoutchene. « .65,—2.° TAaGe —10.°
3 Menthene. Cig Hig.) [S851 2Ie° 163-0
a « « 163-5
> Rutylene. « a. 150.0
® Crotonylene. C2. 18.°
*Conylene. @, Hy. | .z6076, 15-2 126.0
*From Camphoric acid. « EOUAS OO. 119.°
* Benylene. Cy Eas! or t4,. 08 223°-228.°
1 Eucalyptene. Gi, Hy 830) 12-2 165.°
1 Camphin. Gig Else 8275, 25-0 167°-170.°
™ Cedrene. Cig Hi. | 9845. 1425. 248.°
* Mesitylene. Cy EG. 155°-160.°
1 « « 162°-1 64.°
a5 « « LO3 se
6 Dibenzyl. Cie 284.° S. 51°5-52°5.
wo « « 1.002; 14.° 282.°
ee ek « -9945, 10°5. Uy fase
19 « « 52°5-53°5.
?? Naphthaline. 1. | Co Hg. | .9774, 7992. m. of 3.1216°4-21698.| 7922.
at « « .9628, 99°2. 79°91.
22 « « 2i2r 79s.
23 « « 22a
2A « Ss. « Poh 5U7 3: 1G.
25 « Ss « Toi53, [os
ze « Ss. « 1.048.
2 « [dride.| « 81.2
*Naphthaline tetrahy- | C,, H,,. | .981, 12.° 205.°
”° Methyl naphthaline. 1. | C,, H,,. | 1.0287, 11°5. 231°-232.°
3° Ethyl « DG bls. | 1cOt 84,10." 251°-252.°
1 Anthracene. Cibo. 300°-++ 180.°
32 « « TolA7.
33 « | « 213°3
AUTHORITIES.
YWurtz. A.C.P. 152.20. |%Hofmann. C.S. J. 2.104. | 2* Vohl.
2 Bouchardat. A.C. P.37.30. | 14Cahours. C.S. J. 3.17. * Watts’ Dictionary.

3 Walter. A.C. P. 32. 288.
4Oppenheim. C. 8. J. 15. 29.
5 Bauer. A. C. P. 135. 344.
6 Caventou. A.C. P. 127. 347.
7Wertheim. A.C.P.123.157.
8Wreden. A.C. P. 163.337.
9 Bauer & Verson. 21.337.
10 Cloéz.
11 Claus. “J. F. P. 25. 269.
2 Walter. A.C. Phys. (3).1.
501.

1 Fittig.

16 Cannizzaro & Rossi. 14.548.

WLimpricht. 19. 593.
18 Fittig. A.C. P. 139.178.

19 Wurtz. A.C. P. 7th. supp.

54.
20 Kopp. 18.
21 Alluard. 12.472.
2Dumas. <A. C,
50. 182.
23 Gerhardt.

Phys. (2).
(14. 111.
A. C. Phys. (8).

26 Weltzien’s ‘‘ Zusammens-

stellung.”
27 Lowe. D. P. J. 201.250.
2 Graebe. B.S. C. 18. 205.
29 Fittig& Remsen. A.C, P.
155. 114.
30 Fittig & Remsen. A.C. P.
155. 118. [189.

31 Dumas. A.C. Phys. (2). 50.
32 Reichenbach. Watts’ Dict.
33 Anderson. C.S, J. 15. 44.

132

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

. Name. Formula.|Specific Gravity. eee ee
1 Anthracene. Cree. 360°+. 2122
? Anthracene dihydride. | C,, H,,. 305.° 106.°
8 « hexhydride. | C,, H,,. 290.° 63°
*Stilbene. Celis. 125.0
Bora oe « TIS 118.0
6 Pyrene. Ce eg: 170°-180.°
7 « « 142.°
®Chrysene. (Conn 230°-235.°
® Paranicene. Cig Ease -24: 3605 .°
10 Retene. Cras: 98°—99.°
1 KOnlite. (Cz Hg),- 1 -o8- 107°5.
be « « mee
8 Scheererite. (Co 10-12. near 100.° | 44.°
14 Hartite. (C, H,),- | 1.046. Wh.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Graebe & Liebermann. Z.| 5 Wurtz. A.C.P.7th.supp.| 9St. Evre. 1.532.
BM, ©. 132257. 54, 10Fehling. A.C. P. 106.388.
2Graebe & Liebermann. Z.| ®Laurent. <A. C..Phys. (2). |1!Trommsdorf. A.C. P. 21.
iW C.1Ss4200: 66. 136. 126.
3Graebe & Liebermann. Z.| 7Graebe. J. F.P. (n.s.) 2.|/12 Kraus. P. A. 43.141.
BWC. A383. 257. 186. [66. 136. | 8 Dana’s Mineralogy.
* Howard. SLaurent. A.C. Phys. (2). |14Haidinger. P. A. 54. 261.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

133

XL. Compounps Contarnine C H, anp O.

1st. ALCOHOLS OF THE ETHYLIC SERIES.

Norre.—For common alcohol there is such a great number of determinations, both of
Specific Gravity and Boiling Point, that the compiler has not thought it necessary or ad-

visable to attempt to give them all.
for this substance are given.

Name.

1 Methyl alcohol.

2 « «

3 « «
4 « «
5 « «
6 « «
7 « «
8 « «
§ « «
LORE ( «
ll « «
12 « «
13 « «
14 « «
15 « «
16 « «
™ Ethyl «
1 «
LT «
20 « «
2 « «

2 «
23 «| «

a « «

Therefore only the more important determinations

Formula.| Specific Gravity. pen Cen
C H, O. | .798, 20.° 6695.

« 60°, 744 m.m.

« 807, 9.°

« sol.

« .82074, 0.° 6693.

« 679309 255

« .81796, Or °

« .80307, ee os

« 6598.

« 6625.

« 8065, 15.°

« 805259. 5: Q0°5.

« 8142, 0.°

« .7997, 16°4.

« rOb7Ay 2h. 66°-66°5.

« SO1571, 10.- 58°6.
Cres On|. 27924; .17 0: 78°4.

« O15, 15.- 76.°

« .8005, 0° 78°I~79.°

« .7990, 15.° 7000

« .81087, 0.° |

« 8095, 0.°

« JOS21, 14. 7Brae

« .7990, 14°8. |

AUTHORITIES.

1Dumas & Peligot. A. C.| 9 Andrews. 1.89.

Phys. (2). 58. 5.
2Kane. A.C. P.19. 164.
3 Deville. See 13.

4 Regnault.

5 Pierre. 43.

6 Kopp. A. C. P. 55. 166.
7 Kopp. 18.

8\ Kopp. 13.

10 Person.
1 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

VON.

12 Delffs. 7.26.

13 ¢ Kopp. 18.

14 | Kopp. 18.

4 Tinnemann. 21.681.
16 Dupré. P. A. 148. 236.

17 Gay-Lussac.

18 Dumas & Boullay. P. A.
12. 93.

19 Darling.

20 Kopp. A.C. P. 55. 166.

a1 ( Kopp. 13.

22) Kopp. 13.

23”) Kopps 3.

24 \ Kopp. 18.

134

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Bonne oe
? Ethyl alcohol. C,H On 28155, O- Fong
een « « Fics
3 « « « owe
atk « « 57.930; 15°05. 80°6.
Da « « .7897. ue
Sk « « OO tT
Tt « « 79381, 15°6.
BW « « .809;, 5. 78225.
ae « « 8194, I9.° 81.°
10S « « .6796, 130%9.
a « « FONT, Ser
12 « « « ; 6.
8 « « « aa Ba
14 « a « .80625, Ore
1 a « 500207, 5."
1 | « « .79788, 10.° 783:
LTC « « 79307 015-5 to
1g « « .78945, 20.° 78°307.
1) « « « -78522, Zip
0 « « « .78096, 30.°
2 5G « « .8086, 19.° T7978,
2Propyl = « 1S0-.1'C, HAOs 701) 15.5 83°-84.°
23 « « « « 7915, 1025. 83°-85.°
24 « « « :020;,O5- 7}
oo « « « O12, LOw: |
2 Sa « « 2700, LST 98°5.
LK « « -740, 4.
SG « « O13; 1a. 97°-101.°
oer « « 2012, TOs 97°-98.°
Oc « « 023, 0.- 96.°
31 4 2 ° °. °
a3 But 71 : Cc i O pan ay _ = i
y 4 F149 V.| .0032, 10-5. 109.
33 « « « BO a One
34 « « « .809, car 107°5.
AUTHORITIES.
1Pierre. 43. 2 yy. Baumhauer. 13.393. | 4 ( Pierre & Puchot. 21.434.
2 Andrews. 1.89. 13 y. Baumhauer. 13. 393. | 5 ee & Puchot. 21.434.
8 Person. 1.91. 14 ( Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 26 | Pierre & Puchot. 21.434.
4Fownes. P. T. 1847. 249. | | Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 7 \ Pierre & Puchot. 21. 434.
5 ¢ Wackenroder. 1.682. 16 | Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 28 Chancel. A.C. P. 151. 302.
6 | Wackenroder. 1. 682. 7) Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 29 Chapman & Smith. C.8. J.
7 Drinkwater. 1.682. 18 | Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 22. 194.
8 Delffs. 7. 26. 19 | Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 80 Saytzeff. Z. F.C. 13. 107.
9 Wetherill. J. F.P. 60. 202. | 2° | Mendelejeff. 18. 469. 31 Rossi. A. C. P. 159: 79.
10 Mendelejeff. 14. 20. 2 Linnemann. 21.413. S2°Waartz: © Al CP. 93.107.
U Pouillet. 12. 439. 2 Linnemann. 18. 488. 33 ¢ Pierre & Puchot. 21. 434.
%Siersch. A. C. P. 144. 141. | * | Pierre & Puchot. 21. 434.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 135
Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. ae ae

’ Butyl alcohol. Ci Olle aise
3) « : « : ae ae 1s
Sc « « .8055, 1698. 108°5.
4 « « « .826, On I 15°-I 16.°
5 « « « 8239, Oe
6 « « « 8105, 2012
TK « « -7994, 40.° 116.°
SiC « « BOs 98°7.
ee « « 7735, 98°9.
ree « iso. « S508 96°-98.°
an « « « RO2T a One \ 3
129 « « « SIO, 2200 99:
3 « « « .8003, 18.° 108°39.
“Amyl = « C; H,, O.| .8184, 15.° 132:
1 « « S137, 05s 133.0
1 « « 30271, O.° Ieee
Wo « « « 8185, 15.° 13Ac
Lor « « 8144, 15°9.
19 « « « 8145, 164. 1310.
2 & « « 70127, 1624. 760. m. m,
2 « « « 8253, 0.° mean.
22 « « D3 2eu
2F 6G « « 018, I4.° 132.2
2 « « 127°-129.°
2% « « .8248, 0.° 5
2B | « « 8113, oy Beers ye
7 | « a 819, 18.°
28 ere « « OLA, Tide
29" « « 8296, 0.°
SORE « « .8168, 20.0 | 137°
SI « a 8065, 40.° 740. mM. m.
2G « « -7835, 99°15.

AUTHORITIES.

Pierre & Puchot. 21.434.|1°9De Luynes. A. C. Phys. | 22 Person. 1. 91.
Pierre & Puchot. 21. 434. (4). 2. 424. 23 Delffs. 7. 26.

3 Chapman & Smith. C.8. J. Lieben. A.C. P. 150.114. | 24 Pasteur. 8. 615.

22.161.
4Saytzeff. Z. F.C. 13.108.

5 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
(158. 137.

158. 137.
jeben & Rossi. A. C

sy

fh
|
Pd eS
| 1582137.
Lieben & Rossi. A.C.

(+158. 187:

"

jieben & Rossi. A. C. Ps
[158. 137.

8

Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

Lieben. A.C P. 150. 114.
13Tinnemann. A. C. P.160.

195.
14Cahours. A.C. P. 30. 288.
15 Kopp. A. C. P. 55. 166.
16 Pierre. . 1. 62.
17 Rieckher. 1.698.
Loe Koppae les
19) Kopp. 18.
209 | opp aida.
a | Kopp. 13.

25 ¢ Kopp. 18.
es 18,
27 Schiff.
28 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.
29 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

| 159. 70. (159. 70.
30; Lieben & Rossi. A. C.P.
31 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

| 159. 70. [159. 70.
32 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

136

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.
1 Amy! alcohol. iso.
OG « «

[For amylene hydrate, see

miscellaneous compounds
of the Ethylene Series. ]

3 Hexyl! alcohol.

a oO

Products
from four
different
sources.

16 « «

17 « «
1
« «

19 « «

*° Octyl «
21
22
23
24
2 « «
26
77 Decatyl alcohol.

*8 Endecatyl « Secondary.
” Cetyl «

Boiling |Melting

1 sf Wurtz. Z. F. C.11. 490.
2( Wurtz. Z. F. C. 11. 490.
3 Faget. 6. 504.

4 Faget. 6.504.
5 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.527.
6 Buff. 21. 336.
TFranchimont and Zincke.
Chem. News. 24. 263.
8 ( Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.
16. 521. [16. 521.

9 { Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.
au | Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.
| 16.521.

Formula.| Specific Gravity. Pout Paine.
C,H, O:)"82409)) 5 120.°
« 8260, f°" 759 m.m.
GeO: |:-833;/0% at 148°-154.°
« .754, 100.
« SOZOy ol 7a 150°-152.°
« FOL3,,0.. 151°-156.°
« 819. 156°6.
« $8327), Ose '
« 8200, 16.° 137s
« -7482, 99.° 755-5 mM. m.
C, Hig 0.792; 1625. 17325
« 810, 23.° 177°-177°5.
« 178-53
« 165.°
« 155°-160.°
« 8201, 13°95. 163°-165.°
« .8286, 19°5. 164°-167.°
« 795, 15., 163°-168.°
« 8479, 16.° 16495.
Ci .0:) 823) 87> 179.°
« 178.°
« EO.
« £620; TO.¢ 180°-184.°
« LOL.>
« °830. 16.° 190°-192.°
« 196°—197.°
Cio H,., O.| .8569, 0.° 203°3.
Cy, O:1,.8268, 19.7 228°-229.°
Cit, O s. 48.°
AUTHORITIES.
Wills. 6.508. 21 Moschnin. J.F. P.60. 207.
12 $tiideler. 10. 361. 2Squire. 7.583.
13 Petersen. 14.612. 23Pelouze and Cahours. 16.
14 Bouis & Carlet. 15. 413. 529.
1b Waget. 15. 412. 24Schorlemmer. 21. 447.
16 ¢ Schorlemmer, A.C. P.|* Zincke. Z. F.C. 12. 55.
136. 257. [136. 257. | 26 Renesse. A.C. P. 166. 82.
17 | Schorlemmer. A.C. P.| 27 Borodine. 17. 338.
18 | Schorlemmer. <A. C. P.| 28 A. Giesecke. Z. F.C. 13.
| 136. 257. [136. 257. 431.
19 | Schorlemmer. A. C. P. | 2? Chevreul. Watts’ Dic-
20 Bouis. 7.581. tionary.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TABLES. 157

Name.

Formula. | specific Gravity.

1 Cetyl alcohol.
2 Ceryl
3Myricyl «

«

Boiling
Point.

Melting
Point.

Cig H,, O. S. 49°-49°5.
Coy Hy. O. TOs
Cig ttn O: oS.

2d. OXIDES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.

Boiling |Melting

Name. Formula.| Specific Gravity. Point, Pane
* Methyl oxide. CrHeO: —21.°
5 « « « —23°65.
® Methyl ethyl oxide. Ons eCOP Etec,
a « « « « 11.°
° Ethyl oxide. C, H,5 0:1. -71 19; 24°38. 357s
9 « « « 13. 20° 34.°
10 « « a3. Las
il « « « -73568, 0.° S26
TEE « « .72895, oo. m. of 2 t a
eet « « .73574,-0 3595.
LES ( « « 34°9.
LO CC « « 45°
16 « « « L72GN 7.0 sie
vi ESE « « 73042, 0.9 Mm. Of 2. |
BW « « « .63987, 78°3. |
nea « « .60896, 99°9.
ZO « « 65050, 13126.
Ze « « IGE 2 bee LG Zee
22 a « « Z7Ny LO22:
23 « « « 7204, 15°98.
*4 Ethyl propyl oxide. Cee Or 7447, 0. 54°-55.°
oy wer butyl « Ce eg O8|27507,.0.- 78°-80.°
us « « « OL On gI°5-92°5.
| « « a .7694, 0.° ‘ .
Be «| « « « SG2DNZOs Glew
oon « « « 1307) 405° 742.7 m.m.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Heintz. P. A. 84. 232. Ny Kopp. 138. 22 ¢ Matthiessen & Hockin.
2 Brodie. 1.707. 12\ Kopp. 13. Matthiessen & Hockin.
3 Kekulé’s ‘ Lehrbuch.” 13 Pierre. 15. 24 Morkownikoff. <A. C. P.
4Berthelot. Watts’ Dict. 14 Andrews. 1.89. 138. 374.
5Regnault. 16. 70. 15Person. 1.91. 2% Wurtz. 7.574.
6 Williamson. 4.511. 16 Delffs. 7. 26. 26 Saytzeff.
TWurtz. 9.563. 1 (Mendelejeff. 57.)533 |?" ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
8 Gay Lussac. 18 | Mendelejeff. x BASS 158.137. [158. 137.
9Dumas & Boullay. A. C. | 194 Mendelejeff. 57- ag 5 28 1 Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
Phys. (2). 36. 294. » [stents 57. | Zag ese |% | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
10Muncke. 36. 2 | Mendelejeff. 57.) 22223 158, 137.

10

138

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1 Methyl amyl oxide.

? Ethyl « «

XG « «

CG « «

5 a «a «
[Compare with

ethylate.]
6 Ethyl hexyl oxide.
7

« a «

amylene

8 « « «

ona « «

© Methyl heptyl «

1 Ethyl « «
B Amyl «
13 « «
4 Amylheptyl «
18 Hexyl « B.
1 Ethyl cetyl «
wAmyl « «
18 Cetyl «

Formula.

Specific Gravity.

Boiling /|Melting
Point. Point.

C.F.

So

22

-
o

2
Hibs Ga bi. oo «
oOo%© oO oO

no
nw

Cis 38
Cy 44
Cy, 66

.8036, 14°7.
7OA>, 18;~

7752, 1625;
17638, 30."
-7344, 63.°
77O, 3°
830, 16°5.
WOT, 10.0
779:

7994, 0.°
.608, 20.°

Q25-

TiS

IL 1°113.°

Tk2e0

131°-133.°

132°-134.°
160°5-161.°
7 Jin
175°-183.°
170°-175.°
220°-221.°
203°5-208°5
2017
20:5

55°

3d. ACIDS OF THE FORMIC SERIES.

C,, Hy, O32.

Boiling /|Melting

Name.
1 Formic acid.
20 « «
21 « «
22 « «
23 « «
24 « «
2% « «
26 « «
27 « «

1 Williamson. 4.511.
2 Williamson. 4.511.
3 Guthrie. 10. 428.
4Mendelejeff. 13.7.

*Beboul se Tencbor 20. 582.

Schorlemmer. J.-C.S.

19. 357. [19. 357.

74 Schorlemmer. J. C.S.

| Schorlemmer. TACs S:
19, 357.

Formula. | Specific Gravity. Paint. Point
CH, 05.41 5.2353, 122 98°s.
« 1.2227, 0% 105-3:
« 1:2067, 13°7 760 m. m,
« 100.°
« 1.°
« LOIlT.
« [2201-20 99°8-100°3.
« [.2211, R
« ea cad
AUTHORITIES.
9 Reboul & Truchot. 20.582. | Liebig. See 13.
10 Wills. 6.510. Kopp. 13.
1 Wills. 6.510. Kopp. 18.
12 Rieckher. 1. 698. 22Person. | 1291:
3 Wurtz. 9. 564. | 3 Watts’ Dictionary.
4 Wills. 6.510. [16. 521. | 24 Roscoe. C.S. J. 15. 270.
15 Wanklyn and Erlenmeyer. | Landolt. P. A. 117. 353.
16 Becker. A.C. P. 102. 220. | %6 (Bement A.C. Phys. (4)
1 Becker. A.C. P. 102. 220. 6.115. (6. 115.
18 Hridau. A.C. P. 83.22. n | Semenoff. A.C, Phys. (4)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity: ee aes
Acetic acid. C, H, 0. | 1:0630, 16.° 22°
2 « « « TO:
8 « « « T14.°
a « « « 120.°
5 « « « 1.0622. 11g.°
6 « « « 1.0635, U5.
7 « « Ss. « T.100, 825.
S « « ] « 1.0650, 13.°
2 « « « 120.2
10 « « 1.08005, 0.° 11723;
1 « « « 1.66195; 17-° 760 m. m,
12 « « « 1.0635,| 10.— F16;° 17a
18 « « « 1.0607, Ti5:°
lf « « « 1.0563. ;
15 « « « 1.0565. on
16 « « « 1.0514, 20,° EIS.
™ Propionic acid. CeO: 140.°
18 « « « 142.°
19 « « « 1.0161, 0.° 141°.
20 re Km « .QgII, 25. 760 m. m.
21 « « « .9963, 20.° 140.°
2 « «. « .992, 18.° 130.7
3 Butyric « Grd Or | Q0755 25.>
a « « « .963, 15.° 164.°
20 « « « 164.°
2 « « « .98862, 0.° 157.°
a « « « 9739; 15s m. of a 760 m.m,
ae « « « .98165, 0.° 163.°
ae « « « 073) 7<° 156.7
30 « « « 9073; 15."
os « « « 9610, 20.° 162:-
ee « « « 9850, 13°5. 165.° -12.°rs.—14.°
AUTHORITIES.

1Mollerat. A.C. Phys. (1).|!8¢ Kopp. 18. 2QTinnemann. 21.433.

68. 88. 1 ( Kopp. 13. *3Chevreul. See 13.
2 Lowitz. Watts’ Dictionary. | 12 Delffs. 16. 24 Pelouze & Gélis, P. A. 59.
3 Mitscherlich. \ See 13. 13 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 625.
4 Dumas. 14 ¢ Roscoe. C.S. J. 15.270. |* Person. 1.91.
5 Sebille-Auger. Watts’ Dic- | 15 | Roscoe. ©.S8. J. 15. 270. | 6 ¢ Kopp. 18.

tionary. 16 Tandolt. P. A. 117.353. | 2? (Kopp. 13.
& Mohr AvCi PR. sl27. 17 Dumas, Malaguti and Le- | *° Pierre. 15.
7 (Persoz. Watts’ Dic-| blanc. 1.551. 2 Delffs. 16.

| tionary. 18 Limpricht & Uslar. 8.508. | 9° Mendelejeff. 13. 7.
8 \ Persoz. Watts’ Dic-|19f Kopp. 18. 81Landolt. P. A. 117. 353.

[ tionary. 20 ( Kopp. 18. 82Bulk. A.C: P. 139:62.

9Person. 1.91. 21 Landolt. P. A. 117. 353.

140 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee ante
1 Butyric acid. iso. | C, Hg O,. | -9598, 0.° 153°5
z « « « « 9208, 50.° to
: « « « « 8965, 100.° WGAcGe
* Valerianic acid. C, Hi, 03.) 041, 14:-
3 « « « -932, 28° ‘
S « « « 944, 10.°
y « « « 2930, 1225.
. « « « 937; 1625. 17.5.0
2 « « « 175.
10 « « « 9403, 15.° V7.5.
= « « « 9555, 0.° 175°8.
ie « « « .9378, 19°6. 760 m. m,
8 « « « O35 cES-. 174-5.
1s « « « 9550, 15-1
aS « « « 9313; 20." 174.°
io « « « 95777105,
1 « « « 9415, 20.- 185.°
a « « « .9284, 40.° 736 m. m.
19 « « « -9034, 99°23. J
*’ Caproic « C, H3, O,1\4622,, 20.-
21 « « « O95 5. 202°-209.°
ze « « « 198.°
43 « « « 198.°
ms « « « 9252, 20.° 199.°
23 « « « 025, 27 187°-198.°
26 « « « "| 9449, 0.° 204°5,
a ri « « .9294, 20.° | to
2) « « « .9172, 40.° 205.°
4 « « « 8947, oii 738.5 m, m.
*° Ocnanthylic acid. | C, H,, O,. oe
31 a « « .9167, 24.° | 218.° (2)
ae « « « <GE7O;105 } Se
Bs « « « 0975; 20.°f Lome
AUTHORITIES.

1 ( Morkownikoff. A.C.P.|?2Kopp. 18. 2 Wurtz. 10.381.

| 138. 368. 13 Delffs. 16. 4 Landolt. P. A. 117. 353.
2 | Morkownikoff. A.C. P. | 14 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. *%Sticht. 21.522.

| 138.368. [ 188. 368. | 5 Landolt. P. A. 117.353. | © ¢ Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
’ | Morkownikoff. A.C. P. Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P. | 159. 70. [159. 70.
* ( Chevreul. 159. 58. [159.58. | 27 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

° (| Chevreul.

* Trommsdorf. A.C. P.6.176.

’ Trautwein. (267.
* Dumas & Stas. J.F.P. 21.
*Person. 1.91.

10 Personne. 7.653.

1 Kopp. 18.

16

1 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

18°} Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
| [159. 58.

19 -| Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

159. 58.

20 Cheyreul.
21 Fehling.

A. C. P. 53. 406.
» Brazier & Gossleth. 3.398.

Lieben & Rossi. A. C. P.
159. 70. [159. 70.
29 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
30 Strecker.
31 Stiideler.
82 ¢ Landolt.
°3 | Landolt.

|

10. 360.
P. A. 117. 353.
pA. 1lyf-300-

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

141

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity.
'Caprylic acid. Cri Oss | Olt, 20:0
2 « « « 905, 25.7
3 « « « QOE i 18.7
*Pelargonic « C, Hy, O;.
5 « « « 2903) Zle-
6 « « «
*Rutylic —« Cy Hoy O7.
8 « « «
9 « « I « 1930))37.°
10 Lauric « C2 Es. O;.
ll « « «
te « « « £00320. Sy
os « « «
a « « «
15 « « «
16 «€ « «
UMyristic « OF ac Os
18 « « «
19 « « «
*? Benomargaric acid. | Ci, da 0:
“1 Tsocetic cee «
2 Cetic aes | «
* Palmitic « Cig tha O}:
24 « « «
2% « « «
*6 Margaric « Citing O:.
a « « «
28 « « «
9 Stearic « Ce eg O34| 101, 02° $2
30 « « « 854. 1. }
a « « «
32 « « «
33 « « «
e « « « a. 1.00, 9.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Wehling. A.C. P. 53.401.|%Schlippe. A.C. P. 105. 14.

2Perrot. 10.353.
3 Fischer.
£Cahours.

5 Perrot.

3. 401.
10. 353.

6 A. Giesecke. Z. F. C.13. 430.

7Gorgey. A.C. P. 66. 290.
8 Rowney.
9 Fischer.

10 \farsson.
11 Sthamer.
Gorgey. A.C. P. 66.306.

A.C. P. 118.307.

A. C. P. 79. 236.
A.C. P. 118. 307.
A. C. P. 41. 333.
A. C. P. 53. 393.

14 Miiller.
15 Heintz.

16 Qudemans.

1 Heintz.
18 Schlippe.

19 QOudemans.
CeRe22.1143:
7. 463.

20 Walter.
21 Bouis.
22 Heintz.

J. F. P. 58. 470.

7. 457.

13. 323.

7. 456.

11.303.
13. 323.

5. 505,

3 Duffy. 5.511.

Boiling
Point.

N

36°-240.°
38.°

tN

260.°

25500
248°-250.°

264.°

24 Heintz.
2 Schlippe.

Melting
Point.

14°-15.°

5s tenga"
135) 1S. Oa
TOS

[G0 £5) bc
View 'SeiOee

0.

NO N Oo

53:0:

53.°
§2°-53.
55.

53°5.

Gis 7s.59.0
62-°

62.°
52°3:S.505¢
59°9.

60.°

68. s. 65°8.
69°-69°2.
69£2.

TOs

7. 461.
11. 303.

% Duffy. 5.511.

27 Heintz.
28 Hanhart.

10. 356.
11. 301.

79 ¢ Saussure. Watts’ Dict.

30 | Saussure.
5, one

6. 446.
7.445.
34 Kopp. 8.43.

31 Duffy.
382 Heintz.
33 Pebal.

Watts’ Dict.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ea sea
1 Stearic acid. Gig tea Ons 69.°
? Arachidie acid. Cop ean Os: gc. Shin ge5s
* Benostearic acid, Coy Fg Os: 7Gie
* Cerotic « Cy H..O; 78°-79.°
5 « « « Sito 822
® Melissic « Crates Os: 88°-89.°
4th. ANHYDRIDES OF THE FORMIC SERIES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee Mee
7 Acetic anhydride. Cy Fig O5., || 107355205; Bo.
« « « 1.0799, 15-2.)
eG « « 1-075, 053°
il « « « Lye
2 Propionic « CebinOn LOGS
"= « « « 101, 1S. 164°-166.°
* Butyric « Cy EOF |\),.678) 2205 a. 190.°
1 Valeric « Cipla Oe: OUGse
16 « « « .934, Tha
17 (Enanthylic anhydride} C,, H., Os. | .91, 14.°
18 Caprylic « CG, piel Os: a. 280.°
19 Pelargonic « © cit. bee
0’ Palmitic « Cnr O. 53°08.

. AUTHORITIES.

1Schlippe. 11. 303.
2Godssmann. 6. 442.
3-Volcker. 1.569.

* Brodie. 1.702.

5 Maskelyne. 5. 525.
6 Brodie. 1. 705.
7Gerhardt. 5.451.

14 Gerhardt. 5. 452.
15 Chiozza. J. F. P. 58. 23.
16 Watts’ Dictionary.

Ssikopp.. Lis
9\ Kopp. 17.
10 Schlagdenhauffen.
1 Boughton. 18. 300. Malerba. 7.444.
12 Limpricht & v. Uslar. 8. | Chiozza. 5. 454.

508. 19 Chiozza. <A. C. P. 85. 231.
18 Linnemann. 21. 433. 20 Kekulé’s ‘‘ Lehrbuch.”

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

143

Stk. ETHERS OF THE SERIES C,. H,,. O,.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Pe Tents
1 Methyl formate. Cat OF. 36°=38.°
2 « « « 32°9.
oi « « « 9984, oe
4 « « « :9776,, 1503. 33°4.
« « « .9766, 16.° 760 m, m,
6 Ethyl « C,H, O32)! 26157, 18.°
7 « « « O12. 53-4)
8 ite « « SAee
ak « « 56.°
XG « « 9394, 0.°
1G « « 9188, 17.°
i « « 94474, 0.° ) 54°9.
SG « « -92544, 1507.) 760 m. m.
Se « « SACS.
15 « « « 9577, 0.
16 « « « 93565, Ox 52°9.
1 « « « Bae
18 « « « -OI7. 55°5-
19 Propyl « Ci, OF || O16730:- )
20 | « « SOFT s/ 3005: 82°5-83.°
eC « « 2630, 7225.
2 « « « 9188, 0.° !
23 aC « « 8741, 38°5. 82°5-83.°
2 « « 835, 72°5. j
* Butyl « Cr i.0. a. 100:°
25 « « .8845, 0.°
27 « « « .850, 34.°
28 « « « 8224, 59°8. 985.
oC « « .7962, 83°4.
3° Amyl « Cy ye Onlood tl 5.> Piao
AUTHORITIES.

1Liebig. Watts’ Dictionary. | 1* Andrews. 1. 89. 23 - Pierre & Puchot. A.C,
2Andrews. 1. 89. 1 Pierre. Watts’ Dictionary. Phys. (4). 22. 288.
8)( Kopp: 13. 16 Pierre. 15. 4 | Pierre & Puchot. <A. SG.
4< Kopp. 13. 7 Delffs. 7. 26. Phys. (4). 22. 288.
5 (Kopp. 13. 18 Lowig. 14.599. 2% Wurtz. 7.575.
®Gehlen. ) g 19 - Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C. | 28 ( Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
Tiiebis, Jeet 12. 660. Phys. (4). 22. 319.
8 Marchand. Watts’ Dic- | 2 | Pierre& Puchot. Z.F.C.| 27 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C.

tionary. 1 12. 660. | Phys. (4). 22. 319.
9Dobereiner. See 15. 21 | Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C. | 8 | Pierre & Puchot. A. C.
10 ¢ Kopp. See 13. { 12. 660. Phys. (4). 22. 319.
11\ Kopp. See 13. 22 ¢ Pierre & Puchot. A.C.| 79 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
12 Kopp. 13. Phys. (4). 22. 288. {| Phys. (4). 22. 319.
13 Kopp. 13. 30 Delffs. 7. 26,

144

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TAB LES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. er Nees
1 Amy] formate. Cy HG 303. | 8945;.0-° y
a « « 8743, ae phe?
3 « « « .8809, I Sen
* Methyl acetate. C,H, O;;.-) :919;/22.° 58.°
Set « « 5692.
6 « « « 29328,10.5
7 « « « .g085, oe
8 « « « 9562, 0.° 56°3.
9 « « « 93735, 15°6. 760 m. m.
10 « « « 5se
tine Ra « « .86684, 0.° 59°5.
2 Ethyl « CLO; | 286627.> ilew
3 | « « 89; 15.-
us « « « FAs
1) « « 9051 ;.0.7
pOmare « « .91046, 0.° m. of 2.
eee 5 ‘ oo 1507. | 74°3-
760 m. m.
ea « « 8926, 15°9.
9 « « .go6gI, 0.° 74°14.
2ORar « « 74°6.
ear « « 5000; 175:
een « « 603, 17— 775:
ao a « « 932; 20." 83
eee « Purest. « G05 5517-5: 78°-78°5,.
me « « « <8922,405.— Ao
2% « « « 8081, 15s>
Zh « « 903,10." 72°4+.
= Propyl (--« Cz Hay O,- a. 90.°
a « « « QL; O.-
Ba « Jad 8635, 42°5; 103.°
SL « « 8137, 84°6.
AUTHORITIES.

1¢ Kopp. 17. [12 Thénard. 23G6ssman._ 5, 563.
2\ Kopp. 17. | 18 Liebig. } ae *4Marsson. 6.501.
3 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 14Dumas & Boullay. P. A. | % Delffs. 7. 26.
Dumas & Peligot. P. A.| 12. 430. [427. | 2° Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

36. 117. 1 Wrankenheim. P. A. 72. | 2? Pierre & Puchot. A. C.
5 Lowig. See 17. 16 (Kopp. 18. Phys. (4) 22.261.
6 ( Kopp. See 17. 7 Kopp. 13. *8 Berthelot. Watts’ Dict.
7 (Kopp. See 17. 18 | Kopp. 18. 29 ( Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C.
8 Kopp. 13. 19Pierre. 15. 12. 660. [12. 660.
9\ Kopp. 13. 20 Andrews. 1.89. 30 4 Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C.
10 Andrews. 1.89. 21Marsson. 4.514. 31 | Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C.
Pierre. 15. 22 Becker. 5. 563. [ 12. 660.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

145

Melting |

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Point.
' Propyl acetate. C, Hi, Ox: .g10;.0.°
nc « « 8627, 42°5. 103.°
3 « « « .8128, 84°6.
at « « 913, 0.° 162.
° Butyl acetate. ©, Hz, O;. |) :3845, 16.° ThA
eK « « I11°113.°
Te « « sOO2,0:- Tit:
8 « « « 89096, Oo
D5 « « 0747, TO.c 117°5.
rey « « 83143, 50.°
mek « « .gOoo, 0.°
aC « « O17, 208, 125005
perk \s « 8659, 40.° | 740 m. m,
ee « « .9052, 0.°
La « « 8668, 37°1. |
16 « « 8328, 68°9. { Li6C5:
se ee « « .8096, 89°4. 764 m. m.
18 « « « -7972, 99°75.
wAmyl ‘« CO. 125.°
20K « « sOb72. 21- 6
a « « « ae 0.° | 133-3
2 « « « LOOR TOs a
BK « « ae on. Uaiae
24 « « 863, TO:2 ekeye
a eK « « 8762; 15.°
. « « « 8733;.415.° 140.°
« « « OF 525 | Two products,
2 (C « « 8963, 0.°
zo « « 8792, 20.° 148°4.
EG « « .8645, 40.° 737 m. m
1. « « iso. « .9222, 0.° 133°-135.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 ( Pierre & Puchot. A.C.|1 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.|19Cahours. See 17.
| Phys. (4). 22. 289. 158; 137. [158. 137. | 2° ¢ Kopp. See 17.) Pee
2 J Pierre & Puchot. A. C.|}! Lieben & Rossi. A. C. P. Kopp. See17.5 nations.
Phys. (4). 22. 289. 13 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.| 72 (Kopp. 17.
3 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C. 158. 137 een fe
| Phys. (4). 22. 289. 1 ¢ Pierre & Puchot, A.C. | % Delffs. 7. 26.
*Rossi. A.C. P. 159. 79: | Phys. (4). 22. 322. 2 Mendelejeff. 13. i
5 Wurtz. 7.575. 15 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C. ! Schorlemmer. 19. 527,
®De Luynes. 16. 503. | Phys. (4). 22. 322 Schorlemmer. m 527.
TLieben. 21. 443. ae | Pierre & Puchot. i CG: Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
8 ( Chapman & Smith. C.8. ei Phys. (4). 22. 322. 159. 70. [159. 76
| J.22.160. “ [J..22,160. Pierre & Puchot. A.C. | 294 Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P
9 | Chapman & Smith. C.8. | Phys. (4). 22. 322. 30 ee & Rossi. A.C. F
ng Chapman & Smith. C.S. Pierre & Puchot. A.C. 159. 70.
ede 22,160: Phys. (4). 22. 322. 31 Wurtz. Z. F.C. 11.490.

146

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling
Point.

Melting
Point.

145.°
140°-145.°
155°-157-

787 m. m.

178°-180.°
180°-182.°
180.°

193.°

Ig1°-192.°
1g0°-195.°
200°—205.°
206°—208.°
208°-212.°
222°-225.° | 18%5,

IOI?

93°2-98.°

100.°
760 m. m.

100.°

T2403:

760 m. m.

123°5-125.°

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity.

1 Hexyl acetate. CEE Os
ac « « 20525, 0.5
8 « « B. « .8778, or
em. «C « « .8310, a
5Heptyl « C, H,, O,. | .8868, toe

« « 8707, 1625.
SG « « .8605, 16.°
Ss « « «
* Octyl « Cy Hy O.
10 « « «
il ( « «
B22 « «
DST Sac « « cova, 16.7
4Nonyl « Ci es O:
5 Cetyl « Cig Elgg Ope, e050 205,
6 Ethyl propionate. oseat nla:
1 « « « g2
BK « « 8949, oe
19 « « « -9137, 0
20 RC « « 863, 45°1. >
a | « « O17,°o3.—
22a « « -9139, O
2S Kc « « .8625, 45°1.
a «| « « O16, 83.2
* Propyl « C3 Hay Oy1| 290350
6 « « 10575 51S27-
ot et « « .795, 100°.
8 | « « -785, 108°34.
fe « « .9022, 0.°
30 « « .8498, 51°27.
31 « « “me « 7944, 100°6.

AUTHORITIES.
1 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.527. | 14 Pelouze & Cahours.
2‘Buik, “21. 336. 1 Dollfus. 17.518.
3 Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer. | 16 Limpricht& v. Uslar. 8.509.
16. 522, [16. 522, | 17 ¢ Kopp. 18.

Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer. | te { Kopp. 18.
5Schorlemmer.) <A. C. P. | 19 ( Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
‘schoriemmer 136. 271. 12. 660. [12. 660.
7Schorlemmer, J Threeproduets. | 20} Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
®Bouis & Carlet. A.C. P. 21 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.

124, 352. {| 12. 660.
®Bouis. 8.526. aa ie ierre & Puchot. A.C.
16 Dachauer. 11.305. | Phys. (4). 22. 351.
1 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.529. | 23 | Pierre & ane ATC:
2 Schorlemmer. 22.368. Phys. 22, 351.

13 Zincke. 22. 370.

Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 351.
25 ie & Puchot. Z. F.C.

ACC:

12. 628. [12. 628.
6 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.

27} Pierre & Puchot. Z%. F.C.

12. 628. [12. 628.
28 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
29 Pierre & Puchot. A.C

Phys. (4). 22. 293.
30 | Pierre & Puchot. ALC:

Phys. (4). 22. 293.
Pierre & Puchot Oe
it

Phys. (4). 22, 293,

_ ib

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Melting

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Point.
1 Propyl propionate. C,; H,,O,..| -7830; 108234.
* Butyl « C7 Hy Oe) 89345'0.—
2 « « « 8445, 49°2. | Ts5o7,
A « « .7903, 100815. ( 764 m. m,
5 «| « « 770%, M1695.
CK « « .8926, oO” )
a « « « .8437, 49°2. | 135 o/-
SG « « .7896, IOO°TS. i
9 « « « 7008, 11695.
10 Amy! « C, H,,:03. Tes
4 Methyl butyrate. Ce sy O;. 932
at « « 92098, 0.° 95°9.
13K « « 0045; 0525." 760m. m.
oe « « 1.02928, 0.° LO2°T-
« « « ; Osea
re a « « .909T, 0.°
ees “ « 8793, 30°3 a
18 Ethyl « Care. © TLOw:
19. « « « Tie.
aaa, « « .90412, 0.° 11498.
21 « « « 89065, ae 760 m. m.
a « « « -90193, O Tio:
3a i « TE3..
ze « « « 8894, T5ec ;
* Propyl « C,,E.70 a. 130.7
« « « £888, 2
2 a « « 7OAD, A725. | Lo ye2be
23s ( « « -785, 100925. if | 765m. m,
zy « « « 3/53) Be |
ay « « « .8872, o-
oF « « Cg .8402, 47°24. \ 135°25.
AUTHORITIES.
1 / Pierre & Puchot. A.C.| ®/ Pierre & Puchot. A.C.|” Pierre. 15.
Phys. (4). 22. 293. Phys. (4). 22. 324. 3 Delfis. 7. 26.
2( Pierre& Puchot. Z.F.C.|1° Wrightson. 6.439 24 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.
mie 12. 660. [12. 660. | 1! Favre & Silbermann. See | 2 Berthelot. See 17.
ji tierredaPuchot, @Z..B.C>) .. 17. 26 ( Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
‘yp Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C.| 12 ¢ Kopp. 13. | 12. 660, [12. 660.
ia, 1251660! [12. 660. | 13 \ Kopp. 13. 27 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
5 | Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C.| 1 Pierre, 15. 28 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
Pierre & Puchot. <A. C.|15Delffs. 7. 26. | 12. 660. [12. 660.
| Phys. (4). 22. 324. 16 ¢ Kopp. 18. 29 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F. C.
7) Pierre & Puchot. A.C.|17\ Kopp. 18. 30 ( Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
| Phys. (4). 22. 324. 18 Pelouze. Phys. (4). 22. 295.
Te re & Puchot. A.C. | 19 Lerch. | see 17. | Pier & Puchot. A.C.
Phys. (4). 22. 324. Kopp. 138. Phys. (4). 22. 295.
Kopp. 15.

148

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. aoe eee
1 Propyl butyrate. C, Hi, 03: |)-7842, 100225.
2k « « 7525), 120975:
3 « « sO. « .8787, 0.° 128.°
4 « « « « .8652, er 755 Mm. Mm.
° Butyl « C, Ba; Op. co 7280>
oe « « 2O245, hlcos
7 « « « 776, 99°6. | meee
8 « « « AAS, L203
9 « « « 8885, 0.° ©
tae « « 071731 20-- 165°5.
no « « « 8579, 40.° 735-7 Mm. m.
12 « « « 87 19, OF
13 « « « .8238, 5028. 149°5.
aK, « « 7753» 99°8.
1D « « 7439, 12893; J
16 Amyl « Co ueb One| -0083,e Sar
WW « « « B52 S05. 176:2
wo « « « 8769, 0.°
19 « « « 8264, 55°4. 17023.
ane « « .7839, 100°2. 769 m. m.
ue « « « -7446, 139°5. ;
2 Cetyl « Cy) Hy O,. | 856, 20.° 1. 260°-270.° 20.° rs. 15.°
*3 Methyl valerate. C, His O50:58960,, OF . i
2S « « .8806, 16.° De)
25 « « « -QO1525, Our
26° « « .88687, 15.° 11692.
er « « .88662, 15°93. 760 m. m.
28 « « « 9005, 0.°
oo rk « « -O5O0, Aloe. | 17225.
30 « « « 8343, 64°3. |
31 « « er -7945; 1oo°r. J
AUTHORITIES.
1 Pierre & Puchot. <A.C.| 12 (Pierre & Puchot. <A.C./2¢ Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
Phys. (4). 22. 295. Phys. (4). 22. 326. Phys. (4). 22. 343.
2) Pierre & Puchot. A.C.| | Pierre & Puchot. A.C. | 2? Dollfus. 17. 518.
Phys. (4). 22. 295. | Phys. (4). 22.326. 23 ( Kopp. See 17.
3 (Silva. Z. F. C. 12.508. 14] Pierre & Puchot. <A.C.| 2! (Kopp. See 17.
4\ Silva. Z. F.C. 12. 508. Phys. (4). 22. 326. 2 ¢ Kopp. 18.
5 ( Pierre & Puchot. Z. F. C.| 5 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C. | 7 Kopp. 138.
12. 628. [12. 628. |. Phys. (4). 22. 326. 27 Kopp. 18.
6 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C. | 16 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 28 (Pierre & Puchot. A. C.
7 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C. | 17 Delffs. 7. 26. Phys. (4). 22. 349.
12. 628. [12. 628. | 18 ; Pierre & Puchot. A.C. | 29 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
8 \ Pierre & Puchot. Z. F:C. ' | Phys. (4). 22. 343. Phys. (4). 22. 349.
9 [ Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.| 19! Pierre & Puchot. A.C. 20 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
| 158. 137. [158. 137. Phys. (4). 22. 343. Phys. (4). 22. 349.
104 Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P. | 20] Pierre & Puchot. A.C. |31| Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.| ( Phys. (4). 22. 343. \ Phys. (4). 22. 349.

a

158. 137.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

149

2 Berthelot. 7.441.

3 ¢ Kopp. 17.

a Kopp. 17.

5 ( Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 353.

Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 353.

Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 353

Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 353.

J
1
7

12. 660.

9 | & Puchot. Z. F.C.

A.C.

ACC;

A.C.

ACC!

12. 660.

18 ( Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
Phys. (4). 22. 297.
Pierre & Puchot. <A. C.

{ Phys. (4). 22. 297.

Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4

Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 297.

AC:

22. 297.

2 oe. oe

ASC:
vl

[12. 660.

11 Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae eee
1 Ethyl valerate. Cr Ey Oss 8945 13.2 Neaec
ac « « .869, 14.° 133°-134.°
3 « « « 8829, oO. S
nic « « 8659, 18.°f yr
5 « « « .886, On
Soc « « 50325, Shes E3525.
7 « « « 7843, 99°63. 760 m. m,
8 « « « 7582, 8)
2 ETOP! « CoO... 887508 )

« « « 8395, 50°8. | V5 fae
LC « « -7915, 1001S. r 76r m, m.
1c « « WO}, LIBC76 |
1S « « .8862, 0.° 7}

Lee « « 8387, 50°8. | 1
eeu « « 7906, 100°15.

a « « E55; WEB27 8-4

M% « « iso. « .8702, 0.° 142°

eh « « « 8538, on 756 m. m.
” Butyl « Cp dis O}. |-8884, O.-

20 «| « « 8438, 49°7. 173°4.

Teen « « .79606, 100.° | 760 m. m.
2 er « « .7428, T55c8.4

23 Amyl « Ci HO a. 196.°
co « « 8793, 0.° 5

% | « « 8645, en oe

26 ~ 1« « « 8590; 15.-

STAC « « .874, 0.°

oar « « .832, 50°67. 190.°

3 « « « 787; 100...

DG « « -740, 14995.
-* Octyl « C),Hg O}.'| 8624, 16:° 249°-251

AUTHORITIES.
10Otto. A.C. P. 25. 62. 20 (Pierre & Puchot. A. C.

| Phys. (4). 22. 330.
Pierre & Puchot.
} Phys. (4). 22. 330.
re & Puchot.

l Phys. (4). 22.330.
23 Balard. See 17.
24 Kopp. 17.
25 | Kopp. 17.
26 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

ASC:

AC Ge

[12. 660.
Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.

WW ¢ Silva,
18 | Silva.

19 { Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4).

Z. BF. C. 12. 508.
Tew Ce lon 50Se aio.)
A. ©. | 3 l
31 Zincke.

22. 330.

99°

_—

3

zs | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
pig ee VA)?

Also, A. C.

>

i

1.

Phys. (4). 22. 346.

150

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

: : Boiling Melting
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Point! Point.
1 easier ° 280°—290.° ° °
Cetyl valerate. Co gs One 5 2) 20 | 251s 520:
202 m, Mm.
* Methyl caproate. CG, Ee Om 8977, 18° 150.°
3 Ethyl « Cy Hag On: 120°
he Nie « « 882, 18.° 102.0
5 Amyl « Cr El. On Ql
[The so-called cenanthic
ether of Pelouze and Lie-
big, (see A. C. P. 19. 241.),
is omitted on account of
its uncertain character.
See Delffs, pelargonic
ether. ]
® Methyl caprylate. C, H,, O;..|.-882.
" Ethyl « Ci, O.. | 28738) ES. 214."
eA « « 8728, 16.2 204°-206.°
® Octyl « Cig Hy, O;. | -8625;-16.° 297°-299.°
° Ethyl pelargonate. Oyj els Opel c80s 216°-218.°
1 « « (2) « .8725, The be 22 Ae
2 Methyl rutylate. « 223°-224.°
8 Ethyl « G,, Hy, 0,,,| 862:
eM « « 243°-245.°
4 Ethyl laurate. Ci, Hie. 03.’ | -86;;20:° 264.° s.—10.°
16 « « « .8671, 19 © 269.°
™ Ethyl myristate. Crates On. )n20 041,
*§ Methyl palmitate. C,, HgsO;. 28.5: 22.-
* Ethyl « Ci, de Os BALD:
ZOE « « 2195. Sal One
21 Amyl « CH. O:. 1395
22 « « « G-
3 Myricyl « CAEL. O.. 71°95—-72.°
*4 Methyl stearate. Cree Os. 38-—
*> Ethyl « Coes: 27.
Cae CC « « 30°-31.°
Bae « « 32
een « « Blo
AUTHORITIES.
i Dollfus. 17.518. 1 Delffs. 7. 26. 2 Duffy. Cis: J. s,3i4:
*Fehling. . A. C. P. 53. 399. | 4 Grimm. 2 Berthelot. 6.503.
SLerch. A.C. P. 49.212. | 13 Rowney. 4. 443. Brodie. sAn CO. Pandas:
*Fehling. A.C. P. 53.399. | Fischer. A.C. P. 118.307. | 24Hanhart. C. R. 47 230.
° Brazier & Gossleth. 3.400. | 5 Gérgey. 1.561. %Lassaigne. Watts’ Dic-
6Fehling. A.C. P. 53: 399. | 16Delffs. 7. 26. tionary.
7Fehling. A. C. P. 53.399. | 17 Playfair. A.C. B. 37.153. | 26 Redtenbacher. <A. C. P.
8 Zincke. 22. aids 18 Berthelot. 6. 502. 30. 51,
9Zincke. 22. 371. 19 Heintz. 6.447. 27 Francis. A.C. P. 42. 261.
Cahours. 3. 401. 20 Berthelot. 6. 502. 28Hanhart. C.R. 47. 230.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 151

Boiling | Melting |

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bonet Point

1 Ethyl stearate. C,H, Os. age3:
eC « « 3327.

ea « « 8377s

2 « « « 3200:

* Amyl « Cy; Hyg Op. 25°5.

Te « « 25.° (?)
Octyl Cog H5. Op. 45° (2)
8 Cetyl « Cz HO. 55°-60.°

* Methyl arachidate. C,, 14, 0,. 54°-54°5.
10 Ethyl « Cy GOs, B2o5. Ssh
1! Amyl « Cx EO}. 44°8-45.°
Ethyl benostearate. C,, Ae Os. 48°-49.°
8 Ethyl cerotate. Coes Os: 6023.
1* Ceryl « Ca Ti. ©: 82.°

6th. ALDEHYDES OF THE SERIES C, H,, O.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Pee Mee
Acetic aldehyde. ©, EH, Os 1/7900; 18.- 21°98.
16 « « « -79442, Bebe
LE 5c « « 79388, 5°6. 20°8.
18 « « « .80092, 0.° 760m. m.
19 « « « £80551, On 2280
20 « « « TOO nt 5s) 23°-28.°
21 Tsomer of aldehyde. « 1,033} 0." Tot”
» Paraldehyde. « 123°-124.° | 12.°
a « « 998, 15. T2400 10°5.S.10.-
4 Elaldehyde. « 94.° 2 TS 20s
% Propionic aldehyde. |C,; H,O. | .790, 15.° 55°-60.°
i « « « 8284, 0.° 54°-63.°

Se Eee een SS
a

AUTHORITIES.

1Crowder. 5. 521. 10Géssmann. A.C. P. 89.1.|1*Pierre. 15.
2Duffy. 5.511. Caldwell. 9.492. 20 Guckelberger. 1. 848.
3 Heintz. 5.517. 12 Volcker. <A. C. P. 64.342. | 2! Bauer. 13. 436.
4Pebal. 7.446. 3 Duffy. 5.511. 22Lieben. 13.310.
5 Duffy. 5.514. 14 Watts’ Dictionary. 2% Kekulé & Zincke. . Z. F.C.
6Hanhart. C. R. 47.230. 15 Liebig. A.C. P. 14.1382. 13. 560.
7Hanhart. C. R. 47. 230. 16 ( Kopp. 18. 2 Fehling. A.C. P. 27.319.
8 Berthelot. A.C. Phys. (3). |174 Kopp. 18. 2 Guckelberger. 1.848.

56. 70. 18 (Kopp. 18. 26 Michaelson. 17. 336.

- 9Caldwell. 9.492.

152 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

13. 255. [13. 255.

13. 200.

3 | Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
132250:

4 Rossi. A.C. P. 159. 79.

13, 255.
13 Lieben & Rossi.
158. 137.
Phys. (4). 22. 298. Phys. (4). 22. 332.
©! Pierre & Puchot.

A.C, | %
| Phys. (4). 22. 298.
7

Phys. (4). 22. 332.

Pierre & Puchot. A.C. | 16} Pierre & Puchot. A.C.

Phys. (4). 22. 298. .
8 Guckelberger. 1. 849.
§8Michaelson. 17.336.
10 ¢ Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C. | 19 Personne. 7. 654.
{ 13: 255;

Phys. (4). 22. 332.
17 Trautwein. See 17.

| Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C. | 2 | iets & Puchot. Z.F.C.
ALCS:
5 [Pes & Puchot. <A. OC, | 4 [hy & Puchot. A.C.

Pierre & Puchot. A.C.

Chancel. J. F. P. 36.447.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Beane ae

1 Propionic aldehyde. | C,H, 0. | .8327, 0.°

2 « « « .8201, OR7. 46.°

3 « « « .7906, 32°6.

« « « « .804, 17.° 49°5.

: « « a 832, O°

6 « « « 8192) O07. 46.°

7 « « « 7898, B2°6,

® Butyric « C7, 0. 1-80; a52 68°-73.°

: « « « 8341, 0. 73°-77.°

"0 « « « 8226, 0.°

Bie « « .7919, 27°75. 622

a « « « -7638, 50°4.

13 « « « a. 75-

14 « « « .8618, 0.°

ae « « « FOU, 27275. 6202

Me « « « 763, 50°4.

» 17 Valeric « C545 0.4). S138:

18 « « « £620;.22-9 altos,

zs « « « .8009, 20.° a. 90.°

20 « « « .8224, 0.°

oa « « « 28057, 1724: 92°8.

ee « « « O225.0.-

a « « « A719; Agcds ) g2°5.

mM | « « .749, 7199. j

25 « « « .8209, 0.°

26 « « « -778, 43°4.

cal » «a « 7485, 71°9.

8 Hexyl « B.| C, Hy, O. | .8298, 0.° \ 127.°

29 « « « « -78.46, 50.9 761.2 m. m.
AUTHORITIES.

1 (ae & Puchot. Z. F.C. | 1 ( Pierre & Puchot. Z.F.C. | 2° ¢ Kopp. 17.

21( Kopp. 17.
22 ( Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
| 18, 256. [13. 255.
31 Pierre & Puchot. Z. F.C.
Ze | Pierre & Puchot. A.C. P.
13) 255:
* (Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
| Phys. (4). 22. 340.
26 | Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
1 Phys. (4). 22. 340.
aU Pier & Puchot. A.C.
Phys. (4). 22. 340.
28 ( Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.
16. 522. [16. 522.
29

Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

153

Name. Formula. | Speci : Boiling Melting
ula pecific Gravity. Point: ies
'Tsomer of hexyl alde-
: hyde. Ce EO .s42e 05-0 180°-185.°
: Qinanthol. CE Om S27h zee 155°-158.°
«
4 « : ean
r 155.°
« « 151°-152.°
e « « LOOT aL ee 155°-156.°
E :
Isomer of cenanthol. « 835, 14.° 161°-164.°
8 i a }
: Octyl aldehyde. Cz Hy, O. | .818, 19.° Lyte
: « « F « £020: L7Oew
Euodyl « Cy, H,, O.| .8497, 15.° 213° Ste Jeg
NQLauryl = « Cty 0: 232.°
12 i
Cetyl « Ci, Hs O: 46°-47.°
® Palmityl « « 52.°
7. ACETONES. GENERAL FORMULA C, H,, O.
Wane: F oe F : Boiling Melting
ormula. | Specific Gravity. Paint. Point
i Acetone. C,. Hi, O. 56.°
1 « « VOLES. 55°06.
1G « « 014407 5623.
WW « « 70945) 1325: ‘i 760 m. m,
iB « « 55°-56.°
1 « « .790, Loo 56°-57.°
0 Methyl acetone. CH, O;- | 838, To.- 75°-77.°
a « « « O1255.03.> Ol.
ae « « « 824, 0.° 79°5-81.°
3 « « « .8063. 15°3. 77°-79.°
* Acetyl ethyl. « 77°5-78.°
» Butyral. « 621,220 95.°
*6 Propione. C; Hy, O: 110.°
at « « Dito
AUTHORITIES.
1Fittig. 13.319. 1 Kekulé’s “Lehrbuch.” | Fittig. 12. 341.
2Bussy. J. F. P. 37.92. 12Dollfus. 17.518. 21 Frankland & Duppa. 18
3 Williamson. 1.565. 14Dumas. Watts’ Dictionary. 309.
4Tilley. 1.566. 15 Liebig. See 13. 2 Popoff. 20. 399.
5 Stiideler. a Kopp. 18. Grimm. Z. F.C. 14.174.
6 Bouis. 8. 524. 17 (| Kopp. 18. _ | Freund. 13.312.
?Fittig. 13. 319. Freund. 15.313. 2 Chancel. C. R. 19, 1440.
8 Bouis. 8. 524. 19[innemann. A.C. P. 143. | % Limpricht &v. Uslar. 8.510.
9 Limpricht. A.C. P. 93. 242. 349, 27 Friedel.

10 Williams. 11. 443.

* Probably an acetone. Compare with methyl caprinal.
11

154

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae ane
? Propione. C. BE Ob i ernunnes 3 1or.2
a « « 814 Ove
3 « « ae Tipe LOLs
4 « « 100°—Io1.°
5 « « .8078, 1895. | 99°-I01.°
6 Methyl butyral. « (8270.7 rine
7 Ethyl acetone. « | 842, 19:° g0°-95.°
8 « « « | .0132, Tose
aan « « | ran ae OU
0 Dimethyl acetone. « .8099, 13.° 93°5-
1 Ethyl butyral. | Cy Hy, O. | .833, 0.° 128.°
™ Tsopropacetone. « 81892, 0.° Aes
8 Methyl valeral. « 120.°
14 Butyrone. ©, O.,\..830; 144.°
aS « « TAG.
16 Diethyl acetone. « SOE 7 Lye eo 137°5-139.°
17 Methyl amyl acetone. « .828—.829. 144.°
18 Methyl butyrone. Cr Ey, O: 48275 tO. 180.° -
1? Methyl cenanthol. « O17, 2oe° 171°-I7195.
0 Valerone. Coen: 164°—166.°
1 Caprone. Cy, Eo 165:¢
” Butyl butyrone. « 828, 20.° 222.2 Sal
3 Methyl caprinol.* « .8295, 1795. oeae =: uote
ae remrt « « 8281, 1897. ate a
eae « | « .8268, 20°5. 225 —220.c iho Poe
6 nanthone. Cig Hy OL 825, 30s 2043 30.°YS 2025.
77 Caprylone. CiesEte O: 278. 40.-'S. 385.
8 Caprinone. Cink 0: 50. Ss 50ne
9 Laurone. Cra GO: 66.°
3° Myristone. Conkle OF 75s
*1 Palmitone. Or teO: 84.°'S. 80."
AUTHORITIES.

1Geuther. 20.455. Friedel. 11. 295. | 21 Brazier & Gossleth. 3.399.
2( Chapman & Smith. 20. |1!% Frankland & Duppa. 20. | ** Limpricht. 11. 296.

453. [453. 395. 2 ( Gontp- Beene: @ Gaim
3 (Chapman & Smith. 20. | Williamson. A.C. P.81.86.} j Z. F.C. 13.290.
4Freund. 13.318. Chancel. A. C. Phys. (3). | 2 | Gorup-Besanez& Grimm.
5Grimm. Z. F. C, 14.174. 12. 146. LZ: BAG. 135290:
6 Friedel. 11.295. 15 Friedel. 11. 295. [306. | 2° A. Giesecke. Z. F.C.13. 428.
T¥ittig. 12.341. 16 Frankland & Duppa. 18. | v.Uslar&Seekamp. 11.299.
8 ( Frankland & Duppa. 18. | 17 Popoff. 18. 314. 27 Guckelberger. 2. 340.

307. (807. | 18 Limpricht. 11. 296. |?8Grimm. A.C. P. 157. 271.
9 ( Frankland & Duppa. 18. | !9Stideler. 10. 361. *2 Overbeck. 5. 502.
10Frankland & Duppa. 18. |2°Ebersbach. A. C. P. 106. | Overbeck. 5. 503.

309. 268. 31 Maskelyne. C.S. J. 8. 11.

* Compare Methyl caprinol with Euodyl] aldehyde.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1Stearone.
2

« «

Formula.

155
Specific Gravity. ee eee
86.°
87°98

8th. OXIDES OF THE ETHYLENE SERIES.
Name F ... | Boiling | Melting
ormula. | Specific Gravity. Paint. Point,
Sey iene oxide. CELA Or 2 8045;.0.8 13936
Propylene « Cy, O-r 1 .859;10% au
S5Amylene « C,H, 0» 48248 ,0.° 95.°
®Octylene « Cy Eig OF 128335 15.7 145.°
7™Diamylene « Cig Hey O 170°-180.°
g « « « .9402, 0.° 180°-1g0.°
* Dioxethylene. O. 10).
0 Ethylene ethylidene 1.0482, 0.° TO2:* Q:°
oxide. « 1.0002, 0.° 82°65:
SSeS sss S|
9th. GLYCOLS.
. | Bone: | Wetting
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. | Point. Point.
1 Ethylene glycol. Ct Oe ts 255. 0. 197°=19795.
1 « « « NOs.
18 Propylene « Cr He'O j2.\| 1-050,.0:° | 188.°
If « « « 1,036, 23. | ;
% Butylene « C, H,, 03. | '1.048,.0.° | 183°-184.°
1% Amylene « ©. He, O5:|\ 98740. Re rare
" Hexylene «| ORG Ors |(.9669,:0. | 207.°
%Octylene « Cs ys O,. | -932, 0.° \ | 235°-240.°
19 « « « -920, 29.° | a
= __
AUTHORITIES.
1Bussy. A.C. P. 9. 270. 8 Schneider. A.C. P.157. 221. | ¢ Wurtz. 10. 464.
2Heintz. P. A. 94.272. 9Wurtz. 15.423. Wurtz. 10. 464.
3 Wurtz. 16.486. Wurtz. 14. 656. 1 Wurtz. 12. 499.
£Oser. 13. 448. 1 Wurtz. <A. C. Phys. (3). }!6 Wurtz. 11.424.
5 Bauer. 13.451. 55. 410. WwWurtz. 17.516.
6De Clermont. Z. F.C. 13.|12 Atkinson. P. M. (4). 16. |}8/ De Clermont. 17. 517.
411. 437, 19 (De Clermont. 17. 517
7Bauer. 15. 451.

156 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

10th, MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS OF THE ETHYLENE

SERIES.
oe
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bone Sees
1Ethylene diethylate. | C, H,, O,.| .7993, 0.° 1239s.
* Amylene ethylate. Ga, On 250;¢ 2s 102°-103.°
[Compare the above with
ethyl amyl] oxide. ]
* Amylene hydrate. C,H On 32620; 0. 105°—108.°
*Diamylene « C5 ela OF] 1909;,0.- 1630
= Sletyiene « C, iy, O. | .811, Be 174°-178.°
« « « -793, 23.
[Compare amylene and
octylene hydrates with
amyl and octyl alco-
hols.]
7 Diethylene alcohol. Caries Oy: 245.°
& « « « 15 32;,O.g a. 250.°
*Triethylene « Cz EO; 285°-290.°
a « « « L138. a. 290.°
"Tetrethylene « CeO. 230° 25 m.m.
Pentethylene « Cig FO; 281° 25 mm.
® Hexethylene « Cis Hz OF 325° 25 mm,
14 Ethylene monacetate. | C, H, O.. 181°-182.°
« diacetate. C, Fy OF Wale 128;/0.. 186°-187.°
%Diethylene = « Garry O;. 245°-255.°
"Triethylene « Cio elas Or: a. 300.°
* Tetrethylene « Crs celgO,- | 320°+.
9 Ethylene monobutyrate C, H,, O,. |'as 220.°
» « ~~ dibutyrate. Cig klas Ost) "1.02450.7 239°-241.°
1 ~~ « monovalerate. | ©, Hy, O. a. 240.°
2 ~~ «-~—s divalerate. Cia Oz a. 255.
3 «_—— aceto-butyrate.| C, Hy, O,. 208°-215.°
“".« aceto-valerate. | C, H,, O,. a. 230°
> « _ distearate. ©, cl Oz, TO
6 Propylene diacetate. | C, H,, O,.| 1.109, 0.° 186.°
ee ee el ee wee
AUTHORITIES.
1Wurtz. 11. 423. %Lourenco. 13. 443. 18 Wurtz. 16.489.
2Reboul & Truchot. 20.582. | 1° Wurtz. 16.489. 19 Lourenco. 13.438.
3 Wurtz. A.C. P. 125.114. |" Lourencgo. 13. 443. Wurtz. 12.486.
*Wurtz. 16. 516. 2 Lourengo. 15. 445. 21 Lourenco. 13. 438.
5 ( De Clermont. <A.-C. P.|Lourengo. 13. 443. 22 Lourengo. 13. 438.
149. 38. [149. 38. | 14 Atkinson. P. M. (4). 16. |?Simpson. 12. 488.
6 (De Clermont. A.C. P. | Wurtz. 12.485. 24Lourenco. 13.438.

TLourengo. 13. 443.
8 Wurtz. 16.489.

16 Wurtz. 1

6. 489.

“Wurtz. 16. 489.

2% Wurtz. 12.486.
26 Wurtz. 10.464.

7

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 157
: Specific Boiling Melting
eps Formula Gravity. Point. Point.
1 Butylene diacetate. | Cre 7 0; a. 200,"
2 Hexylene « Cio Has 0, | T-014 08" 215°-220.°
3 Octylene « Cin bee OF 240°-245.°
4 « « « Ac°_7t Eo P
245 —250.
> Butylene acetate. C,H, OF Taos ra
® Octylene acetate. Cap evap ae. |EOzzeOre
7 : 163°-180.°
« « « .803, 26:2
[Compare the two last)
with the acetates of bu-
tyl and octy1.]
lith. ACIDS. LACTIC AND OXALIC SERIES.
Specific Boiling Melting
en Ss Formula. Gravity. Point. Point.
2 Glycollic acid. (Ce Ele: 78°-79.°
* Lactic « CHa o:, IG2UG MOS
10 Leucic « Cy, 0: 73
1 Oxalic acid. Sublimed. C, 10). 2.00, g.°
aaa ad « Crystallized.|C,H,O,.2H?O) 1.507.
13 « « « « 1.622.
14 « « « « 1629.
15 « « « « <1,63, 9."
16 « « « « a. 98.°
" Succinic acid. GH, O; | ta55.
ee ae « Sublimed. « e520) 0.
a8 « « Crystallized. | « 1.552; 9-~
a Ge « « | 22 er d 180.°
1 Pyrotartaric acid. Grr, O; 190°+- 100.°+.
22, « « « T10°-112°5.
% « « « T11°-112.°
** Adipic « C, Ox 145.°
% Pimelic « CH. Op 134.°
ss SS
AUTHORITIES.
1Wurtz. 12. 499. | 10 Waage. A.C. P. 118. 295. 19Husemann. 26.
2Wurtz. 17. 516. }11Housemann. 26. 20 Watts’ Dictionary.
3 Wurtz. 16. 509. |12 Richter. See 11. 1 Arppe. A. C. P. 66. 73.
4De Clermont. 17. 517. 13 Playfair and Joule. 11. 2 Kekulé. A. C. P. 1st. supp.
5De Luynes. 17.501. 14 Buignet. 14. 15. vol. 338.
6 ¢ DeClermont. 21. 449. 15 Husemann. 26. 2% Wislicenus. Z. F. C. 13.
7\De Clermont. 21.449. | 16 Watts’ Dictionary. 248.
8Drechsel. A.C. P.127. 150. | 17 Richter. “4 Bromeis. A.C. P. 35. 106.
2% Bromeis. A. C. P. 35. 104.

9Gay Lussac & Pelouze. P. | 1* Husemann. 26.

A. 29. 111.

158

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. | Formula. ‘Specific Gravity. Eee eae
1 Pimelic acid. CEL, O;. Tae
*Suberic « Cra, 0: 1205
3 « « « 140.° rs. 138°5.
4Anchoic, Azelaic, or | Cy Hy, Oy 114°-116.°
5 Lepargylic acid. « 115°-124.°
$ « « « 106.° rs. 104.°
* Sebacic « Cry sO; 1.1317, melted. 127.2
* Roccellic « Cre OL 132.°1S: TOSI

12th. CARBONATES, LACTATES, AND LEUCATES, OF THE

ETHYL SERIES.

Name. Formula. (Specific Gravity. Boe ee
* Ethyl carbonate. Op eo O;. Te5e
10 « « « 1Z03-
MW « « « -975; 19.° 125°-126.°
13° a « « .9998, 0.° \ 123°5 to
Be « « .9780, 20.° 125°8.
* Butyl « Co dg Ge OF 190.°
® Amyl « Cio es COR O44: lvazaee
16 « « 9065; 1525: 2260
"Ethyl ortho carbonate.| Cy Hy) O,. .925. 158°-159. °
1 ~6« ~~ lactate. CAEL Os. 1.0542, 0.°) 156.°
1K « « L042, '13.- 753 m. m.
*Diethyl « Car, Ox 9203; '0.° 156°5
[For dilactates and trilac-
tates, see ‘‘ miscellane-
ous ethers.’’]
*1 Methyl leucate. Core Oe .9896,. 1695. 165.°
2 Ethyl « ChE SOs: 9013; 18°7. ioe
*% Amyl « Oras an OF 93227, 13. B25
AUTHORITIES.

1Taurent. A. ©. Phys. (2). | 2 Cahours.

66. 163. 10Clermont. 7. 561.
2Bromeis. A.C. P. 35.97. |! Httling. A.C. P. 19.17.
3 Dale. CS. J. 17.:258: 126 Kopp: 18:

*Buckton. 10. 303. 13 | Kopp. 18.

5 Wirz. 10.298. 14 Wurtz. 7.574.

© Dale. (C::'S.1d: 17, 261: 15 Medlock. 2. 430.
TCarlet. 6.429. 16 Bruce. 5.605.

8 Hesse. A.C. P. 117. 336. 17 Bassett. 17.477.

18 ¢ Wurtz & Friedel. 14. 373.

19 1 Wurtz & Friedel. 14.373.

2 Wurtz. 12. 294.

21 Frankland & Duppa. 18.
378.

2 Frankland. 16.376.

2 Frankland & Duppa. 18.

380.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

159

Tn

i3th. OXALATES, SUCCINATES, &c., OF THE ETHYL SERIES.

fees | Boiling | Melting
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Pout Pome
* Methyl oxalate. Org s PO) TOM 51°
2 « « « | 16395.
3 « « « | 1.1566, 5Oug
*Methyl-ethyl oxalate. | C,; H, O,. | 1.27, 12.° 160°-170.°
® Ethyl « Gea Oe | 1.0929, 7°5. 183°-184.°
6 « « « | 1.086, 12s 186.°
Hes « « « T.FOUG, ©:28 «)
8 « « « 1.0815, 18°2. f ee
ae « « 1.0624, 05-°
10 Amyl « CH ©) 262.°
11 « « | « 260.°
12 « « « .968, Lie 265.°
® Methyl succinate. GC, Ha, O;: 1179; 20.0 198.° 20.°S., 162
* Ethyl « Cra, O;. 1.036. 21 Aa
EC « « DIALS
16 | °
a « « « 1.0718, 0. \ 21793.
« « « 1.0475, 25°5.
Isopropyl « Cry Hig Of, - 'F:009,c0.50 ) Boo
19 fe mi te .997» 18°65. f 761 m. m.
” Cety] « Cig Hg Oe 58.°
1 Ethyl pyrotartrate. G; Ha. 0; 218.0
2 « ~— adipate. Cite O.s. | Oot .2085. 230.°
7 « pimelate. Cyt, OO; | 185.°
** Methyl suberate. erates, Oye - IE O0As 18.0 260.°
» Ethyl « iG), He. O,. |) 1-003; 18.°
7 =~ « ~=anchoate. Ces cOs. Bo bee
7 Methyl sebate. Cras, Op 285.° 2505.
8 Ethyl « CE. O) 308.°
AUTHORITIES.

1Dumas & Peligot. A. C.
Phys. (2). 58. 44.

2 Delffs. 7. 26.

3 Kopp. 18.

*Chancel. 3.470.

5 Dumas & Boullay.
12. 430.

6 Delffs. 7. 26.

7( Kopp. 18.

8 Kopp. 18.

*Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

Peay

10 Balard.
QT S1%s

A.C. Phys: (3).

11 Cahours.

22 Delfis.
13 Wehling.
14 1)’ Arcet.
58. 291.
15 Fehling.
16 ¢ Kopp.
1 (| Kopp.
18 ¢ Silva.
19 | Silva.

15:28;
A. C. P. 49.195.
A. C. Phys. (2).

18.
18.
C. R. 69. 416.
C. R. 69. 416.

2” Tiittscheff. 13. 406.

21 Watts’ Dictionary.

2 Malaguti. A.C. P.56. 306.
23 Marsh. 10.303.
2QLaurent. A.C. Phys. (2).

66. 162.

% Laurent. A.C. Phys. (2).
66. 160.

26 Buckton. 10.304.

27 Carlet. C. R. 37.128.

3% Carlet. C. R. 37.128.

160

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

14th. COMPOUNDS OF ALLYL AND DIALLYL. i
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee ee
? Allyl alcohol. C, H, O: 103.°
ZK « « 92°-94.°
Sear « « 93°-96.°
ta « « <O501, 0.” olene °
Pie « « .8478, 27 o ae Parra
We « « 30709, O:-
7 « « « .81832, 62.° 96°97.°
SC « « .7846, 7
eG « « 92°-95.°
0 Diallyl monohydrate. | C, H,, O -8307,/0.° @3°-95.°
a « dihydrate. C, His O, .9638, 0.° 212°=215 °
12 « « « -9202, 65.° ea” :
3 Pseudo diallyl alcohol.| Cg H,, O .8604,) 5 7
i « « « « 8625, ee a:
15 Allyl oxide. Ce Bag © 85°-87.°
16 | « « O2se
1 Ethyl allyl oxide. C. 4,0 2.1642
18y re « « « 62°5:
%Amylallyl = « C7 Fao! as, L20;°
*0 Allyl formate. C,H O;. .9322, 1725. 82°-83.°°
4 «~~ acetate. Ce Ox 97°-100.°
22 « « « TOS-e
3 « butyrate. CEL Os aetAG
aaa « « a. 140.°
> « valerate. CE ©: 162.2
6 Diallyl monacetate. C, Ha,(0;. 12, | 150°-160.°
7 « — diacetate. Cort O)y 1.009, 0.° 225°-230.°
6 Ethyl allyl acetate. .9222, O:° 133°-135.°
9 Allyl oxalate. C. H. 0; T:055; 1505. 206°—207.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Hofmann & Cahours. 9. |?9 Wurtz. 17. 515. 20 Tollens, Weber & Kempf.
583. We Wurtz 17.613: 21. 450. [585.
2Erlenmeyer. 17. 489. 12 Wrourtz... 17.513: 21 Hofmann & Cahours. 9.
3 Tollens, Weber & Kempf. | 8 ¢ Wurtz. 17. 515. 2 Zinin. 8.618. [589.
A. C. Ps156..132; 14 ( Wurtz. 17. 515. *3 Berthelot & De Luca. 9.

4;Tollens and Henninger.
[ A. CG. P: 156.134.

5 ee and Henninger.
A. C. P. 156.-134.

(soucee A.C. P. 158. 104.

Other Specific Gravities

6

7

8 | are also given.

®Hiibner & Miller.
P. 159. 174.

AACS

15 Berthelot & De Luca. 9.
[583.
16 Hofmann & Cahours. 9.
lV Hofmann & Cahours. 9.

590.

583.

18 Berthelot & De Luca. 9.

590.

19 Berthelot & De Luca. 9.

590.

2 Hofmann & Cahours. 9.
586.

2 Hofmann & Cahours. 9.
586.

26 Wurtz. 17.514.
27 Wurtz. 17.513.
2 Wurtz. 21.446.

29 Hofmann & Cahours. 9.
585.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

161

Name.

1 Allyl benzoate.
2

« «

3 « «

Formula.

Specific Gravity.

Boiling
Point.

Melting

Point.

15th. GLYCERINE, GLYCERIDES, AND ALLIED COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Nie Nee
“Glycerine. CH O3: 1227, 10.0
2 « 1.28, 15.°
f « « 1,260, 1525.
u « « Tenis sel 2s
: « « 1.2636, 15.°
: « « 1.26949, 6°7. 5002
10 « « 1.26244, 16°6. i
1'Triethyl pyroglycerine| C,, H,, O;. | 1.00, 14.° 288°-290.°
12'Tetrethyl triglycerine. | C,, H, O,. | 1.022, 14.°
3 Ethyl glycide. C.F Ox has 1.00: 128°-129.°
1# Amyl « CoE. O;,,.1| 390,20." 188.°
1 A ceto-glyceral. Cea Os. I b:e81; 10." 184°-188.°
16 Valero-glyceral. CaHe Ors 1.027,10.- 224°-228.°
"'Trimethyline. C, Hi7O;. 9483705 148.°
18 Monethyline. CAE. 0; 225°-230.°
19 Diethyline. CPTI Os 3-92: as tone
© Triethyline. Cj He O;. \28955;.15.° 186.°
21 Ethyl amyline. Crp elo Os. |.:02- 238°-240.°
* Monamyline. C,H Ole -98; 20.- 260°-262.°
°3 Diamyline. Cig O83912-907795. 272°-274.°
Mono allyline. CHES Oc in. 81GO; 0." ' ate
= « « IerOng, 25." ase
6 Monacetin. Grtle Ore |ih.20;
7 Diacetin. Acetidin. CrG One nilsLod 280.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Zinin, 8.619. 9 ( Mendelejeff. A. C. P.| 1!" Alsberg. 17. 495.
2Berthelot & DeLuca. 9. 114. 165. (114. 165. | 18 Reboul. 13. 466.
589. 10 ( Mendelejeff. A. C. P.| Berthelot. 7.450.
3Hofmann & Cahours. 9.|11 Reboul & Lourengo. 14. | 7° Alsberg. 17.495.
586. 675. [675. | 2 Reboul. 13. 466.
4 Chevreul. 12 Reboul & Lourencgo. 14.} 2 Reboul. 13. 464.
5Pelouze. A.C. Phys. (2).|1Reboul. 13. 465. 23 Reboul. 13. 465.
63.19. MReboul. 13. 463. 24 ¢ Tollens, A.C. P. 156.149.
6 Watts’ Dictionary. 15 ( Harnitsky & Menschut-| %° (Tollens. A.C. P. 156. 149.
TSocoloff. A.C. P.106.95.| } kine. 18. 506, 6 Berthelot. 6, 455.
8 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. * Harnitsky & Menschut-| ?? Berthelot. 6. 455.
kine. 18. 506.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

: : | Boiling | Melting
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. | point | Point:
1 Triacetin. Cy ag Oe eels
* Monobutyrin. Cy TE OPe 12088:
’Dibutyrin. Butyridin.' C,, H,) O;. | 1.081.
- « « « 1.084.
° Tributyrin. Cie a O2)1.056:
® Monovalerin. Cz Hs Oj. | 1-100.
7 Divalerin. : C,, Hi, O;; | 1-059.
8 Laurostearin. Cole, OF ; 44°-45.°
* Cocinin. Cy He Op | 925.0: (St
0 Myristin. Cre Or. B10
1 Monopalmitin. Coens: 58.- S. A5ee
2 Dipalmitin. G@agcelieg Oy. 50. 'S./Siee
8 Tripalmitin. CoE 0; 60:?%s 20:2
ue « 1st. modification « 46.°
15 « ood c « 6127. f S- 45°5.
16 « 3d. ee « 62°8. J
™ Monostearin. C2. OF 61.° s. 60.°
ae Distearin. [tion. Coe Oo: 58.° s. 55.°
” Tristearin. 1st. modifica-| C,, H,,) O,. | .987, 10.° 60.°
20 « « « « .9872, 15s O52:
zt « « « « 007755, 6595:
22 c i
a « « « « .9867, r5. J 6997,
4 « « « « .g600, 51°5. l
= « 2d. AK « T.O1Ol, £5. 69°7.
= « 3d. « « T.0178, 15-°
26 « « « « 1.0579, Se | 69°7.
aT « « « « 1.009, 51°5. Is, 50°5-51s7-
28 « « « « 9931, 65°5.
29 « « « « .9746, 68°22. l
oo ake Liquid. « 9245, 65°5.
* Diarachin. CisH7O:, 75.)
*? Monolein. Cr eg One 18-047
% Diolein. Cry es OF; IO25 20.8 Seeligne
AUTHORITIES.
1Berthelot. 7.449. ! Berthelot. 6. 453. +4 Duffy. 5.510.
2 Berthelot. 6.455. 13 Berthelot. 6. 453. “4 Duffy. 5.510.
3 ¢ Berthelot. 6. 455. 14 ( Duffy. 5.611% 25 ears 5. 510 and 5. 511.
4 Berthelot. 6. 455. 1S. Duffy. (5.510% 6 | Duffy. 5.510 and 5, 511.
5 Berthelot. 7. 449. 16’ ( Duffy... 5) oii 27) Duffy. 5.510 and 5. 511.
6 Berthelot. 6.454. 7 Berthelot. 6. 452. 28) Duffy. 5.510 and 5. 511.
7 Berthelot. 6.454. 18 Berthelot. 6,453. 29 | Duffy. 5.510 and 5. 511.
®8Marsson. A.C. P. 41.329.|!9 Kopp. A.C. P. 93. 194. 30 Duffy. 5.510.
9Brandes. Watts’ Dict. 0 Duffy. 5.510. 3! Berthelot. 9.494.

10 Playfair. P. M. (2). 18.102.
11 Berthelot. 6.453.

21 Duffy. 5.510.

2/1 Duffy. 5.510. °*

32 Berthelot. 6. 454.
33 Berthelot. 6. 4654.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

16th. SACCHARINE, STARCHY, AND GUMMY BODIES.

4

Boiling} Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point. Point!
1Cane sugar. Ci, HH. On 1.600.
ane « « 1.606. 160.°
3 « « « Iz 593.
« « « le 596.
oa « « « 1.557 Ae
Milk « « 1.534.
aK « « 1.53398, 4.°
® Melezitose. « Below 140.°
*Mycose. ©, Hy. O ag Tone
Glucose. Anhydrous. |C, H,, Og. 146.°
tt « Cryst. CG, 1,5 0;. Out. a
Lee « « 1.391;
18 « « « 1.54-1.57, 11.°
1 Sorbite. C;. ETO; SOG AS sty
® Tnosite. G, Hy, Og. 2aq. 210°.
oe Crystals. « VATSAs Rc
17 Pinite. Ce Has O- 1.520:
18 Quercite. « 235.°
19 Mannite. Co HO; a. 200.°| 160°—165,.°
” Dulcite. « a. 190.°
sae wh « 182. °Sl1Orec
eae « 192.0
Brot « 1.466, 15.° 186.°
24 “ « 187.°
*° Erythromannite. C, H,, O 1.590. Lies
= « « 120;5—
7 Starch. C; iy O 1.505.
so « 1.530.
2 « « 1.56.
AUTHORITIES.
1Schtibler & Renz. See 11. Payen «& Persoz. 21 Jacquelain. 3.536.
2Kekulé’s “ Lehrbuch.” Payen & Persoz. 22Gilmer. <A. C. P. 123. 372
2 Filhol. See 26. 13 Bodeker. 26. 23 Hichler. 9. 665.
+ Playfair and Joule. 11. 14Pelouze. 5. 655. 24 Bouchardat. Z. F.C. 14.
* Brix.: 7; 618: 16 Scherer. 3.538. 349.
6Filhol. See 26. 16 Vohl. 11.489. 2% Lamy. 5.676.
7 Playfair and Joule. 14. 1” Berthelot. 8.675. 26 Hesse. A.C. P. 117. 328.
8 Berthelot. A.C. Phys. (3). | 18 Dessaignes. A.C. P. 81. | 2? Payen. Watts’ Dictionary.
55. 282. 103. 28 Dietrich. Zeit. An. Chem.
9Mitscherlich. A.C. P.106. | 19 Watts’ Dictionary. 5:51.
15, 20 Laurent. 3.535. 22Kopp. A.C. P. 35.38.

Schmidt. 14. 720.

164

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point. Point.
'Starch. Arrowroot. C, Hj, O05. 11-5045, airdned: |
zo) sc Potato. « 1.5029, « « s
Be xg ¥ « 1.6330, dried at 100.° |
* Cellulose. « 1.525.
°Gum. Cy, He, Oj. 1-487, air dried.
6 | « 1.525, dried at 100.°
7 « Gum arabic. « 1.355.
en « tragacanth. « 1.384.
eas « Senegal. « 1430. 1
10 « Bassora gum. « ee

17th. MISCELLANEOUS ACIDS.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Toate ae
1 Crotonic acid. C, FO 72.253 7Oo5:
PAngelic « CEO. 190.° Abe
13 Pyroterebic acid. C,H, 05.) anor: 200°-+.
id « « « 210.°
1S Moringic « C,; Tas OF: 1908 1225:
® Hypogieic a Cys Hy O,. 34°-35.°
" Qleic « Cig, lag Ope I ROOOs 1050
LSE « « TAeY Stake
19 Brassic « Cop , O% 32°-33.°
20 | « Erucic. « 34.° S. 33.°
*1 Tsopropacetic acid. CG, Hi, O5a5--95357;/0-- 175
*” Methyl diacetic « C, H, O; V.037,,(Os7 '169°-170.°
3 Ethyl « « C, HE Os 103,5 5.0 180°8.
*4 Methyl glycollic « CHO; 1.180. 198.°
* Amyl Cr a COs) 1.003% Doce

AUTHORITIES.

Flickiger. Z. F.C.10. 445.
Flickiger. Z. F.C.10. 445.
* Weltzien’s

stellung.”
5 ( Fliickiger. Z. F.C. 10.445.
6 | Pliickiger. Z. F.C. 10.445.

wow m |

Fliickiger. Z. F.C. 10.445.

“ Zusammen-

7 ( Giierin-Varry. P. A. 29.
aes

8 ean P. A. 29.
50.

2 f Gtierin-Varry. P. A. 29.

50.

10| Gierin-Varry.
l 50.

1 Kekulé’s ‘ Lehrbuch.”

12 Meyer & Zenner.

55. 321.

13 Rabourdin. <A. C. P. 52.
395.

14Chautard. 8.652.

16 Walter. C. R. 22. 1143.

Resear 20:

ATICIP,.

oO

16 Gossmann & Scheren.
521.

17 Chevreul.

18 Gottlieb. A.C. P. 57.4

19Websky. J. F. P. 58. 453.

20Darby. 2.347.

21 Frankland & Duppa.
396.

2
vw.

20.

* Brandes. 19.306.
23 Geuther. 18. 303.
2% Heintz. 12. 359.

2%Siemens. 14. 461.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

165

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee ee
*Quartenylic acid. ©; iO}; H.OIG.25:° 17.120.
*Homolactic « C,H} O,. T0073, 13."

* Linoleic « Org: Els O5.4 | HO200s 4s"
* Ricinoleic « Crete Osa! NiQ40y Thee s.-6°to-10,°
°Sorbic . « Colin Oss 134°5.
®Parasorbic = « « 1.008, 115.° O2Tn
™Hydrosorbic « Ce Os .969, I9.° 204°5.
8 Pyroracemic « C; 3, 265, 08O.7 Je 165.°
® Citric « C-H..OF O17?
MN « « 1.542.
Tee « « e553.
2 Tartaric « CREO; Leese
a « « « 1.764.
et « « 13730:
% Racemic acid. Dextro.|C,H,O,.H,O} 1.75.
a6 « « Laevo. « 1.7496.
17 « « « 1.69.
1° Methyl salicylic acid. |C, H, O;. PLS ,s10° 2222
a Ethyl « « Cy Ja ee oO; 225
ZOE CC « « « 1.097. 229°5.
a « « « « 1.1843, 10.° 221%?
” Amyl « Ge, 1\Cig EL, O5 270.°
3 Cinnamic cg MICE, Te2H6: 300°—-304.°/129.°
ae « « « 1.195.
*> Benzoic wit |, He O; 1.29. Cryst.
26 « « « 1.201, 20-7 Solids
zi « « « 1.206, 25°98. Liqui |
ad « « 12227). 27° ae
eC « « 1.0838, 121°4. 24992 120?4:.
*° Alpha toluic Cf CAH... 1.3. Solid.
sr « « « « TLO7 Oy Ofer
eC « « « 1.0334, 135.° 265°5 7625.
AUTHORITIES.
1Geuther. J. F. P. (2). 3. | !2 Richter. 24. Delfis:) 7:26)
449. Schiff, 12. 41. 22 Drion. A. C..P..92..314.
2Cloéz. 5.497. 14Buignet. 14.15. 23H. Kopp. J.B Pi3%s280:
3Schiiler. 10. 359. 15 Pasteur. 2.309. *4Schabus. 3.392.

4Saalmiiller. 1.562.

5 Hofmann. C.S. J. 12.43.
6 Hofmann. C.S. J. 12.322.
7 Barringer & Fittig. Z. F.C.

135425:

5 Volckel.
9 Richter.
10 Schiff.

11 Buignet.

6. 426.

12. 41.
14. 15.

16 Pasteur. A.C. Phys. (3).
28st.

Nv Buignet.
18 Cahours.
10. 327.

19 Cahours.

10. 360.
20 Baly.

14. 15.

C.. 8.5. 2.28.

A C. Phys. (3).

A. C. Phys. (3).

2 Kopp.

26 Mendelejeff. 11. 274.
27 ¢ Mendelejeff. 11.274.
28 | Mendelejeff. 11. 274.
29 Kopp. 8.35.

30 ¢ Moller &Strecker. 12.
31 Moller& Strecker. 12.
82 ( Moller&Strecker. 12.

299.
299.
299.

166 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Specific Gravity.|. Boiling | Melting

1Pimaric acid.

a Sylvic «
SEugenic «
4

ic «

* Quinic «
6 ice «

7 « «

* Ethyl camphoric acid.
* Diethyl camphresic acid
10Phycic acid.

For salicylous acid, see
“‘Salicylol.”

For carbolic acid, see ‘‘ Phe-
nol.”

Point. Point.

1.047, 18.° 155°"
PTOI; 18:° 162.°
1.076. 242.°
1.0684, 14.° 25 Tee
1.037, /0° 5%

161°.

161°-162°
1.095, 20°5. 196.°

T1238, 503- >
.896. solid. |*150.°) 1 'd."1736.2

18th. MISCELLANEOUS ETHERS OF THE ETHYL SERIES.

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity.| “point Point”

1 Ethacetic ether. Cy this Ol. |\,.8042,"0.° T19.,
™ Diethacetic « CEO) y 1 Oo22y 0:2 1s Ae
* Ethyl isopropacetate. Cy de. Op. "| 38882402 134°-135.°
tf « « .87166, eh 758.4 m. m.
% Methyl methyldiacetate] C, H,, O;. | 1.020, 9.° 177°.
16 Kthyl « C7, Et, O35, 1 005s.84ee 18997.
1 Methyl ethyldiacetate. « 1.009, 6.° 186°8.
8 Ethyl « Cabs. hcO98;012.- 198.°
9 « ethylglycollate. Ce OG |.978%
20 « dimethoxalate. « sO0315 00S.
71 « ethomethoxalate. | C, H,,0,. | .9768, 13.° 165°5.
” Methyl diethoxalate. z « 9896, 16°5. 165.°
3 Ethyl « Cr Ox 1) 9003 418-7. L752
#4 6©«)6Uamylhydroxalgte. | C, H,, 03. .| -9449, 13.° 203.
2 « ~=ethylamylhydrox-

alate. Cree On| 403005. 13a 224°-225.°

; AUTHORITIES.

1Siewert. 12.510. 10 Lamy. 5.675. | Schreiber. Z. F.C. 13.168.

2Siewert. 12.510.

’Stenhouse. 8. 655.

4Williams. 11. 272.

5 Watts’ Dictionary.

®Hesse. A.C. P. 114.292.

*Zwenger & Siebert. <A. C.
P. Ist. supp. 79.

8 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
64, 164.

9Schwanert. 16.397.

U Frankland & Duppa. 18, | ?° Frankland & Duppa. P. T.

306,

[308. 1866. 309. [38].

2 Frankland & Duppa. 18. | 2! Frankland & Duppa. 18.

396.
14
16 Brandes.
16 Brandes.
1” Geuther.
18 Geuther.

aS Frankland & Duppa. 20. | ?? Frankland & Duppa. P. T.

[896. | 1866. 309. [1866. 309.
Frankland & Duppa. 20. | 3 Frankland & Duppa. P. T.
19. 306. *4 Frankland & Duppa. 18.
19. 306. 382. [1866. 309.
18. 303. 2 Frankland & Duppa. P. T.
18. 303.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

167

| eae .
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Tae ae

1 Amy! diethoxalate. Ci, HO. |) 932277. 132 220

* Ethyl diamyloxalate. Crp Ox 4.9137 213." ZO2N

3 « — ethylerotonate. Cy ESO. 4 .92038a13;> 165.°

‘ « tiglate. CEOs) W026,02 1.2 156.°

> « quartenylate. Cy Tyg OF. ||) -927,,:10.° 136.°

® Acetoglycollic ether. Cz Hy, O,. || 1.0093, 17.° 179."

7 Acetyl lactic « C,H,,O, 1.0458; 17.° A iog

§ Lactobutyric « Oxi Ore littoz1to> 206 2108

: « « « 1.028, ©.° 208.°
10 Lactosuccinic ether. Cy, Hyg Og. | 1.119, 0.° 280.°
1 Kthyl dilactate. @; Ee Or T.I34p0.° 235.0
2 Diethyl trilactate. C,H, O,: a 270.9
Diethyl glycollic ether. | Cop Hyg Oyo. | 1.01, 19.° 251°—255.°
4 Diethyl glyoxylic « Cy Hig 0, | .994, 18.° 199°2.
1 Benzoyl glycollic —« Cy Hy, Oy | 1.1509, 20°4. 286°4-288°4|
16 Methyl oleate. Cyy H35 O,. | .879, 18.°
" Ethyl « Co) H3, O.. | .871, 18.°
18 Methyl elaidate. Cio Hye O,.° | .872, 18.°
19 Ethyl « Cy Hy; O;: .869, 18.° 3703
2» « citrate. Ci, Hoy Ope | rt42)-21-° 283.°
21 « citraconate. Cy Hy, Oy | 1.040, 1825. 225°
2 « -mesaconate. « 1.043, 20.° 22033
3 « aconitate. Cy, Hyg Og. | 1.074, 14.° 236.°
* « fumarate. Coot Oi || g106-11.2 225.8
% « veratrate. Cy Hy Of | 1.141, 18.2 ss. 42.°
% « pyromucate. C, H, 1.297, 20.° 208°-210.° |34.°
7 Methyl mucate. s jet Os. [-AS—1-50,-20°
8 Kthyl « Cro Hig O8...| 1.17;=1.32, 20:° 150°S135°
9 « camphorate. Cre OF.) 1.0207 To. 285°-287.°
30 «)~paracamphorate. « MOS TS. 270°-275.°
31 « ~=camphresate. Cipckt. Or! Wel.0775, 1
* Methyl cinnamate. Cres 0, 1.106. 241.°

3 Ethyl « Gi, 12 O,. | 1.126, 0.° 26200

AUTHORITIES.
1Frankland & Duppa. P.T. | 1 Wurtz & Friedel. 14.377.) Pebal. 4. 404.
1866. 309. (383. | 12 Wurtz & Friedel. 14. 377. | 3 Watts’ Dictionary.

2Frankland & Duppa. 18.|!Geuther. 20. 455. #47, Henry. A.C. P. 156.178.
3 Frankland & Duppa. 18.|1Schreiber. Z. F.C. 13.168. | 2 Will. A.C. P. 37. 198.

384.

4Geuther & Frohlich. Z.F.

C. 13. 549.

5Geuther. J. F. P. (2). 3.444.

6 Heintz. 15.292.
7Wislicenus. 15.300.
8 Wurtz. 12. 295.
9Wurtz. 13.273.
10 Wurtz & Friedel.

14, 378. |

15 Andrieff. 18. 344.

16 Laurent.
65, 294.

17 Laurent.
18 Taurent.
65. 294.

19 Taurent.
20 Malaguti.

A. C. Phys. (2).

(65, 294,

A. C. Phys. (2).
A. C. Phys. (2).

[65. 294.

A. C. Phys. (2).
A.C. Pi 2.267.

21 Watts’ Dictionary.

2% Malaguti. J. . P. 41. 224.
27 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
63. 86. [63. 86.
28 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
29 Malaguti. A.C. P. 22. 48.
30Chautard. 16. 395.
31Schwanert. 16. 397.
320. Kopps (CpR. 21.1376.
33H. Kopp. C. R. 21. 1376.

168

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ears ee
1 Ethyl cinnamate. Ghia s BAG. 205.°
S « « « I.13. 260.°
aK « « 262°
4 « « 1.0656, O.2 266.°
5 « « « 1.0498, ia 760 m. m.
® Methyl benzoate. Cre O;: Vip Coes By 198°5.
7 « « « 11026,/0:° 2
=. « « 1.0876, ea pea
eK « « W092, 223.
” Ethyl « Cy EG Ox” | 10530; 1:5: ZOO.2
EL « « 1.06, LGac 208°—209.°
= « « 1.049, 14.° 2O7 se
Loic « « F.0057, 0+ 13°
EG « « 1.0556, 10°5. on
1 « « 1.0517, TAat.
16 Amyl « Cio. dae O72 1:0030;,0 360°
x « « 9925, a Bed,
TC « « 252°-254.°
9Tsopropyl « Gig Gs O37 inio5d, ae 218.°
20 « « « 1.013, 25. - 762 m. m
1 Ethyl teluate. « 228.°
2 « xylylate. Ci Haar 233°
23 «~~ cuminate. Gy, (aa, OO; 240.°
. Methyl homotolhate. Cig kl, O88 | Loess a 238°-239.°
2 « « « 1.018, 49. J
: Ethyl « Cy hy OF | 120343; ey ee
eC « « 9925, 49°
cout t Ci OF 9807, ei pores
Y « « « -9520, 49.
*° Diethyl oxybenzoate. Crp ea Ome 120075,80:- lear
31 « « « 1.0725, 4 eae:
* Methyl phenylacetate. C,H,,0, (Cone oy ae Come 220."
3 Ethyl « Cyc 3 Os (?) | t:03r: 226.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Plantamour. A.C. P. 30.|1! Deville. A.C. Phys. (3). | 3 Gerhardt & Cahours.

344. 3. 188. 24 ( Krlenmeyer. 19.366 and
2Marchand. A.C. P. 32. 269. | 12 Delffs. 7. 26. 367. [367.
° Herzog. Watts’ Dictionary. | ¥ ( Kopp. 18. % ( Erlenmeyer. 19.366and
*¢ Kopp. 18. 14 ( Kopp. 18. 26 ¢ Erlenmeyer. 19.367.
5\ Kopp. 18. 16 Mendelejeff. 13.7. 27 | Erlenmeyer. 19.367.
6Dumas & Peligot. <A. C.|16¢ Kopp. 18. 28 ¢ Erlenmeyer. 19. 367.

Phys. (2). 58. 50. 17 (| Kopp. 18. 29 | Erlenmeyer. 19. 367.
1( Kopp.? 18: 18 Rieckher. 1. 699. rt Heintz. A.C. P. 153. 332.
8\ Kopp. 18. 19° ( Silva, Z. F.C: 12.637. | §! | Heintz, A.C. Pi63)382:
® Mendelejeff. 13.7. 20°( Silva. Z. F.C. 12.637. | 82 Radsizewski. Z. F.C. 12.
10Dumas & Boullay. P.A.|2Noad. 1.715. [C. 7.345.) 358. (358.

12. 430. 22 Hirzel & Beilstein. B.S. ! 33 Radsizewski. Z. F.C. 12.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

169

SS ee aa ae eee eee

19th. MISCELLANEOUS.

.. | Boiling | Meltin
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Pointe Deen
'Dimethylene carbon-
ethylene ether. Cx H05.. |998, 112-2 198.°
* Aldehyde diacetate. T.O741TO
* Acrolein acetate. C, E15, OFF} 1.076; 22.2 180.°
*Methylal. C; Hi. Of 8551. Az.
° Dimethyl! acetal. CE Os HSS 55 0:5 65.°
6 « « « .8674, 1.° 64°4.
7 « « | « .8787, Oo:
3 « « « 8590, 14.°
9 « « « .8503, 22.° 63°-64.°
10 « « | « .8497, 23.°
11 « « | « 8476, 25.°
” Methyl « | C5 Fig Ora <8535;.09 Shee
8 Acetal. Cpt Ons 1.842, 21e Toe
EG « 2029,020.5 95°2.
1D aC « O21, 22°4: 104°-106.°
16a 1% « 104.°
"Dimethyl valeral. C; Hi5O}-. || 852, 101° T2Ace
18 Diethyl « Cy sy Ox. 4) 2835511230 T5oc2:
9 Diamyl acetal. Creatas Oy. || 03475 meee 21098,
a valeral. Ci Els, Ox» | 840, 7-5 240°-255.°
1 Valeral diacetate. | ©, Ee O,. .963. 195.°
* Derivative of valeral. | Crofllas Oa) 0027; 17° 250°-290.°
** Ethyl diacetone carbo- |
nate.| Cio His O;. =| .9738, 20.° | 210°-212.°
* « ethacetone « C;, Ea Os «|| 98345 16.° | h95-2
* « dimethacetone « « .9913, 16.° | 184.°
*6 « isopropacetone « C, Hy, O;. | -98046, 0.° 201.°
7 Acetyl valeryl. C7, Oz-- |) .8804; 1595;
*S Metacrolein. C,H, 0,. | 1.03, 8.°°
** Mesityl oxide. | CHET Ores iicoAs 2c" 131s?
AUTHORITIES.
1 Geuther. 16. 324. 22 Wurtz. 9.597. 23 Frankland & Duppa. 18.
2Geuther. 17.329. | 13 Dobereiner. 306.
3 Hiibner & Geuther. 13.307. | 14 Liebig. A.C. P. 5. 25. a ae & Duppa. 18.
*Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2). | Stas. 1. 697. if
70. 304, 16 Wurtz & Frapolli. A.C. P. | % Frankland & Duppa. 1S.
5 Wurtz. 9.597. 108. 223. 309.
6 Alsberg. 17. 485. MW Alsberg. 17. 486. 2% Frankland & Duppa. 20.
7 (Dancer. 17.484. 18 Alsberg. 17.486. 395.
8 | Dancer. 17. 484. | 19 Alsberg. 17.485. 27 Olewinsky. 14. 463.
9 Dancer. 17. 484. | 20 Alsberg. 17. 486. 28Geuther. 17. 334.
10 | Dancer. 17. 484. |*1Guthrie & Kolbe. 12. 365. | % Fittig. 12. 344.
1 | Dancer. 17. 484. '2 Borodin. 17. 339.

12

170

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee ee
? Acrolein. CaO 1 52°.
? Pinacone. 1s |7@g Hip O>. §|,.96)15.° 176°-177.°
3 Tsobenzpinacone. Lil,C5 HSsOe | tO; TO: | 29795.
4 Acropinacone. Cele Ose i OOn lifes | 160°-180.°
®Pinacolin. Cy aye Ol(?)| <7999;, 16.2 105.°
® Phorone. Cyt O.7(?)l 939 ia12.°
7 « « :932, aa
oF 8G Camphorone. « .9614, 20.°
9 « « 196.° ZO
10 Diacetyl conylene. Cig tes OZ | \988,288-2- 225.0
1 Derivative of chloroform) C, H,, O;. | .8964, 145°-146.°
2 Triethyl propylphycite. | C, H O,. | .976, 0.° \
13 « « « « .g6051, 1695.
1# Diethoxyl ether. Cy HO. \8o245i21.7 168.°
% Citraconic anhydride. CS ROe. N24 76
%Camphoric = « B) Crpblgg Os (iMatodiazor5. 270.2 217-°
1 Camphor. 10 Hig O. | -986,-.996. *
8 Patchouli camphor. Cy Hyg O,. | 1.051, 4°5. | 296.° 54°-55-°
*’ Ethylated camphor. Cy EL Or | -946;722=-. | 226°-231.°
*° Amylated « Cx. O: |..910, 185-- | 272° "078°
1 Acetyl « Ci> Ely O32 10.986, 20:2 | 227°-230.°
™ Ethylated borneol. Cialis On 2910235 202°5
* Methylated « Cee Om || 3l5=: 194°5.
24 Camphrene. Cy H,0:. | :974,26.° a. 240:°
6 Acetyl camphrene. COs || OSH ets? 230°-240.°
6 Styryl alcohol. Coy ecae S.0
77 Anisaldehyde. C,H Oye 1/109;920.7 | 253 °=255.~
bee « | « 112282 13-— 247°-248.°
*9 Salicylol, salicylous acid,|) C, H, O,. | 1.1731, 1323. 196°5.
%° or salicyl hydride. \ 182°-185.°
ae « « « 17892.
®Salicin. Natural. Crp days Oye || 1243 38),.20.-
25 Artificial. « | TA257. \

AUTHORITIES.

1 Hubner & Geuther. 13.305. | 3} Wolff. A.C. P. 150.56. | *Chautard. 10. 483.
?Linnemann. 18. 315. M4 Lieben. 20.546. *>Schwanert. 15. 466.
3 Linnemann. 18. 556. 15 Watts’ Dictionary. 26. Kopp. 2. 461.
*Linnemann. 18. 317. 16 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2). | 27Cahours. A. C. Phys. (3).
5Fittig. 12.347. 64. 160. 14, 484.

Fittig. 12. 344. Watts’ Dictionary. 28 Rossel. Z. F.C. 12. 56
Fittig. 12.344. Gal. ZF; C.A25220, 29'Piria., AC; B29: a
8Schwanert. 15. 464. 19Baubigny. 19. 624. 30 Bttling. A.C. P. 29. 310.

9Baeyer. 18.317. 20 Baubigny. 31 Mendelejeff. 13. 20.

10 Wertheim. 16. 438. 21 Baubigny. 19. 624. 32 ( Piria. A. C. Phys. (3).
U Williamson. 7. 551. 22 Baubigny. 44, 368. [44. 368.
24) Wolff A.C. P. 150.56. % Baubigny. 83\ Piria, A. C. Phys. (3).

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 171
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. ae Paes ;
*Saliretin. Gr} I.DM6E, 25.°
?Saligenin. Ci s PCO): HIGrsay 25-0
* Benzoyl! hydride. C, H, O. L075:
oe « « 1:038,-15.° 180°-183.°
5 « « « 1.043.
Phy wc « « 1.0636, 0.° s
x « « « 1.0499, 14°6. Me:
cheat « « 1.0504.
* Methyl benzoyl. C,H. 0: 1.032) 16.2 198.°
” Benzoycin. Gy Hig Of | 02285
"Tsomer of benzil. Cig Hig O. | 1-104; 10.° 314.°
“ Ethyl benzhydrol ether. | C,, H,, O. | 1.029, 20.° 183.°
8 Acetic « « Chl OF. 4) Tego, 22.2 301°-302.°
™ Benzyl benzoate. Cy He, ©. BAR
i aa « « I.114, 18°5. 303°—304.°
16 «~~ cinnamate. Cis EG Z0;. 305.°
NOW ee « — [dride. « 1.098, 14.°
* Benzo cenanthylic anhy-| C,, Hj, O03. | 1:043.
“Benzo cinnamic —« Cig Hus Og. /0s8.45"23.°
*” Benzo cuminic « CeHy Org rks 23°
71 Cuminol. Cie sO: 220.2
is ‘ « 9832, om ; 236.°
s « 10727 9 132A:
i « « O75 15 15.7
> Veratrol. Dy Eg Ose? | aeosor 1g 202°-205:° .| 752°
*6 Phenyl acetate. OE Os 188.°
ZS ac « « 1.074. 200.°
*% Benzyl « Cpr 5 Oy: 2102,
”? Ethyl phenyl carbonate.) C, H,, O03. | 1.117, 0.° '2343°
* Phenol. Ce le Os - 5 ||| -16062.-20,° 19725:
‘ « « 1.065, 18.° 187°-188.° | 34°-35.°
« « 1.0627. 184.°
Sc « 1.0808, 0.°
ue =, - 1.0507, om eee
AUTHORITIES.
1 Beilstein & Seelheim. 14. |! Alexeyeff. 17. 335. | 23 { Kopp. 18.
765. (765. | 12 Linnemann. 18.553. 24 Mendelejeff. 13.7.
2Beilstein & Seelheim. 14. | 1% Linnemann. 18. 554. 25 Merck. 11.256.
3 Chardin-Hardancourt. See | }4Cannizzaro. 7. 585. 2%Scrugham. 7. 605.
26. 15 Kraut. A.C. P. 152.159. | 27 Boughton. 18. 530.
*Guckelberger. 1. 850. 16 Plantamour. 8 Cannizzaro. 6.511.
5 Wohler & Liebig. See 18. |! Scharling. 9.630. 9 Fatianoff. 17.477.
6 Kopp. 18. 18 Malerba. 7. 444. 30 Runge. P.A.32. 308. [195.
7 Kopp. 18. 19Gerhardt. 5. 449. | 31 Laurent. A.C. Phys. (3). 3.
§ Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 20 Gerhardt. 5.448. [12.391.|}*Scrugham. C.S. J. 7. 237.
9Friedel. 10. 270. 21 Gerhardt & Cahours. C.R, *( Kopp. 18.
10 Berthelot. 6. 455. 221 Kopp. 18. “4 Kopp. 18.

172

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Be re
1 Phenol. Carel c): 1.0554. TO77 S—18.°
S « « 1.068. 186°-1 7 ae
Sak « 1.0667, 38.° 163 3725,
*Kresol. Care) 1.033723. 198.°
Bn te « 198.° 35-°
® Metakresol. « 189°-190.° |s.—38.°
7Parakresol. « 1O7s- 20.° S. 24.0
2 « « 201°5-202.° |34°5.
® Benzyl alcohol. GC, TO 1.059. 204.°
10 « « « 1.0628, 0.° 206°5.
ee « « 1.0507, 15°4. 751-4 m. m.
Eon « « 1.0465, 19.° 206°2.
8 Anisol. C, H, O. ‘QOL, BUS.. 152.0
14 Phenetol. C,H; 0: 175
ee « « Less than water. | 172.°
16 Ethyl phenol. C,H, 0: Die 47°-48.°
1 Xylenol. Phloretol. CEO MOs7 Awl 2.0 aj 22000
a « Alpha. « .9709,,81.° ZI 325. Tes
19 « Beta. « I .030, Oy \ be 195
20 « « « +9700, Silea Top te
a « Xenol. « 1.020322 OTA22,.
2 Ethyl kresol. Gb 8744, 0.° 188.°
3 Tsopropyl phenate. Co Hk. O: .958, 0.° yi ee
a « « « O47, 12°5:) ;
*Styrolyl ethyl ether. Cella Ose | £031, 2rco: 185°-187.°
6 Thymol, of Ajowan oil. | Cj H,, O. | 1.0285. S. | distits 222,° \44°
2 « Cymyl] alcohol. « 243°
8 Tsobutyl! anisol. Cis Os 120385, 10. 198.°
* Phenamylol. Ciaeklae O: 224°-225.°
3° Methyl thymol. gOCy rie Or login arc 205
31 Carvol. Clty (OMP :-053, 15. 225°-230.°
2 Geraniol. Cacia, Os SISSGi, aise: er 2
33 « « 8813, a 232-233.
AUTHORITIES.
1Duclos. A.C. P. 109.135. | Cahours. 2. 403. 3 (Silva. Z. F.C. 13. 250.
2Church. C.S. J. 16. 76. 12 Bally.) -A..C.B: 70.269: 2% | Silva. Z. F.C. 18. 250.
3 Graebe. 1 Cahours. 2.425. % Thorpe. 22. 412.
4v. Rad. 22. 448. 16 Wittig & Kiesow. A.C. P.|°Stenhouse. 9.624.
SHuchsi; Zs PC Ma a7. 156. 254. 27 Kraut. A.C. P. 92. 66.
Barth. Z. F.C. 13. 624. lv Hlasiwetz. 10. 329. 28 Riess. C. 8. J. 24.221.
™Barth. Z. F.C. 13.624. 18 Wurtz. 21. 460. 29Cahours. C. R. 32.61.
8 Wurtz. Z. F. C. 13. 382. » Wurtz. 21. 460. 30 Engelhardt & Latschinoff. »
*Cannizzaro. 7. 585. 20 Wurtz. 21.460. 22. 466.
10 Kopp. 18. 21 Wrobleysky. 21. 459. 31 Volckel. 6.512.
Kopp. 8s 22Fuchs. 22. 457. 32 ¢ Jacobsen. Z. F.C. 14.171.

2Kraut. A.C. P. 152:134

33 | Jacobsen. Z. F.C. 14.171.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 173
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. eae oe
'Cajeputene hydrate. Cit elag O-le.O03s 1 7cc V7 5:3
? Cinacrol. Cio Hy, O;.| 1.05=1.15. as250:¢
* Colophonone. C1, His 0: |) -84: O7--
* Ericinol. Cig Hig O.|: 874, 202 240°-242.°
ie Mentha Pulegium. | C,) H,, 0.| .9271,—.939. 182°-185.°
eraniol ether. Cokie 0; 187°-190.°
*Cardol. Cr. 0, | .070)23—
’Tvaol. Cig Eg O: |, 9346, 152°
®Terpinol. Cipla; Oss 2852; 168.°
1° Eucalyptol. Cie tts, On (0056 5.0 175-
1 Safrol. Ora etay One nl bein 231°-233.°
” Kreosol. C, Hyg, O;..| 1.0894, 13.2 219°
* Cholesterine. C., H,, O. | 1.03, Melted. 169°-170.°
4 Santonin. Cie Os.:| 1.247, 2025. 135°-130:0
® Cochlearin. C;H,,0,.) 1.248. a5
16 Picrolichenin. 1.176.
"Calophyllum Resin. C7 EEO) 5) 1ei2, Cryst. 105.°s.90.°
18 Antiar Resin. Cy, H,, O. | 1.032. |
19Guyaquillite. Gey Hag O39) 1-@62:
?° Hartin. Coy Ea Oo tb ioe 210.7
"1 From wormseed oil. C7 Eg OF | -919,/20. 174°-175.°
*« Angostura bark. | C,, H,, O..| -934. a, 260.°
Oil of wormwood. Cipla OF 078, 2a 200°-205.°
** From oil of Osmitopsis
asteriscoides. Cipla O02 Le 178°-188.°
> Oil of Coriander. Cig elas Oh O71, 142 150.2
6 « « Ginger. Ca Fae os O;: 893. DAG.
7 « « Pulegium micran-
thum. Crpdlse OnlnOs2; 170, Die
8 Aldisol. Cg Hyg05.@)| «877, 15.° 130.°
** Xanthil. C.H)03.0)) 894. 130.°
° Furfurol. C.- O; 162-,
a « « 1.1648, 15°6. 162°8-163°3)
oa « « E1030; -13°R: 166.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Schmidl. 13. 480. 12 Hlasiwetz. A.C. P.106.354. | 2? Herzog. 11. 444.
2 Hirzel. Watts’ Dictionary. | ® Hein. 1.920. 2% TLeblanc. A.C. P. 56.357.
3Schiel. 13.489. 1#Trommsdorf. A.C. P. 11. | 2#Gorup-Besanez. 7. 596.

*Frohde. J. F. P. 82. 186.

5 Watts’ Dictionary.

6 Jacobsen. Z. F. C. 14.171.

TStadeler. 1.577. [13. 618.

8 Planta-Reichenau. Z. F.C.

Sist. 1.726:

10Cloéz. Z. F.C. 13.319.

1 Grimaux & Ruotte. Z.F.
©) 12: 411:

190.
15 Watts’ Dictionary.
16 Alms. A.C. P. 1.61.

MW Levy. C. R. 18. 244.

18 Mulder. A.C. P. 28.307.
19 Dana’s Mineralogy.
20Schrotter. P. A. 59, 45.
2 Volekel. 6.513.

2 Kawalier. 5. 624.

26 Papousek. 5. 624.

27 Butlerow. 7.595.

28 Robiquet. Watts’ Dict.
29 Couérbe.

80 Cahours. 1. 733.
31Stenhouse. 1. 732.
32Stenhouse. 3.513.

174

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Be one
1 Furfurol. C,H, O,,| 1-168, 1595. 161°6.
2 « « eae
are - AE \ or 160°-180.°
*Fucusol. C, Hag Ox | Ts150) F325: 171-1720
°Guajol. C, ER Oe 207i, 15° 115°—-120.°
®Guajacol. LOL7l, cise 210.°
Ay i TAQ, 22.0 210.°
a 8 Ft FO 203°-205.°
a T.119, 1725:
0 Kapnomor. .9775, 20.° TOG e-
oa ee 995, 1525.
” Kreosote. 1.037, 20.° 203.°
Poms ee 1.076, 15°5.
as ind 1.64, 1125.
mb TOG hge 202°-210.°
ae « FOS3t 725.
a « 1.0874, 20.° 195.°
18 « 1.087, 16.°
1? Mesitene. C,;H,,05.@)| .808. 63.°
0 Xylite. 816. Gres:
aN Ke 805. 61°-62.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Fownes. P.T. 1845.253. | 9 Gorup-Besanez. 16 Gorup-Besanez. 20.683.

2 ¢ Volckel. 5. 652.

3 \Volckel. 5. 652.

4Stenhouse. 3.513.

5 Volckel. 7.611.

® Hlasiwetz. <A. C. P. 106.
366.

TSobrero. Watts’ Dictionary.

8 Vélckel. 7. 610.

10 Reichenbach. J. F.P.1.6.

UVolckel. 6.541.

1 Reichenbach. Schweig. J.
66. 308.

1 VO6lckel. 6.542.

M4 Gorup-Besanez.

18 Gorup-Besanez.

6. 542.
8. 653.

17 Frisch.
18 Biechele.
19Weidmann & Schweitzer.

21 Volckel.

20. 689.

A. C. P. 36. 305.

2 Weidmann & Schweitzer.

A. C. P. 36. 305.
4, 499.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 175
—— ee ee

XLI. Compounps Conrarinine OC, H, anv N.

Ist. CYANIDES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.*

NITRILES.
Name. F i : : Boiling Melting
ormula. |Specific Gravity. Point Point
* Methyl cyanide. C Hie. Cy. Wee
2 « « « 8347, 0.° ) r <
3 « « rc SIQI, 16.°f 70°9-72°1.
4 « « « 77°-78.°
5 @ « « 77°06:
6 « « « 77°—78,°
7 « « « 81°-82.°
* Ethyl « C, Hy. Cy. | .787;.15.° 82.°
OTC « « .7889, 12°: 88.°
eae) . rok
« « « 96°7.
12 « -« « 98.°
VEropy) |) 4« ©, H,.Cy, |) 705, 122s: 118°5.
le « « iso. « a GOre
* Butyl « C_ Hy. Cy. 2810. 125.0
LP XC « « Ola 15.” 125°-128.°
wT « « « .8164, 0.° 140°4.
18 Amyl « C,; H,;.. Cy, | 8061, 20.° 146.°
19 Heptyl « CA. OV, 20208, 1393: 194°-195.°
© Octyl « C, Hy Cye-| 8187, 142 200.°
2d. AMINES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.
Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. ee ae
7! Dimethylamine. CHiN: —10°, to-15.°
ae « « « 8°-g.°
* Ethylamine. Ce Ne .6964, 8.° 1327,
AUTHORITIES.
1Dumas. 1.592. 9 Frankland & Kolbe. 1.552. | 17 Lieben & Rossi. A. C. P.
2. (Kopp. 18. 10Limpricht. 9.514. 158. 137.
3 (Kopp. 18. (508. | 1 Gautier. 21.631. 18 Frankland & Kolbe. 1.559.
*Buckton & Hofmann. 9. | 12 Grimm. 19 Melletdr. 21. 634.
5 Engler. 18. 310. 13Pumas. 1. 594. 20 Felletér. 21.634.
6Siersch. 21.681. 14 Markownikoff. 18. 318. 21 Petersen. 10. 382.
TGautier. 21.630. 15Schlieper. A.C. P. 59.15. |?? Hofmann. Watts’ Dict.
®Pelouze. Watts’ Dict. 16 Guckelberger. 1. 852. 2% Wurtz. 3.446.

* Compare these cyanides with the carbylamines.

176

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

|

Name. Formula. (Specific Gravity. Poe Pee
'Trimethylamine. Gi se ING 9.
* Propylamine. « 4997.
S « « <7283;;08 49°-50.°
4 « « USA, a 761 m. m.
« iso. « 690; 15. - s1c5.
6 « 1s0. « 319-3295.
7 Diethylamine. Cea iN RVs
*Butylamine. C, EN 69°-70.°
: « « Ji55SHOse 7 5c5:
10 « « 7333; ve 740 m. Mm.
" Amylamine. Ce Es ane 93.
12 « « 7503; 18.° 95.°
13 « « 815, Ole 5.
us « iso. « 755, 0.° 78°.
Di-isopropylamine. Coie Nem 7225. 22— 83°5-84.°
6 Hexylamine. Chane aN 798; Byes 125°-128.°
" Heptylamine. Ce oN: 144°-148.°
18 « « 145°-147.°
19 Methylethylamylamine.| C, H,, N. ESoa9
*° Octylamine. CEL Na) |) 2788: BOA eat
a « « 172°-175.°
a « « L7iGe-
3 « « 168°-172.°
** Diethylamylamine. CaN: Teen
*° Nonylamine. Core Ne 190°-192.°
*6 Diamylamine. Cio eben WN. B7 Ose
2 « « 7825, 0.° 178°-180.°
*8 Triamylamine. giles nN. 257°
** 'Tricetylamine. Cie aN. 3O.9SU33"°
AUTHORITIES.

1 Hofmann. Watts’ Dict. |! Brazier & Gossleth. 3.398. | 2! Cahours. 7. 484.
2? Mendius. 15. 3826. 2 Wurtz. 3.451. 2 Bouis. 8.526.
8 (Silva, )Z.. ©: 12: 638: 8 Wurtz. 19.425. °3 Pelouze and Cahours. 16.
| Silva. Z. F.C.12.638. | Wurtz. 19. 425. 529.
5Siersch. 21. 682. 1 Siersch. 21.682. “Hofmann. 4.489.
®Gautier. A.C. P. 149.159. 16 Pelouze and Cahours. 16. | % Pelouze and Cahours. 16.
THofmann. 4. 489. 527. 929.
SWurtz. A.C. P. 93.124. | Pelouze and Cahours. 16. | 2 Hofmann. 4. 493.
9 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P. 528. 271Silva. Z. F..C. 10. 157

} 98. 124. 18 Schorlemmer. 16. 533. *8 Hofmann. 4.493.

Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.|1®Hofmann. C.S. J. 4.317. | 2 Fridau. <A. C. P. 83. 25.
93. 124. Squire. 7.485.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 177
3d. BASES OF THE ANILINE SERIES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae oe
*Phenylamine. Aniline.) ©, H, N. Ie O20 710.7 ig2a
. « « « 1.028. 228.°
: « « « 1.0361, 0.° }
: « « « 1.0251,.13°7. |. 184°8.
: “ « « 1.018, 15°95. 18495.
Toluidine. Benzylamine.| C, H, N 198.°
z « « .990, 14.° 183.°
: { « 205°-206.° | 45.°
« Pseudo. « 1.0002, 1693. 198.°
a « « 120032022: 199.°
ue « Different \ « 998, 21505. 199.°
a « preparations. | « 200.° 45.°
2 « « 1.002, 22.° 199.°
™ Methy! aniline. CoH; Ni 192.°
1 Xylidine. . Cie 985, 18°5. 216.°
Mos PG Alpha. « O7522-° 213°-214.°
TE AG Beta. « 1993). 22° 210°-21 e
18 Ethyl aniline. C, EN 954, 18.° 204.°
**Cumidine. Cy Hie .8526 225.°
? Ethyl toluidine. Conta 9391, U5°se 217 Ve
"1 Cymidine. Cy, Hy, N. | Less than’ water. | a.250;°
* Diethyl aniline. Cy5, Hay. N: «|| «930; 18.2 Z1B0Gs
3 Amyl « Cy a N 2h
** Diethyl! toluidine. Cr bly Nq. ||-9242, 14528: 229.°
» Ethyl amyl aniline. Ci HN 262-5
6 Diamyl « Cre iN: 275°-280.°
2 Cetyl « C. J Pelt 42 Sisk as
* Dibenzylamine. Cy bias NY | 28033; 140°
9 Allyl aniline. C;, H, IN. kg82y25°° 208°-209
AUTHORITIES.
'Hofmann. A.C. P. 47.50. | u Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z.|18 Hofmann. 2. 398.
2¥Fritsche. J. F. P. 20. 453. F. C. 12.528. 19Nicholson. 1. 664.
Kopp. 18. 2 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z. | 2° Morley & Abel. 4. 497.
Kopp. 18. F. &. 12. 523. 2 Barlow. 8. 547.
5Stideler and Arndt. 17. | 13 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z. | 2? Hofmann. 2. 399,
425. F, C. 12. 524. Hofmann. 2. 401.
® Muspratt & Hofmann. “Hofmann. 2.400. [418. | 2 Morley & Abel. 7. 498.
TLimpricht. 20. 510. 1 Tawildarow. Z. F.C. 13.|% Hofmann. 2. 401.
8Stiideler. J. F. P. 96.67. | 36 Beilstein and Kuhlberg. | °° Hofmann. 2. 401.
®Rosenstiehl. 21. 745. A. C. P. 156. 206. 27Fridau. A.C. P. 83. 30.
10 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z. | 17} Beilstein and Kuhlberg. | * Limpricht. 20. 510.

F.C. 12. 523.

l A.C. P. 156. 206.

* Schiff. 17.415.

178

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

4th. BASES OF THE PYRIDINE SERIES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. pee oe
1 Pyridine. C,, He N-”|'.9858,0:° 11697.
2 « « O24, 225. LS
S « « EEGOG:
* Picoline. CEG, NEM O55; TO.- 133:°
: « « QO13,:0.- 135-0
f « « 1933, 226. rq4ce
7 « « 135.°
8 « « 135-1
® Parapicoline. « 13077. 260°-315.°
1 Lutidine. Crit Ne 028. 177°-183.°
aa « « .9467, 0.° 154°5.
z « « 945, 22.° 154.°
1S NG Alpha. « 9467, 0.° 154.°
re Beta. « 39555, O:- eee
» Collidine. Cub aN co2t: Wo7
16 « « 170;;
aS a « 9439, 0.° 180.°
8 « « 180.°
a8 « « 953, 22. 170.°
ty « « I 78°-I 80.°
*! Parvoline. C,, TigNy|:960,-22.2 188.°
* Coridine. Cp tebe ING 074:22.2 Bde
3 Rubidine. Cth, Na 0.017, 22." 230)"
4 Viridine. Cy Hy. Ne >r.024, 222 Det.o oz

5th. MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae Ce
*> Methyl carbylamine. C, EEN. 58°-59.°
*6 Ethyl « Ci aete N. 78°-80.°
*TTsopropyl = « C,H NS 759680." 87°
** Butyl « CE, Noe3\-78735 4-— 114°-117.°

AUTHORITIES.

1 Anderson. 10.397. 11 Anderson. 10.397. 20 Baeyer. Z. F. C. 12. 689.
2Thenius. 14. 502. 2 Thenius. 14. 502. 1Thenius. 14. 502.
3Church & Owen. 13.359. | 3 ¢ Williams. 17. 437. 2Thenius. 14. 502.
4 Anderson. A.C. P. 60.93. | 14 | Williams. 17. 437. *Thenius. 14. 502.
5 Anderson. 10. 397. 15 Anderson. 7.490. . [809. | *4Thenius, 14. 502.
6Thenius. 14. 502. 16 Williams. Chem. Gaz. 13. | 2 Gautier. 20. 367.
TChurch & Owen. 13.359. |!” Anderson. 10. 397. 26 Gautier. 20.367.
8 Baeyer. 18 Church & Owen. 18.359. | 27 Gautier. B.S. C. 11. 224.
® Anderson. 10. 396. 19Thenius. 14. 502. Gautier. Z F.C. 12.415.

10 Williams. 7. 494.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

179

eer rae Boiling | Melting
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Se
1 Acetylamine. (2) 1@, deeNis \ecO 75 eelS.c 218.°
? Allylamine. Cy HN. |) 864, Ti5.° 58.
3 Ethylene cyanide. CE ING =. |, 120235 Agee a7.
sete « Ci) HN. 1148389)12.- 118°7-119°2.
« « « .o12, Ose
6 « « « 794, ea 96°-106.°
esc « « 8491 oO:
Ld F ° °
Be : p 8351, 15.° 116°-118.
* Phenyl « C,H, N. |\'1:0073,,15.° 190°-IgI.°
OS z : voscole?
.0230, O. in
we « « 1.0084, 16°8. sgO:e:
2 Cumonitrile. Ci5 i ING 765 eta 239.°
8 Chinoline. C, Ei,-Ni,, || Teestss6.° 239.°
14 « « 238°-243.°
19 Lepidine. Cie NG, 38072, 5c 266°-271.°
e;Pyrrol. Cy Figs 51077; 133°
™ Coniine. C,H Neal} 389: 187°5.
18 « « 189.°
i « « 222
Ba ek « 878. 168°-171.°
zt « « 16325.
» Nicotine. C, Eis Ne | 8:033;c4-°
BS « « 1.027, 15.°
24 « « 1,018, 30.°
25 « «| 1.0006, 50.°
26 « « 9424, IOI°S.
AUTHORITIES.
1Natanson. 9.527. 9Fehling. A.C. P. 49.91. |}8Christison. Watts’ Dict.
2Oeser. 18. 506. 10 ¢ Kopp. 18. 19 Ortigosa. A.C. P. 42. 313.
’Simpson. 14, 654. 11 ( Kopp. 18. 2 Blyth. 2.388.
4Will & Korner. 16. 499. 12 Hofmann. 1.595. 21 Wertheim. 15. 364.
5 ¢Lieke. A.C. P. 112.319.|!3 Hofmann. A.C. P. 47.79. | ( Barral. 1.614.
6 | Lieke. A.C. P. 112.319. |14 Williams. 9.533. él Barral. 1. 614.
7 ( Rinne & Tollens. A. C.|! Williams. 9.536. 241 Barral. 1.614.
P. 159. 105. 16 Anderson. 10. 399. 2% Hae 1. 614.
8| Rinne & Tollens. A.C. | 1"? Geiger. Watts’ Dictionary. | | Barral. 1, 614,

{| P. 159. 105.

180 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XLII. Compounps Contarinine C, H, N, anv O.

1st. NITRITES AND NITRATES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.

Name. Formula. | “Gravity, | 7 Point o| "Pointe
1 Methy! nitrite. Oc -NiOs) | 008. —12.°
? Ethyl « C, HN: 3.” |/.886, 4°
a « « -947, Loa TOCAS
4 « « « 8098. 17°5-18.°
Ba « « .9OO, 15°5. 16°6-17°8.
®Tsopropyl « C, H, N’O,...|:.856; 0° \ 45.°
7 « « « .844, Dane 762 m. m.
* Butyl « C; Hy NO, |-8044580:7
9 « « « 8771, Lone 675°
10 « « « 82568, 50.°
1 Amyl « CG, EL GEN. ©; 96.°
2 « « « O73: or.
13 «| « « 99.°
** Methyl] nitrate. CH, NO; 15182,.20.° 66.°
® Ethyl « CyHEEN O,) = iT) 7.2 85.°
16 °
‘ « « « 1.1322, 0. : \ 863.
« « « Pelt 2 35 ToS.
Se « « 1.0948, fa 8722.
*Tsopropyl « CG, TAN O;.4|M0547050) 101°-102.°
20 « « « 1.036, 19.7): 760 mM. m.
* Butyl « Cy NO, al. 130.7
AX « « 10384, 0.°
Be « « ee 16.2 oom
*4 Amyl « C. BEN O;. .| 2902, 22.2 137.0
pe =e « « .994, 10.° 148.°
aac « « 1.000, 7°-8.° 147°-148.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Strecker. 7.521. 10 ( Chapman & Smith. C.S. | 18 Wittstein. 18. 470.
2Dumas & Boullay. <A. C. J. 22. 153. [12. 319. | #9 (Silva. Z. F. C. 12.637.
Phys. (2). 37. 19. UBalard. A. C. Phys. (3). | (Silva. Z. F. C. 12. 637.
3 Liebig. A.C. P. 30. 1438. 2 Rieckher. 1.699. wWurtz. 7.575.
4Mohr. 7. 561. 13 Guthrie. 11. 403. 2 (Chapman & Smith. C.S.
5 Brown. 9.575. 14#Dumas & Peligot. A.C. | J. 22. 153.

6 (Silva. 2. H.C. 125637:

Silva. “Zo BY C: 125637.

§ (Chapman & Smith. C.S.
J. 22, 153. [J. 22. 153.

9 (Chapman & Smith. C.S.

Phys. (2). 58. 39.

15 Millon.
8. 236.

16 ¢ Kopp. 18.
17 | Kopp. 18.

A. C. Phys. (8).

23} Chapman &Smith. C.8.
LJ. 22.153.

24 Rieckher. 1.699.

2 Hofmann. 1. 699.

26Chapman & Smith. 20. 550.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

181

2d. NITRO-SUBSTITUTION COMPOUNDS.

Name Pomncin/ | |pombeees ui eaunes | Melee
1 Nitro caprylic acid. C, H,; N O,. | 1.093, 18.°
* Ethyl nitro caprylate. -| C,, H,, N 0,.| 1.031, 18.°
* « nitro lactate. C; Hs NO. | 2.1534, 13° 178.°
4 « nitro malate. Cc ie NO... | 1:2024,.-16.°
& ic nitro tartrate. C, Hy, N, Oo. | 1.2778, melted. 45°-46.°
®Nitro glycerine. C; H; N, O35. | 1.595,-1-60, 15.°
7 « « 1.5958.
: « « 1.60.
: « « 1.60.
10 Nitroso diethyline. C7 Ay Ns Om 6511725: 176%9.
"Methyl nitrobenzoate. | C, H, N O,. 279.° foyer
2 Ethyl « C5. IN Oe 298.° 42°
18 Nitrobenzol. C7 HN -Os..| 4209, a 213.2 S. Sie
i « « 1.2002, 6 3
15 « « 1.1866, ne oh aes
16 Nitrotoluol. CG, 4 INDO. ere 1625: 220°
x « Ortho. « I:168, 22.° 230°-231.°
ss « Meta. « £163,295.) Woo sis
19 « « « 1.162, 2 2B j 7 Sa key
0 Nitroxylol. Beta. | C; H, N O 1.126,-17°6.. =| .237°-230.° |'22
21 « « « T1205 2095. | 227°-228.° 9 |
3 « Alpha. « pact 24, 25." | 245°-246.°
* Dinitro benzol. Cz Hy iN,.O}. | oF.
* Dinitro aniline. Cele Ne@),: 175.7
* Mono nitro methyl! phe- |
nol. C,H Or | e249);.26,- | 265.° Oe Tsiee-
*6 Nitro isobutylanisol. | |
Patan Cas Hise Oo T2361, 205, 275°-280.°
ZI « Ortho. « 1.1046, 20.° 285°-290.° |
*8 Nitroethane. CN Os, ||) 1.0592; 13." | 113°-114.° |
Isomer of ethyl] nitrite. |
AUTHORITIES.
1Wirz. A.C. P. 104. 289. 13 Mitscherlich. P. A. 31.|% Tawildarow. Z. F. C. 13.
2 Wirz. +A. C. P.104. 290. 625. 418. (415.
3L. Henry. Z.F.C. 13. 692. Kopp. 18. 21 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. 22.
4L. Henry. Z. F.C. 13.692. Kopp. 18. 22 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. 22.
5]. Henry. Z.F.C.13. 692. | 16 Deville. A.C. Phys. (3).| 415.
© De Vrij. - 8.626. 3.175. %Rudnew. Z. F.C. 14. 202.
TLiebe. 13. 453. 17 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. 22. | **Rudnew. Z. F. C. 14. 202.
8Sobrero. 13. 453. 403. % Brunck. 20.619.
9Champion. Z. F.C. 14.350. | 18 ae & Kuhlberg. A. | 7 Riess: Z. F. C. 14.39.
10Geuther. 16. 409. C. P. 155. 17. |27 Riess. Z. F.C. 14. 39.
11 Chancel. 2. 327. 194 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. A. | ** Meyer and Stuber. A. C.
12Chancel. 2. 327. C2 Po iban iin. Phys. (4). 28. 138.

182 ,

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

3d. MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula Gravity. | poie! |opome
1 Methyl cyanate. CHiN O anAO
2 Ethyl « C; Hi, IN/O: 8981. 60.°
3 Amyl « C,-H, NO: a. 100.°
* Allyl « CHiN OG: 82:°
° Phenyl « C, H, N O. 1.092, 50.° 163.°
® Methyl cyanurate. CG; HGEN, O;: 274.° 175°-1769
7 Ethyl « Coe. IN; O;: 253.0 95-4
% Aceto-ethyl nitrate. C, Hy N,O,. | 1.0451, 19.° 84°-86.°
* Valeracetonitrile. Cy Hig N,O;.. |.70. 68°-70.°
1 Trioxamylidene. C,, Hy, N O;. | .879, 22.°
11 Cyanetholine. C; a. NO: Lel2yij ats.
” Acetamide. s: | CH, N ©: I.1I-1.13, 14.°
Ethyl formamide. C; HNO: 19675. 2-° 199.°
14 «~~ acetamide. CoE NO: .942, 4°5. 205.°
1 « diacetamide. C5 a NeO;. 1.0092, 20.° 185°-192.°
16 V\/ 7 wy
: ee 8. Ce ise Ns O;. 1.589, 13°5. ‘ ;
cetanilide. §.. | Cackb en O.. 1.099, 10°5. 295. IOI,
18 Urethane. \ C. EGeN:O., 9862, 21;°
19 Ethyl urethane. CoE NO: .9862, 21.° 174°-175.°
20 Asparagine. C,H,N,O;.H,O] 1.519, 14.°
*1 Aspartic acid. Active.| C,H, N O,. 1.6613.
= « « Inactive. « 1.6632.
*8 Hippuric acid. Bs cCe Hg NOs: 1.308.
** Ethyl hippurate. s. | C,, Hyg, N.@,. | s:043,.23°° 144.°S. 32.°
* Urea CHUN, O 1530, 12."
Bor « [e35-
IK « | 1.35.
*® Benzoyl! hydride hydro-
cyanate. Cr N'O: 1.124. d.170,°
*?Mono amido methyl
phenol. CHa N ©: 1.108, 26.° 210.
ee 0 CON, Onn eaaanenars 200°-205.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Wurtz. 7.568. 1 Cloéz. 10.386. 20 Watts’ Dictionary.
2 Wurtz. 7.564, 2 Mendius. 26. 21 Pasteur. 4.389.
3Wurtz. 2.428. 13'Wurtz. 7.567. 22 | Pasteur. 4.389.
*Hofmann & Cahours. 9. | 4 Wurtz. 7.566. 2 Schabus. 3. 410.
586. 46 Wurtz. A.C. Phys. (2).42. | **Stenhouse. A.C. P. 31. 148.
5 Hofmann. 55. 2 Bodeker. 26.
6 Wurtz. 7.568. 16 Malaguti. C. R. 22.854. 26 Proust.
T Wurtz. 7.567. MW Williams. 17. 424. 27 Schabus.
§ Nadler. 13. 403. 18 ( Weltzien’s ‘‘Zusammen- | 2° Volckel. P. A. 62. 444.
*Schlieper. A. C. P. 49,19. stellung.”’ * Brunck. 20.620.
10J. Erdmann. 17. 419. 19 ( Wurtz. 7.565. 30Siersch. 20. 537.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

183

Name. Formula, | Gravity. | Point’ | Point’

1 Cyanoil. Cg Hay NOF(2)"\ 1.009:
* Nitroxyl piperidine. C; Ee, Ne ©: 1.0659, 15°5. | 240.° p. d.
8 Piperine. Ci, eg NV Ojon lll kosteek oes 100°+.
* Caffeine. (C, Eo NyO} EO eeataig.°
5 « « Subl. 18497. | 17798.
® Creatine hydrate. C,H,N,0,.H,0:) 1:34-1:35.
7 Codeine. Cis, NOs, H,0| 1.300.
grorp ip butyrate. Cy H,, N, Ow 1.205, 13-°

« oxalate. C, jH,.N g-2aq.| 1.286, 152°
LG lactate. Crs H, FF Os 1.3574.
1 Indigo blue. C,H: N O. 1.35.

XLII. Meratziic Satts oF OrGAnNic AcIps.
Name. Formula, Que d|eboinis | Bate
Lead formate. Pb'C, H, ©), 4:56, 11>
Copper « Cu'C, H, O,72 aq: |"1.815, 20."
14 Sodium acetate. NaC; Os T.4ot, 14°
b « Na C,H, Of 6 aq.) 1.220.
160K « « 1:40; 12.2
1 Silver « Ag C, H, O,. 35128.
18 Lead « Pb (C,H, 0,),.8 aq. 2.496.
Barium = « Ba(@,H,O,)s.H15,0.2.10,.13°.
2 Copper i ————- | 1.914, 20.°
1 Zine « Zn(C,H;0,),.3 aq. | 7075; 12s
Sodio uranic acetate. [Na C, H; O,. | .
+ 2-b5, 512
ae « « 2 (U Cs leks O3)s
%Cupro calcium « 1.4206.
* Potassium oxalate. Ke CG, 07 1.0: 2.104,.m. of 2.
26 « « « 2.08.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Rossignon. A.C. P. 44. 301.
2Wertheim. 16. 440.

8 Wackenroder. Watts’ Dict.
4Pfaff. Watts’ Dictionary.
5 Mulder. P. A. 43,175.

6 Watts’ Dictionary.
™Hunt. 8. 566.

SDecharme. 16.445.
9Decharme. 16. 445.
10Decharme. 16,445.

“ Zusammen- | 19 Bodeker. 26.

11 Weltzien’s

stellung.” 20 Gehlen. A.C. Phys. (1).
12 Bodeker & Giesecke. 26. | 83. 218.
13Gehlen. <A. C. Phys. (1). | 2! Bodeker. 26.

83. 213. is Bodeker & Giesecke. 26.
14 Bodeker. 26. | Bodeker & Giesecke. 26.
15 Buignet. 14. 15. 4Schabus. 3. 393.
16 Bodeker. 26. 2% Playfair and Joule. 11.

17 Liebig & Redtenbacher, Schiff. 12.16.

18 Buignet. 14. 15.

184

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Specific

Name Formife,,' | Seeqee | Saltese
1 Ammonium oxalate. Am. (C.-O, 1 O:) |i. A01) more:
a « « « 1.475.
: « « « 1.470.
*Silver « Ae, C; O;. 4.90; 10%-
° Thallium « WC, O; OBI. &
® Hydrogen sodium oxalate Na H C, O,. H, O. | 2.315.
‘ « potassium « (j|K HC, Q,. 1.965, m. of 2.
& « « « « 2.030.
9 « « « « 2.088.
ae « ammonium « |Am HC, 0, H, 0.) 1.563, m. of 3.
11 « « « « 1.550:
a « thallium «VIE, O.-T OF4)-3-070-
* Potassium quadroxalate K H, C, O,. 2H, 0.) 1.817.
14 « « « 1.765.
3 « « « 1.836.
Ammonium « Am Hi; C, 0... O:1-589sm:. of 2:
u « « « 1.607.
** Potassium copper oxalate K, Cu C, O,. 2H, O.| 2.288, m. of 2.
% Ammonium « « |Am,CuC,0,.2H,0.| 1-923:
Uranium oxalate. |UO,. Cy Op 35 0:12:08:
"1 Whewellite. (Ca C, ©, 2:50-2:75.
” Humboldtine. 2 Fe C, O,. 3 H, O.) 2.13-2.489.
*. Ammonium succinate. |Am, C, H, O,. 1.3675 10.7
24 Silver « Ag, GC, EE.O,. ZO kOe
*» Lead « Plo Cy Ely Oye 3-800, 10.°
*6 Sodium tartrate. |\Na, C,H,0,.4H,0.| 1.794.
7 Potassium = « Ki CEO): 1.975.
s « « WK C cH Oz.beO3) h.000.
*» Ammonium tartrate. |Am, C, H, O,. 1.566.
30 « « « 1.523.
31 Silver « Ae, ©, Et, O; 3.4321.
*” Thallium « (itl, Ci, Oo Fr, Or | Akos Ss

AUTHORITIES.

1 Playfair and Joule. 11. 2 Lamy and Des Cloizeaux. | 28 Zachariae. 26.
2Schiff. 12.16. ‘“* Nature.” 1, 142. *4Husemann. 26,
’Buignet. 14.15. 13 Playfair and Joule. 11. |*> Husemann. 26.
4Husemann. 26. 14 Schiff. 12. 16. /26 Buignet. 14.15.
®>Lamy and Des Cloizeaux. | Buignet. 14. 15. 27 Schiff. -12. 16.

* Nature.” 1. 142. 16 Playfair and Joule. 11. 28 Buignet. 14. 15.
®Buignet. 14.15. 17 Schiff. 12.16. 29 Schiff. 12.16.
‘Playfair and Joule. 11, 18 Playfair and Joule. 11. 30 Buignet. 14. 15.
SSchiff, 12/16: 19Playfair and Joule. 11. 31 Liebig & Redtenbacher. A.
*Buignet. 14. 15. 20Ebelmen. J. F. P. 27.391. C. P. 38. 139.

10 Playfair and Joule. 11. 21 Dana’s Mineralogy. 82 Lamy and Des Cloizeaux.

USchiff. 12.16.

22 Dana’s Mineralogy.

“Nature.” 1.142.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

185

S oqe | .
Name ree gece 8 ene (Malte
1 Hydrogen potassium
tartrate.|K H. C, H, O,. 1.943.

ce « « « « 1.973.
3 « « « « 1.956.
- « ammonium « AmGEH, Cz Hi, O;: 1.680.
e « thallium « TIVER CE, O;. 3.490.
“Sodium potassium « INaK'C El, O,. 4s 8) 12745
7 « « « « 1707s
8 « « « « 1.790.
9 « ammonium « Na Am. C, H,0,.4H,0.| 1.58.
10 « « « « 1.576.
i « « « « 1.587.
2 Potassium « « K Am. C, H,0,. 4H,0.) 1.700.
8 Potassium tartar emetic.|(K(SbO)C,H,0,),.H,0O.) 2.5569.
i « « « « 2.607.
15 « « « « 2.588.
6 Thallium « « (T1(SbO)C,H,0,)..H,0.) 3.99.
7 Potassium racemate. KV Can, OF 2). 0; 1.58.
18 Silver « Ag, Cin, 0: 3.7752.
Thallium « (E1,:@; i, O;),- EL. ©. |42650: ‘|
~* Racemo-emetic. (K(SbO)C,H,0,),.H,0.) 2.4768.
“4 Silver malate. WoC EO: 4.0016.
“Hydrogen ammonium

malate. Am H. C, H, O;. 155:
* Thallium picrate. PCE AEN OD). .O: 3.039.
* Calcium hippurate. 2(Ca@, Hi .N.O,):o 03) 1.318.
* Potassium borotartrate. |K B O,. C, H, O;. 13632:

AUTHORITIES.

1Schabus. 3.378.

2Schiff. 12.16.

3 Buignet. 14. 15.

4Schiff. 12.16.

> Lamy and Des Cloizeaux.
“Nature.”’ 1. 142.

6 Mitscherlich.

7Schiff. 12. 16.

§ Buignet. 14.15.

9 Mitscherlich.

10 Pasteur. 2.309.

Schiff, 12:16.

WSchiff. 12:16.
13 Pasteur. A.C. Phys. (3).
28. 86.

Schiff. 12.16.

16 Buignet. 14.15.

16 Lamy and Des Cloizeaux.
“Nature.” 1. 142.

17 Mitscherlich.

18 Tjebig & Redtenbacher. A.
Cee ssn 1308

13

19Lamy and Des Cloizeaux
“Nature.” 1. 142. ®

20Pasteur. A.C. Phys. (8).
28. 86.

21 Liebig & Redtenbacher. A.
C. P. 38. 139.

22 Pasteur. 4. 392.

23 Lamy and Des Cloizeaux.
“Nature.” 1. 142.

2% Schabus. 3.411.

2% Buignet. 14.10.

186

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

XLIV. Compounps Conrarnine OC, H, anp Cl.

INCLUDING THE CHLORIDES OF CARBON PRODUCED BY SUBSTITUTION.

1st. CHLORIDES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.

Name.

1Methyl chloride.
2 Ethyl «
3 « «
aan «
5 ics «

6 « a

7 Propyl «
8 « « iso.
9 « «
10 « «
11

2 « «

3 Butyl «

14
15

180.

1 Berthelot.

2 Thénard.

3 Pierre. 15.

4Schorlemmer. 17.467.

5 Darling. 21.328.

6 Linnemann. A.C. P. 160.

195.

7 Berthelot. 8. 613.

8Linnemann. 18. 489.

®Chancel. 22. 359.

40 ¢ Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 281.

8. 599.

A.C.

Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae ae
CH, JCl. —20° to -22.°
Crile Clo 87.4575. 122

« .92138, 0.° TEzp.

« ie— 12g

« 29253; 0- 11°-13.°

« {OE 7 0,7 0-7 12°18.
Ciski- SC) a. 40.°

« 5074, 10.> 36°-38.°

« Ree

« .9156, 0.°

« 8918, 19°75. 46°5.

« | 8671, 39.°
C, H,. Cl 70°-75.°

« 880. 70.°

« . 65°-70.°

« .9074, 0.° \ 77°60,

« 8374, 20.° 741.3 m. mM,

« 8953, 0.° )

« 8651, 2798 69.°

« sO201; SQ. \
C. Ei. Cl TO2.°

« 100°-I01.°

f 880 Or \ 100°6-101.°

« 8625, 25°.

« 89584, 0.° IOL7 5s.

« 883, 0.° go.°

« 98°-103.°

AUTHORITIES.

11 ( Pierre & Puchot. A. C.
+4 Phys. (4). 22. 281.

12 fess & Puchot. A. C.
Phys. (4). 22.281.

13 Wurtz. 7.572.

4Gerhard. 15.409.

15 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 524.

16 ¢ Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
158. 137. (158. 137.

17 \ Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

18 ( Pierre & Puchot. A.C.

Phys. (4). 22. 310.

19 ( Pierre & Puchot. <A. C.
| Phys. (4). 22. 310.

20 | Pierre & Puchot. <A. C,
| Phys. (4). 22. 310.

21 Cahours. . J. HW. Pa22k72.

22 Balard. A.C. Phys. (3).
12. 300.

3 Kopp: 18:

2 | Kopp. 18.

% Pierre. ‘16.

2% Wurtz. 16.516.

27 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.524. .

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

187

F a Boilin Meltin
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae pan

1 Amy! chloride. C,H, Cls\)-9013;.0-. )
2 4 « « 8834, 20.° 106°6.
SG « « .868, 40.° J 739-8 m. m.
KG « « 8750, 20.° TOT.
Bis fact « « 37775 .20.- LOD.
® Hexyl « C, Ely Cls | o925 10, 125°-128.°
TC « Beta « 120°-130.°
Sn « « 892, 23.0 125°-130.°
SEC « 180. « 8943, 14.°
16 « « « « .8874, 22° 1220
| « « « 8759, Bae
Heptyl = « Coe NCS t.0083 31 5:5 E75."

pty 74415 9993, 15

« « « .890, 20.° 148°-152.°
14 From °
mo, ; Azelaic | J “ Sore: Voie Iss
Pee « Acid. | | « 8725, 20.°
ae « | ( « 8814, 1695.
17 From ° °

i Ethyl amyl. s .8780, 18°5. 146 148.
Lec « 507575 220
Bares « pana « .8965, 19.° 149.°
20 REC « « 8gI, 1G. 150°-152.°
41 Octyl « ©, Hl 175°
22 « « « 892, Tose 170°-172.°
ss « « .895, 16.° 168°-172.°
Be 5:6 « « 162°—167.°
Sa EK « « 8802, 16.° 179°5-180°5.
« « 1SO. « .8834, 10°5. 165.°

« « « « .8617, 36.°
*Nonyl = « CyHs Cl. |.899) 16° 196.°
” Decyl « Girne Cl. 200°—-204.°
BO He « « 190°—200.°
* Dodecatyl « Cy, Hy Cl.|.938, 22-- 242°-245.°
3 Myristyl « Gis. Cl.| 280.°
8 Cetyl « Cis ss. Cl.| 8412, 12.° 289.° p. d.

AUTHORITIES.

1/Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P. 12 Petersen. 14.613. 21 Bouis. 7.582.

| 159. 70. (159. 70. 18 Pelouze & Cahours. 15.386. | ??Schorlemmer. 15. 386.

Z } Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.| 14 (Schorlemmer. A. C. P. | 23 Pelouze& Cahours. 16.528.
z | Lieben & Rossi. fe C.P. | 136. 257. 2% Wurtz. 16.510.

l . 159. 70. /15 | Schorlemmer. A.C. P. | % Zincke. A.C. P. 152. 5.
Schorlemmer. 19.527. | 136. 257. [136. 257. | 2 ¢ Schorlemmer. 20. 567.
Products from two sources. |16 | Schorlemmer. A.C. P. 27 Schorlemmer. 20. 567.

6 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.525. 17 1 Schorlemmer. A. C. P. | 22 Pelouze& Cahours. 16.529.
7Wanklyn and Erlenmeyer. | ke 136. 257. [136. 257. | 2? Pelouze & Cahours. 16.530.

17. 509. Schorlemmer. A. C. P. | 3? Wurtz. 16.510.

8 Geibel & Buff. 21. 336. i 19 | Schorlemmer. A. C. P. | *! Pelouze & Cahours. 16.530.

9(Schorlemmer. 20.567. | \ 136)257% 382 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.530.
Schorlemmer. 20.567. | 20 Schorlemmer. 33 Tiittsscheff. 13 406.
(Chlorinated di-iso-propyl.]

188 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

2d. CHLORIDES OF THE ETHYLENE SERIES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae ee
?Methylene chloride. Cais. Cle 40°—42.°
2 « « « 1.360, 0.° 39°5-40°5.
* Ethylene « C,H - Ch. 1.256, 128° 82°5.
4 « « « 86.°
5 « « « Le2A7 el ore 82°4.
6 « « « 858.
7 « « « 1.28034, 0.° 84°92.
8 « « « S59
: « « « 12562, 20.2 85.°
an « « « 1:26, 14e- 85.°
1! Propylene « Cries Cl. 100°-103.°
Ee « « « 1150. 104.°
4 Butylene « Cit, Clea| 11125518." 123.0
4 « « « 10053;,0-— \ 12293.
oS « « « P07 51,2027.
6 Amylene « CHa CL |e8:058;;9- > 141°-147.°
a « « « T.2210;, 037 145.°
%Heptylene « CHCl, YGl-2
19 « « « 1.0295, 10.°
[Isomers of some of the
above compounds may be

found in the next table.]

3d. SUBSTITUTION DERIVATIVES OF THE TWO PRECEDING

SERIES.
|. | , | Boiling | Melting
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Point. Point
*°Chlorinated methyl
chloride. CE Clss| 1344518." 3095.
*! Chloroform. GUEE Ci... 70°
2 « « 1.48, 18.° 60°8.
ze « « E491, 17° 61.7
AUTHORITIES.
1Perkin. 22. 342. 9Haagen. 32. 18Limpricht. A.C. P. 103.
2?Butlerow. 22. 343. 10Maumené. 22. 346. 81.
5 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2). | 1! Reynolds. 3. 495. 19 Husemann. 26.
58. 307. 12Cahours. 3. 496. 20 Reenault. A.C. Phys. (2).
*Dumas. A.C. Phys: (2).|® Kolbe. 2.338. 71. 378.
48, 196. M4 ¢ Kopp. 18. 41Soubeiran. <A. C. Phys.
5Liebig. A.C. P. 214. 15 | Kopp. 18. (2). 48. 139.
6 Despretz. 16 Guthrie. 14.665. 2QLiebig. A.C. P. 1.199.
7 Pierre. 15, MW Bauer. 19.531. 23 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).

8Geuther. 15. 421. 71. 381.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

189

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee ae
‘Chloroform. CHCl. | 1.493-1.497.
a « « EATS. Tare
3 « « 1.496, Seen
4 a « 1.500, 15°5.
9 « « 1.52523, ow 63°5.
6 « « Web L2 eles
7 « « 1.49.
8 « « e472; 160g.
2 « « TSO7e U7ee
Chlorinated ethyl chlo-
rade.) ©, ELL. 117.4)°175° 64.°
i « « « « 58.
a « « « « 1.240745'0:° 64°8.
3 « « « « 1.189, 4°3. 59°-61.°
ae « « « « Z.198, 695.° 57°-59.°
« « « « 622
© Dichlorinated « CoC, Clea (1.3725, 163° bes
7 « « « 1.34651, 0.° 74°9.
18 « « « TAs
** Chlorinated ethylene
chloride.| C, H, Cl,. | 1.422, 17.° te
20 « « « « 1.42234, 0.° LIACZ.
7 Trichlorinated ethyl
éhloride:|"C, HCl S| 02530;.17 102.°
~ Bichlorinated ethylene
chloride.| C, H, Cl,. | 1.576, 19.° Te bee
zs « « « 1-61155,,0:2 138°6.
vhs « « « 1.614, 0.° Aion
[Compare the above with
acetylene tetrachloride. ]
*® Pentachloro dimethyl. | C, H Cl;. | 1.663, 0.° 153.°
2 « « « I 644. 146.°
aa « « « 1.66267, 0.° 153°8.
eo « « « Ue7.1 Ose S
29 « « « ae 15
AUTHORITIES.
1Swan. 1.681. Wurtz. C. R. 45.1015. 21 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).
2 (Soubeiran & Mialhe. 2.) 12 Pierre. 15. 71. 366. (69. 162.
408. [408. | 8 Geuther. 11. 289. #2 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).
3 | Soubeiran & Mialhe. 2.|14Darling. 21. 329. % Pierre. 15.
‘Gregory. 3.454. 15 Staedel. Z. F.C. 14.197. | 4 Paterno& Pisali. J. F.P.

5 Pierre. 15.

€Schiff. A.C. P. 107.68.

7 Flickiger.

8 Geuther.

» Fliickiger. Zeit. Anal.
Chem. 5. 302. [71. 357.

10Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).

16 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).
71. 364.

Pierre. 15.

18Staedel. Z. F.C. 14. 197.

19Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).
69. 153.

20Pierre. 15.

(2). 4. 175.

% Regnault. See Paterno,

below. (71. 368.
76 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).
27Pierrey 15:

28 ¢ Paterno. Z. F.C. 12. 245.
29 | Paterno. Z. F.C. 12. 245.

190 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.
Name. | Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bae ape
1PDicarbon hexachloride. | C, Cle 1.619. 122.9
Q 7 M « 182°-183°
’Dichlorinated ethylene. | C, H, Cl,. | 1.250, 15.° 35°=40°
‘Chlorinated propylene. | C; H, Cl. 30°
2 « « « G18; 0. 235°
6 « « « 193075103, 25°65.
7 « « « 631,02 23:2
(Compare with allyl chlo-
ride. ]
®Iso trichloro propylene. | C; Hy, Cl. | 1.387, 14.° 115.°
[Compare with chloro di-
chlorglycide.
* Chlorinated propylene
chloride. Cy ete Clas | Sh 2347. 170.°
[Compare with ally] trichlo-
ride. ]
Dichlorinated propylene
chloride. C, Hy Gl. 1-548. 195°-200.°

{Compare with tetrachloro-
glycide, and dichlorace-}
tone chloride. ]

1 Trichlorinated —propy-
lene chloride. Co Cl. 220°-225.°

{Compare with trichlorace-
tone chloride. ]

” Tetrachlorinated propy-

lene chloride. C, Hi, Cl,.| 1.626. 240°-245.°
® Pentachlorinated propy-

lene chloride. Cy BUC... 11.731. 260.°
4 Hexchlorinated propy-| -

lene chloride. G3 Cl. 1.860. 280.°
® Chlorinated amyl chlo-

ride: C, det Cle|a1.05,. 24." A130."

16 « « « « L,164;0.° *155°-160.°

[Compare with amylene
chloride. ]

™Dichlorinated amyl

chloride. C,, H,/Cl;. 160°—190.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2). | 5Linnemann. 19. 308. 2 Cahours. 3. 496.
71. 374. 6 Oppenheim. 19. 521. 18 Cahours. 3. 496.
2 Hiibner & Miiller. Z.F:C. | 7Oppenheim. 21. 339. MCahours. 3. 496.
135328) 8 Borsche & Fittig. 18.313. | 15 Ebersbach. 11. 297.
’Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).| ®Cahours. 3.496. ~ 16 Buff. 21.333.
69. 155. WCahours. 3.496. Bauer. 19. 531.

Friedel. 12.338. 11 Cahours. 3. 496.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. IGF
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae eee

1Dichlorinated amyl

chloride. Cy day Cle); 13335) a 185°—190.°
*Chlorinated amylene. | C; H, Cl. | .9992, 0.° go°-95.°
3 Dichlorinated amylene

chloride. C,; H, Cl,.| 2.4292. 220°-230.°
*Chlorinated hexyl chlo-

ride. Ciba Gl, .1|)12007,.20:° 180°184.°

[Compare with hexylene

chloride. ]
®Dichlorinated hexyl

chloride. C,H Cl.) st. 193, 21.2 215°-218.°
® Pentachlorinated hexyl

chloride. C, H, ©). || 1-598; 20.° 285°-290.°
7 Chlorinated hepty] chlo-

ride. CG; HCl. 1g0.°
8 Chlorinated heptylene. | C, H,, Cl. 155.°
*Chlorinated diamylene

chloride. Cio Hla, Cly.|| 1-1638;.0:° 240°-250.°

4th. DERIVATIVES OF THE BENZOL SERIES, INCLUDING

ISOMERS.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bons eee
* Mono chloro benzol, or) | C, H; Cl. 137°
1 Phenyl chloride. J « 136.7
2 « « « 1.1499, 0.° }
ai « « « 1.1347, 10.° | 132°5.
EEG « « T.1258,20.- | 767 m. m.
ie « « « 1.1188, 30° |
16 « « « D.LEQ9) O:-
a « « « 1.1085, “3 | 136.2
aS « « « 1.099, 20.° [ 767 m, m.
9 « « « 1.092, 30.° ‘J
a0 « « « elioee
AUTHORITIES.
Buff. 21.334. 8Limpricht. A.C. P. 103. | ¢ Sokoloff. 18. 517.
2Bauer. 19.531. 83. 15. From benzol.
3 Bauer. 19.531. 9 Bauer. 20. 583. 16 (Sokoloff. 18 517.
4 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.525. | 19 Riche. A.C. P. 121.357. | 17| Sokoloff. 18. 517.
5 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 525. | 4 Scrugham. C. 8. J. 7. 239. | 18 1 Sokoloff. 18.517.
6 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 525. | 12 ¢ Sokoloff. 18.517. 19 | From phenol.
7Schorlemmer. C. 8. J. 16. | 8 U Sokoloff. 18. 517. 2” Jungfleisch. 19. 551.

427.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ae
1 Mono chloro benzol. CH. Cl A 1.077i-40.2
a « « « .980, se
3 « « « 1.1293, Oba 138.6
* Dichloro benzol. C@, ey Cle. 1450.
5 « Ss. « 1.250; 53--
6 « « Te123, 17ite-
a « 5: « 1.4581, 2025. )
s « « 1241, 63.° | 171.°
9 « « 1.2062, 93.° |
10 « « 1.1366, 166.° J
1 Trichloro benzol. C2 Cho 1-45757-2 210.°
ae « « 1.575;
13 « S3 « LEAS 75 Lyne
ss « « 1227 ZOO.
15 « S. « 1.574, 10:7
36 « i « 1.4658, 10.°
m « « 1.4460, 26:° 206.°
18 « « I.411I, 56.°
e « « 1.2427, 196.°
»” Tetrachloro benzol. C, H, Cl. | 1.748.
% « « 1.448, 139.°)
22 « « 1.315,.240.°)
ze « S; « L.7344, 10%
“ « « c
25 « « aa 240.°
3950, 179.
aS « « [.3280, 230.
™ Pentachloro benzol. Cy EUGle. 11625) 74° aie
28 « « 1.370, a ae
29 « « 1.8422, 10.°
30 « ae oe 1.8342, 16°95.
31 « « 1.6091, 84.° 72a
s2 « « E.57:325 0A.
a « « T3824; Zot
AUTHORITIES.
Jungfleisch. 20. 36. @ Jungfleisch. 19. 551. | 23 ( Jungfleisch.
Jungfleisch. 20.36. Jungfleisch. 20, 36. 2 | Jungfleisch.
3 Jungfleisch. 21. 343. Jungfleisch. 20. 36. 2 | Jungfleisch.
*Jungfleisch. 19.551. Jungfleisch. 21. 350. 2 | Jungfleisch.
Jungfleisch. 20. 36. Jungfleisch. 21. 350. *7 ¢ Jungfleisch.
Jungfleisch. 20. 36. 74 Jungfleisch. 21. 350. 28 | Jungfleisch.
7 Jungfleisch. 21.347. Junegfleisch. 21. 350. a asses
BI Jungfleisch. 21. 347. [sane 21. 350. °° | Jungfleisch.
9} Junegfleisch. 21. 347. 2 Junegfleisch. 19.551. 314 Jungfleisch.
10 \ Jungfleisch. 21. 347. Jungfleisch. 20. 36 Jungfleisch.
1 Mitscherlich. P. A. 35. 372 Jungfleisch. 20. 36 83 | Jungfleisch.

Melting
Point.

130:-

21. 35
21.3
21.

21.

20.
21. 353.
21.3

21. 353.
21. 353.
21.¢

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

193

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Tone
* Pentachlorobenzol. two. fC, H Cl. 85.°
2 « modifications. AG 198°-199.°
* Hexchloro benzol. ©, Cli 23132202
é “ « 1.§05) 2200.
: ‘ ‘ 1.437, as
i « 1.509, 236.-
7 « « L.5190, 266.° 326.° 226.°
‘ « 1.4624, 306.°
® Monochlorotoluol. C, H, Cl. | 1.117, 0:° 175°-176.°
« « 1.080, 14.° 164.
ul « a 157°-158.°
” Benzyl! chloride. « 1.113I-I.1179.
18 « « « 1.107, 14.° TOsre
4 Dichlorotoluol. C, H, Cl, | 1.245, 16.° 206.°
a « « 206.°
16 « « 1.256, 13eo ZOD
aT « « 1.2557, TAS 207.
* Dichlorinated benzyl] 135°-145.°
chloride. CH, Gl, 1.44, 0.° rom. m, |
19 a re s 240° p. d.
a . é 760 m. m. J
Chlorinated — dichlor-
toluol. « TOU 13.0 216°-218.°
21 Benzo trichloride. « 12380, 14.° 22A..°
» Tetrachlorotoluol. CCl; 270:° g2°-95.°
23 « « 1.495, 14.° 255-°
* Dichlorotoluol dichlo-
ride. « 1-518; 22° 257.°
® Trichlortoluol chloride. « Te547 23°, 273°
6 Dichlorinated —chloro-
benzol. « 1.74; 13° 244°-246.°)
27 « « « 1.76, ios 246°-248.° f
*8 Chlorosalylic trichloride « Tepe 260.° 30.°
9 Pentachlorotoluol. Cyr Ol: 300.° 218.°
|
AUTHORITIES.
1 Otto. ZK Ci13;30. 2 Cannizzaro. 8. 621. *3 Limpricht. 19.595.
2\\Otto.. .Z. F.C. 13) 35. 13 Limpricht. 19. 592. *4 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. 21.
3 Basset. 20.608. 'Cahours. 1.711. 361.
*( Jungfleisch. 20. 36. 15 Wicke. A.C. P. 102.356. | 2 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. 21,
5 (| Jungfleisch. 20. 36. 16 Beilstein. 13. 412. 361.
5 ( Jungfleisch. 21. 354. "Limpricht. 19. 593. TAL aoe A.C. P.134. 58.
74 Jungfleisch. 21. 354. 18 ( Naquet. 15.419. 27) Two specimens.
8 | Jungfleisch. 21. 354. 19 | Naquet. 15.419. 28 Kolbe & Lautemann. A.
§Cannizzaro. 8.621. * Limpricht. 18. 539. C. P. 115. 196:
lv Limpricht. 19.591. 21Limpricht. 19. 594. 29 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z.

ll Beilstein & Geitner. A.C.

P, 139. 354.

22 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z.

F. C. 11. 276.

F. C, 11. 276.

194

SPECIFIC GRA VITY TABLES.

6

ll

1d

16

18

20

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Bee eae
1 Dichlortoluol trichloride. | C,; H, Cl;. | 1. 587,21.° 2735°
* Trichlortoluol dichloride. « 12607,,22.° ZBBOP=28 10> ANESELOLe
3 Tetrachlortoluol chloride. « 1.634, 25.° 296°-297.°
: « dichloride.| C, H, Cl,. | 1.704, 25.° 305°-306.°
° Monochloroxylol. GEL, Cl: 1g3-°
Cc « 1g0°-195.°
7 Dichloroxylol. C,H, CL; 240°-245.° | 100.°
8 « « 222.
* Trichloroxylol. @3H, €],. 2 54°-2 56.°
5th. MISCELLANEOUS.
Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. ee ae
1° Allyl chloride. Cele Cle 129343 0.2 44°-45.°
« « 9547, 0.° 452 5-47.°
[Compare with chlorinated
propylene. ]
” Allyl trichloride. Ca Hg Cl esicAE,Ove 154°-157.°
8 Allylene chloride. C, FV, Cl. |".170% 240s: 84°4.
Acetylene tetrachloride. | C, H, Cl. | 1.614, 0.°
5 « « « 1.576, 2423; TAG a.
« « « 1.522, LOOsTs
" Methylchloracetol. C, i, Clg 1.10.2 702
« « 1.06, 16.° 69.°
[Compare with propylene
chloride. ]
* Epidichlorhydrin. CHCl 120.9
a « L27,, 20:2 LOI=1O22°
1 Tetrachloroglycide. Ce Cli), 1-496, 17-7 164.°
[Compare with dichlorinated
propylene chloride. ]
AUTHORITIES.

1 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z.
BY. C2 21.1368:

? Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z,
H.C) 212362;

3 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z.
F. C. 21. 362.

* Beilstein & Kuhlberg. © Z.
F. C. 21. 364.

5 Vollrath. Watts’ Dict.

®Lauth & Grimaux. A.C. P.

145, 115.

7 Lauth & Grimaux. A.C.P.
145.115.

8 Hollemann. 18.557.
9 Hollemann. 18. 557.
10QOppenheim. 19.521.
Tollens.. /.A', C. 221565155:
2 Oppenheim. 17. 491.

18 Hiibner and Geuther. 13.
305.
14 ¢ Paterno & Pisali. Z. F.C.

UU 14. 385.

15 fzateree & Pisali. Z. F.C.
j 14. 385.

16 | Paterno & Pisali.

14, 385.

17 Friedel.

18 Linnemann.
125:

19 Berthelot & De Luca.
C. Phys. (3). 52. 438.
2 Reboul. 13.460.
21 Pfeffer & Fittig.

Z. F.C.

A.C. P. 138.

ING

18. 504.

¢

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 195

: | sq: -
Name Formula, | Gieviey, | “Point |'Pomee
1 Chloro dichloroglycide. |C, H, Cl. MATAs 20.0 lA at
[Compare with isotrichloro-
propylene. ]
2 (2) B. |Cn ria Cll: 1655: SEO | 4) | 245-;
$Chlorostyrol. Beta. C, EL,-Cl: 2112, 22-3. | T99°=204.°
* Chloroanethol. C,, Et. Cle TGA Oo 267s == 05,
§ Chloronicene. C; HC: 1.141, 10.° | 292°-294.°
6 Naphtyl] chloride. Cig ELC: 1.2052, 6°2. | 259°—262.°
7 « « « 1.2028, 6°4. as 200%-
8Camphryl « Cie Cl: 12039; °145 0) 205."
®Geraniol —« Cyy Hy, Cl. 1.020, 20.°
1 Caoutchin hydrochlorate.|C,) H,, Cl 1.433.
1 Deriv. of oil of Pinus pu-
milio. Crd Cle -982, 17.
” Deriy. of oil of Muscat
nuts. Cro eay C1. 98275. 15.0 teIQ4.° :
8 Deriv. of Bergamot oil. |6(C,,H,,)2HCl.H,O} 896.

XLV. Compounps ConTAIninG C. H. O. Cl. ann C. O. Cl.
lst. SUBSTITUTION COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula. | Gfevity. | ‘Point’ | Point’
1 Dichlorinated methyloxide) C, H, Cl, O;1315, 20° FOG.
1 Tetrachlorinated « ©) |G; EL, ClO:| 16606; 20.° Polar 3Gte
1% Hexchlorinated = « ai. Cl, O: 1.594. a. 100.°
™Dichlorinated ethyl « | C, H, Cl, O.| 1.174, 23. 140°-147.°
8 Tetrachlorinated « Cp Fa ClO! 125008:
17 Perchlorinated = « Cal, O: 69.°
20 « « « « 1.9, 14°5. 300.° d. 69.7
+1 Pentachlorinated « w (C,H t@l, 02) 1-645.
® Monochloracetic acid. CDE s ClO /1-360;:735" ]_ | 185°-187°5.
He O at 19° =r. | s. 62.°
a « « « 1-30475.73 | 755-7. m. m, =
He O at 73°=1.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Pfeffer & Fittig. 18.504. | 1° Watts’ Dictionary. MW Lieben. 12. 446.
2 Berthelot. 11 Buchner. 13.479. 18 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
3Glaser. A.C. P. 154.166. | 1?Cloéz. 17.536. 70, 341.
4ZLadenburg. Z. F. C.12.|%Ohme. A.C. P. 31.318. | Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).

575. 1 Reenault. A.C. Phys. (2). 71. 394. (16. 14.
5Saint Evre. 1.530: 71. 398. 20 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (3).
6 Laurent. See Carius’ paper. | ® Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).|"!Jacobsen. Z. F.C. 14. 444.
7Carius. A.C. P. 114.146. 71. 401. 22; R. Hofmann. 10. 348.
8Schwanert. 15. 465. 16 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2). 23 R. Hofmann. 10.348,

9 Jacobsen. A. C, P. 157. 236. 71. 403.

196

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1 Dichloracetic acid.
* Trichloracetic «

3 « «

* Chloropropionic acid.
®> Chlorocarbonic ether.

® Tetrachlorinated methyl
formate.

7Dichlorinated ethyl «
® Hexchlorinated « = «

® Dichlorinated methyl] ace-
tate.

1 Hexchlorinated « «
1 Dichlorinated ethyl «

12 « « «

1 Trichlorinated « «

a « « «

1 Tetrachlorinated « = «
16 Hexchlorinated « «
" Heptachlorinated « = «
18 Perchlorinated « «
19 « « «
0 Chloropropionic ether.

*t Chlorobutyric «

2 Chloroenanthic «

23 Monochloracetone.
24

23 «

26

“7 Dichloracetone.

23 «

29 «

30 «

1Maumené. 17.315.

2Dumas. A.C. P. 32.109.

Gee Z. F.C. 14. 349

Buchanan. 21.518.

5Dumas. <A. C. Phys. (2).
54, 230.

1. 676.
A. C. Phys. (2).

6 Cahours.
7 Malaguti.

70. 370.

8Cloéz. A.C. Phys. (3). 17.
299.

9 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
70. 381. (312.

10 Cloéz. A.C. Phys. (8). 17.

1 Malaguti.
70. 368.

12 Forscher & Geuther.

316.
13 Léblane.
10. 207.
14 Malaguti.
16 Léblane.
LOY2N2:
16 Léblanc.
tO. 215;
17 Léblane.
18 Léblane.
10. 202.

A. C. Phys. (2).

7

A. C. Phys. (3).

[16. 62.

A.C. Phys. (3).
A.C. Phys. (3).

A. C. Phys. (3).

[10. 208.

A. C. Phys. (3).
A. C. Phys. (38).

Formula! G¥avity. | Point’ | Point.
» | Cy ERIGL Oo ate52 16,0520) mob
C, H Cl, O,. | 1.617, 46.° |195°—200.2 46.°
« 195.° 52°3.8.44°8.
CoH, ClO,7|1223,30-2 186.°
C,H. ClOpn \ersge15) “194.c
CCl, ©; 1.724, 12.° |180°-185.°,
Cr ClO.) 2-261 ros
€, ClO: 1-705, 10. (200.0
CAH CIAO;.| i225, 145°-148.°p.d.
CeCl,O;. 1.691, 18.° |200.°
C, Hel 0. 1:301, 2s |\t ior
« 1.20; 15322
CE C130, 3112367. 164.°
« 1335,020:0 164.°
Cao (CliOe teas 5p,
CG; E, Cl,O,.| 1269852325.
|. CoE Cl 3. | 1692552425:
|: Cael, O; W707 25.0) 245-0
« 179,022 se
Co FH, Cl,.O;.14162463,.0:-° WEGo.2
1.063, 17°95. |156°-160.°
I:2912; 0625.
Cy HCO; 119. T19.-
« TTA Asa | ihle7ec
« T2162; 16:2 (NOs.
« WO else 118°—120.°
CHCl Ox) "12338-
« 11625.
« 1.2360,.21.) 2tes <
« 120.°
AUTHORITIES.

19 Léblane.
10. 208.
20 Klimenko. Z. F. C. 13.654.
21 Markownikoff. A. C. P.
153. 243. [70. 363.
22 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
23 Linnemann.

A. C. Phys. (3).

24Riche. 12. 339.
2 Linnemann. 18. 312.
26TLinnemann,. 19. 308.

27 Kane. Watts’ Dictionary.
28 Stiideler.
29 Fittig. 12. 345.

30 Borsche & Fittig. 18. 313.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

LO

Name. Formula, | Gravity. | ‘Point’ | ‘Pome:
? Pentachloracetone. C;-H Cl, O: |) 1621-7. a. 190.°
? Hexchloracetone. Cx Gl, 0: 1.75; 1O:- 200°—201.°
2 « « Vi7As, 120 20d"
* Monochloracetal. Cz Hy; Cl O,. | 1.0195. 150°—160.°
®° Dichloracetal. GC, Hi, ClO. -\-1.8383, 14.° -jaa180-°
. C, By ClO} | 1.056, 13e55 lan37.°
"Deriv. of chlorinated ether C; H,, Cl O. | .9842, 0.° 117°-118.
ameE Cc « « « Cas ClO} 97315 90:> 13782
® Monochloraldehyde. Cree ClO” sler23
1 Perchloraldehyde. C, Cl, O. 1.603, 18.° 118.°
1 Chloroxethose. Cr CleO; T:054,720.4 -|270:2
” Parachloralide. CHCl Oh Es7O5,1ac 182.0
3 Chloral. C, H Cl, O. |-1.502, 18.° —|94.°
14 « « 1.5183, 0
ea « I uae ee ee
16 Chloral hydrate. 145.° 56.2
a « « TAS 50.°
ue « « Dib. Ss. 40°2.
e « methylate. 98.°
0 « ethylate. {.043,40.- 1 |pr6°-116.°. | s./40.°
oe « amylate. 123425. T4A3s° 2A
” Chlorolactic ether. C; H, Cl O,. | 1.097, 0.° 144.°
*Chloromaleic « Cy COs ICL. 1s, .ni, 250°-260.°
**Chloroniceic « CHE CVO. 1)-OSinalo:- 230.°
as « acid. @, H.Cl'O;% || "1.29, melteds|215°° 150.°
*° Deriv. of benzoic ether. | C,, Hy, Cl, 03. | 1.346, 1098. |188°-190.°
7Tetrachlor. ethyl cam-

phorate. @),-Eey C1 O;.)| 1386, 14-°
°8 Deriv. of oleic acid. Cig Hy. Cl, O,. | 1.082, 7°99. | Begins, 190.°
2 « sodium citrate. | C; Cl, O,. 1.66. 190.°
ed «7 dichlortoluolk © )|Cy i, ClO. |ir.127, 14.° —|215°=220.°
*t Monochlor methyl phenol, C, H, ClO. | 1.182, 9.° 200.°
* Monochlor ethyl phenol. | Cs; H, ClO. | 1.106, 9.° ZITO.
AUTHORITIES.
1Stideler. 6.398. 12Cloéz. 12. 434. St. Evre. 1.530.
2 Plantamour. BLiebig. A.C. P. 1.195. St. Evre. 1.529.
3Cloéz. 14. 369. 14 { Kopp. 18. 26 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
£Lieben. 10. 437. Kopp. 18. 70. 375.
5 Tieben. 10. 436. 16 Roussin. Z. F.C. 13.96. | 27 Malaguti.. A.C. Phys. (2),
®Lieben. 20. 546. 7 Personne. Z.F.C.13.172.| 70. 360.
7 Lieben & Bauer. 15.394. |38Thomsen. Z. F.C. 13.156. | Lefort. 6, 451.
S Lieben & Bauer. 15.393. | 19 ( Martius & Mendelssohn- | 2? Watts’ Dictionary.
9Riche. 12. 435. >| Bartholdy. Z. F.C. 13. | 9° Naquet. 15. 420.
10 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (8). | 2! 650. 3. Henry... 925 Ba.cat3,
16. 9. 22 Wurtz. 11.254. 247.
11 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (3). | 22 L. Henry. <A. C. P. 156.|"L. Henry. Z. F. ©. 13.
16. 20. 179! 247,

198

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

* Chloracetyl chloride.
*Chlorbutyryl = «

* Methyl chlorphenetol. a.
4 « B.

Specific

Formula. Gravity.
C, Hy Cl, ©. |-1.495; :0:°
C, dh Cl, OF r5.257,.17-"

1127, 10°85.
Lo Os a

2d. CHLORHYDRINS.

For TRICHLORHYDRIN AND EPIDICHLORHYDRIN, SEE CoMPoUuNDs or C. H. anp Cl.

Boiling |Melting
Point.

Point.

TO5s°
129°-132.°
210°-220.°

210°—220.0

cl
Name. Formula. | etic. |) Gane Mlepaeee
5 Mono-chlorhydrin. CE ClOn mat. 227
® Di-chlorhydrin. Crckts Cl, OF, "0.37:
7 « « « 180.°
8 « « « 1.3699, 9.° 175°-180.°
9 « « « 1-355, 17° 5- 180°-183.°
0 Epi-chlorhydrin. Cr He CLO. iii2o4so= 10720
We «| « « 1.194, Lr.2 118°119.°
2 Amyl-chlorhydrin. C,H, ClO; |*.00, 20:° 235°
8 Diethyl-chlorhydrin. C,H, Cl O537)71.03;, 1025;
14 « « « 1.005, L702 184.°
4 Diethyl glycol chlorhydrin| C,, H,, Cl O,. | 1.11, 17.° Z2o5c°
16 Propyl « « C, H, €l 0: D1 3025 10.° 127.2
BES aK « « 180. « 1227. 126°-128.°
8 Propyl phycite trichlor-
hydrin. Cy Hp iClO-, teagan Ane 172-173--
= Heptylene chlorhydrin. | C, H,, ClO. | 1.014, ie) ie
« « « TOOT, 1A.
"1 Octylene « C345, G10. +|:1.603; 0.)
22 « « 7 « .987, 312 (
23 « aceto chlorhydrin.| C,, Hy, Cl O,. | 1.026, 0.° poe
24 « « « « T.O1t, Hore ocd
* Aceto dichlorhydrin. CE Cl Ox ul e26annte: | 202°-203.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Wurtz. 10. 346. 9 Geyerfeldt. Z. F. C. 13. 672. | 19 (we Clermont. Z. F. C.
2? Markownikoff. <A. C. P. | !°Darmstaedter. 21. 454, < 350410. (13. 411.
153. 241. UN Reboul. 13. 456. Bo | De Clermont. Z. F. C.
$ ee Z.F.C.13. | 12 Reboul. 13.464. 21(DeClermont. Z. F. C.
| 164. 13 Alsberg. 17. 496. | 13. 411.
4 Wroblevsky. Z.F.C.13.|1!4Reboul & Lourengo. 14.| 22} De Clermont. Z. F. C.
164. 674. [ 13. 411.
5 Berthelot. 6.456. 15 Reboul & Lourengo. 14.|23;DeClermont. Z. F. C.
® Berthelot. 7.449. ’ 675. 13. 411.
TReboul. 13. 458. 16 Oeser. 13.448. + DeClermont. Z. F. C.
8L. Henry. A. C. P. 155.|!” Oppenheim. 21.340. 13.411.
324, Wolff. Z. F.C. 12. 465. %Truchot. 18. 503.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

199

Boiling (Melting

Name. Formula. (Specific Gravity. Pane Point.
1 Butyro dichlorhydrin. | C, H,, Cl, O,. | 1.194, 11.° 226°-227.°
? Valero « Cy Ele Cl, OF e149, ker 2A
3 Diaceto « C,H, ClO; || 1:2435,4-% 245.°
* Benzo « TeAAT, Sc

3d. MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Poneee
5 Ethylidene oxychloride.| C, H, Cl, O. | 1.1376. 12.° 116°-117.°
® Glycol chloracetin. C, He. CuO, 121783), 0.° 145.°
+ « — chlorbutyrin. Ce aa: Cl O35, 1.0854; '0.° 2.7190;°
§ Acetyl chloride. Colin COs © | ei25 .nr.° ioe
x « « Ie13O5,.0;-
10 « « « Se ch 55 Sen
4 Propionyl chloride. C, H, Cl O. a. 80.°
2 Butyryl « Cp, -Cl.O; a. 95.°
8 Valeryl « C, Eis ClO. > |) 1.005,.6.2 115°-120.°
4 Pelargonyl « C, Eh, CLO. 220."
1% Allyl alcohol chloride. | C,; H, Cl, O. | 1.3799, 0.° P z
16 aC « « « 1.3681, 1125. J Lsor 184.
1 Succinyl « Cro; ClO t.30! 190.°
18 Pyrocitryl « Czy. CEO3.)| 140,-05.° Lp
1 Benzoyl . « C, HClO). || 1.106;
20 « « « mIQ5 2
at « « « T2505 195°-200.°
22 « « « 12324 (Ore
a « « « ae si ae
** Toluyl « Co HClO... | 1-075 214°-216.°
*°> Cumyl « ©, Hay CLO. "5:07,,.15¢ 258°-260.°
*6 Cinnamyl « Cy HClO: | 1.207; FG: 202s
7 Anisyl « CHES OhOs) |) 1-208 Hn 15.7 ZO2es

AUTHORITIES.

1Truchot. 18. 503. 12 Gerhardt. 5. 445. 19 Wohler & Liebig. A.C. P.
2Truchot. 18. 503. 1B Béchamp. 9. 429. 3. 262.
3 Truchot. 18. 503. 14Cahours. 3.402. 20 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (2).
4Truchot. 18. 503. 15 eee A. C. P. 156. 70. 376.
5Lieben. 11.291. 164. 21Cahours. 1.532.
6 Simpson. 12. 487. 161} Tollens. A. C. P. 156./22 ¢ Kopp. 18.
7Simpson. 12. 489. [ 164, 4 Kopp. 18.
§ Gerhardt. 5. 444. 17 Gerhardt & Chiozza. C.R. | %#Cahours. 11. 265.
9 Kopp. 18. 36. 1052. 25Cahours. 1. 534.
10 ( Kopp. 18. 18 Gerhardt and Chiozza. 6.|?®Cahours. 1.535.
11 Béchamp. 9, 429. 394, 27Cahours. 1.538.

200

XLVI. Compounps CONTAINING C.

N. Os; awp G2 Hy ClEON- O:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Cl. N.; C. H.ClN.; CCL

Name. Formula. | Glavity. | Point’ | ‘Points
1 Chloraceto nitrile. iC; Ole IN. 1.444. 81.°
?Dichloro ethyl cyanide. |C,; H, Cl, N. | 1.431, 15.° 104°-107.°
3 Chlorotoluidine. CHCl IN. |) iersig 2o:2 222:
4 « « ZArO 29°5.
= « alpha. « THIS5 5) 20:2 * 1.23820
é « beta. « 1:2035516:° 237°-242.°
7 Parachlorotoluidine. Ce. Cin: Lak 5p loce 236:°
§ Chloropicrin. CCl, IN O:. 1.6657. 120.°
*Dinitromethylene chloride C Cl, N, Oy. | 1.685. 15.° 100°+.
1? Dichloro nitrophenol. C,H, Cl,.N O03.) 2.50: 121°-122.°
1 Dichloro-mono-nitrin. Cis Cl, N O;.| 1-465, 10.7 180°-190.°)|
® Monochloro-di-nitrin. GO, HL, CLIN, O,.) a5 ii2>"9.,
* Nitro-chloro-benzol. a. |C; H, Cl N O,,.| 1.380, 22.° DADS Sen
14 « « « Gn « 1.377) Ox DA ea Se Ta
Hb « « a. « Soe
16 « « « B. « 1.358, oO 220.0 S.-5.°
wo « « « B. | « 123605 22-2 DNB 5g
#® Dinitro-chloro-benzol. a. |C, H; Cl N,0,.| 1-697, 22.° B115-° 50.°
19 « « « B. « 1.6867, 16°5. B15.0 AB
20 « « « « E72, TOcc 50.°
"1 Nitro-dichloro-benzol. |C,H,Cl, N O,.| 1-669, 22.° | 266.° 54°5.
2 Nitro-trichloro-benzol. |C,H,Cl, N O,,.| 1.790, 22.° 288.° 57e
8 Dinitro-dichloro-benzol. |C,H,Cl,N,O,.| 1.7103, 16.° | 312°, p. d. | 87.°
2 « « « « | IOI°-104.°
* Dinitro-trichloro-benzol. |C, H Cl, N,O,.| 1-850, 25.° | 335°, p. d. | 10395.
*6 Nitro-tetrachloro-benzol. (C, H Cl, N O,.| 1.744, 25.° 304°, p: d. | 99,°
77 Nitro-pentachloro-benzol.|C, Cl; N O,. | 1.718, 25.° 323°,7p) Gs 1462
8 Nitro-chloro-toluol. — a. |C, H, Cl N O,,.| 1.307, 18.° 2h
art « « B. « 153259; )To. | 250."
AUTHORITIES.

1Dumas. 1.593. W Fischer. A.C. P.7th.supp. | 2° Engelhardt & Latschinoff.
2Otto. 13.400. 185. Z. F. C. 13. 232.
3 Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 12.|"™L. Henry. A.C. P. 155.168, | 2! Jungfleisch. 21.848.

322 & 544. [F.C. 13. 103. | 2L. Henry. A.C. P. 155.168. | 22 Jungfleisch. 21. 351.
4 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. Z. | 3 Jungfleisch. 21. 343. 3 Jungfleisch. 21. 348.
5Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 12. | 14Sokoloff. 19.552. *4 Engelhardt & Latschinoff.

684. [684. | 5 Engelhardt & Lattschinoff. LZ. WAG SAS i225:
6 Wroblevsky. Z.F.C:12.| Z. F.C. 18.295. % Junegfleisch. 21, 352.
7 Henry & Radsiszewsky. Z. | 16 Sokoloff. 19. 552. 26 Junegfleisch. 21. 353.

F. C. 12. 542. MW Junegfleisch. 21.345. 7 Jungfleisch. 21. 354.
®Stenhouse. 1. 540. 18 Jungfleisch. 21. 345. *8 Wroblevsky. ) Z. F. C. 12.
%Marignac. Watts’ Dict. 19 Jungfleisch. 21. 346. 29 Wrobleysky. $683.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

201

Name.

' Nitro-dichloro-toluol.
* Chlorazol.

* Derivative of protein.
4 « « «

° Bichloramy] nitrite.

®Cinchonia hydrochiorate.

Specific | Boiling | Melting
ee Gravity. Point. | Point.

C, Hig CLAN OF; 01-455, 27-— 27h

CHG Cl INE OF e555:

C5783 Cl; IN Of ing60:

Cae Cl NiO;.© 28.628.

ICs HCE NO; 12233, 020 go,° d.

Cy Hy N,O HCl.} 1.234.

XLVII. Compounps ContTAINING C. H. anp Br.
1st. BROMIDES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Bee ees
7 Methyl bromide. © H,-Br. 1.66443. 0.° 132°
8 Ethyl « ©, ie eBr..- |) 140;
aa ( « « 147320; 0." 40°7.
10> « « 41.
Wo « « « 38° Bis
1Z «| « « 1.4600, 20.° 40°2.
wo G « « 1.4621, Qe
i & « « 1.4685, 13°5. 38°78.
Propyl « Celebre Wols53 slo. 70°5.
1 « « « 68°=722
Ww « « « 1.388, on Tiler
1B « « 1.3497, 0.°
a « « 1.3015, 30315: TO
20 Sc « « 1.2589, 54-2.
Bb « « 35775 Tse 70°82.
PES ae « iso! « 132005135 60°-63.°
23K « « « 1.33, Der 60°-62.°
CC « « « 1.248, 20.° 61°-63.°
* Butyl « Cpl Bre | 1.27416 89.°
6B « « 1.305, 0.° )
a « « | 1.2792, 20.” 100°4.
SEC « « | 1.2571, 40.° 744 m. m.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Wroblevsky. Z. F.C.13. 164 | #3 Dehn. A.C. Ps 4th.supp. | % ( Pierre & Puchot. <A. C.
2Miuhlhauser. 7.671. 85. Phys. (4). 22. 284.
3 Miihlhauser. 7.671. 144Tinnemann. A. C. P. 160. | 2 Linnemann. A.C. P.161.40.
*Miuhlhauser. 7.672. 195. 2Tinnemann. 18. 489.
5Guthrie 11.404. 15 Chapman & Smith. 22.360. | 3 Linnemann. (?) [18.
6 Hesse. 15. 371. Linnemann. A.C. P.148.| 2 Linnemann. A.C. P. 161.
7Pierre. 15. 259. 2 WilirtZan jor.
SLowig. A.C. P. 3.292. 7 Rossi. A. C. P. 159. 79. 26 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
)Pierres 910: 18 ( Pierre & Puchot. A.C. 158. 137. [158. 137.
10 Bonnet. Phys. (4). 22. 284, 274 Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
1 Regnault. 16. 70. 19) Pierre & Puchot. A.C. | | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
12 Haagen. 32. Phys. (4). 22. 284. 158. 137.

14

202

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. |< @lavity, | point | Points
1 Butyl bromide. @7 Hy, Br.! «| 1.2702, 16" g2.°
zane « « « | 1.249, 0.° )
oy x « « I.IQI, 40°2. 90°5.
oo nG « « | 1.1408, 73°5. J 760 m. m,
SAmyl « CIE brs |) 1. 10576;0." 118°7,
eC « « 1.217, TOs? 12iee
ee a « « | 1.2045, 20.° 118°8.
8 « « « | 1.246, or
Su « « 1.2234, 20.° T2Oe7
Ww « « « | 1.2044, 40.° 739-4 m. m.
1 Octyl « Cre Br. 190.°
ae a « « 1.116, 16.2 198°-200.°
13 Cetyl « Ci Ely ra rise
2d. BROMIDES OF THE ETHYLENE SERIES.
Name. Formula. | Gravity. | Point’ | Point’
14 Ethylene bromide. ©, EB. | 210A zie | 129°5. S.-12°to-15°
a6 « « « | 2.128, tgs 130.°
1S ik « « 2.16292, 20-09. |.132.0:
17 « « « 130.° SOs
as « « « 132°5.
19 « « « 2170: 131°-132.°
20 « « « 2.10275 20.5 P3126.
21 « « « Igi-o: S:.9- 53.
22 « « « 2.198, TOs
[Compare with brominated
ethyl bromide.]
8 Trimethylene bromide. |.C,; H, Br, | 2.0177, 0.° 160°-163.°
*4 Propylene « C7 Bre lel. 7. VAs
a « « « 1.974. | 145.°
26 « « « 143°-145.°
7 « « « | 140°-144.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Chapman &Smith. C.S. J.| 8 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.|?7Cahours. 3. 402.
22. 153. | 159. 70. [159. 70. | 8 Hermann.
2 Pierre & Puchot. A.C.| 94 Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.| 19 Butlerow. 14. 652.
Phys. (4). 22. 314. # | Hien & Rossi. A.C.P.| 2° Haagen. 32.
3) Pierre& Puchot. A.C. 159. 70. (130. | 2! Regnault. 16. 70.
Phys. (4). 22. 314. 1 Bouis. A.C. Phys. (3).44 | 2 Reboul. Z. F.C. 13. 200.
4] Pierre & Puchot. A.C.|1!?Zincke. 22.371. 23Geromont. A.C. P. 158.
L Phys. (4). 22. 314. 13 Fridau. A.C. P. 83.15. 370.
5 Pierre. 15. | 14Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2).| 2 Reynolds. 3.495.
® Chapman & Smith. 22. 367. 59. 358. 2 Cahours. 3.496. (162.
7Haagen. 32. 15 7)'Arcet. J. KH: Pi 6.28: 4 Hofmanns, Ax iQsab. Wir
16 Pierre. 15. 27 Wurtz. A.C. P. 104. 245.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

203

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Point. Point.
? Propylene bromide. Cy ig Bras’ | 1:955,0925
« « « P.Q54sF L5.— 140°-143.°
: « « « 1.950, 1Osy 140°-142.°
- « « « 1.943;-17.° 140°5.
: x « « L072, O.-
: 142°65.
6 « « « 1.946, eer oe
q « « « 1.9586, 0.° 5 5
141°-143.
« « « 1.9256, oe, oie
g « « « 1.9710, oe OS iO
140°-141.
19 « « « 1.9383, ie ete
u « « « 1.9463, 17.° I41°6I.
[Compare with brominated
propyl bromide, and me-
thyl bromacetol.]
Butylene bromide. C, H, Br, 160.°
1S « « « 158.°
ait « « 1.8299, | * Suen
15 « « « teas, Oreo:
16 « « « 1.876, Or 165°5-166.°
"Hexylene « Cea Bigs i 1502,019-— 192°-198.°
38d. MISCELLANEOUS.
Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. eee ee
8 Bromoform. Cl Br. 2213:
19 « « 2.9; 12." 152.0
*°Brominated ethyl bro-
mide.| C, H, Br,. L1o<
21 « « « « 2.135, Ox T1Oc=112.0
22 « « « « ZABZ.
° Oz °
23 « « « « a ASE ao
*4Dibrominated « CRC Ete Bin" | 2.620, 123.- 186°5.
2% « « « « 2.663, 0.° 186.°
26 « « « « 2.659, 0.° LO7--
AUTHORITIES.

1Reboul. Z. F. C. 13. 200.

2(Linnemann. A. C. P.
| 136. 53. (136. 53.

3\ Linnemann. A. C. P.

4Linnemann. A. C. P. 138.
123:

5 [ Erlenmeyer. A. C. P.
| 139. 226,

6} Erlenmeyer. <A. C. P.

139. 226.

7
8 [ Friedel & Ladenburg. B.

17 Pelouze & Cahours. 16. 526.

é 18 Lowig. A.C. P. 3. 296.
91 S.C. v. 8,1867, page 146. 19 @ahours itt. BOL
10 [ diwe/preducts: 2 Hofmann. 13. 346.
11 Linnemann. A.C.P.161.42. | 2! Caventou. 14.608.
12Cahours. 3.402. 22 Reboul. Z. F.C. 18. 200.
13 De Luynes. 17.500. 2 (| Reboul. Z. F.C. 138. 200.
14 ¢ Wurtz. 20.573. 4 Wurtz. 10.461.
1 \ Wurtz. 20.573. 2% Simpson. 10. 461.
16 Wurtz. 22. 365. *%Caventou. 14. 608.

204

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. pane pte ae
1 Mono-brom-ethylene. C, a4, Br.) as Te52.
? Di-brom-ethylene. C,H, Br;, ||/'3:038,10."
3 « « « 3.053, 14°5.
‘Dibromethylene dibro-
mide. C, He Bre 230. 22s0
5Brominated propyl bro-
mide. Cw Hi¢ Br,. |)-5-9469, 15.> 141°-142.°
®Brom propylene hydro-
bromate. Cy Hi, Brz7| 1.895,:9.~ T22
7™Mono-bromo-propylene. | C,H, Br. | 1.400, 13.° 56°-59.°
Sac « « « TeA TOW Ase 56°-58.°
IK « « « 1.408, 19.° 5625.
LOK « « « TALIO; US. 57°60.°
[Compare with allyl bromide. ]
1 Di-bromo-propylene. Cy Bre ToS, 3,05 127131.
” Brominated propylene
bromide.} C, H, Br. | 2.336. 192.°
fe « « « « 2.3025 23-4 195.°
He « « « « 2.39; TOs 194°-196.°
1 Dibrominated « « C, H, Br,. | 2.469. 22Gee
%Tribrominated « —« CG; Hi. Br;s | 2.008, 255-°
™ Mono-bromo-butylene. | C, H, Br. 82°-92.°
8 Di-bromo-butylene. ©, He Br. 140°-150.°
19 Brominated butylene bro-
mide. C, H, Bry. 208°-215.°
*Mono-bromo-amylene. |C;H, Br. | 1.22, I9.° 117°-118.°
71 Mono-bromo-hexylene. | C, H,, Br. | 1.17, 15.° 130-0
* Mono-bromo-decylene. | C,) Hy, Br.! 1.109, 15.° 2U5 2
- ? CAHBrs 82.55: 118.° p. d.
** Methyl bromacetol. }-C, H, Br,. | 1.39. (Impure.) | 115°—118.°
25 °
z « « 1.8149, O. : 113°-116.°
« « 1.7825, 20.
*7 Allyl bromide. Cone Drs | ta72- 62.°
a aoe « « TAGE, O°
2 « « « 14335, 15.0 70.° 753 m. m.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Watts’ Dictionary. WLinnemann. A.C. P. 161. | 2! Reboul and Truchot. 20.
2 Sawitsch. 13.431. 18. 587.
3 Sawitsch. 13, 431. Linnemann. 18.490. _ 22Reboul and Truchot. 28.
*Reboul. A.C. P. 124.270. |}2Cahours. 3. 496. 588.
5Linnemann. A.C. P.161. | 15 Wurtz. 10. 462. °3M.Hermann. 6.331.
42. MLinnemann. 18. 490. Linnemann. A.C. P.138.
®Reboul. Z. F.C. 13. 200. | %Cahours. 3. 496. 125.
7;Linnemann. A. C. P./1€Cahours. 3.496. 2% ¢ Friedel & Ladenburg. B.
| 136. 55. [136. 55. |37Caventou. 16. 506. 26 S.C. v. 8, 1867, page 150.
®\ Linnemann. <A. C. P.|8Caventou. 16. 506. 27Cahours. 3.496.
%Linnemann. 19. 308. 19Caventou. 16. 506. 8 ¢ Tollens. J. F. P. 107. 185.

20Linnemann Z. F.C.11.58.

29 | Tollens. J. F. P. 107.185.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

205

Name. Formula. | ery | reat. | Pointe

’ Allyl bromide. C; H,; Br. | 1.3609, 62.° }
2 « « I. 4507, ox TOs
a « « « FO
eK « « 70°-71.°
5 «| « « P-A0LAO.8
Sai « « one P5o0 ada
’ Allyl tribromide. C; Hs Brs. | 2.436, 23.° 217°-218.° 16.°
8 « « « 2.966, 0.° a. 240.°
9 « « « 216°—220.°
1 Allylene bromide. C; Hy, Br. | 1.950. 120.0
res « « 2105 ..0;° 126°-138.°
2 « « « 2.00, T5.- 130°-131.°
Brae Ak tetrabromide. C; H, Bry. | 2.94, 0.° 225°-230.°
* Tribromhydrine. C; Hs Brs. | 2.407, 10.° 219°-220.° 16°-17.°
*® Epidibromhydrine. C; Hi, Bry. | 2.06, 11.° 151°-152.°
6 Epidibromhydrine _ bro-

mide. C; Hy, Bry. | 2.64. 250°-252.°
™ Conylene bromide. C; Hi,Bre. | 1.5679, 16925.
18 Dibromo-benzol. Gy Ea Bris 89.°
19 Tetrabromo-benzol. C5 de Bry: 137°-140.°
* Benzyl bromide. C, H, Br. | 1.438, 22.° 201°5-202°5.
*! Mono-bromo-toluol. C, H; Br. | 1.4092, 21°5. | 179.°
a « « « 1.4109, 22.° | 185°—185.°5.
« « « 144009, 21.° | 181°-182.°
2 « « « TOI. 7 ZoaGe
25 « « « 1.3999, 30.° TS5.a 28°-29.°
*6 Dibromo « C, H; Bre. | 1.8127, 19.2 | 236.°
a « « « T.Ol2 p10 ety
28 « « « 239.° 420° 5:
29 « « « 241 BC 60.° }
30 « « « LOZ, 22.0 240%
*! Mono-bromo-xylol. WCET tise (et o3 Gao To 212
2 « « « 203°-204.°

AUTHORITIES.

14 Tollens. J.F. P. 107.185.

*Tollens & Henninger. Z. |

F. C. 12. 88.
$Henry. Z. F.C. 13.575.
*Hibner& Miller. Z. F.C.
13. 341.

5 ¢ Tollens. A.C. P. 156. 153.
6 Tollens. A.C. P. 156, 153.
™Wurtz. 10.463.

8 Perrot. 11.395.

9Tollens. <A. C. P. 156. 168.
10Cahours. 3. 496.

U Oppenheim, 17.493.

12 Borsche & Fittig.
18 Oppenheim.

1” Wertheim.
18 Kekulé.

17. 493.

| 147, Henry. A.C. P. 154. 370.
1 Reboul. 13. 461.
16 Reboul. 13. 462.

15. 367.
A Ore elolektos

19 Kekulé. <A.C.P. 137.172.

2 Kekulé. 20. 662.

21 Glinzer & Fittig. 18.538.

22Kekulé. 20. 663.

2% Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 13.
239,

18, 314, | 24 Hiibner & Wallach. A.C.

P. 154, 296.
2 Hiibner & Terry. Z. F.C.
14, 232.
26 ( Wroblevsky. Z. F. C.
13. 239. [13. 239.
ar ( Wroblevsky. Z. F. C.
28°" Wroblevsky. Zita.
29 14.208. Two isomers.
30 Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 14.
272.
31 Beilstein. 17. 530.

® Fittig & Ernst.

18. 556,

206

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name Formate. | Bpeeise | Bolingh: Meine
1 Mono-bromo-xylol. @, Hy Br. 207°5.
? Bromo-ethyl benzol. CG; Hy Br: Tes4ahscs. 199.°
3 Mono-bromo-cumol. C,H, Br: 1.3223, 13.° ||218"=220%
4 Mono-bromo-dibenzyl. Cy Es Bie |e rong:- 320°-++. s. oo —,
> Bromo-mesitylene. C,H, Br: F-31901, 10.- | 225.7
® Mono-bromo-naphthaline; C,) H, Br. TGS 5: 285."
7 « « « « T5Ose i 2. 27 Fan
XLVIII. Compounps Containine C. H. Br. O., C. Br. N. O., anp
C. H..N: Br,
Name. Formula. | Glevity. | point’ | Point?
® Acetyl bromide. C,H, 0 Br: $1°
*Propionyl « C, HO Br. pia 465,e14s- 96°-98.°
10 Monobromacety] bromide| C, H, O Br,. | 2.317, 2195. | 149°-150.°
U Monobromacetic acid. C,. By Br Ox 208.° Below 100°
” Dibromacetic « C, Hi, Br, O; 2:25. 225°-230.°
as « « « 232°-234.°
Tribromacetic « C, 1 Br; O;. 245.° 13027
1° Monobromopropionic
acid, | Csu- br? 190°—210.°
1 Dibromopropionic = « Ca Et brsO;. 2278 65.°
M Monobromobutyric « C2, Br Ose 5 4915.2 180.°
18 Dibromobutyric « Con Br, O58) -o7-
19 « « « 230.° p. d.|45°-48.°
2? Monobromostearic = « Cie Elgs br O,.| 120053) 20° ANee
#1 Bromopropionic ether. C.F, BE Os) Nh.360,i15.- 159°-160.°
Bromobutyric « etl riOD | 1233.55 5-° 185.° p. d.
23 « « « 1.345, 12.- 175°-178.°
*4 Deriv. of monobromamy-
lene. C,H; BrO: | 1.23; 10: 177°-180.°
* Bromal. ChE Br, OF, | s.34: 100°++.
26 « « P72 =tyaee
AUTHORITIES.
1Kekulé. A.C. P. 137.186. |" Perkin & Duppa. C.S. J.|18Schneider. 14. 458.
2 Fittig & Konig. 20. 609. 11, 22; 19Cahours. 15. 248.
3Meusel. 20. 698. 12 Perkin & Duppa. 11. 285. | 2 Oudemans. J. F. P. 89.197.

4 Stelling & Fittig.

5 Fittig & J. Storer. 20.704.
®Glaser. 18.562.
™Wahlforss. 18. 564.

8 Ritter. 8.504.

9Sestini. 22. 528.
10Naumann. 17.322.

Schaffer. Z. IF. C. 14. 382.

14 Schaffer. Z. F. C. 14. 382.

15 Friedel and Machuca. 14.
379.

16 Friedel and Machuca. 14.
461.

17 Schneider. 14. 457.

21,, Henry.
176.

22 Schneider.

23Cahours. 15. 248.

24 Reboul. 17. 507.

2% Lowig. A. C. P. 3.305.

26 Schaffer. Z. F. C. 14. 382.

AS CPS 156.

14, 458.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

207

Name.

1 Parabromalide.

? Deriv. of Oleic acid.

3 Epibromhydrin.

* Dibromhydrin.

5 «

® Bromophenylic acid.

7 Bromo isopropyl phenate.
8 «@ « «

* Bromo methy! phenol.
1 Bromopicrin.

Liquid nitrobromtoluol.

iz « «

13 Solid «

Formula.

C..Bry 0:
C,3 H;, Br, O,.

C, H, Br O.
Coal br, O:
C, Hi, Bro:
Cy HL Br O:

«

| C, H, Br O.

CBr, N O;.

C,H, Br N O,.

«

«

Specific Boiling Melting
Gravity. Point. Point.
3.107. 200°;sp. ds.) 67."
M2725 7 ob. 200.°
TeO 5s aa 13807
QSUl, Os 219.°
201, nGe 219.°
1.6606, 30. ° | 132? 22m. m.
19ST, Os, 236.°
1.957, 2:5: os) 760 m. m.
Ts ne 210.°
Doll Lae 5. 1O225.
1.612; 205— 269.° s.—20.°
WOM TsetO.. 255°-256.°
256°-257.°

43°

XLIX. Compounps CoNTAINING BOTH CHLORINE AND BROMINE.

Name Ferpele |), perce |) Satleg | tastieg
144 Ethylene bromochloride. | C, H, Cl Br. | 1.700, 18.° 107°-108.°
© Bromethylene hydrochlo-
rate. CCl ars 1168, 14s 81°-82.°
16 Propylene bromochloride.| C; H, Cl Br. | 1.62, 16.° 112°-113.°
™ Hexchloro propylene bro-
mide. @; Cle-Br,. 1.974.
18 Chloro-acetyl-bromide. | C,H,OCIBr.| 1.913, 9.° 1270
19 Bromo-acety]-chloride. « 1.908, g.° 127he
?° Perchlorobromethylic
ether. Ci.) br; O:2.5 5.18.0 96.°
21 Chlorobromhydrin. Cx eCl Br On. 740; “12.°. 1975-
22 « « 1.7641, 9° 185°-197.°
*8 Chlorodibromhydrin. CHE Cl Br;. | 2:0855,9.° 202°-203.°
4 « ore! 2.088. 1O5.-
2% « « 2.004, 15.° 195°-200.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Cloéz. 12. 433. |.9L. Henry. Z. F.C. 13. 247. | 16 Reboul. A.C. P. 155, 216.
2Lefort. 6.451. 10 Bolas & Groves. Z. F.C. | 1" Cahours.
3 Berthelotand De Luca. 9.| 13.414. 18 Wilde. 17.320.
600. [627.|11 Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 13. |! Wilde. 17. 319.
4 Berthelot and De Luca. 8. 240. 2 Malaguti. A.C. Phys. (8).
5 Berthelot and De Luca. 9.|12Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 13. 16. 25.
601. 166. 21 Reboul. 13. 458.
® Korner. 19.574. 18° Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 13.|2L.Henry. Z. F.C. 18. 604.
Silva. B.S.C. January,| 166. 3 Reboul. 13.461.

1870. [1870.
Silva. B.S. C. January,

|

“Uj, Henry. A. C. P
15 Reboul.

A. C.P.1

21. 341.
22. 375.

24 Oppenheim.
25 Darmstaedter.

208

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Ghvity, | ‘Point’ -| Pointe
1 Derivative of acetone. C,H Cl Brz.|.2.064 801° 170.°
? Epichlorobromhydrin. C, H, Cl Br. | 1.69, 14.° 126°=127 -
3 Epichlorobromhydrin +
Br. C; Hy, Cl Bry. | 2.36, 14.° 238.°
4 Epidichlorhydrin + Br. | C; H,Cl, Br,. | 2.10, 13.° 220°-221.°
*Bromodichlorhydrin of
phycite. | C; H; Cl, BrO.| 2.1719, 0.°
« « | « 2.1426, 17°25.
L. Compounps ConTAaInine C, H. ann I.
Ist. IODIDES OF THE ETHYL SERIES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee Tee
7 Methyl iodide. CHa. 2237, 22° 40°-50.°
s « « « 2.19922, 0.° 43°8.
9 « « « A2°2%
10 « « « 2.2636, 20> AZo.
11 « « « 2.269, 25a 42°5.
? Ethyl « C, H; I 1.9206, 23°3 64°8.
13 « « « 1.62, 16.- 64°5.
4 « « « 1.97 546, Oo. 7Owe
15 « « « Wiless
a6 « « « 1.9464, 16.° 71°6-72°2.
1 « « « 1.9309, Toes
18 « « « 1.98, AS 72°=73°
19 « « « 1.927, 20° Tilice,
” « « « 1.9265, 19.° 72027.
ar « « « 1.03/53 20-> Teo
eect « « 1.938, 20.° [arz.
23 « « « 1.979, On
a « « « 1.907, mt
25 « « « 1,9444, 14°5. 72°30.
AUTHORITIES.
1 Friedel. 12. 337 & 338. ULinnemann. Z. F.C. 11.|!%Linnemann. A.C. P. 144.
?Reboul. 13.461. 285. 133. (251.
3 Reboul. 13. 462. 12 Gay Lussac. A.C. Phys.|7 Linnemann. A.C. P. 148.
*Reboul. 13. 462. OF 91: 21 ¢ Haagen. 32.
5 ¢ Wolff. A.C. P.150.32. | 13 Marchand. J. F. P. 33.188. | 22 | Haagen. 32.
§ | Wolff. A.C. P. 150.32. |14Pierre. 15. a (eae & Puchot; AC!
7™Dumas and Peligot. A.C. | Andrews. 1. 89. Phys. (4). 22. 261.
Phys. (2). 58. 30. 16 Frankland. 2. 412. #4) Pierre & Puchot. <A. C.
8 Pierre. 15. 17 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. | Phys. (4). 22. 261.
® Andrews. 1.89. 18 Berthelot. A. C. P. 115.|% Linnemann. A.C. P.160.
10 Haagen. 32. 114. 195.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

209

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bore Pee

1 Propy! iodide. Crt ee E789, TO" Io1.°
2 « « « 99°- TOV.°
ga a « We7Ol2 a2 Tc LOICS.
aE « « 1.77343, 1652 102°-103.°
5 « « « T/O2, Os 102.°
6 «| « « L747 2s 10.0 TO2°92 5:
er « « L377 2c Io2°1l.
8 « « « 1.7610, Ose 1602920:
on « iso. « go°-95.° :
LOE « « « LeZOw Gow 89°-go.°
mW « « « « 1.714, 16.° 89.°
120 « « « « 1.73,On, 92°-94.°
1B « « « « E7255, 0os 935
Ie 4 « « « P.69,05.- 89°-9go0.°
OE ie (c « « « 1.71, Deo 89°-go.°
16 2 °
« « « « 1.735, O. a 89.°

« « « « Moats Di7 fc
Lo ( « « « 1.717.32,/17,° m: of 4. | B
eC « « « 1.562442, 93,°m. of 4. 23:
20S c « « « 170s lose 88°-89.°
a2 « « « « 7 US) LS eS: 89°-go.°
22 « « « 7 LOO; VS ox 88°7-89°5.
23 « « « 1.7842, 0.°
EG « « 1.7674, Ol.
2 ae « « 1.6843, ae Se oman
OKC « « 1-6373,-75¢3-
77 Butyl « Cube Te) F-60447" 162° 12024
3 « « « 1-032; 0.0
eC « « 1.600, 20.° Lids
sO « Ce 1.584, 30.° |
31 « « « 1.643, Ox 116°-118.° |

AUTHORITIES.

1 Berthelot & De Luca. 7.|1! Erlenmeyer. A.C. P.126.|?2 Linnemann. A.C. P. 161.

452.
2Chancel. 22. 359.
3TLinnemann. 21. 433.
#Chapman & Smith. C.S.
Jie 225195.
5 Rossi. A.C. P. 159. 79.
6Linnemann. A.C. P.160.
195.

7TLinnemann. A.C. P.161.
25.

8Tinnemann. A.C. P.161.
34.

9 Friedel. A.C. P. 124. 327.

10 Linnemann. 18. 489.

309.

122Simpson. A.C. P. 129. 128.
13 Wurtz. See A.C. P. 136. 43.
A. ©. P. 3d.

14 Linnemann.
supp. 265.

i Linnemann. A.C. P. 3d.

supp. page 267.

16 (Erlenmeyer. A. C. P.
| 139; 229. (189. 229,

7 \ Erlenmeyer. <A. C. P.

Ler (Ela a Bute 20:

19) | Hs 1: Buff. 29: {178.

2ZLinnemann. A.C. P.140.

21Siersch. A.C, P. 144, 142.

18.

23 ¢ Pierre & Puchot.

Phys. (4). 22. 286.
Pierre & Puchot.

{ Phys. (4). 22. 286.
25! Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 286.
26 | Pierre & Puchot.

l Phys. (4). 22. 286.
27 Wurtz. 7.573.
23 { De Luynes.
29 De Luynes. 17.499.
30 ( De Luynes. 17.499.
31 Wurtz, 20. 573.

ANCE

ve A.C,

A. C.

A.C.

17. 499,

210

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Bae eee
1 Butyl iodide. C, gl, "| 16301; :2 )
2 « « « 1.6032, 16.° 12M
8 « « « 1.54816, 50.°
4 « « « 1.6263,.0.%) |)
5 « « « E6111, 10. | 119°=120.°
6 « « « P5952, 20:2 | 758.3 m. m
7 « « « Perel
8 « « « L30%e
9 « « « 1.643, a
10 « « « F-61306) 20.75 > 129°6.
11 « « « 1.5894, 4o.° 738.2 m. m.
ae « « 1.6345, 0.°
13K « « L-6214, 823. 122°5.
arc « « 1.6387, 56°4.
tS « « « 1.464, 98°28.
ec « « 1.6081, 1995. 120°57,
17 « « « 120°63.
BAmyl « OC, es 5 ELIS; les. 146.°
19 « « « 1.§277, oe
20 «| « « 1.4936, 20.° 149.°
21 « « « 1.4676, Os- ) - 6
22 A « « 1.4387, 2293.) eee
25 « « 1.5087, 15°8.
24 1G « « 1.4734, 20.° 147-2
a « « « 1.5435; O- )
2c « « Te5 U7 A eos T55o4.
aT | « « 1.4961, 40.° 739-3 m. m,
=Hexyl « Cy Hyg: 2) 1-439: 165.°
mo « « « T:A31,, 1Os> 172°-175.°
300 « « B. « 1.4447, 0.° j 16725.
31 « « Can « 133012, 50:- 752 Mm. m
AUTHORITIES.

1 [ence & Smith. C. 8.
| J. 22.156. [J. 22. 156.
| esoman & Smith. C.S.

3| Chapman & Smith. C. 8.
J. 22. 156.

A ener 21. 439.

5| Lieben. 21. 439.

61 Lieben. 21. 439.

7|Lieben. 21. 489.

8Saytzeff. Z. F.C. 13. 108.

9 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
| 158. 137. [158. 137.

10 1 Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
a Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
| 158, 137.

12 Pierre & Puchot. A.C.
Phys. (4). 22. 317.
13 | Pierre & Puchot.
{ Phys. (4). 22. 317.
Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 317.
Pierre & Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 317.
16¢Tinnemann. A. C. P.
7 160.195. Two samples.
18 Frankland. 3.478.
19 Frankland.

AC!

14 AC:

15 A. C.

20Grimm. 7. 543.
21 ¢ Kopp. 18,
22 | Kopp. 18.

°3 Mendelejeff. 13.7.
*4 Haagen. 32.
* ( Lieben & Rossi.
| 159. 70.
a j Lieben & Rossi.
159. 70.
a Lieben & Rossi.
159. 70.
28 Wanklyn and Erlenmeyer.
14. 732.
*9 Pelouze and Cahours.
526.
30 Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.

AICHE:
ANC. Pe

ANGER.

16.

16. 518. (16. 518.

31 ( Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

211

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee ee
1 Hexyl iodide. Cea il Teprng: 17995.
*Heptyl « Cy Eek 196.°
3 « « « 190.°
_ « « « 192.”
° Octyl « Cob ale 193.°
6 « « « 1.310, TO. 210.°
7 « « « 1.330: 16:° 220°—222.°
8 « « 1s0. « $330, 0.- 120,"
9 « « « « 1.314, oe in vacuo.
10 Cetyl « Cig lteoels 22.0
1 Melissyl « Cry tenes ‘ 67.°

2d. MISCELLANEOUS.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. nae eta
? Methylene iodide. CLE aa aoe 3.3425.8.° 18i,°p. d. |°5,°aS.3-3
18 Ethylene « C; Ear 730°
14 « « « 2.07. 70.°
Propylene = « © Hi ale2-490; 1825.
16 Allyl « Oar EL eri |a12789;, 10.- 101°
We « « « 1.746, 0.2 89°-92.°
1 « « 1.848, 12.° 1O1°5—102.°
tS KG « « 1.839, 14.° IOI°-102.°
Or « « 97°-100.°
“1 Allylene « CooH, IG: 9 \62:62;,0.° 198.°
*” Moniodo-allylene. CoH ste) WSt7. 98.°
3 Diallyl monohydriodate.) C, Hy, I. | 1.497, 0.° 164°-165.°
4 « ~—s dihydriodate. O, dye lle 2-024; 0.° -
°° Allylene monohydrio-

date. | C,; H,I. | 1.8346, 0.° 82.°
26 « « « 1.8028, 16.°
BES i get dihydriodate.| C, H, I,. | 2-15, 0.°
AUTHORITIES.

1Franchimont and Zincke. | 1! Story-Maskelyne. C.S.J.|!Linnemann. A.C. P. 3d.

Chem. N, 24. 263. 22. 96. supp. 267.
2Wills. C.5. J. 6.311. 12 Butlerow. 11. 420. 19Linnemann. A.C. P. 3d.
3Schorlemmer. C.S. J. 16. | 13 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2),| supp. page 264.

219. 59. 368. *Tollens. A. C. P. 156. 156.
4Petersen. A.C. P.118.75.|14E. Kopp. J. F. P. 33. 183. | 2!Oppenheim. 18.493.
5Squire. 7. 583. 15 Berthelot & De Luca. 7.| 7? Liebermann. 18.495.

6 Bouis. 8.526. 453. 3% Wurtz. 17.514.

7 Zincke. . 22. 371. 16 Berthelot & De Luca. 7.| 24 Wurtz. 17.511.

8 ¢ De Clermont. 21. 449. 452. 25 ¢ Semenoff. 18. 494.
9(DeClermont. 21.449. li Woieikoff. 16. 495. 26 | Compare with allyl iodide.
10 Fridau. A.C. P. 83.12. *7Qppenheim. 18. 493.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. pe tee

1 Allylene dihydriodate. | C, H,I,. |-2.4458, 0.° 147°-148.°
2 Ethyl vinyl hydriodate. | C, H, I. | 1.634, 0.° 120°-121.°
3 Ethy] allyl « Ce dd De 12537, O.¢ \ 146.°
40m « « « E5210, Li. 763 m. m.
5 Vinyl iodide. Gia e er9ds:
® Todoform. GCEHI |\2.00. I15°-120.°
7 Moniodobenzol. C5 Hea "1.60: 185°-I9g0.
; « ’ « 1.833. 188°2.
« « 1.644056 18520
1 Todotoluol. Ortho, |'C, HI. 4) 12698;-20-2 204.2"
mt « Meta. « 1.697, 20.° 205.°
? Benzyl iodide. Cr dege|PE-7S 3592520 ee a. 240.° PACT.

LI. Compounps Contarnine O, H, O, ann I.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Poe ae ha

8 Acetyl iodide. C, EL OP ET i9snizee 108.°
14 « « « 104°-105.°
*° Propiony] iodide. Cel 2 Oo: 127°-128.°
16 Butyryl « CH Or ale 146°-148.°
™Valeryl « C2 Hy.O. i: 168.°
18 Biniodated methyl oxide| C, H, I, O. | 3.345. 181°-182.° | s.—6.°
9 Todhydrin. Cie Ona be7oss
0 Epi iodhydrin. C; H, 10. | 2.03, 13° | 160°—180.°

LII. Compounps CoNnTAINING BOTH CHLORINE AND IODINE, OR
BROMINE AND IODINE.

Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. ae Mee
71 Ethylene chloriodide. | C, H, ClI. | 2.151, 0.° 145.°
22 « « « 2,30; :20. 146.°
8 Propylene « C, BH, Chis 1-9327,0.-
24 « « « 1.824.

AUTHORITIES.

1Semenoff. 18. 494. 10 Beilstein & Kuhlberg. A.|!7Cahours. 10. 344.
2Wurtz. A.C. P2152. 23. C. P. 158. 349. 18 Briining. 10. 432.
3 Wurtz. 21.446. 1 Beilstein & Kuhlbeg. Z. | 1° Berthelot & De Luca. 7.
‘ \ Compare with amyl iodide.| F. C. 13. 103. 454.
5 Regnault. [stellung.” | 12Lieben. 22.425. 20 Reboul. 13.459.
6 Weltzien’s ‘‘ Zusammen- | Guthrie. 10.344. 21Simpson. 16.485,
7Schutzenberger. 14.348. |1#Cahours. 10.344. *Maumené. 22.345.
§Kekulé. 19, 554. (251. | 5Sestini. Z. F. C. 12.661. 23Simpson. 16, 494.
SLadenburg. A.C. P.159.|16Cahours. 10. 344. *4Oppenheim. 20.571.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

213

Name. Formula, | /Gisvity, | Point’ | Point”
1 Chloriodoform. Coe Cl) "1.96:
2 « « 2.454, 0.°
« « 2.403, 21°5.
* Chloriodotoluol. C, HCl. | 1-702;19:2 240.°
5 « Alpha. « L710, 3720 242°-243.°
e « Beta. « 1-770} 1O25. 240.° 10.°
7 Todochlorhydrin. ¢, Hi, Cl 10,.) 2.06, 10.2 22052
® Ethylene bromiodide. CHB 2.7 seks 160,° p. d
®* Bromethylene hydriodate| C, H, Br I. | 2.5, 1.° 141°-142.°
1 Brompropylene « CH Br 18222, .11.- 148,° p. d.
1 Para-iodorthobromtoluol. | C,; H, Br I. | 2.044, 20.7.° 265.°
” Meta-iodorthobromtoluol. « ZIBZO wae 260.°
LIII. Organic Compounps ContTarntna SULPHUR.
lst. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C,H, and 8.
Name. Fommulaa cgay, ||) Pont | Rakes
18 Methyl] sulphide. Cries: 0455 21.— Ate
1 Methyl ethyl sulphide. | C, H, S. 58°8-59°5.
15 Ethyl « (Gy sl Aish 1625,120— 733
16 « « « .83672, On g1.°
7 « « « 81.°
18 Tsopropy] « Cae: 105.0
19 Ethyl amyl « C7 Ha, 0: 132°-133°5.
Pe ee « « ESE Ore 158°-159.°
7 Butyl « CHE: 849. 0.° 176 -185.°
2 Amyl « Cro tes 216.°
3 Hexyl « Ci, Hag: 230:0
** Cetyl « (OAs Fes} 57°55. 54."
* Methyl! disulphide. C; Hi, 'S;: 1.046, 18.° 116°-118.°
Beare « « 1.06358, 0.° DI2ene
AUTHORITIES.

1Bouchardat. A.C. P. 22.| 9Reboul. A.C. P. 155. 213. | 17R. H. Smith.

230. 10Reboul. A.C. P. 155. 214. | 8 L. Henry. 22. 361.
2 Borodine. 15.391. 11 Wrobleysky. Z. F.C. 13.|!Carius. 14. 595.
3 | Borodine. 15. 391. 165. 20 Saytzeff. 19.529.
* Beilstein & Kuhlberg. A.|12Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 14. | 2 Saytzeff. 19. 528. \

C. P. 156. 82. 210. 22 Balard. <A. C. Phys. (3).
5 Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 13. |! Regnault. A.C. Phys.(2).| 12.304.

164. 71. 391. 23 Pelouze & Cahours.
6 Wroblevsky. Z. F.C. 13.|1!Carius. 14. 595. 24 Fridau. A. C. P.83: 17.

164. 15 Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2). | Cahours. <A. C. Phys. (3).
TReboul. 13. 458. 71. 388. 18. 258.
8Reboul. A.C. P. 155. 214, °1° Pierre. 15. %6 Pierre. 15.

r

214

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. |<. Giovity. | Point] Beats

? Ethyl disulphide. Cpqes about 1.00. 151.2
? Amyl « Cig eiaeay | <Olonto. 240°-260.°
3 Amylene sulphide. Cries: 907; T3.° a. 26032
4 Fusyl disulphide. C; H, 8. 880, 13.°
5 Allyl trisulphide. Cpe gcse Pr -Ol2,a15-< 188.°
® Methyl mercaptan. Ci Onl: ate
* Ethyl « Ce. ESS. ).c8a2 05.2 61°-63.°
Bog « « 1885) Zien g072:
* Propyl « iso.| C,;H,.H.8 Abe
0 Butyl « C,H. H.'s. |..848, 11°s. 88.°
1 Amyl « CoE elo. E25.0
12 « « « 835, De Nay fo
18 « « « 8548, Ow
wo « « « .8405, a nI9:S.
® Hexyl « CAH EES 145°-148.°
16 « « B. « 8856, 02 142,°
" Heptyl « C, H,;.H.8 155°-158.°
18 Cetyl « Cig Plaga 50°5,S.44.°
19 Ethylene sulphydrate. | C, H, §,. 1.123, 23-5; 146.°
*°Sulphydrate of acetyl

mercaptan. Sra halo 1-134. 180.°
21 Methyl sulphocarbonate) C, H, §;. L15Qy oe 200°-205.°
2 Ethyl « Ceri sa: 237°-240.°
23 « « « 240.°
Amy! « Cretan tl eo azs 245°-248.°
*® Ethylene trisulphocar-

bonate. | C, H, §,. 1.4768. 36°5.
6 Propylene « C, Hi, Ss 1.31; 20°
7 Butylene « Cy Hiss 1.20, 20.-
*8 Amylene « Caney os: 1.073.
9 Allyl « G,Hig Ss. 1) 943% 170°-175.°
%° Phenyl] sulphide. Ce Emm el to, 292-55
31 « ~~ sulphydrate. Oe ES it -O70,nR Ase 165.°
S3 « « « £7295.
AUTHORITIES.
1Morin. P. A. 48.484. 2 Krutzsch. J.E:P. 31.2. | 22 Debus: vA. OC) Bo75.147
20. Henry. 1. 700. 13, ¢ Kopp. 18. * Hiisemann. 14.344.
*Guthrie. 14. 665. 4 Kopp. 18. “4 Hiisemann. 15. 410.
#Guthrie. 12. 484. 15 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.526. | 25 Hiisemann. A. C. P. 123.
5Léwig. 13. 399. 16Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer.; 87.
®Gregory. A.C. P. 15. 239.| 17.509. 26 Hiisemann. 15. 434.
‘Zeise. P. A. 31. 389. 7 Schorlemmer. 16. 468. |? Atisemann. 15. 434.
Siebig, “AGP. iicih: 18 Fridau. A.C. P. 83.18. 28 Htisemann. 15. 434.
9L. Henry. 22. 361. 19-Werner. 15. 424. 29 Htisemann. 15. 410.
1% Humann. 8.613. 20 Weidenbusch. 1. 550. *0Stenhouse. 18. 532.
1 Balard A.C. Phys. (3). |?! Cahours. A.C. Phys. (8). | 3! Vogt. 14. 630.
12. 305. 19, 162. 82Stenhouse. 21.599.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 215

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity.) “point. Point,
1 Benzyl! sulphydrate. CELSERS. | 1.058, 20;" 194°-195.°
? Naphtyl « Cielo: 1.146, 23.° 285.0
3Mesitylene « Cone. 1S: 1.0192. 228°-229.°
4 Sulphoxenol. (Ga RSs 1,036,113," DIZ
° Glycerin trisulphydrate.| C, H, §. 1.391, 14°4.

2d. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H, S, and O.

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. Point. Point

® Methy] sulphite. Cy HES O;, || 1.0456; 16292: T2525.
* Methyl ethyl sulphite. | C,; H,S 0. | 1.0675, 18.° 140°-141°5.
8 Ethyl « Op a RISK ORs aie otei ny Cope 150°-170°
BiG « « 1.10634, 0.° 16093.
: « « « 1.1063, or \ 16193.

« « « 1.0926, L272
2 Ethyl amyl « CG, aes O;: 210°-225.°
8 Methyl! sulphate. Cys Ops 8-324,.22.- 188.°
14 « « « BsGOGy L3e-
6 Ethyl « C, H, S O,| 1.120.°
16 Kthyl sulphurous acid. | C, H, S O,. | 1.3.
NO Rc esulphuric gs eo 5 Ces Opi T.3405—-1.317 16,”
1 « ethylsulphonate. | C, H,, S O,.| 1.1712, 0.° ; 207°5.
19 « « « Jeai 508, 20° 746.9 m. m.
7 Methyl disulphocarbo-

nates! CoH. S, 'O!| 4.143505 .° T70°=172°

1 Ethyl methyl « C, H, 8, O. | 1.123, 11.° 179.°
2 Ethyl « CEG o2.©:| 1-6703, 18.° 210 -212.°
23 « « « 1.07. ZOO
** Ethyl monosulphocar-

bonate. CATH io On| 1032.0 1.~ 162.0
* Thiacetic acid. Cre 's ©} ||| £0745 10.° 93.°
* Disulphamylene oxide. | Cy) H, oe Oi Meo54,, 13-0
2 « hydrate. | C, H,, § O. | 1.049, 8.°

AUTHORITIES.
1Marcker. 18. 543. | Cariusis cde He PB. (2) 2.2: lig Carius, 5d. HPs (2)e2
2Schertel. 17.533. 285. 269.
3’ Holtmeyer. 20. 708. 2Carius, A.C. P. 111.104. | 2Cahours. A.C. Phys. (3).
#Yssel De Schepper. 18.558. | 18 Dumas & Pel. A.C.Phys.} 19. 160.
5Carius. 15. 455. (2) 558:33! 21Chancel. 3.470.
®Carius. 12. 86. 14 Bodeker. 26. 22 Zeise. A.C. P. 55. 310.
TCarius. A.C. P. 111.103. | 5 Wetherill. 1.692. 3 Debus. A.C. P. 75.125,
8 Ebelmen & Bouquet. A. | 16 Watts’ Dictionary. *4Debus. 3.465.
C. Phys. (8). 17. 67. 17 Watts’ Dictionary. 2) Ulrich 125355:

9Pierre. 15. 187 Cars; J. BPs (2). 25)25Guthries, 197483:

ity Cariuss de Ki oPs (2). 250) «269! 27 Guthrie. 12. 483.
285. ;

216

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

1Deriv. of cenanthol.
?Glycerin monosulphy-
drate.
3
* Xanthurin.
®> Carbonyl disulpho di-
ethyl.

Formula.

CHS 0:

C, H,§ 0,.

« disulphydrate) C, H, 8, O.

C, H,S 0,.

C,; H,, 8, 0.

Roi7ilpae re ou

14°4.
14°4.

1-205,
1.342,
1.012.

1.084, 20.°

Specific Gravity.

Boiling |Melting
Point. Point.
145.°
196°-197.°

3d. SULPHUR COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. eee eee

6 Methyl sulphocyanide. | C,H, NS. | 1.115, 16.° 132°-133.°
TK « « 1.08794, 0.° 132°86.
® Ethyl « Co NUS: |: t.020,516-- 146.°
a « « a. B00; 15°
a ent « « 1,033, 0;>
aaa « « 1.0126, I9.°
eP « « 1.0024, 23.° 146.°
13 « « « 8694. ) 146. °
4 « « « 87014. f
1 Tsopropyl « C, N83 "|29635 20:° 149°-151.°
16 Amyl « Co ays: 197°
WT « « « 905, 20.° 195°-210.°
18 Hexyl « C,H Noss} ,.022 ize 215°-220.°
19 Allyl « CHIN'S: || £015; 20:2 1A35°
2G « « 1.00
a « « « ooh 15." rab
2 « « « 1.0282, oO. a iM
23 « « « 1.0173, uh Te amok
4 Phenyl « GC, ENS. 5 1.0355 8545: 222.0
* Amylene bithiocyanide. | C, H, 8 S Cy. 107, 13.7
#6 Amylene bithio bithio-

cyanide. C3 oa CYe| tet; 232°

AUTHORITIES.

1Schiff. 21. 724. ®Lowig. P. A. 67.101. 19PDumas & Pelouze. A.C.
2Carius. 15. 453. 10 ( Buff. 21.652. Phys. (2). 53. 182.
$Carius. 15. 454. | Buff. 21. 652. Will. A.C. P. 52.4.
*Couérbe. A.C. P. 40. 297. Buff. 21. 652. Will.” 2A. (CP: 6254:
5 Schmidt & Glutz. 21.575. Buff. 21. 652. Kopp. 18.
®Cahours. A.C. Phys.-(3). | | Buff. 21.652. Kopp. 18.

18. 261. 7, Henry. 22. 361. *4 Hofmann. 11. 349.
7Pierre. 15. 16 Medlock. C. P. 69, 222. | ™ Guthrie. 14. 665.
SCahours. A.C. Phys. (3).|270. Henry. 1.700. Guthrie. 14. 665.

18. 265.

18 Pelouze & Cahours. 16.526.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 217

Boiling | Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity.| “point. Pont.
’Sulphocyanacetic ether.| C;H, NS 0,. | 1.174. a.220°p.d.
? Thialdine. G, EE ONis,- >| T:1Q2;.18:0 Age SAz
3 @nanthothialdine. Cee Hs NUS... | -896,:245°
* Cystic oxide. CoE NS 0, | 1.7143.

4th. CHLORINATED SULPHUR COMPOUNDS.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. eee eae
* Chlorosulphuric ether. | C,H, Cl S 0,.) 1.379, 0.° )
6 « « « 1.3556, DTROe 80°—82.°
fl « « « 1.324, OF.° j
*Tetrachlorethylic sul-
phide: }@, Hg), S| 1,547, 12:° 167°-172.°
*Octochlorethylic — « Ce ClS.. | .073).245. 160.° p. d.
” Trichlormethylamy]sul-
phite. C, ag Cl, 5 0;-|| 1.104
4 Ethylene bisulphochlo-
rides | CHS Clk | \itia46.10.°
” Amylene « Ce eo iCl. | M1149, 12:2
“Chlorethylene « Oe Olson elsSOO ml Is.
“ Ethylene bichlorosul-
pide. | CHS Cli. | 1.408, 13°
1% Amylene « Col gi Olan Wel aon ras
6 Bichlorethylene chloro-
sulphide: |\C; Hy S €l,. || 12255 13°:
17 « « « MATOS 75.
'STerchloramylene « Ci Eg) Cl... |f 124065, 16:2 |
" Ethyl sulphurous chlo-
ride: |.C, Fl, CUS O;3/00.357,22°5. i7itee
»° Phenyl « « | C,H; C18 O,.) 1.378, 23.° PAM ES
AUTHORITIES.
1 Heintz. 18. 347. § Riche. 7. 556. Guthrie. 12.481.
? Wohler & Liebig. A.C. P.| 9Regnault. A.C. Phys. (2). | 16 Guthrie. 13. 434.
61. 4. 71. 406. (Guthrie. 13. 434.
3 Schiff. 21.724. 10Carius. <A. C. P. 113. 36. 18 Guthrie. C.S. J. 13. 44.
4Venables. Watts’ Dict. Guthrie. 13. 435. 19 Gerhardt and Chancel. 5.
5 Purgold. 21. 416. 12 Guthrie. 12. 480. 435.
i‘ Purgold. 21. 416. BGuthrie. 13. 433. *0 Gerhardt and Chancel. 5.
7 Purgold. 21. 416. 14Guthrie. 12. 482. 434,

15

218 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

LIV. OraGanic Compounps OF SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM.

Name. Formula. (Specific Gravity. Soe MOE
1 Ethyl selenide. C, H,, Se. 107°-108.°
2 «diselenide. C, Hy Sez: 186.°
3 Methy] telluride. CH, le. S2.0
* Ethyl « C, Eto Les Below 100.°
5 Amyl « Cro i a Le. 198.°
® Tellurmethyl chloride. C,H ole: Cl,. 97°5.
: « bromide. | C,H, Te. Br,. 89.°

LV. ORGANIC CoMPOUNDS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS.

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. pa Cpa
8 Ethyl phosphite. C, Ha, PO... (2075: IgI.°
® Amyl « Cre lee Os 236.°
Ethyl phosphate. Cheek Of, 1 t.072, sie 215.9
1 « pyrophosphate. | C, H,,P,0,. | 1.172,17. ~
12 Amyl amylphosphite. | C,, H,,; P O,. | .967, 19°5.
18 Diamyl] phosphoric acid.] C,) H,,; P O,. | 1.025, .20
* Amylnitrophosphorous
acid. | C4 H., PN Qj.| 1.02, 20.°
5, « « « « 1.00, 70. \
#¢ Amylsulphoxyphospho-)
ric ether. Cisblegs Es ©}; || 649) 12. >
"Triphenyl — trisulpho-
phosphamide. Cig bas Ne Ss) 1634. 78.°
18 Ethyl] phosphite chloride) C, H; P O Cl,.| 1.316, 0.° TI7-2
19 Butyl « « f i, HT , PO Cl.. I.19I, 0.° 154°-I 50:
»” Amyl « « C,; H;, P-O'Cl,.| 1.109, 0.° 173°
1 Monomethy] phosphin. | C H, P. —14.°
Dimethyl] « CEE. 25.0
Trimethyl « Croll: 40°-42.°
** Monethyl « C7 Hy P 2hea
AUTHORITIES.
1 Rathke. ; x" C. 12.724. | 8 Williamson. 7. 563. 8 Menschutkin. A. C. P. 139.
2 Rathke. F. C. 12.724. | 9 Williamson. 7. 564. 344,
3 Wohler & a A.C. P.|1°Limpricht. 18. At HF 19 Menschutkin. 19. 487.
93. 233. 1 De Clermont. 562. 20 Menschutkin. 19. 487.
#Wohler. -A2C. PR. 35sitd. | 22, Wurtz: A.C: P. 58. 77. 21 Hofmann. Z. F.C. 14. 364.
5 Wohler & Dean. A.C. P.|Fehling. Watts’ Dict. 2 Hofmann. Z. F.C. 14. 364.
97. 2. 14 Guthrie. 11. 404. 23 Hofmann & Cahours. 10.
©Wohler & Dean. A.C. P. | (Guthrie. 11. 404. 378.
93. 233. (93. 233. | 16 Chevrier. 22. 344. Hofmann. Z. F. C. 14.

7Wohler & Dean, A.C. P.' 17 Chevrier. 21. 734. 364.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

219

Name. Pomaula ill Orsay | | point’ | Pointe
1 Diethyl phosphin. Cy, Bik. 85.°
? Triethyl « Cj ELE. OT LeCGs 127253
3 « « « 128.>
* Triethyl phosphin oxide.| C, H,, P O. 240.° 44.°
5 « « « « 5200; S. 42.°
6 « « « « 242°8-243.° |Cryst. 51°9.
3 « « sulphide.| C, H,; PS. 94,° s. 88.°
y « « selenide. | C, H,,; P Se. Ti2-2

LVI. Orcanic Compounps ConTAINING Boron.

Name, Formula. (Specific Gravity. Poses ee
* Trimethyl borate. Cio B05, 17-955 1,.0:- 722
10 « « « -940, Ow
11 « « « ne ae 65.°
” Triethyl « C, H,; B O;. | .8849. TOs:
13 « « « ROAle 121.°
14 « « « .887, O
15 « « « ee 2025. = eo:
Triamyl « C,, Hz, B O 270°—275,.°
WW « « « ae (oy
2 « « « 1052,/ 245° 254.°
19 « « « .840-855, 285°
20 « « « 853, 2
1 Methyl diethyl borate. | C; H,; B O3. | -904, 0.° F 5
22 « « « « 883, 20 \ TOO p15:
= Ethyl diamyl « Cree, BO; |).870;.0.- eran
vw « « « « 852, 230) = j
> Amy! diethyl « C, H,, B:O;. || 858,.20.° 173°-175.°

AUTHORITIES.

1 Hofmann. Z. F. C. 14. 364.

2 Hofmann & Cahours. 10.
372.

3 Hofmann. Z. F. C. 14. 364.

4Hofmann. C.S8. J. 13. 295.

5Pebal. Watts’ Dictionary.

6 Crafts & Silva. C.S. J. 24.
633.

7Hofmann & Cahours.
376.

® Hofmann & Cahours. 10.
Sire

9Ebelmen & Bouquet. J.
KH; P. 38. 218:

10.

10 { Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
184. [184.
E | Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
12Ebelmen & Bouquet. J.
F. P. 38. 215.
13 Bowman. P. M. (3). 29
548.
Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
. 161.
Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
16 Ebelmen & Bouquet. J.
HP. 38; 219:
Schiff. A.C. P.5th. supp.
189.

[161.

18 { Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
189. [189.
9 ( Schiff, A.C, P. 5th. supp.
20 Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
195,
21( Schiff. A. C. P. Sth. supp.
197. [197.
Schiff. A. C. P. Sth. supp.
3 (Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
[vt 193.
4 Schiff, A.C. P.5th. supp.
L193,
Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp.
193.

bo
bo
Oo

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula, Cig)” 2 paula
1 Monamy!1 borate. @,, > 0: O71) O ))
a « « « 949, 20.°f
*Monocetyl « Ciel O). 58.°
*Tetraphenyl diborate. | C., H.) B, O;. | 1.13.°
5 « « « 1.124, Orr
6 « « « 1.106, ae
7 Boron triethyl. CoH, Bb .6961, 23.° 95°-97.°
LVII. Orcanic CoMPpouNDS CONTAINING SILICON.
Name. Bermulay | 0 aie Wen eee
8 Diethyl silicate. CHER ot On. 070924. > 350.°
* Tetramethy!] silicate. Cr Hs! O;. 1.0589, 0.° 120°-122.°
1° Trimethyl ethy] silicate, CoH, S.O,. 1.023. 133°-135.°
1 Dimethyl diethyl — « C,H. Sr 0,5, || 1.0044,0." 143°-146.°
™ Methyl triethyl « CAEL, SO. | 2980,.0:° 155°-157.°
8 Tetrethyl « C, Hsu O;. 4 1932: 162°-163.°
14 « « « 19335 20:7
15 « « « .9676, Ox 165°5.
1° Triethyl amyl « Gi Elgg IE Oy. |,-920, OF 216°-225.°
™ Dimethyl diamyl « Cy, Ee Su O; 225°-235.°
18 Diethyl « « Cy A ssrO,. 1.615 510.- 245°-250.°
19 Ethyl! triamyl « CE Son Oe Olsno.- 280°—-285.°
* Tetramyl « C,H, S1O,. | .868, 20.7 322—-325.°
7) Hexmethy] disilicate. | C, Hy, Si, 0,. | 1.1441, 0.° 201°—-202°5.
” Hexethyl « C,H, Su 0; | trorg6; 0° \ pee ae
a « « 1.0019, 19°2. ae
*4 Tribasic silicopropionic
ether. | Si C, H.,, O, .9207, 9.° 159°-162.°
* Orthosilicopropionic « | Si; Cy, Hy» O03. | .9207, 0.° 158°5.
*6 Silicon tetramethyl. C,H; ASi. 30°-31.°
7 « — tetrethyl. (Oa s Paieye FORT 2297. Te2e5:
AUTHORITIES.
1 (Schiff. A.C. P.5th.supp. | 9 Friedel & Crafts. 18.465. | 19 Friedel & Crafts. 19. 489.
| 189. [189. | 1° Friedel & Crafts. 19.491. | 20Ebelmen. A.C. P. 57.344.
2 Schiff. A.C. P.5th.supp. |! Friedel & Crafts. 19.491. | 2 Friedel & Crafts. 18.465.
* Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp. | !2 Friedel & Crafts. 19.491. | 22 ( Friedel & Crafts. 19. 489.
199. 133 Abelmen. A.C. P. 52.324. | & 490. [& 490.
‘Schiff & Bechi. 19.493. | 14Ebelmen. A.C. P. 57.334. | 3 (Friedel & Crafts. 19.489.
8 ( Schiff. A.C. P.5th. supp. | 5 Friedel & Crafts. 8. J. ( 2). | 2* Friedel & Ladenburg. 21.
208. [208. 43. 158. (43.163. 428. [C. P. 159.259.
® \ Schiff. A.C. P. 5th. supp. | 16 Friedel & Crafts. 8S. J. (2). | > Friedel & Ladenburg. <A.
7Frankland & Duppa. 13. | 17 Friedel & Crafts. S. J. (2). | 26 Friedel & Crafts. 18.465.
386. 43. 341. 27 Friedel & Crafts. S.J. (2).
8Ebelmen. A.C. P.57, 339. ' 18 Friedel & Crafts. 19. 489. 49. 311.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 221
Name. Formula. | Glavity, | point’ | Pointe
1 Silicon tetrethyl. Ciel. 56341,,0:-
* Methyl silicic monochlor-,
hydrin.| $i C, H, Cl O,. | 1.1954, 0.° |11495-115°5.
Sat Cec « dichlorhydrin. | Si C, H, Cl, O,.| 1.2595. 98°-103.°
eek « trichlorhydrin.) Si C H, Cl, O. 82°-86.°
° Ethyl] silicic monochlorhy-|
drin.| Si C, H); Cl O5.| 1.0483, 0.° |155°-157.°
ea « dichlorhydrin. | $i C, Hy) Cl, O,.| 1.144, 0.° |136°-138.°
Pia « trichlorhydrin.| Si C,H, Cl, O. | 1.241, 0.° | 104.°
* Silicon iodoform. Si-EL Ls 3230250.) \ ‘
. Eur | 2203
« « « 3.314, 20.
LVIII. Organic Compounps oF TI, Pb, Zn, Hg, anp Al.
Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. Beare Pee
1 Thallic ethylate. C, H; T10. | 3.480 to 3.685. +
a «| ‘amylate: C, Hy, TNO. 12.465 to2.518. +
? Lead tetramethyl. (CHE) Phe i203450:°
1% a diethyl. (Coe) pee Da gh Tag: 198°-202.°
Lac « « 1.62.
8 « ttethyl. (C,, Hin\a Bibs \h 1471} 10:°
6 Zinc methyl. (CH:),. 20. || 1.386;-1025. 46.°
ae “ethyl: (CoE) 20 | tetO2 41S: > DUSse
aS ee amyl’ (CORU ale Rey Aobabi Repl vole 220;°
7 Mercury methyl. (C'H,),. Hig. | 3.069. 93°-96.°
By « ethyl. (C, H,),. Hg. | 2.444. 158°-160.°
21 « « « L5Os
2 «butyl. (Ci, H,),. Hg. |127469;,0.° \
ae « « « 1.7192, 16.°
Pasir ag tt amyl. (Cz 1,;) ss Hg.) 1.6663;/0.2
AUTHORITIES.
1 Ladenburg. B.S. C. 18.240. |! ¢ Lamy. A.C. Phys. (4). | !® Frankland & Duppa. 16,
2 Friedel & Crafts. 19. 490. 3.373. (See the paper). 473.
3. Friedel & Crafts. 19.490. |" Lamy. 17. 466. 19 Buckton. 11.388.
£ Friedel & Crafts. 19.490. | 1% Butlerow. 16. 476. 2 Buckton. 11.390.
> Friedel & Crafts. S.J. (2).| 8 Buckton. 11.391. 21 Frankland & Duppa. 16.
43. 160. 4 Buckton. 12. 409. 471. *
6 Friedel & Crafts. 19.488. | 15 Klippel. 13.381. 22 (Chapman & Smith. C.
7 Friedel & Crafts. 19.489. | 16Frankland & Duppa. 16. S. J. 22. 164
8 ¢ Friedel. A.C. P.149.96.| 473. 3) Chapman & Smith. C.
9 | Friedel. A.C. P.149.96. | 17 Frankland. 8.577. S. J. 22. 164.

*t Frankland & Duppa.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

13 Hexyl mercaptide of

mercury.
* Mercuric iodomethide.
3
ss « iodamylide.
> Aluminum methyl.
3 « ethyl.

« chloramylide.

Specific Boiling | Melting

Bermule. Gravity. Point. | Point.
CE, 55 Eg, 0.6502,,0.-
CH, I Hg: 143.°
C; H,, Cl Hg. 86.°
Pe bh el Elo: 122
(CH) Al: 130.- s. O°-++.
(C, H,), Al. 194.°

LIX. Ore@anic Compounps ConTarIninG As, Sb, on Bi.

Name. Formula. | Gravity. | Point’ | Point’
™ Methyl arsenite. 1.428, 9°6. 128°-129.°
® Ethyl « 1.22A;,0.° 166°-168.°
* Amyl « 1.0525, 0.° 288.°
10 Methyl arsenate. E5501, 18405. 1 203-205 e.
1 Bthyl « 1.3264, 0.°
12 « 1.3161, 8°8.
8 Arsen-dimethyl. (@4,),. “As: 170.° So Ose
Arsen-diethyl. (CeEL: ee Ass: 185°—190.°
19 Arsen-triethyl. (CiE.),, AS | E151, o16o7. 140°-180.°
16 Arsenmethyl chloride. | C H, As Cl,. Ti33e-
um « iodide. C H, (ASF Zoe
a « oxide. CH, As ©: 95-°
a « sulphide. | C H, As S. a. 110.2
20 Alkarsine. C,H, As O.(?)) 1.462; 15.7
1 Stib-trimethyl. (C z : Shs? | 523,, 555 80°6.
~ Stib-triethyl. (Gore obs |) d.3244, 110.0 T58°5.
* Stib-triamyl. WC, probe. | else sels.
Zoe « « 1.0587.
* Stib-triethyl chloride. CG. 2H. Sb Cl.| 2540; 075°
Bd « bromide. | C, H, Sb Br,.| 1.953, 17-° S.—I0.°
ek. « iodide. C, Hy; Sb I, | 70°5.
*° Bismuth-triethyl. (C, H,); Bi. | 1.82.
AUTHORITIES.

1 Wanklyn & Erlenmeyer. | ® Crafts. 20, 552. 19Baeyer. A.C. P. 107. 281.

17. 510. 9 Crafts. 20Bunsen. P. A. 40. 224.
?Frankland. A. C. P. 85.}1Crafts. Z. F. ©. 14. 324. "1 Landolt. 14.569,

363. 11 ¢ Crafts. 20. 551. 2 Lowig & Schweitzer. 3.471.
$Frankland & Duppa. C.| 12 (Crafts. 20.551. 3 Berlé. 8. 586.

S. J. 16. 415. 13 Bunsen. A.C. P. 42.34. | Cramer. 8.590.
*Frankland & Duppa. C.)14Landolt. 6.491. %® Lowig & Schweitzer. 3.476.

S. J. 16. 415. 15 Landolt. 6. 492. 26 Lowig & Schweitzer. 3.476.
5 Buckton & Odling. 18.468. | 16 Baeyer. A. C. P. 107. 272. | 2? Lowig & Schweitzer. 75.
® Buckton & Odling. 18.468. | 17 Baeyer. A.C. P. 107. 286.| 339.
TCrafts. Z. F.C. 14. 324. 18 Baeyer. A.C. P. 107. 284. | Breed. 5.602.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

223

LX. Organic ComMpouNnpDs OF TIN.

Name. Hommuls. |) Gua, i pome |Pont
1 Stann-tetramethyl. (C H,),. Sn: 140°-145.°
2 « « « 1.3138, 0.0 ()978.>
3 Stann-diethy]. (@; He)3. Sn. Te55 on 05."
Gt « « 1.192. 176°-180.°
5 Stann-triethyl. (Coe en: V.AT15; 0.0 |/208°=272-°
® Stann-tetrethy]. (CL BE) Su, 180.°
SoA « « 1.1873, 13003 | Tle
8 Stann-dimethyl-diethyl. |(CH3).(C,H,),.Sn} 1.2319, 19.° | 144°-146.°
9 « « Cu « 1.2603, oe
Ub « « « « 1.2509, ne
1 Stann-ethyl-trimethyl. ((C H,),C,H,.Sn.} 1.243. 125°-128.°
” Stann-methyl-triethyl. |C H,(C,H,)3.Sn. 162°-163.°
8 Ethylene-stannethy]. (Cid) Sn. 1.410.
Stann-triethyl-pheny]. (Cp HE) eC, Eien; 1.2639, O° | 254.-
15 Stann-triethyl ethylate. |C,; H,) Sn O. 1.2634, 0.° | 269°-2730° |, 43:2
16 Stann-dimethyl chloride. |C, H, Sn Cl,. 188°—190.° | go.°
My a « bromide. |C, H, Sn Br,. 208°-210.°
ame. « iodide. |C, H, Sn I,. DZ OID N22 MP 22ocr, 20.2
19 Stann-trimethyl iodide. (C, H, Sn I. 2.155, 18.° | 188°-190.°
20 « « « « 2.TAR32 0.°
a6 é n « ae ee oe
* Stann-diethyl chloride. |C, H,) Sn Cl,. 220.2 60.°
zs « « « « 8 Bee
3 ie « bromide. |C, H,, Sn Br,. 232°=9 33.2
aie 2a « iodide. Cr onel.: 245°-246.° | 42.°
26 « « « « 1.8.
ae « « « 2.0329, 15.° | Begins, 208°
2S ec « « « Ane
*® Stann-triethyl chloride. |C, H,; Sn Cl. 1.428, 8.° 208°-210.° |
30 « « « « 1.320.
at) be « bromide. |C, H,; Sn Br. 1.630.

AUTHORITIES.

1Cahours. 12. 427. 13 Lowig. 5.585. 21 ¢ Ladenburg. Z. F. C. 13.
2Ladenburg. Z. F.C.13.605.|1Ladenburg. A.C. P.159.| (605.
3 Lowig. 5.584. 251. 22Cahours. 12.421.
4Buckton. 11.392. 15 Tadenburg. A.C. P. 8th. | %Ladenburg. Z. F.C. 13.604.
5 Ladenburg. Z. F.C.13.604.| supp. 60. 24Cahours. 12. 422.
®Cahours. 12. 420. 16Cahours. 12. 428. *Cahours. 12.421,
7Frankland. 12. 411. MCahours. 12.428. 26Cahours. 12. 424.
8Frankland. 12. 412. 18Cahours. 12.427. 27 Frankland. 12.413.
9 ¢ Morgunoff. Z. F.C. 10.|!Cahours. 12. 429. *8 Ladenburg. Z. F. C. 13.604,
10\ 370. Two preparations. | 20; Ladenburg. Z. F. C. 13. | *Cahours. 12. 425,
1 Cahours. 14.551. 605. 390 Lowig. 5. 588.
122Cahours. 14. 551. 31 Lowig. 5.588.

224

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

. Specific Boiling Melting
Name. Formula Gravity. Point. Point.
1 Stann-triethyl bromide. | C, H,; Sn Br. 222°-224.°
ae at « iodide. | C, H,; Sn I. 1.850. 180°-200.°
Sa et « « « T8335; 22-7 235°-238.°
4 pobstannerh yy chloride. | C,, H,; Sn, Cl. | 1.30.
« bromide. | C,, H,; Sn, Br. | 1.48.
: « iodide. |C), 44, Sn, I. | 1.724.
LXI. MisceLrAnrous OrGANIC ComPpounDs.
Specific | Boiling |Melting
Name. Formula, | Gravity. Point. Point.
i i vane sugar + Na Sidea te (Cie i Orn). \
1.854.
« « « (N a I) es aq.
setae sugar + Na Cl. (C, fat Og)» )
a « « te INa Cl. Et 0) On hives 1.59, 11.°
1 Triethyl siete +
Pt Cl,. (C.F Pyke 6 Cl,.| 135 EO. 150:>
AUTHORITIES. i
1Cahours. 12. 425. 5 Léwig. 5.588. ® ( Bodeker. 26.
2Lowig. 5.588. 6Lowig. 5. 588. 10 | Bodeker. 26.
3Cahours. 12. 424, 7 { Gill, “Cus. J. 24.269. 1Cahours & Gal... Z. F.C.
*Lowig. 5.588. Gill... CaS. J. 24; 269; 13. 437.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

bo

SUPPLEMENT TO THE FOREGOING TABLES.

CONTAINING DETERMINATIONS ACCIDENTALLY OMITTED, AND OTHERS PUBLISHED
SINCE THE PREVIOUS PORTIONS OF THE WORK WERE COMPLETED.

Name. | Formula. Gracia) at pone Poiaes
1Tron. Pure. Meltedin H. Fe 7.880, 16.°
2 « Ditto, hammered. | « 7.868, >|
oT aK « wiredrawn.| « 7.847, lOve
4 « Pure. Fused in |
crucible. « Fio 333s
5Copper. Hammered. | Cu 8.855.)
S « « « 8.878. |
7 « Rolled. « el |
8 « « « 8.898. |
2 « Annealed. « 8.884. |
10 « « « oo
1 Ammonium silicofluo-
ride. 2 Am ¥F. Si F,. 1.970.
2 Ammonium stannofluo-
ride. 2 Am: F Sn: F,. 2.887.
13 Potassium zircofluoride. | 2 K F. Zr F,. 25582.
" « tantalofluoride.| 2 K F. Ta F;. 4.056.
44 Lithium ‘silicofluoride. | 2 Li F. Si F,. 2H, O.| 2.244.
16 Potassium titanofluoride| 2 K F. Ti F,. H, O. | 2.992.
a « niobofluoride.| 2 K F. Nb O F;. H, O. | 2.813.
18 Ammonium palladio-
chloride. | 2 Am Cl. Pd Cl,. 3.065.
19 Potassium « Kal ea Cli: 2.739.
70 Magnesium platinchlo-
ride. Mg Cl,. PtCl,. 12 H,0.| 2.060.
1 Tricyanogen trichloride. Cy, Cl. Ings
22 Chloronitric acid. 133677595" —7°2,
3 Matlockite. Pb' Ck. PbO: 7 2ue
** Mendipite. Pb C)j2Pb 0: 7.0-7.1.
> Cadmium ammonio-
chloride. | Cd Cl,. 2 N H;. 2632.
AUTHORITIES.
1 eee 23. 1097. 11Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | 2 Topsoé, B.S. C. 19. 246.
2! Caron. 23.1097. 12Topsoé. B.S. C0. 19.246. | %Serullas. A.C. Phys. (2).
3} Caron. 23. 1097. 1BTopsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. 38. 370.
4\Caron. 23.1097. 4Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | 2 Baudrimont. J. F. P. 31.
5(O’Neill.) BS Oa 15 Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. 478.
6 O'Neill. | Baas Topso’. B.S. C. 19.246. | Greg. 4. 821,
7\ O'Neill. | 6 22 — 17Topsoe. B.S. C. 19.246. | 24 Dana’s Mineralogy.
8} ONeill. | 2294 8 Topso’. B.S. C. 19.246. | %Topso’. B.S. C. 19. 246.
9 [owl Aa 3 S53 19 Topsoé, B.S. C. 19. 246.
ONeill.) MRS

226

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. Guia: «Pomel ponte
1 Potassium stannobro-
mide. |2 K Br. Sn Br,. 3.783.
? Barium platinbromide. |Ba Br,. PtBr,.10H,O) 3.713. .
’ Bromonitric acid. N O By,. 2.628, 22°6.
* Phosphorus sulphobro-
mide. Babe Bt P02 Te yee
5 Carbon bromochloride. |C Cl, Br. 2.058, 0.° )
s « « « 2,017, 19%. 104°3
EB « « « 1.842, 100.°
SSelenium moniodide. [Se I. FO?
3 « tetriodide. Se I, 75°-80°
1 Cyanogen iodide. Cy I. 1.85+
Magnesium platiniodide.|Mg I,. Pt I,. 9 H, O.) 3.458.
@ Schwartzembergite. PbE.2 PHO: 6.3.
13 « « 5-7
1 Nickel ammonioiodide. |Ni I,. 6 N H3. 2.101.
> Todine pentoxide. EO: 5:037,,0:- \
are « « 5020, 51.0
“Chromium trioxide. Cr Q;: 2.775-\ ares
rs « « « 2.804. J of six.
Yttrium monoxide. ¥a0; 5.03.
* Erbium « ErO. 8.88.0.
Quartz. Amethyst. Si O,. 2.744.
ee « « « a
oy ak Smoky. « gn |
ce « « « 2.658.
23 « Rose « 2-051-") f
co « « a 2.053. |
ey « « « es) |
YG Milky. « 2,618.
AUTHORITIES.
1Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. 1 Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | % ( Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
2Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. 2 Liebe. 20. 1008. 68. 441. (68. 441.
3Landolt. 138.104. 13 Schwartzemberg. Dana's | ” | Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
4Michaelis. A.C. P. 164.9. Mineralogy. 23) Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
5; Paterno. J. F.P.(n.s). | *Topsoé. B.S. Cr TOnIAGS | | 68. 441. [68. 441.
| 5. 99. 15 ( Ditte. A.C. Phys. (4). | 24 | Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
6! Paterno. J. F. P. (n.s). 21. 10. [21. 10. | % | Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
| 5.99. 6 ( Ditte. A.C. Phys. (4).| | 68. 441,
7| Paterno. J. F. P. (n.s). | 7 ¢ Zettnow. P. A. 143.474. | % | Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
L 5.99. 18-\ Zettnow. P. A. 143. 474. 68. 441.
8Schneider. P. A. 129.627. | 19Cleve & Hoeglund. B.S. | 27 | Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
*Schneider. P. A. 129. 627. C. 18. 195. 68. 441.
10 Weltzien’s ‘‘Zusammen- | 2 Cleve & Hoeglund. B.S. | | Breithaupt. Schweig. J.
stellung.” C. 18. 195. {| 68.441.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

227

Rete: Formula: Grevigy oi\tPalon | Pon

1 Selenium sulphide. Se S. 3.056, 0. )
2 « » « 3.035, 52.)
3 Bismuth nickel sulphide. Bi,, Ni, §,. 9.15.
‘Silver chlorate. Ag Cl O,. 4.439.
5 Lead « Pb: (CL,,O;),. E10: 3.989.
® Mercury « Eig, Cl. OF. EO: Bed Sle
7 Potassium bromate. KBr O;, 3.218.
®Magnesium = « Mg (Br Q;),. 6-H, O. |.2.289.
* Cadmium « Gdi(Br O;),. 2 Ho O= |3758.
1 Kars; O;: / 2277.
un Nai, 5,:0;; 2 EO; 2.189:
= CaS, O,. 4 E..0. 2.180.
2 Mo. .O,,,6-EL,.0: 1.666.
“ 1 Va, < a 22555
= ae eee Na, ' O; eo) nase
Yttrium « S GYGS OL): EO.) 212152.
™ Erbium « (irs. O;); 8) Hi, O.9)| 34:17.
8 Didymium « 2.02:
19 Sodium selenate. Na, Se O,. 3.008.
7 Ammonium selenate. |Am,. Se O,. 25162.
21 Manganous « Mn Se Q,. 2 H, O. 2.949.
we: « « Mn Se O;. 5 dels O. 2.334.
23 « « Mn Se OF. 6 EL, O. 1.928.
*4 Ferrous « Fe Se O,. 7 H, O. 2.073.
» Nickelous « Ni Se O,. 6 H, O. 2:34.
*6 Potassium manganese

selenate. Mn K, (Se O,),. 2H,0.} 3.070.
77 Ammonium magnesium

selenate. MgAm,(Se0,),.6H,0.) 2.035.
** Sodium octovanadate. |Na,, V, Oy. 4 H, O. | 2.85, 18.°

AUTHORITIES.

1/ Ditte. Z. F.C. 14.386. |Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. | 19Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
2 Ditte. Z. F.C. 14.386. |22Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. | 20Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
3 Werther. 5. 389. 13 Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | tTopsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
*Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. |My Streng. Y Dana's | 22Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
5Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. | 15 \ Casaseca. f Mineralogy. | Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
6 Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | 16Cleve & Hoeglund. B.S. | *4Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
TTopsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. C. 18. 200. [C. 18. 200. | 2 Topsoé. B.S. C19. 246.
8Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | 17Cleve & Hoeglund. B.S. | * Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
9Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. | 18 Cleve & Hoeglund. B.S. | Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246.
10Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. C. 18. 200. ' 28 Carnelly. C.S. J. (2). 11.323.

bo

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Boiling Melting

Name. Formula. Specific Gravity. Point. | Point
1 Silver octovanadate. Nera eOre 5407, Fos
* Thallium orthovanadate.) Tl, V O,. S.0,l Zor
3 « metavanadate. | Tl V O3. 6!o1g, TI.?
i « pyrovanadate. | Tl, V, O,. 8.21, 1825, Precipitated. |
5 « « « 8.812, 18°5. Fused, ;
‘ « octovanadate. | Tl, Vs Ong. 8.59, 17°5,
: « decavanadate. | Tl,, Vy Og: TSO 7er
* Potassium hydrogen ar-
senate, ROE AsO}. 2.862.
* Sodium antimonite. NaS&Sb O,. 3 H, O.| 2.864,
#0 Na Sb, O;. H, O. |'5:05-
|
n —_—_—_——_/|P(Cl,.8 O,. 1667, 04° 100.°
© Potassium manganidcy-
anide. K, Cy, Mn. 1.821. ;
8 Cyanic acid. 1) Cy EO; 1.1558,-20.°
14 « « « | « ¢) I. TA0) Or \
16 Hydrocyanic acid. Cy H. 710)'6.°
16 « « « .706, 2°83:
VW « « « =f O 8, io
on bs F « ee ae 26°5 S.—I15.°
9 Hydrosulphocyanic acid, Cy H 8. TOOTS, 10.7
ey « « « 1.022.
aul « « « 1.0082.
» Zinc and calcium. Zn,, Ca. 6.3726.
Er « « ~« 6.369. \
** Zinc and antimony. Zn; Sb,. 6.48.
»® Lead and platinum. PhP: L577
AUTHORITIES.
1Carnelly. C.S.J. (2). 11.| 7Carnelly. C.S. J. (2). 11.|!®Cooper. P. A. 47. 527.
323. 3238. 17 (Gay Lussac. A.C. Phys.
2Camelly. ©.8. J. (2). 11.| ®*Topsoé. B.S. C. 19. 246. |* 95. 136.
Sonn 9Terreil. 19. 214. 18 | Gay Lussac. A.C. Phys.
3Carnelly. .C. S.J. (2). 11. |} Terreil. 19. 214. 95. 136.
323, 1 Kremers. 2. 245. 19 Clasen.
4Carnelly. -C.8. J. (2). 11.|?2Topsoé. B.S. C. 19.246. | 7 Porrett. P. T. 1814. 548.
323. us Troost and Hautefeuille. | 2! Meitzendorff.
6 Carmelly. /@28.-din2(2).a0, | 21.314. 22(V. Rath. Z. F.C. 12. 665.
323. 14) Troost and Hautefeuille. | 3 | V. Rath. Z. F.C. 12. 665.
6Carnelly. C.S.J. (2). 11 Lon. sia, %Cooke. 7.359.
323. 15 Trautwein. 2% Bauer. Z. F.C. 14. 48.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES. 229
Name. Formula. Specie Boiling Point es
Gravity. 8 * | Point.
1Tin and copper.* Sn; Cu. 7.52.
2 Cae « Sn, Cu. Tabs
Soa (Ca mn « Sn, Cu. Te5B
dG, Tee « Sn, Cu. 77h:
OEE Caan « Sn Cu. Sal2:
Cee ccomen « Sn, Cus. 8.30.
EG BAC « Sn Cu,. 8:57.
ras Chir a « Sn Cu,. 8.96.
GANG « Sn Cu,. 8.80. |
DeLGe *c « Sn Cu;. 8.87.
acne « Sn Cug. 8.91. |
12 | « « Sn Cu;, 8. go.
13 « « Sn Cuy,. 8.86.
eG « « Sn Cure 8. 83.
7 a « Sn Cu,;. 8,80. eo ae,
16 Hexyl hydride. Ci Es ae “6620, 1995.) 19°5. Gude
17 « « « 6641, 18.° iat
%Heptyl « Ch Hye He 268052770 96.°
19 « « « 6 10, I Be
a. f ors, 8p | 97-99"
1 Dimethyl diethyl meth- :
ane.| C, Hy, .6958, 2095. | 86°-87.° To
ae « « « « 3709; 10:- 89°5-90.° Samples.
° Octyl hydride. Cx. He |\.7207, 1525s. “r22°—1252
eG « « WIGS, 5°Os5 || WiSe=122.0
= Nonyl « Colds eka |67279) 13°58 letA7 HT4o.e
**Decatyl « Cig Flee EL: 1.7304, 13°55 |L1G02=16852°
1 Hexylene. . Cait: .6996, 0.° 65°-66.°
28 « « .6997, OS 65°-66.°
*? Phenyl butylene. Crocs: 9015, 1595. |, 176°=178.°
*° Benzyl! toluol. Cat 005) 1725: 279°-280.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Riche. 23.1100. 14Riche. 23.1100. 23 Thorpe& Young. A.C. P
2Riche. 23.1100. 15 Riche. 23.1100. 165. 1.
3 Riche. 23.1100. 16 { Thorpe & Young. A.C.|%Thorpe& Young. A.C.P.
Riche. 23.1100. Paloo wt. [P. 165. 1. 165. 1.
5 Riche. 23.1100. Thorpe & Young. A.C.|*Thorpe& Young. A.C. P.
Riche. 23.1100. 18 Tadenburg. B.S.C.18.548.| 165.1.
TRiche. 23.1100. 19 ( Thorpe & Young. A.C. | %®Thorpe& Young. A.C. P.
5 Riche. 23.1100. P. 165. 1. [Petes ©. 165. 1.
%Riche. 23.1100. Thorpe & Young. A.C.| 27 Hecht. A. C. P. 165. 146.
Riche. 23.1100. 21Schorlemmer. <A. C. P.|?8 Hecht. A.C. P. 165. 146.
Riche. 23.1100. 166. 172. 2 Aronheim. B.S. C. 19.
12Riche. 23.1100. 22Schorlemmer. <A. C. P.| 258.
13 Riche. 23. 1100. 166. 172. 30 Zincke. A.C. P. 161.93.

* All the determinations in this series represent the alloy in bars.

for the same alloys powdered.

Riche also gives determinations

230

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name.

*From cupric campho-
rate.

? Macene.

$ Citronyl.

4 Oil of bergamot.

6 orange.

® From copaiva.

7 Petrolene.

«

® Ethyl alcohol.
9

« «

10
ll
12
13

1 Propyl

13

iso.
*° Hydrate of isopropyl

alcohol.

24 «

22 @
* Trimethyl carbinol.

24

« «

25 «

*6 Hydrate of the above.

*7 Butyl alcohol. Normal.
28

«

« « «

2 « « Iso.

1Moitessier. 19. 410.

2Schacht. 15.461.

3 Blanchet & Sell.

4Ohme. A.C. P. 31.316.

> Soubeiran & Capitaine.

6 Soubeiran & Capitaine.

7 Boussingault.

8 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.

9 ¢ Mendelejeff. 14. 20.

10 | Mendelejeff. 14. 20

11 Pierre and Puchot.
Phys. (4). 22. 260.

2 Linnemann, A.C. P. 160.
195.

ALC.

Ss ecific Boiling | Melting
eee: Gravity. Point. Point.
Cr; Hae 793: 105-3
Cio ts: 28520,, 17-5: 160.°
« 857. 165.°
« 856. 183.°
« 835. 180.°
Ci, Eloe. 885. 250.°
« SgI. 280.°
C, H, O. 7950, 15.0
« .8083, 0.° \
iM -7157, 99°9.
« 022, 20.° 7Qs-
« .8090, 17.° FE° 53
« 79481, I1.° Fos
Ci,.0. 8198, 0.°
« 8125, 996. \ 80
« 7797) ie ae
« -7494, 84.°
« .8066, 15.° 97°4l.
« 7876, TOs 82°85.
(C,H, EL:O; 80.°
(C, H,Q),.2 Hi, O.).832;.15.° 78°-80.°
(©, Hi, O),. Hi, O.9))-800; 405-9 81.°
C, Hy O. 7788, ie ae Sines
« | 8075, ©.2 oo: oer ope
« | 7792, 37.° | 82°94.
(C,H, O),.4E, O:)-8276, 0.° 80.°
C,H, 0: OLUZ, BS. 114°-116.°
« 20135, 22-— 116°88.°
« .8025, 19.° | 118°-119.°
“AUTHORITIES.
13 Erlenmeyer. A.C. P.162.|2! Linnemann. A. C. P. 136.
374, 40. (40.
14 (Pierre & Puchot. A.C./? Linnemann. A. C. P. 136.

Phys. (4). 22. 276. 23
15 | Pierre & Puchot. A. C. | #4
| Phys. (4). 22. 276. 2%

16} Pierre & Puchot. A. C.
26

17

Phys. (4). 22. 276.
Pierre & Puchot.
l Phys. (4). 22. 276. [26.

27

aC. |

18 Linnemann. A.C. P. 161. 28
19Tinnemann. A.C. P. 161.
ry [40. | 29

2 Linnemann. A.C, P. 136.

Butlerow. Z. F.C. 14. 273.
Butlerow. Z. F.C. 14. 273.
Linnemann, A.C. Phys.
(4). 27. 268.
Butlerow. Z. F.C. 14. 273.

Linnemann. A.C. Phys.
(4). 27. 268.
Linnemann. A.C. Phys.
(4). 27. 268.
Linnemann. A.C. Phys.

(4). 27. 268.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

231

Name. Formula. | Gravity. Dae Pointe
1 Dimethyl ethyl carbinol.| C; H,, 0. 828, 0.° 99°-100.° S.—30.°
? Amy] alcohol. « 8148, 14.° 132.-
SG « « 8199, 14.° me
Si « « 826, 0.° 130°—1 3092.
Sane a « 5033510: " T2Ees
Sec a « .8244, 0.° 1
A « « SOLA y 1534 129°-130°I. |
8, 5 « « -O102, 25°5.
ee a « 8263, 0,° |
10 ae « « 8123, aa
1 Dimethyl pseudopropyl
carbinol. ©; HO. = 8364, 02 TI2°=113." ~ "|S.—=35.2
12 Hexyl alcohol. « .8306, 0.° 135°. Two
13 ic nC ; « 8266, 0.° 135.0 Samples.
4 Triethyl carbinol. Cs Om ||).8503,.0- 140°-142.°
18 Butyl oxide. CG, 34, 0. 784, 0.°
ww « « « .7685, 20.° 140°5.
17 « « « -75553 40.°
18 Acetic acid. CHaOs, Wi05533) soe Diz. 16°45.
19 « « « 1.0026, 20.° I18°I0.,
20 Propionic acid. C; H, 0; .9961, 19.° 140°71.
au « « « T.O143,, 015
22 « « « .9607, 49°6. 146°6.
a « « « .go62, 99°8.
4 Butyric « CHO #9580714. 162932. 0.°s.—18°
25 « « « .g601, 14.° 162°63.
a8 « « Iso. « .9503, 20.° 154°1t.
zy « “ « .00075, 0-0
28 « « « .9160, 52°6. |
29 « « « 8665 eon 155°5-
30 |
« « « .8220, 13928. J
AUTHORITIES.
1Ermolaien. Z. F. C. 14.) 13 Hecht. A.C. P. 165.146. | % ¢ Pierre & Puchot. B.8.C.
275. 14Nahapetian. Z. F.C. 14. { 18. 453.
2¢Schorlemmer. 19. 527. 274. *4ZLinnemann. A.C. P. 160.
3 From two sources. 6 ¢ Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P. 195.
‘Pierre and Puchot. A.C. | 165. 109. (165. 109. | > Linnemann. A. C. Phys.
Phys. (4). 22. 336. 16} Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P. (4). 27. 268. (4). 27. 268.
5Le Bel. Z. F.C. 14.471. | 17! Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.; Linnemann. A.C. Phys.
¢ 165. 109. ” ¢ Pierre & Puchot. B.S.C.
7 | Erlenmeyer & Hell. A.|!8Oudemans. 19. 301. 19.72.
SEOs AGO 25: 19Linnemann. A.C. P.160. | 28 | Pierre & Puchot. B.S.C.
9 Different products. 195. [195. ja LO 72:
a 2 Linnemann. A.C. P.160.{ 21 Pierre& Puchot. B.S.C.
11 Prianichnikow. Z. F.C.| 2! ¢ Pierre & Puchot. B.S. C. ONT.
14, 275. 18. 453. 18. 453. | 9° | Pierre & Puchot. B.S. C.
2Hecht. A.C. P. 165.146. | 22 Pierre& Puchot. B.S. C. 19. 72.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ne ee :
x ic acid. C, ait eQ505, 082
: er ei i eB ee reer 173°5-174°5. |
$ « « « .9465, 0.°
4 « « « oo i Ej tes:
°
: « « « .9468, oO. - nae
«a « « -9295, 19:7.
a « « « .9462, Oe °
- a 172.
« « « -9299, 18°8.
2 « « « 9470, 0.°
10 « a « 8972, 54°65.
i « « « 8542, 99°9. 178.°
ee eS aa « 8095, 147°5.
8 Caproic « Cp OF 204°5-205.°
4 Oenanthic acid. C70. 222°-224.° | s.—10°5.
a5 « « « -O2I 224. 223°-224.° | -8°s-18.°
% Pelargonic « Cy Els. O05. 4) 0005s 17e> DEae=2E Ane) | \eqtoo ==
" Acetic anhydride. CE. O;; 1:07.03, ibe—
18 Ethyl acetate. CHO; 868, 24.° 74°
9 « « « .go68, 15.° 77
*Propyl « Ce Onn i eooO2n Ge 101°98,
4 Butyl « Cg EsO). 1113876828." 124°36,
* Hexyl “« Ogee: >. e880: 168°7,
*3 Ethyl propionate. ORAS ERO N. wiectoniain Ges |98°80.
ce « « « 8964, 16.2 98°84.
» Propyl « C, Hi On8 |) 8885, 1322 122°44;
6 Butyl « CG, tly OF | e882eemo 145°99.
7 Methyl butyrate. CE Og) | 26056, 088
28 « « « 8625, 38°65. 93.°
29 « « « 815, 78°6.
9 Ethyl « Cy sy Os 119903, 18.2 121°07.
31 « © « .8990, Tee 121°09.
AUTHORITIES.
3 13 Franchimont & Zincke. A. | 2? Franchimont and Zincke.
2 | Bilenmeyer & Hell A) ©. P. 163. 193, [410.| Chem. N. 24. 263.
3 Fron different sources, | {Schorlemmer. B.S. C.19. |} Linnemann, A. C. P. 160.
+l “|15Franchimont. A. C. P.| 195. [195.
° 165. 237. 2TLinnemann. A.C. P. 160.
6 [ Sistneyer SHI ee | a8 Franchimont and Zincke. | Linnemann. A. C. P. 161.
7 gata eae Chem. N. 25. 57. 32. 4), 27. 268.
8 | heme gee rice E Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 26 Linnemann. Hee Phys.
9 /( Pierre & Puchot. B.S.C. 18 Léblane. A.C. Phys. (8). | 27 Pierre & Puchot. B.S.C.
| LOM 2: Low i2: 10. 198. [195. | 19. 72. [L9. 72:
10 | Pierre & Puchot. B.S. C.|1®Linnemann. A. C. P.160. | 4 Pierre& Puchot. B.S.C.
1 { Pierre & Puchot. B.S.C.|20 Linnemann. A.C. P. 161. | % | Pierre & Puchot. B.S.C.
LON 2s 30. 19. 72.
12 Per & Puchot. B.8.C.|2! Linnemann. A. C. Phys. | °° Linnemann. A.C.P.160,195
19. 72. (4). 27. 268. 31 Linnemann, A.C.P.160.195

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

233

Name. Formula. |Specific Gravity. Bene Mes
1 Ethyl butyrate. C3, Ox. 2800; 0:2
Zann « « 871, 18°8
a « « 831, 55°6 113.°
oS « « 7794, 100°.
®Propyl « C, Ei, O;: «| 8789; 15.° 143°42.
® Butyl « €; Aig O51) 8719; 02 149°5.
Cae C « « 0700, 12:0 164°77.
STsobutyl « « .8798, 0.°
De iq « « .86635, 16.° eee
ESTE « « 81838, 9894. |
BEG isobutyrate. « .87519, 0.° )
2 « « « .86064, 15.° 144°-145.°
3 « « « 81192, 98°4. |
14 Kthyl valerate. C, TH ¢O5-|.804;,0-°
nC « ; « .8765, 20.° 144°6.
1S ce « « .8616, 40.°
7 « caproate. @ 5 Tt Open 120 7055 1725: 164°9-165°9.
Le « « 8898, 0.°
19 « « 8732, 20.° 165°5-166.°
ZOE « « 8594, 40.°
oon ( « « 50075) Onna oe]
aaa « « OF O54 ZO 160°4.
eG « « .8566, 40.°
4“ Hexyls! « Cis tO O05: 245°6.
» Ethyl heptylate. Cy Ee On 88745240 187°-188.°
*® Methyl nonylate. Crp tly Opre 1207 05,07 25. 213°-214.°
7 Ethyl « Celts OF 21 0O55.17 25. 227°-228.°
*8 Propionic aldehyde. C7 H.O .8074, 21.° 48°77.
* Butyric « Iso, | C, H, O O31 201, 60°-62.°
*° Valeric « CaO) .768, 1295. 92°5.
AUTHORITIES.
1 ( Pierre & Puchot. B.S.| !° ( Grunzweig. B.S.C. 18.125. | 2! ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.
C195 72: 1 | Grunzweig. B.S.C. 18.125, | 2 165. 118.
2 | Pierre & Puchot. B.S.| 12} Grunzweig. B.S.C. 18.125. | 23 Another sample.
C..19. 72. 13 | Grunzweig. B.S.C. 18.125, | 24 Franchimont and Zincke.
8 | Pierre & Puchot. B.S. | 4 (Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.| Chem. N. 24. 263.
Ce 9972: 165, 109. [165. 109. | Franchimont. <A. C. P.
# | Pierre & Puchot. B.S. | 154 Lieben & Rossi. A.C.P.| 165. 237.
Cal 9i72: 16 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P. | 2% Zincke & Franchimont. A.

5TLinnemann. A.C. P.161.

BB) :

6 Pierre and Puchot.
Phys. (4). 28. 363.
7 Linnemann.
(4). 27. 268.

8 ¢ Grunzweig. B.S.C. 18.125.
9 ( Grunzweig. B.S.C. 18.125.

A.C.

A.C. Phys.

{ 165. 109.
17 Franchimont & Zincke. A.
CP 163: 193;

18 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
| 165. 118. [165. 118.
194 Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.

20 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
{ 165.118.
16

CLP 1645333:
27 Zincke & Franchimont. A.

GC. P. 164. 333.

2 Linnemann. A.C. P.161.
Zon

27ZLinnemann. A.C. Phys.
(4). 27. 268. (510.

30A.Schréder. Z. F.C. 14.

™Popoff. A.C. P. 161. 285.
8Schmidt. B.S. C. 18. 321.
2? Popoff. A.C. P. 161.285.

10Schmidt. B.S. C. 18. 321.
Schmidt. B. i C. 18. se
12Grimshaw. A.C. P.

163.

18 ¢ Kopp. 18.
{ Kopp. 18.
20 ( Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
165. 109. [165. 109.
211 Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
| Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
165. 109.

234 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.
Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. ee eee
1Valeric aldehyde. C; HO go°5-91.°
* Polyvaleral. (CoE O) esa! 00: ZiGee
3 Acetone. Ce 1,10 8008, 15.°
4 « « 7939, 10. 56°-59.°
5 a « JO75 aL 54 56°-58°5.
® Propione. Crea O13, 200 100°-I01.°
7 Ethyl acetone. « OLS, dgoss 100°—102.°
® Butyrone. Oe © 819, 20.° 144.°
® Ethyl propyl ketone. « 818, 1795 122°-125.°
10 Valerone. Cra © :033, 20.> 181°-182.°
1! Methyl caprone. « 2013; 20s. 155°-156.°
” Methyl amyl acetone. « SOTA Te or 143°-145.°
8 Diethyl « « 5898, 12:° 182°5.
* Caprone. @, EL, 0: 58225200 2200-22 1.0
1% Malonic acid. Co Ey O; 140.°
6 Lactic « (Od 5 Ft 0 1.2485, 15.°
™ Methylsalicylic acid. Cade 0; 1.1845, I 5- 2
18 « « « 1.1969,
19 « « « tien 1 at aaa
*° Butyl carbonate. Cy eas Oss 39407, 0
anak « « 9244, 20.° 207,
22 « « « -QIII, 40.°
3 Ethyl suberate. Cp el Op 991; Bebe 233°-235.°
** Ethyl benzoate. Coretay Wen i 4t-O502,010.- 2TECTO:
_™Propyl = « Cig ea OF.) || TeOStO, 16.2 229°47.
*6 Butyl « Cy 03. ||)12000; 20:2 247°32.
7 Cetyl « CeO” 30.°
°° Methyl propargylate. CrH,'O: 209, 71205: 61°-62.°
*® Amyl « CoH 0: 204, 12.7 140°-145.°
°° Methyl isopropylsalicy- |,
late. Ue Ose | 2.002 220.0 250-2
3! Methyl pyruvate. (Chg sh Os TelbAe Ose 134°-137.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 Erlenmeyer & Hell. A.C.|!%Geuther. J. F. P. (ns). 6. |? Hell. B.S. C. 19. 365.
P. 160. 257. 160. *Tinnemann. A.C. P. 160.
2Wanklyn. 22.530. 14Schmidt. B.S C. 18.321. 195.
5 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 15 Dessaignes. A.C. P. 107.) 2 Linnemann. A.C. P. 161.
*Linnemann. 161.18. 251. 29.
5Linnemann. 161.18. 16 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 2% Linnemann. A.C. Phys.
6 Schmidt. B.S. C. 18.321. | }7 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. (4). 27. 268.

27 Becker. A.C. P. 108. 219.
2317.) Henry.) Bs Sai@-2 18:
232.

2%. Henry. B.S. C. 18.
232.

30 Kraut 22. 566.

31 Oppenheim. B.S. C. 19.254.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

259

Name Formate || seuee ey || sRelines)| aiclene
1 Ethyl diethylglycollate. .98. 175°-176.°
2 Pyruvic acetate. Cor Ors 1.053) 11.~ 175.
* Cocinin. Cy Hey Oo: 33°5-S.29°3.
4 Ethyl glycide. Cy EH On. sods asc
° Methy! allyl oxide. Clr sO: Tp lee 46.°
® Propargylic alcohol. CeEEaO: .9628, 21.° 110°-115.°
7 From valeral. Cop H33 O3. | .895—.g00. 260°—290.°
; C= « Cn 1a ey, O. .862, Ow 195.°

x « « .848, 20.°
LO a « « 944, 0.° 190,
mu « = diethyl acetone. | C.. Hy O.. | .934, 12.° 249.°
” Butyrone pinakone. Cit than Opal mOTsIZO.0 68.0%Si457.->
8 Butyl phenyl ketone. Crete Os. slcoas en ryebe 225°-226.°
4 Benzyl anisol. Ci ON i107, 08 ies
1K « « 993, so 3
Anisic alcohol. 1.1093, aon 258°8. 25.°

X r 1.0507, 100.°f
18 Methyl saligenine. Coli Os Bis z00; 232-5 ae,
a « « 1.0532, 100.°f Titus
* Thymol. From Ajowan
oil. Cir POs tl o30n2505. lean eezo 53°
21 Tsomer of terpinol. Cy ap Or. 1 6853e Vo7e
2 Tnulin. Cera On. eeA70:
*% Tsobutyl cyanide. Cc Cyan ||3220510.° i)
2 « « « .8146, I0.° 126°-128.°
25 « *« « .8060, 20.° J
6 Propylamine. Catia N 27 180, 20: 49.°
7 Butylamine. CAH NS || {7401205 76°-77.°
% « Iso. « B57 a lbs 67°5.
*?Trimethyl carbinola-
mine. « .6987, 15.° 45°-46.°
AUTHORITIES.
1L. Henry. B.S. C.19. 212. a Paterno. B.S. C. 18.77. | ( Erlenmeyer & Hell. A.
27. Henry. B.S. €.19. 219. | 5 | Paterno. B.S. C. 18.77 C. P. 160. 257.
3Duffy. 5.511. 16 les annizzaro and Koerner. | 4 | Erlenmeyer & Hell. A.
41. Henry. B.S.C.18.232.| | B.S. C. 18.132. | ©. PB. 160, 257.
5L. Henry. B.S. C. 18.232. 1 | Cannizzaro and Koerner. | 2 Brlenmeser & Hell. A.
6L. Henry. B.S. C. 18. 236. B.S. C. 18.132. C. P. 160. 257. :
7 rol B.S. C. 18. 244. 18 | Cannizzaro and Koerner. | 6 Linnemann. A.C. P. 161.

Pott. B.S. C. 18. 244. B.S. C. 18. 182. 18.

Pott. B,S. 0. 18. 244. 1 Cannizzaro and Koerner. | 27 Linnemann c Zotta. A.
10Riban. B.S. C. 18. 64. || B.S. €. 18, 132: C. Phys. (4). 27. 275.
UGeuther. J. F. P: (ns). 6.| 2% Haines. 9. 623. *8 Linnemann. oe C. Phys.

160. 21 Anderson. 22. 789. (4). 27. 268.
12Krutz. A.C.P. 161.205. | 22 Dragendorff. 22. 748. *% Linnemann. A.C. Phys.

SPopott. A.C! P: 162. 151.

(4). 27. 268,

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Name. Formula. |! 'eE ty |) | pants na pointe
1 Tributylamine. Cri, New z7on,o
2 « « -7782, 20.° 20 1°20
3 « « OTT RAO:
* Dimethyl] aniline. Coban .9553- 1g2.° S025.
: « toluidine. Carlee .9324. 186.° |
Se « « .9368. 205.° | as
7 « « « 988. 21O.-
® Cumidine. « 9633. 225-2270
* Dimethyl xylidine. Crocetas AN. | 29208: 196.°
» « cumidine. C,, H,, N. | .9076. 213°-214.°
"Coniine. Artificial. C, Hie N., | |..913,,02
we « « « .899, Toes 168°-170.°
1 « « « 842, 90.°
1s « Natural. « .886, 0.°
i « « 3873, 15 168.°
onan’ « « 811,90.
“ Paradiconiine. Ciel NG ai Organs e0 a. 210.
18 Methyl formamide. CAEL NVOs | oO UpET os 190.°
19 Ethyl « C, Jet, NO: |.052) 21.0 196°-197.°
»° Diethyl « CFG, NO: ||) 608) 1937 175°-178.°
1 Allyl nitrate. Ci Ee IN Os |200,.10.- 106.°
” Ethylene dinitrate. Cy HL, N, O,. |:1248373,8."
oy « « (?) < « I .48. g
** Propylene « Cael NG Og biss35 e500
*? Mononitric glycol. Cp HN Os 1.30 enee
** Acetonitric « CHAN OL a. 2onS.
7 Nitrolactic acid. C,H IN Oz. (16355, 1226.
*8 Ethyl nitroglycollate. | C,H, N O,.| 1.2112, 1592. | 180°-182.°
*% « nitrolactate. Celia NO; 01-1534, 13" 178, p. d.
3 ~ « ss nitrotartronate.. | C,H, N O,. | 1.2778, 16.° 1. 45°-46.°
I Diethyl nitromalate. CHL NO. | 1.2004, 16."
AUTHORITIES.

1/ Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
165. 109.

2; Lieben & Rossi. A. C. P.
165. 109.

3 | Lieben & Rossi. A.C. P.
165. 109.

4Hofmann. Chem. N. 27.1.

5 ( Hofmann. Chem. N.

[ 97-1 (27. 1.
6} Hofmann. Chem. N.
7| Hofmann. Chem. N.

Dale
8 Hofmann.
° Hofmann. Chem. N.

Chem. N. 27.1.
Diels

10 Hofmann. Chem. N. 27.1.

1 (Schiff, A. CO. P. 166. 88.
12 | Schiff. A. C. P. 166. 88.
13 | Schiff. A. C. P. 166. 88.
14) Schiff. A.C. P. 166. 88.
15 | Schiff. A. C. P. 166. 88.
16 | Schiff. A.C. P. 166. 88.

li Schiff. A. C. P. 166. 88.

18Tinnemann. 22. 601.

19Tinnemann. 22.602.

2 Linnemann. 22. 602.

21L, Henry. B.S.C.18. 232.

2. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).
27. 2438.

23 Champion. Z. F.C. 14.470.
#0. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).

27. 243. [27. 243.
2. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).
26. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).

27. 243. ‘
27L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).

28. 415. [28. 415.
2L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).
29L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).

28. 415. [28. 415.
30L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).
31L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).

28. 415.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

237

Boiling |Melting

Name. Formula. | Specific Gravity. Paes Point.
1 Paraffinic acid. Cie Elgs NO Ge ics Sos
* Acetonitrose. .3487, 18.° TAG.
3 Propyl chloride. C, H,. Cl. .g160, 18.° 46°36
mee K « 8959, 19.° 46°44.
Pelee « Iso. « 787/22, atau? 36°-37.°
® Butyl « CHSC 1007251 Ase 77°06.
ee « Tso, « -8798,,15.° 68°5.
8 Heptyl « Crib er 140°-142.°
® Nonyl « Cy EG 5 (Cl: .8962, 14.° 1g0°-198.°
Tsovinyl « €, Bech 1.406.
1 Propylene chloride. Cre Cl. 11656) 14.2 96°82.
te « « « 1.184, 0.°
18 « « « 1.155, a | 6°
3 « « « T.192¢0.0) Ve a
1 « « « Te53,, 25." J
16 Methylchloracetol. C, Hy Cl, 1.1058, 0.°
ie . ‘ « 1.0744, os | °
py « « « T1125, 0.0 | is
9 « « « 1.0818, 25°55
8 Or « ( 1.827. 16.° 69°69.
1 Trichlorhydrin. Gio, Cl; Tie sic
23 « « 1.40, 8.° Tio
2 « « TAT O.° Teqr=rs7c
a « « TeAtze tine ThA? =150:°
°° Dichloracetone chloride} C, H, Cl,. TeAyelase Tigo
** Trichloracetone = « Carell: 194.°
7 Trichlortoluol. Cy. Cl. TAZ) Os 227°-228.°
*6 From crotonicaldehyde.| C, H, Cl,. IgIGi: 125°-127.°
* Monochloracetone. Chie ClO? 1:17. 118°-120.°
30° Monoxethy] chlorhydrin| C; H,, Cl O,. | 1.117, 11.° 183°-185.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Champion & Pellet. B.S.|1! Linnemann. A.C. P.161.|?? Linnemann. A.C. P. 161.
C. 18. 247. 18. 18.
2Colley. B.S. 0.19. 406. |}? (Friedel & Silva. Z.F.C. |? Berthelot & De Luca. 10.
3 Linnemann, ) A. C. P. 161. 14. 489. [14. 489. 477.
4Linnemann. 38 and 39. | 1°} Friedel & Silva. Z.F.C.|22( Linnemann. A. C. P.
5Linnemann. A.C. P. 161. |! | Friedel & Silva. Z. F.C. | 136. 51.
18. 14. 489. (14.489. | * | Three different products.
6Linnemann. A.C. Phys. | ® (Friedel & Silva. Z%.F.C.|2Borsche and Fittig, 18.
(4). 27. 268. 16 (Friedel & Silva. Z. F.C 313:
7Linnemann. A.C. P. 162.1. | 14. 489. (14. 489. | 26 Borsche and Fittig. 18.
8Schorlemmer. A.C. P.166. | | Friedel & Silva. Z. F.C Sis
172; ; is) Friedel & Silva. Z.F.C.|2?L. Henry. 22.508.
9Thorpe & Young. A.C. P. 14, 489. %Kekulé. 22.507.
165. 1. [308. | 19 | Friedel & Silva. Z. F.C. |?°L. Henry. B.S.C. 19. 219
10Baumann. A.C. P. 163. 14. 489. 30], Henry. B.S.C.18. 232

258 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.
Name. Formule, | oii Seeeiee | |" saueeeiny MES
1 Dichlorethoxylethylene.| C, H, Cl, O. | 1.08, 10° 12802:
* Tetrachlorethyl oxide. | C, H, Cl, O. 189°7.
3From_ tetrachlorethyl
oxide. | C, H, Cl; O. | 1.5725, 0.° \ 154°8
« « « « 1.2354, 99°9- a
®° Trichloracetal. Cys Cl Oe 1-289 3510.7 |
S « « T.2055,22-2. 4+ |204°S.
Y « « LG17, 99°96. J
® Chloroyaleral. C, H,('CkO:) | 5-108, 14.° 134°-135.°
® Derivative of valeral. Cpe Cle Oo teso7,. 00s. 203 -204.°
aS « « « Ciy Hig Cle O- | 2-272), 142 208°-210.°
1 Acetylchloral alcoholate| Cs Hy Cl; O3. | 1.327, 11.° 198.°
” Trichlorphenomalicacid] C, H, Cl; O,. | 1.5.
8 Metachlorsalicylic alde-
hyde ‘C,H, ClO. |1.29,,8.° 210°—220.°
14 Ethyl glycolic chloride. | C, H, Cl O,. | 1.145, 1.° 127 -128.°
15 Methyl chlorocrotonate.| C, H, Cl O,. | 1.143, 15.° 143°
16 Ethyl « Cece CLO. Ile 113 hs. 161°4°
17 Propylenic chloronitrine| C; H, Cl N O,.| 1.28, 12.° 157°-158.°
8 Chloronitric glycol. C, H, Cl N O,.| 1.378, 2 149°-150.°
“Ethyl bromide. C,H. Br. 1.4189, 15.°
» Butyl « Normal. | C, H, Br. 1.2990, 20.° 99°88.
2 | « Iso. « 1.2038, 16.° 92°33.
2 Amyl « Cpa, Br. 1:2059. 1597.
23 r « q 2 ° ° 4
i ea : ah Cr. oe ee a en ee
*Hexylene « CoH {Bry 1.5967, 20.° 2 i
eo « « « 1.5975, aa oo:
7 Heptylene « Ci. Br... || -5146,01825.
*Tsovinyl = « OH. Br. 2.075.
** Bromo toluol. C, J, Br. LAGU 18.9 182°-183.°
AUTHORITIES.
1Geuther & Brockhoff. J.|1°A.Schréder. Z. F.C. 14. | 2! Linnemann. A.C. P.162.1.
Ry Pe (ms). 7 ae 510. [25. 22. | 22 Mendelejeff. 13. 7.
2 Paterno & Pisati. C.S. J. | 1! Meyer & Dulk. Chem. N./| 23 ¢ Linnemann. A. C. P
(2), 11. 158. 12 Carius. 162. 1.
3 ( Paterno & Pisati. C.S.J.|%L. Henry. 22.509. “4 Linnemann. A. C. P
| (2)11, 158. [(2).11.158, 4 L. Henry. 22.531. l 162.1.
*\ Paterno & Pisati, C.S. J. |} Frohlich. 22. 547. ce pores & Young. A.C.
5 - Paterno & Pisati. C.S.J.|!6Fréhlich. 22. Bek 3 iPaalG bral
(2).11.158. [(2). 11.158. }}7L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4). | * |} Thorpe & Young. A.C.
6; Paterno & Pisati. C.8. J. 27. 243. | PUGH ols
| Paterno & Pisati. C.S.J. | 18L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4). | 2? Thorpe & Young. A.C. P.
(2). 11. 158. 27. 243. 165. 1.
8 A.Schréder. Z. F.C. 14. | 19 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 72Baumann. A. C.P. 163.
510. (510. | 2° Linnemann. A. C. Phys. 308.
%A.Schréder. Z. F.C. 14. (4). 27. 268. 29 Wroblevsky. B.S. C.18.79.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

239

Name Bareuiel [pene || BaliRe Wy Paes
’Monobromhydric glycol., C, H, Br O. | 1.66, 8.° 14722
? Bromonitric « C,H,N Br Q,.| 1.735; 8.° 164°-165.°
3 Bromo. allyl nitrate. C,H N BrO;.|"1.5, 13.° 140°-150.°
4G « acetate. C, By Br’ Os. W157, 12.2 163°-164.°
SG « alcohol. Cae Br ©: jl 16; m5 2 TGGee
§ « methyl allyl oxide.| C,H, Br O. | 1.35, 10.° 115°-116.°
7™Bromo. allyl chloride. | C,; H, Br Cl. | 1.63, 11.° 120:0
® Derivative of chloral. | C,H Cl, Br. | 2.317, 0.° |
9 « « « « 22057 1925-6; |nas 200.8
10 « « « « 2.129, 100.°
1 Butyl iodide. Normal. | C, H,. I. 1.5804, 18.° | 129982.
12 | « Iso. « 12592, 22.5
aS « « « « 1.6433, 0.°
Sane « « « 1.6278, ae 117°5-118.°
15 « « « « 1.61 14, 20.° |
16 Hexyl « C.cHs ek 1.4526, 0.° 167-°
" Aeptyl « Pseudo. | C, H,;. I. 1.20; 20: a. 180.°
18 Propy! sulphide. (Cap) ieee eOL4 lic 130°-135.°
Ethyl trisulphocarbo-
nate. | C; Hy, 83. Iel'52; 240.°
7 ~« ~=©disulphocarbonate| C,; H,) S, O. | 1.085, 19.° ai Two
a « « « 1-085, 19.2 200.° | isomers.
2 « monosulphocarbo-
nate:|'C. H.7:S O;. |/1.0285,-18.° |, 150°S15637) g f
2S « « VO31, 19.7 jee
** Chloral sulphohydrate. 123. “| 772
*> Ethyl butylxanthate. CEE is, 0.) 00s 4 17.2 227°-228.°
6 Butyl « Cy Elia O9 © 45-000, 12° 247°-250.°
7 Amyl « Cr elsoicaO: 265°-270.° p.d
AUTHORITIES.
1L. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).|'4Linnemann. A.C. Phys.| Salomon. J. F. P. (ns).
27. 243. (4). 27. 268. 6. 433.
2. Henry. A.C. Phys. (4).|12 Linnemann. A.C. Phys. | 2? (Salomon. J. F. P. (ns).
27. 248. (4): 27. 268. | 6.433,
3L. Henry. B.S. C. 18. 232. | 13 ( Erlenmeyer & Hell. <A, | 2!) Salomon. J. F. P. (ns).
#L. Henry. B.S. C.18. 232 C. P. 160. 257. ( 6. 433.
5L. Henry. B.S. C. 18. 232. | 14 j Erlenmeyer & Hell. A. |? (Salomon. J. F. P. (ns).
6L. Henry. B.S.C.18. 232. C. P. 160. 257. 6. 433.
7L. Henry. B.S. C. 18.232. |15| Erlenmeyer & Hell. A.|%}Salomon. J. F. P. (ns).
8 Paterno. J.F. P. (ns). C. P. 160. 257. 6. 433.
| 5.98. [5. 98. | 16 Hecht. A.C. P. 165. 146. | %Byasson. B.S. C. 18. 120.
9) Paterno. J. F. P. (ns). } 1? Kurtz. A.C. P. 161.205. | > Mylius. B.S. C. 19. 221.
10 [pss J. F. P. (ns). | 18Cahours. B.S. C. 19. 301. | *Mylius. B.S. C. 19. 221.
5. 98. 27Mylius. B.S. C. 19. 221.

240

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES.

Specific

Boiling (Melting
Name. Houmule: Gravity. Point. | Point.
’ Sulphophosphorous
ether. | Cah Os Ei2An 2.0 240°-280.°
? Ethyl sulphophosphoric
chloride.|C, H, P'S Cl,. | 1.30, 12.° E7 5s
3 « — pyrosulphophos-
phate.|C, H,, P, S, O,. | 1.1892, 17.°
* Triethoxylpyrophos- : a
phorsulphobromide CeHisP,8;Br Os) 1.3567, 19.
» Bthyl silicate. [Cg Ha Si O; :9330) 2225.
* Silicon triethyl hydride. |C, H,, Si H. -f510;,0.° 1O7-°
oa « chloride.|C, H,, Si Cl. -9249, 0.° 143-5.
8 « « oxide. {|(C, H,, Si),. O. | .8590, 0.° 231°
on K « hydrate. |C, H,; Si. H O.| .8709, 0.° 154.°
10 <a « acetate. |C, H,, Si O,. .9039, 0.° 168.°
a C,; He, Sr O;- 8752, 0.° 155°8.
a C,H 51 © .8403, 0.° E53.-
Methyl orthosilicopro-
pionate. CH; SisO;. -9747, 0.°
Z - Ci Siz 0,4 )rey 0.)
ae « T.O545 1425.4,
6 Mercury propyl. (C, Hi,)5.Hig... |-2t24516° 189°-I91.°
" Stann-tripropyl iodide. |(C, H,), Sn. I. | 1.692, 16.° 269°-270.°
AUTHORITIES.
1 Michaelis. Chem. N. 25.57. | 8Ladenburg. A.C. P. 164.| 3 Ladenburg. B. S. C. 19.
? Michaelis. Chem. N. 25. 57. 300. 204, ,
3 Michaelis. A.C. P. 164.9. | 9Ladenburg. A. C. P. 164. | 4 ( Troost and Hautefeuille.
*Michaelis. A.C. P. 164. 9. 300. B. 8. C. 19. 255.
5 Mendelejeff. 13. 7. 10Ladenburg. A.C. P. 164. | & | Troost and Hautefeuille.
6Ladenburg. A.C. P. 164. 300. l B.S. C. 19. 255.
300. 1 Ladenburg. A.C. P. 164.|%Cahours. B.S. C. 19. 301.
7Ladenburg. A.C. P.164.| 300. (300. | 7 Cahours. B.S. C. 19. 3p1.
300. WTadenburg. <A. C. P. 164.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO SUBSTANCES.

A.

PAGE,

Abies. Reginae-Amaliae.
Hydrocarbon from . 129
Acanthite . ; 59
Acetal : . 169
“Chlorinated 197
Acetamide . 182
Acetanilide oe 82!
Acetic acid 39, 231
“ ~ aldehyde . 151
“anhydride 142, 232
Acetic benzhydrol ether 171
Acetidin 161
Acetin . : ; eel 6
Acetodichlorhydri 198
Acetoethyl nitrate 182
Acetoglyceral 161
Acetoglycollic ether 167
Acetone 1538, 234
“Chlorinated . 196, 197

SS Derivative of. C%

H® Cl Br, 208
Acetonitric glycol 236
Acetonitrile. Methyl cy-

anide . 7 175
Acetonitrose . 237
Acetyl. Bromide of 206

Chloride of 199

ss Iodide of 212
Acetylamine . « 179
Acetyl camphor 170
Acetyl camphrene 170
Acetylchloral alcoholate 238
Acetyl ethyl . j 7 153
Acetylene tetrachloride . 194
Acetyl] lactic ether 167
Acetyl mercaptan. Sulph-

hydrate of . 214
Acetyl valeryl . 169
Acid. Acetic ~ 139

“ Adipie . 157
af Alpha toluic 165
‘ Amylglycollic . 164
cS Amylnitrophosphor-
ous . cC LS
“ Amylsalicylic . . 165

PAGE.
Acid. Anchoic : . 158
Angelic . I . 164
a Antimonie.
See Antimonic hy-
drate 5 3 70
and Antimony pent-
oxide . ; . 53
of Antimonious.
See Antimony tri-
oxide. : - 53

Arachidiec . : . 142
Arsenic.
See Arsenic pent-

oxide . : » ool"

Arsenious.

See Arsenic trioxide 53
Aspartic . 3 . 182
Azelaic . . LOG
Benomargaric . . 141
Benostearic . sen 4,

Benzoie . : . 165
Borie.

See Boric hydrate, 70
and Boron trioxide 52

Brassic 5 : . 164
Bromhydric.
See Hydrogen bro-
mide. : . ' 39
Bromonitrie . . 226
Bromophenglic . 207
Butyric . 139, 140, 231
Caproic 140, 282
Caprylic . A . 141
Carbolic. Phenol 171, 172
Carbonic.
See Carbon dioxide 54
Cerotie . 5 . 142
Cetic . A ;: . 141
Chlorhydric.
See Hydrogen chlor-
ide . 5 . 30
Chloric.
See Chlorie hydrate 68
Chlorochromic . . 38

Chloroniceic . 7
Chloronitric . . 225

PAGE.

Acid. Chloropropionie . 196

Chlorosulphurie rod

Chlorous,

See Chlorine | tri-
oxide : ‘ 45

Chromic.

See Chromium tri-
oxide 50, 226

Cinnamiec . 3 . 165

Citric ; 5 . 165

Crotonic . . . 164

Cyanhydrie.

See Hydrocyanie . 228

Cyanic ; : . 228

Diamylphosphorie 218
Dibromacetic . 206

Dibromobutyric . 206
Dibromopropionie 206
Dichloracetic . . 196
Diethyleamphresie 166
Eruciec 2 : . 164
Ethyleamphorie .. 166
Ethyldiacetic . . 164
Ethylsalicylic . 165
Ethylsulphurie . 215

Ethylsulphurous . 215
Eugenie . é . 166
Fluohydrie.

See Hydrogen fluor-

ide . : : 29
Formic ; 7 . 188
Glycollic 5 . 157
Hippuric . : . 182
Homolactic . eeel.Go
Hydriodie.

See Hydrogeniodide 41
Hydrobromic,
See Hydrogen bro-

mide. : : 39
Hydrochloric.

See Hydrogen chlor-
ide . : : 30
Hydroecyaniec . . 228
Hydrofluoric.
See Hydrogen fluor-
idei rs We eeeco
241

“

a“

“

“

“

PAGE.
Hydrosorbic . 165
Hydrosulphocyanic 228
Hypogaeic 164
Hyponitric , 3 Oe
Iodhydric.

See Hydrogeniodide 41
Todie.
See Iodine pentox-

ide, . 45, 226
and Iodie hydrate 63, 69
Isobutyric 140, 231
Isocetic . 141
TIsopropacetic 164
Lactic Loy
Lauric 141
Lepargylic . 158
Leucic 157
Linoleic . 165
Malonic . 234
Margaric . 141
Melissie . 142
Methyldiacetic . . 164
Methylglycollie 164
Methylsalicylie 165, 234
Molybdic.

See Molybdenum tri-

oxide 50.
Monobromacetic . 206
Monobromobutyrie . 206
Monobromopropion-

ic fl . 206

Monobromostearie . 206

Monochloracetic . 195
Moringic . 164
Myristic 141
Niobic.
See Niobium pent-
oxide 56, 57
Nitric.
See Nitric hydrate . 70
Nitrocaprylic 181
Nitrolactic . 236
Oenanthylic. 140, 232
Oleic ter!
Oxalic . 157
Palmitic > A471
Parasorbic . 165
Pelargonic 141, 232
Perchlorie.
See Perchloriec hy-
drate . : 5 as)
Periodic.
See Periodic hy-
drate . ; <m09
Pbosphorie.
See Phosphoric hy-
drate, . 5 nO
and Phosphorus
Pentoxide . . 2

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Acid, Phosphorous.

“

“

“

“

“

“

See Phosphorous hy-
drate . 5 : 70

Phycic . 166
Pimaric . 166
Pimelic . 157, 158
Propionic 139, 231 |
Prussic.

See Hydrocyanic —_... 228
Pyroracemic . 165
Pyrotartaric . 157 |
Pyroterebic 164
Quartenylic wal 65)
Quinic 166
Racemic . 165
Ricinoleie 165
Roccellie . 158
Rutylic Ai
Salicylous . al)
Sebacic 158
Selenic.

See Selenic hydrate 69
Silicie.
See Silicon dioxide . 54

Sorbie 165
Stannic.
See Tin dioxide 55, 56
Stearic . 141, 142
Suberie 158
Suecinic salb?,
Sulphuric ; s 46
See Sulphuric hy-
drates . ; 1 169

Sulphurous . : 45

See Sulphurous hy-
drate . 0 a 69

Sylvie amas . 166

Tantalic.

See Tantalum pent-
oxide : C 57

Tartaric . 165

Telluric. ~

See Telluric hy-
drate . c : 69

Tellurous.

See Tellurium di-

oxide . ; . 46
Thiacetic 215
Titanic.

See Titanium di-

oxide . 04, 55
Tribromacetic . 206
Trichloracetie 196

Trichlorphenomalie 238

Tungstic.

See Tungsten tri-
oxide : ae 60

Valeric . 140, 232

Vanadic,

PAGE,

Acid. Vanadie. See Vana-

Acrolein 170
i acetate . 169
Acropinacone 170
Adamite 92
Adipic acid Pk Pes 157
Alabandite.
See Manganese monosul-
phide ‘ : : . 59
Alcohol 183, 184, 230
ss Allyl . 160
“. Amyl. 135,136, 231 +
S Anisic . 235
“ Benzyl 172
‘s Butyl . —- 184, 185, 280
s Ceryl . 137
sf Cetyl . 136, 137
ss Cymyl . 172
£ Decatyl 136
He Diethylenic . . 156
ss Endecatyl . 136
ef Ethyl 133, 134, 230
s§ Heptyl 136
os Hexethylenic . 156
of Hexyl 186, 231
Ss Isoamyl . . 136
os Tsobutyl 135, 230
< Isopropyl . 134, 230
s§ Methyl 183
fe Myricyl . aq dey
of Octyl-. 136
ee Pentethylenic . 156
s Phenyl. See Phe-
nol 171, 172
if Propargylic . . 235
as Propyl 134, 230
a Pseudodiallyl . 160
¢ Styryl 170
sf Tetrethylenic . 156
< Triethylenic 156
Aldehyde. Acetic

dium pentoxide . 53°

Butyric
Cetylae. 4153
Chlorinated . 197
Diacetate 169
Euodyl 153
Hexyl 152
Isobutyrie . 233
Lauric . 153
Metachlorosali-
eylic. 238
Octyl . . 153
Palmityl 153
Polymers of. 151

Propionic 151,152,233
Valeric 152, 233, 234

Alexandrite . : : . 8
Algodonite Haase | Gs WEY

Alkarsine 7 :
Allemontite : : , 6
Alloys. Aluminum

“ee

“a

PAGE.
999
+ one

t
=i

and
Chromium SG
Aluminum and
Copper 116, 117
Aluminum and
Niobium «117
Aluminum and Sil-
Were: 116
Aluminum and
Tantalum 117
Aluminum and Tin 117
Aluminum and
Tungsten 117

Aluminumand Zine 117
Antimony and Bis-

muth . . 109, 119
Antimony and Cop-
per - 108

Antimony and Lead 107
Antimony and Tin 114,
115
Antimony and Zine 228
Bismuth and Cad-
mium
Bismuth, Cadmium,
and Lead . 118
Bismuth, Cadmium,
Lead, and Tin
Bismuth, Lead, and
Tinie. : . 118
Bismuth andCopper 109
Bismuth and Gold . 110
Bismuth and Lead 108,
109
Bismuthand Silver 108
Bismuth and Tin 115, 116
Bismuth and Zine . 109
Cadmium and Lead 106
Cadmium and Tin. 114
Caleciumand Zine 228
Copper and Lead . 105
Copper and Silver 105
Copper and Tin 112, 113,
114, 229
Copper and Zine 105, 106

109

118

Gold and Lead eae)
Gold and Silver. 110
Gold and Tin . . 116

Iridium and Osmi-
um % - 105
Tron and Tin . eel
Lead and Platinum 228
Lead and Silver . 105
Lead and Tin . 111, 112
Lead, Tin, and Zine 118
Of Mercury. See
Amalgams.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Alloys. Silver and Tin 110, 111

4 Tin and Zine . 14

Allyl. See Diallyl 130

< Acetate . 160

a Brominated 239
a Alcohol 160 |

i sf Brominated 239

ss sf Chloride of 199

s Benzoate 161

sf Bromide 204, 205

“ Butyrate . 160

ff Chloride 194
a “ Brominated 289
s Cyanate . 182

Cyanide 179

= Formate . 160

t Iodide on ell
“ Nitrate . 236 |

re sf Brominated 239
sf Oxalate . 160

Ks Oxide. . 160

Sulphocyanide 216

s6 Tribromide . 205

Trichloride 194

ss Trisulphide 214
s Trisulphocarbonate 214
rs Valerate . 160 |
Allylamine. 179
Allylaniline . ; sh
Allylene. Bromide . 205

*$ Chloride . 194

s Hydriodates 211, 212

ss Iodide eal

s Tetrabromide. 205

Allylin . 16]
Aloisol 173 |
Alphatoluic acid . . 165 |

Alums 79, 80, 81

Alumian 74

Aluminite 77

Aluminum ; 28

es Bromide 40

Ws Chloride 35

os Fluoride ooo

ce Hydrates. See
Diaspore and

Gibbsite 70

ce Iodide 43

us Nitrate 88

‘s Oxide . 48, 49

a“

Phosphates. See

ten Minerals . 90
ae Silicate, see An-
dalusite . 99
Sulphate. Dry 74
sé “ Hydrated 77
Aluminumand Ammonium
Sulphate. Dry . 77

“Hydrated 79, 80

|
'

245

PAGE.

Aluminum and Caesium

Sulphate. Alum 79
Aluminum and Calcium
Phosphate.
Cirrolite 91
Aluminum and Glucinum
Oxide . 58
Aluminum and Iron Ox-
ide : . 58
Aluminum and Magnesium
Oxide 3 . 08
Aluminum and Phosphor-
ous Chloride 37
Aluminum and Potassium
Selenate.
Selenic Alum 8&2
Aluminum and Potassium
Sulphate. Dry. 77
ss “ ‘Hydrated . 79
Aluminum and Rubidium
Sulphate. Alum 79
Aluminum and Sodium
Chloride . od
Aluminum and Sodium
Sulphate. Alum 79
Aluminum methyl 222
Alunite ‘ 80
Amalgams. Of Bismuth . 117
sf “ Cadmium 117
< “ Gold 117
ss “ Lead 7
sf SS Tin ae De Rus
oe “ Zine 117
Amethyst . . 296
| Amidomethylphenol . 182
Ammonia - 102
Ammonia alum . 79, 80
Ammonium, Arsenates 92
ss Bromide . 39
<6 Chloride 31
sf Cyanide 101
So Dichromate 81
« Iodide 42
f Tridochloride. 36
se Nitrate . 85, 86
ec Oxalate 184
a Palladiochlor-
ide . . 2
se Phosphates 88, 89
ss Platinchloride 36
ce Quadroxalate 184
s Selenate 227
“s Silicofluoride 225
as Stannofluoridd 225
a Succinate 18+
s Sulphate. Dry72,73
af S Mas-
cagnite 75
< Tartrate 184

244

PAGE.
Ammoniumand Aluminum

Sulphate. Dry
Ammoniumand Aluminum
Sulphate. Alum . 79, 80
Ammonium and Cadmium
Sulphate . ; . 78
Ammonium and Chromium
Sulphate
Ammonium and Cobalt
Sulphate .
Ammonium
Chloride
Ammonium
Oxalate,
Ammonium

aa

80

and Copper

and Copper

oy ee re . 184
and Copper
Sulphate. Dry 7
Hydrated 78
Ammonium and Hydrogen

“cc “

Carbonate 96
Ammonium and Hy anosen
Fluoride 29
Ammonium and Hy aponen
Malate . : . 185
Ammonium and Hydvoger
Oxalate 184
Ammonium and Hivarogen
Sulphate . : ; 77
Ammonium and Hyarosen
Tartrate 185
Ammonium and Iron Sul-
phate 78
“and Iron Sulphate.
Alum . 80
Ammonium and Magne-
sium Chloride 37
Ammonium & Magnesium
Phosphate.
“ & Magnesium Phos-
phate. Struvite 90
Ammonium and Magne-
sium Selenate . ser
Ammonium and Magne-

sium Sulphate : eno

Ammonium and Manga-
nese Sulphate 78

Ammonium and Mercury
Chloride . 37

Ammonium and Nickel Sul-
phate . 5 78

Ammonium and Potent
Sulphate 77

“ and Potassium Sul-

phate. Alunite 89)
““ and Potassium Sul- -
phate. Liwigite 80

“

and Potassium Sul-
phate. Tartrate 185
Ammonium and Sodinm

Arsenate . 92

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PaGE.
Ammonium and Sodium
Phosphate 89
Ammonium and Sodinm
Sulphate . é 78
Ammonium and aoaiae
Tartrate A 185
Ammonium & Tin Chloride 37
Ammonium and Uranium
Carbonate 5 96
Ammonium and ~- Zinc
Chloride . 36
Ammonium and Zinc Sul-
3 “ phate. Dry 77
“ and Zine Sulphate.
Hydrated 78
Amyl 119, 120
st Acetate . 145
ef Aleohol . 185, 186
« Amylphosphite . 218
ef Arachidate 151
‘. Arseniate 222
rf Benzoate 7 2168
ff Borates . 219, 220
af Bromide. 202, 238
af Butylxanthate . . 239
“ Butyrate 148
“ —— Caproate 250"
ss Carbonate 158
fe Chloride . 186, 187
i “Chlorinated 190
191
ef Cyanate . 182
S Cyanide - 175
ce Diethoxalate . 167
se Disulphide . 214
ss Formate . 148, 144
WY Homotoluate . 168
“- Hydride . <- 120
es Iodide 210
“ Leucate . 158
ss Mercaptan . 214
bs Nitrate 180
” Nitrite - 180
“Oxalate 159
Oxide 138
ne Palmitate 20 100
or Phosphite . 5 PALS
se Propargylate . 234
sf Propionate . 147
sf Silicates . 220
“ Stearate palo
oe Sulphide . 213
oh) Sulphoecarbonate . 214
se Sulphocyanide . 216
“ Telluride . 218 |
a Valerate 5 ER
Amyl allyl oxide . 160
| Amylamine 176
Amylaniline . 177

PAGE.
Amylated camphor . ero
Amyl benzol . 126
Arnyl cetyl oxide 188
Amyl chlorhydrin . 198
Amyl diethyl borate 219
Amylene 2 . 121, 122
9 Bichlorosulphide 217
as Bisulphochloride 217
“ Bithioecyanide . 216
g Bithiobithiocyan-
106h ee lo
“s Brominated 204
cs Chloride . 188
c “ Chlorinated 191
‘ Chlorinated 191
fe Ethylate . 156
a Hydrates 156
ees fs Glycol . 155
e Oxide 155
Se Polymers of . noe
cs Sulphide 214
Trisulphocarbon-
ate . 214
Amylene glycol 155
Amy] glycide eal6L
Amyl glycollic acid . 164
Amyl heptyl oxide ; 138
Amylin . i161
Amyl isopropyl LD,

Amylnitrophosphorous acid

Amy! phosphite. Chloride of
. 165

Amylsalicylic acid
Amylsulphoxyphosphoric
ether
Amy! toluol

Amyl xylol
Anatase .
Anchoie acid
Andalusite
Angelic acid
Anglesite.
phate
Angostura Bark. Goaponna
from
Anhydride. Acetic
< Antimonic.
See Antimony

pentoxide
s Antimonious.

See Antimony
trioxide
ce Arsenic.
See Arsenic
pentoxide
uw Arsenious.
See Arsenic
trioxide
“ Benzocinnamic
as Benzocuminic

See lead ‘sul-

. 142,

218
218

218

. 126

126
5d

158

99

164

173

232

53

53

53

53
171
171

PAGE,

Anhydride. Benzocenanthy-

“a

Anhydrite .

Aniline

Anisaldehyde

lic aia

Boric.

See Boron tri-
oxide ° 52

Butyric . 142

Camphoric.

Caprylic

Carbonic.

See Carbon Di-
oxide .

Chlorous.

See Chlorine tri-
oxide .

Chromic.

See Chromium
trioxide 50, 226

142

54

45

Citraconic 170

Todic.

See Iodine pent-
oxide 45, 226

Molybdic.

See Molybde-

num trioxide 40

Nitric.

See Nitrogen
pentoxide 52

Oenanthylic . 142

Palmitic 142

Pelargonic . 142

Phosphoric.

See Phosphor-
us pentoxide 52

Propionic 142

Silicic.

See Silicon di-
oxide .

Sulphuric.

See Sulphuric
acid .

Sulphurous.

See Sulphurous
acid

Tellurous.

See Tellurium
dioxide

Titanic.

See Titanium
dioxide . 54, 55

46

45

46

Tungstic.
See Tungsten
trioxide 50
Valeric . 142
Vanadic.
See Vanadium
pentoxide . 53
a3
177

INDEX.

ALPHABETICAL
PAGE.
Anise. Oil of 27
Anisie alcohol 235
Anisol Sige
Anisyl chloride 199
Anthracene . 131, 122
a Dihydride. 182
Hexhydride 1532
Antiar resin lito

Antimonie acid, or anhy-
dride.
See Antimony pentoxide 53
Antimonious acid, or an-
hydride.
See Antimony trioxide 53

Antimony . . 25, 26
é Arsenide 67
o Bromide 40
x Chlorides 34
me Hydrates 70
is lodide . : 43
Si Oxides 7 +: 08
“ Sulphide 62
a Telluride . 65
Antimony and Potassium
Tartrate 185
Antimony and Potassium
Racemate . 185
Antimony and Thallium
Tartrate . 185
Antimony amyl. Stibtri-
amyl ». e222
Antimony ethyl. Stibtri-
ethyl ~ » 222
Antimony methyl. Stib-
trimethyl senee
Apatite . 108
Arachidic acid . 142
Arachin ; . 162
Argentic Salts. See Silver
salts.
Argentite a Z : « 59
Arkansite . : , ‘ 55
Arragonite : , . ' 98,94
Arsenic : : ; 25

Arsenic acid, or anyhy-
dride.
See Arsenic pentoxide . 53

Arsenic. Bromide 40
ee Chloride 34
“ Fluoride 29
u Iodide 43
sf Oxides 53
ss Selenide 65
ss Sulphides . . 61, 62
Arsenious acid, or anhy-
dride.
See Arsenic trioxide 53
Arsendiethy] 222
999

Arsendimethyl

oom

245

PAGE.

Arsendimethyl. Chloride. 222
Sai Todide = 222
3 Oxide 222
f Sulphide . 222
Arsentriethyl 209
Asparagine » 189
Aspartic acid 182
Augelite : 90
Aurie compounds. See Gold
compounds.
Austrapyrolene . 129
Automolite 58
Autunite : : 91
Azelaic Acid . ; ; . 158
Azurite 98
B.
Barite . ; e . 3,14
Barium , 17
oi Acetate 183
4 Bromide. Dry 40
iy ss Hydrated 41
ss Carbonate 94
ss Chlorate 71
s Chloride. Dry 32
cs se Hydrated 35
s Chromate 81
ss Fluoride . 29
ss Hydrate 69
i Iodide 42
we Manganate . $2
a Metatungstate.. 83
ss Nitrate 86
sf Oxides 46
S Platinbromide 226
“ Platinocyanide peLOZ
oo Selenate 81
ee Silicofluoride . . 101
. Sulphate 73, 74
Barium and Calcium Car-
bonate.
Barium and Calcium Brom-
lite . - A : ion
Barium and Calcium Sul-
phate.
Barium and Calcium Dree-
lite 77
Barnhardatite . 64
Baryta. Barium oxide 46
Baryta. Caustic. Barium
hydrate 69
Barytocalcite 97
Bay. Oilof . . 128
Benomargaric acid . 141
Benostearic a . 142
Benylene 131

246

PAGE.
Benzil. Isomer of eel

Benzo cinnamic anhydride 171
Benzo cuminie anhydride . 171

Benzodichlorhydrin 199
3enzoic acid . . 165
ss ether Cl. derivative.

Cs His Cle Os. . 197
Benzol aero
ss Brominated . 205
. Chlorinated 191, 193, 193
ms Todo. en ecl
Benzocenanthylic anhy-
dride eel
Benzo trichloride . . 193
Benzoycin . ; See LY
Benzoyl. Chloride . ~ 199
e Hydride . 171
s “ Hydrocy-
anate 182
Benzoyl glycollic ether 167
Benzyl. See Dibenzyl. |. 181
“ Acetate 171
is Alcohol . 72
& Benzoate 171
« Bromide . 205
es Chloride 193
se “ Chlorinated 193
ses Cinnamate 171
as Todide » 212
fe Sulphydrate 215
Benzylamine seat
Benzyl anisol 235
Benzyl! toluol . 229
Bergamot oil ls,
He oe Cl. deriva-
ative of . 195
Berlinite 90
Berthierite , 63
Beryllium. See Glucinum 28
Bichloramyl] nitrite . 201
Bichlorethylene chlorosul-
phide akg
Bindheimite 92
Binnite i 63
Birch tar. Oil of 128
Bismethyl . 222
Bismuth 26
. Bromide 40
ue Chloride 34
as Dioxide. Hydrate
of : steht,
ss Todide 43
es Nitrates . 88
as Oxide Seno,
x Selenide 65
i Sulphides . 62
re Telluride 65
Bismuth and Nickel Sul-
phide: et

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Bismuthinite. Bismuth
Sulphide 62
Bismuth triethyl . . 222
Black lead. See Graphite 27
Blende 61

Blue vitriol. See Copper

sulphate . 75, 76
Boltonite 99
Boracite : 04
Borax. See Sodium di-

porate

Boric acid, or Boracic acid.
See Boron trioxide,
and Boric hydrate .

84

52
70

Borneol. Ethylated 170
Methylated. .170
Boron . A 24
“s Bromide . 40
ss Chloride 33
i Hydrate . 0

7
ss Trioxide . G4) ay
Boron triethyl . ; Ae

Boulangerite 63
Brassic acid 164
Braunite 48
Breithauptite 67
Brochantite : 80
Bromacetic acids . . 206
Bromacetyl bromide 206
« chloride . 207
Bromal ; 206
Bromargyrite. Silver Bro-
mide a 5 . 39
Bromethylene hydriodate -213
ud: hydrochlor-
ate 207

Bromhydrie acid.

-See Hydrogen Bromide 39
Bromhydrins 205, 207
Brominated allyl acetate . 239

ef “aleohol 239
chloride 2389

ae a

sf “ nitrate 239
e amylene 204
Be butylene 204
‘ decylene . 204
sf ethylbromide 203
te ethylene . 204
“ hexylene 204

sf methyl allyl
oxide . 239

ce propyl _ bro-
mide 204
a propylene . 204

“e “ bro-
mide 204

“a o hy- |
drobromate 204
Bromine

13 |

PAGE.
Bromlite | 97
Bromo-benzol 205
Bromobutyric acids . 206
fs ether . e206
Bromo-cumol . 206
Bromo-dibenzyl . 206
Bromo dichlorhydrin of
phycite . 208
Bromo-ethylbenzol 206
Bromoform 2 . 203
Bromo-isopropyl phenate 207
Bromo-mesitylene 206
Bromo-methy! phenol. . 207
Bromo-naphthaline . 206
Bromonitric acid . . 226
ss glycol 239
Bromophenylic acid . 207
Bromopicrin ee
Bromopropionic acids . 206
ss ether 206
Bromopropylene _hydrio-
date . : . 213
Bromostearic acid 206
Bromo-toluol . . 205, 238
Bromo-xylol 205, 206
Brookite 55
Brucite. 70
Brushite 90
Bucholzite . . 99
Bunsenite aah
Butyl s 2h)
Acetate . 145, 232
of Alcohol 134, 185, 230
ee Benzoate 234
st Bromide. 201, 202, 238
ss Butyl xanthate . 239
ee Butyrate . 148, 233
a Carbonate 158, 234
“s Chloride . 188, 237
sf Cyanide. 175, 235
ss Formate . 143
3 Hydride : ~ 220
‘ Todide 209, 210, 239
ie Mercaptan. 214
a Nitrate . 180
s Nitrite 180
ss Oxide ; 2 231
s§ Phosphite. Chloride
of 5 . 218
se Propionate . 147, 232
oe Sulphide . . 213
ss Valerate ~ 49
Butylamine 176, 235
Butyl amyl . LI9
Butyl anisol 172
Butyl butyrone 154
Butyl carbylamine 178
Butylene 121
es Acetate 157

; 3 PAGE. |
Butylene. Bromide. 203, 288
s Chloride . 188

as Diacetate . 157 |
ss Glyeol . . 155

Trisulphocarbon-

ate 214
Butyl hexyl . 120
Butyl phenyl ketone 235
Butyral . 153
Butyric acid 189, 140, 231
“aldehyde 152, 233
“anhydride . 142
Butyridin . ; ; 162
Butyrin . . 162
Butyro-dichlorhydrin 199
Butyrone 154, 234
Butyrone pinakone . 285

Butyronitrile. Propyl cyan-

14 |

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
PAGE.
Calcite 94
Calcium . 17
os Bromide . 40
ue Carbonate. Dry 93, 94

“ “ Hy-
drated . 96
a Chloride. Dry . 32

a Hydra-
ted 385
. Dithionate . 227
ie Fluoride. = 129
BS Hippurate 185
tt Hydrate 69
ss Hyposulphate. 227
ee Nitrate. Dry 86

a ss Hydra-
ted . eee Sil

‘ Oxalate. |Whe-
wellite . . 184
se Oxide 46

s§ Phosphate.

Brushite 90

“ Phosphate. Meta-
brushite . 90

ss Silicate. Wollas-
tonite . 98
me Silicate. Okenite 100
. Sulphate. Dry 73

“ “ Hy-
drated . 75

s§ Sulphide. Old-
hamite 59
s§ Titanate . 101
Ss Tungstate 83

Calcium and Aluminum
Phosphate. Cirrolite 91

| Calcium and Barium Car-
bonate. Bromlite 97

| Calcium and Barium Sul-
phate. Dreelite . Sail

Calcium and Copper Ace-
tate . 7 ss

| Calcium and Magnesium
Carbonate. Dolomite . 97

Calcium and Magnesium

Carbonate. Hydrodolo-
mite . 97

ide : ‘ 175
Butyryl. Chloride . 199
cs Iodide 212
Cz
Cacodyl. See Arsendim-
ethyl ayes
Cacoxenite . 90
Cadmium j 23
sf Ammonio-chlo-
ride . 225
rf Bromate - 227 |
BS Bromide 40
- Carbonate . 95
se Chloride . ‘ 33 |
ss Iodide : . 42
ss Oxide 51
ss Nitrate 87
a Selenide 65 |
ss Sulphate 76
« Sulphide 61
Cadmium and Ammonium
Sulphate . 78
Cadmium and Magniesinii
Sulphate . 3 79
Cadmium and Borstal
Sulphate . 78
Caesium 6 : °
se Silicofluoride . 101

Caesium alum

Caesium and Stuminm | 79
Sulphate ;

Caesium and Tin Chloride 36

Caffeine . . 188
Cajeputene . 128

s Hydrate . 173
Calamine 7 . 100
Calamus. Oilof . . 129

Calcium & Man cenees Car-

bonate. Manganocalcite 97
Caleium and Sodium Car-
bonate. Gaylussite 97
Caleium and Sodium Sul-
phate. Glauberite 77
Calcium and Uranium
Phosphate. Autunite 91
Cale spar. See Calcite 94
' Callainite . 7 90
Calomel. See Mercurous
chloride . 33

247

PAGE,
Calophyllum resin ap elias
Camphilene . . 129
Camphin - Jel
Camphor : « LI0
Camphoricanhydride. Hy-
drocarbon from . a elo
Camphoric anhydride . . 170
Camphorone = eZ)
Camphrene . 170
Camphry1 chloride 195
Cane sugar . 163

; Cane sugar and Soatuin

iodide . 224
Caoutchene . 181
Caoutchin . " 28

“t Hydrochlorate . 195
Capnomor. See Kapnomor 174
Caprinone . 154
Caproic acid . . 140, 232
Caprone 154, 234
Capronitrile. See Amyl

cyanide =, 2175
Caproyl. Hexyl . . 120
Caprylic acid 141

s anhydride . 142
Caprylone . a lb4.
Caraway. Oilof . . 127;
Carbinols. See 230, 23
Carbodimethyl diethyl . 180
Carbolic acid. See Phenol 171
Carbon 27

ss Bromides 40

as Bromochloride 226

Chlorides 34, 190, 193

oe Chlorobromide 43

sf Dioxide 54

Disulphide . 62

ss Oxychloride 38

“ Sulphochloride 38
Carbonic acid. See Carbon

dioxide 54
Carbonyl disulphodiethy! 216
‘Carbylamines . 178
Cardol 173
Carrollite 64
Carvene 127
Carvol 3 siz
Casearilla. Oil of 128, 130
Cassiterite. See Tin dioxide 56
Castelnaudite : 89
Cedrat. Oil of Lae
Cedrene 131
Celestine 73
Cellulose 164
Cerium ; 28

ss Oxides a 52

s Phosphate. Cry nie

lite 89

Cerargyrite. Silver chloride 31

248

PAGE,
Cerotene melo
Cerotic acid . . 142
Cerussite. Lead Carbonate 95
Cervantite . : : . 53
Ceryl. Alcohol. 137
> Cerotate elo
Cetene . nize
Cetic acid «LAL
Cetyl. Acetate . . 16
ss Alcohol . 186, 137
sf Aldehyde 153
. Benzoate . . 234
sf Borate 220
= Bromide . 202
ss Butyrate . 148
U3 Chloride . 187
# Todide gf ell
s Mercaptan . 214
cs Oxide . 138
ss Stearate . 151
<s Succinate 159
ce Sulphide . . 213
ss Valerate 150
Cetyl aniline . : : oy Ltd)
Chaleanthite. Copper Sul-
phate . . : 5 7
Chalchihuite . : A oe
Chalcocite . ; A : 60
Chalcopyrite . s ; . G4
Chaleostibite . : : 63
Chalk . ; : ‘ oe 05
Chinoline 4 o) ZO
Chiolite . 7 ; : ae
Chloracetal 2) 97
Chloracetic acids . —. 195, 196
Chloracetone 196, 197
Chloracetonitrile . . 200
Chloracetyl. Bromide 207
< Chloride . 198
Chloral : 197
ss Amylate . 197
cf Ethylate 197
oe Hydrate 297
st Methylate . 197
ff Sulphydrate . 239
Chloral. Deriv. of. Cs H Cls
Br. A : 239
Chloraldehyde . 197
Chloramylene — chlorosul-
phides . 217
Chlorazol ; : 201
Chlorbutyryl. Chloride of 198
Chlorethylene —chlorosul-
phides . - : 217
Chlorethylic sulphides 217

Chlorhydric acid. Hydrogen
chloride . , ; . 30

Chlorhydrins 194, 198, 199, 237, 221

Chlorhydrins. Ethylsilicie 221

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE,

Chlorhydrins. Methylsilicie 221
Chloric hydrate or Chloric

acid . ; 4 5 5 tie!

Chlorinated amyl chloride 190

.s amylene 191

sf “chloride 191

ac benzol 191, 192,193

“ dimethyl . 189
Ss ethyl acetate 196

i ‘© camphor-
ate . 197
as “chloride 189
ey ethylene 190

sf “~~ chlor-
ide . 189
Me ethyl formate 196
i “oxide 195

io ethyl oxide.
Deriv. of . 197

. heptyl chlo-
ride 191
sf heptylene . 191

“ hexyl — chlo-
ride 191
‘ methyl acetate 196
< “formate 196
ie “ oxide 195
“ propylene. 190

-¢ propylene chlo-

ride 190
o toluol =. 193, 194
. xylol 194
Chlorine 2 ; ‘ eels
ss Trioxide . ; 45
Chloriodoform ~ 213
Chloriodotoluol 213
Chloroanethol . 195
Chlorobenzols 191, 192, 193
Chlorobromhydrin . 207
Chlorobutyric ether . 196
Chlorocarbonie “ . . 196

Chlorochromic acid . 38

Chlorodibromhydrin . . 207
Chloro dichloroglycide 195
Chloroethyleyanide . 200
Chloroethylphenol 197
Chloroform . 188, 189
‘s - Deriv.-of. C;,
Hyg O03. . 170
Chloro glycide . 194, 195
Chlorolactice ether 197
Chloromaleic “ LOT
Chloromethylphenol 197
Chloroniceic acid . . 197
ee ether 197
Chloronicene « 195
Chloronitrie acid 225
se glycol rl eeeo
Chloronitrin 200

PAGE.
Chloronitrobenzol . 200
Chloronitrophenol 200
Chloronitrotoluol . . 200, 201
Chlorocenanthie ether . 196
Chloropicrin oe 200
Chloropropionic acid . . 196
oy ether 196
Chloropropylene bromide . 207
Chlorosalylic trichloride. 193
Chlorostyrol . . 195
Chlorosulphurie acid : 37
rs ether aval,
Chlorotoluidine 200
Chlorotoluol . 198, 194, 237
“ Chlorides of 193,
194

Chlorous acid. Chlorine tri-
oxide 45
Chloroyaleral . 238
Chloroxethose 197
Chloroxylol . 194

Chodneffite i : , 29
Cholesterine . . 173
Chrome alum . : ‘ 80
Chromic acid or anhydride.
See Chromium trioxide 50,226

Chromite ; c : . 58
Chromium . . : : 18
a Chloride 33
ot Chromate 82
es Nitrate . . 88
ud Phosphide . 66
s Sesquioxide 47, 48
cs Sulphate “6.
ss Sulphide. 59
§ Trioxide . 50, 226

Chromium and Ammonium
Sulphate 80

ct “Potassium
Sulphate 80

a “Magnesium
Borate 84
se “Tron Oxide 58

ss “Manganese
Oxide . 58
Chrysene S ls2
Ghrysoberyll <i sree, 8
Chrysocolla 2 L00
Chrysotile . 100
Cicuta virosa. . <p lee

Cicutene. From Cicuta
virosa say)
Cinacrol ee is
Cinaébene . ; , 28,
Cinchonia hydrochlorate 201
Cinnabar é fl , nol
Cinnamene 139
Cinnamie acid . 165
Cinnamy] chloride 199

PAGE.

Cirrolite . 91
Citraconie anhydride 170
Citrene oT
Nitric acid . 165
Citronyl . 230
Citrus bigaradia, H Cc tor 127
lumia comme weil 217)
“medica OL 27
Clausthalite. Leadselenide 64
Cloves. Oilof . 129
Cobalt 19

se Arsenate. Erythrite 92
ss Arsenides 67
Se Chloride. Dry . MOD
oe s Hydrated 36

‘s Hydrate 70
- Nitrate 87
“s Oxides . 47, 48, 50
‘ Phosphide 66 |
“ Selenide

oy Sulphates. Dry 74

“c oe

Hydrated 75

Sulphides. 60
Cobalt and Ammonium Sul-

phate : 78

se “Potassium yaa fs)

Cobaltic hydrate ; eae,

a oxide 48
Cobaltite ; 68
Cobaltoso-cobaltic exide 0)
Cobaltous oxide 47
Cochlearin < 2 L3
Cocinin 162, 235
Codeine . 183
Collidine 178
Colophene . 180
Colophonone 173
Columbium., See Niobium 28
Coniine . 179, 236
Conylene : 181

ss Bromide . 205
Copaiva. H C deriv. Cis Hes. 230
Copal. Oil of 128
Copiapite 76
Copper. 19, 20, 225 |

ee Acetate 183

“ Ammonio-chloride 39 |

es Ammonio-nitrate 88

RE Ammonio-sulphate 80

ie Arsenides 67

“ Bromide . 40

< Cam phorate.

Deriv. of. Cs H14. 230

Carbonates.

Azurite and Mala-
chite 98
“s Chlorides. Dry . 33
“ ; “ Hydra-
ted. 36

68 |.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Copper. Chromate . 82
sf Formate . . 183

ty Iodide . 42

ss Nitrate 87

“ Basic 88

‘e Oxide 47, 50

sf Phosphates,
Three minerals 90
Phosphide . 66
“ Selenide . 65
oa Silicates,

Two minerals 100

ss Silicofluoride . 101
ss Sulphate. Dry 74
a se Hydrated 75,
76

a ss Basie 80
" Sulphides 60

Copper and Ammonium
Chloride 37

s ss « Oxalate. 184

e cs “Sulphate.
Dry 77
Hydrated 78

sf “Calcium <Ace-
tate 183

ss “ Magnesium Sul-
phate. 79

ss “ Potassium

Chloride . 387

Ly “ Potassium Oxa-
late . 184

ss “ Potassium Sul-
phate. Dry 77
Hydrated . 78

ss “ Uranium Phos-

: phate.

Torbernite 91
Coquimbite 76
Coriander, Oil of lie
Coridine 178

Corrosive sublimate.

See Mercurous chloride 33
Corundum . . 48, 49
Cotunnite. See Lead chloride 32

Covellite P 60
Creatine hydrate . > 183
Creosote. See Kreosote . 174
Cresol. See Kresol : wali:
Crocoisite. See Lead chro-
mate 82
Crotonic acid . 164
se aldehyde. Detiv: of.
C4 He Cle. 237
Crotonylene . . 181
Cryolite 29
Cryptolite 89
Cubanite 64
Cubebs. Oil of . 129

17

249

PAGE.
Cumidine ot Lae,
Cuminol ELL
Cummin. Oil of 127
Cumol . 125
Cumonitrile me Lag)
Cumyl chloride . 199
Cuprite " 50
Cyanetholine . 182
Cyanic acid 228
Cyanite, or Kyanite 99
Cyanogen : 102
« Chloride . 225
« Iodide > 226
Cyanoil . 183
Cymidine oa
Cymol 125, 126
Cymyl alcatel » 472
Cynene 128
Cystic oxide . . 217
s
D.
Daleminzite . 59
Decatyl. Alcohol , . 136
ss Chloride . * LST,
sf Hydride . 121, 229
Decatylene j Le
sf Brominated . 204
Dechenite 91
Descloizite 91
Deweylite oi 00
Diacetin =L6E
Diaceto diehlorhydrin | 199
Diacetyl conylene . 170
Diallyl . 180
a Acetates . . 160
as Alcohol. Pseudo 160
sf Hydrates , 160
oe Hydriodates 211
Diamond 27
Diamy] acetal . 169
Diamylamine . 176
Diamyl] aniline . ently
Diamylene : . 122
é Chloride. Chlo-
rinated 191
ss Hydrate 156
ss Oxide 155
Diamylin . 161
Diamylphosphorie aete Se 2ks
Diamyl valeral . 169
Diarachin 162
Diaspore 7
Dibenzyl aes
Dibenzylamine ely

250

PAGE. |
Dibromhydrin 207
Dibutyrin + 162
Dichloracetal 197
Dichloracetone Bolks]o|
Ss Chloride 287
Dichlorethoxylethylene . 238
Dichlorhydrin . . 198}
4 Aceto. . 198
ie Benzo 199
. Butyro . 199}
es Diaceto . 199
“e Valero 3=L99))|
Dichloromononitrin 200
Dichloronitrophenol . 200

Dichlortoluol. Cl. deriv. of

CoHn Clo. . 197
Didymium 28

of Borate 84

Oxide 52

se Sulphate 227
Diethacetic ether . . 166
Diethoxyl ss ; eel 70,
Diethyl acetone . 154, 234

sf . Deriv. of.

C20 Hs4 O2, . 235
Dicthylamine ~ L176
Diethylamylamine . 176
Diethyl aniline . Cae
Diethyl benzol . 126
Diethyl camphresic acid . 166
Diethyl chlorhydrin . 198
Diethylene. Acetate 156

a Alcohol . . 156
Diethyl formamide . 236
Diethyl glycol chlorhydrin 198
Diethyl glycollic ether 167, 235
Diethyl glyoxylic “ . 167
Diethylin 161
Diethyl] lactate . 158
Diethyl nitromalate . 236
Diethyl oxybenzoate . 168
Diethyl phosphin 219
Diethyl toluidine . sie
Diethyl] toluol 126
Diethyl trilactate . . 167
Diethyl valeral . 169
Diisopropylamine nLZ6,
Dill. Oil of ee l28
Dimercurammonium chlo-

ride . . 39
Dimercurosammonium

chloride oo
Dimethyl] acetal . 169
Dimethyl acetone 154
Dimethylamine . 175
Dimethyl aniline 23€
Dimethyl. Chlorinated . 189
Dimethyl cumidine . 236

Dimethyl diethyl methane , 229

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.
Dimethylene carbonethy-
lene ether . 169
| Dimethyl ethyl carbinol . 231
Dimethyl phosphin . 218
Dimethyl] pseudopropy] car-
binol : . 231
Dimethyl] toluidine . 236
Dimethyl] valeral . . 169
Dimethy! xylidine 238
Dinitroaniline oaol
Dinitrobenzol = pol
Dinitromethylene chloride 200
Diolein . 162
Dioptase 100
Dioxethylene. . 155
Dipalnitin . 162
Distearin ; ; . 162
Disulphamylene. ‘Hydrate 215
& Oxide 215
Diterebene . 180
Divalerin 162
Dodecane 5 ; . 120
Dodecatyl. Chloride 187
sf Hydride . 7 12t
Dodecatylene or Duodeca-
tylene . 123
Dolomite 97
Domeykite . 67
Dracol. See Anisol apy
Dreelite . 5 : stl
Drybalanops camphora, H
C from . 129
Dufrenite 90
Dufrenoysite ; 63
Dulcite . 163
Dysclasite 100
K.
Ehlite 90
Elaldehyde . oa LOL
Elder. Oil of 128
Elemi. HC from 128
Enargite . : . 63
Endecatyl. Alcohol 136
ee Hydride mol
Endecatylene 123
Enstatite ego
Epibromhydrin. 207
Epichlorhydrin . 198
Epichlorobromhydrin 208
a + Br. 208
Epidibromhydrin 205
sf Bromide 205
Epidichlorhydrin 194

PAGE,
Epidichlorhydrin +-Br. . 208
Epiiodhydrin 212
Epsomite : : : eo
Epsom salts. Magnesium
Sulphate é ; : 76
Erbium . 28
oe Oxide eco
cs Sulphate. = 22
Ericinol 173
Erucic acid 164
| Erythrite 92
Erythromannite . 163
Essential Oils. See Oils.
Ethacetic ether . a l66
Ether. Ethyl oxide . 137
Ether, in general. See Ethyl.
Etherol 2 a Serle
Ethstannethvl. Bromide . 224
sf Chloride 224
we Iodide . 224
Ethyl. Acetate . 144, 232
e “Chlorinated 196
ss Aconitate 167
“ Adipate . 159
ss Aleohol . 133, 134, 230
: Amylhydroxalate 166
ss Anchoate . 159
ff Arachidate . 151
oe Arsenate . 222
< Arsenides 222
ee Arsenite . 222
se Benostearate 151
fe Benzoate . . 168, 234
7 Cl deriv.
Of. 197;
of Borate . 219
a Bromide . . 201, 238
ss Butylxanthate . 239
sc Butyrate . 147, 232, 233
. Camphorate . 167
a ne Chlorin-
ated 197
< Camphresate Gi)
i Caproate . . 150, 2383
B Caprylate 150
a Carbonate 3 . 158
wv Cerotate ‘ =) PLS:
s Chloride . 186
se Chlorin-
ated 189
os Chlorocrotonate. 238
f Cinnamate — . 167, 168
ce Citraconate . 167
o Citrate . 167
Cuminate 168
ae Cyanate . . 182
x Cyanide 175
“ ee Dichlorin-
ated . 200

Ethyl.

“c

PAGE.
Cyanurate 182
Diamyloxalate . 167
Diethoxalate 166
Diethylglycollate .167,
235
Dilactate 167
Dimethoxalate . 166
Diselenide . 218
Disulphide . 214
Disulphocarbonate 215,
239
Elaidate 167
Ethomethoxalate . 166
Ethylamylhydrox-
alate 166
Ethylerotonate —. 167
Ethyldiacetate 166
Ethylglycollate . 166
Ethylsulphonate 215
Formate . . 148
“Chlorinated 196
Fumarate LG
Heptylate. (Oenan-
thate.) ae 285
Hippurate 182
Homotoluate 168
Todide . 208
Tsopropacetate 166
Lactate . 158
Laurate 150
Leucate . 158
Mercaptan . 214
Mesaconate 167
Methyldiacetate. 166
Monosulphocarbo-
nate. . 215, 239
Mucate 167
Myristate. . 150
Nitrate . 180
Nitrite . 180
Nitrobenzoate 181
Nitrocaprylate . 181
Nitroglycollate . 236
Nitrolactate. 181, 236
Nitromalate aS
Nitrotartrate 181
Nitrotartronate . 236
Nonylate. (Pelar-
gonate.) 150, 233
Oleate plays
Orthocarbonate . 158
Oxalate . 159
Oxide . 137

“Chlorinated 195

“ Cl deriv. of 197

Palmitate 150

Paracamphorate . 167
Pelargonate. (No-

nylate) . 150, 2338

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Ethyl. Phenylacetate. . 168

= Phosphate 218
s Phosphides. (Phos-

phins) 218, 219

a Phosphite . 218
e oe Chloride

of. 218

s Pimelate . . 159

ef Propionate 146, 232

se Pyromucate . 167

fs Pyrophosphate . 218

e Pyrosulphophos-

phate . 240

ss Pyrotartrate 159

Quartenylate . Gs

s Rutylate 150

Sebate . 159

“6 Selenide 218

s Silicates . . 220, 240

“ Stearate 150, 151
ihe Suberate . . 159, 234
se Succinate 159
ss Sulphate . . 215
sf Sulphide. 213
= Sulphite . . 215

o Sulphocarbonate 214
ie Sulphocyanide . 216
es Telluride . 218
¥ Tiglate . 167
se Toluate . 168
s Valerate 149, 233
a Veratrate . . 167
se Xylylate 168
Ethyl acetamide . 182
Ethyl acetone 154, 234

Ethylacetyl . . .) . 153

Ethyl allyl. Acetate 160
ss “ . Hydriodate . 212
s§ “<> Oxide so 160
Ethyl amyl. a 19)
oS « ‘Oxide . 188
‘ * Sulphide... 218
ib a Sulphite 5 als
Ethyl amy] aniline melt hia,
Ethyl amyline . 161
Ethyl] aniline SLE
Ethyl benzhydrol eine 171
Ethyl benzol . . 125
Ethyl butyl. 119
ss <—) Oxide e137
Ethyl butyral Sg OF
Ethyl eamphoric acid. —. 166
Ethyl] carbylamine seals
Ethyl cetyl oxide . . 188
Ethyl diacetamide . 182
Ethyl] diacetic acid . 164
Ethyl diacetone carbo-
nate . . 169
Ethyl diamyl porate 219

PAGE.

Ethyl dimethacetone car-
bonate . 169
Ethyl] ethacetone Senne 169
Ethyl formamide . . 182, 236

Ethyl glycide 161, 235
Ethyl] glycolic chloride . 238
Ethyl heptyl oxide . 138
Ethylhexyl “ . 138

Ethyl isopropacetone car-
bonate . 4169
Ethyl kresol . Liz
Ethyl methyl disiiphocen
bonate . " . ~ ~2ld
Ethyl] naphthaline . 181
Ethyl phenol . ; a) 2
Ethyl phenyl oat: . 125

Cy “s Carbonate. 171
Ethyl propyl ketone . 234
Ethyl propyl oxide . 137
Ethyl salicylic acid - 165 _
Ethy] silicie chlorhydrins 221
Ethyl sulphophosphorie

chloride . 240
Ethyl] sulphuric acid 215
Ethylic sulphurous acid . 215

ss chloride 217
Ethyl toluidine . 177
Ethyl urethane . 182
Ethyl vinyl : - well

ne s Hydriodate . 212
Ethyl xylol < 126%.
Ethylated borneol . 170

a camphor . 170
Ethylamines . . 175, 176
Ethylene. Acetates . 157

Aceto-butyrate 157

et Aceto-valerate . 157

e Bichlorosulph-

ide 217
= Bisulphochlo-

ride Sold,
sé Bromide 202
ss Brominated . 204
‘ Bromiodide . 215
Bromochloride 207
ot Butyrates 157
th Chloride . 188
ss :s Chlo-

rinated 189
ss Chloriodide.. 212
oe Cyanide . 179
es Dichlorinated . 190
“ Diethylate 156
“ Dinitrate . 236
i Glycol 155
a Todide . 211
# Oxide 155
ns Stearate . 157
ie Sulphydrate. 214

202

PAGE. |
Ethylene. Trisulphocar-

bonate . 214, 239
sf Valerates . . 157
Ethylene ethylidene oxide 155

Ethylene stannethyl 223
Ethylidene oxychloride . 199
Ethyline eee lOl
Eucalyptene . . 131
Eucalyptol . - 173
Eucalyptus amygdalina. H
C from . 128
Eugenie acid 166
Euodyl aldehyde . . 153
Evansite
ihe
Fauserite 79
Fayalite : 98
Felsobanyite . : 2 std
Ferberite . ; 3 5 83
Ferric arsenate. (Scoro-
dite) 92
s hydrates. Four min-
erals 69
nitrate 88
“oxide : . 48
“phosphates. Two
minerals 90
Wy sulphates. Four
minerals 76
ee sulphide 60
Ferroso-ferric oxide 49
Ferrous carbonate 95
a chloride. Dry aaeoe
Hydrated 36
“iodide . : 7) 243
“ phosphate. (Vivi-
anite) 90
Ny selenate 227
= Silicates. Two min-
erals 98
“sulphate. Dry 74
a rs Hydrated 75
“sulphide 60
st titanate 101
ss tungstate 83
Fibroferrite 76
Fibrolite 99
Fischerite 90
Fluocerite . 29

Fluohydrie acid. Hydro-
gen fluoride

Fluorine ; 18
Fluorite or Fluor spar.
See Calcium fluoride . 29

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.
Formic acid 138
Forsterite 98, 99
Fucusol 174
Furfurol . 178, 174
Fusel oil. Amy] alcohol 135, 136
Fusy1 bisulphide 214
G.
Gahnite . : 58
Galbanum. Oil of 127
Galena. Lead Sulphide 59
Gaultherilene 128
Gay-Lussite 97
Geraniene . 127
Geraniol . 3 é Ab?)
e Chloride . 195
“ Ether . 273
Gersdorffite 68
Gibbsite . i ae 40,
Ginger. Oilof . 173
Glauberite 77
Glauber’s salts. Sodium
sulphate 75
Glucinum 28
“s Oxide Oe
* Nitrate 87

“a

Silicate. Phenacite 99

Glucinum and Aluminum
Oxide . : : : 5

Glucose 3 é . Lb
+ Sodium Chloride 224

an

oo

Glycerine . sy LOL
ee Sulphydrates 215, 216
Glycol . 155
s Acetonitrie . 236

- Amylene . . 155

ee Bromonitric 239

e Butylene . . 155

io Chloronitrie 238
Ethylene . . 155

ay Hexylene 155

sf Monobromhydrie . 239

4 Mononitric . 236

es Octylene . ¢ . 155

. Propylene 155
Glycol chloracetin . 199
Glycol chlorbutyrin . 199
Glycollie acid : : . 157
Gold. ; et a Meeeesod
“> Sesquiphosphide 66
Gold and Silver Sulphide 64
Gothite 69

Grape Sugar. See Glucose 163
Graphite 27

PAGE.
Greenockite 61
Green vitrol. Ferrous sul-
phate . ° a 3 75
Griinerite 98
Guajacol a PLT!
Guajol . 174
Guarinite 103
Guayacanite . 63
Gum . . Gd:
Gurgun balsam - 129
Guyaquillite 173
Gypsum, i) ele ase nnZD
EE:
Halite. Sodium Chloride . 30
Hartin . 173
Hartite aLsD
Hauerite 59
Hausmannite 49
Heavy Spar. (Barite) 73, 74
Hematite. (Ferric Oxide) 48
Heptyl. Acetate . 146
sf Aleohol 136
s Chloride . . 187; 237
of Chlorina-
ted . 191
se Cyanide ap Lio
‘¢. Hydride’. . 121, 229
Iodide . 211, 239
rs Mercaptan . 214
Heptylamine 176
Heptylene 122
s Bromide . 238
st Chloride. . 188
gs Chlorinated 191
Heptylene chlorhydrin 198
Hercynite 58
Heveéne . 130
Hexane 119
Hexchloracetone . . 197
Hexethylene alcohol 156
Hexoylene 30
Hexyl . 20
ss Acetate . 146, 232
es Alcohol . 136
se Aldehyde. . 152

ss Caproate ; . 233

“Chloride . . 187
ay “Chlorinated 191
«Hydride . 120, 229
sf Iodide 210, 211, 239
« Mercaptan . 214
“Oxide sss
“Sulphide . . 213

PAGE.
Hexyl. Sulphocyanide 216

Hexyl mercaptide of mer-

eury 222
Hexylamine . 176
Hexylene 122, 229

gs Bromide. 203, 238

sc Brominated 204

“ Diacetate 157

se Glycol. 155
Hippuric acid 182
Hoernesite 92
Homichlin . 64
Homolactic acid . . 165
Horn silver. Silver chlor-

ide . 31
Hiibnerite . ss
Humboldtine j . 184
Hydric oxide. (Water) 44
Hydriodic acid. Hydrogen

Todide . 41
Hy droboracite oe
Hydrobromic acid. Hydro-

gen Bromide . : Oo
Hydrochloric acid. Hydro-

gen Chloride 30
Hydrocyanie acid . 228
Hydrodolomite . é fs 97
Hydrofluorice acid. Hydro-

gen Fluoride . 29
Hydrogen ; 13

“s Bromide . 39

ss Chloride : 30

i Fluoride . 29

i Iodide 41

< Oxide. (Water) 44

a Peroxide 45

ss Sulphide . 59
Hydrogen & Ammonium

Carbonate 96

s « “Fluoride. 29

of “« « Malate... 185

se «cs | Oxalate.. 184

ce « © Sulphate 77

se “ Potassium Car-

bonate 96

cs « « Oxalate 184

« « Sulphate 77

<s “Sodium Car-

; bonate. 96 |

2 << Oxalate: . 184

« © Sulphate 77

se “Thallium Ox-

alate . 184

S os “ Tartrate 185
Hydromagnesite 97
Hydrosorbie acid 165
Hydrosulphocyanic acid. 228
Hydrosulphurie acid. Hy-

drogen Sulphide 59

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
PAGE.
Hydrozincite . 98
Hypogaeic acid . 164
1 [a
Tee . ; . 44
Indigo blue 183
Indium . 18
Inosite . 163
Inulin ; ; - 235
Jodhydric acid. (Hydrogen
Todide) . 41
Jodhydrin . ‘ < - 212
Todic acid. (Iodic Hydrate) 68, 69
“anhydride. (Iodine
Pentoxide) . 45, 226
Iodine . : 13
“ Chlorides 20
: Pentoxide . 45, 226
Todoallylene . seat:
Todobenzol . a eel?
Todoehlorhydrin . mls
Todoform 212
Todotoluol ; 212,
Todyrite. (Silver Iodide). 42
Tridium . 5 5 nee
| Tridium and Ammonium
Chloride. 3 : 36
Tridium and _ Potassiu
Chloride . 36
| Iridosmium ea LOD
Tron Ws eR
ss Arsenate (Scorodite) 92
sf Arsenides.
Lilingite and Leu-
copyrite . . 66, 67
gs Carbonate . 95
ss Hydrates. Four min-
erals 69
ss Todide 43 |
«Magnetic oxide 49 -
sf Nitrate ; . &§8
Ee Phosphates. Three
minerals 90
ss Phosphides ., 66
ss Protochloride. Dry 33
“ “ Hy-
drated 36
< Protosulphate. Dry 74
“ “ Hy-
drated 75
sé Selenate . 3 . 227
g Selenide . 64
sf Sesquioxide 48
‘s Silicates. Two min-
erals 98

253

PAGE,
Iron. Silicide - 68
ue Sulphides . 59, 60
= Titanate . 101
sf Tungstate 83
Iron & Aluminum Oxide. 58
« «Ammonium Sul-
phate . 78
Alum 80
“© Chromium Oxide 58
«Magnesium Borate 8
aces “ Carbonates.
Two minerals 97
a a Oxide 57
toes se Sulphate 79
“ «Manganese Tung-
state . 83
“Phosphorus Chlo-
ride. . ots
«Potassium Chloride 37
Cu bs Sulphate 78
ree: < “ Jaro-
site 80
att ss Sulphide 64
« «Zinc Oxide 57
Tron pyrites OO
Isoamyl. Acetate . 145
cs Alcohol 136
i Chloride . 186
Tsoamylamine = 76
Isobenzpinacone . LTO
Isobutyl st AWS)
e Alcohol . 185
s Bromide . seme
Chloride 237)
ss Cyanide . . 235
be lodide . . 239
ss Isobutyrate 233
Isobutyl anisol ote
Isobutyl benzol . 126
Isobutylamine . 235
Tsobutylene bromide 238
Isobutyric acid . 140
ss aldehyde. 233
Tsocajeputene . 128
Isocetice acid . 141
Tsohexyl. Chloride . 187
Isooctyl as sy
ce Iodide . eo
Isoprene 130
Tsopropacetic acid . 164
Isopropacetone . . 184
Isopropyl < . 119
Alcohol . 134
“ “a Hy-
drates of . 230
oF Benzoate 168
“s Bromide . 201
cs Butyrate 148
< Chloride . 186

254

Isopropyl. Iodide

iy Merecaptan

# Nitrate

bh Nitrite

ef Phenate .

sf Succinate .

Wy Sulphide

i Sulphocyanide .

s Valerate
Isopropylamine
Isopropylearbylamine
Isoterebenthene
Isovinyl. Bromide .

: Chloride
Isoxylol
Ivaol

J.
Jarosite
K.

Kaneite .
Kapnomor . ; S
Kerargyrite. (Silver Chlo-

ride)
Kermesite
Kieserite
Kénlite
Kreosol
Kreosote .
Kresol .

Kupfferite . : ,
Kyanite. See Cyanite

L.

Lactic acid
Lactobutyric ether

Lactose. (Milk sugar)
Lactosuccinie ether .
Lanarkite
Langite
Lanthanite
Lanthanum :
se Carbonate
a Nitrate
i Oxide

Laurel turpentine

PAGE.

209

. 214

180

. 180

172

. 159.

218
216
149

. 176

178

» 129

92)
208

~ 200

125

« Li3

80

66
174

. 157

167

. 1638

167

. 103

80

96-

28
96
3838
52

128

|

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
PAGE,
Lauric acid . 141
“aldehyde . 1538
Laurol =l26)
Laurone 154
Laurostearine . 562
Laurus nobilis. HC from. 129
Lazulite . 91
Lead 5 17
& Acetate . 183
sf Antimonates. Two
minerals 93
" Arsenite 92
- Borates o4
sf Bromide . 40
ss Carbonate . . 94, 95
“s Chlorate ae 227,
se Chloride . «82, 00
ss Chromate . 82
re es Basic . 82
ss Dioxide. Hydrate of 70
ss Formate . 183
ss Iodide 42
as Molybdate : 82
ie Nitrate 86, 87
Si g Basic ; 88
§ Oxides 46, 47
sf Selenate . 81
oe Selenide 64
eH Succinate 184
ss Sulphate a
‘“« Sulphides 59 |
es Sulphocyanide . . 102
ef Telluride 65
S Tungstate . 3
a Vanadates. Two
minerals 91
Lead diethyl! . eal
Leadhillite . 105
Lead tetramethyl . eda
Lead triethyl 221
Lemon. Oil of soe
Lepargylic acid 158
Lepidine . 179
Leucic acid 157
Leucopyrite 66
Libethenite 90
Lime. Calcium Oxide 46
Lime salts. See Calcium salts.
Limnite 69
Limonite 69
Linarite 80
Linnaeite . 64
Linoleic acid : . 165
Litharge. (Lead Monoxide) 46
Lithium , 13
Carbonate . 93
st Chloride . 30
st Nitrate 84

a Silicofluoride 101, 225 |

PAGE.
Lithium. Sulphate. Dry 72
a a Hydra-
ted. 75
Loewite 79
Lolingite 67
Lowigite . a ; 80
Luteocobalt chloride . 39
Lutidine 178
M.
Macene . 3 . 230
Magnesia. Magnesium Ox-
ide : ; 51
Magnesioferrite rod)
Magnesite. Magnesium Car-
bonate . 95
Magnesium : apo
“ Arsenate. (Ho-
ernesite) 92
ts Borate 84
ee Bromate 227
ee Carbonate 95
i Chloride. Dry 33
“ ‘ Hy-
drated 36
se Chromate 82
sf Dithionate 227
z Hydrate. (Bru-
Cite) ie 70
t Hyposulphate 227
- Oxide 51
se Nitrate 87
et Platinchloride 225
oe Platiniodide 226
Magnesium. Silicates. Five
minerals 98,99,100
ss Sulphate. Dry 74
“6 “ Hy-
drated 76
as Titanates . 101
Magnesium & Aluminum
Oxide 53
= “ Ammonium

Chloride 37
“ Phosphate
Struvite 90
“ Selenate 227
“ Sulphate 79
Cadmium
Sulphate 79
2 “ Calcium Car-
bonate.
Two minerals 97
ss “ Chromium -
Borate

“

“a “

“ “

4

PAGE.
Magnesium and Copper Sul-
phate 79
Se “Tron Borate S84
eS co *) ~ (Carbo-
nates.
Two min-
erals . 97
= oe WOXIdG. “Ov
sf a Sil p l=
ate. 79
Loewite 79
ss * Potassium
Sulphate.
Dry. 77
Hydra-
ted 79
ss ‘* Sodium Sul-
phate (Fau-
serite) 79
“ Zine Sulph-
ate Seto
Magnetite. Magnetic iron
ore! 59
Malachite 98
Malonic acid 234
Manganese . : c 18
ss Arsenide. (Ka-
neite) 66
“ Carbonate . 95
ss Chloride. 39, 36
ss Dioxide. Hy-
drate of . 70
< Hydrate 69
< Nitrate 87
gs Oxides 47, 48, 49,50
ce Phosphide 66
ss Selenate 227
ss Silicates. Two
minerals . 98
Ss Sulphate. Dry 74
“ « Hy-
drated 75
ss Sulphides . 59
ef Tungstate 83

Manganese and Ammonium
Sulphate 78
Calcium Car-
bonate.
Manganocal-
cite
Chromium
: Oxide . 58
a “ Tron Tung-
state . 83
Magnesium
Sulphate.
Loewite 79
Potassium
Selenate

“ “

ce “

“ -

997

wal

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE. |
Manganese and Potassium

Sulphate 77

Manganite 69 |
Manganocalcite 97 |
Mannite . . 163 |

Maracaibo balsam 129
Marcasite 60
Margaric acid 141
Mascagnite Ho|
Matlockite . 225
Melaconite 47 |
Melene 123
Melezitose . 163
Melissic acid 142 |
Melissyl iodide . 211 |
Mendipite 225 |
Meneghinite . 63

Mentha pulegium. Oilof. 173

Menthene . 181
Mercaptan . 214
Mercurie chloramylide © . 222
2 iodamylide 222
se iodomethide. . 222 |
Mercury : : : 24
s Ammonio - chlo-
rides 39
ef Ammonio-nitrate 88
ss Ammonio-sulph-
ates 80 |
oa Bromides 40 |
a Bromiodide . 43
4 Chlorate 5 eed,
= Chlorides . 33
ss Cyanide . 101
= Hexyl Mercaptide 222
se Todides . 42, 43
“ Nitrates . 87, 88 |
Oxides 51
ss Selenides 69 |
ee Selenite 81
oe Sulphates 74, 80 |
“ Sulphide 61 |

Mercury and Ammonium
Chloride 37

7 “Potassium
Chloride 37 |
“ “Sodium
Chloride 37
Mercury amyl . 221
Mercury butyl 221
Mercury ethyl ogee)
Mercury methyl 991 |
Mercury propyl . 240
Mesitene 174 |
Mesitite . 97
Mesityl oxide 169
Mesitylene .°. . «131
Mesitylene. Sulphydrate. 215
Metabrushite . 90 |

255

PAGE.
| Metachlorosalieylic alde-
hyde . 238
Metacinnamene 130
Metacrolein ‘ . 169
Metaiodorthobromtoluol. 215
Metakresol * Lie
Metaoctylene 122
Metatemplene = 129
Metaterebenthene 130
Methyl. Acetate . . 4
a “ Chlorinated 196
Alcohol . 33
ae Arachidate 151
S Arsenate . 222
a Arsenides . 222
ce Arsenite. « Loe
« Benzoate 165
“ Borate . 219
es Bromide 201
s Butyrate . 147, 232
a Caproate 150
ss Caprylate . 150
s Chloride 186
“ Cnlorin-
ated 188
“ Chlorocrotonate . 238
Z Cinnamate 167
“ Cyanate . . 182
< Cyanide 175
os Cyanurate . 182
<a Diethoxalate 166
“ Disulphocarbon-
ate ¥ 215
as Elaidate 167
a Ethyl diacetate . 166
s Formate 143
ss ne Chlorin-
ated. 196
s Homotoluate 168
a Todide . 208
« Isopropylsalicy-
late 234
s Leucate. . 158
‘: Mercaptan 214
Methyldiacetate . 166
fs Mucate 167
by Nitrate . . 180
s Nitrite 180
‘s Nitrobenzoate . 181
Hy Nonylate. (Pelar-
gonate) 233
“¢ Oleate . 167
“s Orthosilicopro-
pionate 240
“s Oxalate . . 159
< Oxide = Lez
“ “ Biniodated 212
be Oxide. Chlorina-
ted 195

256

PAGE,
Methyl. Palmitate . 150
uy Phenate, (Anisol) 172
eS Phenylacetate . 168
fe Phosphides. (Phos-
phins) . 218
ss Propargylate 234
a Pyruyate . 234
ee Rutylate 150
a Sebate 7 log
“ Silicates 220
Stearate . 150 |
e Suberate 159
oS Succinate . 159
“ Sulphate.
fe Sulphides . 213
of Sulphite . 215 |
s Sulphocarbonate 214
‘ Sulphocyanide. 216
sf Telluride . 218
ss Valerate 148
Methyl acetal . 169
Methyl acetone . 153
Methy] allyl oxide . 235
e - ‘ Bromi-
nated 239
Methylamyl acetone. 154, 234
Methylamyl oxide 138
Methyl] aniline 2 Ui
Methyl benzoyl . 171
Methyl benzyl . 125
Methyl butyral . . 154
Methyl butyrone . . 154
Methyl eaprinol 154
Methyl caprone 234
Methyl caproyl . 119
Methyl carbylamine . 178
Methyldiacetic acid . 165
Methyldiethyl borate . . 219
Methyl ethyl. Oxalate 159
A Oxide . 187
ph Sulphide . 218
4 Sulphite . 215
Methyl formamide 236
Methylglycollic acid . 165
Methylhepty! oxide . Peele
Methyl naphthaline . 181
Methyl] cenanthol 154

Methyl] phenol. Ghiowinated 197

Methyl phenyl 124
Methylsalicylic acid . 165, 234
Methy] saligenine 235
Methylsilicie chlorhydrins, 221
Methyl thymol . 172
Methyl valeral . 154
Methyl xylol . 125
Methylal. ; . 169
Methylamines 175, 176
Methylated borneol = iT

Methylbromacetol * 204

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE,
Methylchloracetol . 194, 237
Methylene. Chloride 188
sf Iodide ayo
Methylethylamylamine . 176
Miargyrite . 63
Milk sugar . 163
Mimetite 7 ; ‘ . 104
| Minium . 46, 47
Mint. Oilof. 128
Mispickel 68
Molybdenite . 61
Molybdenum : 22
. Oxides . 50/51
ss Phosphide 66
f Sulphide. 61
Molybdie acid, or anhy:
dride.
See Molybdenum tri-
oxide. 50
Monimolite 93
Monoacetin lol
Monoallyline 161
MGuORIntabinetieIpHeAGH: 182 |
Monoamyline Gls)
Monobromacetic acid . . 206
Monobromacetyl bromide — 206
Monobromamylene. Deriy.
of C7 His BrO. ‘ . 206
Monobromhydrie glycol. 289
Monobromobutyric acid . 206
Monobromopropionie ‘“ 206
Monobromostearic oe e200
Monobutyrin see
Monochloracetal . . 197
Monochloracetie acid 195
Monochloracetone . 196, 237
Monochloraldehyde. 197
Monochlorethylphenol 197
Monochlorhydrin 198
Monochlorodinitrin . 200
Monochloromethylphenol 197
Monoethyline ~~ 16
Monoethyl! phosphin 218
Monolein . 162
Monomethyl “hestiin 218
Mononitrie glycol . 236
Mononitromethylphenol. 181
Monopalmitin . 162
Monostearin « 162
Monoyalerin . . 162
Monoxethyl chiarhadrins 237
Monrolite 99
Morenosite . = td
Moringic acid . 164
Morphia. Butyrate . 183
& Lactate . 183
be Oxalate 188
Mossottite cr igs
Mucamide . 182

PAGE.
Muscat nuts. Oil. Cl deriv of 195
Mycose : . 163
Myricyl. Alcohol . 137
Chloride . 187
ss Palmitate . 150
Myristic acid 141
Myristin . - 162
Myristone 154
Myrtle. Oil of . 128
Myrtus pimenta. HCfrom 129
iN;
| Naphtyl. Chloride . 195
§ Sulphydrate . 215
| Napthaline st
Nemalite ; 70
Neroli. Oil of aloe
Newjanskite 5 i ela
Nicene. Chlorinated. Chlo-
ronicene . . 195
Niccolite 67
Nickel 5 19
a Ammonio-iodide. 226
af Antimonide. Brei- 67
thauptite 67
ss Arsenates. Two
minerals 92

Es Arsenides. Niccolite
and Rammels-

bergite 67
. Carbonate. (Zara-
tite) . 5 suo
sé Chloride f ‘ o
4 Hydrate 70
s¢ Nitrate . 87
S Oxides “4, 48
ef Phosphide 66
se Selenate aeons
st Selenide 65
s§ Sulphides 60
«Sulphate 73
Nickel and Ammonium Sul-
phate . 78
of “Bismuth Sul-
phide 227
Potassium Sul-
phate. Dry . 78
Hydrated 78
| Nicotine . 5 . : - 179
Niobium . : : 28
“ Chloride Bi)
aie Pentoxide 56, 57
Niobium and Potassium
Fluoride . 225

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE PAGE.
Nitre. Potassium Nitrate 85) Octylene. Glycol 155
Nitric acid. Nitric hydrate 70 - Hydrate . 156
“anhydride. Nitrogen Octylene acetochlorhydrin 198
pentoxide 62 Octylene chlorhydrin 198
“hydrate 4 . 70 Qnanthol . 153

“ subhydrate 70 Me Deriv. of. Cu
Nitriles . : 5 seo Hes SO 216
Nitroaniline . 181 | (nanthone . 154
Nitrobenzol 181 | @Enanthothialdine 217
Nitrobromtoluol 207 | GEnanthylic acid . . 140, 232
Nitrocaprylic acid 181 oY anhydride . 142
Nitrochlorobenzol . 200 Oil of anise = 127
Nitrochlorotoluol 200,201; “ “ bay ‘ 128
Nitroethane AS “ “ bergamot. ./127, 230
Nitrogen. +54 « DAN ees * Cl deriv of 195
se Chloride . 33 | “ “ birch tar . 128
ss Chlorophosphide 103; * “ calamus 129
“ Oxides 52) “ “ caraway 127
¥ Sulphide 61} “ “ cascarilla 128, 130
Nitroglycerine . aSie|)° — > vcedrat . 127
Nitroisobutylanisol . 181} “ “ cloves 129
Nitrolactic acid . 236 | “ “ copaiva. (Para) . 129
Nitromethylene chloride . 200; “ ‘“ copal 128
Nitromethylphenol . 181 “© coriander . . 173
Nitrosodiethyline - 181) * * ‘cubebs 129
Nitrosyl chloride 38“ “cummin . 127
Nitrotoluol eel Sing ce se allt: 128
Nitrous oxide . : ; 2h etme BCLOehr . 128
Nitroxylol ; .181| “ “ galbanum 127
Nitroxylpiperidine . 183) * § ginger . L738
Nonyl. Acetate 7 146)\)-°- “ lemon 127
os Chloride 187,237| “ “ Mentha pulegium . 173
“ Hydride. . 121,229} “ “ mint 128

Nonylamine . 176; “ “ Muscat nuts. Cl de-
Nonylene : . . 123 riv. of. . 195
Nutmegs. Oil of 128i. — iwyxrtle 128
««~ neroli ert
« “ nutmegs 128

« «orange flowers. Ne-
roli. . 127
SFT “peel . 127, 230

« —“ Osmitopsis asteris-
coides . 173
O. * « parsley . 127
« «patchouli . 130
Octane A .119} “ “ peppermint . 128
Octyl. Acetate ; 146) “ “ petit grain : Al 27,

“~~ Alcohol . 186.) “ “ Pinus pumilio. Cl
“Aldehyde 153 deriv. of 195

“« _ Caprylate . .150) “ “ Pulegium micran-
ss Chloride 187 thum . . 178
«Cyanide .175| “ “ rosemary 128
Hydride 121,229) “ “ rosewood . . 129
“e Iodide Zia ee thyme 128
“Stearate. 151| “ “ turpentine . 128
s Valerate .149| “ ‘“ wormseed 178
Octylamine 176 | ** “ wormwood . 128, 173
Octylene . ; . 122 | Okenite : . 100
rr Acetates . 157 | Oldhamite . 5 Se ran be

257

PAGE,
Oleic acid 164

se “Br deriv. Cis H32

Bro O2 . . 207
“~ * “Clderiv. Cis Haze

Cle O2 197
Olein A A . j - 162
Olibene ; Seale
Orange flower oil. (Neroli) . 127
Orangite , - 100
Orange peel. Oilof . . 127

Orpiment. Arsenic trisul-
phide 62
Osmiridium . 105
Osmitopsis asteriscoides. Oil
of |. 5 173
Osmium . - A 22
Oxalic acid 157
Oxygen . 15
Pp;
Pacite 68
Palladium . ; ; Di
Hemisulphide. 60
Phosphide 66
Palladium and Ammonium
Chloride . 225
ss “ Potassium
Chloride . 225
Palmitie acid 141
ee anhydride . 142
Palmitin « 162
Palmitone . 154
Palmityl aldehyde 153
Parabenzol . 124
Parabromalide . 207
Parachloralide - 197
Parachlorotoluidine . 200
Paracopaiva oil = 129
Paradiconiine 236
Paraffinie acid . 2
Paraiodorthobromtoluol. 218
Parakresol ? . 2
Paraldehyde 7 tol
Paranicene . 132
Parapicoline ans
Parasorbie acid . . 165
Paratoluol . 124
Parsley. Oil of ser
Parvoline 178
Patchouli camphor . 170
‘ Oil of 130

258

PAGE.

Peganite . : ; . . 90

Pelargonic acid . 141, 232
ice anhydride 142
Pelargonyl chloride . 199

Peneatite . ‘ . a 97
Pennite . ; 7
Pentachloracetone

197
Pentachlorodimethyl . . 189
Pentethylene alcohol 156
Pentlandite . , : . 64
Peppermint. Oil of. 128
Perchloraldehyde 97,

Perchlorbromethylic ether 207
Perchloric acid, or hydrate. 68
Perielase . ; ; OL
Periodic acid, or hydrate . 69

Perofskite, or Perowskite. 101
Petit grain. Oil of 5 yi
Petrolene 230

Phenacite ; 2 : - 99

Phenamylol - ; . aAv2
Phenetol F a ki72
Phenol. 7S 72
Phenyl. Acetate. - ola
sf Alcohol. Phenol 171,
172
f Borate ; . 220
Se Chloride 191, 192
ee Cyanate . 182
ss Cyanide 179
a Sulphide . 214
os Sulphocyanide. 216
.s Sulphydrate . 214
Phenylamine 1i7
Phenyl! butylene i229

Phenyl sulphurous chloride 217

Phloretol 172
Pheenicochroite . ; aoe
Phorone 170
Phosgenite . 103
Phosphins . 218, 219
Phosphocerite ‘ ESD.
Phosphoric acid. (Phosph.

hydrate) 70

3 anhydride.

Phosphorus pentoxide 52
Phosphorous acid, or hy-

drate 5 70

Phosphorus . . ; PEe2D)

3 Todide ; 43

s Oxybromide. 41

ae Oxychloride 38
“ Oxychlorobro-

mide . 43

ff Pentachloride 34
ae Pentachloride

+ SOg 228

i Pentoxide . 52

Sulphides . 61

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE,

Phosphorus. Sulphobro-
mide. 41, 226

Sulphochlo-
ride . es
sf Tribromide 40
He Trichloride 388, 34
“s Tricyanide . 101

Phosphorus and Aluminum
Chloride. 37

< “Tron Chlo-

ride . 37
ef “ Selenium

Chloride 37
Phycic acid 3 : eGo

Phycite bromodichlorhy-
drin . - 208
Picoline 178
Picrolichenin . 173
Picrolite - + 100
Picrosmine . 100
Pimaric acid . 166
Pimelic “ . 157, 158
Pinacolin 170
Pinacone . 170
Pinite . 5 : «163.
Pinus abies. HCfrom . 129
© WINANS es eee PelZS
“ picea et ali . 128
* pumilion a 128

‘s a Cl deriv. of
oil; . 195
Piperine . : ; . 183
Pistomesite 5 eno
Platinum . . A = 215122
ss Boride : . 68
“s Chlorides . 33, 36

oe Chloride, with

: Triethyl phos-
phin 224
§ Phosphide . - 266,
vs Sulphides. 61

Platinum and Ammonium
Chloride. 36

to “ Barium Jodide 226
a “ Magnesium
Chloride, 225
“ “ Todide. 226
ss “ Potassium Bro-
mide. 41
& <f “ Chloride 36
ss cn “i slodider <5 43
ss ‘ “ Sulphide 64
- “Sodium “ . 64
Plumbago. (Graphite) et
Plumbie compounds. See
Lead compounds.
Polianite : 5 7250
Polyethylene alcohols 156
Polyvaleral . 234

PAGE.
Potash alum ‘ A Fs 79

Potash chrome alum . eS)
Potassa, caustic. See Pot-
ass. hydrate : 5 69

Potassium . : . . i
xe Arsenate. 92, 228
§ Borate : . $4
sf Borofluoride. 103
sf Borotartrate . 185
si Bromate . 71, 227
sf Bromide . oo
ef Carbonate . 93
os Chlorate . arp
<s Chloride . 80, 31
< Chlorochromate 103
i“ Chromates . 81
‘ Cobalticyanide. 102
oe Cyanate 101
ee Cyanide rage
Mg Dithionate 227
“ Ferricyanide . 102
s Ferrocyanide 102
“ Fluoride . ReRo9
es Fluoborate 103
wy Hydrate . . 69
a Hyposulphate 227
" Hyposulphite . 71
es Iodate . : 71
= Todide 41, 42
ss Manganidcyan-

ide 228
a Niobofluoride . 225
ss Nitrate . 85
ss Nitrosulphate . 103
ae Oxalates . 183, 184
«s Oxide . pe eh
i. Palladiochlor-

ide ‘ . 225
gs Perchlorate . 71
sf Permanganate. 82
ss Phosphates . 88
ss Phosphatosul-

phate . 103
‘s Platinbromide 41
se Platinchloride. 3
att Platiniodide. 43
- Racemate . 185
Silicofluoride 101
sf Stannate . 101
ss Stannobromide 226
Re Sulphates . 72
es Sulphide. . 59
a Sulphocyanide, 102
BY Tantaloftiuoride 225
es Tartrate . 184
tf Titanofiuoride . 225
Zireofluoride 225

Potassium and Aluminum
Selenate. Alum . 81

PAGE.

Potassium and Aluminum

Sulphate. Dry 77 | Propionic acid

Alum. 79
“ and Ammonium
Tartrate 185
Sulphate 77
« —“ Antimony Tartrate 185
ae ewe sRacemate: 185
“© Cadmium Sulphate 78
“——“ Chromium Sulph-
ate. Alum
“—“ Cobalt Sulphate
“ “Copper Chloride 3
Oxalate 184
Sulphate.
Dry 77
Hydrated 78
« _“ Hydrogen Carbon-

“ “ “

80
78
7
“ “ “

“ “ “

ate 96
Ey 68 “Oxalate 184
seen St “Sulphate 77
eSta se “« Tartrate 185
“ “Tridium Chloride 36
“Tron os 37
ss Sulphate 78
Jarosite 80
oe Sulphide 64
« “Magnesium

Sulphate. Dry 77
Hydrated 79

“« “Manganese Sele-
nate 227
Sores “ Sulphate 77
“Mercury Chloride 37

« “Nickel Sulphate.

Dry 77
Hydrated 78

« “Platinum Sulph-
ide . 5 . 64

« “Sodium Arsenate.
: Triple 92

« — “ Sodium Carbonate.
Dry 96
Hydrated 97

ttm sE “ Phosphate.

Triple 90

“Sulphate ¢ 7
“ Tartrate 185
“© Thallium Sulphide 64
“« “Tin Chloride 37
«© Titanium Fluoride 29
“Tungsten Tungs-
tate .
“ “Zine Chloride

“ “

“ “

83
36
Sulphate. Dry 77
Potassium and Zine Sul-

phate. Hydrated 78
Predazzite 97
Propargylie alcohol 285

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE, |

Propione 158, 154, 234

139, 23

- aldehyde 151, 152, 233

ss anhydride 142
Propionitrile (Ethyl Cyan-

ide) 175

Propionyl. Bromide 206

mB Chloride 199

a Todide ele

Propyl : ; 119

s Acetate . 144, 145, 232

‘s Alcohol 134 230

a i Hydrate of 230

s Benzoate 168, 234

< Bromide . 201

at “ Brominated 204

“ Butyrate 147, 148, 233

oo Chloride 186, 237

« Cyanide . 175

i Formate 143

se Hydride . 120

ss Iodide . 209

Mercaptan - 214

“4 Nitrate . 180

ss Nitrite . 180

ss Phenate 172

cs Propionate 146, 147, 232

s Succinate 159
Sulphide . . 218, 239
“ Sulphocyanide 216
wy Valerate 149
Propylamine 176, 235
Propyl carbylamine 178
Proylene. Bromide. 202, 203
ss ss Bromina-
ted 204
s¢ Brominated 204
ss Bromochloride 207
“ Chloride 188, 237
« “Chlorinated 190 |
es Chlorinated 190
“ Chloriodide 7 212
af Diacetate 156
ss Dinitrate . 236
sf Glycol 155
ss Todide . ey!
a Oxide 155
a Trisulphocarbon-
ate. 5 214
Propylenic chloronitrine . 238
Propyl glycol chlorhydrin 198
Propylphycite cs . 198
Protein. Cl derivatives of 201
Proustite : ° , 63

Prussie acid (Hydrocyanic) 228
Ptychotisajowan. H Cfrom 128
Pulegium micranthum. Oil

of . 173
Purpureo cobalt chloride 39

259

!

\ PAGE.
Pyrargyrite . ; ; 3
| Pyrene . 132
Pyridine 178
| Pyrite. (Of iron) 60
Pyrites. (Copper) 64
Pyrocitryl chloride . 199
Pyrolusite . ‘ ; ; 50
Pyromorphite - 103;
Pyroracemic acid 165
Pyrotartarie “ . 157
Pyroterebic i 164
Pyrrhotite . 60
Pyrrol . a) ali9)
Pyruvic acetate . 235
Q.

Quartenylie acid 165
Quartz 54, 226
Quercite. 5 ‘ - 163
Quicklime. (Calcium oxide) 46
Quinice acid 166
RR.

Racemic acid 165
Racemo-emetic 185
Raimondite . : : 216
Rammelsbergite . 7 7
Realgar : . P61

Red hematite. (Ferric
oxide). 48
Red lead. (Minium). 46, 47
Retene 132
Rhodium : ae ol
Rhodochrosite. (Manga-
nese carbonate) 95
Rhodonite . : : = 298
Ricinoleic acid : 165
Roccellie aise . - 158
Romeite : 93
Rosemary. Oilof 128
Rosewood Sans 129
Rubidine 178
Rubidium 14
6 Alum 79
& Silicofluoride . 101
Ruby 48, 49

260

PAGE,
Ruthenium 20
ss Oxides 51
Rutile 54
Rutylene - LBL
Rutylic acid 5 . 141
S.
Safrene . . 128
Safrol . 173
Salicin - 170
Salicyl hydride 170
Salicylol . . 170
Salicylous acid . 170
Saligenin mela
Saliretin -. : si 171
Saltpetre. (Potassium ni-
trate) 5 85
Santonine ¢ . 173
Sapphire - 48, 49
Sartorite . 63
Scheelite A 83
Scheelium., (See Tungs-
ten) ~ 22528
Scheererite 182
Schwartzenbergite . 226
Scorodite 92

158

Sebacic acid ‘ ;
Selenic acid, or Sel. hydrate 69
Selenic alum 81
Selenium 16
iG Bromide . 3
s Todides . 226
es Oxychloride 38
sf Sulphide 22
Selenium and Phosphorus
Chloride . 37
Seleny! chloride 38
Senarmontite 53
Serpentine . . 100
Sesquiterebene . 129
Silica. (Silicon dioxide). 54
Silicie acid or anhydride.
(Silicon dioxide) 4
Silicohydric bromide 41
ss chloride . 37
Silicon 2 27
6 Bromide . . 40
ss Chlorides 34, 85
e Chlorobromide 43
Hi Dioxide 54
se Iodide 43
$6 Oxychloride 33

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Silicon. Sulphochloride 38
Silicon iodoform 221
Silicon tetramethyl . 220
Silicon tetrethyl. 220, 221 |

Silicon triethyl. Compounds

of ; , 3 . 240
Silicopropionic ether 220
Silicium. (Silicon) 27
Sillimanite . 99
Silver ; ; . 14

a Acetate . 183 |

“

Ammonio-chromate 82

Ammonio-sulphate 80
Bass Bromide 39
af Carbonate . 93
os Chlorate 71, 227
os Chloride 31
os Chromate 81
ef Cyanate . ° 101
Cyanide 101
fs Fluoride 29
s Jodide . 42
s Malate . 185
& Nitrate . 86
is Octovanadate . . 228
se Oxalate 184
se Oxide . 45
“Phosphates . 89, 91
«s Phosphide 66
se Pyrophosphate . 91
ms Racemate . 185
ae Selenide 64
- Succinate . . 184
ss Sulphate 73
“ Sulphide . 59
s Tartrate 184
“ Telluride . 65
Silver and Gold Sulphide 64
Sisserskite ~ 105
Skutterudite 67
Smaltite . 5 , 67

Smithsonite. (Zine carbo-
nate). 95
Sodium 13
“f Acetate . 188
Se Antimonites 228
&s Arsenates . 92
Ww Borate . $4
se Bromate 71
Bromide. Dry . 39
ee < Hydrated 41
“Carbonate. Dry 93

< Crystal-

& s lized 96
se Chlorate 71
re Chloride . 30

Me s¢ + Grape
Sugar 224
Ks Dithionate . 227

PpaGEe.
Sodium. Ferrocyanide . . 102
s Fluoarsenate 103
Fluophosphate . 102
KN Hydrate 69
S Hyposulphate. 227
se Hyposulphite . 71
fc Todate 71
a Iodide . ‘ 41
i “+ Cane Sugar 224
ce Nitrate . . $4, 85
s Octovanadate . Bera
“ Oxides . 45
s Phosphates 89, 91
us Pyrophosphate . 91
ce Selenate wane
Silicofluoride 101
rs Sulphate. Dry 72, 227
ss Hydra-
ted 75
“Sulphide 59
ss Sulphite . 71
ss Tartrate 184
"s Tungstates 83
Sodium & Aluminum Chlo-
ride 37
< f “Sulphate 79
ss “ Ammonium Arse-
nate. Triple 92
e «« « Phosphate “ 89
“s « «Sulphate. 78
‘s « «“ Tartrate 185

“

Calcium Carbo-
nate. Gaylussite 97
“ Sulphate. Glau-

“

berite 97

es “ Hydrogen Carbo-
nate 96
rs fs “Oxalate 184
“ id “Sulphate 77

“Mercury Chloride 387

“ Platinum Sulph-
ide

“ Potassium Arse-
nate. Triple 92

64

§ «© Carbonate.
Dry . 96
Hydrated 97

ss « —“ Phosphate.
Triple 90
s « 6 Sulphate . 77
se « © Tartrate . 185
gs “ Uranium Acetate 183
ta = s Oxide 57
Sorbie acid 165
Sorbite : ; . 163

Specular iron ore. (Ferric

Oxide). 48
Sphaerite. : : 90
Sphalerite. (Blende) . 61

PAGE.

Sphene . 103

Spinel ; 3 ; 58
Spirits of wine. (Ethyl

alcohol) 183, 184

Stanndiethyl . . 223

Stanndiethyl. Compounds of 223

Stanndimethyl te se 22e
Stanndimethyldiethyl 223
Stannethyltrimethyl . 223 |

Stannic acid or anhydride.
See Tin dioxide . 5d, 56
Stannic or Stannous com-

pounds. See Tin com-
pounds.
Stannmethyltriethyl 223
Stanntetramethyl - 223
Stanntetrethyl . 223
Stanntriethyl . 223
“Compounds of 223, 224
Stanntriethylphenyl . 223
Stanntrimethyl iodide 223
Stanntripropyl “ . 240
Starch . . 163, 164
Stearic acid . 141, 142 |
Stearin = 3162)
Stearone . . 155
Stephanite. 63
Stercorite 89
Sternbergite 64
Stibiconite 70
Stibtriamyl. 222
Stibtriethyl 222
So Compounds of 222
Stibtrimethyl 22
Stilbene . : 3 . 132
Stolzite. (Lead tungstate) 8&3
Stromeyerite . 5 . . 64
Strontia. (Strontium oxide) 46
Strontium 17
f Bromide 40
s Carbonate 94
or Chloride. Dry 32
of of Hydrated 35
ce Hydrate 69
“Iodide 42
s Nitrate. Dry 86
nf ef Hydrated 987
oe OxXiGeNy, 46
‘* Sulphate. 73
Struvite ° 90
Styrol is 1130
: Chlorinated . 195
Styrolyl ethyl ether ¢ Le.
Styryl alcohol . 170 |
Suberic acid . . 158
Succinic “ : C ° 157
Succinyl chloride. . 199
Sugar . = 7 : 63:
Sulphocyanaceticether . 217 |

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

| PAGE.
Sulphophosphorous ether 240
Sulphoxenol . . 215
| Sulphur . 15, 16
“~~ Dichloride 32
es Oxides . 45, 46
“Oxychloride . 37
| Sulphuretted hydrogen . 59
Sulphuric acid. See also
Hydrate. 7 . 69
| Sulphuric anhydride. See
| Acid. 46
“hydrate 69
Sulphurous acid . 45
See also Hydrate 69
Sulphurous acid + Phos-
phorie chloride . 228

Sulphurous anhydride. See
Acid 45
“hydrate ee 09)

| Sulphydrie acid. (Hydro-

| gen sulphide) . 59
Susannite 103
Syepoorite 60°
Sylvie acid . 166
Szaibelyite 84

nN

Tabular spar. (Wollastonite) 98
Tagilite . - 90
Tale 100
| Tantalum ; 28
es Chloride . 30
e Pentoxide . 57 |
| Tantalum and Potassium
| Fluoride . oi
Tartar emetic . 185
Tartaric acid . . . 165
Telluric hydrate, oracid. 69°
| Tellurium 16
} « Dioxide 46
a Organic com-
pounds of. 218
| Tellurous anhydride. (Di-
oxide) 46
| Tephroite - 98
| Terebene A aD!
Terebilene . 129
Terpinol 173
ss Isomer of . 235
_ Tetrachlorethyl oxide 238
oe “ Deriv.
Cs He ClsO . ; - 238
Tetramercurammonium |
Sulphate . 80 |

261

PAGE.

Tetramethylbenzol - 126
Tetramylene 122
Tetrethyl triglycerine . . 161
Tetrethylene. Alcohol . 156
‘ Diacetate 156
Tetryl. (Butyl). 119
Thallium c 14,15
Amylate 221
€ Carbonate 93
s Chlorides . : 3
oe Ethylate . 221
ss Ferrocyanide 102
“ Nitrate . . 86
ss Oxalates 184
cs Perchlorate . 71
“ Picrate 185
$f Phosphates 89, 90, 91
Pyrophosphate 91
st Racemate . 185
sf Selenide 64
Sulphate 73
s Sulphide 59
“ Tartrates 184, 185
a Vanadates 228
Thallium and Antimony
Tartrate .185
ss “ Potassium Sul-
phide . 64
Thermonatrite . 96
Thiacetic acid . 215
Thialdine 217
Thiony! chloride . 37
Thorite 100
Thorium : 28
- Oxide
ad Silicate (Thorite) 100
“s Sulphide . 62
Thyme. Oil of . 128
Thymene 128
Thymocymol. . 126
Thymol 172, 235
Tiemannite. (Mercury se-
lenide) . 65
Tin . 3 i 28
“ Antimonide 67
“ Arsenide . 67
“ Bromide 40
“ Todide 43

“ Organic compounds of
223, 224, 240

“ Oxides . . 5d, 56
“ Phosphide 66
“ Protochloride. Dry . oD
- sf Hydrated 36
“ Selenides 65
““ Sulphides 62
“ Tetrachloride 30

Tin and Ammonium Chlo-
ride . . ; : . 37

262

PAGE.

Tin and Ammonium Fluor-
ide SoD)
“ « Caesium Chloride . 36
«“ « Potassium Bromide 226

“ Potassium Chloridé 37
Tinstone. (Tin dioxide) . 56
Titanic acid, or anhydride

See Titanium dioxide 54, 55
Titanium . a c ; 28
e Bromide . . 40
es Chloride . ; 35

sf Dioxide 54, 55
a We + P205 103
ie Todide . ; . 43
sé Nitrocyanide . 102
Titanium and Potassium
Fluoride 29, 225
Tolene 128
Toluidine 177
Toluol 124
“ Brominated . 205
“ Todated ~ 212
Toluyl chloride. 199
Morbermites on 4) .) a. ol
Triacetin 162
Triamylamine 176
Triamylene 122
Tribromhydrin 205
Tributylamine . . 286
Mributyrine <8 as 62
Tricetylamine 176
Trichloracetal . 238
Trichloracetone chloride = 287
Trichlorhydrin . 237
Trichlormethylamyl cule
phite 217
Trichlorphenomalic inetd 238
Tridecatylene . 7 Ry bs
Tridymite . e : . 54
Triethyl ecarbinol 231
Triethylene. Alcohol . 156
os Diacetate . 156
Triethyline . 161
Triethyl phosphin 219
e St Com-
pounds of . . 219, 224
Triethyl propylphycite . 170
Triethyl pyroglycerine 161
Trimethylamine . . 176
Trimethyl carbinol . 230

we “

Hydrate 230

Trimethyl carbinolamine 235
Trimethylene bromide ; 202
Trimethyline ~~ S61
Trimethyl phosphin . 218
Trioxamylidene : 182
Tripalmitine . . 162
Triphenyl Fisuiphonker:
phamide . . 218

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
PAGE.

Tristearin 162
Trityl. (Propyl) . lS
Trivalerylene 30)
Troilite . : é ; . 60
Trolleite . : . Fs 90
Trona . . . - SoG
Tungsten . 22, 23
‘ Chloride 33, 35

rs Oxides 50, 51

ss Oxychloride . 38
Phosphide . = 60:

es Sulphide . , 61

Tungstic acid, or anhydride
See Tungsten trioxide 50
Turgite . . : Sunes, 109
Turpentine
Turpeth mineral . ‘ . 80
Turquoise . 9. » « 20

Wi.

Wilmanniteiqs ca) oe eee moSe

Uranite. (Torbernite andl

jy? Autunite). ' * ae 10

Uranium . ‘ : ‘ 19
és Hydrate . ; ake
sg Nitrate fi , 88
sf Oxalate . . 184
gs Oxides. . 47, 50

Uranium and Ammonium
Carbonate 96
ed “Calcium Phos-
phate (Autun-
, mite); = gengl
oy “Copper Phos-
phate. (Tor-

bernite) . 91

“ “Sodium Ace-
tate a 183
ee eS ONOXIGE, sco!
Urea 182
Urethane . 182

Vi

Valentinite : : Fe 53
Valeracetonitrile . . 183

Valeral. Deriv of. C1oH180 169,235
“C20 Ha803 = 235

C10 Hiz Cle O 288
Cio Hi0 Clg O 288
Valeral diacetate . . 169
Valerianic acid . 140, 232

“ “ “

é “ “

129 |

PAGE.

Valerianic aldehyde 152, 233,234

‘: anhydride 142
Valerin . fen G2
Waleneaicniornyarin 199
Valeroglyceral . 161
Valerone 154, 234
Valeronitrile. (Butyl cy-

anide) . 175
Valeryl. Chloride . 199

&“ odide 212
Valerylene . 180
Valylene 130

Vanadie acid, or antiyaride:
Vanadium pentoxide 53

Vanadinite . 104

| Vanadium . 5 : i 25
se Chlorides . » 84

se Oxide 02,03

se Oxybromide oh
a Oxychlorides . 38

sf Sulphide . Ol:
Vanadyl. Bromide. : 41
ss Chlorides . ie 8O
Veratrol 171
Verdigris. (Copper AcatHe) 183
Vinyl. Bromide 238
ee Chloride . . 238
ee Iodide 212
Viridine . 178
Vitriol. Blue. (copnen sul-
phate) 75, 76

f Green. (Ferrous sul-
phate) 75

os Oil of. (Sulphuric
hydrate) 69

se White. (Zine sul-
phate) 76
Vivianite:t. “ec tak 0
Voltzite . ‘ ; ; . 68

W.

Wagnerite . ; : a) 103
Waringtonite e ; . 80
Water . c¢ ; 44
Wavyellite 5 ‘ . 90
Whewellite . 2 St
Whitneyite . : ; GT
Willemite . : ; A 98
Wittichenite . 5 5 ea Go

Wood spirit. (Methyl alco-
hol) . ‘ . 133
Wolfram . . : : 83
Wollastonite . 3 . . 98

Wormseed. Oil of
Wormwood “ “*
Wulfenite . .

xX
Xanthil .
Xanthoxylene .
Xanthurin
Xenol .
Xenotime
Xylenol
Xylidine.
Xylite .
Xylol

G. Brominated

Nie

Yttrium .
Oxide.

PAGE.

173

. 128, 173

82

ELS

ca Wes}
. 216
172

89

172
Sleif
174
124, 125
205, 206

28
52, 226

° Phosphate. (Xeno-

time)

89

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
PAGE,

Yttrium. Selenate. A Be itet!
Sulphate 227

Zaratite . 5 ‘ A Ot
Zeugite , 3 ; : 90
Zine 5 0 . anes

** Acetate 183
“Arsenate. (Adamite) 92
“ Ammonio-sulphate 80

‘* Bromide ; " . 40
‘Carbonate . ‘ : 95
ss ss (Hydrozincite) 98
“ Chloride . ‘ : 33
“Chromate . : St OD
“Hydrate . 3 : 70
“Todide . . : 342
“Nitrate 7 ; 87
SVOxide, : ; oll

““ Phosphide 5 « 66
“ Silicate. (Calamine) 100
se (Willemite) 98
““ Sulphate. Dry . . 74
“A a Hydrated 76
es es Basic . . 80

“ Sulphide

THE END.

PAGE.
Zinc and Alluminum Oxide 58

“Ammonium. Brom-

ide 41
SesyEe iY Chloride 36
comes “~~ Sulphate
Dry a
Hydra-
ted 78
“—“ Chromium Oxide 58
em TOnN — 57
“ “ Magnesium = Sul-
phate . : se.
“Potassium Chloride 36
most = Sulphate
Dry di
Hydra-
ted: 3 78
Zine amyl . 221
Zinc ethyl . 221
Zincite . ; : : = 55
Zine methyl 221
Zinkenite 2 : 3 03
Zircon . . : 3 3 99
Zirconia. (Zirconium di-
oxide) . ; 3 3 56
Zirconium . 3 3 < 26
Dioxide . 3 56

“s Silicate. (Zircon) 99
Zirconium and Potassium
Fluoride . : 2

Xo
to
nr

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS,

263 ——_—_—_—_—___—-_ °*

TELEGRAPHIC ANNOUNCEMENTS OF ASTRONOMICAL
DISCOVERIES,

Tue Smirusonian Institution has completed arrangements for the
immediate transmission by telegraph between Europe and America of
accounts of astronomical discoveries, which, for the purpose of co-opera~
tive observation, require immediate announcement.

Among such discoveries are those of planets and comets, or of bodies
which are generally so faint as not to be seen, except through the tele-
scope; and which being in motion their place in the heavens must be
made known to the distant observer before they so far change their
position as not to be readily found. For this purpose the ordinary mail
conveyance, requiring at least ten days, is too slow, since in that time the
body will have so far changed its position as not to be found, except
with great difficulty; and this change will become the greater if the body
is a very faint one, for in that case it could only be discovered on a night
free from moonlight, which of necessity, in ten or twelve days, must be
followed by nights on which the sky is illuminated by the moon, and all
attempts to discover the object would have to be postponed until the
recurrence of a dark night. Indeed, even then the search often proves in
vain; and it is not,‘in some cases, until after a set of approximate ele~
ments are calculated and transmitted, that the astronomers on the two
sides of the Atlantic are able fully to co-operate with each other.

These difficulties were discussed by some of the principal astronomers
of Europe, and an application was made to the Smithsonian Institution,
through Dr. C. H. F. Perers, of Hamilton College, New York, to remove
them, by transmitting intelligence immediately through the Atlantic Tele-
graph Cable. For this purpose the Institution applied to the New York,
Newfoundland and London Telegraph and to the Western Union Telegraph
Companies to be allowed free transmission of this kind of intelligence,
and have received through Cyrus W. Fiexp, Esq., and Wa. Orton, isq.,
with that liberality which has always attended applications of a similar
character by the Institution, the free use of all the lines of these companies
for the object in question.

2

Similar privileges have been granted in Europe for transmitting the in-
telligence between some of the principal centres of astronomical research
in Europe and the eastern ends of the Atlantic cables.

It is not intended to restrict the transmission of intelligence to the dis-
covery of planets and comets, but also to include that of any remarkable
solar phenomenon which may suddenly present itself in Europe, and of
which observations in America may be practicable for several hours after
the sun has set to the European observer; also the sudden outburst of a
star like that in the ‘‘ Crown” in 1866, together with unexpected showers
of shooting-stars, etc.

To carry out the proposition the following arrangements have been
adopted:

i:

a

Centre of communication in the United States—
1. The Smithsonian Institution. Josepu Henry, Director.

Centres of communication in Europe—

1. Greenwich Observatory. Sir Grorcr B. Atry, Astronomer
Royal. ;

Paris Observatory. M. Leverrier, Director.

Berlin Observatory. Prof. W. Forrstrr, Director.

Vienna Observatory, Academy of Sciences. Prof. von Lit-
trow, Director.

92 to

Il.

Telegrams received at the Smithsonian Institution from observers in
the United States will be forwarded immediately by Atlantic Cable to
Greenwich, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, and thence by telegraph to other
obseryatories in Europe.

Tit.

Discoveries made in Europe of new comets, planets, etc., will be an-
nounced without delay from Greenwich, Paris, Berlin, or Vienna by
Atlantic Cable to the Smithsonian Institution, and thence by telegraph
to American observatories and the Associated Press,

ENS

The telegraphic dispatch announcing a discovery should be as brief as

3

possible, and after conference with astronomers the following form has
been agreed upon:

After the single word ‘“‘Praner” (or ‘‘Comer’’) is given,
(1st) its Right Ascension in time, hours and minutes only; next,
separated by the word
(2d) north or south, is given its
(8d) Declination to the nearest minute.

In the case of a planct, in addition to the foregoing follows finally
the magnitude expressed by the nearest ordinal number. In the case of
a comet follows the word bright or fuint, and it is well to add the
direction of motion, requiring at the utmost two words combined, of
S. W. N. E.; and also, if rapid, the quantity of its daily motion, the latter
to the nearest whole number in degrees. For example, the following
dispatch, ‘‘Planet, twenty-three, thirty-five north twenty-one forty-six
eleventh’? would be interpreted: A new planet is discovered in 23" 35™ of
right ascension and + 21° 467 of declination; 11th magnitude.

Or a dispatch like the following: ‘‘ Comet twenty-two forty-three north
sixty-five thirty-one bright southeast three”? would announce the discovery
of a bright comet in right ascension = 22" 45™; declination + 65° 31/;
the declination decreasing, right ascension increasing, daily motion about
three degrees.

The preceding examples contain the greatest number of words required
for any one dispatch, if composed according to the rule adopted. Usually
they will not exceed ten. Sometimes, however, the dispatch thus com-
posed would become equivocal, and it has therefore been established as
an additional rule that the number expressing the minutes of right ascen-
sion or declination shall always be expressed in words, even when zero
occurs. Therefore, 23" 0™ should be written ‘‘twenty-three nought,”
while “twenty three’? will be understood to mean 208 3", In a similar
way 0° of Right Ascension or 0° of declination are to be distinctly ex-
pressed by the word ‘‘ nought.”

The right ascension and declination in the dispatch will be understood
to give the position (by proper motion approximately reduced) for the
midnight following the date of the dispatch: Washington time for
American discoveries, Greenwich time for European.

Vi

Since, in conformity with the preceding article, only an approximate
estimate of a later position, and not that of the first observation itself,
is given, the dispatch is not to be considered as a document for deciding
the question of priority of discovery.

ft

We trust the time is not distant when, with the completion of a tele-
graphic cable between Japan and the United States, this system will be
extended to the eastern part of Asia, and the astronomers who are now
in process of education in the United States, both from China and Japan,
will be able to participate in the facilities thus offered for co-operation
in the advance of astronomy. In connection with the publication of this
circular, the National Academy of Sciences, at its meeting on the 15th of
April, adopted a resolution recommending that amateur astronomers
devote a portion of their time to sweeping the sky for the discovery of
comets.

JOSEPH HENRY,

Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

SMITHSONIAN INstTITUTION,

Washington, D. C., May, 1873.

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